Hill- 


yiHiH 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT  LOS  ANGELES 


^ai^ 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE   AND   LABOR 
BUREAU  OF  THE   CENSUS 

S.  "N.  D.  NORTH,  DIRECTOR 


MANUFACTURES 


1905 


PART  IV 


SPECIAL    REPORTS    ON    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMRNT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1008 


^7^4- 


CONTENTS. 


PART  IV. 


Page. 

IRON  AND  STEEL 3-83 

The  iron  and  steel  iiulustry 3-22 

Table  1. — Iron  and  steel — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  J870  to  1905 4 

Table  2. — Iron  and  steel — comparative  summary,  by  states;  1880  to  1905 5 

Comparative  production  by  states 7 

Table  3. — Iron  and  steel — quantity  of  classified  products,  by  states,  with  rank  of  states:  1870  to  1905 7 

Capital 8 

Table  4. — Iron  and  steel — active  and  idle  establishments — capital:  1880  to  1905 8 

Table  5.—  Iron  and  steel — active  and  idle  establishments — capital,  by  branches:  1880  to  1905 8 

Talile  0.  — Iron  and  steel— active  and  idle  eslaldishmenls — capital,  by  .states:  1880  to  1905 9 

Miscellaneous  expenses 10 

Wage-earners 10 

Table  7. — Iron  and  steel — wage-earners  (men,  women,  and  children),  with  per  cent  of  total,  by  V)ranches:  1880  to  1905.  11 

Materials  used 11 

Table  8. — Iron  and  steel — fuel  consumed,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  cost,  by  branches:  1880  to  1905 12 

Talile  9. — Iron  and  steel — quantity  and  cost  of  iron  ore,  mill  cinder,  and  fluxing  material  consumed,  by  branches:  1880 

to  1905 13 

Table  10. — Iron  and  steel — quantity  and  cost  of  iron  and  steel  used  as  material:  1880  to  1905 13 

Production  of  iron  and  steel 13 

Table  11. — Iron  and  steel — quantity  of  classified  products,  with  per  cent  of  increase,  by  branches:  1880  to  1905 14 

Number,  equipment,  and  capacity  of  iron  and  steel  establishments 14 

Table  12, — Iron  and  steel — active  and  idle  establishments — number,  equipment,  and  capacity:  1880  to  1905 14 

Table  13.— Iron  and  steel — establishments,  other  than  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  having  steel  works  or  rolling  mill 

equipment:  1905 15 

Iron  and  steel  industry,  by  geographic  divisions 15 

Table  14. — Iron  and  steel — comparative  summary,  by  branches  and  geographic  divisions:  1880  to  1905 16 

Table  15. — Iron  and  steel — per  cent  of  increase  in  principal  items,  by  branches  and  geographic  di\'isions:  1880  to  1905.  18 

Table  16.— Iron  and  steel— per  cent  of  total  capital  and  products,  by  branches  and  geogiaphic  divisions:  1880  to  1905.  20 

Per  cent  of  total  value  and  quantity  of  products,  by  branches  and  geographic  divisions:  1880  to  1905 21 

The  New  England  states 21 

The  Middle  states 21 

The  Southern  states 22 

The  Western  states 22 

The  elect  rothermic  metallurgy  of  inm  and  steel 22-24 

Blast  furnaces 24-48 

Table  17, — Blast  furnaces— comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1870  to  1905 25 

Belation  of  capital  and  specified  items  of  expense  to  products 25 

Table  18. — Blast  furnaces— comparative  summary,  by  states:  1880  to  1905 27 

Capital 28 

Table  19. — Blast  furnaces — active  and  idle  establishment.s — capital:  1880  to  1905 28 

Materials  used 28 

Table  20.— Blast  ftu-naces— materials  used,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  cost .  with  per  com  of  increase:  1880  to  1905 28 

Products 29 

Table  21.  — Blast  furnaces — production  of  pig  iron,  including  direct  castings,  classified  according  to  kind  of  fuel  used, 

with  per  cent  of  total :  1880  to  1905 29 

Table  22,— Blast  furnaces    quantity  and  value  of  products  classified  according  to  kind  of  fuel  used,  with  per  cent  of 

increase:  1880  to  1905 29 

Table  23.— Blast  furnaces— quantity  and  value  of  all  kinds  of  pig  iron,  with  average  value  per  ton.  by  states:  1880  to 

1905 30 

Table  24. — Blast  furnaces — quantity  of  pig  iron,  by  grades,  with  niunber  of  establishments  reporting,  by  .states:  1905 

and  1900 32 

(iii) 


16C7'45 


iv  CONTENTS. 

IRON  AND  STEEL— Continued.  Pago. 
Blast  furnaces— Continued. 
Products — Continued. 

Table  25. — Blast  furnaces — quantity  and  value  of  direct   castings,  and  spiegeleisen  and  ferromanganese,  classified 

according  to  the  kind  of  fuel  used :  1905  and  1900 35 

Pig  iron  production,  distributed  by  classes  of  establishments  and  by  states:  1905 35 

Quantity  of  metal,  classified  according  to  method  of  handling,  by  states:  1905 36 

Equipment  and  production 36 

Table  26. — Blast  furnaces — number  of  active  and  idle  furnaces  and  production  of  pig  iron,  with  per  cent  of  total,  by 

states,  ranked  according  to  quantity  of  product:  1880  to  1905 36 

Table  27. — Blast  furnaces — number  of  active  and  idle  furnaces,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 37 

Table  28. — Blast  furnaces— number  and  capacity  of  completed  furnaces,  classified  according  to  kind  of  fuel  used,  by 

states:  1880  to  1905 38 

Slag  pits 40 

Pig  iron  exported 40 

Power 40 

The  manufacture  of  pig  iron  with  mineral  fuel 41 

Table  29. — Blast  furnaces,  mineral  fuel — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:   1880  to  1905 41 

Table  30. — Blast  furnaces,  mineral  fuel — comparative  summary,  by  states:  1880  to  1905 42 

Capital 43 

Table  31. — Blast  furnaces,  mineral  fuel — active  and  idle  establishments — capital:  1880  to  1905 43 

Materials  used 43 

Table  32. — Blast  furnaces,  mineral  fuel — materials  used,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  cost:  1880  to  1905 43 

Materials  consumed  per  ton  of  pig  iron — mineral  fuel 44 

Products 44 

Table  33. — Blast  furnaces,  mineral  fuel — products,  by  quantity  and  value,  classified  according  to  kind  of  fuel  used: 

1880  to  1905 44 

Table  34. — Blast  furnaces,  mineral  fuel — quantity  and  value  of  pig  iron,  with  average  value  per  ton,  by  states: 

1880  to  1905 45 

Dry-air  blast 45 

The  manufacture  of  charcoal  pig  iron 46 

Tal)Ie  35. — Blast  furnaces,  charcoal — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increa.se:  1880  to  1905 46 

(  apital 47 

Table  36. — Blast  furnaces,  charcoal — active  and  idle  establishments — capital :  1880  to  1905 47 

Materials  used 47 

Table  37. — Blast  furnaces,  charcoal — materials  used,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  cost:  1880  to  1905 47 

Products 48 

Table  38. — Blast  furnaces,  charcoal — products,  l)y  kind,  quantity,  and  value:  1880  to  1905 48 

Table  39. — Blast  furnaces,  charcoal — quantity  an<l  value  of  pig  iron,  with  average  value  per  ton:  1880  to  1905. ...  48 

Steel  works  and  rolling  mills 48-70 

Table  40. — Steel  works  and  rolling  mills — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1870  to  1905 49 

Tat)le  41. — Steel  works  and  rolling  mills — comparative  summary,  by  states:  1880  to  1905 49 

Capital 51 

Table  42. — Steel  works  and  rolling  mills — active  and  idle  establishments    cajiital:   1880  to  1905 51 

Materials  used 51 

Table  43. — Steel  works  and  rolling  mills — materials  used,  l)y  kind.  (|uantity.  and  cost,  willi  jxt  cent  of  increase:  1880 

to  1905 '. 52 

Products 52 

Table  44. — Steel  works  and  rolling  mill.s     proibuts.  by  kind,  qunntity,  and  value:   1880  to  1905 52 

Table  45. — Steel  works  and  rolling  mills  -delaileil  summary  of  i)rodu(ts:   1005 53 

Iron  and  steel  rails 53 

Splice  bars 54 

liars  and  rods 54 

Wire  rod.s 54 

Structural  shapes 54 

Iron  and  steel  hoops,  bands,  cotton  ties,  and  skclp 54 

Car  axle.i 55 

Muck  and  scrap  bar  produi'ed  for  sale 55 

Boiler  and  other  plates  and  sheets,  except  nail  anil  lack  plates,  black  plates  or  sheets  for  tinning,  and  armor  plate. . . .  56 

Nail  and  lack  plate ,55 

Black  plates  or  sheets  for  tinning 55 

Armor  plate  and  gun  (orgings 56 

lUjlled  b|rj<inis.  slabs,  billets,  tin-plate  bars,  and  sheet  bars  produced  for  .sale 56 

Steel  ingots  prwluced  for  sale 56 

Direct  Hteel  ciihI  iii)^ ,56 

Miscellaneou.H  rolled  priKlucto 56 

Miscelluncous  lorgo<l,  cost,  or  other  injn  and  steel  products, 56 


CONTENTS.  V 

IRON   AND  STEEL— Continuofl,  '^^' 
Steel  works  and  rolling  mills— Continued. 

Products— Continued.  ,„ 

Total  production  of  steel  castings  and  of  rolled  and  forged  iron  and  steel,  by  states -^^ -^ 

Table  4fi.-Steel  works  and  rolling  mills-quantity  of  classified  products,  with  per  cent  of  total,  by  states:  18S0 

to  1905 ^^ 

Miscellaneous  secondary  products . 

Table  47.-Steel' works  and  roliing  mills-principal  iron  and  steel  miscellaneous  secondary  products  of  rolling  mills 

and  establishments  other  than  rolling  mills:  1905 9? 

Ou 

Wire gn 

Wire  manufactured— comparative  summary:  1905  and  1900 

Bolts,  nuts,  rivets,  forged  spikes,  washers,  etc ^ 

Wrought  pipe ^ g^ 

Seamless-drawn,  clinched,  brazed,  etc.,  pipe  or  tubes 

,                                                                                                                                                                               bO 

Horse  and  mule  shoes . 

i^P""f?« ^..^....^^.....  60 

^'''Trbir48V-Steei'works  and'roliing  mVlls^ctive  and  idle  establishment.s-number,  equipment,  and  capacity:  1880  ^^ 

to  1905 - gj 

**Vable"9  '-SteeVworks-quantitv  of  steel  ingots  and  direct  steel  castings,  by  states:  1880  to  1905  .^. 61 

Table  50.-Steel  works-capacity  of  plants  and  quantity  and  value  of  steel  ingots  and  castmgs,  by  .states:  1905 Gi 

Table  51.-Steel  works-quantity  and  value  of  steel  ingots,  by  kind  and  states:  1905 ^i 

Table  52.— Steel  works— quantity  and  value  of  steel  castings,  by  kind  and  states:  1905 84 

.                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ^ ..........-.-.....-------••■-  t^ 

^^''TabTe'sr-Bcsse'mVr'steeV  works-number,' equipment,  and  capacity  of  establishments,  and  quantity  and  value 


of  ingots  and  castings,  by  states :  1905 

Table  54.-Bessemer  steel  works-number,  kind,  and  capacity  of  converters,  by  states:  1905 b& 


64 

65 

65 

^^''Tabk55.-OpenVhearth  steel  works-number  of  establishments  and  furnaces,  and  quantity  and  value  of  steel  pro-        ^^ 

duced,  by  states:  1905 ,'   ' ; '.'  V  ' '  V  i  V   "inAi ct 

Table  5G.-0pen-hearth  steel  works-quantity  and  value  of  ingots  and  castmgs,.  by  kmd  and  states:  1905       ■ ....        67 
Table  57.-Open-hearth  steel  works-number  and  daily  capacity  of  acid  and  basic  furnaces,  by  states:  1905  an.l        ^ 

1900 ; 69 

Crucible  and  miscellaneous  steels ■ ■  •  ■ ;         ■ ,  ■  •  • 

Table  58.-Crucible  steel  works-number,  equipment,  and  capacity  of  establishments,  and  quantit>  and  ^  alue  of  ^^ 

ingots  and  castings,  by  states :  1905 70  71 

Forges  and  bloomeries jq 

Table  59.— Forges  and  bloomeries— comparative  summary:  1870  to  1905 ^^ 

Table  60.— Forges  and  bloomeries— active  and  idle  establishments— capital :  1880  to  1905 _ 

Table  61.-Forgea  and  bloomeries-materials  used,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  cost :  1880  to  1905 ' 

Table  62.  —Forges  and  bloomeries— products,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  value :  1880  to  1905 ^^ 

Table  63.— Blast  furnaces— detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 -- L"":  V'"'inns 7fi 

Table  64.-Blast  furnaces-idle  establishments-capital,  equipment  and  capacity,  and  power,  by  states:  1905 ^o 


Table  65.— Steel  works  and  rolling  mills-detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905.  k„  ..,»„,.  iqn=i  82 

Table  66.-Steel  works  and  rolling  mills-idle  establishment.s-capital,  equipment  and  capacity,  and  power,  by  states.  1905. .  ^^82 


TIN  AND   TERNE    PLATE g7_90 

The  combined  industry— tin  and  terne  dipping  and  black  plate ■■■■■  ■■••■" o^ 

Table    l.-Combined  industry— comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  190o  and  l^OO-- 

Table    2  -Combined  industry-active  and  idle  establishments-capital,  by  industries:  190o  and  1900 oo 

Table    3.— Combined  industry-active  and  idle  establishments-capital :  1905  and  1900 ^^ 

Table    4.— Combined  industry-comparative  summary,  by  states:  1905  and  1900     ■  ■ "lOAVa^n'  ionn' ' " "  89 

Table    5.-Combined  industry-materials  used,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  cost,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. .. .  89 

Table    G.-Combined  industry-net  value  of  products,  with  per  cent  of  increase :  1905  and  1900 •  -  ■  ■  ^^ 

The  tin  and  teme  dipping  industry ■  • ' '. ' "  nV  ^l^A  Vonn  90 

Table    7.-Tin  and  terne  dipping  industry-comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increa-se :  190o  and  1900 90 

Table    8.-Tin  and  terne  dipping  industry-active  and  idle  establishments-capital :  190o  and  1900 -  ^ 

Table    9  —Tin  and  terne  dipping  industry-comparative  summary,  by  states :  190o  and  1900      ....._- ■■^_ 

Table  lo'.-Tin  and  terne  dipping  industry-materials  used,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  cost,  with  per  cent  of  "^"ease:  1905  ^^ 


and  1900 ; " ' " ' ' ' " '; " '  VOC  q? 

Table  ll.-Tin  and  terne  dipping  industry-comparative  summary  of  products,  by  states:  190o  and  ^^OO.- ■•  •  ■  ■ -^^  -  ■^^_-  ^^ 

Table  12  -Tin  plate,  terne  plate,  and  taggers  tin  produced,  imported,  exported,  and  retained  for  consumption:  1890  to  190o  92 

Table  13:-Tin  and  terne  dipping  industry-active  and  idle  establishments-number,  equipment,  and  daily  capacitj ,  b>  ^ 

states :  1905  and  1900 •- g.^gg 

The  black  plate  industry -  ■ ••■••. •■•"." " "    "  "^ 04 

Table  14.-Black  plate  industry-comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase :  190o  and  1900 ^ 


vi  CONTENTS. 

TIN  AND  TERNE  PLATE— Continued.  Page. 
The  black  plate  industn- — Continued. 

Table  15.— Black  plate  industry— active  and  idle  establishments — capital :  1905  and  1900 94 

Table  16. — Black  plate  industry — comparative  summary,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 95 

Table  17. — Black  plate  industry— materials  used,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  cost,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. . .  95 

Table  18. — Black  plate  industry — comparative  summary  of  products,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 95 

Table  19.— Black  plate  industry— active  and  idle  establishments— number,  equipment,  and  capacity,  by  states:  1905  and 

1900 96 

Table  20. — Tin  and  terne  plate — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 96 

Table  21. — Tin  and  terne  plate — idle  establishments — capital,  capacity,  and  power:  1905 97 

COPPER,  LEAD,  AND    ZINC,  SMELTING  AND    REFINING 101-126 

The  combined  industry 101-103 

Table  1. — Copper,  lead,  and  zinc,  smelting  and  refining — comparative  summary,  by  industries,  with  per  cent  of  increase: 

1905  and  1900 101 

Copper  and  lead,  smelting  and  refining — quantity  of  principal  products,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900.  102 

Copper  smelting  and  refining : 103-113 

Table  2.— Copper  smelting  and  refining — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 103 

Table  3. — Copper  smelting  and  refining— idle  establishments:  1905 103 

Table  4. — Copper  smelting  and  refining:  1890 103 

Table  5.— Production  of  copper  in  the  United  States:  1845  to  1904 104 

The  industry,  by  states  and  territories 104 

Table  6. — Copper  smelting  and  refining— comparative  summary,  by  states  and  territories:  1905  and  1900 105 

Table  7. — Copper  smelting  and  refining — comparative  summary  of  establishments,  by  location,  east  and  west  of  tlie 

Mississippi  river,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 105 

Refining  Lake  Superior  mineral:  1905 106 

Materials  used 106 

Table  8. — Copper  smelting  and  refining — materials  used,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  cost,  with  number  of  establishments 

reporting:  1905  and  1900 106 

Table  9. — Copper  smelting  and  refining — principal  materials  used,  by  kind  and  quantity,  and  by  states  and  territories: 

1905  and  1900 106 

Table  10. — Copper  smelting  and  refining— establishments  classified  according  to  kind  of  materials  used:  1905  and  1900.  107 
Table  11. — Copper  smelting  and  refining — salaries,  wages,  miscellaneous  expenses,  and  cost  of  materials  for  establish- 
ments classified  according  to  kind  of  materials  used,  with  percent  which  each  item  forms  of  total:  1905 

and  1900 108 

Products 108 

Table  12. — Copper  smelting  and  refining — products,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  value,  with  number  of  establishments 

reporting:  1905  and  1900 108 

Table  13. — Copper  smelting  and  refining — principal  products,  by  kind  and  quantity,  and  by  states  and  territories: 

1905  and  1900 109 

Process  employed — smelting,  refining,  ami  smelting  and  refining 109 

Table  14. — Copper  smelting  and  refining—  establishments  classified  according  to  process  employed:  1905  and  1900 110 

Table  15. — Copper  smelting  and  refining- -salaries,  wages,  miscellaneous  expenses,  and  cost  of  materials  for  establish- 
ments da-ssified  according  to  process  employed,  with  per  cent  which  each  item  forms  of  total;  1905  and 

1900 Ill 

Gross  and  net  values  of  products Ill 

Table  16. — Copper  .smelting  and  refining— establishments  reporting  gross  and  net  values  of  products:  1905 Ill 

Table  17. — Copper  smelting  and  refining — detailed  summary,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 112 

I>«ad  smelting  and  refining 113-122 

Table  18. — Lead  smelting  and  refining — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 113 

Table  19. — Lead  smelting  and  refining— idle  establishments:  1905 113 

Table  20.— Lead  smelting  and  refining:  1890 114 

Table  21. —  Prixluction  of  refined  had  in  the  United  States:  1873  to  1904 114 

Table  22.— Lead  .smelting  and  refining — production  of  refined  lead,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 114 

The  iiidu.'itry,  by  states 114 

Table  23. —  Lead  smelting  and  refining — comparative  summary,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 114 

Table  2-1. — L<?ad  smelting  and  refining— comparative  summary  of  establishments,  by  location,  east  and  west  of  the 

Mississippi  river:  1905  and  1900 115 

Table  25. — Ljsid  smelting  and  refining — comparative  summary  of  materials  and  pnxhicts,  net  cost  and  value,  in  estnl)- 

lisbmeiitH.  by  location,  east  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  river:   1905  an<l  1900 116 

Table  20. — I^ead  Hmi-lting  and  refining— statistics  of  Missouri  smelters:  1890  to  1905 116 

Materials  used 1 IG 

Table  27. — L<ad  snii'lting  and  refining — quantity  of  ore  smelted  and  base  bullion  refined  and  desilverized,  by  states: 

](K)5  and  UMX) 1 16 

PpkIiicIb 110 

Table  28.— I>ca<l  smelting  and  refining-  principal  proilucts,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  value,  with  number  (jf  establish- 

ments  reporting:  1905  and  1900 117 

I>wl  smelling  and  refining-  quantity  and  value  of  principal  products,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 117 

Table  29. —  Lead  Hmi'ltiiig  and  ri'fining — princiiml  pniducts,  by  kind  and  iiuanlily,  and  by  stati-s:  1905  and  1900 118 


CONTENTS.  vii 

COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC,  SMELTIN,;  AND  REFINING— ('..ulimi.d.  Page. 
Lead  smrlliii;;  and  ri^linint;     Ciitiliiiucd, 

Process  employ c<l  —smelling,  and  smelting  and  refining Ug 

Table  liO.  — Lcail  smelling  an<l    relining — eslalilislnnents  classified  according   to  process  employed,  with  per  cent  of 

increase:  1900  and  !!)()() 119 

Table  31.— Lead  smelting  and  refining — comparative  summary  of  materials  and  products,  net  cost  and  value,  classified 

ac'cording  to  process  employed :  1905  and  1900 120 

Gross  and  net  values  of  products 120 

Table  32.— Lead  smelting  and  refining— establishments  reporting  gross  and  net  values  of  products:  1905 120 

Table  33. — Lead  smelting  and  refining — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 121 

Zinc  smelting 122-126 

Table  34. — Zinc  smelting — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1890  to  1905 122 

Table  35. — Zinc  smelting — idle  establishments:  1905 122 

Table  3G.— Production  of  spelter  in  tlie  United  States:  1873  to  1904 122 

The  industry,  by  states 123 

Table  37. — Zinc  smelting — comparative  summary,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 123 

Table  38. — Zinc  smelting — comparative  summary  of  establishments,  by  location,   east  and  west  of  the  Miasissippi 

river:  1905  and  1900 123 

Table  39. — Zinc  smelting — comparative  summary  of  establishments  arranged  according  to  location:  1905  and  1900 124 

Products 124 

Table  40. — Zinc  smelting — products,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  value:  1905  and  1900 125 

Table  41 , — Zinc  smelting — detailed  summary,  liy  states:   1905 125 

AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS 129-153 

Table  1 . — Comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1850  to  1905 129 

The  industry,  by  geograpliic  divisions 131 

Table  2. — Per  cent  distribution  of  establishments,  capital,  and  value  of  products,  with  per  cent  of  increase,  by  geographic 

divisions:  1905  and  1900 131 

The  industry,  by  states 131 

Table  3. — Comparative  summary,  by  states  and  geographic  divisions:  1905  and  1900 131 

Rank  of  the  three  states  leading  in  value  of  products  in  1905:  1850  to  1905 133 

The  industry  in  cities 134 

Table  4. — Summary  for  cities  having  a  population  in  1900  of  20,000  or  over:  1905 134 

Products 134 

Table    5. — Number  and  kind  of  principal  agricultural  implements  manufactured,  by  states:  1906 135 

Table    6. — Kind  and  value  of  products,  by  states:  1905 135 

Table    7. — Comparative  summary — number  and  kind  of  agricultural  implements  manufactured :  1870  to  1905 136 

Table    8. — Number  of  establishments  reporting  each  kind  of  implement,  with  the  total  number  manufactured.  1905 137 

Table    9. — Industries  manufacturing  agricultural  implements  as  a  minor  product,  with  number  of  establishments  and 

value  of  such  proilucts,  by  kinds:  1905 138 

Table  10. — Establishments  manufacturing  agricultural  implements  as  a  minor  product,  and  value  of  such  products,  by 

states:  1905 138 

Power 139 

Table  11. — Power — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  each  kind  is  of  the  total:  1905  and  1900 139 

Patents  in  relation  to  agricultural  implements 139 

Table  12.— Patents  granted  to  June  5,  1906 139 

Exports 139 

Table  13. — Value  of  exports  of  agricultural  implements:  years  ending  June  30,  1900  to  1905 139 

Table  14. — Agricultural  implements — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 142 

Maps  and  diagram.s- 

Map  1. — States  having  products  valued  at  .$100,000  and  over:  1905 133 

Map  2.— States  having  products  valued  at  $100,000  and  over:  1900 133 

Diagram  1. — Comparative  growth  of  the  value  of  products,  by  geographic  divisions:  1850  to  1905 130 

Diagram  2. — Growth  of  the  total  value  of  exports  and  of  total  value  of  exports  to  specified  countries:  1890  to  1905 140 

ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES 157-221 

Table  1. — Comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1880  to  1905 158 

Table  2.— Comparative  summary,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 159 

Products  in  detail 160-217 

Dynamos 161 

Talile  3. — Dynamos — number,  horsepower,  and  value:  1905  and  1900 161 

Table  4. — Dynamotors.  motor  generators,  and  boosters — number,  horsepower,  and  value.  1905  and  1900 166 

Motors 167 

Table  5. — Motors — number,  horsepower,  and  value :  1905  and  1900 167 

Transformers 173 

Table  6. — Transformers — number,  horsepower,  and  value:  3905  and  1900 173 

Switchboards 174 

Table  T. — Switchboards  for  light  and  power — value:  1905  and  1900 174 

Batteries 176 

Table  8. — Batteries,  storage  and  primary — value:  1905  and  1900 176 


viii  CONTENTS. 

ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY.  APPARATUS.  AND  SUPPLIES— roiitinued.  Page. 
Pniducts  in  detail — Continui  d. 

Carbons 179 

Table  9.— Carbons— value:  1906  and  1900 179 

Arc  lamps  and  searchlights 180 

Table  10.— Arc  lamps— number  and  value:  1905  and  1900 180 

Table  11. — Searchlights  and  projectors — number  and  value :  1905  and  1900 183 

Incandescent  lamps 183 

Table  12. — Incandescent,  and  decorative  and  minature  lamps,  etc. — number  and  value:  1905  and  1900 183 

Lighting  fixtures 190 

Table  13.— Electric  light  fixtures— value:  1905  and  1900 190 

Telephone  apparatus 191 

Table  14. — Telephones  and  telephone  apparatus — number  and  value:  1905 192 

Telegraph  apparatus 200 

Table  15. — Telegraph  apparatus — number  and  value;  1905  and  1900 200 

Insulated  wires  and  cables 204 

Table  16. — Insulated  wires  and  cables — value:  1905  and  1900 , 204 

Conduits 206 

Table  17.— Electric  conduits— value :  1905  and  1900 206 

Annunciators  and  clocks 207 

Table  18.— Annunciators — number  and  value:  1905  and  1900 207 

Table  19. — Electric  clocks  and  time  mechanisms— number  and  value :  1905  and  1900 208 

Rheostats  and  resistances 208 

Table  20. — Rheostats  and  resistances — number  and  value:  1905 208 

Heating  apparatus 210 

Table  21. — Electric  heating,  cooking,  and  welding  apparatus — number  and  vahie:  1905 210 

Fuses  and  lightning  arresters 211 

Table  22. — Fuses  and  lightning  arresters — number  and  value:  1905  and  1900 212 

Electric  measuring  instruments 213 

Table  23. — Electric  measuring  instruments — number  and  value:  1905  and  1900 213 

Circuit  fittings 214 

Table  24. — Circuit  fittings  of  all  kinds — number  and  value:  1905 214 

All  other  products 215 

Table  25.— All  other  products— value:  1905  and  1900 215 

Custom  work  and  repairing 217 

Table  20. — Amount  received  for  custom  work  and  repairing:  1905  and  1900 217 

Table  27. — Electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 218 

Illustrations:  Facing  page. 

Building  up  the  armature  of  a  large  electric  generator 160 

Constructing  a  large  alternating  current  transformer 160 

Three  500-kilowatt  turbine  <lire<t  connected  generators  installed  in  a  railroad  repair  shop 162 

Factory  efjuipped  with  ."ileam  turbine  dynamo  electric  units  for  .supphang  light  and  power 162 

Steam  turbine  generator  .sets  in  engine  room  of  a  Huil.ion  river  steamboat 164 

Twenty-four  hundred  kilowatt  .steam  turbine  generator  at  a  coal  mine  in  Kentucky 164 

Winding  armatures  for  electric  generators 166 

Railroad  shop  with  t(K)ls  equipped  with  motors  on  multiple  voltage  system 166 

Floor  of  elef:tric  factorj'  for  assembling  electric  railway  ntotors 168 

KeytKiard  cables  for  telephone  exchange.     (Skeleton  of  switchljoard  section  in  the  rear. ) 192 

Telephone  switchboard,  showing  rear  view  of  subscribers'  sections,  with  multiple  cables,  answering  jack  cables,  cord  circuit 

cables,  and  relays 194 

Tiige. 

METAL  WORKING  MACHINERY 225-236 

TaV)le    1. — Metal  working  machinery — value  of  products,  by  states,  with  per  cent  of  total  and  per  cent  of  increase:  ]!HI5  and  19t)0.  225 
Table    2. — Exfxirt.s  and  imports  of  iron  and  steel  manufactures  and  total  machinery,  and  exports  of  melal  working  nuicliiiiery: 

1900  to  KKM 226 

Table    3. — Melal  working  machinery — value  of  products,  by  class  of  machines,  with  i)er  cent,  each  class  is  of  the  total  and  per 

cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 227 

Table    4. — Production  of  lathes,  including  automalic.  lian<l,  engine,  turret,  and  seiniautoniatic,  by  slates;  1905  anil  1900 227 

Table    5. — Production  of  milling  machines,  including  all  iiiachines  using  a  milling  culter.  by  stales:  1905  and  1900 227 

Table    <i.- — Produclion  of  boring  and  drilling  iiiailiinery.  l)y  slales:   1905  and  1900 228 

Tabic    7.— Produclion  of  .Hiamping,  flanging,  and  forming  machines  for  i>lale  and  sheet  melal,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 228 

Table    8.— Proilnclion  of  [.neumalic  hand  nia.hineH:  1905  and  1900 228 

Table    9. — Production  of  planers,  including  plate  edge  planers,  by  states:  1905  and  190(1 228 

Table  10.  -Produclion  of  [luncliing  and  shearing  machines,  by  Htates:  1905  and  1900 229 

Tal.le  1 1.  -Production  of  griniling  and  polishing  machinery,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 229 

Table  12.  — Prraluclion  of  Iniring  and  turning  mills,  or  vertical  lathes,  by  fltates:  1905  and  1900 229 

Table  13.— PrfKluciion  of  ImiII,  nul,  and  pipe  threading  and  lapping  machines,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 229 

Table  14.— Prwhiriion  of  nlottcrs  an<l  shaporB,  by  states:   1905  and  1901) 230 


CONTENTS.  ix 

METAL  WORKING  MACHINERY— (onlinue<l.  Page. 

Tal)le  15. — Productidii  nf  luunmcrs — stoam,  piiwcr,  ami  drop — V)y  stales:  1905  and  1900 230 

Table  16. — Production  ni  lorgiii);;  niarliinos,  by  states:   1905  and  1!J00 230 

Table  17. — Production  of  riveting  macliines,  by  states:   1905  and  1900 230 

Table  18. — Production  of  bending  and  straightening  rolls,  by  states;  1905  and  1900 230 

Table  19. — Production  of  sawing  machines,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 231 

Table  20. — Production  of  "all  other  metal  working  machinery,"  by  states:  1905 231 

Development  of  the  industry 231-236 

Fcjreigii  use  ( if  American  tools 231 

Specialization  in  manufacture 232 

nigh  speed  steel 232 

Speed  adjustment 2.32 

Portal)le  tools 233 

Automatics '. 233 

New  grinding  process 235 

Interchangeable  tools 235 

Illustrations:  Facing  page. 

Lathe  arranged  for  driving  by  a  constant-speed  belt 232 

Rear  view  of  lathe  driven  by  electric  motor 232 

Multiple-spindle  automatic  screw  machine 234 

Automatic  screw  machine  for  working  bars  G  inches  in  diameter 234 

Automatic  screw  niachine  with  magazine  attachment 236 

Automatic  screw  machine 236 

Page. 

MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,   ATTACHMENTS,   AND  MATERIAL  i 239-266 

The  combined  industry 239-242 

Table    1. — Musical  instruments,  attachments,  and  materials — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1860  to  1905.       239 

Table    2. — Musical  instruments,  attachments,  and  materials — summary,  by  industries,  with  per  cent  of  total:  1905 240 

Table    3. — Musical  instruments,  pianos  and  organs — products  of  each  industry,  by  kind,  quantit)',  and  value:  1905 240 

Table    4. — Musical  instruments,  attachments,  and  materials — comparative  summary,  by  selected  states:  1880  to  1905 241 

Table    5. — Musical  instruments,  attachments,  and  materials — value  of  exports  and  imports  compared  with  value  of  domestic 

production:  1870  to  1905 242 

Pianos 242-245 

Table    6. — Pianos,  including  piano  players  and  attachments — kind  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  total  and  per  cent  of  increase: 

1905  and  1900 243 

Table    7. — Pianos,  upright  and  grand — number  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  total  value,  by  states:  1906  and  1900 243 

Organs 245-248 

Table    8. — Organs — kind  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  total  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 245 

Table    9. — Reed  organs — number  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  total  value,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 245 

Table  10. — Pipe  organs — number  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  total  value,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 247 

Self-playing  and  street  pianos  and  organs,  and  piano  players  and  attachments 248,  249 

Table  11. — Self-playing  and  street  pianos  and  organs,  and  piano  players  and  attachments — kind  and  value,  with  per  cent 

of  total  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 248 

Table  12. — Piano  players  and  piano  playing  attachments — number  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  total  value:  1905  and  1900. .       248 

Table  13. — Self-playing  pianos  and  organs — number  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  total  value:  1905  and  1900 248 

Piano  and  organ  materials 250,  251 

Table  14. — Piano  and  organ  materials — value  of  products,  by  states:  1905 250 

Table  15. — Piano  materials  and  parts — ilistribution  of  value,  liy  kind :  1905 250 

Table  16. — Organ  materials  and  parts — distribution  of  value,  by  kind ;  1905 251 

Table  17. — Musical  instruments,  pianos — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 -.      252 

Table  18. — Musical  instruments,  organs — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 256 

Table  19. — Musical  instruments,  piano  and  organ  materials — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 258 

Table  20. — Musical  instruments  and  materials,  not  specified — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 260 

Phonographs  and  graphopliones 2()4-2G6 

Table  21. — Phonographs  and  graphophones — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 264 

Table  22. — Phonographs  and  graphophones — products,  by  kind  and  value,  with  per  rent  of  total  and  per  tent  of  increase: 

1905  and  1900 264 

Table  23. — Phonographs  and  graphophones — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 266 

AUTOMOBILES 269-285 

Table  1. — Comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 269 

Table  2.— Miscellaneous  expenses:  1905  and  1900 269 

Table  3. — Comparative  summary,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 270 

Table  4. — Numl)er  and  value  of  automobiles,  by  class  and  kind  of  power  used:  1905 272 

Table  5. — Average  value  of  automobiles,  by  class  and  kind  of  power  used :  1905 273 

'  Table  6. — Rank  of  leading  states  with  respect  to  principal  items  of  inquiry:  1905  and  1900 273 

Table  7. — Summary  for  cities  having  a  population  in  1900  of  at  least  20.000:  1905 274 

Table  8. — Power — compai'ati\e  simimary :  1905  and  1900 274 

Automobiles  as  a  minor  jiroduct 274,  275 


X  CONTENTS. 

AUTOMOBILES— Continued.  rage. 

Allied  Industrie-^ 275 

Automobile  bodies  and  parts 275 

Table  9. — Summary — automobiles  and  automobile  bodies  and  parts:  1905 275 

Rubber  and  elastic  goods 275 

Table  10. — Rubber  and  elastic  good& — comparative  summary:  1905  and  1900 275 

Imports  and  exports 275-277 

Table  11. — Value  of  exports  of  automobiles  and  automobile  parts,  for  years  ending  June  30:  1902  to  1905 276 

Table  12. — Automobiles  and  automobile  parts  imported  and  entered  for  consumption  during  the  fiscal  years  ending  June  30: 

1901  to  1905 276 

Statistical  summary 277 

Historical  and  descriptive 277-280 

The  modern  automobile 277 

Steam  motors 278 

Petrol  motors 278 

Electric  motors 279 

Frame,  wheels,  and  body ' 279 

Table  13.— Automobiles — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 282 

BICYCLES  AND  TRICYCLES 289-297 

Table  1. — Comparative  summary,  -n-ith  per  cent  of  increase  and  decrease:  1890  to  1905 289 

Product  ion 289 

Table  2.— Number  and  value  of  different  kinds  of  products,  including  those  produced  as  secondary  products:  1905  and  1900. .  289 

Table  3. — Comparative  summary,  active  establishments,  by  states,  with  increase  and  decrease:  1890  to  1905 290 

Table  4. — Comparative  summary,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 291 

Exports 291 

Table  5. — Value  of  exports  of  bicycles  and  tricycles,  and  parts  thereof:  1896  to  1905 291 

Historical  and  descriptive 291. 292 

Table  0. — Bicycles  and  tricycles — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 294 

CARRI.AGES  AND  WAGONS 301-327 

Table  1. — Comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1890  to  1905 301 

The  industry,  by  states  and  territories 301 

Table  2. — Comparative  summary,  by  states,  territories,  and  geographic  divisions:  1905  and  1900 302 

The  industry  in  cities 304 

Materials  used 304 

Tal)le  3. — Materials  used,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  cost,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 304 

Products 304 

Table  4. — Products,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 304 

Table  5. — Products,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  value — comparative  summary,  by  states  and  territories:  1905  and  1900 305 

Exports  and  imports 307 

Exports  and  imports  of  cartiages  and  wagons,  and  parts  thereof:  1900  to  1905 307 

Carriage  and  wagon  materials 307 

Table  G. — Carriage  and  wagon  materials — comparative  summary:  1890  to  1905 307 

Table  7.  — Carriages  and  wagons — detailed  summary,  by  stales  and  territories:  1905 310 

SHIPBCILDI.NO 331-353 

The  combined  industry 331-335 

Table  1. — Comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  3850  to  1905 331 

Branches  of  the  industry 332 

Table  2. — Comparative  summary,  by  branches:  1905  and  1900 332 

Materials  used 333 

Table  3.— Materials  used,  by  kind  and  cost,  with  per  cent  of  total:  1890  to  1905 333 

Products 333 

Table  4.— Products,  by  kind  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  total:  1880  to  1905 333 

Table  5. — Rank,  a<:cording  to  capital  and  value  of  products,  of  states  having  products  valued  at  one  millioii  dollars  and 

over  for  1905:   1880  to  1905 334 

The  industry  by  watcr.ihe<l  di.slricis 334 

Table  >>. — Summary,  by  watershed  districts,  with  per  cent  of  total:  1905 334 

Table  7.— Comparative  summary  for  the  Great  Lakes  district,  by  branches,  with  per  cenl  of  increase:   1905  and  1900. . .  335 

fioverninenlal  establishments 335 

Table  8.  — (iovcrnmcntal  eHtablishments— comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 335 

VcM.Mcl.H  launched,  small  boat.M  and  repair  work 335-343 

VeflBfls  of  five  tons  and  ov<;r 336 

Table  9. — Number,  tonnage,  and  value  of  vessels  of  five  tons  and  over  launched  by  private  shipyards,  with  i)cr  cent,  of 

increa.Hc:  IKW)  to  190.").: 336 

Table  10. — Number,  tonnage,  and  value  of  vessels  of  (ivi-  tons  and  over  hioiK  lied  chirini,'  UtOI  liy  ;ill  cMt:ililisliiiicMts,  cla.ssi- 

(ied  according  to  iv-rvivc 337 

Tabic  II.— Steel  vesflels  of  1,000  tons  and  over  for  the  I'nilcd  .Slates  Navy  launch<'<l  during  1901  by  i)rivate  shipyards ,337 

Table  12.— Steel  vettsels  of  1,000  tons  and  over  launched  during  UKM  by  (iovcrinnciit  shipyards 337 


CONTENTS.  xi 

SHIPBUILDING— Continuofl.  Page. 
Vessnls  of  five  tons  and  over — Cuntiniicd. 

Tablo  13. — Net  tonna^'o  of  iiicrcluuil  vessels  of  five  tons  and  over  launched  during  1904  by  private  shipyards,  classified 

accord  in;;  to  kind  of  trade,  by  geographic  divisions 337 

Table  14. — Numlicr,  tonnage,  and  value  of  vessels  of  five  tons  and  over  launched  by  private  shipyards,  classified  accord- 
ing to  motive  power,  with  per  cent  of  increa.se:  ISHO  to  1905 33g 

Table  15. — Number,  tonnage,  and  value  of  vessels  of  five  tons  and  over  launched  during  1!)04  by  private  shipyards,  classi- 
fied according  to  motive  power,  by  watenshed  districts 3.39 

Table  16. — Number,  tonnage,  and  value  of  steel  and  wooden  veasels  of  five  tons  and  over  launched  by  private  shipyards 

on  the  (ireat  Lakes,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 339 

Table  17. — Rank  of  principal  states  according  to  value  of  vessels  of  five  tons  and  over  launched  by  private  shipyards: 

1905  and  1900 339 

Table  18. — Rank  of  iiriiicipal  states  according  to  value  of  each  class  of  vessels  of  five  tons  and  over  launched  during  1904 

by  private  shipyards 339 

Steam  and  other  power  ve.s,sels 340 

Table  19. — Value  of  iron  and  steel  and  wooden  steam  and  other  power  vessels  of  five  tons  and  over  launched  by  private 

shipyards,  with  per  cent  of  total :   1890  to  1905 340 

Table  20. — Number,  gross  and  net  tonnage,  and  value  of  power  vessels,  other  than  steam,  of  five  tons  and  over,  launched 

during  1904  by  private  shipyards,  by  states 340 

Barges 340 

Table  21. — Value  of  iron  and  steel  and  wooden  barges,  with  per  cent  of  total:  1890  to  1905 340 

Table  22. — Number,  gross  and  net  tonnage,  and  value  of  barges,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 341 

Sail  vessels 341 

Table  23. — Value  of  iron  and  steel  and  wooden  sail  vessels  of  five  tons  and  over  launched  by  private  shipyards,  with  per 

cent  of  total:  1890  to  1905 " " .341 

Table  24. — Number,  gross  and  net  tonnage,  and  value  of  sail  vessels  of  five  tons  and  over  launched  by  private  shipyards, 

by  states:  1905  and  1900 341 

Canal  boats 341 

Table  25. — Number,  gross  and  net  tonnage,  and  value  of  canal  boats,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 342 

Small  boats 342 

Table  26. — Number  and  value  of  boats  under  five  tons,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 342 

Repair  work 343 

Table  27. — Value  of  repair  work  reported  by  private  and  Government  shipyards,  with  per  cent  of  total  and  per  cent  of 

increase:  1905  and  1900 ,343 

Table  28. — Value  of  repair  work  reported  by  private  shipyards,  by  states:  1890  to  1905 343 

Equipment  of  shipyards 343-346 

Table  29. — Number  of  private  shipyards  and  value  of  repair  work,  together  with  number  of  private  shipyards  reporting  dry 

dock  or  marine  railway  equipment  and  value  of  their  repair  work:  1905 344 

Dry  docks 344 

Table  30. — Number  and  kind  of  dry  docks  in  private  and  Government  shipyards,  classified  according  to  dimensions,  by 

states  and  geographic  divisions:  1905 344 

Number  and  kind  of  dry  docks  at  each  naval  station  in  the  United  States:  1905 345 

Illustration — Floating  dry  dock  Dewey Facing  page. .  344 

Marine  railways 345 

Table  31. — Number  and  lifting  capacity  of  marine  railways,  classified  according  to  dimensions  and  lifting  capacity,  by 

states  and  geographic  divisions:  1905 346 

Power 347 

Table  32. — Number  of  private  establishments  reporting  power  owned  or  rented,  and  amount  of  each  kind  of  power  available 

for  use,  by  branches:  1905  and  1900 347 

Table  33. — Iron  and  steel  shipbuilding — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 348 

Table  34. — Wooden  shipbuilding,  including  boat  building — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 350 

THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILROAD  CAR  INDUSTRY 357-393 

Steam  railroad  cars  and  repairs 357-385 

Table  1. — Cars,  steam  railroad,  and  steam  railroad  repair  shops — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1890  to 

1905 '. 357 

Table  2. — Cars,  steam  railroad,  and  steam  railroad  repair  shops — comparative  summary,  by  industries,  with  per  cent  of 

increase:  1890  to  1905 358 

Products 35S 

Table  3. — Number,  kind,  and  value  of  steam  railroad  cars  built  by  all  establishments:  1905  and  1900 359 

Table  4. — Cars,  steam  railroad,  and  steam  railroad  repair  shop.* — comparative  summary  of  products,  by  kind,  quantity. 

and  value,  for  the  United  States  and  ten  leading  states:  1905  and  1900 362 

Cars,  steam  railroad 364 

Table  5. — Cars,  steam  railroad — summary,  by  geographic  divisions,  1905 364 

Table  6. — Cars,  steam  railroad — comparative  summary,  by  states:  1890  to  1905 365 

Products 366 

Table  7. — Cars,  steam  railroad — number  and  value  of  cars  built,  distributed  according  to  kind:  1905  and  1900 366 

Exports 367 

Table  8. — Value  of  exports  of  steam  railroad  passenger  and  freight  cars,  and  parts  of  same,  by  countries:  1880  to  1905.  367 


xii  CONTENTS. 

THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILROAD  CAR  INDUSTRY— Continued.  Page. 

Steam  railroad  cars  and  repairs — Continued. 

Steam  railroad  repair  shops 367 

Table  9. — Steam  railroad  repair  shops — sxmimary,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905 367 

Table  10. — Steam  railroad  repair  shops — comparative  summary,  by  states  and  territories:  1890  to  1905 368 

Table  11. — Cars,  steam  railroad,  not  including  operations  of  railroad  companies — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 371 

Table  12. — Cars  and  general  shop  construction  and  repairs  by  steam  railroad  t'ompanies — detailed  summary,  by  states  and 

territories:  1905 , 374 

Street  railroad  cars  and  repairs 386-393 

Table  13. — Cars,  street  railroad,  and  street  railroad  repair  shops — comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1890  to 

1905 386 

Table  14. — Cars,  street  railroad,  and  street  railroad  repair  shops — comparative  summary,  by  industries,  with  per  cent  of 

increase:  1890  to  1905 386 

Products 387 

Table  15. — Number,  kind,  and  value  of  street  railroad  cars  built  by  all  establishments:  1905 387 

Street  railroad  repair  shops 388 

Table  16. — Street  railroad  repair  shops — summary,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905 388 

Table  17. — Cars,  street  railroad,  not  including  operations  of  railroad  companies — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 389 

Table  18. — Cars  and  general  shop  construction  and  repairs  by  street  railroad  companies — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905.  390 

CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS 397-512 

Scope  of  the  census 397—103 

Table  1. — Chemicals  and  allied  products — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. . .  398 

Table  2. — Comparative  summary,  by  industries:  1905  and  1900 398 

Table  3. — Increase  and  per  cent  of  increase  in  the  separate  industries:  1900  to  1905 399 

Table  4. — Xumber  of  establishments,  by  states  and  territories,  with  increase  and  rank:  1905  and  1900 399 

Table  5. — Quantity  and  cost  of  materials  used,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase,  and  average  cost  per  unit:  1905  and 

1900 400 

Table  6. — Quantity  and  value  of  products,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 401 

Table  7. — Products  consumed  in  establishments  where  manufactured,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900.  403 

Class  I.  A. — Sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed  acids 403—117 

Table  8. — Sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed  acids — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900.  404 

Sulphuric  acid 404 

Table    9. — Sulphuric  acid — number  of  establishments  and  quantity  and  value  of  products:  1870  to  1905 404 

Table  10. — Sulphuric  acid — increase  and  per  cent  of  increase  in  quantity  and  value  of  products:  1870  to  1905 404 

Table  11. — Total  quantity  and  value  of  sulphuric  acid,  by  grades:  1890  to  1905 405 

Table  12. — Sulphuric  acid — number  of  establishments,  by  states  and  territories:  1905  and  1900 405 

Table  13. — Sulphiu-ic  acid — quantity  of  products,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905  and  1900 ." 406 

Table  14. — Pyrites  produced  in,  and  imported  into,  the  United  States:  1895  to  1904 407 

Table  15. — Sulphur  importe<l  and  entered  for  consumption  in  the  United  States:  1895  to  1904 407 

Table  16. — Tons  of  real  sulphuric  acid  and  of  chamber  acid  theoretically  produced  by  a  ton  of  each  of  the  minerals 

specified 407 

Contact  process  plants 410 

I  hamber  process  plants 411 

Table  17. — Quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  consumed  for  specific  purposes:  1900 411 

Nitric  acid 412 

Table  18.— Xitric  acid— quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900 412 

Table  19. — Xitric  acid — nmnbcr  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 412 

Table  20.— Results  of  nitric  acid  distillation  obtained  with  the  first  two  Valentiner  vacuum  apparatus  installed  in  the 

United  Stales:  1904 414 

Mixed  acids 415 

Table  21. — Mixed  acids — (luantily  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900 415 

Table  22. — Mixed  acids— number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 415 

Taljle  23. — Mixed  acids — cjuantity  of  products,  by  geographic  divisions;  1905  and  1900 416 

rircenlago  composition  of  various  mixed  acids 416 

Claj<H  1.  It.— Other  acids 417-120 

Table  2-1. — "Other  acids" — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  percent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 417 

.Miirialii-  acid , 417 

Table  25. — Muriatic  acid — (luantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900 417 

Table  26. — Muriatic  acid — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1!)00 IIS 

Table  27. — Muriatic  acid — f|uantity  of  products,  by  geographic  divisions:   190.")  aM<l  1900 1 18 

Table  28. — Muriatic  acid  produced  with  Cellarius  jars  during  a  twelve  iiiunliis'  inn 418 

Acetic  acid 418 

Table  29. — Acetic  acid — ((uantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  19(10 418 

Table  .10. — Acetic  acid — number  of  eatablishraentB,  by  states:  190.^  ami  1900 119 

All  odi.r  acids 119 

Table  .'11.  -Minor  acids — number  of  i-stablishmentri  and  (|iianlity  and  vaiui' uf  |)n)duct8:  1905  :ui(l  l!HKI 119 

Tabli'  32.— Acids — inif>ort<4  for  consumption:  1891  to  l!K)5 119 

nil>ll(«raphy 120 


CONTENTS.  xiii 

CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS— Conlimiiil.  .  Pagf. 

Class  II.— Sodas 420-425 

Table  33.— Sodas— comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 421 

Table  34.— Sodas— quantity  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1880  to  1905 421 

Tal)le  35.— Sodas— quantity  and  value  of  products,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1890  to  1905 421 

Tal)le  36.— Sodas -number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 422 

Tal)le  37.— Sodas     value  of  products,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905  and  1900 422 

Table  38.— World's  producticm  of  sodas:  1850  to  1902 423 

Tulile  39.— Sodas— imports  entered  for  consumption:  1891  to  1905 425 

Bililiography "^^o 

Class  III.— Potashes 425-428 

Table  40.— Potashes — ciuantity  and  value  of  products:  1850  (d  1905 42G 

Table  41. — Imports  of  potashes,  ashes  (wood)  and  lye  of,  and  lieet  root  ashes,  entered  for  consumption:  and  d  imestic  exports 

of  potashes  and  pearlashes:  1891  to  1905 428 

Class  IV.— Alums 428-130 

Tal)lc  42. — Aliuns — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 428 

Table  43.— Ahuns— quantity  and  value :  1S80  to  1905 428 

Table  44.— Kinds  of  alum — rpiantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900 429 

Table  45.— Alums— number  of  estal^lishments,  l)y  states:  1905  and  1900 429 

Talile  40.— Alums— value  of  products,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 429 

Table  47. — Alums,  cryolite,  and  bauxite — imports  for  consumption:  1891  to  1905 430 

Class  v.— Coal  tar  products 430-432 

Table  48. — Coal  tar  products — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  <,f  decrease:   1905  and  1900 430 

Taljle  49.— Coal  tar  products— number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 430 

Table  50.— Coal  tar  products— value,  by  states:  1890  to  1905 431 

Table  51. — Coal  tar  and  coal  tar  products — imports  for  consumption:  1896  to  1905 432 

Class  VI.— Cyanides 432-434 

Table  52. — Cyanides — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  decrease:  1905  and  1900 432 

Table  53. — Cyanides — quantity  and  value  of  products,  with  amount  and  per  i  ent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 433 

Table  54. — Cyanides — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 433 

Table  55. — Cyanides — value  of  products,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 433 

Table  5G. — Cyanides — ^imports  for  consumption:  1891  to  1905 434 

Bibliography 434 

Class  VII.— Wood  distillation 434-437 

Table  57. — Wood  distillation — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase :  1905  and  1 900 435 

Table  58.— Wood  distillation— crude  products:  1880  to  1905 435 

Table  59. — Wood  distillation — crude  products,  increase  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1880  to  1905 435 

Table  GO. — Wood  distillation — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 436 

Table  61.— Wood  distillation— value  ot  crude  products,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 43G 

Table  62.- Pine  wood  distillation  products:  1905  and  1900 436 

Table  63.— Production  of  refined  wood  alcohol:  1890  to  1905 437 

Table  64. — Wood  distillation  products — exports  and  imports:  1891  to  1905 437 

Class  VIII.— Fertilizers 437-441 

Table  65.- Fertilizers — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 438 

Table  G6. — Fertilizers — quantity  and  value  of  products,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 438 

Table  67. — Fertilizers — number  of  estal.ilishments,  by  states  and  territories:  1905  and  1900 438 

Table  68.- Fertilizers— quantity  and  value  of  products,  by  states  and  geographic  divisions:  1905  and  1900 439 

Tal)lc  69.— Fertilizers— number  of  establishments  and  quantity-  and  value  of  products,  %Tith  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase: 

1860  to  1905 439 

Table  70.— Fertilizers— quantity  and  cost  of  principal  materials  used,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900.       440 
Table  71  .—FertOizers— imports  for  consumption:  1890  to  1905 441 

Class  IX.— Bleaching  materials 441^43 

Table  72.— Bleaching  materials— comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 441 

Table  73.— Bleaching  materials— riuant it y  and  value  of  products,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900....       441 

Table  74. — Bleaching  materials — number  of  establislunents,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 442 

Table  75. — Bleaching  materials — quantity  and  cost  of  principal  components  used,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase: 

1905  and  1900 442 

Table  76.— Bleaching  materials— value  of  products,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 442 

Table  77. — Peroxides  now  offered  in  commerce,  other  than  sodium  peroxide 443 

Table  78. — Cliloride  of  lime,  or  bleaching  powder — imports:  1891  to  1905 443 

Class  X. — Chemicals  produced  by  the  aid  of  electricity 444-450 

Table  79.— Electro-chemicals — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  190O 444 

Talile  80.— Electro-chemicals— number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 444 

Talile  81.— Electro-chemicals— value  of  products,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905  and  1900 445 

Table  82.— Electro-chemicals — quantity  and  cost  of  principal  materials  used,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905 

and  1900 445 

Tal)le  83. — .\luminiun— production,  imports,  exports,  and  consumption:  1897  to  1906 446 

Table  84. — Plumlxigo — imports  entered  for  consumption :  1891  to  1905 450 


xiv  CONTENTS. 

CHEMICALS   AND    ALLIED   PRODUCTS— Continued.  Page. 

Class  XL— DyestuSs 450-457 

Table  85. — Dyestuffs — comparative  summarj-,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 450 

Table  86.— Dyestuffs— quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900 451 

Table  87. — Dyestufis — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 451 

Table  88.— Dyestuffs— value  of  products,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 451 

Table  89. — Dyestuffs — quantity  and  cost  of  principal  materials  used :  1905  and  1900 451 

Table  90. — Dyestuffs  and  extracts — comparison  of  statistics:  1880  to  1905 452 

Cost  of  chemicals  and  dyestuffs  used  in  all  textUe  establishments:  1890  to  1905 456 

Table  91. — Dyestuffs — imports  entered  for  consumption:  1891  to  1905 457 

Class  XII.— Tanning  materials 457^60 

Table  92. — Tanning  materials — comparative  svimmary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 458 

Table  93. — Tanning  materials — quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900 458 

Table  94. — Tanning  materials — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 458 

Table  95. — Tanning  materials — value  of  products,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 458 

Table  96. — Tanning  materials — quantity  and  cost  of  principal  materials  used:  1905  and  1900 459 

Table  97.— Tanning  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  leather:  1905  and  1900 .• 459 

Table  98. — Tanning  materials — imports  for  consumption  and  domestic  exports:  1891  to  1905 460 

Class  XIII.— Paints  and  vamishe;; 460-468 

Table    99. — Paints  and  varnishes — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 461 

Table  100. — Paints  and  varnishes — quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900 461 

Table  101. — Paints  and  varnishes — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 462 

Table  102. — Paints  and  varnishes — value  of  products,  by  geographic  div-isions:  1905  and  1900 462 

Table  10.3. — Paints  and  varnishes — quantity  and  cost  of  principal  materials  used:  1905  and  1900 463 

Table  104. — Paints  and  varnishes — comparative  summary:  1850  to  1905 463 

Table  105. — Paints,  pigments,  and  colors,  and  varnishes,  spirits,  and  "all  other  " — imports  and  domestic  exports:  189]  to  1905.  468 

Class  XIV— Explosives 468-475 

Table  106. — Explosives — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 468 

Table  107.— Explosives — quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900 468 

Table  108. — Explosives — number  of  establishments,  by  states  and  territories:  1905  and  1900 469 

Table  109. — Explosives — value  of  products,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905  and  1900 469 

Table  110. — Explosives — quantity  and  cost  of  materials  used:  1905  and  1900 470 

Tal)le  111. — Explosives — comparative  summary:  1840  to  1905 470 

Table  112.— Gunpowder— quantity  and  value:  1840  to  1905 470 

Table  113.— Nitroglycerin— quantity  and  value:  1870  to  1905 471 

Table  114.— D>-namite— quantity  and  value :  1880  to  1905 471 

Percentage  composition  of  various  dj-namites 472 

Table  115. — Explosives — imports  and  domestic  exports:  1891  to  1905 475 

Class  XV.— Plastics 475-477 

Table  116. — Plastics — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 475 

Table  117.— Plastics— quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900 475 

Table  118.— Plastics— number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 476 

Table  1 19.— Plastics— quantity  and  cost  of  materials  used:  1905  and  IHOO 476 

Table  120. — PjTo.xylin  pla-stics — comjjarative  .summary:  1880  to  1905 476 

Table  121. — PjToxylin  plastics — imports  and  exports:  1891  to  1905 '. 477 

Class  XVI.— Essential  oils 477,  478 

Table  122. — Essential  oils — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  incrca.so:   1905  and  1900 477 

Table  123. — Essential  oils — quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900 477 

Table  124. — Essential  oils — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 478 

Table  125. — Essential  oils — value  of  products,  by  geographic  divisions:  1!H)5  and  1900 478 

Table  126.— Essential  oils— <iuantity  and  cost  of  materials  used :  1905  and  1900 478 

Table  127.— Oils,  volatile,  or  cwntial,  and  distilled— imports  and  exports:  1891  to  1905 478 

Class  XVII. — Compressed  and  liiiur-licrl  ga,ses 478^82 

Table  128. — Compre.'wcd  and  liciuctied  gases — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  percent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900.  479 

Table  129. — Compressed  and  liqiii'licil  gases — quantity  and  value  of  jiroducts:   1905  and  1900 479 

Table  130. — Compressed  and  liciueiied  giuscs — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 479 

TaV)le  131. — Compressed  and  liquefied  ga-ses — value  of  products,  by  geograjjhic  divisions:  1905  and  1900 479 

Table  132. — Compre.fHcd  and  liquefied  gases — ciuantity  and  cost  of  materials  used :  1905  and  1900 480 

Claw  XVIIL— Fine  chemicals 482-486 

Table  133. — Fine  chemicals — comparative  suinniary,  with  amount  and  ]mt  c<'nt  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 482 

Tabic  1.3-1.— Fine  chemicals— quantity  ami  valui'  of  ])roducts:  1905  and  1900 482 

Table  13.5.  — Fine  chemicals — number  of  CHtablishmcnts,  by  states:   1905  and  1900 483 

Table  136. — Fine  chemicals— value  of  products,  by  peogr.iphic  divisions:   1905  and  1900 483 

Table  137.— Fine  rbetniialH-(|iiantily  ami  coxl  of  materials  u.scd:   1905  and  1900 484 

Table  L38. — Fine  cliemicalu— imports  for  consumiilion :  1891  to  1905 486 


CONTENTS.  XV 

CHEMICALS   AND   ALLIED   PRODUCTS— Continued.  Page. 

Class  XIX.— General  eheniiruls 48.5-489 

Table  139. — General  rhemieals — comi)arative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  190.5  and  1900 486 

Table  140. — General  chemicals — quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900 486 

Table  141. — General  chemicals — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and  1900 '.  487 

Table  142. — General  chemicals — value  of  products,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905  and  1900 487 

Table  14.3. — General  chemicals — (piantity  and  cost  of  principal  materials  used:  1905  and  19(K> 487 

Table  144. — General  chemicals  — imi)orts  for  consumption:  1891  to  1905 488 

Talde  145. — Chemicals— detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 490 

Table  HO.—Paints— detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 492 

Table  147. — Fertilizers — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 494 

Table  148. — Explosives— detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 498 

Table  149. — Varnishes — detailed  summary,  by  states;  1905 500 

Table  150. — Dyestuffs  and  extracts — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 502 

Table  151 . — Sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed  acids — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1 905 , 504 

Table  152. — Wood  distillation — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 505 

Table  153.— Oil,  essential— tletailcd  summary,  by  states:  1905 .506 

Table  154. — Bone,  ivory,  and  lamp  black — detailed  summary.  United  States:  1905 507 

Table  155. — Chemicals — detailed  summary,  materials  and  products:  1905 507 

Table  156. — Paints — detailed  summary,  materials  and  products:  1905 508 

Table  157. — Fertilizers — detailed  summary,  materials  and  products:  1905 509 

Table  158. — Explosives — detailed  summary,  materials  and  products:  1905 509 

Table  159. — Varnishes — detailed  summary,  materials  and  products:  1905 510 

Table  160.— Dyestuffs  and  extracts — detailed  summary,  materials  and  products:  1905 511 

Table  161. — Sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed  acids — detailed  summary,  materials  and  products:  1905 511 

Table  162. — Wood  distillation — detailed  summary,  materials  and  products:  1905 512 

Table  163. — Oil,  essential — detailed  summary,  materials  and  products:  1905 512 

COKE 515-563 

Table    1. — Comparative  summary,  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1880  to  1905 515 

Table    2. — Number  of  active  establishments,  by  states  and  territories:  1880  to  1905 516 

Table    3. — Capital — active  and  idle  establishments:  1890  to  1905 516 

Table   4. — Quantity  and  value  of  coal  used,  with  per  cent  of  increase,  by  states  and  territories:  1880  to  1905 517 

Table    5. — Quantity  and  cost  of  different  classes  of  coal  used,  with  per  cent  of  increase  and  average  price  per  ton:  1890  to  1905. .  518 

Table    6. — Comparative  summary — relation  of  coal  used  to  coke  produced:  1880  to  1905 518 

Table    7. — Quantity  and  per  cent  of  yield  of  coal  in  coke,  by  states  and  territories:  1890  to  1905 519 

Table    8. — Production  of  coke,  by  states  and  territories,  with  rank  of  each:  1880  to  1905 520 

Table    9. — Ovens  operated,  quantity  and  value  of  coke,  and  jdeld  of  coal  in  coke:  1880  to  1905 521 

Table  10. — Comparative  summary — number  and  kind  of  ovens  in  active  use,  by  states  and  territories:  1890  to  1905 521 

Table  11. — Comparative  summarj- — capital  and  ovens  in  idle  establishments,  by  states  and  territories:  1890  to  1905 522 

By-products 523. 524 

Table  12.— By-products:  1905  and  1900 523 

Table  13. — Actual  quantity  and  value  of   all  products  reported  in  1905,  and  possible  quantity  and  value  of  products  if 

total  coal  had  lieen  treated  in  Ijy-product  ovens 524 

Foreign  trade  in  coke  and  coke  by-products 524-526 

Table  14.— Imports  and  exports  of  coke:  1896  to  1905 525 

Table  15. — Imports  and  exports  of  coal  tar,  ci"ude  and  pitch:  1896  to  1905 525 

Table  16. — Imports  of  coal  lar  products,  not  medicinal  preparations,  colors,  or  dyes:  1898  to  1905 525 

Table  17. — Imports  for  consumption  of  ammonium  salts:  1896  to  1905 526 

Table  18. — Coke — detailed  summary,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 528 

Historical  and  descriptive 532-541 

Geographic  distriljution 532 

Process  of  making  coke 533 

Beehive  ovens 533 

Belgian  ovens 533 

By-product  ovens 534 

Characteristics  of  by-product  ovens 534 

Method  of  operating  by-product  ovens 535 

Semet-Solvay  by-product  ovens 536 

Semet-Solvay  by-product  ovens  built  or  building  in  the  United  States,  Jamuiry.  1906 536 

Otto-Hoffmann  by-product  oven 537 

Otto- Hoffmann  by-product  coke  ovens  built  or  contracted  for  in  the  United  States:  1905 537 

United-Otto  by-product  ovens j 538 

Rothberg  oven 538 

Uses  of  coke 539 

Table  19. — Quantity  and  cost  of  coke  consumed  in  the  iron  and  steel  industry:  1880  to  1905 540 

Uses  of  by-products 540 

45254— MPG  1905— rr  4—08 2 


xvi  CONTENTS. 

COKE— Continued.  Page. 

Appendix  A — Bibliography 543 

Appendix  B — Digest  of  patents  relating  to  coke 545-563 

Class  202. — Charcoal  and  coke 545 

Charcoal 545 

Subclass    2. — Processes 545 

Subclass    3.— Retorts 546 

Subclass  10.— Kilns 547 

Coke 548 

Subclass  4. — Coke  ovens 548 

Subclass  5. — Chargers  and  dischargers 551 

Subclass  6. — Doors 556 

Subclass  7. — Dumping  bottoms 557 

Subclass  8. — Coke  processes 557 

Subclass  9. — Retort  ovens 559 

Illustrations:  Facing  page. 

Location  of  coke  plants  in  1880  and  1905 532 

Beehive  ovens  at  Uniontown,  Pennsylvania 534 

Coke  drawer  and  loader  for  beehive  ovens 534 

Beehive  ovens  operated  in  connection  with  large  steel  plant  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania 536 

Longitudinal  cross  section  of  five  high  Semet-Solvay  ovens (page) . .  537 

Sectional  view  of  Otto-Hoffmann  oven 538 

Section  of  United-Otto  plan 538 

Semet-Solvay  ovens  at  Dunbar,  Pennsylvania 538 

Semet-Solvay  ovens  at  ^Vheeling,  AVest  Virginia 538 

General  \dew  of  plant  at  Everett,  Massachusetts 540 

Sectional  view  of  condensing  apparatus 540 

Latest  installation  of  100  ovens  of  steel  plant  at  Johnstown,  Pennsylvania 540 

Quencher  in  operation 540 

Page. 

PETROLEUM  REFINING 567-615 

Table    1. — Comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1880  to  1905 567 

Table    2. — Number  of  active  refineries,  by  states:  1880  to  1905 567 

Table    3. — Capital,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1890  to  1905 568 

Table    4.— Per  cent  distribution  of  capital:  1890  to  1905 568 

Table    5. — Materials  used,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1880  to  1905 569 

Table    6.— Equipment  of  plant,  by  states:  1890  to  1905 570 

Table    7.— Products,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  value:  1880  to  1905 570 

Table    8. — Products,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase  in  quantity  and  value:  1880  to  1905 571 

Table    9. — Per  cent  distribution  of  crude  petroleum  among  the  several  products:  1880  to  1905 571 

Table  10.— Per  cent  distribution  of  the  value  of  products:  1880  to  1905 571 

Table  11. — Production  of  crude  petroleum,  and  exports  of  crude  and  refined  oils,  from  1889  to  1904,  and  for  1880 573 

Table  12. — Imports  of  mineral  oils  and  paraffin:  1901  to  1905 ; 574 

Table  13. — Petroleum  refining — detailed  summary,  by  states:  1905 574 

Historical  and  descriptive 576-583 

Appendix  \ — HiV^liography 585 

Appendix  B — Digest  of  patents  relating  to  petroleum  refining 587-615 

Class  196.— Mineral  oils 587-615 

Subclass  1 . — Apparatus 587 

Subclass  2. — Reducing  gravity 587 

Subclass  3.— Stills 588 

Subclass    4. — Stirrers  and  scrapers 590 

Subclass    5. — Condensers 590 

Subclass    6.— Bottoms .' 593 

Subclass    7.— Feeders 593 

Subclass    8.— Films 594 

Subclass    9. — Furnaces  and  flues 694 

Subclass  10.— Heads 595 

S»bclaH.M  11. — Apparatus — stills  and  jackets 596 

Subclass  12.— Rotary 696 

Subclass  13. — Series 597 

Subclass  14.— Tubulars 598 

Subclass  15. — Utilizing  gases  and  residue 599 

Subclass  10,— Vacuum 599 

Sulidoss  17.— Vapor  outlets 699 

Subclass  18.— Supplementary  heal  ing 599 


CONTENTS.  xvii 

PETROLEUM  REFINING— Continued. 

Appendix  15  -  Dif,'est  of  piitenls  relating  to  polroleuni  refining — (,'(jntinued. 
ClaH3  196. — Mineral  oiln — ('onlinued. 

Coal  oil:  Page. 

Subclass  19.— Retorts fiOO 

Subclass  20.— Rotary <iOO 

Subclass  21 . — Processes COl 

Subclass  22. — Compositions fiOl 

Subclass  23. — Burning  fluid C02 

Subclass  24.— Paraflin 003 

Subclass  25. — Processes ')04 

Subclass  26.— Chemical 606 

Subclass  27. — Injecting  gases 612 

Subclass  28. — Residuum 613 

Subclass  29.— Washing  and  filtering 014 

Class  73. — Measuring  instruments 015 

Subclass  50.— Fluids 015 

Illustrations:  Facing  page. 

Storage  tanks  for  petroleum 576 

Stills  for  crude  petroleum 578 

Bird's-eye  view  of  Eclipse  Works 578 

Refinery.  Whiting,  Ind 582 

Page. 

POWER  EMPLOYED  IN  MANUFACTURES 619-039 

Table  1. — Comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1870  to  1905 619 

Table  2.— Power  in  idle  establishments:  1905  and  1900 020 

Power  in  selected  industries 620-625 

Table  3. — Power,  by  kind,  in  selected  industries,  with  per  cent  distribution  of  total  horsepower:  1880  to  1905 621 

Table  4. — Power,  by  kind,  in  selected  industries,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1870  to  1905 622 

Table  5. — Power  in  selected  industries,  with  per  cent  of  increase;  horsepower  per  wage-earner;  and  horsepower  per  |1,000  of 

products:  1870  to  1905 624 

Geographic  distribution  of  power 625,  626 

Table  6.— Power,  by  kind,  with  per  cent  distribution  of  total  horsepower,  by  geographic  divisions:  1870  to  1905 625 

Steampower 626-629 

Table  7. — Steampower,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase,  by  states  and  territories:  1870  to  1905 627 

Waterpower 629-631 

Table  8. — Waterpower,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase,  by  states  and  territories:  1870  to  1905 630 

Electric  power 631-635 

Table  9. — Klectric  power,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase,  by  states  and  territories:  1890  to  1905 632 

Electrical  transmission  plants 034 

Gas  engine  power 635-638 

Table  10. — Gas  and  gasoline  power,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase,  by  states  and  territories:  1890  to  1905 636 

Other  power 638 

Rented  power 638, 639 

Table  11.— IJented  power,  by  states  and  territories:  1890  to  1905 638 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS 643-813 

Summary  of  results 643-648 

Scope  of  the  inquiry 043 

Form  of  the  inquiry 043 

Representative  character  of  data 044 

Table  1. — Average  number  of  wage-earners  employed  during  the  year  by  establishments  included  in  statistics  of  weekly 
earnings,  and  number  of  wage-earners  reported  for  the  week  covered  by  these  statistics,  compared  with 

the  average  number  employed  during  the  year  by  all  establishments :  1905 044 

General  results 645 

Table  2. — United  States — summary  of  all  wage-earners,  and  men,  women,  and  children,  by  classified  weekly  earnings, 

with  percentage  at  each  amount :  1905 64o 

Table  3. — Women  and  children  in  groups  of  highest  weekly  earnings,  by  states :  1905 046 

Table  4.— Estimated  distributi<m  by  weekly  earnings  of  average  number  of  all  wage-earners,  and  men.  women,  and 

children :  1905 647 

Industries 648-653 

Table  5. — Industries  reporting  the  highest  and  the  lowest  average  weekly  earnings  for  men,  women,  and  children:  1905. . .       649 
Table  6.— Twenty-five  selected  industries— per  cent  which  number  and  earnings  of  men,  women,  and  children  fonn  of 

number  and  earnings  in  all  indu.stries  included  in  classified  weekly  earnings:  1905 650 

Table  7. — Median  groups  and  average  weekly  earnings,  all  wage-earners  and  men.  women,  and  children  in  twenty-five 

selected  industries :  1905 651 

Proportional  numbers  and  earnings 652 

Table  8. — Proportional  numbers  and  earnings,  men,  women,  and  children,  in  twenty-five  selected  industries:  1905..       652 


xviii  CONTENTS. 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS— Continued.  Page. 

Analysis  of  selected  industries ■ 654-669 

Boots  and  shoes. 654-656 

Table    9. — ^Boots  and  shoes — all  establishments  and  greatest  number  of  wage-earners,  compared  -nith  number  of  estab- 
lishments and  wage-earners  selected  for  classified  earnings,  by  states,  territories,  and  geographic  divisions: 

1905 654 

Table  10. — Boots  and  shoes — number  and  per  cent  distribution  of  wage-earners  for  the  United  States,  and  for  Massachu- 
setts ;  and  of  wage-earners — men .  women,  and  children — by  classified  weekly  earnings  for  the  United  States, 

exclusive  of  Massachusetts:  1905 655 

Table  11. — Boots  and  shoes — per  cent  distribution  of  men,  women,  and  children,  by  states,  territories,  and  geographic 

divisions :  1905 666 

Cotton  goods 656-659 

Table  12. — Cotton  goods — all  establishments  and  greatest  number  of  wage-earners,  compared  with  number  of  estab- 
lishments and  wage-earners,  selected  for  classified  earnings,  by  states  and  geographic  divisions:  1905  . . .       656 
Table  1.3. — Comparison  of  classified  earnings  in  selected  establishments  manufacturing  cotton  yarns  and  plain  cloths 

for  printing  and  converting,  in  New  England  and  the  Southern  states :  1905 658 

Glass 659-662 

Table  14. — Glass — all  establishments  and  greatest  number  of  wage-earners,  compared  with  number  of  establishments 

and  wage-earners,  selected  for  classified  earnings,  by  states  and  geographic  divisions:  1905 660 

Table  15. — Glass — per  cent  distribution  of  men,  women,  and  children,  by  states  and  geographic  divisions:  1905 660 

Table  16. — Glass — average  weekly  earnings  and  per  cent  distribution  of  wage-earners — men.  women,  and  children — 

by  classified  weekly  earnings,  and  by  class  of  products:  1905 662 

Iron  and  steel,  blast  furnaces 662-666 

Table  17. — Iron  and  steel,  blast  furnaces — all  establishments  and  greatest  number  of  wage-earners,  compared  with 
number  of  establishments  and  wage-earners,  selected  for  classified  earnings,  by  states  and  geographic 

divisions:  1905 663 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes 666-669 

Table  18. — Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes — all  establishments  and  greatest  number  of  wage-earners,  compared  with 
number  of  establishments  and  wage-earners,  selected  for  classified  earnings,  by  states,  territories,  and 

geographic  divisions :  1905 666 

Table  19. — Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes — per  cent  distribution  of  wage-earners — men,  women,  and  children — by  geo- 
graphic divisions:  1905 667 

Table  20. — Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes — per  cent  distribution  by  class,  of  number  and  earnings  of  wage-earners  in 

each  geographic  division :  1905 667 

Table  21. — Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes — nximber  and  earnings  of  men  and  women  employed  as  wage-earners,  in 

selected  establishments,  for  states  in  which  women  are  in  excess  of  men :  1905 6(i7 

Table  22. — Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes — earnings  of  men  and  women  in  states  grouped  according  to  the  proportion 

of  women  to  men :  1905 668 

Table  23. — Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes — median  groups  and  average  earnings  of  wage-earners — men,  women,  and 

children — in  .'<tates  in  which  women  are  in  excess  of  men :  1905 668 

States,  territories,  and  geographic  divisions 669-707 

Classified  weekly  earnings 669 

Table  24. — Median  groups  and  average  weekly  earnings,  all  wage-earners  and  men,  women,  and  children,  by  states,  terri- 
tories, and  geographic  di\-i.sions:  1905 670 

Rank  by  average  weekly  earnings 672 

Table  25. — Rank  of  geographic  divisions,  states,  and  territories  with  respect  to  average  weekly  earnings:  1905 672 

C'oni|)ari.son  between  Western  and  Southern  states 677 

Table  26. — Highest  and  lowest  average  earnings — twelve  states  compared:  1905 677 

Table  27. — Earnings  of  men  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  lumlier  and  timber  products  in  selected  states  of  the 

Western  and  South  .\tlantic  divisions:  1905 678 

Proportional  numbers  and  earnings 679 

Table  28. — Proportional  numbers  and  earnings — men,  women,  and  children — by  states,  territories,  and  geograjjliic  divi- 
sions: 1905 679 

Geographic  divisions 680-707 

New  England  division 680-683 

Table  29.— New  England  division — number  and  per  cent  of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in  weekly 

earnings,  by  states:  1905 (iSO 

Table  30. — New  Kiighuid  division — number  and  per  cent  of  wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified  earnings,  liy 

states:  1905 6SI 

Table  31. — .New  England  division — per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  estiiblislinients 

aicording  to  size,  by  slates:  1905 681 

Soullicni  North  .\tlanlic  division 683  685 

Table  32. — Southern  North  Atlantic  division-  iiiMiilier  mid  |icr  cent  of  r'srahlishmcnls  mid  wage-earners  included  in 

weekly  earnings,  by  stales:  1905 683 

Table  33. — Southern  North  AllanlicdiviHion — number  and  ]ier<('ril  of  wage-earners  at  oa<li  miiniintiif  classified  oarii- 

ings,  by  Mliitcs:   1905 6K-1 

Table  34.-  Southern  .N'ortli  Atlantic  division  -per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  mid  of  men,  women,  and  cliildri'ii.  in 

establishmenlH  according  to  size,  by  slates:   1905 684 


CONTENTS.  xix 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS     Cmtiiniefl.  Page- 

States,  Icrrildiii's,  aii<l  t;cograpliii'  divisiciiis — ('diiliiiued. 
Geograpli ic  d i v isions — ( '( in t iiUK d . 

Northern  South  Atlantic  di viHion 685-688 

Table  35. — Nortliern  South  AtUintic  division— number  and  per  cent  of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in 

weekly  earnings,  by  states:  1905 686 

Table  36.— Northern  South  Atlantic  division— number  and  per  cent  of  wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified 

earnings,  by  states:  1905 686 

Table  37.— Northern  South  Atlantic  division— per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in 

estal)li.-<hmenta  according  to  size,  by  states:  1905 687 

Southern  South  Atlaiilic  <li vi.sion ■ 688-690 

Table  38.— Southern  South  Atlantic  division — number  and  per  cent  of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in 

weekly  earnings,  by  states:  1905 688 

Table  39.— Southern  South  Atlantic  division — number  and  per  cent  of  wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified  earn- 
ings, by  states:  1905 688 

Table  40.— Southern  South  Atlantic  division— per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in 

establishments  according  to  size,  by  states:  1905 689 

Eastern  North  Central  division 690-693 

Table  41.— Eastern  North  Central  division— number  and  per  cent  of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in 

weekly  earnings,  by  states:  1905 691 

Table  42.— Eastern  North  Central  division— number  and  per  cent  of  wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified  earn- 
ings, by  states:  1905 691 

Table  43.— Eastern  North  Central  division— per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  estab- 
lishments according  to  size,  by  states:  1905 692 

Western  North  Central  division G93-697 

Table  44.— Western  North  Central  division— number  and  per  cent  of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in      . 

weekly  earnings,  by  states:  1905 694 

Table  45.— Western  North  Central  division — number  and  per  cent  of  wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified  earn- 
ings, by  states:  1905 694 

Table  46.— Western  North  Central  division— per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  estab- 
lishments according  to  size,  by  states;  1905 695 

Eastern  South  Central  division 697-699 

Table  47.— Eastern  South  Central  dhision— number  and  per  cent  of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in 

weekly  earnings,  by  states:  1905 697 

Table  48.— Eastern  South  Central  division— number  and  per  cent  of  wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified  earn- 
ings, by  states:  1905 697 

Table  49.— Eastern  South  Central  division— per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  estab- 
lishments according  to  size,  by  states:  1905 698 

Western  South  Central  division 699-701 

Table  50.— Western  South  Central  division— number  atid  per  cent  of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in 

weekly  earnings,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 699 

Table  51.— Western  South  Central  division— number  and  per  cent  of  wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified  earn- 
ings, by  states  and  territories:  1905 700 

Table  52.— Western  South  Central  division— per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in 

establishments  according  to  size,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 701 

Rocky  Mountain  division 701-703 

Table  53.— Rocky  Mountain  division— number  and  per  cent  of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in  weekly 

earnings,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 "02 

Table  .54.— Rocky  Mountain  division— niunber  and  per  cent  of  wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified  earnings,  by 

states  and  territories;  1905 '02 

Table  55.— Rocky  Mountain  division— percent  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  establish- 
ments according  to  size,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 ; 703 

Basin  and  Plateau  division 703-705 

Table  56.— Basin  and  Plateau  division— number  and  per  cent  of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in 

weekly  earnings,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 704 

Table  57.— Basin  and  Plateau  division— nuiuljer  and  per  cent  of  wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified  earnings, 

by  states  and  territories:  1905 '04 

Table  58.— Basin  and  Plateau  division— per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  e.slab- 

lishments  according  to  size,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 704 

Pacific  division -■   "05-707 

Table  59.— Pacific  division— number  and  per  cent  of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in  weekly  earnings, 

by  states.  1905 - 705 

Table  60.— Pacific  division— number  and  per  cent  of  wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified  e;irnings,  by  states: 

1905 705 

T-ililf.  (;l. —Pacific  division— per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  establishments 

according  to  size,  bv  states;  1905 706 

Alaska :-■ '<"■ 


XX  CONTENTS. 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS— rontinued.  Page. 

Large  and  small  establishments 707-715 

Table  62. — United  States — number  of  wage-earners — men,  women,  and  children — and  amount  of  their  earnings,  classified 

according  to  size  of  establishment,  with  per  cent  distribution:  1905 707 

Table  63. — United  States— average  weekly  earnings  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  large  and  small 

establishments:  1905 708 

Table  64.— Rhode  Island— average  weekly  earnings  for  selected  industries:  1905 708 

Table  65. — United  States — number  and  per  cent  distribution  of  wage-earners — men,  women,  and  children — by  classified 

weekly  earnings  and  size  of  establishment;  1905 709 

Table  66. — Five  selected  industries — number  and  per  cent  distribution  of  wage-earners — men,  women,  and  children — in 

establishments  according  to  size,  by  geographic  divisions  and  classified  weekly  earnings:  1905 710 

Table  67. — Classified  weekly  earnings — United  States,  by  specified  industries — number  of  wage-earners — men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren— in  each  group  of  earnings,  with  earnings  and  number  of  all  wage-earners  and  of  each  class,  average  number 

of  men,  women,  and  children  employed  during  the  year,  and  number  of  establishments:  1905 716 

Table  68. — Classified  weekly  earnings— United  States,  by  specified  industries— per  cent  distribution  of  wage-earners — men, 
women,  and  children — with  average  weekly  earnings  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  each  class,  number  of  establish- 
ments, and  percent  number  of  all  wage-earners  in  thestatisticsfornisof  greatest  number,  all  establishments;  1905..  732 
Table  69. — Classified  weekly  earnings — United  States,  by  states,  territories,  and  geographic  divisions — number  of  wage-earners — 
men,  women,  and  children — in  each  group  of  earnings,  with  earnings  and  number  of  all  wage-earners  and  of  each 
class,  average  number  of  men,  women,  and  children  employed  during  the  year,  and  number  of  establisliments;  1905. .  742 
Table  70. — Classified  weekly  earnings — United  States,  by  states,  territories,  and  geographic  divisions — per  cent  distribution  of 

wage-earners — men,  women,  and  children — with  number  of  establishments;  1905 746 

Table  71.— Classified  weekly  earnings — twenty-five  selected  industries,  by  states,  territories,  and  geographic  divisions — percent 
distribution  of  wage-earners — men,  women,  and  children — by  groups  of  earnings;  total  and  average  weekly  earn- 
ings, and  number  of  all  wage-earners  and  of  each  class;  with  number  of  establishments;  1905 748 

Table  72. — Classified  weekly  earnings — twenty-five  states,  by  selected  industries — per  cent  distribution  of  wage-earners — men, 
women,  and  children — by  groups  of  earnings;  total  and  average  weekly  earnings,  and  number  of  all  wage-earners 

and  of  each  class;  with  number  of  establishments:  1905 774 

Appendix: 

Classified  weekly  earnings,  1905,  and  wage  statistics  of  prior  censuses 793-813 

Statistics  for  1904  not  strictly  comparable  with  prior  censuses 793 

Comparison  of  rates  and  earnings 793-796 

Table    1. — Summary  of  statistics  for  classified  weekly  earnings,  1905,  and  weekly  rates,  1900,  for  men  in  thirty-four 

industries 794 

Table    2. — Classified  weekly  earnings,  1905,  and  weekly  rates,  1900  total,  for  men — absolute  number  in  each  group 

by  industries;  1905  and  1900 794 

Industry  classifications  adjusted:  1900  and  1905 795 

Comparison  of  earnings  by  industries 797-801 

Table    3. — Agricultural  implements — number  of  men  by  classified  weekly  earnings,  with  cumulative  percentages, 

and  estimated  distribution  of  average  number  in  all  establishments;  1890  to  1905 797 

Table    4. — Carpet  mills — number  of  men  and  women  by  classified  weekly  earnings,  with  cumulative  percentages, 

and  estimated  distribution  of  average  number  in  all  cslablishments;  1890  to  1905 797 

Table    5. — Cars  and  railroad  shops — number  of  men  by  classified  weekly  earnings,  with  cumulative  percentages, 

and  estimated  distribution  of  average  number  in  all  establishments;  1890  to  1905 798 

Table    6. — Cigars — number  of  men  and  women  by  classified  weekly  earnings,  with  cumulative  percentages,  and 

estimated  distribution  of  average  immber  in  all  establishments:  1890  to  1905 798 

Table    7. — Clothing — number  of  women   by  classified  weekly  earnings,  with  cumulative  percentages,  and  esti- 
mated di.stribution  of  average  number  in  all  establislimenls;  1890  to  1905 798 

Table    8. — Collars  and  <uff.s — numl)er  of  men,  women,  and  chililren  l)y  cla,ssified  weekly  earnings,  with  cumula- 
tive percentages,  and  estimated  di.stribution  of  average  number  in  all  establishmenis;  1890  to  1905..       799 
Table    9. — Cotton  mills — number  of  men  and  women  by  classified  weekly  earnings,  with  cumulative  ])crccntages, 

and  estimated  distribution  of  average  number  in  all  establishments;  1890  to  1905 799 

Table  10. —  Knitting  mills — numt>er  of  men,  women,  and  children  by  classified  weekly  earnings,  with  cumulative 

])ercentages,  and  estimated  distribution  of  average  number  in  all  eslablishmenls:  1890  U>  1905 800 

Tal)le  11. — Shoes — number  of  men  and  women  by  classilied  weekly  earnings,  with  cumulative  percentages,  and 

estimated  distribution  of  average  numlier  in  all  e.slal)lishmenls;   1890  to  1905 8(X) 

Table  12. — Tanneries     number  of  men  by  ela.ssilied  weekly  earnings,  with  <umulative  percentages,  and  estimated 

distribution  of  average  number  in  all  eslablishmonts:   1890  to  1905 SOI 

Table  13. — Wagons-  number  of  men  by  classified  weekly  earnings,  willi  eumulal  ive  per(entage.'(,  and  esl  iiiialed 

distribution  of  average  number  in  all  estaldishments:  1890  to  1905 801 

ComiMiriwm  f)f  earnings  in  same  establishmentH 801-813 

Wage-earners  in  25  establishmenis,  J905,  1900,  and  1890;  with  percentage  in  establishments  showing  increased 

earnings:  1905  and  11)00 813 

Dla(^inH; 

I)ia(^>Mi     I.— Clamified  weekly  earnings — number  of  all  wage-earners,  by  groups  of  earnings:   1905 <il(i 

DiagruMi    2.— Clumided  weekly  earnings,  twenty-five  selected  industries     per  ceiil  dial  average  earningsof  all  wage-i^arners, 

and  of  men,  women,  and  children  are  above  or  below  averages  for  IJnited  Stales:  1905 653 


CONTENTS.  xxi 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS— f'ontimii-d.  Page. 

Diagrams — Contimu'd. 

Diagram    3. — Classiiit'd  wcfkly  caniiMgn,  lioots  and  shoes — per  rent  that  avRrago  earnings  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men. 

women,  and  childrcii  are  above  or  below  average  for  the  United  States,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905 655 

Diagram    4. — Classilied  weekly  earnings,  cotton  goods — per  cent  that  average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men, 

women,  and  children  are  aljove  or  below  average  for  the  United  States,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905...       657 
Diagram    5. — Classified  weekly  earnings,  glass — per  cent  that  average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women. 

and  children  are  above  or  below  average  for  the  United  States,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905 661 

Diagram    6. — Classified  weekly  earnings,  iron  and  steel,  blast  furnaces — per  cent  that  average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners, 

and  of  men,  women,  and  children  are  above  or  below  the  average  for  the  United  States,  by  geographic 

divisions:  1905 664 

Diagram    7. — Classified  weekly  earnings,  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes — per  cent  that  average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners, 

and  of  men,  women,  and  children  are  above  or  below  average  for  the  United  States,  by  geograjjhic  divi- 
sions: 1905 669 

Diagram    8. — Classilied  weekly  earnings — per  cent  distribution  of  number  of  men  by  groups  of  earnings  in  geographic 

divisions:  1905 671 

Diagram    9.— Classified  weekly  earnings — per  cent  distribution  of  number  of  women  by  groups  of  earnings  in  geographic 

divisions:  1905 ■ 671 

Diagram  10. — Classified  weekly  earnings — per  cent  distribution  of  number  of  children  by  groups  of  earnings  in  geographic 

divisions:  1905 671 

Diagram  11. — Classified  weekly  earnings — average  weekly  earnings  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children, 

by  geographic  divisions:  1905 674 

Diagram  12. — Classified  weekly  earnings — per  cent  that  average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and 

children  are  above  or  below  average  for  the  United  States,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905 675 

Diagram  13. — Classified  weekly  earnings — per  cent  that  average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men.  women,  and 

children  are  above  or  below  average  for  the  United  States,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 676 

Diagram  14. — Classified  weekly  earningf? — number  and  earnings  of  men,  women,  and  children,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905.       680 
Maps: 

Map  1 . — Average  weekly  earnings — all  wage-earners,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 672 

Map  2. — Average  weekly  earnings — men  16  years  and  over,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 672 

Map  3.— Average  weekly  earnings— women  16  years  and  over,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 673 

Map  4. — Average  weekly  earnings — children  under  16  years,  by  states  and  territories:  1905 673 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE  AND  LABOR, 

Bureau  of  the  Census, 
Washington,  D.  C,  May  14,  1908. 

Sir: 

I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  Part  IV  of  the  Report  on  Manufactures  for  the  census  of  1905.  This 
census  was  taken  in  conformity  with  the  act  of  Congress  of  March  6,  1902,  and  the  statistics  cover  the  calendar 
year  ending  December  31 ,  1904. 

This  volume  is  a  compilation  of  the  bulletins  for  a  number  of  the  leading  industries  of  the  United  States, 
which  were  published  as  rapidly  as  the  compilation  of  the  data  was  finished.  The  monographs  are  bound 
together,  because  it  is  the  only  way  they  can  be  permanently  preserved  and  made  convenient  for  general  refer- 
ence. The  statistics  containeil  in  these  reports  are  combined  with  those  for  all  other  industries,  thus  giving 
the  totals  for  ail  branches  of  manufactures  in  the  United  States  and  in  each  state  and  territory,  which  are 
published  in  Parts  I  and  II  of  the  census  of  1905.  The  fieldwork,  the  compilation  of  the  statistics,  and  tlic 
preparation  of  the  text  have  been  done  by  the  regular  force  of  the  Office,  working  under  the  supervision  of  Mr. 
William  M.  Steuart,  chief  statistician  for  manufactures. 
Very  respectfully, 


Hon.  Osc:ar  S.  Straus, 

Secretary  of  Commerce,  and  Labor. 


Director. 


(xxiii) 


IRON  AND  STEEL 


(1) 


IRON    AND    STRFL 


By  Story  B.  Ladd. 


This  report  presents  the  statistics  of  the  iron  and 
steel  industry  for  the  ceiLsus  of  manufactures  of  190"). 
The  period  covered  is  the  calendar  year  1904,  or  the 
business  year  of  the  estal)lishment  reporting  which 
most  nearly  conforms  to  this,  and  ends  before  Januaiy 
1,  1905. 

In  drawing  comparisons  between  the  figures  of  the 
different  censuses  it  should  be  borne  iu  mind  that  the 
interval  between  the  present  census  and  that  of  1900 
is  but  one-half  of  that  for  prior  census  periods. 

It  shpuld  also  be  specially  noted  that  the  iron  and 
steel  industry  in  1904  was  seriously  affected  by  the 
general  business  depression  which  began  in  the  first 
half  of  1903  and  continued  until  August  and  Septem- 
ber, 1904.  The  iron  and  steel  production  during  the 
year  1904  was  in  many  lines  less  than  in  1903  and 
1902,  the  increased  production  residting  from  the 
revival  in  the  fall  of  the  year  not  being  sufficient 
to  offset  the  losses  during  the  earlier  months.  On 
the  other  hand,  each  of  the  prior  censuses  from  1870 
to  1900,  inclusive,  which  is  presented  in  this  report 
in  comparison  with  1905,  was  for  a  year  of  industrial 
activity  and  prosperity,  a  year  of  advancement  and 
growth.  The  census  of  1870  was  taken  for  a  year  of 
increasing  production,  the  crest  of  which,  measured  by 
pig  iron  production,  was  reached  in  1873;  the  crest  of 
the  wave  of  increase  of  1880  was  reached  in  1883;  1890 
was  at  the  summit  of  a  period  of  business  activity  and 
growth;  and  the  period  of  increasing  production  wit- 
nessed in  1900  did  not  receive  a  check  until  1903. 
Likewise,  the  iron  and  steel  production  for  the  calendar 
year  1905  was  abnormally  and  j)henomenally  large 
and  the  industry  uniformly  prosperous.  The  Census 
report  therefore  presents  imder  cover  of  1905,  which 
was  an  active  and  prosperous  year,  the  statistics  for  a 
year  of  partial  depression  and  curtailment,  in  compari- 
son with  prior  census  years  of  growth  and  prosperity. 

The  statistics  relate  only  to  establishments  which 
operate  blast  furnaces,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills, 
and  forges  anil  bloomeries.  Establishments  manu- 
facturing iron  blooms,  billets,  and  hammered  bar  iron 
direct  from  iron  ore  or  from  pig  iron,  scrap  iron,  or 
steel  are  classified  as  forges  and  bloomeries  only  when 
the  products  are  made  for  sale  and  not  for  consump- 
tion in  a  rolling  mill  department  of  the  producing  plant. 
In  the  early  years  of  the  iron  and  steel  inilustrv  the 
forges  and  bloomeries  were  an  important  feature,  but 
they  have  been  steadily  decluiing,  and  at  the  census  of 
1905  the  few  remaining  bloomeries  are  included  in  the 


statistics  for  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  except  when 
shown  .separately  for  comi)arative  purposes  with  former 
years. 

The  blast  furnace  products  include  all  kinds  of  pig 
iron,  spiegeleisen,  ferrornangancse,  and  ferrosilicon, 
whether  cast  or  used  in  a  molten  condition  in  Besse- 
mer converters,  open-hciirtli  furnaces,  cupolas,  etc.,  and 
castings  made  direct  from  the  furnace.  The  products 
of  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  embrace  steel  ingots 
and  direct  steel  castings  and  all  hot  rolled  or  forged 
iron  or  steel.  Many  mills  carrj^  the  manufacture  of  the 
primary  rolling  mill  products  through  to  more  highly 
finished  forms,  such  as  nails,  spikes,  bolts,  nuts,  and 
wire,  and  in  some  cases  products  of  this  kind  constitute 
the  bulk  of  the  output  of  the  establishment.  In  such 
cases  the  statistics  presented  are  those  of  the  jiriniary 
rolling  mill  products,  the  enlianced  value  due  to  the 
further  manufacture  into  more  highly  finished  forms 
being  handled  as  a  separate  factor.  The  gross  ton 
(2,240  pounds)  is  used  throughout  the  report  except 
for  coke,  which  is  in  short  tons  (2,000  pounds). 

At  the  census  of  1880  the  capital  and  labor  employed 
in  mining  iron  ore  and  coal,  in  coke  making,  (juarrying 
limestone,  charcoal  burning,  etc.,  were  included  in  the 
capital  invested  and  labor  employed  in  the  production 
of  pig  iron  where  the  mines,  ovens,  quarries,  or  kilns 
were  owned  or  operated  by  the  blast  furnace  establish- 
ments. The  cost  of  materials  reported  was  neverthe- 
less, apparently,  the  cost  at  the  furnace,  and  hence  the 
figures  of  cost  for  1880  involve  a  duplication  to  this 
extent.  The  statistics  for  1890,  1900,  and  1905  for 
the  blast  furnace  industry-  relate  only  to  the  manu- 
facture of  pig  iron,  and  do  not,  as  a  rule,  include  details 
for  any  of  the.se  related  industries. 

The  industiy  is  discussed  under  the  following  heads: 

The  iron  and  steel  industry  as  a  whole. 

The  electrolhermic  metallursry  of  iron  and  steel. 

Blast  lurnaoes. 

Steel  works  and  rolling;  raill.>>. 

Forges  and  bloomeries. 

THE  IROX  AND  STEEL  INDUSTRY. 

Table  1  shows  the  general  statistics  for  the  iron  and 
steel  industry  as  a  whole  for  the  census  years  1870  to 
1905,  with  the  percentage  of  increase  or  decrease  for 
each  period.  In  1870  active  establi-shments  were  not 
separated  from  idle,  but  for  each  of  the  later  years  only 
active  establi.shinents  are  included. 

(3) 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  1.— IRON  AND  STEEL-COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1870  TO  1905. 


Number  of  establishments. 


Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.,  number. 


Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number. 
Total  wages 

Men  1»>  years  and  over 

Wages .' 

Women  16  years  and  over... 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneou.s  e-xpcnses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products  ' 

Tons  of  product  "> 


1905  > 


1900 


1890 


1880 


»606 

61948,689,840 

16,566 

$20,758,412 

242,740 

$141,439,906 

339.. 183 

$140.. 545, 610 

1,455 

$441,967 

1,902 

$4.i2.329 

$47,164,970 

$620. 171. .SSI 

$905,854,1.52 

34.844,933 


•669  I  719 

'$590,530,484    '$414,044,844 


9  217 

$11,741^788 

222.607 

$120,836,338 

219.635 

$120,157,007 

1,071 

$266,888 

1,901 

$412. 443 

$32,274,100 

$.522,431,701 

$804,034,918 

29,507,860 


« 4,325 

« $6,462,236 

171,181 

$89,273,956 

168,943 

$88, 840, 642 

58 

$17. 106 

2,180 

$416, 208 

$18,214,948 

$327,272,845 

$478,687,519 

16.264,478 


792 
$209,904,965 


140,798 
$55,451,510 
133,023 
(') 

45 
(') 

7,730 

(') 

(•) 

$191,271,150 

$296,557,685 

6,486,733 


1870 


$121,772,074 

(') 
77,555 
$40,514,981 
7.5,037 
(') 

82 
(') 

2,436 
(') 

o 

$135,526,132 

$207,208,696 

3,263,585 


PER   CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


1900 

to 
1905 


1890 

to 
1900 


<9.4 
60.7 
79.7 
76.8 

9.0 
17.1 

9.0 
17.0 
35.9 
65.6 

0.1 

9.7 
46.1 
18.7 
12.7 
18.1 


•7.0 

42.6 

113.1 

81.7 

30.0 

35.4 

30.0 

35.3 

1,746.6 

1,460.2 

»12.8 

<0.9 

77.2 

59.6 

68.0 

81.4 


1880 

to 
1890 


<9.2 
97.3 


21.6 
61.0 
27.0 


28.9 

•  iV.k 


71.1 
61.4 
1.50.  7 


1870 

to 
1880 


<2.0 
72.4 


81.5 
36.9 
77.3 


45.1 
'2i7.'3 


41.1 
43.1 
98.8 


>  Exclusive  of  the  statistics  of  6  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products.    These  establishments  made  4,184  tons  of  steel  castings, 

vbIumI  at  S34"  364 

>  Includes  1  penal  institution,  the  statistics  for  which  are  not  included  in  the  detailed  summary. 

>  Includes  idle  establishments  which  were  not  reported  separately  in  1870. 

ilncludes'valucof  rented  property-19a5,  $12,106,619:  1900,  $16,968,821;  1890.  $8,273,058.  ,,,„,>,      ,■     ,^h-    ♦,,♦., 

» Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members,  with  their  salaries;  number  only  reported  in  1900  and  190,5.  liut  not  mcluded  in  this  table. 
'  Not  reporteif separately. 
'  Not  reported.  ,  •  .  j 

>  Includes  value  of  miscellaneous  products  for  which  tonnage  was  not  reported. 
"  Gross  tons  of  2.240  pounds. 

In   1870   the   United   States  had   a   population   of  i  products  all  fall  \\'ithin  a  range  of  from  9  to  in  per 


38,.5.58,.371,  and  the  iron  and  steel  industry  a  product 
of  3,26.3, .5S.5  tons,  or  an  average  of  0.0846  of  a  ton  of 
product  per  unit  of  population.  In  1880  the  iron  and 
steel  tonnage  per  unit  of  population  had  increased  to 
0.1293  of  a  ton:  in  1890  it  was  0.2.584  of  a  ton:  in  1900, 
0.3883  of  a  ton;  and  in  1904,  on  the  basi.s  of  the  esti- 
mate of  population  of  continental  United  States,  it 
was  0.4288  of  a  ton.  Thus  the  iron  and  steel  industry 
not  only  keeps  pace  with  the  growth  in  population,  liut 
shows  an  increase  per  unit  of  population  during  the 
decade  of  1870  to  1880  of  .52.8  per  cent:  for  the  decade 
ending  in  1890,  of  99.8  per  cent:  for  the  decade  ending 
in  1900,  of  .50.3  percent;  and  for  the  five  years  1900  to 
190.5,  of  10.7  per  cent. 

The  number  of  establishments  has  steadily  decreased 
at  each  succeeding  census,  falling  from  808  in  1870  to 
600  in  190.5,  while  the  capital  invested  has  increa.sed 
iii'urly  sevenfold  and  the  value  of  jiroducts  more  than 
threefiiM.  This  shows  strikingly  the  ciincentration 
tliat  has  marked  the  development  of  tlie  industry  dur- 
ing this  period  of  thirty-live  years.  To  a  small  extent 
the  decrease  in  number  of  establishments  in  190.5,  as 
com[)ared  with  1900,  is  due  to  the  fact  that  in  a  few 
ca.Hes  one  report  was  made  for  two  or  more  plants 
under  the  same  ownership  and  within  the  same 
muni(i[)ii!ity,  whereas  in  1900  .separate  rojiorts  were 
iriiide  for  the  ilKriTCIit  [)latlts. 

it  will  be  noted  that  the  increase  in  capital  is  ajv 
parently  out  of  proportitm  to  the  growth  of  the  indus- 
trv  in  other  piirticnlars.  The  reported  cajjitai  invested 
in  1905  exceeds  that  of   1900  l>y  $3.58,1.59,3.56,  or  60.7 


cent.  This  difference  is  in  part  explaineil  by  the  de- 
pression in  the  iron  and  steel  industry  prevailing  during 
the  early  part  of  the  census  year,  which  restricted  pro- 
duction, labor,  and  operating  expense.  The  capital 
invested  in  1870  shows  an  average  per  ton  of  product 
of  $37.31;  in  1880  it  was  .S32..36;  in  1890,  .S25.46;  and 
in  1900,  $20.01.  At  the  present  census  the  invested 
capital  as  reported  shows  an  average  of  $27.23  per  ton 
of  pnuluct.  Manifestly,  if  the  law  of  progress  deduced 
from  these  returns  holds  true — namely,  a  steady  ad- 
vance in  the  earning  power  of  capital  from  decade  to 
decade  through  the  use  of  improved  appliances  and 
methods — the  capital  invested  per  ton  of  product 
should,  with  full  production,  be  less  than  that  of  for- 
mer years,  whereas  it  exceeds  that  of  1900  and  1890. 
The  large  increase  in  capital  is  due  in  ])art  to  the  fact 
that,  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  corporations,  the  capital 
reported  as  invested  in  land,  buildings,  machinery, 
etc.,  and  Hve  capital,  is  stock  capital  as  carried  on 
their  books,  this  being  the  only  thing  possible  to  report 
under  the  circumstances.  But  in  the  case  of  a  corj)o- 
ration  formed  by  the  aggregation  of  a  number  of  plants 
which  have  })een  turneil  over  to  the  new  company  for 
stock  considerations,  such  book  accounts  necessarily 
represent  more  than  actual  cash  investments. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  the  number  of 
chililrcn  (Miiployed  is  substantially  the  same  as  in  I '.»()() 
(except  by  one)  and  has  not  increased  with  the  growth 
of  this  industry.  in  1890  the  average  number  of 
children  under  16  years  employed  was  1.3  per  cent  of 
all  wage-earners;  in  1900  they  constituted  iiine-tcntbs 


per  cent;  whereas  the  increa.se  in  wage-earners,  wages      of  1  per  cent;  and  in  190.5  they  formed  eight-tenths  of  1 
paid,   cost  of    materials,   and   value   and   quantity  of   j   per  cent.     The  1880  and  1870  figures  include  children 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


employed  in  coal  mininfj,  etc.,  in  conjunction  with 
blast  furnace  operations,  and  hence  are  not  compar- 
able. 

Table  2  shows  (he  leading  statistics  of  the  iron  and 
steel  industry  for  1905,  by  states,  in  comparison  with 
like  statistics  of  the  states  or  territories  for  1880,  1890, 
and  1900.  In  the  census  years  of  1900  and  1905  there 
were  no  territories  which  jjroduceil  pig  iron,  steel, 
or  rolling  mill  j)roducts. 


A.s  these  statistics  are  the  combined  statistics  for 
blast  furnace  establLshments  and  steel  works  and  roll- 
ing mills,  wliich  are  separately  considered  in  later 
tables,  it  is  necessary  to  group  under  "all  other 
states"  such  states  as  have  establishments  owned  by 
less  than  three  organizations  in  either  branch  of  the 
industry,  in  order  that  the  operations  of  individual 
establishments  may  not  be  deducible  by  comparison 
of  the  different  tables. 


Tahlb  ii.— iron  and  steel— comparative  summary,  by  STATES:   1880  TO  1905. 


United  States. 


Alabama. 


Connecticut «. 


Georgia ' 


Indiana . 


Kentuclty*. 


Maryland ' 


Massachusetts^ . 


Michigan. 


Missouri". 


New  J<'rsey  . 


New  Yorlt . 


Ohio. 


Census. 


1905 
1900 
1890 


1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 


1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 


Num- 
Ijer  of 
estai>- 
lish- 
ments. 


606 
669 
719 
792 


21 
25 
28 
37 

29 
30 
44 
74 

90 
107 
101 
103 


Capital. 


'$948,689,840 
■590,. WO,  484 
1414,044.844 
209,904,965 


29,153,289 
16,091,479 
17,987,583 
2,757,196 

1,110.192 
1,499,162 
4.6.56,611 
1,000,000 

2,189,521 
2,557,000 

6,279,585 
4,207,079 
2,558,865 
1,341,469 

666,916 
908,243 
973,800 

.58, 595, 150 

43,3.56,239 

34,689,919 

5,795,620 

22,985,691 
14.994,210 
4.099.095 
2.283,000 

2.310,655 
4,610,035 

3,765,003 
4,217.574 
4, 402, 125 

9,005.555 
6,163,408 

6,080.677 
3,934.0.50 
6.696.541 
3,342,386 

3,495.913 
5,698,600 

51,794,677 

20,336,609 

11,697,362 

8,764,050 

64,041.775 
13,292,346 
16,282,435 
19,752,471 

131,262,446 

86,477,552 
37,642,887 
22,807.606 


SALARIED  OFFICIALS, 

CLERKS,  ETC. 


Number. 


16,  .566 
9,217 

a  4, 325 
C) 


820. 7.58, 412 

11,741,788 

»  6, 462, 2,16 

(') 


427 
182 
193 


1,350 

780 
179 


323 
205 


135 
72 
82 


598 
332 
146 


685 
238 
186 


2,139 

1,231 

620 


543,954 
292,861 
319,044 


53,073 
22,2.50 
56,549 


55,784 


102,952 
132,677 
78,061 


13,295 
23,125 


1,785,118 
926,091 
269, 308 


369,962 
266,764 
103,013 


77, 147 
24,358 


155,700 
95,076 
139,756 


65,802 


848,487 
497,245 
238,183 


958,482 
377,988 
301,843 


2,499,295 

1,592,501 

864,528 


WAGE-EABNEBS  AND 
WAGES. 


Average 
numljor. 


242,740 
222,607 
171,181 
140,798 


8,  .590 
7,238 
5,685 
1,626 

773 

.5.55 

1,114 

319 

649 
685 

1,0.55 

1,490 

1,637 

867 

194 

339 

1,303 

18,3.58 
16,642 
8,685 
5.2.53 

7.215 
7,579 
2,648 
2,048 

1,435 
4,095 

2,1,38 
1,247 
2,763 

5,210 
6,513 

2,157 
1,972 
1,427 
3,089 

1,269 
3,139 

9,108 
8,288 
5, 1.50 
4,792 

9,085 
5,418 
6,848 
11,444 

33,190 
33,677 
23,546 
20,071 


Wages. 


$141,439,906 
120,836,338 
89,273,956 
55, 451, .510 


3,447,889 

2,454,401 

2,202,964 

.571,713 

492,390 
327, 184 
693,300 
177,722 

.362,405 
331, 184 

412,003 
705.366 
765, 1.58 
344,476 

48,391 
89,04.5 
185,489 

11,468,9.57 
9,640.716 
5,220,883 
2,  .508, 718 

4,071.593 

4,243.831 

1,1,51,148 

864,921 

670,489 
1,344,400 

1.029.7.53 
371.993 
905,090 

2,469,075 
2,576,539 

1,114,289 
941.091 
7.56,361 
922,597 

6.55,099 
734,575 

4,4.58,728 
3,892.941 
2,  .546, 791 
1,808,448 

5,554,401 
3,062,711 
3,303.811 
4,099.451 

22,128,625 
19,730.469  I 
13.262,141  I 
8.265.070 


Misceila- 

Deous 
expenses. 


$47,164,970 
32,274,100 
18,214,948 


896,126 
1,089,690 


84,933 

18.944 
208,088 


96,123 


144,785 
140,054 
43,201 


8,300 
52, 770 


4,340,951 

3,208,240 

/93,128 


606,398 
376,844 
171,. 548 


115,645 


508,298 
46,077 


Cost  of  ma- 
terials used. 


$620,171,881 
522,431,701 
327,272,845 
191,271,1.50 


16,047,423 

10,062,094 

7,425,344 

601,073 

778,970 

506,834 

1,938,333 

.535,500 

1,324,078 
1,341,225 

939,  .506 
1,635,762 
1,. 549.  .539 
1,214,0.tO 

237, 421 
321,728 
631,707 

57,655,185 
41,729.261 
30,039,674 
14,977,145 

10.905,822 
12,438.7.54 
3,075,056 
3,293,073 

1.703,144 
3,223,799 

6,888.916 
2,217.173 

2,888,574 

6,951,018 
6,657,232 

4,904.315 
3,770,213 
4,135,991 
3,279,420 

2,079,254 
3,249,558 

15,330,455 
16,310,425 
7,031,046 
6,556,283 

19,633,602 
7,676,155 
10,424,852 
13,395,229 


5,925,771  110,686,497 
4.400.859  i  91,329,307 
2,293,068  I  44.,551,301 
23.997.915 


366,760 
277,827 
369,163 


175,924 


1,639,915 

1,146,984 

639,351 


1,445,398 
503,558 

877,541 


Value  of 
products. 


>$905,8S4,152 
804,034,918 
478,687,519 
296,557,685 


1  Includes  value  of  rented  property— 1905.  $12,106,619:  1900.  $16.968.821 :  1890.  $8,273.0.58. 

3  Exclusive  of  steel  castings  to  the  value  of  $347,264.  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

3  Includes  proprietors  and  (irm  members,  with  their  salaries:  number  only  reported  in  1900  and  1905.  but  not  included  in  tiiis  table. 

*  Not  reported  separately. 

6  Not  reported. 

"Included  in  ■'  all  other  states  ",in  1900  and  1905. 

'  Included  in  "  all  other  states  "  in  1905. 


24,687.359 
17,392,483 
12,544.227 
1,4.52,8.56 

1,489.012 
900,8.54 

3,097,1.55 
780,000 

2,037,618 
1,998,698 

1,597,309 
3,1.59.641 
2,608,670 
2,  .347, 177 

391,. 599 
471,757 
990,  S50 

87,352,761 
60.303.144 
39,011.051 
20,  .54.5, 289 

16, 920.  .326 
19,338.481 
4,742.760 
4,551,403 

2,725,603 
5,090,029 

8,739,405 
2,869,208 
4,470,050 

11,201,149 
10,288,921 

7,355,652 
5,902,058 
5,829,843 
4,591,613 

3,237,542 
4,660,530 

23,667,483 
24,381,699 
11,018.575 
10,341,8% 

29,862,136 
13.858,553 
15,849,537 
22,219,219 

152,859,124 
138.935,256 
65,206,828 
34,918,360 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  2.— IROX  AND  STEEL— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:    1880  TO  1905— Continued. 


Penneylvanla . 


Tennessee*. 


Te.\as ' . 
Virginia . 


West  Virginia' 


Wisconsin . 


All  other  states. 


Num- 

ber of 

Census. 

estab- 

Ush- 

ments. 

1905 

2ol 

1900 

291 

1890 

311 

1880 

321 

1900 

16 

1890 

15 

1880 

29 

1900 

3 

1880 

1 

1905 

13 

1900 

20 

1890 

21 

1880 

21 

1900 

11 

1890 

12 

1880 

16 

1905 

14 

1900 

12 

1890 

9 

1880 

8 

M905 

86 

<1900 

45 

s  1890 

13 

•1880 

24 

Capital. 


472,547,945 
321,985,659 
226,294,407 
102,956,223 

5,432,665 
4,613,355 
2,862,826 

379,215 
40,000 

5,279,954 
6,941,696 
6,330,993 
2,294,713 

8,202,910 
6,458,924 
3,712,616 

6,237.505 
5,918,329 
6,461,531 
2,768,218 

93,320,954 

33,049,365 

5,446,875 

3,021,603 


SALARIED  OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 


Number. 

Salaries. 

9,020 
5,068 
2,099 

11,171,732 
6,184,780 
3,129,515 

96 
85 

118,244 
118,446 

14 

9,160 

106 
150 
100 

148,671 
208,669 
145,908 

105 

76 

129,477 
103,445 

172 
91 
30 

218,729 
115,449 
50,754 

1,485 
481 
66 

1,902.257 
682,114 
128,161 

WAGE-EAKNER9  AND 
WAGES. 


.\verage 
number. 


124,771 
110,864 
92,473 
57,952 

1,979 
1,472 
3,077 

248 
140 

2,103 
3,097 
3,010 
2,522 

4,467 
3,757 
4,121 

2.397 
1,921 
1,890 
2,153 

23,938 

14,840 

l,(i90 

2,826 


Wages. 


73,070,358 
61,908,405 
49,550,665 
25,095,850 

539,304 
657,075 
659,773 

42,661 
27,720 

728,186 

980,587 

1,117,452 

665, 432 

2,293,524 
1,734,764 
1,541,816 

1,381.553 

1,216,850 

981,787 

1,004,931 

13,110,934 

7,778.153 

711,550 

815,595 


Miscella- 
neous 
e.xpenses. 


26,504,604 
17,845,789 
9,764,737 


226,365 
276,869 


285,734 
248,314 
373,749 


225,165 
147, 432 


437,906 
361,571 
175, 405 


4,691,826 

1,872,633 

297,177 


Cost  of  ma- 


Value  of 


terials  used.      products. 


324,196,900 
283,142,785 
180,220,237 
92,267,030 

3,404,154 
2,943,671 
1,376,059 

90,439 
23,580 

3,  ,538, 839 
5,498,672 
4,404.4.52 
1.496,151 

10,422,322 
7,906,036 
3,484,625 

6,751,966 
5,410,066 
4,613,753 
3,830,667 

48.802,401 

21,878,121 

2,417,165 

2,951,255 


471,228,844 
434,445,200 
264,571,624 
145,576,268 

5,080,624 
4,247,868 
2,274,203 

172, 468 
36,000 

4,8.59,386 
8,341,888 
6.326,084 
2,585,999 

16,514,212 
10,556,865 
6,054,032 

10,453,750 
8,905,226 
6,  .501, 761 
6,580,391 

73,521,010 

37,272,127 

4,031,794 

4,203,901 


Maryland,  9;   Massachusetts,  6; 


1  Included  in  "  all  other  states  '*  in  1905. 

'  Included  in  "  all  other  states  "in  1890  and  1905. 

'Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  2;  Connecticut,  9:  Georgia.  5;  Kansas,  1;  Kentucky,  9;  Maine,  1: 
Minnesota,  1:  Missoiu-i.  6;  Oregon.  1;  Rhode  Island,  4:  Tennessee,  15;  Texas,  1;  Washington,  1;  West  Virginia,  15. 

*  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  3;  Connecticut,  8;  Kansas,  1;  Kentucky,  S;  Maine,  1;   Massachusetts,  8;  Minnesota,  3;  Missouri,  7: 
North  Carolina,  2:  Oregon,  1:  Rhode  Island,  1;  Washington,  1;  Wyoming.  1. 

i  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  2;  Iowa,  1;  Maine,  2;  Minnesota,  1;  New  Hampshire,  1;  North  Carolina,  1;  Oregon,  1;  Rhode  Island, 
I;  Texas.  1;  Washington.  1:  Wyoming.  1. 

•Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  1;  District  of  Columbia,  1;  Kansas,  2;  Maine,  3;  Nebraska,  1;  New  Hampshire,  2:  North  Carolina,  9; 
Oregon,  1:  Rhode  Island,  1;  Vermont,  2:  Wyoming,  1. 


Penn.sylvania,  Ohio,  and  Illinois  were  the  leading 
state.s  in  1905,  a.s  well  a.s  in  1900  and  189(\  Pennsyl- 
vania produced  52  per  cent  of  the  value  of  all  iron  and 
steel  products  in  1905,  a.s  against  54  per  cent  in  1000, 
and  55.3  per  cent  in  1S90;  Ohio,  16.9  per  cent  in  1905, 
17.3  per  cent  in  1900,  and  ]3.()  ])cr  cent  in  1S90;  and 
Illinois,  9.0  per  cent  in  1905,  7.5  Jier  cent  in  1900,  and 
8.1  per  cent  in  1S9().  The  next  state  in  rank.  New 
York,  produced  3.3  per  cent  of  tlic  jjroducts. 

Of  the  capital  invested  in  the  iron  and  steel  industry, 
Penn.sylvania  reported  49. S  per  cent  in  1905  and  54.5 
percent  in  1900;  Ohio,  13.8  per  cent  in  1905  and  14. (i 
per  cent  in  1900;  and  Illinoi.s,  6.2  per  cent  in  1905  and 
7.3  per  cent  in  1900. 

Pennsylvania  employed  51.4  per  <ent  of  all  wage- 
earners  in  the  industry  in  1905  and  49. S  per  cent  in 
1900;  C)liio,  i;5.7  j)er  cent  in  1905  and  15.1  jK-r  cent  in 
1900;  and  Illinois,  7.6  per  cent  in  1905  and  7.5  i)er 
cent  in  1900.  In  the  matter  of  wages,  I'emi.syiva- 
nia  contrihnted  51.7  l)er  cent  of  all  wages  in  1905  and 

51.2  per  cent  in  1900;  Ohio,  15.6  per  cent  in  19(15  and 

16.3  7)er  cent  in  1900;  Illinois,  8.1  per  cent  in  1905 
and  H  per  cent  in  1900.  In  cost  of  materials  used 
Pennsylvania's  share  of  the  total  was  52.3  per  cent  in 
1905  and  54.2  per  cent  in  1900;  that  of  Ohio,  17.8  per 
rent  in  1905  and  17.5  j)er  cent  in  1900;  and  that  of 
Illinois,  9.3  i)er  cent  in  1905  and  8  per  cent  in  1900. 

As  a  (•f)nil)inHtionof  tin-  statistics  of  these  .'{  leading 
.states  was  made  in  j>rior  reports,  a  like  presentation 


will  be  given.  The  combined  capital  invested  at  the 
census  of  1905  was  $662,405,541,  or  69. S  per  cent  of 
the  total  capital,  compared  with  $451,819,450,  or 
76.5  per  cent  of  the  total  in  1900;  with  $298,627,213, 
or  72.1   per  cent,  in  1890;  and  with  ,|131,559,449,  or 

62.7  per  cent,  in  1880.  The  average  number  of  wage- 
earners  employed  in  1905  was  176,319,  or  72.6  per  cent 
of  the  total  mimber,  compared  with  161,183,  or  72.4 
per  cent,  in  1900;  with  124,704,  or  72.8  per  cent,  in 
1890;  and  with  83,276,  or  59.1  per  cent,  in  1880. 
The  wages  paid  in  1905  aggregated  $106,667,940, 
or  75.4  per  cent  of  tlie  total  amount,  compared  with 
$91,279,590,  or  75.5  per  cent,  in  1900;  with  $68,033,- 
689,  or  76.2  per  cent,  in  1890;  and  with  ,$35,869,638, 
or  64.7  per  cent,  in  1880.  The  cost  of  materials  in  1905 
aggregated  $492,538,582,  or  79.4  i>cr  cent  of  the  total, 
coiiii)ared  with  $416,201,353,  or  79.7  per  cent,  in  1900; 
with  $254,811,212,  or  77.9  per  cent,  in  1890;  and  with 
$131,242,090,  or  68.6  i)er  cent,  in  1880.  The  value  of 
the  i>roducts  aggregated  $711,440,729,  or  78.5  ]>er  cent 
of  the  total  in  1905,  compared  with  $633,683,600,  or 

78.8  per  cent,  in  1900;  with  $3()8,7S9,.503,  or  77  per 
cent,  in  1890;  and  willi  $201,039,917,  or  67.8  ])er  cent, 
in  1880. 

Tlie  stale  of  New  "^'orU  rank<'d  fourth  in  the  value  of 
all  iron  and  steel  prodiKis  in  1905,  whereas  in  1900  it 
was  eiglitli;  Aiiihama  was  liftli,  instead  of  sixth  as  in 
1900;  \ew  Jersey  was  si.xtli,  w  liereas  in  1900  it  was 
fourth;  West  \'irgiiiia, seventh  (.same in  1900);  Indiana, 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


eightli  ((iftli  ill  ]»()());  Maryland,  ninih  (eleventli  in 
1900) ;  Massachusetts,  tenth  "(ninth  in  1900) ;  Wisconsin, 
eleventh  (tenth  in  1900);  Colorado,  twelfth;  Michi-^an, 
thirteenth  (fourteentii  inl900);  Kentucky,  fourteenth 
(thirteenth  in  1900);  and  Connecticut,  fifteenth.  None 
of  the  other  states  exceeded  15,000,000  in  vniuc  of 
iron  and  steel  products. 

An  in('rease  in  value  of  piixlucts  is  shown  for  all 
states  given  in  detail  (\\ce])t  for  Delaware,  Indiana, 
New  Jersey,  and  Virginia.  Delaware  shows  a  decrease 
in  products  of  49.4  per  cent,  with  a  decrease  in 
nuiterials  used,  wage-earners,  and  wages  paid,  ac- 
companied hy  a  very  considerable  increase  in  capi- 
tal; Indiana,    siiows    a    decrease    in    ])roducts    of    12.5 


per  cent,  and  a  decrease  in  cost  of  materials,  wage- 
earners,  and  wages  paid,  likewise  accompanied  hy  an 
in(;rease  in  capital;  New  Jersey  shows  a  decrease  of 
2.9  per  cent  in  value  of  products,  with  a  decrease  in 
cost  of  materials,  and  an  increa.se  in  wage-earners, 
wages  ])aid,  and  capital;  and  Virginia  shows  a  de- 
crease of  41.7  percent  in  value  of  products,  with  a 
dccrea.se  in  cost  of  materials,  wage-earners,  wages 
paid,  an<l  ciipiial. 

COMPAKATIVK    PUODUCTION    BY   .STATES. 

Tal)le  3  shows  the  production  of  all  forms  of  iron  and 
steel,  by  states,  from  1.S70  to  1905,  and  the  rank  of  each 
producing  state  in  (luantity  of  products,  for  each  census. 


T.VBLE  .-J.— IRON  AND   STEEL— QUANTITY  OF  CLASSIFIED  PKODUCTS,  I5V  STATES,  WITH  RANK  OF  STATES: 

1870  TO  1905. 


United  States. 


Pennsylvania . 

Ohio 

Illinois 

Alabama 

New  York 


West  Virginia- 
Maryland 

Indiana 

New  Jersey 

Wisconsin 


Michigan.. 
Tennessee. 
Virginia... 
Colorado.. 
Kentucky. 


Massachusetts. 

Connecticut 

Missouri 

Georgia 

Delaware 


California 

Rhode  IslancI . 
Minnesota. . . . 
Oregon 


Washington 

Texas 

Mairc 

No:th  Carolina. 


\N'yoniing 

Kew  Hampshire  . 

Iowa 

Kansas 


Vermont 

Nebraska 

District  of  Columbia. 
South  Carolina 


1905 


1900 


1890 


1880 


1870 


26 
29 
32 


QUANTITY  (Tons). 


1905 


134,844,933 


17,555,031 
6,.521,213 
3,318,495 

1,736.580 
1,178,911 

653,999 
609,047 
446,  4.i8 
423,739 
387,625 

326,087 
322,830 
312,691 
268,621 
201,898 

147.347 
105, 934 
103,735 
84,070 
31.851 

31,045 
25,961 
20,769 
18,000 

5,760 
4,669 
2,567 


1900 


1890 


29,507,860 


15.290,711 
5,297,191 
2,9.54,876 
1,303,595 
475,  IB5 

541.106 
468,558 
425,946 
292, 154 
404, 827 

221,860 
387,649 
469.060 
232, 815 
255.875 

140,532 
54,365 

100,001 
21,505 
53,025 

25,419 
5,618 

42.528 
4,505 

5,000 
9,789 
2,750 
11,543 

9,422 


1880 


16,264,478       6,486,733 


8,622.745 

2,210,296 

1.479,754 

864, 120 

530,100 

.347,506  i 

109.088 

113,U«0 

270.920 

258,784 

239.656 

282. 625 

325,722 

30,207 

83,357 

141,965 
44,027 

114,945 
27,0.33 
52,170 

50,667 
11.613 
2.290 
7,510 

4.274 
7,991  , 
12,500 
3,015 

8,308 
5,938  I 
1,056  I 


3,229,168 

830,483 

373, 185 

56,237 

.534, 196 

131,685 
99,048 
85,819 
217,732 
159,763 

127,426 

68,839 

49,752 

4.018 

110,492 

126.179 
33,983 

112,284 
31,386 
30,284 

12,. 500 
7,263 


2,857 


1,250 

9,702 

392 

8,741  ' 
7,123 


5,911 

1.786 
236  I 


1870 


3,203,585 


1,640,007 

401,579 

23,001 

6.304 

400,229 

lA.  riS7 
8.5.200 
.57,275 
102,912 
37,709 

77,. 392 
30,629 
33,782 


77,4.39 

70,916 
■22, 594 
84,723 

7,417 

2,079 
3.942 


15,302 
1.606 


1,302 
"395 


1  Exclusive  of  4,184  tons  of  steel  castings  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 


In  1905,  27  states  figure  as  producers,  as  against  29 
in  190O,  no  products  l)eing  reported  from  North  Caro- 
lina and  Wyoming.  Production  has  increased  in  all 
states  with  the  exception  of  Wisconsin,  Tennessee, " 
Virginia,  Kentucky.  Delaware,  Minnesota,  Texas,  and 
Maine. 

Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Ilhnois,  and  Alabama  hold  the 
first  four  ranking  positions,  as  they  did  in  1900  and 
1S90,  and  produced  as  a  whole  29,131,319  tons,  or 
83.6  per  cent  of  the  total  production,  compared  with 
84.2  per  cent  in  1900,  81   per  cent  in   1S90,  69.2  per 

4.12.54— .MFG  1905— PT  4—08 3 


cent  hi  1880,  and  63.5  per  cent  in  1870.  Pennsylva- 
nia increased  its  output  14.8  per  cent  over  1900, 
and  protluced  50.4  per  cent  of  the  total  products 
in  1905,  51.8  per  cent  in  1900,  53  per  cent  in  1890, 
49.8  i)er  cent  in  1880.  and  50.3  per  cent  in  1870. 
The  jiroduct  of  Ohio  shows  an  increase  of  23.1  per  cent 
over  1900,  and  forms  18.7  per  cent  of  the  total  in  1905, 
compared  with  18  per  cent  in  1900.  13.6  per  cent  in 
1890,  12.8  per  cent  in  1880,  and  12.3  per  cent  in  1870. 
The  product  of  Illinois  in  1905  increased  12.3  per 
cent  over  that  of  1900,  and  constituted  9.5  per  cent  of 


8 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  total,  as  compared  vrith  10  per  cent  in  1900,  9.1 
per  cent  in  1S90,  o.S  per  cent  in  ISSO,  and  seven-tenths 
of  1  per  cent  in  1870.  Alabama  produced  33.2  per  cent 
more  iron  and  steel  products  in  1905  than  in  1900,  and 
thev  constituted  5  per  cent  of  the  total,  as  against  4.4 
■per  cent  in  1900,  5.3  per  cent  in  1890,  nine-tenths  of  1 
per  cent  in  ISSO,  and  two-tenths  of  1  per  cent  in  1870. 

Xew  York  advanced  in  1905  to  fifth  place,  and  shows 
an  increase  of  147.9  per  cent  over  its  product  of  1900. 
It  produced  3.4  per  cent  of  the  total  in  1905  and  1.6 
per  cent  in  1900. 

West  Virginia,  although  showing  a  large  increase 
(20.9  per  cent)  in  product  over  1900,  was  outstripped 
b}-  Xew  York,  and  moved  back  to  sixth  place. 

Mar\-land  increased  its  output  30  per  cent  over  1900; 
Indiana,  4.S  per  cent;  and  New  Jersey,  45  per  cent. 
Wisconsin  shows  a  loss  of  4.2  per  cent;  Michigan,  a 
gain  of  47  per  cent;  Tennessee,  a  decrease  of  16.7  per 
cent;  Virginia,  a  decrease  of  33.3  per  cent — dropping 
from  seventh  to  thirteenth  place;  Colorado,  an  in- 
crease of  15.4  per  cent;  Kentuckj^,  a  decrease  of  21.1 
per  cent;  Massachusetts,  an  increase  of  4.8  per  cent; 
Connecticut,  an  increase  of  94.9  per  cent;  and  Mis- 
souri, an  increase  of  3.7  per  cent.  Of  the  states  pro- 
ducing smaller  amounts,  Georgia  shows  a  relatively 
large  gain  of  290.9  per  cent,  and  Rhode  Island  and 
Oregon  show  products  approximately  fourfold  those 
of  1900. 


CAPIT.^I., 


Table  4  presents  the  capital  invested  in  the  active 
and  idle  establishments  of  the  iron  and  steel  industrj^ 


for  the  census  years  from  18S0  to  1905,  inclusive. 
The  capital  invested  in  rented  property  is  included. 
Plants  in  course  of  construction  are  not  included. 

Table  i. — Iron  and  steel — active  and  idle  establiahnients — capital: 
1S80  to  1905. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

CAPITAL. 

Total. 

Buildings,  ma- 
chinery, tools, 
and  imple- 
ments. 

Land,  cash, 
and  sundries. 

Total 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

759 
763 
838 
992 

1  $992, 774, 034 

1608,898,516 

1426,413,902 

228, 844, 953 

$570,808,117 
300,365.6.55 
209. 3S2. 875 
121,414.777 

$421,965,917 
308,532,861 
217,031,027 
107,430,176 

Active 

606 
669 
719 

792 

153 
94 
119 
200 

948,689,840 
590,530,484 
414, 044,  844 
209,904,965 

44,084,194 
18,368,032 
12,369,058 
18,939,988 

536,999,569 
287, 669, 533 
200, 197, 208 
112,320,428 

33,808,548 
12,696,122 
9,185,667 
9,094,349 

411,690,271 

Idle..' 

302. 860, 951 

213,847,636 

97,584,537 

10,275,646 
5,671.910 
3. 183. 391 
9,845,639 

1  Includes  value  of  rented  property— 1905, 113,193,239;  1900,  $17,245,416;  1890, 

$8,291,058. 

In  1905  the  capital  invested  in  idle  establishments 
was  4.4  per  cent  of  the  total,  as  compared  with  3  per 
cent  in  1900,  2.9  per  cent  in  1890,  and  8.3  per  cent  in 
1880.  Of  the  number  of  establishments,  20.2  per  cent 
were  idle  in  1905,  compared  with  12.3  per  cent  in  1900, 
14.2  per  cent  in  1890,  and  20.2  per  cent  in  ISSO. 

The  distribution  of  the  invested  capital  between 
blast  furnace  establishments,  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills,  and  forges  and  bloomeries  for  the  several  census 
3'ears,  with  the  percentage  each  is  of  the  total  capital, 
1880  to  1905,  inclusive,  is  shown  in  Table  5. 


Table  5.— IRON  AND  STEEL— ACTIVE  AND  IDLE  ESTABLISHMENTS— CAPITAL,  BY  BRANCHES;  1880  TO  1905. 


Census. 

TOTAL. 

BLAST  rUKNACES. 

STEEL  ■WORKS  AND 
BOLLING  UILLS. 

FORGES  AND 
BLOOMERIES. 

PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital.' 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

Blast 
furnaces. 

Steel 
works 
and  roll- 
ing mills. 

Forges 
and 

bloom- 
eries. 

Total 

1905 
lOOO 
1890 
1880 

1005 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1800 
1880 

739 
703 
838 
992 

$992,774,034 
608,898,516 
426,413,902 
228,844,953 

265 
273 
377 

483 

$262,395,742 
158, 352,  ,558 
141.007.4(JS 
103,926,245 

487 
476 
429 
391 

$730,121,653 
449.926,470 
284,271,524 
120,522,745 

7 
14 
32 
118 

$256,039 

619,  488 

1,074.970 

4,395,963 

26.4 
26.0 
33.1 
45,4 

73.6 
7.3.9 
66.7 
52.7 

(') 

0.1 
0.2 
1.9 

Active 

Ml<- 

606 
669 
719 
792 

l.W 
94 
119 
200 

948,689,840 
590,530,484 
414,044,844 
209,904,965 

44,084,194 
18,308,0;i2 
12.369,058 
18,939,988 

191 
224 
304 
341 

74 

49 

73 

142 

239,559,194 
148,220,113 
134. 608.  ,543 
89,  ,531,, 162 

22, 836,  .548 
10, 126, 445 
6,4.58,8()5 
14,394,883 

409 
438 
395 
358 

78 
38 
34 
33 

708,908,534 
441,795,983 
278,  ,559, 831 
116,458,390 

21,213,119 
8,  l:«).  487 
5,711,093 
4,064,355 

6 
7 
20 
93 

1 

7 

12 

25 

222,112 

508,388 

876,470 

3,915,213 

34,  ,527 
111,100 
198,600 
480,750 

25.3 
25.1 
32.  5 
42.  6 

51.8 
,5.5.  1 
.52.2 
70.0 

74.7 
74.8 
67.3 
55.  5 

48.1 
44.3 
40.2 
21.5 

0) 

0.1 
0.2 
1.9 

0.1 
0.  6 
1.0 
2.5 

![»> 


•1   property  aH  follows:  Blast  furnaces— 1006.  $4,165,283;  1900,  $5,087,881;  1.S90,  $5,061,0.58.     .'iteel  works  and  rolling  mills    1905,  $9,018,4.56; 
•<i.     lorRcs  unci  bloomeries— 1905,  $9,.500;  11K»),  $2:ir.,IH*. 


I''i>r  coiripiirativc   |)iirpo,ses  the   capital  invested   in  [    tics  fur  llic  lew  c.xi.-^tiiiL;  forges  iiikI  lilcKUiu'rics  are  ciii- 

1905  in  forges  and  bloomeries  is  show  n  in  dctiiil,  MS  well  bodicil     in    the  statistics   for  steel   works   nnd    rolling 

as   file   capital    pertaining   to   blast   fninaccs,    disliiict  iiiiiis.      'I  he  forges  and  bloomeries  as  rcpoiicd  Imlli  for 

from  that  investeil  ill  steel  works  ami  rniiing  mills;  but  ]!)()5  mid    llie    forincr  years  comprise   iinl\    cslnlilisli- 

in  the  oilier  tables,  except   as  (■.sj)ecially  noted,  statis-   |   incuts  wliidi  maniifnclnic  for  snii'  iiiin icil  Mooms, 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


9 


bars,  etc.,  and  do  not.  includf^  costal )li.shinoni.s  which 
have  rolling  mill  ("(iiiipiucnts  and  (•onsunie  in  their 
own  works  the  charcoal  blooms  or  bars  made. 

In  comparing  capital  for  ISSO  with  that  of  the  later 
years,  it  should  be  renu^mbered  that  the  former  in- 
cludes capital  invested  by  iron  and  steel  establish- 
ments in  mining  and  in  other  o|)eraticins. 

The  capital  invested  in  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 
has  increaseil,  as  a  rule,  faster  than  the  capital  invested 
in  blast  furnaces,  tbe  increase  of  capital  in  blast  fur- 
naces showing  a  slight  relative  increase  from  1900  to 
190.5  over  that  for  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  while 
the  capital  invested  in  forges  and  bloomeries  has 
rapidly  decreased.  Thus  from  ISSO  to  1.S90  the  total 
capital  invested  in  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  in- 
creased 135.9  per  cent;  in  l)last  furnaces,  35.7  per  cent; 
and  in  forges  ami  bloomeries  it  decreased  75.5  per  cent. 
From  1890  to  1900  capital  of  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills  increased  58.3  per  cent;  that  of  blast  furnaces, 
12.3  per  cent;  and  that  of  forges  and  bloomeries  de- 
creased 42.4   per  cent.     From  1900  to  1905  capital  of 


steel  works  and  rolling  mills  increased  62.3  per  cent; 
that  of  iilast  furnaces,  65.7  per  cent;  and  that  of  forges 
and  bloomeries  decreased  58.6  per  cent. 

The  average  investment  in  blast  furnaces  and  in  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills  per  establisluncnt  has  increa.sed 
heavily  since  1890,  as  shown  by  the  following  tabular 
statement: 


CENSUS. 

Blast 
furnaces. 

Steel  works 
and  roll- 
ing mills. 

Forges  and 
bloomeries. 

HK).5 

$990, 173 
.580.046 
374, 184 

21  499  223             «3fl  flft.t 

19IKI 

1890 

9-)5,224 
662,038 

44,249 
33,593 

In  the  fifteen-year  period  the  average  amount  of 
capital  per  establishment  for  blast  furnaces  and  steel 
works  ami  rolling  mills  has  more  than  d(jubled. 

Table  6  is  a  comparative  summary,  by  states,  of  the 
capital  invested  in  active  and  idle  establishments  from 
1880  to  1905. 


Table  B.— IRON  .\ND  STEEL— ACTIVE  AND  IDLE  ESTABLISHMENT.S^CAPITAL.  BY  STATES:  1880  TO  1905. 


Census. 

TOTAL. 

ACTIVE. 

IDI.E. 

STATE. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

Number 
olestatj- 

lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

United  States 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1.S90 
ISSO 

1890 
1880 

1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

759 
763 
838 
992 

■$992,774,034 

1608,898,516 

'426,413,902 

228,844,953 

606 
669 
719 
792 

$94S.  6S0,  840 
.5',*  1,  .'.:>(),  4S1 

414,1144.  ^44 
209,904.905 

153 
94 
119 
200 

$44,084,194 

18,368,032 
12,369,058 
18,939,988 

40 
35 
38 
13 

4 
4 
4 
1 

15 
19 

6 
6 
9 
9 

5 
6 
14 

29 
27 
28 
20 

34 
29 
18 
12 

13 

2<.) 

12 
13 
23 

16 
30 

16 
16 
25 
21 

32,377.747 
18,292,468 
18, 284, 976 
3, 156, 196 

1,110,192 
1,514.162 
4,656.611 
1,000,000 

2,317,821 
2,682,  {H 10 

6, 405,  .58.5 
4.207.079 
2,;i60.722 
1,431,469 

1,218,216 

951,243 

1,1.35.900 

.59..392,,S25 

43,370,239 

.35,203,169 

6,285,620 

26.643,104 

15,594,210 

4,387,095 

2,283,000 

2,690,65.5 
.5,493,035 

4.012.937 
4, 002,  .574 
4,962.125 

9,068,5.55 
6,738,408 

6,080,677 
4,623,031 
7,070.241 
4,155,386 

29 
25 

a5 

8 

4 
3 
4 
1 

13 
17 

S 
6 
7 
8 

3 

5 
9 

27 
26 
24 
16 

21 
27 
15 
12 

9 
18 

9 
10 

18 

15 
24 

IG 
10 
19 
15 

29,153,289 
16,091,479 
17,987,583 
2,7.57,196 

1,110,192 
1,499,162 
4,656,611 
1,000,000 

2,189,521 
2,557,000 

6,279,585 
4,207,079 
2,558,865 
1,341,469 

666,916 
908,243 
973,800 

58, 595, 150 

43.356,2.39 

34.689,919 

5,7ft5,620 

22,985,691 
14,994,210 
4,099,095 
2,283,000 

2,310,655 
4,610,035 

3,765,003 
4, 21 7,  .574 
4,402,125 

9,005,555 
6,163,408 

6,080,677 
3,934.050 
6,696,541 
3,342,386 

11 
10 
3 
5 

3,224,458 

2,200,989 
297,393 
399,000 

1 

15,000 

Connecticut  - • 

2 

2 

1 

128,300 

Delft  ware. ., . 

125,000 
126,000 

2 

i 

2 
1 
5 

1 
4 
4 

13 
2 
3 

401,857 
90,000 

551,300 

Illinois , 

43,000 
162, 100 

797,675 

Indiana 

14,000 
513,250 
490,000 

3, 657, 413 

600,000 
288,000 

Kentucky  - 

4 
U 

3 
3 
5 

1 
6 

380.000 

Marylauds 

Massac  liusetts ' 

883.000 

247,934 
3&5,000 
560,000 

63,000 

Miciiigau 

575,000 

6 
6 
6 

688.981 
373,700 
813,000 

■  Includes  value  of  rented  property— 19ft5,  813,193,239;  1900,  J17,245,416;  1890,  $8,291,058. 
-•Included  in  "all  other  states"  in  1905  and  1900. 
'  Included  in  "  all  other  states  "  in  1905. 


10  MANUFACTURES. 

Table  C— IROX  AXD  STEEL— ACTIVE  AND  IDLE  ESTABLISHMENTS— CAPITAL,  BY  STATES:  1880  TO  1905— Continued. 


Minnesota  ^  — 

Missouri  - 

New  Jersey . 

New  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania. . 

Tennessee* 

Texas' 

Virginia 

West  Virginia^. 
\\  isconsin 

All  other  states 


1900 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1900 
1890 
1880 

1900 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1S80 

1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

■"1905 
'1900 
>1890 
'1880 


Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


5 

1 

13 
20 

28 
30 
37 
40 

38 
37 


111 
109 
117 
133 

301 
320 
341 
362 

19 
18 
43 

4 
1 

27 
29 
30 
43 

12 
13 
19 

IS 
13 
10 


107 
51 
19 
41 


Capital. 


2,163,582 
150,000 

5,890,428 
8,803,100 

53,808,280 

21,011,152 

12,649,162 

9,099,050 

67,163,295 
16,008.878 
17,330,190 
21,543,2;il 

136,032,358 
86,557,552 
39,839,900 
25,052,294 

490,328,837 
326,053,204 
227,626,582 
106,564,223 

5,883,315 
4,869,855 
3,681,776 

663,215 
40,000 

8,060.779 
8,236,S,'i8 
6,584.793 
3,829,713 

8,333.445 
6.488,924 
3,873,616 

7.785,330 
7,238,6.54 
6.468.031 
2,843,218 

97,585,025 

33,926,319 

6,472,375 

4,041,603 


Number 

of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


9 
12 

21 
25 
28 
37 

29 
30 
44 
74 

90 
107 
101 
103 

251 
291 
311 
321 

16 
15 
29 

3 
1 

13 
20 
21 
21 

11 
12 

16 

14 

12 
9 


Capital. 


3,495,913 
5,698,600 

51,794,677 

20,330,609 

11.697,362 

S. 764, 050 

64,041.775 
13,292,346 
16,282,435 
19, 752, 471 

131,262,446 
86,477.-552 
37,642,887 
22,807,600 

472,547,945 
321,985,6,59 
226,294,407 
102,956,223 

5,432,665 
4,613,3.55 
2,862.826 

379, 215 
40,000 

5,279,954 
6,941,696 
6,330,993 
2,294,713 

8,202,910 
6,458,924 
3,712,616 

6,237,505 
6,918,329 
6,461,531 
2,768,218 

93,320,954 

32, 335,  .559 

5,446,875 

3,021,603 


Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Capital. 


1,449,776 
150,000 

2,394,515 
3,104,500 

2,013,603 
674,543 
951,800 
336,000 

3,121,520 
2,716,532 
1,047,755 
1,790,750 

4,769,912 

80,000 

2,197,013 

2,244,688 

17,780,892 
4,067,645 
1,3.32,175 
3,608,000 

460.650 
2.50,500 
818,950 


2,780,825 

1,295,162 

2.53, 800 

1,535,000 

130.535 
30,000 
lOI.IXW 

1,. 547. 825 

1,320.325 

6.  .500 

76,000 

4.264,071 
1,. 590, 760 
1,025,500 
1,020,000 


'  Included  In  "  all  other  states  "  in  10ft5  and  1890. 

» Included  in  "  all  other  states  "  in  1905  and  1900. 

3  Included  in  "  all  other  states  "  in  19(X5. 

'Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  2;  Conneclicut,  9;  Georgia.  5;  Kan.sas,  1;  Kentucky.  13:  Maine.  1;  Maryland,  10;  MiLssnchuaetts, 
8;  Minnesota,  2;  .Missouri,  7:  Nf>rth  Carolina,  2:  Oregon.  2;  Rhodi-  Island,  4;  Tennessee,  18;  Texas,  4;  Washington.  2;  West  Virginia,  16;  Wyoming,  1. 

'Includes  establishments  distributed  us  follows:  Colorado,  3:  Connecticut,  11;  Kansas,  1;  Kentucky.  10:  Maine.  2;  Massachusetts!  8;  Missouri,  7;  North 
Carolina,  3;  Oregon.  2:  Rhode  Island.  1:  Washington.  2:  Wyoming,  1. 

*  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  3;  Iowa,  1;  Kansas,  1;  Maine,  2;  Minnesota,  2;  New  Hampshire,  1;  North  Carolina,  1;  Oregon,  1; 
Rho<le  Island,  1;  Texas,  5;  Washington,  I;  Wyoming,  1. 

'  Includes  establishments  distnbuti'd  as  follows:  Colorado,  1;  District  of  Columbia,  1;  Kansas,  2;  Maine,  3;  Nebraska,  1;  New  Hampshire,  2;  North  Carolina, 
20;  Oregon,  1;  Rhode  Island,  3;  Utah,  3;  \'crniont.  4:  Wyoming,  1. 


MI.SCEM.ANEOCS    EXPENSES. 

In  takin<;  tlio  ccnsii.sof  LSSO  reports  of  misccllanpoiis 
expcn.scs,  includinj;  expenditures  for  tuxes,  rent  (jf  of- 
fices, interest,  insurance,  advertising,  etc.,  were  not 
securefl.  At  the  census  of  1,S!)()  they  were  re])orted,  hut 
tlie  miscellaneous ex])en.ses  chargealiic  to  tlie  mining;  of 
ore  and  coal,  tiie  (|uarrjnng  of  limestone,  tiie  luakinj;  of 
coke  or  charcoal,  and  railroad  operations,  when  tiiese 
were  in  conjunction  with  hlast  furnace  operations,  were 
included  a.s  well,  so  that  these  expenses  do  not  repre- 
sent those  of  the  iron  and  sicci  indiistrv  proper. 

At  the  ceasus  of  1  •»()()  and  the  ])re.sent  census  efforts 
wen^  made  t<»  .secure  as  nearly  as  j)ossihle  tlie  miscella- 


neous expenses  char^enhle  to  the  operations  of  the 
iron  and  steel  de])aitments.  The  expense  of  the  sales 
(Icpiiitment  and  aiiioimts  ex])ended  as  commissions  on 
orders  has  not  l>ecn  included. 

The  iiiisceiinneous  ex|)eiises  in  190,')  constituted  ,5.7 
])cr  cent  of  nil  expense^  re])ortc(l.  coniiijircd  with  4.7 
JXT  cent   in    I'.HIIIiind    1.1   percent   in   I.SIK). 

WA(iK-EAIlNERS. 

'Pahle  7  shows  I  he  iivcrtiii'c  nmiilicr  of  wai;('-ciiriici\s 
eiii|)loyc(l  in  the  iron  niui  steel  indiisl  ry  and  its  se\eral 
hranches  for  l.sso  mikI  suhsciiueiit  census  years  and  the 
percentages  of  nieii,  women,  and  ciiildreii  employed. 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


11 


Table   7.— IRON   AND    STF-RL— WAGE-EARNERS  (MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN),  WITH  PER  CENT   OF  TOTAL,  BY 

BRANCHES:   1880  TO  J905. 


Census. 

AVEBAGE  NUUBEB. 

PEB  CENT  OF  TOTAL. 

CLASS. 

Total. 

Men 
16  years 
ancl  over. 

Women 
16  years 
and  over. 

Children 

under  16 

years. 

Men. 

Women. 

Children. 

Total 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

242,740 
222,607 
171, 181 
140, 798 

239,383 
219,615 
168,943 
1.33,023 

1,455 

1,071 

68 

45 

1,902 
1,901 
2,180 
7,730 

98.6 

98.7 
98.7 
94.5 

0.6 
0.5 

0.8 

" 

0.8 
1.3 
5.5 

35,178 
39,3.58 
33,415 
41,695 

207,494 
18:i,023 
l:)7,295 
96, 164 

68 

226 

471 

2,939 

.15,093 
39,261 
3.3,341 
40,503 

204,222 
180,  148 
1.3.5,  1.34 
89,645 

68 

220 

468 

2,875 

4 

6 

81 

91 

74 

1,183 

1,821 
1,810 
2,103 
6,486 

99.8 
99.8 
99.8 
97.2 

98.4 
98.4 
B8.5 
93.2 

100.0 
100.0 
99.4 
97.8 

0.2 

0.2 
0.2 

9 

1,451 

1,(«5 

.58 

33 

(') 

0.7 
0.0 

(') 

(') 

2.8 
0  9 

1.0 
1.5 
6.8 



3 

01 

0.6 

3 

0.1 

2.1 

i  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


At  the  cen.su.s  of  I'.tO.'i  the  labor  cniploycci  bv  blast 
furnaces  constituted  14.5  per  cent  of  the  total ;  that 
employed  by  .stool  works  and  rollinn;  mills,  85.5  per  cent ; 
and  that  eiuployod  by  forges  and  bloomeries  was,  in 
comparison,  a  negligible  quantity.  In  1900  blast 
furnace  establishments  employed  17.7  per  cent  of  all 
labor;  stool  works  and  rolling  mills,  82.2  per  cent;  and 
ft)rges  and  bloomeries,  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent.  In  1890 
blast  furnaces  employed  19.5  per  cent  of  the  total; 
steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  80.2  per  cent;  and  forges 
and  bloomeries,  three-tenths  of  1  per  cent.  In  1880 
blastfurnace  labor  was  29.6  per  cent  of  the  total; 
that  ()f  steol  works  and  rolling  mills,  68.3  per  cent;  and 
that  of  forges  and  bloomeries,  2.1  per  cent.  It  will 
be  seen  that  the  average  number  of  wage-earners  em- 
ployed in  the  steel  works  and  rolling  mill  branch  of  the 
industry  has  constituted  in  each  successive  3'ear  a 
larger  proportion  of  the  total,  increasing  from  68. .3  per 
cent  in  1880  to  85.5  per  cent  of  all  labor  in  1905;  that 
the  wage-earners  employed  in  the  blast  furnace  branch 
have  fluctuated  in  number,  but  constitute  a  smaller 
portion  of  tiie  total,  decreasing  from  29.6  per  cent  in 
1880  to  14.5  ])er  cent  in  1905;  and  that  the  labor  em- 
ployed in  forges  and  bloomeries  has  rapidly  decreased. 

The  women  and  cliildren  employed  as  wage-earners 
are  practically  all  in  steel  works  and  rolling  mills. 
The  women  einployed  are  distributed,  in  the  order  of 
numl)ers,  in  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Ohio, 
Massachu.sctts,  New  York,  Connecticut,  Indiana, 
Maryland,  Kentucky,  and  California.  The  main  in- 
crease in  number,  1900  to  1905,  has  boon  in  the  states 
of  New  Jersey,  Illinois,  Ohio,  Connecticut,  and  New 
York.  The  total  number  of  children  employed  re- 
mained substantially  the  same,  the  decreases  in  cer- 
tain states  counterbalancing  the  increase  in  others. 
The  principal  increases  in  number  of  children  em- 
ployed, 1900  to  1905,  have  been — in  ^Ualjaiua,  from 


24  to  181;  in  Pennsylvania,  from  1,082  to  1,236;  in 
Maryland,  from  23  to  75;  in  Ohio,  from  43  to  72;  in 
Kentucky,  from  15  to  35;  and  in  Delaware,  from  9  to 
27.  New  Jersey  and  New  York  rej)orto(l  (io  and  18, 
respectively,  in  1900,  and  none  employed  in  1905. 
Illinois  shows  a  decrease  from  193  to  13;  Indiana, 
from  SO  to  3;  West  Virginia,  from  140  to  84;  and  Mis- 
souri, from  15  to  4. 

MATERIALS    USED. 

The  statistics  with  respect  to  the  materials  used  in 
the  iron  and  steel  industry' — blast  furnaces,  steel  works 
and  rolling  mills,  and  forges  and  ])loomories — for  the 
census  years  1880,  1890,  1900,  and  1905  are  given  in 
Tables  8,  9,  and  10,  which  follow.  In  taking  the  census 
of  1 900,  as  well  as  that  of  1 905,  sn  efl'ort  was  mailo  to  ob- 
tain the  cost  of  materials  used,  f.  o.  b.  cars  at  point  of 
shipment,  in  order  that  the  amount  paid  for  freight 
charges  might  be  defmitely  ascertained.  This  proved 
futile,  however,  as  some  establishments  reported  cost  of 
matei-ials  f.  o.  b.  works,  while  others  reported  the  cost  at 
point  of  shipment  and  the  total  amount  paid  as  freight 
as  a  separate  item,  and  still  others  reported  partly  one 
way  and  partly  the  other.  At  the  census  of  1 890,  as  well 
as  in  that  of  1880,  the  cost  reported  for  materials  usotl 
was  the  cost  at  the  works.  "When  freight  charges  for 
1905  are  not  combined  in  the  cost  reported,  the 
amount  is  shown  in  the  ilotailod  tables  at  the  end  of 
this  report,  as  a  separate  item. 

Table  8  shows  the  quantity  and  cost  of  fuel  u.sed  in 
blast  furnaces,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  and  forges 
and  bloomeries  in  1880,  1890,  1900,  and  1905,  by 
kinds.  In  the  case  of  stool  works  and  rolling  mills  in 
1905,  owing  to  an  effort  to  secure  a  segregation  of  fuel 
used  for  power  from  that  useil  for  heating  and  molt- 
ing purposes,  the  value  of  the  fuel  used  for  power  was 
reported,  but  not  the  kind  and  ciuantity  of  fuel  so  used. 


12  i\L\NUFACTURES. 

Table  8.— IRON  AND  STEEL— FUEL  CONSUMED,  BY  KIND,  QUANTITY,  AND  COST,  BY  BRANCHES:  1880  TO  1905. 


Ceusus. 

TOTAL. 

BLAST  FUKNACES. 

STEEL  -WORKS  AND  ROLL- 
ING  MILLS. 

FORGES  AND   BLOOM- 
ERIES. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
ISSO 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1903 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

$98,095,303 
66,652,344 
55,561,749 
35,969,873 

862,902,342 
44,221,702 
37,884,383 
21,917,002 

835,175,341 
22,342,390 
17,397,434 
13,202,597 

$17,620 

88,252 

279,932 

850,274 

Long  tons. 

791,762 
1,830,382 
2,655,280 
2,966,517 

7,856,733 

11,777,834 

5,110,1.87 

5,0.52,727 

Short  tons. 

20,378,452 

17,388,116 

9,632,390 

2,277,555 

Bushels. 

40,930,272 
35.209.887 
74.499.202 
69,  .592, 091 

Barrels. 

633,813 

1,. 302, 615 

1,859,138 

853 

2,605,041 
3,318,113 
6,634.420 
9,889,037 

15,708,931 
15,783.887 
10,426,030 
12,610,440 

59,136,419 
40,991,400 
28,752,972 
8,743,382 

2, 837,. 590 
2,101,787 
5,037,175 
4,726,114 

908, 154 

1,158,748 

1,124,206 

900 

12,433,414 

4,465,754 
3,098,409 
3,566,946 

Long  tons. 

560.637 

886,  .564 

1.7%,  854 

2,334,984 

801,640 
832.235 
491.971 
939.065 

Short  tons. 
19,739,676 
16,461,333 
9,237,93.5 
2, 128. 255 

Bushels. 

37,796,739 

31,421,585 

67,672.156 

53,909,828 

1,812.779 
2,297,419 
5,165.761 
8,012,7.55 

1,340,997 

1,101.312 

7.59.522 

2.095.887 

57.127.027 
38.976.770 
27,435,780 
8,129,240 

2.  .538, 4.52 
1,846,201 
4, .523.320 
3,679,120 

Long  tons. 
231,125 
944.018 
858,071 
631,229 

7.054.099 
10,944.046 
4.617,055 
4,112,222 

Short  tons. 
638,747 
926,516 
393,051 
142,605 

Bushels. 
2.968.784 
2.250.022 
2.770,611 
2,667,902 

Barrels. 
633,813 
1,302,615 
1,859,138 

792,262 
1,220.694 
1,487.713 
1,875,062 

14,365,6.13 
14.679,804 
9,663,208 
10.510.2.55, 

2,009,295 

2,014,390 

1,311,588 

582,901 

283,916 
170,345 
243,773 
234.379 

908,154 
1,158,748 
1,124,206 

Long  tons. 

355 
304 

994 
1..5.5;) 
1,161 
1,440 

Short  ions. 

29 

67 

1,404 

6,695 

Bushels. 

164.749 

1,. 538. 280 

4,0.56,435 

13,014.361 

Barrels. 

946 
1,220 

2,301 

Coke           

2,771 
3,300 
4,298 

97 

240 

5,604 

31,241 

15.222 

85,241 
270,082 
812,615 

853 

900 

« 83, 087 

12,433,414 

4,382,667 
3,098,409 
3,566,946 

(') 

'  Not  reported  separately. 

The  co.st  of  fiiel  used  for  power,  as  reported  for  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills,  amounted  to  $12,43.3,414.  As 
this  fuel  is  not  distributed  by  kinds,  either  as  to  quan- 
tities or  values,  no  comparisons  of  1905  with  the 
former  years  can  properly  be  made,  so  far  as  the  foxel 
consumed  by  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  or  the  total 
fuel  consumpti<m  by  kinds  is  concerned.  Tiie  total 
cost  of  tiie  fuel  consumed  shows  an  incica.s(>  of  47.2 
per  cent  for  1905  over  1900,  as  compared  witli  an 
increase  of  20  per  cent  for  lOOO,  and  54. .5  per  cent  for 
1890.  The  fuel  consumed  by  blast  furnaces  shows  an 
increase  of  42.2  per  cent  in  1 005,  as  against  16.7  per  cent 
in  1900,  and  72.9  per  cent  in  1890.  The  fuel  cost  for 
steel  W(jrks  and  rolling  mills  shows  an  increase  of  57.4 
per  cent  in  1905,  as  against  28.4  per  cent  in  1900,  and 
31.8  per  cent  in  1890.  Forges  and  blooineries,  on  the 
other  hand,  show  a  decrease  of  80  per  cent  in  I  905,  68.5 
per  cent  in  1000,  and  67.1  per  cent  in  1890. 

The  fuel  consumed  in  tiie  pig  iron  industry  at  difTer- 
ent  census  years  is  cojnparable  by  kinds,  and  the  sta- 
tistics show  that  the  increase  is  in  coke  con.sumption, 
the  use  of  bituminous  coal  and  anthracite  coal  both 


2  For  steam  raising. 

showing  a  decrease.  Anthracite  coal  and  culm  has 
decreased  steadily,  at  the  rate  of  23  per  cent  in  1890, 
as  compared  with  1880;  50.7  per  cent  in  1900,  as  com- 
pared with  1890;  and  36.8  per  cent  in  1905,  as  com- 
pared with  1900.  Bitummous  coal  and  slack  shows  a 
decrease  in  1905,  as  compared  with  1900  ami  1880, 
though  the  amount  consumed  in  1890  was  materially 
less,  as  re])orted,  than  in  the  preceding  and  later  years. 
The  consumption  of  coke  shows  a  steady  and  heavy 
iiK-rease,  namely,  334.1  ])er  cent  in  1890,  78.2  yivr  cent 
in  1900,  and  19.9  per  cent  in  1905. 

The  consumption  of  chari'oni  shows  an  increase  of 
20.3  per  cent  in  1905  over  1901);  a  dccrea.sc  in  1900  of 
53.6  per  cent  over  1890;  and  an  increase  of  25.5  per 
cent  in  1890  over  1880.  These  changes  are  in  keep- 
ing with  the  increase  of  the  charcoal  ])ig  iron  jirod- 
uct  from  1880  to  1890,  the  decrease  in  1900,  and  the 
increa.se  show  n  in   I9(t5. 

Table  9  shows  the  (|UMntity  anil  cost  of  iron  ore,  mill 
cinder,  and  (lu.xing  material  consumed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  iron  and  steel  in  the  several  census  years, 
1880  to  1905. 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


13 


Table  9.— IRON  AND   STEEI^QUANTITY   AND   COST   OF   IRON    ORE,    MILL   CINDER,    AND   FLUXING   MATERIAL 

CONSUMED,  BY  BRANCHES:  1880  TO  1905. 


Census. 

TOTAL. 

BLAST  FIRNACES. 

STEEL  WORK.S   ANB 
ROLLING   MILLS. 

FOBGEB  AND 
BLOOMEBIES. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tods. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Total 

1905 

1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

40,784,786 
34, 049, 109 
21,  725,  r,<.l9 
10,029,379 

$114,070,4.55 

76,089,080 
74,2.54,942 
39,974,700 

40,234,791 

34, 302, 799 
21,189.708 
9, 024, 894 

$111,673,663 

74,740,271 
70,789,216 
36,603,281 

340|028 
519, 199 
333,405 

$2,396,792 
1,326,395 
3,355,139 
2,779,879 

6,282 
16,792 
71,080 

$22, 4U 
110,  .587 
531, .540 

30,592,180 

25,722,090 

15,558,412 

0,883,067 

1,865,385 

1,000,313 

1, 145,  .599 

316, 114 

8,327,221 
7,326,706 
5,021,(B8 
2,829,598 

103,346,823 
67,257,063 
60,971,250 
36,516,«97 

3,830,961 

3, 772,. 385 

3,08ti,S08 

910,  (»7 

0,892,671 
.5,0.')9,632 
4,196,878 
2,547,336 

.30,042,  )&5 

25,375,780 

15,022,421 

0, 479, 182 

1,805,385 

1,600,313 

1,145,  .599 

316,114 

8,327,221 
7,326,706 
5,021,688 
2, 829,  .598 

100,9.50,031 
65,908.2.54 
63, 505,  .530 
33,205,278 

3,830,961 

3,772,385 

3,086,808 

910,667 

6,892,671 
5,059,632 
4,196,878 
2,547,336 

549,995 
340,028 
519, 199 
333,405 

2,396,792 
1,326,395 
3,355,139 
2,779,879  I 

Mill  cindor,  scrap,  etc 

6,282 
16,792 
71,080 

22,414 
110,  .587 
531,540 

, 

: ;':::"": 

The  consumption  of  iron  ore  increased  1.S.9  per  cent 
in  190.')  over  1900,  as  conij)ared  with  an  increase  of 
65.3  ])er  cent  shown  in  1900  and  an  increase  of  126 
per  cent  in  1890.  The  i-clatively  small  amount  used 
in  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  it  will  be  observed, 
showed  a  large  decrease  in  1900,  largely  due  to  decrease 
in  the  number  of  active  puddling  furnaces.  The  de- 
crease in  I  lie  amount  of  iron  ore  consumed  by  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills  has  been  more  than  regained 
through  the  general  growth  of  the  industry,  the  amount 
consumed  in  190-5  slightly  exceeding  that  used  in  1890. 
No  consumption  of  iron  ore  is  reported  by  the  forges 
and  bloomeries  manufacturing  blooms  and  bars  for  sale. 
The  iron  ore  consumed  shows  an  average  cost  of  -13. .38 
per  ton  in  190.5,  as  compared  with  $2.rA  in  1900,  $4.30 
in  1890,  and  $.5. .30  in  1880. 

The  mill  cinder,  scrap,  etc.,  is  that  which  is  purchased 
by  the  reporting  establishments  and  does  not  include 
such  material  when  made  and  consumed  by  the  same 


establishment.  The  amount  shows  a  st(!ady  increase, 
and  an  average  cost  in  190.5  of  -12.0.5  per  ton,  as  com- 
pared with  .f2.3()  in  1900,  S2.69  in  1890,  and  .S2.88  in 
1880. 

Tlie  quantity  of  fluxing  material  used  shows  an 
increase  of  13.7  per  cent  from  1900  to  190.5,  45.9  per 
cent  from  1890  to  1900,  and  77.5  per  cent  from  1880 
to  1890.  The  average  cost  per  ton  was  83  cents  in 
1905,  69  cents  in  1900,  84  cents  in  1890,  and  90  cents 
in  1880. 

Table  10  shows  the  quantity  and  cost  of  pig  iron, 
sera])  iron  and  steel,  and  all  forms  of  iron  and  steel 
purchased  and  consumed  by  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills  and  forges  and  bloomeries  in  1880,  1890,  1900, 
and  1905.  The  scrap  iron  and  steel  embraces  only 
purchased  material,  and  does  not  include  scrap  pro- 
duced by  iron  and  steel  plants  and  consumed  by  the 
producing  establishment. 


Table  lO.— IRON  AND  STEEL— QUANTITY  AND  COST  OF  IRON  AND  STEEL  USED  AS  MATERIAL:  1880  TO  1905. 


Total , 22, 762, 901 


1905 


Tons. 


Cost. 


12.191,228 
5,124,277 


81,969  I 
205,951  I 


Pig  iron,  spiego!eist»ii .  ferromanpanese,  and  all  other  pig  iron . 

Old  iron  or  steel  rails,  and  other  scrap  iron  or  steel 

Purehasetl  hammered  iron  ore  hlooms  pig  or  scrap  blooms, 
and  imported  Swedish  billets  and  bars 

Purchased  muek  or  scrap  bar 

Purchased  inm  or  steel  ingots  blooms,  billets,  tin  plate 
burs,  sheet  bars,  or  slabs  (except  imported  Swedish  billets 
and  bars) I     4,632.257 

Purchased  wire  rods 161,914 

Purchased  iron  or  steel  skelp ;       2,59. 643 

All  other  iron  or  steel 105,662 


8366,454,993 


172.101.436 
67,601,248 


1,781.126 
5,066,732 


103,420,970 
4.774.383 
7,331,935  1 
4.377,163 


1900 


Cost. 


18,551,442  '  $321,146,512 


10.411.281 
4,126,980 


32,720 
161,329 


3,682,407 
136,725 
(') 
(') 


I 


151.064,348 
66,8.52,621 

1,1.50,575 
4,53.5,939 


92,123,412 
5,419,617 
(') 
(') 


1890 


Tons. 


Cost. 


8,735,762  $179,288,771 


5,854.252 
1,747,591 

49,867 
209,534 


874,518  , 
(') 

{■)    '. 
(')    1 


105,492,718 
36,460,815 

2,329,138 
6,252,594 


28,753,506 
(■) 
(') 
(') 


1880 


Tons. 


Cost. 


3,811,289   $113,424,247 


2,395. 
1,206, 


II 


68,  i 
(') 
0) 
(') 


62,814,151 
37,908,350 

5,993.145 
2,369,544 


4.339,057 
(') 
{') 
(■) 


>  Nojt  reported  separately. 


Every  kind  of  iron  and  steel  material  purchased 
shows  an  increase  for  the  period  1900  to  1905:  Pig 
iron,  an  increase  of  17.1  per  cent;  scrap  iron  and  steel, 
24.2  per  cent;  hammered  scrap  blooms  and  imported 
Swedish  billets  and  bars,  150.5  per  cent;  muck  or 
scrap  bar,  27.7  per  cent:  ingots,  blooms,  billets,  etc., 
not  including  Swedish  billets,  etc.,  25.8  per  cent;  and 
wire  rods  (purchased),  18.4  per  cent.     Iron  and  steel 


material  as  a  whole  increased  22.7  per  cent  in  quantity 
and  14.1  per  cent  in  value. 

PRODtCTION    OF   IRON   AND    STEEL. 

Table  11  shows  the  total  production  of  all  kinds 
of  iron  and  steel,  by  census  years,  with  the  j)ercentage 
of  increase  or  decrease. 


14 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  11.— IRON    AND    STEEL— QUANTITY    OF   CLASSIFIED  PRODUCTS,  WITH    PER  CENT   OF    INCREASE,  BY 

BRANCHES:  1880  TO  1905. 


QUANTITY    (TONS). 

FEB  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1900 

to 
1905 

1S90 

to 

1900 

1880 

to 
1890 

Total 

'34,844,933 

29,507,860 

16,264,478 

6,486,733 

18.1 

81.4 

150.8 

16,628,294 

'18,211,013 

5,626 

14, 452, 234 

15,040,129 

15,497 

8,845,185 

7,388,244 

31,049 

3,375,912 

3,046,038 

64,783 

15.1 

63.4  1       162.0 

21.1 
S63.7 

103.6 
»50.1 

142.6 

«52.1 

'  Exclusive  of  4,184  tons  of  steel  castings  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufaetiire  of  other  products. 


2  Decrease. 


The  blast  furnace  products  include  spiegeleisen. 
ferromanganese.  ferrosilicon,  and  castings  made  direct 
from  the  blast  furnace.  Likewise,  there  is  included  in 
the  products  of  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  the  quan- 
tity of  steel  ingots  produced  for  sale.  It  should  be 
remembered  that  duplications  are  necessarily  involved, 
inasmuch  as  the  blast  furnace  products  enter  as  mate- 
rial into  the  output  of  the  steel  works  and  rolling  mills, 
and  of  the  forges  and  bloomeries,  and  many  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills  produce  for  sale  partially  finished 
products,  such  as  muck  and  scrap  bar,  billets,  slabs, 
sheet  bars,  tin  plate  bars,  etc.,  which  figure  as  material 
purchased  in  the  reports  of  other  establishments  when 
they  are  rolled  into  finished  forms.  In  many  instances 
there  is  even  a  second  and  a  third  duplication.  How- 
ever, as  similar  methods  of  tabulation  were  employed 
in  p^e^nous  censuses,  the  totals  are  directly  comparable. 

NUMBER,    EQUIPMENT,    AND    CAPACITY    OF    IRON    AND 
STEEL    ESTABLISHMENTS. 

Table  12  shows  the  number  of  blast  furnaces,  steel 
vv'orks  and  rolling  mills,  and  forges  and  bloomeries,  both 
active  and  idle,  in  the  United  States  in  190.5,  compared 
with  1900,  1890,  and  1880,  antl  the  equipment  and  ca- 
pacity of  the  same. 

Table  1  2. — Iron  and  gtcel — arliie  and  idle  cslablisltmcnis — niimlxr, 
equipment,  and  capacity:  1880  to  /.90.5. 


1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

Blant  furnaces: 

NuinlMT  of  f'Htnhli.shments 

2I3S 

273 

.■i77 

48,1 

NilinUT  of  coinpI<'t<*<i  furnaces 

435 

399 

559 

CiXl 

Total  cl/iilv  cupacity.  tons  of  pig  Iron. 

87,498 

58,  .WJ 

,17,889 

17, ISO 

Btcl  wfirk?4  find  rrilliiif;  mills: 

NuniN-r  of  cstaltlJ.Hhnicnts 

1  518 

476 

429 

391 

Tolal  duilv  capacitv.  finished  rolled 

and  forge<l  productH.  tons,  double 

1  115,210 

90,122 

41,676 

19,7.30 

BcM.M'mer   jtUfi   cHtablishinents,   In- 

chid'-'l  above 

49 

42 

51 

11 

U('^H*-mer  atwl  convort«rB,  nuin- 

l-r    

103 

91 

97 

24 

1                                IV.  tons  of  In- 

«,427 

38,4S0 

19,285 

3,988 

Ojni                                  lifituncnlH.  In- 

Clud'  •!  , 

126 
51.1 

90 
.131 

129 

25 

0(KM)-lii-arib  fiiriiiw.eK.  numticr... 

37 

Tolal  djiilv  '-Jipaclty,  tons  of  In- 

(fotd.  doll i>l''  turn 

36,447 

19,030 

3,008 

738 

Acid  Iiirrmris,  nunitN*r 

ISO 

\ia 

Tot'il  ^Iiiilv  '.i[,iic)iy,  tonB  of 

1,                     ,1   inrn 

7, 7.'iO 

n,  410 

It.i                        riuiri)*cr. 

.V,fl 

170 

T"'                    I'.iclly.  tons  of 

tn^'^r     'i>>ii>i|r>  turn 

27,707 

12,011 

CnKlble    ni"'l    cslalilinhmcntH,    In- 

49 

40 

47 

37 

.S'liminrof  pon  which  can  Im  u«cd 

at  a  heal 

2,ft.TO 

2,019 

2,ft0fl 

2,091 

ForK''«  and  bloornrrlcs: 

NumlKT  of  c<itri))|inhrncnln 

7 

14 

32 

118 

Total  daily  f  aliacllv    Ions  of  hloonin, 
hllletK.  and  bars,  doubli'  turn 

92 

U.t 

203 

404 

<  Incladc*  31  eatablliihniPnta  other  than 
Table  13.) 


d'l'l  work* and  rolling  mills.    (Sco 


Talile  12  includes  the  establishments  classified  as 
"other  than  steel  wcirks  and  rolling  mills,"  wliich  are 
given  in  detail  in  Tal)lo  13. 

A  concentration  of  the  pig  iron  industry  has  con- 
tinued, as  shown  bj^  the  decrease  in  numlier  of  estab- 
lishments for  each  successive  census,  but  the  completed 
furnaces  in  loo.")  show  an  increase  of  .36  in  number, 
though  at  each  prior  census  there  was  a  marked  de- 
crease, due  chiefly  to  the  dismantling  of  stacks  which 
were  badly  located  and  not  equipped  for  competition 
with  the  large  modern  furnaces.  The  daily  capacity  of 
the  furnaces,  however,  has  rapidly  increased,  the 
increase  being  49.4  per  cent  from  1900  to  1905,  as 
compared  with  a  decade  increase  of  54.6  per  cent  for 
1900,  and  120.5  per  cent  for  1890;  and  in  average 
capacity  per  furnace  there  is  shown  a  steatly  increase 
from  25  tons  per  day  in  1 SSO  to  68  tons  in  1890,  147  tons 
in  1900,  and  201  tons  in  1905.  The  pig  iron  product 
for  1905  was  52.1  jjorcent  of  the  yearly  capacity  (365 
daj's)  of  all  com])leted  furnaces,  as  compared  with 
67.6  per  cent  in  19(10,  (14  percent  in  1890,  and  53.8 
per  cent  in  1880. 

The  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  show  an  increase 
in  miiulxT.  and  in  fuel  the  number  of  plants  is  in  ex- 
cess of  the  number  of  establishments  reported:  for,  as 
before  explained,  in  som(>  cases  the  operations  of  two 
or  more  mills,  when  iiinlcr  one  ownerslii|)  and  within 
the  same  niunici|iality  or  district,  are  covered  by  one 
rejiort.  The  cajiacity  in  linisluHl  rolled  ami  lorgi'd 
])rodiicls  of  all  steel  works  iind  rolling  mills  increased 
110.7  i)er  cent  for  the  decade  ending  1890,  116.8  per 
cent  for  1900,  and  27.6  i)er  cent  for  the  live-year  ])eriod 
]9()()  to  1905.  The  average  daily  capacity  per  estab- 
lishiiient  in  (inished  roiled  and  forged  products,  double 
turn,  increase<l  from  50  tons  in  IS.SO  to  97  tons  in  1890, 
1S9  tons  in   1900.  and  222  tons  in  1905. 

The  tonnage  of  rolliMJ,  forged,  and  otlicr  cla.'-silied 
products  aiiiountrd  in  1905  to  52. .S  per  (■cut  oi'  llie 
yearly  capacity  of  all  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  com- 
puted on  the  basis  of ;!()()  working  days,  double  turn,  as 
coniparcd  with  55.6  per  cent  in  1900,  59.2  ])er  cent  in 
IS'.IO,  iiiid  51.5  per  cent   in   1  S.SO. 

Tlie  oiit|)iil  of  Bi'ssenier  steel,  ingots  and  casliiigs, 
for  1905,  ill  like  niiinnei-  was  57  perc^ent  of  tlie  capacity 
of  III!  converters  for  tlie  \e:ir  CUIOdavs),  double  turn,  as 
coiiipiired  with  ()5,;5  per  eiMil  in  1900,62.5  jx-r  cent  in 
1890,  and  73,5  per  cent  in  Isso.     And  the  open-hearth 


lUON  AND  ST1<:KL. 


15 


steel  proflucts,  inp;()(s  and  castings,  was  54.7  per  cent 
of  the  yearly  capacity  (300  days)  of  all  open-hearth 
steel  furnaces,  on  double  turn,  as  compared  with  53.3 
percent  in  1!)00.  The  acid  open-hearth  furnace  j)rod- 
uct  in  1905  was  32.5  per  cent  of  the  furnace  capacity, 
as  compared  with  46.2  per  cent  in  1900;  and  the  basic 
open-hearth  product  was  60.9  per  cent  of  Ihe  furnace 
cajiacity,  atjainst  56.9  percent  in  1900.     The  crucible 


steel   establishments  show   a  substantial   increase   in 
number  and  in  pot  capacity. 

The  establishments  referred  to  as  "other  than  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills,"  and  which  have  rolling  mill 
facilities  or  steel  making  conveniencies,  are  given  in 
Table  13.  The  table  shows  the  number  of  establish- 
ments, the  character  of  the  products  manufactured, 
and  the  equi|)ment  and  daily  capacity,  by  states. 


Tablk   i;J.— IIION  AND  STEEL— ESTABLISHMENTS,  OTHER  THAN  STEEL  WORKS    AND    ROLLING    MILLS,   HAVING 

STEEL  WORKS  OR  ROLLING  MILL  EQUIPMENT:  190.5. 


Industry. 

10 

a 

1 

2 
S 
S 

o 

ZJ 
£1 

a 

D 
C 

O 

E- 

STEKI,    WUKK8. 

bolumo 

HILLS. 

Bossomer  or 
modi  Tied  Bes- 
semer. 

Open-hearth. 

Crucible. 

Miscella- 
neous. 

1 
1 

5 

£ 
0 

1 
B 
Z 

STATE. 

3 

z; 

Convert- 
ers. 

M 

E- 
Z 

Total. 

Acid. 

Basic. 

.a  .2 

s- 

91 

z, 

0 

a  ■ 

s| 

a 

a 

i. 

o| 

ll 

5 
Z 

2 

>> 

«   • 

Si 

1 

1 

1 

S 

D 

z; 

O 

o  ^ 

as 
is 
1  = 

-  «2 

0 

MS 

0  ^ 

II 

—  00 

IIS 

1 

a 

a 

Total 

31 

1 
1 

1 
8 

2 
2 

1 
1 
1 
3 

1 
7 

1 

1 

8 

11 

1,675 

6 

8 

155 

6 

125 

2 

30 

6 

266 

24.5 

10.  s 

12 

825 

1 

1 

8 

1 

1 

3.5 

1          14 

Coppcrsmilhing  and  sheet  iron  working 

Agricultural  implements,  2;  cars,  steam  rail- 
road, not  including  operations  of  railroad 
companies.  2;  foundry  and  machine  shop 
products,  2:  saws,  1;  and  wire,  1. 

Agricultural  implements,  1;  and  foundry  and 
machine  shop  products.  1. 

Electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  sup- 
plies,  1;   and   foundry  and  machine  shop 
products,  1. 

1           10 

2 

5 

1,027 

1 

1        m 

1 

10 

2 

1 
1 

96 

16 
100 

12.0 

0.5 
4.0 

5        625 

1 

7.0 

1 

3 

45 

3 

45 

1 

1 

4 

Now  Jersey 

1 

30 

5.0 

1           51 

1        m 

Foundry  and  machine  shop  products,  2;  and 
iron  and  steel,  bolts,  nuts,  washers,  and  riv- 
ets (rolling  mill  department  idle'.  I. 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

8 

4 
20 

4 

1 

1 

20 

1 

20 

Oregon 



Foundry  and  machine  shop  products.  5;  and 
tools,  not  elsewhere  specified,  2. 

3 

3 

80        3 

80 

45 

Virginia. 

II 1..- 

Electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies 

1 
I  ,    — 

24      3.0 

1... 

1 

1 

IRON  AND  STEEL    INDUSTRY,  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS. 

Table  1 4  presents  the  leading  statistics,  by  geographic 
divisions  for  the  census  years  1880  to  1905,  for  the 
industry  as  a  whole  and  for  blast  furnaces,  and  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills,  with  foi'ges  and  bloomeries 
combined  with  the  latter  for    comparative  jjurposes. 

The  New  England  states  include  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and 
Connecticut;  the  Middle  states,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Penn.sylvania,  and  Delaware;  the  Southern 
states,  Maryland,  Vii-ginia,  District  of  Columbia,  West 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  and  Texas;  and  the  Western  states, 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Min- 
nesota, Iowa,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Colorado, 
W_yoming,  Oregon,  Washington,  and  California.  All 
of  these  stales  produced  iron  and  steel  during  one  or 
more  of  the  years  covered  by  the  table.  The  states  of 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  North  Carolina,  Iowa.  Ne- 
braska, and  Wyoming,  and  the  District  of  Columbia, 
do  not  appear  as  producers  in  1905. 

The  forges  and  bloomeries,  combined  with  steel 
works  and   rolling  mills  in   the   above   table,  include 


establishments  distributed  at  the  .several  censuses  as 
follows:  In  1905,  6  establishments,  of  which  5  were  in 
the  Middle  states  and  1  in  the  Southern  states:  in  1900, 
7  establishments,  of  which  6  were  in  the  Middle  states 
and  1  in  the  Southern  .states:  in  1S90,  20  establi.sh- 
ments,  of  which  19  were  in  the  Miildle  states  and  1  in 
the  Southern  states;  and  in  1880,  93  establishments, 
of  which  1  was  in  New  England,  53  in  the  Middle  states, 
36  in  the  Southern  states,  and  3  in  the  Western  states. 

Each  of  the  geographic  di^^sions  shows  a  gain, 
whether  measured  by  investment  of  capital,  by  wage- 
earners  employed,  or  by  tonnage  or  value  of  products. 
A  decrease  in  number  of  establishments  is  found  in  all 
of  the  di\nsions  except  in  New  England,  where  there  is 
an  increa.se  of  2. 

In  connection  with  Table  14  there  is  presented 
Table  15,  which  shows  the  per  cent  of  increase  of  the 
several  items  of  int(uiry  for  the  industry  as  a  whole 
and  the  two  branches  thereof,  by  geographic  divisions, 
for  each  census  year,  1880  to  1905;  also  Table  16, 
which  shows  the  per  cent  of  the  total  capital  and  prod- 
ucts, value  and  quantity,  by  geographic  divisions,  for 
each  census  vear. 


16 


MAXrFACTURES. 


Table    14.— IRON    AND    STEEL-COMPARATIA^    SUMMARY,    BY    BRANCHES    AND    GEOGRAPHIC    DIVISIONS: 

1880  TO  1905. 


Census. 

TOTAL. 

DIVISION. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

Salaried  officials, 
clerks,  etc. 

Wage-earners  and 
wages. 

Miscellaneous 
expenses. 

Cost  of  ma- 
terials used. 

Value  of 
products. 

Tons  of 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 
nnraber. 

Wages. 

products. 

United  States 1905 

1900 
IS90 
1880 

006 
069 
719 
792 

■S94S,689.S40 

'590,530,484 

'414,044.844 

209.904.96.5 

16,566 
9.217 

M,325 
(<) 

S20, 7.58. 412 
11,741,788 
3  6,462,236 

242.740 
222.  (»7 
171.181 
140,798 

5141,439,900 
120.830.338 
89.273,9.% 
55,451,510 

$47,104,970 
32.274.100 
18,214,948 

8620,171,881 
522,431,701 
327,272.845 
191,271,1.50 

2  S905, 854, 152 
804,034,918 
478,687,519 
290,557,085 

2  34,844,933 

29,  .507, 860 

16,204,478 

0,480,733 

New  England  states 

Midale  states 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1903 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

20 
18 
32 
49 

306 
352 
390 
439 

96 
97 
109 
130 

184 
202 
188 
174 

2S.10S.570 
21. 778.  .391 
13.224.150 
10,490,408 

594.663,982 
359,821.093 
256.833.069 
132,814,213 

06.448,001 
40.089.040 
43.051,052 
21,912,311 

259,469.221 
162.S41.3t» 
100.935.973 
44,  IBS,  033 

579 

187 
199 
(') 

10.394 

5.719 
2,484 
(<) 

1.096 
719 
550 

(') 

4.497 
2.593 
1.093 

(*) 

612.293 
305,046 
297, 157 
(*) 

13,081,053 
7,192.690 
3, 747, 002 
(<) 

1,355,797 
989,800 
800,415 
(') 

5,708,669 
3,2.54,252 
1,611,062 

8,262 
8,248 
6,645 
8,654 

144,019 
126,060 
106,108 
75,055 

22,593 
21.890 
17.051 
19,728 

67,866 
66,409 
41,377 
37,361 

4,547,082 
4,515.000 
3,224,318 
3,357,911 

83,495,490 
09, 569, 423 
56,106,425 
31,348,225 

10,639,628 
8,  .500, 814 
0,803,185 
5,916,808 

42,757,700 
38,191,041 
23.02O.O2S 
14.838,500 

1,357.006 
1,224,618 

413,578 

(^) 

29,734,703 
19,636,385 
11,324.,S:J0 

(») 

2,791,143 
2,299,084 
2,110,129 

13,281,519 
9,114.013 
4,366,411 

10.042,371 
10,141,357 
9,280.050 
9.518.570 

360,100,403 
308,705,127 
199,225,074 
113,432,592 

50,272,050 
41,133,966 
27,047.767 
13, 739, 024 

199,150,997 
102.391,351 
91,713,354 
54,580,364 

18,905,450 
18, 303,  .510 
15, 105,  441 
14,558,027 

520,355,772 
475,845,093 
294,048,406 
180, 484,, 500 

71,028,747 
,"j3,  771 ,  161 
39,982,1.52 
23,006,074 

289,504,183 

240, 115, 1.54 

129.551,520 

78, 508, 424 

281,809 
203,265 
210,643 
190, 161 

19.189.532 

16.111.525 
9,475.941 
4.011.380 

3.9L'5,7S4 

Western  Btat«s 

3.4i.s.i^0 

2.(l,'.l.ll.'i7 

54y,:_U7 

11,447,808 

9,724,390 
4.  .520, 837 
1,735,875 

United  States. 


New  England  states  . 


Middle  states . 


Siuthern  states . 


Western  stales. 


1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1X90 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
liXW 
1890 
1880 

1905 
IMO 
1880 
1880 


BLAST  FURNACES. 


191  J239.559,194 

224  148,226,113 

304  134,608,543 

341  89,331,302 


3 
2 

7 
10 

79 
95 
140 
179 


418,787 

323,234 

1,751,253 

1,974,000 

129,917,064 
81,. 328, 706 
08,896.144 
53,969,205 

35,747,617 
27, 010,  ,584 
29.974.471 
11,890,907 

73, 475,  726 
.39,563,589 
33,986,675 
21,697,190 


2,230 
1,763 
1,068 


(') 


999 
704 
422 


0) 


579 
441 
332 


(') 


050 
Oil 
290 


(•■l 


83,897,917 
3,388,420 
1,611,087 


35, 178 
39,358 
33,415 
41,695 


15,000 
9,300 
24,547 
(*) 

1,314,816 
912,901 
674,974 

674, 190 
597,267 
499, 120 
(<) 

893,911 
788,092 
41.3,046 
(<) 


83 

69 

198 

855 

16,200 
17,697 
17,602 
17, 152 

9,211 
10,747 
7,932 
9,480 

9,684 
10,843 

7,023 
14,202 


S18,947,913 
18,  .500,  462 
14,614,458 
12,655,438 


39,800 

27,414 

76,034 

288,959 

9,295,861 
8,962,622 
7,905,567 
0,021,406 

3,047,488 
3,193,014 
2,  ,,17,158 
2,180,855 

5, 904, 764 
6,317,412 
3,715,099 
4,158,208 


89,791,139 
7,463,234 
6, 342, 075 


24,287 
21,940 
110,073 

5,079,628 
3,048,228 
3,163,8J3 
(51 

1,281,121 
1,443,414 
1.578,512 
C) 

3, 400, 103 
2,349,652 
1,490,247 


$178,907,449 
131,530,424 
110,098,615 
58, 619, 742 


308, 405 
201,885 
634,052 
677,802 

95,630.218 
69.590.971 
63, 11 5,  .306 
36, 330,  :iOi' 

24,214,702 

21,150,098 

15,410.9,S2 

4,4.52,864 

58,808,064 
40, 593.  470 
30,9:18,275 
17,158,049 


$231,889,126 
206,823,202 
145,043,153 
89, 315, 669 


451,448 

330, 375 

886,438 

1,042,896 

119,691, !)15 
109.167,.S47 
82, 1.50,  533 
55, 818, 738 

32,821,888 
.33.576,226 
23,494.870 
7,709,050 

78,924,275 
63,748,754 
39,611,312 
24,084,885 


16,028,294 
14,452,234 
8,845.185 
3,375,912 


16,267 
13,487 
30,657 
27,640 

8,  mi.  174 

7,3o:t.  n9s 

4,7S2.9:S2 
2.143,8.33 

2,728,358 

2,004.510 

l,0:iS.033 

313.  S90 

5,282,595 

4,  ,571, 139 

2,393,574 

891,549 


STEEL  WORKS   AND  ROLLING   HILLS,  AND   FORGES   AND   BLOOMEIilES. 


United  States . 


New  England  states. 


Ul'I'iU-  suites. 


Bouthorn  ulate*. 


Western  slAtes.. 


1903 
1900 
1890 
1880 

iga5 

1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1800 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1800 
1880 

190.5 
KKX) 
1)«0 
1880 


415 
445 
415 
451 


$709,130,040 
442,304, .371 
279, 430,. 301 
120. 373.  M3 


17 
ID 
25 
39 

227 
257 
2.50 
260 

43 
33 
3« 
71 

128 
1.39 
104 
81 


27,089,789 

21,455,137 

11,472,897 

8,516,408 

404.740,918 

278,492,987 

I87,9:t6,925 

78,844,948 

:tO,7O0,444 
19,078.4.50 
1.3.077,181 
10,021,404 

18.5,093,495 
12;),  277, 771 
66,940,298 
22,090,843 


14,3:)0 
7,434 
3,2.57 
(<) 


571 
180 
181 

(') 

9,  .395 
5.015 
2,002 

617 
278 
218 

(') 

.3,847 
1,081 
798 
(*) 


$17,860,495 
9,433,308 
4,850,549 
(') 


597,293 
295, 540 
272,610 

(") 

11,706,8.37 
6,279,729 
3,072,628 
(') 

681,607 
;)92,5.^3 
307,295 
C) 


207, 562 
18:1,249 
137, 760 
99, 103 


8,179 
8,179 
0,447 
7,799 

127,810 
108, 36;) 
88, 440 
67,903 

13,382 
11,143 
9,119 
10,242 


4,814,7.58  .58,182 

2,405,500  1      .55,504 

1,198,016  33,754 

(<)  23, 169 


$122,491,993 
102, 3.35, 876 
74,6,59,498 
42, 790, 082 


4,507,282 
4,487,040 
3,148,284 
3,008,952 

74,199.029 
00,000,801 
48,200,858 
25,326,819 

6,992,140 
,5,  .307.800 
3,940,027 
3,730,013 

30,792,942 
31,873,629 
19,304,,329 
10,070,298 


$37,373,831 

24,810,806 
11,872,273 


1,333,319 

1,202,678 
303,  ,505 

(') 

24,l\5.5,074 
1.5, 9.S8, 1.57 
8,  KM,  987 

(') 

1,510,022 
855,070 
631,017 
(»1 

9,87.5,416 
0,704,  .301 
2,870,164 


$441,204,432 
390,895,277 
217,174,2.30 
1:12,051,408 


10,:13.3,9C6 
9,939,472 
8,051,998 
8,840,708 

204.404,245 

2.39,174,1,50 

130, 110,:168 

77,102,225 

26,0.57,288 
19, 98:1, 868 
11,6:10,785 
9,280,700 

140,  :14S,  9,33 
121,797,781 
00,775,079 
37,421,715 


» $073,965,020 
.597,211,716 
333,044,:i(i0 
207,242,110 


IS,  .514,002 
17, 973, 135 
14,219,003 
13,513,731 

400,664,2.57 
360,677,246 
211,397,873 
124,605,822 

.38,206,859 
30,194,935 
17,487,282 
15,237,024 

210,579,908 
182,306,400 
89,940,208 
63,823,5:19 


> 18,216,639 
15, 055. 030 
7,419.  3!i;l 
3,11(1.831 


205, 542 
189,778 
185,986 
102,  .521 

10..5S8.:l.5S 
8. 848, 427 
4,093,009 
1,807,  ,547 

1,1 97,, 520 
SIM.  170 
■I13.(i:i5 
3;lli.  437 

6,105,213 

5,1.53,261 

2,127,203 

844,326 


•  Inclllden  vulcif  (•!  r.ril<-"l  (■n.pertJ-lOD.'i,  $12,106,019;   1900.  $16,908,821 

'  Kxriimive  o(  4.IM  t<in»  ol  .iticl  caHtlngB.  valued  at  $.347 .2(H.  nuide  by  estiilillshll 


•  lni'hid<"<  pro|)rli'ior«  and  llrm  momliera.  with  lliclr  salaries: 

*  Not  reported  separately. 
»  Not  reported, 


1890.  $8,273.(158. 

niH  engaged  prhniirity  in  tlie  inannfaetun 
r  only  ri'porl ' 


f  nlhcr  i)r(KiiU't.s. 
1  In  im  iind  190.5.  lint  not  Inrlndeil  In  thU  table. 


18 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  15.— IRON  AND  STEEL—PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE  IN  PRINCIPAL 


DITISIOS. 

Intercensal 
period. 

PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

Total. 

Capital. 

Salaried  officials, 
clerks,  etc. 

Wage-earners  and 
wages. 

Miscella- 
neous 
expenses. 

Cost  of 

materials 

used. 

Value  of 
products. 

Tons  of 
products. 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

] 

United  StAtes                          

1900  to  1905 
1890  to  1900 
1880  to  1890 

1900  to  1905 
1890  to  1900 
1880  to  1890 

1900  to  1905 
1890  to  1900 
1880  to  1890 

1900  to  1905 
1890  to  1900 
1880  to  1890 

1900  to  19a5 
1890  to  1900 
1880  to  1890 

60.7 
42.6 
97.3 

79.7 
113.1 

76.8 
81.7 

9.0 
30.0 
21.6 

17.1 
35.4 
61.0 

46.1 
77.2 

18.7 
69.6 
71.1 

12.7 
68.0 
61.4 

18.1 
81.4 

150.7 

2 
3 

.f 

29.1 
64.7 
26.1 

65.3 
40.1 
93.4 

44.2 

7.1 

96.2 

59.3 
61.3 
126.0 

209.6 
'6.0 

100.7 

2.7 

0.2 
24.1 
123.2 

14.2 

18.8 
41.4 

3.2 

28.4 
'13.6 

2.2 
60.5 
10.7 

0.7 
48.0 
'4.0 

20.0 
23.9 
79.2 

24.3 

24.7 
16.0 

12.0 
65.9 
55.2 

10.9 
196.1 

4.9 

9.2 
'2.4 

16.6 
55.0 
75.6 

22.2 
52.1 
%.9 

22.6 
77.1 
68.0 

3.6 
21.2 
3.8 

10.6 
61.8 
62.9 

11.4 

.59.5 
73.8 

17.6 
90.0 
65.0 

38.6 
'6.2 
1.3.9 

19.1 
70.0 
136.2 

13.2 

69.1 

273.4 

17.7 
115.1 
160.4 

S 

Middle  states         

7 

81.7 
130.2 

81.9 
91.9 

SI. 4 
73.4 

8 
q 

Soutbem  states 

in 

52.4 
30.7 

37.0 
22.7 

21.4 
9.0 

11 

Western  states 

n 

73.5 
137.4 

75.4 
102.0 

45.7 
108.7 

14 

'  Decrease. 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 

ITEMS,  BY  BRANCHES  AND  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:  1880  TO  1905. 


19 


PER  CENT  OF  INCKEA8E— continued. 

lilust  furniifcs. 

Steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  and  forges  and  bloomeries. 

Capital. 

Salaried  offi- 
cials, clerics,  etc. 

Wage-earners  and 
wages. 

MisceUa- 

ncous 
expenses. 

Cost  of 
mutf- 
rials 
used. 

Value 
of  prod- 
ucts. 

Tons  of 
prod- 
ucts. 

Capital. 

Salaried  offi- 
cials, clerks,  etc. 

Wage^jamers  and 
wages. 

Miscella- 
neous 
expenses. 

Cost  of 
mate- 
riuls 
used. 

Value 
of  prod- 
ucts. 

Tons  ol 
prod- 
ucts. 

Num- 
ber. 

Sala- 
ries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

Num- 
ber. 

Sala- 
ries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

ni.G 
in.i 

50.3 

20.8 
65.1 

25.. 5 
43.2 

1 10. 6 

17.8 

119.9 

2.4 
26.6 
15.5 

31.2 

17.7 

36.1 
19.5 
87.8 

12.1 
42.0 
63.1 

15.1 
63.4 
162.0 

60.3 
.58.3 
132. 1 

92.3 
128.9 

89.3 
94.5 

13.3 
33.0 
39.0 

19.7 
37.1 
74.5 

50.6 
109.0 

12.9 
80.0 
63.7 

12.9 
79.3 
60.7 

21.0  1     1 
102.9  1     2 

t 

M.6 

ISI..') 
111.3 

59.7 
18.0 
27.7 

32.3 

>n.9 

151.4 

85.7 
16.4 
86.6 

14.3 

161.1 

57.9 
161.3 

20.3 
'65.2 
■76.8 

18.5 
0.2 
3.0 

114.3 

sa.a 

116.4 

110.7 

42.3 

146.3 

45.2 
164.0 
173.7 

3.7 
13.4 
31.3 

14.2 

9.5 

33.4 

15.6 

70.0 

110.6 

10.7 
•80.1 

52.8 
168.2 
16.5 

.37.4 
10.3 
73.7 

14.5 

37.2 

246.1 

44.9 
31.2 
80.3 

36.0 
162.7 
115.0 

9.0 
32.1 
48.1 

12.2 
49.3 
189.5 

23.8 
60.9 
60.5 

20.6 

156.0 

10.9 

18.4 
51.9 
123.1 

4.8 

59.0 

423.5 

15.6 
91.0 
168.5 

29.1 
87.0 
34.7 

66.9 
48.2 
138.4 

60  9 
45.9 
30.5 

50.9 
84. 1 
191.2 

217.2 
10.6 

102.1 
8.4 

0.4 
42.5 
2.6 

22.4 
2.5.6 
90.6 

.10.3 
36.0 

.'■..8 

I.-,.  4 
65.1 
80.9 

10.9 
296.3 

4.0 
14.9 
12.1 

10.6 
75.7 
76.5 

30.4 
71.7 
25.3 

15.2 
100.4 
62.4 

3.0 
26.4 
5.2 

10.9 
73.5 
69.6 

26.5 
72.7 
14.8 

15.5 
102.8 
67.1 

39.9 

26.9 

■17.4 

18.0 
22.5 
.52.7 

20.1 
22.2 
111.0 

4.7 
64.6 
45.7 

2.0  1     S 

14.4  1     6 

19.7 ;    7 

88.5  i     8 

41.9 
66.8 

44.0 
3S.3 

39.2 
15.3 

87.3 
143.2 

87.4 
104.4 

54.2 
95.9 

31.3 
32.8 

12.9 
19.7 

111.2 
18.6 

86.0 
27.5 

73.6 
27.7 

76.5 
61.0 

38.6 
109.2 

74.7 

19.6 
142.2 
151.9 

10 
11 
12 

13 
14 
15 

6.4 
106.4 

13.3 
90.9 

45.0 
57.7 

94.2 
148.9 

95.3 
105.8 

46.0 
135.2 

20 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  16. 


-IRON   AND   STEEL— PER    CENT   OF   TOTAL   CAPITAL    AND   PRODUCTS,  BY   BRANCHES   AND   GEO- 
GRAPHIC DIVISIONS:  1880  TO  1905. 


Census. 

PER   CENT  OF 

TOTAL. 

Capital. 

Products. 

DIVISION. 

Total. 

Blast 
furnaces. 

Steel 
works  and 

rolling 

mills,  and 

Jorges  and 

bloom- 

eries. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Total. 

Blast 
furnaces. 

Steel 
works  and 

rolling 
mills,  and 
forges  and 

bloom- 

eries. 

Total. 

Blast 
furnaces. 

Steel 
works  and 

rolling 
mills,  and 
forces  and 

bloom- 

eries. 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100. 0 

1905 
1900 
1890 
ISSO 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

3.0 
3.7 
3.2 
5.0 

62.7 
60.9 
62.0 
63.3 

7.0 
7.8 
10.4 
10.4 

27.3 
27.6 
24.4 
21.3 

0.2 
0.2 
1.3 
2.2 

54.2 
54.9 
51.2 
60.3 

14.9 
18.2 
22.3 
13.3 

30.7 
26.7 
25.2 
24.2 

3.9 
4.8 
4.1 

7.1 

65.6 
63.0 
67.2 
05.5 

4.3 

4.3 
4.7 
8.3 

26,2 
27.9 
24.0 
19.1 

2.1 
2.3 
3.1 
4.9 

58.1 
59.2 
61.4 
60.9 

7.8 
7.9 
8.4 
7.7 

32.0 
30.6 
27.1 
26.5 

0.2 
0.2 
0.6 
1.2 

51.6 
52.8 
56.8 
62.5 

14.2 
16.2 
15.4 
8.7 

34.0 
30.8 
27.2 
27.6 

2.8 
3.0 
4.3 
6.5 

60.3 
61.4 
63.5 
60.2 

5.7 
5.1 
5.2 
7.3 

31.2 
30.5 
27.0 
26.0 

0.8 
0.7 
1.3 
2.9 

55.1 
54.6 
58.3 
61.8 

11.3 
11.7 
12.6 
8.5 

32.8 
33.0 
27.8 
26.8 

0.1 
0.1 
0.3 
0.8 

51.7 
50.3 
54.1 
63.5 

16.4 
18.0 
18.5 
9.3 

31.8 
31.6 
27.1 
26.4 

1.5 

1.3 
2.5 
5.3 

58.1 

58.8 
63.2 
60.0 

6.6 

Western  states                               

5.7 
5.6 
7.6 

33.8 

34.2 
28.7 
27.1 

At  each  census  the  Middle  states  or  division  has 
ranked  first ;  the  Western,  second;  the  Southern,  third; 
and  the  New  England,  fourth,  with  respect  to  capital, 
average  number  of  wage-earners,  and  products,  whether 
measured  by  value  or  quantitj^,  in  the  industry  as  a 
whole  and  in  each  of  the  branches;  excepting  that  in 
1900  the  New  England  states  ranked  third  in  capital 
invested  in  steel  works,  rolling  mills,  forges  and  bloom- 
eries,  and  the  Southern,  fourth;  and  in  1890  the  South- 
ern ranked  second  in  average  number  of  wage-earners 
arifl  the  Western,  third. 

Ill  the  matter  of  absolute  increase  in  the  ])rincipal 
items  for  the  census  period  1900  to  190.5,  the  geo- 
graphic divisions  rank  in  the  same  order,  the  increase 
in  capital  ranging  from  an  increase  of  .12.34,842,289 
in  tlir'  Middle  states,  as  deduced  from  Table  14,  to  an 
increase  of  .Sf),330,18.7  in  the  New  England  states;  and 
in  products,  from  an  increase  of  S.'iO,.')  10,079  in  value 
and  3, ((78,007  tons  in  (luantity  in  the  ]\Iiddle  slates  to 
an  iiicrea.se  of  §601,940  in  value  and  78,.")44  tons  in 
quantity  in  the  New  England  states. 

'I'lie  rates  of  increase  and  the  proj)ortions  of  the 
totals  of  capital  and  products  jjre.seiited  in  Tables  1.5 
and  16,  respectively,  have  varird.  liowever,  very  ma- 
terially. For  the  period  ISSO  to  1S90  capilnl  increased 
at  the  greatest  rate  in  the  Western  divi.sioii,  witli  the 
Southern  second  in  this  respect,  and  the  Middle  tliird. 
In  tlu-  CMse  of  products  the  ■Sdiitiiern  division  showed 
the  grr'iilcst  rate  of  incrc-ase,  witli  the  Western  sc<-i)ImI 
and  the  Middle  third.  The  growth  in  the  Sonliirni 
division  dining  tlie  period  whs  chie(ly  in  the  j)ig  iron 
iiidiistrv,  iind  tlie  ratio  df  increa.se  therein  iiirgcly  ex- 
ceeded   that    of    the    other   divisions.     In    the    steel 


works  and  rolling  mills  branch  of  the  industry,  includ- 
ing forges  and  bloomeries,  the  rates  of  increase  in  the 
Middle  and  Western  divisions  were  ap])roximately  the 
same  and  much  greater  than  in  the  Southern  division. 
During  this  census  period  the  increase  in  New  England 
was  small  and  confined  to  the  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills;  blast  furnaces  showing  a  decrease  for  all  items 
except  in  tonnage  of  pig  iron. 

For  the  census  p(>riod  1890  to  1900  the  proportionate 
increase  in  capital  was  largest  in  the  New  England 
states  and  all  in  the  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  section. 
The  Western  division  was  next,  and  had  the  largest 
increase  in  products  in  the  industry  as  a  whole  and 
in  both  of  its  branches,  followed  by  the  Middle  division 
and  then  by  the  Southern. 

For  the  census  jxM'iod  1900  to  1905,  ignoring  the  New 
England  division,  which  shows  large  ])roj)orfionatc 
increase  in  tonnage  of  products  though  the  (luantity 
is  small,  the  Middle  division  shows  the  gn^alest  rate 
of  increase  both  in  capitnl  iind  in  tonnage  of  ]>roducts, 
followed  by  the  Western  iiiid  then  by  tin-  Southern; 
while  the  Western  division  leads  in  this  respect  in 
value  of  products.  In  each  case  the  rate  of  increase 
is  greatest  in  the  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  bnnich 
of  the  industry.  It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  Table 
10  tliMl  during  the  twenty-five  years  since  ISSO  the 
])r(ipnil  iniiiile  share  of  tlie  toliil  (ii]>ital  invested  has 
liiiLTcly  iiHTciiscd  for  the  \\'est("i'n  division  for  both 
branches  of  the  indiisl  ry :  in  the  Soiilheni  division  it 
has  increased  fur  blast  furnaces  and  (Iccicnsed  fur 
steel  works  iind  rollinjj-  mills  and  the  industry  as  a, 
wlidlc;  iind  ill  llie  Middle  di\isi(in  it  is  |)raetically 
imcliiiiiLred   I'lir  steel   wiiiks  iind   I'dllinir    mills  and    has 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


21 


decreased  for  blast  furnaces  and  the  industry  as  a 
wliole.  In  the  matter  of  products  tlie  proportionate 
share  of  the  Western  division  has  increased  in  value 
and  ([uantity  for  the  industry  as  a  whole  and  in  both 
dei)artiHents;  tlie  Southern  division  has  increased  its 
proportionate  share  of  blast  furnace  products  and  for 
the  industry  as  a  whole,  with  a  decrease  in  the  pro- 
portion of  the  products  of  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills;  while  the  Middle  division  shows  a  material 
proportionate  decrease  in  the  tonnaoje  and  value  of 
protlucts  for  blast  furnaces  and  tlie  industry  as  a 
whole,  with  a  small  decrease  in  the  proportionate  share 
of  the  tons  of  products  of  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills  and  a  slight  increase  in  value.  In  general,  Ta- 
bles 15  and  16  show  for  the  quarter  of  a  centuiy  a 
more  rapid  growth  in  the  Western  and  Southern  states, 
and  in  the  case  of  the  former  group  a  material  increase 
in  relative  importance. 

The  following  tabular  statement  shows  the  percent- 
age of  the  products  both  as  to  value  and  quantity, 
contributed  by  the  two  branches  of  the  industry,  by 
geograiihic  divisions,  for  each  census  from  1S80  to  1905 : 

Per  cent  of  total  value  and  quantity  of  products,  by  branches  and  geo- 
graphic divisions:  ISSO  to  1903. 


VALVE. 

TONS. 

Steel 

Steel 

DIVISION. 

Census. 

works  and 

works  and 

Blast 

rolling 

Blast 

rolling 

furnaces. 

mills,  and. 
forges  and 
l)]oonieries. 

furnaces. 

mills,  and 
forges  and 
bloomeries. 

United  States 

1905 

25.6 

74.4 

47.7 

52.3 

1900 

25.7 

74.3 

49.0 

51.0 

1890 

30.4 

69.6 

54.4 

45.6 

1880 
1905 

30.1  1            69.9 

52.0 

48.0 

New  England  stiitos 

2.4 

97.6 

5.8 

94.2 

1900 

1.8 

98.2 

6.6 

93.4 

1890 

5.9 

94.1 

14.^ 

85.8 

1880 

7.2 

92.8 

14.5 

85.5 

Middle  states 

UK)5 

22.7 

77.3 

44.8 

55.2 

1900 

22.9 

77.1 

45.1 

54.9 

1S90 

28.1 

71.9 

50.5 

49.5 

1880 

30.9 

69.1 

53.4 

46.6 

Southern  states 

1905 

46.2 

53.8 

69.5 

30.5 

1900 

52.7 

47.3 

75.1 

24.9 

1S90 

56.3 

43.7 

79.9 

20.1 

1880 

33.8 

66.2 

57.0 

43.0 

1905 

27.3 

72.7 

46.1 

53.9 

1900 

S5.9 

74.1 

47.0 

53.0 

1800 

30.6 

69.4 

52.9 

47.1 

1880 

31.4 

68.6 

51.4 

48.6 

For  the  United  States  as  a  whole  the  products  of  the 
steel  works  and  rolling  mills  constitute  approximate]}' 
three-fourths  of  the  total  in  value  and  the  blast  furnace 
products  one-fourth,  and  there  has  been  in  the  main  an 
increase  in  the  proportionate  share  for  steel  works  and 
rolling  mills  with  each  census.  The  same  may  also  be 
said  of  the  Middle  and  Western  states.  In  the  South- 
ern states  the  blast  furnace  products  form  nearly  one- 
half  of  the  total  in  value  and  more  than  two-thirds  in 
tonnage.  In  1890,  as  comi^ared  with  1880,  there  was 
a  very  heavy  increase  in  the  blast  furnace  industry  in 
the  Southern  states,  as  compared  with  steel  works  and 


rolling  mills,  .since  which  time  the  products  of  the 
steel  works  and  rolling  mills  have  been  gaining  on  the 
blast  furnaces.  In  the  New  England  states  the  blast 
furnace  ])roducts  form  but  a  small  part  of  the  com- 
bined total. 

The  New  England  states. — In-the  New  England  states 
there  is  shown  a  substantial  increase  in  capital  since 
1900,  ])ractically  all  in  steel  works  and  lolling  mills; 
likewise,  large  increases  for  the  decades  ending  in  1900 
and  1890. 

The  products  of  the  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 
have  increased  with  each  census,  and  tlie  proportionate 
share  of  the  total  for  the  United  States  has  .slightly 
increa.sed  in  tonnage  since  1900,  although  slightly 
decreasing  in  proportionate  value. 

The  pig  iron  product  is  all  charcoal  pig. 

The  17  establishments  in  the  New  England  states  in 
1905  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  steel  or  of  rolled 
iron  or  steel  products  do  not  include  3  establishments 
otherwise  classified,  and  who.sc  products  were  all  ccm- 
sumed  in  construction  of  machinery,  etc.  The  capital 
invested  in  the  active  establishments  includes  .$325,000 
of  rented  property  in  1905  and  $115,000  of  rented 
property  in  1890. 

Since  the  census  of  1900  the  New  England  states 
have  become  steel  producers.  There  are  9  establish- 
ments in  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecti- 
cut having  steel  making  equipments,  including  2  estab- 
lishments in  ilassachusetts  otherwise  classified,  1  as 
"foundry  and  machine  shop  products,"  and  1  as 
"electrical  macliinerj',"  and  1  in  Connecticut  classified 
as  "cutlery  and  edge  tools;''  but  not  including  1  gov- 
ernmental establishment.  The  steel  equipment  of 
these  establishments  includes  3  converters  of  a  daily 
capacity  of  208  tons,  including  1  Clapp-Griffiths  and  2 
Tropenas  converters  (the  Government  establishment 
has  1  Tropenas  converter)  and  20  open-hearth  steel 
furnaces  of  1 ,095  tons  dailv  capacity,  of  which  1 0,  of  365 
tons  daily  capacity,  are  acid,  and  10,  of  730  tons  daily 
capacity,  are  basic.  Of  the  open-hearth  furnaces,  3 
acid  furnaces,  of  45  tons  daih*  capacity,  are  in  the 
"otherwise  classified"  industries.  The  tabulated  steel 
output  of  the  New  England  states  in  1905  was  300  tons 
of  Bessemer  steel  ingots;  168,928  tons  of  open-hearth 
steel  ingots,  of  wliich  33,774  tons  were  acid  and  135,154 
tons  were  basic;  2,446  tons  of  open-hearth  steel  cast- 
ings; and  4,778  tons  of  crucible  steel.  The  total  prod- 
uct was  176,452  tons  of  steel,  of  a  value  of  .$3,963,006. 

The  Middle  states. — The  Middle  states  show  a  de- 
crease of  46  in  the  number  of  establishments,  with  an 
increase  of  8234,842,289,  or  65.3  per  cent,  in  capital 
since  1900,  the  largest  in  amoimt  and  per  cent  of  any 
of  the  di^asions  for  this  period.  The  increase  is  rela- 
tively a  little  the  larger  in  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills. 

The  total  number  of  active  blast  furnace  establish- 
ments in  the  iliddle  states  in  1905  was  79,  compared 


22 


MANUFACTURES. 


with  95  in  1900,  140  in  1S90,  and  179  in  1880.  The 
capital  invested  includes  rented  property  valued  at 
S2, 116,480  in  1905,  §3,165,181  in  1900,  and  32,210,000 
in  1890.  The  reduction  in  number  of  wage-earners 
employed  in  the  blast  furnace  industn*  is  due  to  im- 
provements in  equipment,  chiefly  in  the  use  of  pig 
casting  machines  and  in  improved  charging  and  ore 
handling  devices.  Of  the  pig  product,  32,704  tons  were 
charcoal  pig  iron  and  8,568,470,  mineral  fuel  pig. 

In  addition  to  the  227  establishments  in  the  Middle 
states  that  produced  steel  ingots  or  castings  or  rolled 
iron  and  steel  in  1905,  there  were  10  establishments 
othenvise  classified.  The  distribution  and  ecjuipment 
of  the  latter  are  shown  in  Table  13.  The  capital  in- 
vested in  active  establishments  includes  S7, 741,886  of 
rented  property  in  1905,  S10,564,736  in  1900,  and 
8978,000  in  1890. 

TJie  Soutliem  states. — The  Southern  states  show  a 
decrease  of  1 1  blast  furnace  establishments  and  an  in- 
crease of  10  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  making  a 
net  decrease  of  1 .  The  increase  in  the  number  of  wage- 
earners  is  relatively  small,  owing  to  the  fact  that  in  the 
Southern  states  the  blast  furnace  branch  forms  a  rela- 
tively larger  part  of  the  iron  and  steel  industry  than  in 
the  other  divisions,  and  the  improvements  in  blast  fur- 
nace equipment  have  materially  reduced  the  number 
of  wage-earners  required. 

The  capital  reported  for  the  furnace  establishments 
in  the  Southern  states  includes  rented  property  of  the 
value  of  S251,.500  in  1905,  S460,.500  in  1900,  and 
S783,000  in  1890. 

The  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  in  the  Southeni 
states  do  not  include  1  establishment  classified  as 
"shipbuilding,  iron  and  steel,"  and  having  a  Tropenas 
converter,  the  steel  product  being  used  in  their  works. 
There  is  included  in  invested  capital  for  steel  works  and 
rolling  mills  the  value  of  rented  property  as  follows: 
§714,000  in  1905,  .$957,313  in  1900,  and  .fSOO.IHH)  in 
1890. 

The  steel  production  <>(  the  Southeni  states  in  1905 
amounted  to  .S41,671  lojis,  of  a  value  of  $15,302,150. 
This  comprised  607,343  tons  of  Be.s.semer  steel  (606,166 
tons  of  ingots  and  1 ,177  castings),  2.33,152  tons  of  basic 
open-hearth  steel  ingots,  570  tons  of  basic  open-hearth 
steel  casting.s,  6  tons  of  crucible  steel  ingots,  and  (iOO 
tons  of  cnicil)le  steel  castings.  The  10  estahiishments 
in  the  Soutliem  states  which  are  equipped  for  sleel 
making  have  10  Bessemer  converters  of  :i  .liiilv  cii- 
pacity  of  4,460  tons  and  21  open-hearlli  steel  lumaccs 
of  a  daily  capacity  of  1,496  tons.  Of  the  open-hearth 
fumucos,  20  arc  basic  and  1  acid.  The  figures  do  not 
include  till-  equi|)ment  of  1  eslablisiunent  otlierwi.se 
clu.-5.silied,  nor  one  2-gr()8s  ton  Tropenas  .steel  converter 
at  the  Naval  Gun  Kactorj',  WasluTigton,  District  of 
CohiMiliiii. 

Jill  WikIiiii  stiiti's.  -The  viiliic  of  the  rented  prop- 
erty included  in  the  amount  of  cupjlal  reported  for  tin' 


Western  states  was  $957,753  in  1905,  $1,821,091  in 
1900,  and  $3,687,058  in  1890.  The  value  of  the  rented 
property  was  distributed  as  follows:  In  lilast  furnaces, 
$790,303  in  1905,  $1,271,200  in  1900,  and  $2,068,058 
in  1890;  and  in  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  $167,450 
in  1905,  $549,891  in  1900,  and  .$1,619,000  in  1890. 

There  were  also  17  establishments  otherwise  classi- 
fied in  the  Western  states  in  1905  which  were  pro- 
vided with  ec[uipments  for  the  making  of  steel  or  rolled 
iron  and  steel  products  for  their  own  use.  Four  of 
these  establishments  reported  the  manufacture  of 
3,608  tons  of  steel  as  partial  products.  The  distribu- 
tion and  classification  of  these  is  given  in  Table  13. 

THE   ELECTROTHERMIC   METALLURGY   OF   IRON  AND 
STEEL. 

In  addition  to  the  iron  and  steel  products  which 
have  been  considered,  certain  of  the  ferroalloys — 
ferrochrome,  ferrosilicon,  etc. — were  produced  by  the 
Electric  Smelting  and  Aluminum  Company  (The 
Cowles  Company)  of  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  and  the  Willson 
Aluminum  Company  with  plants  at  Holcombs  Rock, 
Va.,  and  Glen  Ferris,  W.  Va.  These  products  are  used 
in  the  steel  industry  as  steel  hardening  materials. 
[  The  statistics  relating  to  these  products  can  not  be 
reported  separately,  and  they  are  therefore  consoli- 
dated with  those  of  like  products  of  the  electric  furnace, 
such  as  calcium  carbide,  carborundum,  etc.,  and 
reported  under  the  group  of  "substances  produced  by 
the  aid  of  electricity,"  Group  VIII  of  the  report  on 
chemicals. 

Except  in  the  ferro  products  above  referred  to,  the 
electric  furnace  does  not  figure  in  the  census  of  1905 
as  a  producing  agent  in  I  lie  iron  and  steel  industry. 
It  is  likely,  however,  to  become  an  important  feature 
of  the  iron  and  steel  metallurgy  of  the  future. 

The  Heroult  furnace  has  l>een  operateil  at  La  Praz, 
France,  and  at  Kortfors,  Sweden,  since  1900,  and  over 
5,000  tons  of  steel  liavc  been  produced.  K.\lensive 
tests  of  the  manufacture  of  ])ig  iron  in  the  Ileroult 
furnace  were  made  during  the  last  year  at  Sault  Sto. 
Maiie,  Ontario,  undiM'  the  auspices  of  a  commission 
apj)ointed  by  the  Canadian  government.  Tlie  Kj(>llin 
furnace  has  been  oj)erated  at  Gysingen,  near  Stock- 
holm, Sweden,  since  1901,  and  sevcr.'ii  tliou.saiid  tons  of 
I  high  grade  steel  have  been  ])roduce(].  The  Keller 
furnace  has  been  operated  (|iiite  e.xicnsivcly  iit  the 
works  of  Keller,  Ijcleiix  ct  Co.,  at  Livet  and  at  Ker- 
rousse,  Franc(>.  The  Stassano  furnac(>  has  ])ro(iiice(l 
steel  in  the  government  gun  foundry  at  Turin,  Italv. 

Since  the  close  of  the  canvass  for  the  nianiifacl  iiring 
census  of  1905  lliere  lias  been  consideialile  ac(i\ily  in 
the  fieiil  of  cicclric-  smelling.  Tiic  lleronll  rlcctric 
steel  refilling  process,  in  a  50-toii  per  tliiy  furnace,  lias 
been  iiislalic(l  at  the  works  of  the  llolcoiiih  .Steel  Com- 
pany, Syracu.se,  N.  Y.,  ami  an  electric  induction  steel 
furnace  fColby)  at  theworksof  Ileiu'v  I  )isston  &  .Sons, 
I'hiladclphia. 


IKON  AND  s^ri':i-;L. 


23 


The  Vir<j;inia  El(>ctn>lyti('  Company  at  irolroinhs 
Rock,  Va.,  an  offshoot  of  the  Will.soii  Ahinunum  Com- 
pany, now  makes  ferroalloys  and  metallic  silicon,  the 
Willson  Ahiniimim  Company  at  Glen  Ferris,  Va.,  mak- 
ing priuciixilly  fcrrochrome.  Coiisidcrahlc  <|uantities 
of  the  ferroalloys  have  also  been  made  in  the  Niagara 
Resean^h  Laboratories,  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  and  an 
outcome  of  tliis  work  is  the  formation  in  1 907  of  the 
Electro  Metalhirgicuil  Company  for  making  low  carbon 
ferroalloys  at  Niagara  Falls.  The  Titanium  Manu- 
facturing Comj)any  is  also  erecting  works  at  Niagara 
Falls  for  nuikuig  ferrotitanium. 

As  a  result  of  the  experimental  work  in  iron  smelt- 
ing at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  the  Noble  Electric  Steel  Com- 
pany is  erecting  a  Heroult  electric  furnace  plant  for 
reduction  of  iron  ore  at  Heroult-on-the-Pitt,  Shasta 
county,  Cal.  At  Newmire,  Colo.,  reduction  works 
have  been  started  by  the  Vanadium  Alloys  Company 
for  the  production  of  vanadate  of  iron  and  ferro- 
vanadium. 

The  salient  features  of  tlie  several  types  of  electric 
furnaces  wiiicli  luive  been  used  commercially  are  as 
follows : 

The  Il6roult  electric  furnace,  as  used  for  the  exper- 
imental smelting  of  iron  ore  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie, 
Ontario,  consists  of  a  short  cylindrical  stack  having  a 
carbon-lined  crucible  hearth  connected  with  one  circuit 
terminal,  and  a  massive  carl)on  electrode  adjustably 
suspended  from  above  and  extending  do\\^l  into  the 
furnace  chand)er.  The  carbon  electrode  used  was 
16  by  16  inches  l)y  6  feet  long  and  the  furnace  chamber 
was  approximately  30  inches  in  diameter. 

The  Heroidt  furnace,  as  used  for  steel  making,  is  of 
the  tilting  open-hearth  type.  Two  massive  elec- 
trodes, carried  by  vertically  adjustable  supports 
which  are  attached  to  the  furnace  structure,  pass 
through  the  roof  of  the  furnace.  The  current  passes 
from  one  electrode  through  an  air  gap  to  the  slag, 
through  this  to  the  imderljdng  molten  metal,  thence 
through  the  latter  and  back  through  the  slag  and  tiie  air 
gap  to  the  other  electrode.  It  thus  forms  two  arc 
fields  between  the  slag  and  the  respective  electrodes. 
The  intensity  of  the  current  is  controlled  by  regulating 
the  gap  between  the  electrodes  and  the  slag. 

The  Kjellin  furnace,  as  operated  at  Gysingen,  Sweden, 
is  of  the  induction  type,  using  a  primary  alternating 
current  of  'JO  amperes  and  3,000  volts  and  developing 
in  the  charge,  which  is  in  an  annular  pocket,  a  current 
of  3,000  amperes  at  7  volts.  In  its  jiresent  form  the 
furnace  permits  of  tipping  for  pouring  the  charge. 
The  product  is  an  exceptionally  pure  steel  akin  to 
crucible  steel. 

The  Keller  fui-nace  for  ore  smelting  is  of  tiic  re- 
sistance type,  and  consists  in  general  of  two  or 
more  shafts  connected  at  the  bottom  by  a  lateral 
canal,  which  widens  out  midway  between  the  shafts 
to  form  a  reservoir,  or  hearth,  for  the  molten  metal. 

4.52.54— MFG  1905— IT  4—08 1 


Each  shaft  has  a  ma.ssive  (;arbon  (dc^strode  extending 
down  from  above,  and  the  charge  is  fed  ])rogressively 
into  the  shafts  around  tlie  electrodes.  The  molten 
metal  is  tapi)ed  from  the  reservoir,  or  hearth,  and  the 
slag  is  tapi)ed  from  each  shaft  at  a  higher  level  than 
the  reservoir  tap.  Certain  structural  features  govern 
the  starting  of  the  furnace.  The  resistance  of  the 
(;haige  develojjs  its  heat  of  fusion,  and  the  reduced 
metal,  flowing  along  the  canal,  conducts  the  current 
from  one  shaft  to  the  other. 

The  Sta.ssano  furnace  is  of  the  arc  type,  a  3-phase 
alternating  current  being  distributed  to  3  electrodes 
which  pas.'i  into  the  furnace  radially  and  at  an  angle 
inclined  slightly  downward,  and  nearly  meet  in  the 
center  above  the  charge,  which  is  not  in  circuit.  The 
furnace,  its  hearth  being  of  a  crucible  form,  stands 
with  its  verti(;al  axis  inclined  about  7  degrees  from  the 
vertical,  and  when  in  operation  the  whole  furnace  is 
rotated  to  mix  the  charge  antl  subject  all  parts  thereof 
to  a  uniform  heat. 

Certain  residts,  as  given  in  the  report  of  the  Cana- 
dian commission  on  the  electric  smcltmg  of  iron  ores, 
are  as  follows:  Pig  iron  (gray  iron)  to  the  amount  of 
11,989  pounds  was  produced  from  magnetite  ore 
(55.85  Fe),  with  charcoal  as  the  reducing  agent  and 
limestone  and  sand  as  flux,  at  the  rate  of  9.92 
short  tons  of  pig  per  1,000  electric  horsepower  days. 
The  power  used  was  221.34  electric  horsepower  (mean 
amperes,  4,987;  mean  volts  on  furnace,  36.03)  and  the 
length  of  the  run  was  sixty-five  hours  and  thirty 
minutes.  It  is  stated  by  Doctor  Heroult  that  an 
output  of  12  tons  of  pig  iron  per  day  may  be  ob- 
tained with  1,000  electric  horsepower.  On  a  run  on 
roasted  pjTrhotite  (45.80  Fe),  with  charcoal  and  lime- 
stone as  above,  there  was  produced  7,336  pounds  of 
ferronickel  pig  at  the  rate  of  7.038  short  tons  per  1 ,000 
electric  horsepower  days.  The  pov.er  used  was  222.05 
electric  horsepower  (mean  amperes,  5,000;  mean  volts 
on  furnace,  36.05)  and  the  length  of  the  run  was  fifty- 
six  hoin-s  and  twenty-nine  minutes. 

A  description  of  the  Heroult  electric  steel  process,  as 
introduced  at  the  works  of  Richard  Lindenberg,  Rem- 
scheid,  Germany,  is  given  in  the  Iron  Age  of  August 
30,  1906.  The  plant  consists  of  a  2-ton  Weliman 
open-hearth  furnace,  in  which  the  raw  material,  princi- 
])ally  scrap,  is  melted  down,  and  the  process  is  so  con- 
ducted that  the  steel  is  overoxidized.  The  steel  is  then 
transferred  to  the  Heroult  electric  furnace.  The  quan- 
tity charged  is  about  2  tons,  and  the  steel  is  purified  in 
the  electric  furnace  by  the  addition  of  scale  or  ore,  and 
thus  the  elements  in  tlie  metals,  such  as  silicon,  carbon, 
manganese,  and  phosphorus,  are  oxidized;  sulphur, 
however,  is  not  so  affected.  The  slag  is  cast  off  by 
tilting  the  furnace.  Then  a  neutral  slag  is  formed  by 
additions  of  lime  and  sand,  imder  which  deoxidation 
is  carried  on  bj-  means  of  carbon.  The  ^ield  is  on  an 
average  92.5  per  cent  in  the  form  of  hammered  blooms. 


24 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  phosphorus  contents  of  the  steel  has  averaged 
0.005  per  cent  and  the  sulphiu-.  0.012  per  cent. 

Experience  has  shown  that  with  a  2-ton  furnace  the 
cost  of  steel  can  be  reduced  to  120  marks  ($30)  per  ton, 
and  it  is  estimated  that  with  a  10-ton  furnace  it  can  be 
brought  down  to  90  marks  (.S22.50)  per  ton.  With  the 
2-ton  furnace  the  requuement  of  electric  power  is  360 
kilowatts  per  ton  of  steel,  and  with  a  10-ton  furnace 
only  1.50  kilowatts  will  be  required. 

Li  a  paper  by  S.  E.  Ibbotson,  of  Sheffield,  read  at 
the  joint  meeting  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  and  of 
the  American  Institute  of  ]\lining  Engineers,  in  Lon- 
don, July,  1906,  on  the  operations  of  the  Kjellin  elec- 
tric steel  furnace,  it  was  stated  that  there  was  produced 
during  the  year  ending  May  31,  1906,  at  Gysingen, 
Sweden,  950  tons  of  tool  steel  and  special  steel  ingots 
from  a  furnace  giving  2,240  pounds  of  steel  per  tap. 
The  bulk  of  the  steel  was  made  from  charges  composed 
of  80  per  cent  Swedish  pig  iron  and  20  per  cent  steel 
scrap,  the  percentage  of  carbon  being  regulated  by  the 
addition  of  briquettes.  The  average  time  per  charge 
for  white  iron  and  scrap  charges  was  five  and  one-half 
hours  and  the  electrical  energy  consumed  was  886 
kilowatt  hours  per  ton.  AMien  briquettes  were  added, 
the  average  time  per  charge  was  seven  and  one-eighth 
hours  and  the  electrical  energy  consumed  was  1,128 
kilowatt  hours  per  ton. 

In  the  line  of  special  steels  there  has  been  produced 
tungsten  steel  (including  permanent  magnet  steel), 
chromium  steel,  nickel  steel,  nickel-chromium  steel, 
self-hardening  steel,  and  high-speed  tool  steel. 

A  730-kw,  or  appro.ximately  1,000  electric  horse- 
power tilting  Kjellin  furnace  for  steel  manufacture 
has  latel\' (1907)  been  completed  at  the  Roechling  iron 
and  steel  works  in  Voelklingen,  Germany.  It  has  a 
capacity  of  tH  tons  of  steel,  15  tons  being  poured  at  the 
end  of  the  run,  the  balance  remaining  in  the  furnace 
for  the  next  run.  The  following  extract  from  a  recent 
publication  is  of  interest  in  this  connection:' 

An  interesting  and  <|uite  novel  feature  of  the  same  plant  is  a 
fourth  induction  furnace  now  in  course  of  construction.  It  has  a 
capacity  of  150  tons,  but  is  not  intended  for  steel  making  and 
refining  jiroper,  hut  will  he  used  as  a  mixer  and  reservoir  to  keep 
the  hot  HMjlten  metal,  which  is  tapped  from  the  onliiiary  metal- 
lurgicjil  furnaces  and  which  is  to  he  refined  in  the  electric  furnace, 
in  iiiolt«'n  condition.  From  this  reservoir  molten  metal  is  to  be 
nin  into  the  elec^tric  furnace  right  after  the  completion  of  a  run, 
BO  as  to  maintain  asmmh  its  possible  continuity  of  oiKTation. 

In  this  connection  it  is  interesting  to  give  a  summary  of  electric 
induction  furnaces  installed  for  commercial  operation.  In  this 
country  we  have  a  Colby  induction  furnace  at  the  Disston  Steel 
Works  in  Philadelphia.  In  Europe  the  following  Kji'llin  induc- 
tion furnuces  have  l)een  installed: 

(iyningen,  Sweden:  bW  kw.,  i)5.T  kg.  (2,100  pounds).  This  is 
the  original  Kjellin  furnace;. 

Gurtnellen,  Switzerland:  International  Calcium  Co.,  320  kw. 


Voelklingen,  Germany:  Roechling  Works.  Of  the  following 
four  furnaces  the  first  three  are  in  operation,  the  fourth  in  course 
of  construction:  First,  50  to  75  kw.,  capacity  50  to  60  kg.  (110 
to  130  pounds);  second,  110  to  120  kw.,  capacity  300  kg.  (660 
pounds);  third,  736  kw.,  pour  15  tons  (15,000  kg.,  or  33,000 
pounds);  fourth,  a  150-ton  mixer  to  keep  the  metal  molten. 

Essen,  Germany:  Krupp  Works,  74(3  kw. 

ShetKeld,  England;  Vickers,  Sons  &  Maxim,  200  kg. 

Araga,  Sjiaiii:  2il0  kw. 

There  are  further  in  course  of  construction  a  300  to  400  kw.  fur- 
nace at  Guldsniedshyttan,  Sweden,  and  another  furnace  of  the 
same  capacit)'  at  Poldihutte. 

From  the  above  figures  for  the  furnaces  at  Gysingen  and  Voelk- 
lingen the  following  interesting  figures  on  the  relation  between 
capacity  of  furnace  ami  required  electric  capacity  are  derived: 


Ciipacity  in  kg.  steel 

Electric  power  in  kw 

Approximate  ratio  of  kw.  to  kg. 


50  to  60 

300 

955 

50  to  73 

110  to  120 

150 

1-1 

1-3 

1-6 

15,000 
736 
1-20 


'Electrochemical  and  Metallurgical  Industry,  May,  1007,  page 
173. 


These  figures  are  very  instructive  in  showing  in  a  general  way 
how  the  electric  power  required  per  unit  of  output  decreases  with 
increasing  capacity  of  the  furnace. 

From  the  foregoing  it  appears  that  pig  iron  can  not 
be  produced  by  electric  smelting,  along  the  lines  hereto- 
fore tried,  on  a  commercial  scale  to  compete  with  blast 
furnace  production,  except  under  conditions  of  very 
cheap  electric  current  and  high-priced  coke.  The 
Canadian  commission  reported  as  their  conclusion  that, 
with  electric  energy  at  $10  per  electric  horsepower  per 
year  and  coke  at  $7  per  ton,  the  cost  of  production  is 
approximately  the  same  as  the  cost  of  producing  pig 
iron  in  a  modern  blast  furnace.  But  this  is  a  cost 
figure  for  electric  energy  that  has  not  been  reached 
except  under  licculiarly  favorable  conditions.  The 
utilization  of  the  blast  furnace  gases  in  large  gas  en- 
gine plants  for  the  generation  of  electric  power  will 
undoubtedly  give  comparativel}'  cheap  power  for  elec- 
trometallurgic  work  in  the  iron  and  steel  industry. 

For  the  ])roduction  of  the  ferroalloys  the  electric  fur- 
nace has  decided  advantages  over  the  blast  furnace, 
on  account  of  the  high  temperature  readily  attainable. 
For  the  production  of  crucible  and  higii-grade  steels 
the  work  done  in  electric  furnaces  indicates  that  they 
will  be  more  and  more  used  and  that  the  electric  steel 
product  will  be  an  ini])ortant  feature  of  the  industry 
in  coming  years. 

BLAST  FURNACES. 

The  statistics  concerning  the  |)ro(lucti<)n  of  pig  iron, 
presented  herewith,  sIidw  the  industry  according  to 
kind  of  fuel  used,  and  also  Ity  grade  of  jiroduct,  as  well 
as  for  tile  industry  as  a  wiiole. 

The  term  "pig  iron,"  u.sed  in  its  broadest  sense, 
includes  all  ferro  products  of  the  blast  furnaces, 
whether  nui  into  pigs  or  used  in  a  molten  slate  in 
Besseinn-  conveitcis  or  open-heai-(h  furnaces.  As  a 
matter  of  fad  mote  than  one-third  of  the  pig  iron 
produced    is   used    in    a    molten    state.     I'ig    iron    is 


IRON  AND  STKI-IL. 


25 


classified  according  to  the  kind  of  fuel  used;  bitu- 
minous pig  iron  being  iron  made  with  l)ituminous 
fuel — that  is,  with  coke,  or  coke  iinil  l)iluinin()iis 
coal  mixed;  anthracite  pig  iron  being  iron  niadi'  wilh 
anthracite  coal,  alone  or  mixed  willi  coke;  and  cliiiicoal 
j)ig  iron  being  iron  made  \vi(li  charcoid  as  fnel.  Some 
charcoal  and  coke  pig  iron,  made  willi  m  mixed  fuel  of 
charcoal  and  coke,  was  report (>d  in  lilOO,  l)ul  none  was 
re])orted  in  lUOo.  Tlie  slalislics  are  first  presented  for 
the  entire  industry,  and  tiien  for  the  two  general 
grouj)s:  min(>ral  fuel — includiTig  nil  pig  iron  made  witli 
l)iluniinoiis  coal,  coke,  or  antiiracile  coal — and  char- 
coal fuel. 

Tli(>  blast  furnace  |)r()(luct  is  also  classified  or  graded 
according  (o   tlio  use  for  whicli  it  is   adajjled,  or   the 


character  nf  ibc  iron,  namely,  Bessemer,  low-phos- 
phorus, niidlcabie  Bessemer,  basic,  foundry,  and  forge; 
and   alsos|)icg('l('iscn,  ferromanganese,  ferro.silicon,  etc. 

'i'lie  active  blast  furnace  establishments  were  in 
operation  on  an  average  9.12  months  in  190.5,  com- 
pared witli  10. Hi  months  in  1900,  9.2:5  months  in  1890, 
and  H  months  in  1880. 

Tlie  production  of  all  kinds  of  pig  iron  in  the  United 
States  for  the  C(;nsus  year  190.")  amounted  to  16,028,294 
tons,  of  a  n^ported  value  of  .S228,977,53.5,  compared 
with  14,4.52,2.34  tons,  valued  at  .$20G,.579,400,  in  1900. 
The  increase  in  tonnage  was  2,176,060  tons,  or  1.5.1 
per  cent . 

Table  17  shows  the  growth  of  (lie  blast  furnace 
industry  from  1870  to  190.5,  by  cen.sus  periods. 


Table  17.— BL.\ST  FURNACES— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,   WITH  I'KR  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1870  TO  liKtt. 


Number  of  establishments. 
Capital. 


Salaried  oflicials,  clerks,  etc.,  number. 

Saliirit's 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  Hi  years  and  over 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over 

W  ages 

Children  under  10  years •. 

Wages '. 

Misccl laneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 8 

Tons  cf  pig  iron 


1905' 


S239, 

$2, 
SIS, 
S18, 


S178, 

$231, 

Iti, 


191 

,559, 194 

2,236 

897,917 

35, 178 

947,913 

35, 093 

929, 782 

4 

$954 

81 

$17, 177 

791,139 

9<i7, 449 

889, 12(1 

628,294 


$148,226, 

1, 

$2,308, 

39 

$18, 500! 

39, 

$18, 480, 

$1, 

$18, 
$7,463, 

SI31,  536. 

.5206,823, 
14,452, 


304 

$134,608,  .543 

i  1,068 

i$l,611,(»7 

33, 415 

$14,614,4,58 

33,341 

814,600,058 

(') 

(') 

74 

$13,800 

$6,342,675 

$110,09,><,  615 

$145.643,1.53 

8,845,185 


341 
$89,531,302 

(•) 

W 

41,695 

$12,6.55,428 

40, 503 

(') 

9 
(») 

1,183 

(') 

(') 

$.58,619,742 

$89,315,  ,569 

3,375,912 


18J0  = 


386 

$50,145,326 

(•) 

(<■) 

27,554 

$12,475,250 

26,962 

(') 


m 


54 

538 


$45,408,017 

$69,640,498 

1,8.32,876 


PEE  CENT  OF  I.VCREASK. 


1900 

tr. 

190S 


>14.7 
61.0 
26.8 
25.5 

3  10.6 
2.4 

210.6 
2.4 

s.33.3 

>29.4 

ni.o 

37.0 
31.2 
.■iC.l 
12.1 
15.1 


1890 

to 
1900 


320.3 
10. 1 
65.1 
43.2 
17.8 
26.6 
17.8 
26.6 


1880 

to 
1890 


I8<0 

to 
1880 


•10.8  I 
50.3  ! 


319.9 

16.5 

3  17.7 


23.0 
3:8.8 
17.7 
19.5 
42.0 
63.4 


87.8 
63.1 
162.0 


»11.7 

59.5 


.51.3 

1.5 

50.2 


<83.3 
393.7  I     'ii9."9 


28.8 
28.3 
84.2 


1  Includes  1  penal  institution,  the  statistics  for  which  are  not  included  in  the  detailed  summary. 

-  Includes  idle  establishments,  which  were  not  reported  separately  in  1870. 

3  Decrease. 

<  Includes  value  of  rented  property— 1905,  $3,158,283;  1900,  $4,896,881;  1890.  $5,061,058. 

^  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members  with  their  salaries;  number  only  reported  in  1900  and  1905.  but  not  included  in  this  table. 

c  Not  reported  separately. 

^  Not  reported. 

3  Includes  value  of  miscellaneous  products  for  which  tonnage  was  not  reported. 


A  decrease  in  the  number  of  establislinients  sliown 
at  each  census  will  be  noted,  together  witli  an  increase 
in  capital,  operating  expenses,  and  products.  In  1905, 
as  compared  with  1900,  there  was  a  decrease  of  .3.3 
active  establishments,  with  an  increase  of  .S91,333,081 
in  reported  capital.  Accompanying  •  the  increase  in 
production  from  1 900  to  1 905  there  is  a  decrease  of  4,180 
in  the  average  number  of  wage-earners  employed, 
there  being  35,178  wage-earners  reported  in  1905,  as 
compared  witli  39,3.58  in  1900.  In  1890  the  pig  iron 
protluct  showed  an  average  for  the  year  of  265  tons  per 
wage-earner;  while  in  1900,  through  the  use  of  larger 
furnaces,  improvements  in  labor  saving  devices,  etc., 
the  pig  iron  product  per  wage-earner  had  risen  to  367 
tons.  This  gain  in  industrial  economy  continues,  the 
last  census  showing  an  average  pig  iron  product  for  the 
year  of  473  tons  per  wage-earner,  an  increase  of  28.9  per 
cent  over  1900.     As  the  number  of  wage-earners  re- 


ported for  1880,  as  well  as  the  amount  of  wages  paid, 
includes  a  large  number  of  emploj-ecs  engaged  in  min- 
ing and  other  operations,  no  comparisons  can  be  made 
with  that  year. 

Tile  improvements  in  e(|uipinfnts  and  iiieiliotls  has 
resulted  in  the  steady  lowering  of  the  labor  item  in  the 
cost  of  production,  as  shown  by  the  following  tabular 
statement: 

Relation  of  cdpital  and  specified  items  of  expense  to  products. 


Capital,  per  ton  of  product. . 
Expense,  per  ton  of  product. 


Salaries 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  exp:nscs. 
Cost  of  materials  used . . 


Value  of  all  products,  per  ton  of  pig  iron  product. 


1905 


I90O 


S14.  41 
12.66  , 


$10.26 
11.06 


0.17 
1.  M  i 

0  59 
10.76 


13.95       14.31 


1890 


$15.22 
15.00 


a  16  0. 18 

1.28  1.65 

0.52  I        0  72 

9.  10  I       12.  45 


16.47 


26 


MANUFACTURES. 


Materials  cost  847,431,025  more  in  1905  than  in 
1900,  and  the  average  cost  of  materials  per  ton  of  prod- 
uct shows  an  advance  of  81.66  per  ton  of  pig  iron  over 
that  in  1900,  although  it  is  81.69  per  ton  of  product 
less  than  it  was  in  1890.  Miscellaneous  expenses,  in 
like  manner,  show  an  advance  of  82,327.905,  and  an 
increase  of  7  cents  per  ton  of  pig  iron  product  over 
1900,  but  a  decline  of  13  cents  per  ton  from  1S90. 
The  labor  cost  per  ton  of  pig  iron  was  reduced  from 
S1.65per  ton  in  1890  to  81.28  in  1900,  a  decrease  of 
22.4  percent,  and  a  further  drop  to  $1.14  per  ton  in 
1905,  or  10.9  per  cent. 

The  reduction  in  the  number  of  wage-eaniers  em- 
ployed in  the  blast  furnace  industry  has  been  chiefly 
due  to  the  use  of  pig  casting  machines  in  place  of  sand 
casting,  and  to  improvements  in  charging  de\'ices  and 
in  ore  handling  machines  for  stocking  and  charging. 

The  value  of  the  products  at  the  census  of  1905 
exceeded  that  in  1900  by  $25,065,924,  although  the 
average  value  per  ton  of  pig  iron  .shows  a  decline  of 
36  cents.  As  these  values  of  products  incluile  some 
bj'-products,  they  are  not  to  be  taken  for  net  pig  iron 
values,  which  will  be  considered  later. 

Table  IS  is  a  comparative  summary,  l)y  states,  of  the 
leading  statistics  of  tlie  pig  iron  industry  for  the  cen- 
suses from  ISSO  to  1905,  inclusive. 

In  1905  there  were  blast  furnaces  in  23  states,  but 
the  furnaces  in  3  of  these  states — North  Carolina,  Ore- 
gon, and  Washington — were  idle.  In  1900  there  were 
blast  furnaces  in  23  states  (in  the  same  states  as  in 
1905),  those  in  2  states — Washington  and  Oregon — 
being  idle.  In  1S90,  24  states  produced  i)ig  iron,  and  1 
state — Minnesota —had  an  iiile  fui'uace,  and  in  ISSO 
there  were  22  j)roilucing  states  ant!  2  states  and  1 
territory  Minnesota,  North  Carolina,  and  Utah  —  in 
which  the  fiirnat'es  were  idle.  Pennsylvania  is  still 
far  in  advance  of  the  other  states  as  n  piodiiccr  nf  pig 
iron;  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Alabama  follow,  as  at  the  last 
cen-sus,  in  the  order  named.  .Xew  '^'ork,  which  ranked 
seventh  in  1900,  has  a(h'aiic(Ml  \i>  (ilth  place. 

All  of  the  states  for  which  indi\i(liial  ligun^s  are 
given  in  the  foregoing  tabic,  excel)!  Tennessee  and 
Virginia,  .show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  prdducts 
from  1900  lo  1905;  and  of  the  states  included  under 
"all  other  .slatt-s,"  Colorado,  Connecticut,  .Maiyland, 
and  Mas.sachusetts  re])orted  increases  in  pig  iron 
production.  No  pig  iron  product  was  repoiled  IVoin 
North  Carolina  at  this  ccmisus. 

The  decrea.se  in  Tennessee  nuiounted  to  81,265,166, 
or  27  i)er  cent,  and  in  Virginia  to  .'$3, 1  til  ,791 ,  or  tS.6 
per  cent  of  the  output  of  1900.  There  were  13  idle 
h\ii»t  fiiniar-e  establishments  rejjorled  in  Virginia  lor 
1905,  and  7  in  1900.  Of  the  3  slates  for  which  detailed 
statistics  were  given  in  1900butnot  in  190.")  Marvland, 
Texas,  and  West  Virginia  -  Marvland   and  West    \ir- 


guiia  report  substantial  increases  and  Texas  a  rela- 
tively large  ilecrease.  The  decrease  in  the  latter  state 
was  tlue  to  the  fact  that  2  blast  furnaces  which  were 
active  in  1900  were  idle  in  1905.  The  Texas  product 
for  1905  was  solely  that  of  a  furnace  owne<l  and  oper- 
ated by  the  state. 

As  before  noted,  the  wage-earners  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  ]iig  iron  were  less  in  number  in  1905 
than  in  1900,  although  they  received  a  larger  average 
wage  and    turned   out    a   much   larger  jirochict. 

In  the  early  years  practically  all  pig  iron  was  sand 
cast,  requiring  a  large  amoiuit  of  labor  for  handling  the 
sam?.  Now,  however,  more  than  one-tliird is deUvered 
in  a  molten  state  to  the  mixers,  converters  and  fur- 
naces of  steel  plants,  and  one-fourth  is  machine  cast. 

Less  than  40  per  cent  is  represented  by  sand,  ehill, 
or  direct  castings.  These  changes  in  practice  account  in 
part  for  the  decrease  in  blast  furnace  labor.  In  addition, 
the  improvements  in  mechanical  charging  and  in  con- 
veniences and  methods  for  handling  the  slag  have 
reduced  the  number  of  men  required  for  a  furnace  crew. 

The  following  states  show  fewer  wage-earners  in  1905 
than  in  1900,  with  an  increase  in  the  value  of  products: 
Alabama,  Illinois,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin. 
The  state  of  Illinois  is  most  marked  in  this  particular, 
the  w'age-earners  and  wages  paitl  showing  a  decrease 
of  36.5  and  35.8  per  cent,  respectively,  while  the  value 
of  products  show  a  large  increase.  As  the  quantity 
rather  than  the  value  of  products  manufactured  is  the 
best  gauge  of  progress,  a  tabidar  statement  is  pre- 
sented herewith  showing  the  number  of  tons  of  pig 
iron  produced  per  wage-earner  and  the  average  wage 
per  ton  of  pig  iron  produced,  for  1S90,  1900,  and  1905. 


Pig  iron,  tonsper  wage- 
earner. 

Average  wage  per  ton 
cf  pig  iron. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

473 

367 

265 

SI.  14 

SI.  28 

SI.  65 

This  shows  an  increase  in  the  nundx'i-  of  Ions  of  pig 
iron  j)roduet  ])er  wage-earner  of  .3S.5  ])er  cent  from 
1S<1(»  to  1900,  and  of  2S.9  per  cent  from  1900  to  1905; 
while  I  he  labor  cost  per  ton  of  pig  iron  decreased  22.4 
jH-r  cent  from  ISOO  1,.  1!)()()  and  10.9  ])er  cent  from 
1900  to  1905. 

The  icduelioii  in  (he  labor  faelor  ihrough  llie 
inipr()\'ements  in  e(|uipmeiil,  as  might  he  expeelecl,  is 
l)nlanee(l  by  a  coordinate  increase  in  the  capital 
invested.  'I  he  investmeni  in  buildings,  nuiehineiy , 
tools,  and  imph'nients  in  1905  in  active  establishnients 
»\'erageil  .SS.24  pel'  ton  of  pig  iron  produced,  Jis  com- 
pareil  wilh  $5.48  jjcr  hm  in  I'.too,  an  increase  of  .")(). 1 
|)er  cent:  and  in  the  5  leading  states  noted  in  the 
above  statement  this  same  item  shows  a  cori'esponding 
itKM'ca.se. 


T1M)X   AST)  STEEL. 


27 


Tahi.k    l.S.     I',r,AST  FURNACES— COM  PA  K.\T  I  \K  .SIMMARV,  I'.Y  STATES:  1880  TO  190.5. 


Censtia. 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 

LSSO 

1!I(K) 

ISSO 

IIHW 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1S90 
1 SSO 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1S90 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
ISSO 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1900 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1900 
1S90 
ISSO    . 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

9 1905 
•1900 
i»IS90 
ni880 

Num- 
ber of 
estalj- 
lish- 
ments. 

ruiiitul. 

SALARIED  OFnCIALS, 

rl.ERKS,  KTC. 

WAGE-EARNEB8 
AND  WAGES. 

Miscel- 
laneous 
expenses. 

Cost  ot  ma- 
terials used. 

$178,907,449 
131,536,424 
110,098.015 
58,819,742 

Value  of 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 
numljer. 

Wages. 

products. 

United  States 

191 
224 
304 
341 

18239,559,194 

1148,226,113 

1134,608,543 

89,531,362 

2,236 
1,763 
M,068 
C) 

$2,897,817 
2,308,420 
M, 611, 687 

35,178 
39,358 
33.415 

41,695 

$18,947,913 
18,500,462 
14,614,458 

12, 6.55, 428 

$9,791,139 
7,*>3,234 
6,342,675 
(') 

$231,889,126 
20ti,S23.202 
145,643.  l.>i 
89,31.-...Vi9 

19 

19 

28 

7 

5 

6 

4 
3 
4 
5 

4 
4 
5 
3 

4 
9 

3 
5 
12 

11 
7 
15 
13 

6 
4 

5 
9 
8 
12 

9 

9 

111 

30 

33 
43 

46 
62 

65 
77 
116 
137 

13 
13 
11 
9 

3 

1 

10 
111 
15 
8 

3 
4 
8 

4 

6 
8 

7 

14 
10 
9 
8 

19,325,778 
11,690,184 
15,778,786 
2,707,196 

940.092 
1,172,000 

1,1.58,151 
01)0,9  HI 
748. 845 
712,000 

14,263,055 

10.683,913 

9,8.55,274 

950,000 

826, 199 
2.098,035 

1,388,000 
3,108,222 
2. 197, 125 

4, 383, 106 
2,029,713 
5,259,001 
2,671,386 

1,883.470 
2,«0.IX)0 

5,414.051 
2, 474. 639 
3, 131, 3116 
3, 044,  .500 

15,1.8.5,910 
4.003,641 
6,443.208 
8,836,471 

43,856,382 
23,296,130 
11. 750. 497 
13,002,586 

109,314,103 
74.850,426 
59, 321.. 570 
41,488.294 

5, 939. 783 
5.303.095 
3, 685, 806 
1.422,626 

379,215 
40,000 

3, 157, 268 
5,027,752 
4,1.56.206 
1.391.500 

1,080.553 
1,446.082 
1,322,425 

2,6.19.011 
1.891.765 
3,546,340 
2,068,218 

14,909,596 
3,460,171 
2,727,579 
1,357,000 

262 
148 
1.50 

320,643 
237,313 
262,396 

4,9.';4 
5,034 
3,989 
1,566 

117 
139 

303 

194 
254 
754 

1,910 

3,010 

1,420 

498 

202 
1,890 

659 

630 

■    1,443 

1,139 
513 

675 
2,164 

627 
1,185 

774 

589 

1            640 

1         1, 174 

1,559 
1.033 
1,410 
2,518 

5,434 
6,039 
4,057 
8,944 

13,867 
16,075 
15,612 
13,460 

1.358 
1,763 
1,012 
1,579 

248 
140 

1,081 
1,594 
1,268 
1,221 

492 
411 
893 

482 
551 
595 
853 

2,317 
1.564 

AMi 

!  :':i 

1,939,208 

1,3X2,017 

1, .521. 304 

553,713 

.50,6.34 
65,974 

112,098 
48,391 
45,  .501 
77,415 

1,397.'969 

2,176,274 

896,030 

185,054 

88,482 
429,988 

302.0118 
143.812 
.339,978 

587,724 
216,030 
321,022 
561,870 

261,203 
227,  111 

370. 751 
292.213 
240, 152 
365,639 

1,161,179 
632,393 
581, 107 
902.929 

3,471,083 
3,286.644 
1.856.237 
2,725,157 

7,763,931 
8,038,016 
7,084.308 
4,752,838 

545.861 
438.929 
438,376 
261,897 

42.661 
27,720 

346,471 
528,567 
478, 105 
255,988 

227.235 
182.175 
240,158 

257,024 
307,733 
276,887 
357,354 

994.014 
581.291 
149, 123 
324.647 

445, 152 
788,389 
932,227 

ll,012,2;i3 

7,610,270 

6,493,884 

575,673 

412,743 
471,467 

720,836 
237,421 
237,836 
241,796 

19,005,423 

11,707,965 

8,088,153 

1,762,609 

461,608 
801,410 

2,  .562. 412 

1,316,539 

956,806 

3,104,136 
1,404,924 
2,935,233 
2,091,224 

1,247,688 
1,685,124 

2.940,780 
1.987,594 
1,679,937 
2,488,670 

6.373,563 
3,508.100 
4.212.888 
4,166,622 

32,476,727 

23,543,473 

15,696,665 

9,149,620 

86,321,875 
64,095,277 
57,222,481 
29,075,075 

2,609,1.57 

3. 168, 581 

2.450.8X2 

489.440 

90,439 
23,580 

2,717,051 

4,374,316 

2.820,167 

205,548 

1,693.042 
1.50:i.847 
1,158,611 

2.250.807 
2.015.134 
2,378,026 
2.101.393 

9.434,861 

.3.537.476 

940.058 

575,074 

16,64.5.793 

13,487.769 
10,315,691 
l,405,.')5li 

Conm^flit'iit-'' 

12 

16,247 

39,496 

.574. 4.3X 
044,911 

Georgia 

41 

18 
15 

44,838 
13.295 
19. 175 

37,536 
8,300 
52,770 

943.204 

391.. 590 
.•«9,  422 
41*,  890 

83 

210 

11 

100.661 
294,524 
23,115 

958,945 
691,724 
21.5,252 

2-,330,S:j6 

15. 15;),  640 
10.1.38.310 
2,391,856 

16 

17,0.'!8 

49,655 

66.5,763 

1,248,652 

14 
9 

17, 148 
7,530 

147,634 
23,830 

3,072.746 

1,632.1X14 
1,700,  .339 

Michigan 

97 
44 
57 

109,596 
64, 451 
95,312 

203,657 
131,047 
271,067 

4,643,538 

2,327,153 
3,982,278 
3,145.062 

27 

37, 703 

73,138 

1,716.983 

2,275.017 

New  .Icr.sey 

32 
50 
15 

43,716 

44.888 
22,386 

191,355 

90,619 

129,384 

1 

3.601.511 
2.5411.215 

2.228,724 
3. 428. 747 

76 
45 
62 

1.57, 145 
81,221 
91,181 

! 

308,332 
288.587 
349,788 

8.634.737 

5.04»1.145 
5.182.r06 
6,816,241 

Ollio 

395 

286 
167 

568,258 
342,271 
200. 890 

1,812,570 

1,266,259 

740,283 

40,862,451 

40,3e6,637 
19.800.268 
13,038.193 

891 
609 
355 

1.113,956 
7.86,852 
561, 407 

4,579,941 
3,269,022 
2,684,671 

107,455.267 

101,575,487 
75,239,203 
45. 573, 750 

128 
81 
64 

127,831 
103, 258 
87,616 

205,303 
214,207 
ISc, 574 

3,428.049 

4.693.215 

3,3fi'i,4ll4 

840,022 

14 

9.160 

8,229 

172,468 

36.000 

69 
116 
60 

81,865 
14<i,  764 
80,207 

175,308 
160.369 
273,278 

3.343,427 

6, 505.: 18 

3,925.481 

440,605 

West  Virginia  ^ 

24 
13 

21.051 
16,758 

58,787 
59,143 

3.119.301 

2. 009.  .505 
1,631,096 

Wiscon.sin 

39 
26 
16 

62,859 
41.825 
30.154 

160,576 
109,478 
175,405 

3,074,712 

2.900.237 
3,114.892 
3.295,835 

All  other  St  iitcs 

123 

78 
29 

166,550 
104.399 

42.512 

712,404 
230.553 
87.714 

11.92S.li01 

5.4fi5..V>6 

1,411.121 

936,913 

1  Includes  vftlue  of  rented  property— 1005.  $3,158,283:  1900,  84,896,881:  1890,  S5,061,05S. 

a  Includes  proprietors  and  finn  ineinbors,  with  their  salaries;  number  only  reported  in  1900  and  1905,  but  not  included  in  this  table. 

3  Not  reported  separately. 


*  Not  reported, 

^  IncUidt'd  in  "all  other  states"  in  1900 and  1905. 

6  Included  in  "all  other  states"  in  1905. 

^  Included  in  "all  other  states"  in  1S90  and  1905. 

8  IncUides  establishments  distributed  as  follows 
West  Virginia.  3. 

-' Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows: 
10  Includes  establishnicnl  s  distributed  as  follows: 
"  Includes  establishments  <iistnbutt*d  as  follows: 


:  Colorado,  I:  Connectieut,  2;  Kentucky,  1:  Maryland,  2:  Massachusetts,!;  Minnesota.  1;  Missouri, 2:  Texas, 1: 

Colorado.  I;  Connecticut,  1:  Kentucky,  2:  Massachu-setts.  I:  Minnesota.  1:  Missouri,  2:  North  Carolina.  2. 
Colorado.  I:  Indiana,  2;  Maine,  I:  Massachusetts.  1;  North  Carolina.  I:  Oregon,  I;  Texas,  1;  Washington,  1. 
Indiana,  3;  Maine,  l:  Massachusetts,  2;  Oregon.  1;  Vermont,  I. 


28 


MANUFACTURES. 


CAPITAL. 

Table  19  shows  the  number  of  active  and  idle  blast 
furnace  establishments  in  the  United  States  in  1880, 
1890,  1900,  and  1905,  and  the  capital  invested. 

Table  19. — Blastfurnaces — active  ami  idle  establishments — capital: 
18S0  to  1905. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber ol 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

CAPITAL. 

Total. 

Buildings, 
machinery, 

tools,  and 
implements. 

Land,  cash, 
and  sundries. 

TotaL 

19a5 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

285 
273 
377 
483 

> $262, 395, 742 

> 158, 352, 558 

1141.067,408 

103,920,245 

i      $153,591,099 
86,103,804 
75.931,198 
47,545,631 

$108,804,043 
72,248.754 
65,13li,210 
56.380,014 

Acthe 

191 
224 
304 
341 

74 
49 
73 
142 

239,5.59,194 
148,226,113 
134,608,543 
89,531,362 

22,836,548 
10,126,445 
6,458,865 
14,394,883 

136.900,688 
79,235,189 
71,2.36.048 
41,208,481 

16,631,011 
6.808,615 
4,095,160 
6,277,150 

102,  .598.  .500 

Idle 

68,990.924 
63,372.495 
48,262,881 

6,205.537 
3,257..S30 
1,703,715 
8,117,733 

■Includes  value  of  rented  property— 1905,  $4,105,283;  1900,  85,087,881;  1890, 
$5,061,058. 

The  decrease  in  the  luunber  of  all  establishments  in 
190.5  from  that  in  1900  was  8,  and  from  that  in  1890, 

T.^Bi.E  20.— BLAST    FUENACES— MATERIALS     USED,    BY 

INCREASE: 


112.  At  the  census  of  1905  there  were  74  idle  estab- 
lishments, a  relatively  larger  number  than  at  any 
census  since  1880,  but  the  idle  plants  were,  as  a  rule, 
minor  ones,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  though  they 
constituted  27.9  per  cent  of  all  establishments,  the 
capital  invested  in  them  formed  onlj^  8.7  per  cent  of 
the  total. 

The  increase  in  capital  is  very  large,  being  $104,- 
04.3,184  in  1905,  or  05.7  per  cent,  as  compared  with 
1900;  whereas  for  the  decade  1890  to  1900  the  in- 
crease was  .fl7, 285, 1.50,  or  12. .3  per  cent,  and  for  the 
period  1880  to  1890  the  increase  was  $37,141,163,  or 
35.7  per  cent. 

MATEKIALS    USED. 

Table  20  shows  in  detail  the  quantities  and  cost  of 
materials  consumed  by  blast  furnaces  for  each  census 
year  beginning  with  1880.  In  1900  and  1905  the  cost 
of  the  materials  as  reported  separately  by  items  does 
not  in  all  cases  include  freight.  Freight  not  included 
in  the  cost  of  materials,  as  reported  by  items,  is 
included  under  "all  other  materials."  In  1880  and 
1890  the  cost  reported  for  each  material  was  the  total 
cost  at  the  point  of  consumption. 

KIND,    QUANTITY,    AND    COST,    WITH     PER    CENT    OF 
1880  TO  1905. 


CENSUS. 

FEB  CENT  or  INCREASE. 

KIND. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1900 

to 

1905 

1890 

to 
19C0 

1880 

to 
1890 

Tons.      ;       Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost.   Ton.s. 

Cost. 

Total 

$178,967,449 

$131, .536, 424 

$110,098,615 

$58,619,742 

36.1 

19.5   

87.8 

Domestic  iron  ore 

Foreicn  Iron  ore,  in- 

cluaing   manganese 

ore 

29,212,287 

829,918 
8,327,221 

560,637 

801,640 

•19,739,676 
'37,796,739 

1,86.5,385 

96,210,908 

4.739,123 

6,892,071 

1,812,779 

1,340,997 

.57.127,027 
2,  .538, 452 

3,830,901 
4,474,531 

24,621,397 

754,383 
7,326,706 

886,564 

8.32,2.35 

'16,461,5.33 
'31,421,585 

1,600,313 

61.800,805 

4,107,449 
5,059,632 

2,297,4J9 

1,101,312 

.38,976,770 
1,846,201 

3,772,385 
12,574,451 

14,048,571 

973,  &50 
5,021,088 

l,79fl,a54 

491,971 

>  9,2.37,9.35 
'07,072,1.56 

1,145,599 

57,607,945 

5, 897.. 585 
4,196,878 

5,165,761 

759,522 

27,435,780 
4,.5'23,320 

3,086,808 
1,425,010 

0,479,182 

(') 
2,829,598 

2,334,984 

939,065 

'2. 12S,2.V, 
',53,909,828 

310,114 

33,205,278 

(') 
2,547,336 

8,012,7.55 

2,095,887 

8, 129, 240 
3,079,120 

910,067 
39,459 

18.6 

10.0 
13.7 

»36.8 

a3.7 

19.9 
20.3 

10.6 

55.7 

15.4 
36.2 

>21.1 

21.8 

46.6 
37.5 

1.6 
>64.4 

75.3 

»22.5 
45.9 

s.50.7 

09.2 

78.2 
«,53.fl 

39.7 

7.3 

«30.4 
20.6 

".5.5.5 

45.0 

42.1 
>59.2 

22.2 
782.4 

110.8 

'77.'5' 

>23.0 

a  47. 6 

.334. 1 
25.5 

262.4 

73.5 

Fluxing  materials 

Anthracite  coal   and 

04.8 

Bituminous  coal  and 

'03.8 

Coke 

Charcoal 

2.37.5 
22  9 

Hill  cinder  and  scrap, 
etc 

239  0 

All  iitliir  materials... 

3,511.4 

*  Domestic  and  foreifni  ore  were  not  reported  separately  In  1880. 

One-iialf  of  I  lie  foreign  ore  consuiiied  was  used  by 
Maryland  fiirnace.s,  46  per  cent  by  furnaces  in  Penn- 
.sylvania,  and  the  remainder  by  Illinois,  New  Jersey, 
Virginia,  and  Kentucky  furnaces.  Small  anioiinls 
only  were  rei)ori((|  for  tlie  last  2  state.s. 

In  addition  to  iron  ore  tliere  was  con.siiincd  1  ,.S()5,3.S5 
tons  of  mill  cinder,  .scni]),  .scale,  vie.  not  including  run- 
ner or  other  scrap  produced  by  the  furnaces  reporting. 
There  was  thus  a  total  of  31 ,907, .570  Ions  of  const  itiienl 
material,  an  increase  of  4,931, 477  tons  over  tlie  amount 
reported  for  1900,  or  18.3  per  cent.  I'roin  liiis  mate- 
rinl  there  was  made  in  1905,  16,628,294  tons  of  i)ig  iron, 
comi)aied  with  14,4.52,234  tons  of  ])ig  iron  made  from 


'Short  tons. 


'Bushels. 


2(i,97<),093  tons  of  like  material  in  1900;  8,845,185 
tons  of  pig  iron,  from  16,168,020  tons  of  material  in 
1S9();  and  3,375,<.l12  tons  of  ])ig  iron,  from  0,795,296 
tons  of  all  material  in  1880.  Tiie  ■|)ercentages  of  ])ig 
iron  extraction  from  iron  making  material  were — in 
1905,  52.1  i)(>r  cent;  in  lilOO,  53.(1  ])er  cent;  in  1.S90, 
51.7  per  cent  ;  and  in  l.SSd,   19.7  ])er  cent. 

In  IS9(l  Mr.  John  Uiikiiiliinc,  s))ccial  agent  in  charge 
of  Ihc  collection  of  iron  ore  statistics  for  the  Eleventli 
Census,  estimated  the  yield  of  metal  in  the  bhisl  fur- 
nace liiiiii  foreign  iron  ore,  mill  cinder,  rolling  mill 
scale,  zinc  residuum,  etc.,  at  about  57  |)er  cent,  and 
the  saiiK^  factor  was  used   hy   Mr,   VVilliam  ().  (iray, 


i]?ox  .\XD  sti:el. 


29 


expert  special  agent  for  tlie  Twelftli  Census,  in  com- 
])iiliii<i;  tlip  ))r<)(liict  derived  from  all  material  other  tlian 
ilomestir  ii'on  ore.  Folio\vin>z:  tlie  .same  line  ()f  dediic- 
lioii,  I  he  metal  yield  from  forci^^'u  ii'on  ore,  and  mill 
cinder,  .scrap,  .scale,  etc.,  is  estimatetl  for  19U5  as 
I ,"»:)('), 32.'^  (ons,  and  when  this  is  deducted  from  the 
total  ])itj:  iron  ])ro(liic(,  I  .").(1'.»1  ,',»7 1  tons  of  ])\'^  iron 
i-emain  us  the  ])r(>ducl  from  domestic  iron  ores,  or  an 
averaf;e  yield  of  melal-froin  dom(>stic  iron  ore  of  51.7 
per  cent,  com]iarcd  with  .5.'l'i  ]n'v  cent  for  1900,  54.4 
per  cent  for  IS'.IO.  and  .■i])|)ro,\imatel_\-  4,S.'.)  ])(>r  cent  for 
18S(). 


As  explained  in  the  report  of  the  Twelfth  Census  on 
pig  iron  ])roduction,  no  statistics  of  the  con.sumption 
of  foreign  iron  ore  by  blast  furnaces  in  ISKO  being  avail- 
al)le,  the  consuni|)t  ion  was  estimated  fr-om  the  imp(jrt.s. 

I'KOI)l(JT.S. 

The  production  of  jiig  iron  according  to  the  kind  of 
fuel  used,  and  the  ])ercentage  of  total  jiroduction  by 
fuels  for  each  census  year  since  and  including  ISSO  are 
shown  in  Table  21.  The  jjroduction  of  .spiegeleisen, 
fe  no  manganese,  and  din^ct  castings  is  included. 


Taui.k  21.— blast  furnaces— production  of  fig  IltON,  INCLUDING  DIRECT  CASTINGS,  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDINC  TO 

KIND  OF  FUEL  USED,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL :  1880  TO  1905. 


QUANTITY  (TONS). 

PER  CENT 

OF  TOTAL. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880  < 

1905         1»00 

1800 

1880 

Total '. 

16,628,294 

14,452,234 

8,845,185 

3,375,912 

100.0       100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

1.274.721 

14,909,029 

414.171 

30,373 

1,790.000 

12,253,818 

303,  .507 

45,857 

52.992 

1,090.394 

0,205,805 

593,  492 

295,434 

0.38.027 

1,354,958 

388. 1177 

994.250 

7.7  1      12.4 

89.GI      848 

2.5  i        2.1 

0.2  '        0.3 

0.4 

19.1 

70.8 

6.7 

3.4 

18.9 

10.1 

11.5 

29.5 

1 

'  Tho  4.220  tdiis  of  direct  castings  shown  in  tho  report  for  iilast  furnaces,  1880,  have  been  distributed  among  the  several  kinds  of  pig  iron;  hence  the  quantities  of 
pij  iron  do  not  agree  with  tlie  data  .^hnwn  in  the  report  for  the  Tenth  Census. 


The  production  of  pig  iron  with  mixed  antliracite 
coal  and  cok(>  for  fuel  is  less  than  it  was  in  1900  by 
521,279  tons,  and  the  (juantity  in  1900,  though  slightly 
greater  in  amount  than  the  1S!)0  ])roduct,  was  propor- 
tionately less  than  that  of  1890  and  1880.  The  great 
increase  continues  to  be  in  bituminous  fuel  pig  iron; 
that  is,  in  jiig  iron  made  with  coke  alone  or  with  mi.xed 
coke  and  bituminous  coal,  a  mixed  fuel  of  coke  and 
bituminous  coal  being  used  to  some  extent  in  Oliio 
and  Kentucky. 

The  increase  in  coke  and  bituminous  coal  pig  iron, 
chiefly  coke,  for  the  five-year  period  since  the  1900 
census  was  2,655,211  tons,  or  21.7  per  cent;  and  for 
the  decade  from  1890  to  1900  it  was  5,987,953  tons, 
or  95.6  per  cent. 

('harct)al  jjig  iron  shows  an  increase  of  110,604  tons. 


or  36.4  per  cent,  ovei-  1900,  and  it  <-onstitutes  a  slightly 
larger  per  cent  of  the  entire  {)roduct  than  it  did  in 
1900.  The  larger  part  of  the  increase  was  in  Michigan. 
In  1900  there  was  a  heavy  drop  in  the  production  of 
charcoal  pig  iron. 

Pig  iron  made  with  anthracite  coal  continues  to 
show  a  heavy  decline,  and  the  use  of  such  coal  in  the 
production  of  pig  iron  is  gradually  being  abandoned. 
No  ])ig  iron  made  with  mixed  chai'e()al  and  coke  fuel 
was  reported  at  this  census. 

Table  22  shows  in  detail  the  quantit)^  and  value  of 
the  pig  iron  made  in  the  United  States  in  18S0.  1890, 
1900,  and  1905,  according  to  the  kind  of  fuel  used,  the 
pig  iron  ])rodu(t  including  spiegeleisen,  ferromanga- 
nese,  antl  direct  castings. 


Table    22.— BLAST  FURNACES— QUANTITY   AND  VALUE   OF    PRODUCTS.   CLASSIFIED  At"CORmXG   TO   KIND  OF   FUEL 

USED,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE :  1880  TO  1905. 


CENSUS. 

1900  1 

PEE  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

KIND. 

190.^ 

1900 

1890 

1880' 

n  1»0.>      l!S90tol900    1880toI890 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons,  lvalue. 

1 

Aeerreeate. 

{231,889.126 

$206,823,202 

S145,643,l.'i3 

889,315,569 

>^ll 

42.0 

63.1 

Total  pig  iron 

16.628,294 

228,977,535 

14,452,234 

206,579.400 

8.845.185  1  145,612,983 

3,375,912 

88,204,010 

15.1 

ia8 

63.4 

41.9  i  162.0  i    65.1 

Mixed  anthracite  coal 
and  coke  pip  iron 

Coke  and  bituminous 
coal  pig  iron 

Charcoal  pig  iron 

Anthracite     coal     pig 

1.274.721 

14,909.029 
414,171 

30,373 

17,712,934 

203,814,049 
7,059,504 

391,048 

1,790,000 

12,253,818 
303,567 

45,857 

52,992 

26.006.003 

173.703.091 
5.338.739 

612,702 

798,865 

243,802 

1.890,394 

6,205.805 
593. 492 

293, 434 

28.195.996 

100.687,256 
11.957.710 

4,772,021 

638,027 

1.354.958 
388.677 

994,250 

16,027,291 

35.513.233 
12,488,744 

23,574,742 

•29.0 

21.7 
36.4 

'318 

>32.0 

17.3 
32.2 

S36.2 

6.2 

95.6 
=  48.9 

>84  5 

'7.6 

72.6 
S55.4 

»S7.2 

164  9 

.'!62.4 
52.7 

S7a3 

69.6 

183.5 
=  4.3 

'79.8 

Mixed     charcoal    and 

1 

2,911,591 

30,170 

■ 

1,111,559 

1.094.2 



708.1 

»97.3 



■ 

>  The  4.229  tons  of  direct  castings  .shown  in  the  report  for  blast  f.irn.icos  ISSO,  have  been  distributed  among  the  several  kinds  of  pig  iron;  hence  the  quantities  of 
pig  iron  do  not  agree  with  the  data  shown  in  the  report  for  the  Tenth  Census. 
3  Decrease. 


30 


MANI'FACTURES. 


The  spiegeleisen  product  for  the  census  year 
amounted  to  169,630  tons  (see  Table  24),  and  the 
ferromanganese,  to  58,018  tons  (the  latter  including 
a  small  amount  of  ferrophosphorus)— a  total  of 
227,648  tons,  valued  at  86,084,247,  or  an  average  of 
$26.73  per  ton.  In  1900  the  spiegeleisen  product 
was  163,672  tons  and  the  ferromanganese  51,878  tons, 
giving  a  total  of  215,550  tons,  wliich  was  valued  at 
85,871,955,  or  an  average  value  per  ton  of  S27.24. 
This  shows  for  the  five-year  period  an  increase  in  the 
spiegeleisen  product  of  3.6  per  cent,  in  ferroman- 
ganese 11.8  per  cent,  and  in  the  combined  product  an 
increase  of  5.6  per  cent  in  quantity-  and  of  3.6  per  cent 
in  value.  Of  the  spiegeleisen  and  ferromanganese 
product,  44,203  tons,  of  a  value  of  §881,307,  were 
made  with  mixed  anthi-acite  coal  and  coke  fuel,  and 
183.445  tons,  of  a  value  of  S5,202,940,  with  coke  or 
coke  and  bituminous  fuel.  Spiegeleisen  was  made  in 
(Colorado,  Illinois,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania,  and 
ferromanganese,  in  Pennsylvania.  The  ferrophos- 
phorus product  was  from  Tennessee. 

Direct  casting:^  were  produced  by  establishments 
located  in  Alabama.  Georgia,  Illinois,  New  York,' 
Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Tennessee,  to  the  amount  of 
9,469  tons,  valued  at  $131,700,  an  average  of  $13.91 
per  ton.  This  is  an  increase  of  32.9  per  cent  in 
quantity  and  50.2  per  cent  in  value  over  1900.  Pig 
iron  used  for  direct  castings  was  all  made  with  coke  or 
coke  and  bituminous  coal  for  fuel. 

Products  other  than  j)ig  iron  amounted  to  $2,911,591. 
Of  this  amount,  8338,941  was  reported  imder  the  head- 
ing of  "amoimt  received  for  custom  work  and  repair- 
ing," and  S2, 572, 050  for  Tuisccllaneous  products  under 
the  general  heading  "all  ol her  jjioducts,  including  cast- 
ings made  in  foundries,  granulated  slag,  cement  from 
furnace  slag,  slag  .sold  foi-  l)ailast,  etc."  In  1900  the 
value  of  these  miscellaneous  products  was  $99,940. 
The  increase  was  due  to  a  large  extent  to  the  utiliza- 
tion of  furnace  slag  in  the  manufacture  of  cement. 

Table  23  shows  the  pig  iron  product  by  tonnage, 
value,  and  average  value  i)er  ton,  for  1880,  1890,  1900, 
and  1905,  and  the  total  numb(>r  of  completed  furnaces 
for  all  establishments,  whether  active  or  iillc  fur  the 
same  years,  by  states.  Direct  castings,  spiegeleisen, 
feiTomanganese,  and  ferrosilicon  arc  included,  but  not 
the  value  of  mi.scellaneous  j)n)ducts  oi-  I  hi'  unioiint 
received  for  custf)ni  work  and  repairing. 

A.S  in  1900,  the  highest  average  values  per  ton  for 
pig  iron  are  rejjorted  for  ^hlssachusetts  and  C!oruiect- 
icut,  but  details  can  not  lie  given,  as  there  wa.s  but  1 
estubli.shnieiit  producing  pig  iron  in  the  former  state 
and  2  in  the  hitter.  The  j)roduct  of  luith  states  was 
charcoal  pig  iron.  Colorad(»  comes  next,  followed  by 
Michigan,  which  latter  slate  has  an  average  viilnc  jicr 
ton  of  $17.09.  Nine-tenths  of  the  pig  iron  pnxlnci  of 
Michigan  was  charcoal  jiig  iron. 


Table  23. — Blastfurnaces — quantity  and  value  of  all  kinds  of  pig 
iron,  with  average  value  per  ion,  by  states:  1880  to  1905. 


United  States 

.■Vlabama 

Connecticut  i 

Gcnrgia 

Illinois 


Kentucicy ' . 
Maryland  2. 

Michigan. .. 


Census. 


Missouri  1. . 
New  Jersev- 


Pcnnsvlvania. 


Tennessee . 


Tcxa-s » . . 
Vlrginiu . 


Woj^I  \'irKini]i '. 
Wisconsin 


.\I1  itlKT  Htates. 


190.') 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1S90 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1900 
1880 

19ft5 
1900 
1890 
1880 

ISSW 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

<  1905 

(  '  1900 

•1890 

'  1880 


Num- 
ber of 
com- 
pleted 
fur- 
naces. 


435 
399 
559 
681 


22 

7 
14 
22 

11 
13 
26 
27 

8 
17 

13 
U 
18 
20 

22 
19 
37 
57 

65 
53 
71 
103 

157 
148 
221 
269 

22 
19 
19 
21 

4 
1 

28 
26 
31 
31 


Tons. 


16,628,294 
14.452,2.S4 
8,845,185 
3,375,912 


$228,977,535 
206,579,400 
145,612.983 
88,204,010 


1.471,378 
1,203,277 
817,508  I 
65,657  1 

19,871 
16,767 

74,504 
21,505 
25,099 
20,624 

1,680,610 

1,469,530 

666,676 

85,239 

39,534 
51,882 

241,172 
86,282 
53,271 

270,933 
141, .377 
203,417 
106, 774 

90,.2a') 
84,806 

262,308 
150,002 
129,  ,100 
140,548 

609,  ,588 
334,512 
307, 446 
279,793 

2,987,787 

2,5.19,694 

1,203,142 

489,921 

7, 729, 278 
6, 778,  .184 
4,345,986 
1,723,492 

301,624 

374,249 

264, 187 

42,744 

9,789 
1,250 

279, 103 

428,117 

278, S99 

15,988 

115,508 
71,473 

189,141 
217,451 
192.092 
105,009 

790,040 

.122,975 

.19,833 

30,014 


16, 614,. 177 

13,487,769 

10,315.691 

1,402,1.16 

.174,4.38 
644,911 

il04,950 
.386,271 
339, 422 
457,490 

25,. 108, 271 
15,033,696 
10.136.960 
2,391,8.10 

665,763 
1,240,152 

3,0fi0,870 
1,632.004 
1,668,164 

4,630,183 
2,327.153 
3,9.82,278 
3,123,245 

l,716,9.s;i 
2, 19(i.7SO 

3,600,144 
2,521,066 
2, 228, 724 
3,410,663 

8,411,946 
5. 042,  ,150 
5,182,606 
6,697.349 

40,705.777 
40. 308. 7.1s 
19,800,203 
12,908,286 

107,  ,395, 757 
101,, 1.15, 787 
75,212,7.18 
44,940,028 

3,426,932 

4,893.215 

3,366,464 

,S24,932 

172.468 
36,  WO 

3.,3.)3,273 

6,. 105, 218 

3,925,481 

429,695 

2,IX)9,,105 
1,824.296 

2,761,107 
2,899,912 
3,114..S92 
3,293,635 

11,684,618 

8,  .184, 687 

1,408,811 

914,378 


Average 

value 
per  ton. 


$13. 77 
14.29 
16.46 
26.13 


11.29 
11.21 
12.62 
2,1.19 

28.91 
38,46 

12.15 
17.96 
13.52 
22.18 

15.36 
10.23 
15.  21 
28.06 

16.84 
23.90 

12.69 
18.91 
31.31 

17.09 
16.46 
19.58 
29.25 

19.03 
25.89 

13.72 
16.81 
17.21 
24.27 

13.80 
15. 07 
16.86 
23.94 

13.62 
15.75 
16.46 
26.35 

13.89 
14.98 
17.31 
26.08 

11.29 
12.54 
12.74 
19.30 

17.82 
28.80 

11.94 

1.1. 19 
14.07 
26.88 

17.  10 
22.73 

14.60 
13.34 
16.22 
31.19 

14.70 
10.42 
23.  ,15 
.30. 40 


'  Incliiiled  In  '(ill  otiior  states"  In  1900  and  1905. 
'  Inciiiiled  in  "all  otiicr  statoa"  in  1905. 
MiicliKJed  in  "nil  oilier  sImIcn"  Im  I.SWIiind  190,1. 


*  JlK'llKli'H   stiltrs  lis   follows;    Cojonidci 

MaHHiichuNrtlf^.  Mliim'srilii.  MisNoun.  Ti-xhm 

^Incluilrs  slJlIi'H  ;iM    follows:    Ccloni'lo 

Hct.lH.  MiniM'.Holji.  Mlsffoitri.  .N'orlh  CnroIiiiM, 

"  IlicllldPH  Ktiili'.H  as  follows'  Coloriulo,  1 
Cnrollrid.  Oregon,  Texas,  WitshlnKlon. 

MiicltldCH  states  as  follows;    Indiana,  Maine,  Miissaelill.si't  I 
inoiit. 


Conrieellciit.   Ivonliiekv,  Mii 

Wi'Sl,  Vlrpnlii. 

Cotimi'Ilcitl .   Kenlupkv,  Mn 

VVi'sl  Vli-Klnlii 

diiiiiu.  Mallii'.  MasHaclnisol  Is, 


Orep 


rylt 

lid. 

NSIK 

hu- 

, Nc 

rt  h 

.11,  \ 

'it- 

IRON  ANT)  S'l  1:1^1.. 


31 


In  1900  the  hifjliost  vahio  r('])(irt('(l  for  ]ng  iron  tliat 
could  1)('  ^ivcii  in  (ictail  was  for  (icorjiiia,  $17.!)6  per 
ton,  and  most  of  tiic  product  was  made  with  charcoal 
fuel;  but  at  this  census  the  averafje  value  for  that 
state  is  $12.15  per  ton,  and  jiearly  00  per  cent  of  the 
product  of  the  state  is  made  with  mineral  fuel.  Ala- 
bama and  '^rennossee  show  the  lowest  average  value 
per  ton,  .111.29,  this  being  a  slight  advaiu^e  for  Ala- 
bama over  the  average  reported  in  1900,  wliidi  was 
$11.21,  and  a  decline  for  Tennessee  of  $1.25  ])er  ton 
from  the  average  of  1900.  Pennsylvania  shows  an 
average  value  of  $13.89  per  ton,  as  against  $14.98  for 
19(1(1;  antl  Oiiio,  Si:i.()2  per  ton,  as  against  $15.75  for 
1900. 

Illinois  shows  a  large  advance  in  the  average  value 
per  ton  since  1900,  but  the  average  for  1900  is  so  out 
of  balance  with  the  other  states  that  the  figures  are 
open  to  question. 

The  average  value  for  the  country  at  large  was  $13.77 
in  1905,  $14.29  in  1900,  $10.40  in  1890,  and  $20.13  in 
1880.  The  states  showing  an  average  value  in  1905 
below  the  general  average  for  the  United  States  are 
New  Jersey,  West  Virginia,  Ohio,  Minnesota,  Georgia, 
Virginia,  Tennessee,  and  Alabama;  and  the  states 
ranging   al)ove   the  general   average   are   New   York, 


Mi.ssouri,  Penn.sylvania,  Maryland,  Texas,  Wisconsin, 
Illinois,  Colorado,  Kentucky.  Michigan,  Connecticut, 
and  Massachusetts. 

Table  24  .shows  the  ])roduction  of  j)ig  iron  l)y  grades 
and  by  states  for  1900  and  1905.  Statisti(!S  by  grades 
were  not  taken  ])ii<)i-  to  1900.  Low-phosphorus  pig 
iron  is  below  0.04  per  cent  in  phosphorus  and  Besse- 
mer pig  iron  contains  from  0.04  to  0.10  per  cent.  In 
1900  both  grades  were  included  under  Bessemer. 

Statistics  relating  to  mallea))le  Bessemer  pig  iron 
were  not  reported  separately  in  1900.  At  that  census 
the  i)roducers  of  malleable  Bessemer  in  some  cases 
reported  it  in  the  Bessemer  class,  in  other  cases  as 
foundry,  and  in  other  cases  in  the  class  of  white  and 
mottled  and  miscellaneous  grades. 

Mnllcal)le  Bessemer  pig  iron  as  a  classified  grade 
first  appears  in  the  reports  of  the  American  Iron  and 
Steel  Association  for  the  calendar  year  1!)00,  the 
amount  reported  being  173,413  tons.  Jin  increase  to 
250,532  tons  was  shown  in  1901  and  to  311,458  tons  in 
1902.  The  rate  of  growth  indicates  that  the  produc- 
tion for  the  calendar  year  covered  by  the  census  of 
1900  was  something  less  than  125,000  tons.  Malleable 
Bessemer,  so  called,  is  a  Bessemer  pig  iron  low  in  sili- 
con, and  is  used  for  casting  purposes. 


32 


MANUFACTURES. 


Tabi-e  24.— blast   FURNACES— QUANTITY    OF   PICx    IRON.    BY   GRADES.    WITH    NUMBER    OF    ESTABLISHMENTS 

REPORTING,  BY  STATES:  1905  AND  1900. 


Census. 

1 

Total  pro- 
duction 
(tons). 

1 

BESSEMER. 

LOW-PHOSPHORUS. 

M,\LLE.\BLE   BES- 
SEMER. 

B.KSIC. 

FOUNDRY. 

STATE. 

i 

1  Number 
\  of  estab- 
lishments 
report- 
ing. 

Tons. 

Number 

of  estal)- 

lishments       Tons. 
'   report- 
ing. 

,  Number 
of  estab- 

lUshments       Tons, 
report- 
ing. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lishments 
report- 
ing. 

Tons. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lishments 
report- 
ing. 

Tons. 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1903 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1903 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1900 

1905 
1900 

1903 
1900 

19a5 
1900 

i9a5 

1900 

loai 

1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
J900 

16,628,294 
14,452,234 

65 
86 

8.894,584 
8,475,530 

10 

192,795 
('  ) 

23 

316,964 

(>; 

32 

27 

2,5.53.940 
937,439 

128 
1.54 

3, 679, 243 

3,514,743 

« 

1,471,378 
1,203,277 

119,874 
112,843 

12,753 
10,457 

74,504 
21,505 

1,660.610 
1,469.530 

32, 432 
126,566 

293. 481 
241, 172 

3.514 
3,030 

270,933 
111,377 

20,769 
29,269 

33,481 
40,975 

262,308 
150,002 

609,588 
334,512 

11,543 

2,987,787 
2,559,694 

7,729,278 
6,778,584 

303,624 
374,249 

4,669 
9,789 

279, 103 

428,117 

269, 067 
188,292 

189,141 
217,451 

1 

1 

3 

2 

30O,?S4 
89, 746 

18 
19 

1,026,969 

1 

883,208 

1 
1 

112,318 
109,443 

CoDnecticut 

2 
1 

4 
3 

1 
2 

12, 7.53 

10.457 

Georgia     .                          

57, 077 

18, 870 

3 
3 

1,424,0.30 
1,320,287 

1 

31,588 

1 

52,658 

IflS.  S35 

94.00S 

1 

1 
1 

21,825 

292,642 
218,691 

1 

560 

2 

1 
2 

1 

1 

11 
7 

73, 407 

Maryland 

839 

6,056 

Massachusetts 

• 

3,514 

3,030 

2 

3,520 

1 

5,787 

261 , 626 

130.741 

1, 

1 

2,070 
22,070 

1 

18,699 

1 

2 
2 

2 

20 

24.082 
13,041 

112,635 

1 

1 
2 

4 
4 

4 
9 

1 

18 
20 

37 
45 

12 
13 

1 
3 

9 

14 

6,879 

Missouri 

9,399 

25,881 

New  .Tersey 

1 

984 

102,339 
61,840 

2 
3 

2.5,575 
225,414 

New  York 

1 

26,851 

2' 

34,848 

1 

4,669 

275, 104 

291,993 

North  Carolioa  ^ 

1 

23 
28 

28 
41 

1,846 

2,120,643 
1,862,136 

4,457,613 
4,617,969 

7,789 

Ohio 

12 

127,  .330 

4 
4 

17 
13 

206,458 
93,700 

1,827,121 
666,589 

441.227 

305,004 

Pennsylvania.--  . 

8 

139,763 

4 

12,497 

796,740 
856, 472 

1 

26,181 

247,368 

287,655 

1 

ii,648 

1 

802 

Texas 

3,933 
6,191 

Virginia 

2 
3 

25,  .533 
72,981 

219,322 

) 

304, 466 

West  Virginia 

2 
3 

3 

219.023 
188,292 

37,311 
75,748 

1 

50,044 

2 

35,187 

4 

5 

115,198 

135, 796 

1  Not  reported  separately  In  1900. 


>  No  production  in  1906. 


IRON  AND  ST1':I':L. 


33 


Tablis  ;i4.— BLA8T  FURNACES— QUANTITY    OF    PKi    IRON,    ]iY    GRADES,    WITH    NUMRER    OF    ESTABLISHMENTS 

REPOUTING.  BY  STATKS:   190.5  AND  lOOO^Conliimed. 


Census. 

roRGE. 

white  and  m(1t- 
t[,k»  and    mis- 
i:ellaneous 

GRADES. 

FERRO.Sll.ICKN. 

i 

SPIECELEI.SEN. 

1 
FERROMANCANE8E.  11    DIRECT  CASTINGS. 

■STATE. 

Nuniher 
of  ostah- 
lishments 
report- 
ing. 

Tons. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lishments 
rejjort- 
ing. 

Tons. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lishments 
report- 
ing. 

Tons. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lishments 
report- 
ing. 

Tons. 

Number 
of  eslal>- 
lishments 
report- 
ing. 

Tons. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lishments 
report- 
ing. 

Tons. 

United  States. . 

1905 
1900 

liXIS 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
19011 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

19ft5 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
J900 

1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

65 
102 

601,956 
1,0.57,616 

55 
99 

99,084 
208, 323 

3 

7 

52,611 
35,910 

9 
11 

169,630 
163,672 

4 
3 

58,018 
51,878 

18 
24 

9,469 
7,123 

15 

15 

11.5,4.55 

171,298 

16 

)4 

27,838 
.56,  .501 

1 
7 

332 

2,464 

Coloraiio 

1 
1 

7,5.56 
3,400 



Georpiii 

1 

1 

1 
1 

8, 608 
1,593 

1,411 
7,  .500 

1 
1 

8,  7(H) 
1,042 

1 

59 

■ 

Illinois               ..            .       ..  , 

1 
1 

44,408 
47,688 

1 
1 

680 

47 

Kentuclcy 

1 

1 

32, 432 
6,700 

1 

20,218 

2 

3,856 

Maryland 

1 

1 

1,400 

1 

400 

1 

15,625 

I 

Michigan 

1 

4,636 

1 

300 

Missouri 

1 

3 

4 

3 
4 

1 

.     8 
17 

23 
35 

7 
8 

1 
1 

3 

11 

2,000 

32,831 
34,634 

34,403 
38,699 

1,439 

66,729 
246,487 

313,301 
446,328 

21,957 
.54, 182 

279 
42 

3,922 
28,661 

1 

3 
5 

2 
5 

1 

5 
9 

16 
32 

6 
9 

1 
2 

4 
12 

43 

2,277 
6,079 

7,989 
3,416 

469 

3,777 
33,347 

12,121 
50,077 

4,154 
19,962 

457 
3,556 

30,326 
21,807 

1 

10 

New  Jersey 

1 
2 

11,242 
21,824 

i 

1 

50 

310 

1 

404 

Nortii  Carolina  1 

Ohio 

1 
4 

1 
2 

16,494 
19,020 

3,685 
10,190 

5 

5,129 

Pennsylvania                 

6 
6 

106,424 
2  7.5,135 

3 
2 

1 

57  072                    ft 

2,941 
4,350 

18 

Tennessee 

51,474 
>946 

12 
1 

Texas 

Virginia 

2 

202 

West  Virginia 

1 
3 

1,445 
2,772 

1 

3,135 

1 

1  No  production  in  1905. 


'  Includes  355  tons  of  silico-spi^el. 


•  Ferrophosphorus. 


34 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  percentage  wliich  each  grade  formed  of  the 
total  in  1900  and  1905  is  sho^vn  by  the  followmg 
statement : 


I 


PER  CENT  OF 

TOTAL  PIG 
IRON  PRODUC- 
TION. 


1905   I   1900 


Besa?Tner 

Low-phosphorus 

Malleable  Bessemer 

Basic - 

Foundry 

Forge 

M  hite  and  mottled,  and  miscellaneous  grades 

Ferrosilicon 

Spiegeleisen 

Ferromanganese 

Direct  castings 


sas 

1.2 

1.9 

IS.  4 

22.1 

ae 

0.6 
0.3 
1.0 
0.3 
0.1 


6.5 
2i3 
7.3 
1.4 
02 
1.1 
0.4 
0.1 


Bessemer  and  low-phosphorus  combined  constituted 
54.7  per  cent  of  the  total  pig  iron  production  of  1905, 
as  comparetl  with  58.6  per  cent  of  1900,  when  low- 
phosphorus  was  reported  under  Bessemer.  The  com- 
bined product  was  9,087,379  tons,  an  increase  of 
611,849  tons  over  1900,  or  7.2  per  cent. 

Basic  pig  iron  sho^vs  the  heavy'  increase  of  172.4 
per  c*nt.  Its  proportion  of  the  total  pig  iron  ]iro(l- 
uct  increased  from  6.5  per  cent  in  1900  to  15.4  jjer  cent 
in  1905. 

Foundry,  forge,  and  the  white  and  mottled  and 
mi.scellaneou.'i  gratles  form  smaller  pro^iortions  of  the 
total  production  than  in  1900;  in  quantity,  foimdry 
pig  iron  has  increased  but  164,500  tons,  or  4.7  per 
cent,  while  the  amount  of  forge  pig  iron  is  455,660 
tons  less  than  in  1900,  or  a  decrease  of  43.1  per  cent, 
and  the  white  and  mottled  and  miscellaneous  grades 
show  a  (iecrea.se  of  109,239  tons,  or  52.4  per  cent. 
Ferrosiliccjn  shows  an  increase  of  46.5  j)er  cent; 
spiegelei.sen,  3.6  per  cent;  ferromanganese,  11.8  per 
cent;  and  direct  castings,  32.9  per  cent. 

Iron  for  steel  making — comprising  Bessemer,  low- 
phosphorus,  basic,  ferrosilicon,  spiegeleisen,  and  ferro- 
manganese— aggregated  11,921,578  tons,  an  increase 
of  2,257,149  tons,  or  23.4  per  cent  over  the  piixhiction 
of  like  grades  in  1900;  wliili'  ii-mi  feu-  use  in  puddling 
funiaces,  namely,  forge,  and  white  and  niotlied  iron, 
aggregated  701,040  tons,  a  decrea.se  of  44. (i  per  cent. 
In  1900  pig  iron  for  steel  making  was  a  little  over 
.s<'ven  limes  that  made  for  u.se  in  puddling  fMninces. 
and  now  it  is  .seventeen  times  in  <|uantity. 


Pennsylvania  produced  one-half  of  the  Bessemer 
(50.1  per  cent);  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  low-phos- 
phorus (72.5  per  cent);  nearly  three-fourths  of  the 
basic  (71.5  per  cent);  over  one-fifth  of  the  foundry 
(21.7  per  cent);  more  than  one-half  of  the  forge 
(52  per  cent) ;  over  three-fifths  of  the  spiegeleisen 
(62.7  per  cent);  all  of  the  ferromanganese ;  nearly  one- 
third  of  the  direct  castings  (31.1  per  cent);  and  rela- 
tively small  amounts  of  the  remaming  grades — 
namely,  malleable  Bessemer,  3  9  per  cent;  white  and 
mottled,  and  miscellaneous  grades,  12.2  per  cent;  and 
ferrosilicon,  7  per  cent. 
^  Ohio,  which  was  second  in  total  products,  was 
second  in  the  production  of  Bessemer  pig  iron  (23.8 
per  cent)  and  first  in  malleable  Bessemer  (40.2  per 
cent)  and  in  direct  castings  (54.2  per  cent).  In  basic 
pig  iron  Ohio,  keeping  pace  ^vith  the  large  general 
growth  of  tiiis  grade,  has  increased  from  93,700  tons 
in  1900  to  206,458  in  1905,  or  120.3  per  cent,  but  is 
now  exceeded  in  basic  iron  product  by  Alabama  as 
well  as  Pennsylvania,  and  hence  ranks  third.  In 
direct  castings  Ohio  ranks  first,  with  54.2  per  cent, 
and  in  ferrosilicon  second,  with  31.4  per  cent.  More 
than  one-half  of  the  ferrosilicon  product  is  reportetl 
from  Kentucky.  Illinois,  as  in  1900,  is  the  third  in 
the  proiluction  of  Bessemer  pig  (16  per  cent)  and 
second  in  spiegeleisen  (26.2  per  cent).  Alabama  did 
not  produce  any  Bessemer,  but  is  first  in  foundry 
iron  (27.9  per  cent)  and  second  in  basic  (11.8  per 
cent)  and  in  forge  (19.2  per  cent).  The  mcrease  in 
basic  pig  iron  in  Alabama  over  its  1900  production, 
235.2  per  cent,  is  relatively  the  largest  for  any  state 
that  produced  basic  pig  iron  in  1900.  Eleven  states 
produced  Bessemer  and  low-phosphorus  pig  iron  in 
1905  and  12  in  1900;  Kentucky,  New  Jersey,  and 
North  Carolina  reporting  Bes.semer  pig  in  1900  but 
none  in  1905,  and  Michigan  and  New  York  reporting 
Bessemer  in  1905  but  not  in  1900.  Basic  pig  iron 
was  made  in  8  states ;  malleable  Bessemer,  in  9 ;  found ry 
pig, in  16;  forge  pig,  in  10:  white  and  mottled  and  mis- 
cellaneous grades,  in  10;  spiegeleisen,  in  4;  ferroman- 
ganese and  ferro])lu)s])horus  each,  in  1  ;  ferrosilicon, 
in  •'!;  and  direct  castings  were  made  in  7  states. 

Tile  production  of  direct  castings  and  spiegelei.sen 
and  ferromanganese,  by  kind  of  fuel  used,  is  shown  in 
Table  25. 


IRON  AND  8TEEL. 


35 


Table  25.  — BLAST  FURNACES  — QUANTITY  AND  VALUE  OF    DIRECT  CASTINGS,  AND   SPIEGET,EISEN  AND  FEKIJO- 
MANGANESE,  CLASSIEIED  ACCORDING  TO  KIND  OF  FUEL  USKD:  1905  AND  1900. 


Cen- 
sus. 

190.-) 
IM) 

1905 
1900 

190.1 
1900 

1905 
1900 

TUTAL. 

DIRECT  CASTINGS. 

SPIEOELEISEN    \     l> 
FEBROHANOAM     J 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Vflluc. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Total 

12.37,117 
222,673 

«6, 215, 947 
5,».W.617 

9,  469 
7, 123 

$131. 7C0 
87,062 

1227,648       $6,084,247 
215.  .5.50         .■).  871,9.55 

44,203 
44.293 

192.914 
178. 370 

10 

8S1..307 
953.  489 

.i..3.34.(;40 
5,00(1,007 

1,080 

9,469 
6,033 

(') 
10 

44.203  j          881,307 
43,213  '          9:12.6.59 

183  445         5  202  940 

20.830 

131.700 
66.711 

172,  .3.37         4,939,296 

121  1 

121 

'  Includes  940  tons  of  fcrrophosphorus. 

Tlic  iii;ijor  p;irt  of  tlic  |)ii;'  iron  pimluct  \va.^  iiuidc  tiy 
estiihli.sliiiHMits  tuint  rolling;'  st(M'l  works  atid  rolliiiii-  mills 
<an(i  for  coii.suinptioii  therein.  Of  the  191  aetive  blast 
furnace  estalili.shinents,  th(n-e  were  52,  or  27.2  per  cent, 
which  reported  production  of  pig-  iron  for  consumption 
in  .steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  foundries,  etc.,  con- 
trolled by  the  rejiorting-  company.     The  pig  iron  prod- 


'  None  reported. 

net  of  these  e.stablishments  ainomited  to  10,909,871 
ton.s,  of  which  9,926,54.5  tons  (valued  at  Sl.3S,867,586), 
or  59.7  per  cent  of  the  total  tonnage  produced  by  all 
establishments,  was  for  consumption  in  steel  works 
and  rolling  mills  undei'  the  control  of  the  same  company. 
The  following  tabular  statement  shows  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  pig  iron  tonnage;: 


Pig  iron  production,  distributed  hy  classes  of  establishments  and  by  states:  1906 


PIG  IRON  PRODPCTION. 

Total. 

By  companies  rontrolling  steel  works,  rolling 
mills,  foundries,  etc. 

By  nil  other  com- 
panies. 

ST-iTK. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Tons. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

For  con- 
sumption in 
establish- 

T"t«"ons.    -;;,'--oT 

producing 

company 

(tons). 

For  sale 
(tonsj. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

For  sale 

(tons). 

Total 

191 

16,628,294 

52 

10,909.371 

9, 926,  MS 

982,826 

139 

6,718,923 

Ohio 

33 

65 
93 

2,987,787 
7,729,278 
5,911,229 

12 

26 
14 

1,944,524           1,751,730 
6,326,215          5,  .573, 898 
2,638,632          2  600  917 

192, 794 

752,317 

37,715 

21 
39 
79 

1,043,263 
1,403,063 
3.272,597 

Pennsylvania 

All  other  states.  . 

The  quantity  of  pig  iron  consumed  by  the  steel  works 
and  rolling  mills  was  12,191,228  tons.  Hence  the  pig 
iron  consumed  bj'  companies  operating  steel  works  and 
rolling  mills  and  producing  their  own  pig  iron  consti- 
tuted 81.4  per  cent  of  the  total  pig  iron  so  consumed 
and  only  2,264,683  tons,  or  less  than  one-lifth.  of  the 
pig  iron  consumed  by  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  was 
by  companies  not  operating  blast  furnaces.  The  dis- 
tribution of  the  pig  iron  product  can  be  summarized  as 
follows: 


Total  production 

Consumption  by  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 

Protluetioir  for  consumption  in  establishments  controlied  by 

pri  uluci  ng  com  pan  y ". 

Purchaseti  from  independent  establishments 

Balance  available  for  foundries,  other  industries,  etc 


16,628,294 


12,191,228 


9,926,545 
2,264,683 


4,437,066 


Along  with    the  development  of   the  Bessemer  and 
open-hearth  steel  processes  there  has  resulted  the  prac- 


tice of  retaining  the  blast  furnace  metal  in  molten  con- 
dition. For  .some  years  it  has  been  the  prtictice  to  pour 
the  molten  blast  metal  for  u.se  in  steel  manufacture  into 
a  large  vessel  known  as  a  mixer  or  receiver.  By  thus 
mi.xing  the  tappings  from  several  blast  furnaces,  the 
high  silicon  or  sulphur,  for  example,  in  the  metjil  from 
one  furnace  is  compen.sated  for  bj'  low  silicon  or  sul- 
phur in  the  iron  from  another,  and.  along  with  a  certain 
amount  of  purification  due  to  chemical  action,  produces 
a  metal  of  uniform  composition.  Mixers  capable  of 
holding  600  tons  or  more  of  metal  are  now  in  use.  Thev 
are  properly,  howev(>r,  an  adjunct  of  the  steel  plant  and 
not  of  the  bla.st  furnace.  The  charges  of  metal  are 
generally  transported  in  large  truck  ladles  from  the 
blast  furnace  to  the  mixer,  and  often  for  considerable 
distances,  without  any  material  loss  of  heat. 

tasting  machines  have  also  been  extensively  intro- 
duced and  to  a  small  extent  the  practice  of  chill  ca.sting 
or  casting  on  an  iron  floor. 

The  following  tabular  statement  shows  the  quantities 
of  metal  handled  bv  the  several  methods,  bv  states: 


36 


MANUFACTURES. 

QiMTitity  of  metal,  classified  according  to  method  of  handling,  hy  states:  1905. 


*  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 
EQUIPMENT    AND    PRODUCTIOX. 


Table  26  shows,  by  states,  ranked  according  to  pro- 
duction at  the  census  of  1905,  the  total  number  of 
active  and  idle  furnaces  for  1880,  1890,  1900,  and  1905, 


\\4th  the  production  and  the  per  cent  of  the  total  pro- 
duction. 


Table    26.— BLAST   FURNACES— NUMBER   OF    ACTIVE    AND    IDLE    FURNACES   AND   PRODUCTION   OF   PIG   IRON, 
WITH  PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL,  BY  STATES,  RANKED  ACCORDING  TO  QUANTITY  OF  PRODUCT  :  1880  TO  1905. 


ST.ITE. 

Cen- 
sus. 

Com- 
pleted 
fur- 
naces. 

PRODUCTION-  OF  I'lG 
IRON. 

Ranlc. 

STATE. 

Cen- 
sus. 

Com- 
pleted 
fur- 
naces. 

PKODUCTION  OF  PIG 
IKON. 

Rank. 

Tons. 

Percent 
of  total. 

Tons. 

Percent 
of  total. 

United  States 

1905 
laOO 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1S80 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1906 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1906 
lUTKI 
1800 
1880 

1906 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1005 
1000 
1880 
1880 

I90S 
1900 
1800 
1880 

435 
399 
559 
681 

116,628,294 
114,452,234 
18.845,185 
13.375,912 

100.0 
lOO.O 
100.0 
100.0 

1905 
19(K) 
1S90 

1905 
1900 
1.S90 
1880 

1905 
HKXI 
1S90 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1S80 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1005 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
18S0 

1906 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1890 
1880 

1890 
1S80 

1880 

1880 

5 
2 
2 

4 
5 
5 
10 

2 
2 
8 

17 

8 

6 

6 

22 

1 
1 
1 

1 

3 
5 
9 

8 

4 
4 
3 
1 

2 
3 
4 
6 

2 
2 

1 
7 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

2 
4 

1 
1 
2 

119,874 
112.843 
11.502 

74,  .'504 
21,505 
25,099 
20,024 

33,  481 
40.075 
90.205 
84,806 

32,  432 
120,  500 
39,534 
51,8,S2 

20, 700 
29,209 

0.7 
0.8 
0.1 

0.4 
0.1 
0.3 
0.6 

0.2 
0.3 
1.0 
2.6 

0.2 
0.9 
0.5 
1.5 

0.1 
,     0.2 

13 

14 
18 

14 
17 
15 
14 

15 

P^^nnpylvania 

157 
148 
221 
269 

65 

S3 

71 

103 

?i 
15 
10 

49 
45 
48 
15 

22 
19 
37 
57 

22 
19 
19 
21 

« 

7 

14 

22 

26 
20 
31 
31 

11 
13 
2« 
27 

4 

3 

11 

13 
11 
IB 
20 

6 
G 

in 

1 1 

7,729.278 
6,778,584 
4.345.986 
1,723,492 

2,987,787 

2,559.694 

1,203,142 

489,921 

1.660.610 

1,469,530 

IHH).  676 

85,239 

1,471.378 

1.203.277 

817.508 

65,057 

009,588 
334.512 
307,446 
279, 793 

.303.024 

374,249 

264. 187 

42,744 

293,481 

241,172 

86,282 

.13,271 

279,103 

428.117 

278,899 

16,988 

270,(1.13 
141,. 377 
20.3,417 
106,774 

269,067 
188,292 
116..'jfl8 
71.473 

2fa.:m 

160,002 
129.  600 
140,648 

189.141 
217.461 
192,092 
106,009 

46.5 
46.9 
49.1 
51.1 

18.0 
17.7 
13.6 
14.5 

10.0 
10.2 
7.5 
2.5 

8.9 
8.3 
9.2 
1.6 

3.7 
2.3 
3.6 
8.3 

1.8 
2.6 
3.0 
1.3 

1.8 
1.7 
1.0 
1.0 

1.7 
2.9 
3.2 
0.5 

1.6 
1.0 
2.3 
3.2 

1.0 
1.3 
1.3 
2.1 

1.6 
1.0 
1.6 
4.2 

1.1 
1.6 
2.2 
3.1 

] 
1 
1 

1 

2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
4 

7 

4 

4 

3 

10 

6 
7 
5 
3 

6 
6 
7 
13 

7 
8 
13 
11 

S 
S 
C 

17 

9 
12 
8 
6 

10 
10 
11 
9 

11 

11 

10 

4 

12 
9 
9 
6 

Mi.ssouri 

Ohio 

15 

• 

12 
S 

16 

IlUnols 

MiniK'sota 

13 

14 
12 

17 

Alabama 

16 

12,753 
10,457 
19,871 
10,707 

4.009 
«.  789 
7,991 
1.250 

3.514 
3,030 
7,482 
8,521 

0.1 
0.1 
0.2 
0.5 

0.1 
0.1 

(") 

(>) 
i}) 

0.1 
0.2 

New  York 

Texas 

19 
10 
15 

19 

Tennesaee 

20 
19 
21 

Maryland 

North  Ciiriillna 

21 
21 
18 

Virginia 

Oregon 

11,. 143 
3,016 

6.  i 

18 
24 

Mlchlffiin 

7,510 
2,867 

0.1 
0.1 

20 
19 

Wert  Virginia 

1  ndiiina 

4,274 

14,696 
16.283 

3,.t03 
1,799 

654 

0.2 

0.5 

(') 
0.1 

(») 

22 
17 

Npw  .loMpy , 

Maine 

10 

23 

Vermont 

20 
22 

WlKoniln 

Utah 

'  Inclndca  cartlngi  made  dirmt  from  (urn»<.'< 


I'lllowpi:  ino.',.  9.400  InnH;  lOOfl,  7,123  ton«;  1800,  6,417  tons;  1880,  3,776  tona. 


'  I.OHH  than  ono-ti'nlh  nf  1  pr>r  (M>nt. 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


37 


Diiritifi  the  t.w(Mltv-fiv(^  years  covered  by  the  sta- 
tistics th(^  ])n)(ltic(i()ii  inciciiscd  from  3,.'57r),i)12  tons  to 
16,628,294  tons,  wiiile  Ihc  iiuiiihcr  of  furnaces  de- 
creased from  681  to  435  (iuriii}^  tlic  ])cri(>d,  a  loss  of 
246,  or  36. 1  per  cent.  Tliis  condition  is  liie  result  of 
an  iiicreiiscMU  the  capacity  of  the  stacks,  for  in  1880 
the  averay;e  daily  capacity  ])er  stack  was  2.5  tons;  in 
1890,  68  tons;  in  1900,  147  tons;  «nd  in  1905,  201  tons. 

There  has  been  an  increase  of  .36  stacks  since  1900 — 12 
in  Ohio;  9  in  Pennsylvania;  4  each  in  Alabama  and 
Illinois;  3  eacli  in  Colorado,  New  York,  and  'iVnnessee; 
2  each  in  Kentucky  and  New  Jersey;  and  1  in  West 
Vir.Ljinia.  A  decrease  is  shown  in  MicliiLiun  and  Con- 
necticut of  2  each,  and  in  (ieor<j;ia,  Maryland,  and  Mas- 
sachusetts of  1  each. 

The  4  states  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Ala- 
bama produced,  all  told,  13,849,0.53  tons,  or  83.3  per 
cent  of  ill!  ])lji-  iron  in  1905;  83.1  ])er  cent  of  the  total 


pig  iron  production  in  1900;  79.5  per  cent  in  1890; 
and  69.7  per  cent  in  1880.  Of  the  remaining  states, 
New  '^'ork  has  nearly  doubled  its  production,  and 
Michigan,  West  Virginia,  New  Jersey,  and  Georgia 
show  relatively  large  gains.  Penn.sylvania,  Ohio,  Illi- 
nois, and  Alabama  retain  the  same  rank  as  in  1900. 
New  ^'ork  has  advanccid  from  seventh  place  to  fifth, 
Tennessee  remains  si.xtli,  and  Maryland  advances  to 
seventh,  while  Virginia  recedes  from  fifth  to  eighth. 

The  furnaces  in  North  Carolina.  Oregon,  and  Wash- 
ington— 2  in  the  former  state  and  1  in  eacli  of  the  other 
states — were  idle  in  1905.  North  Carolina,  however, 
was  a  i^roducer  in  1900.  The  furnaces  in  Indiana, 
Maine,  \'erniont,  and  I'tah  were  long  since;  abandoned 
and  dismantled. 

Table  27  shows  the  number  of  active  and  idle  fur- 
naces, by  states,  for  the  census  \-ears  1900  and  1905. 


Table  27.^BLAST  FURNACES— NUMBER  OF  ACTIVE  AND  IDLE  FURNACES,  BY  STATES:  1905  .\ND  1900. 


IDLE. 

STATE. 

AGGREGATE. 

ACTIVE. 

Total. 

In  active 
establishraents. 

In  idle 
establishments. 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

1905        1900 

United  States 

435 

399 

318 

326 

117 

73 

26 

18 

91 

55 

Alabama 

49 
5 
3 
4 

21 

8 
6 
2 
11 
1 

2 
13 
22 

2 
65 

1 

157 

22 

4 

26 
1 
4 

6 

45 

2 
5 

5 
17 

6 
7 
3 
13 

1 

2 
11 
19 
•       2 
53 

1 

148 

19 

4 

26 
1 
3 
6 

34 
3 
3 

■A 

3 
4 

^{ 
2 
8 

15 

52' 

36 
2 

1 
3 
18 

5 
6 
1 

I 

2 
10 
11 

2 
50 

15 
2 

5 
2 

1 

.    9 

4 

2 

1 

1 
1 
2 
6 



1 

11 

S 

1 

3 

Georgia  - 

2 

Illinois 

1 

Kentilrky  

5 

1 

1 

1 
1 

2 

1 

G 

5 
7 
2 
13 

1 
37 
7 
3 

15 

1 

1 

8 

S 

7 
2 
12 

1 
26 

1 

New  York       

1 

.     7 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

3 

1 

21 

4 

1 

7 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

120 

15 

1 

11 

127 
15 
3 

19 

11             9 
4              2 

12 

Tennessee ... 

3               2 

Texas 

3                1 

2    

13                7 

1 

L 

4 

5 

3 

6 

1 

1 

Since  1900  an  increase  of  43  stacks  appears  in  cer- 
tain states  and  a  decrease  of  7  stacks  in  other  states. 
Of  the  total  number  of  furnaces,  more  than  one-fourth 
were  idle.  The  largest  number  of  idle  stacks  in  any 
one  state  was  m  Pennsylvania — 37 — nearly  one-fourth 
of  the  total  number  in  the  state.  In  Virginia  more 
than  one-half  of  the  stacks  were  idle;  in  Alabama, 
nearly  one-third;  in  Ohio,  one-fifth;  and  in  Temiessee, 
nearly  one-third.  The  capacity,  however,  of  the  idle 
stacks  is  a  much  smaller  part  of  the  blast  furnace 
capacity  of  the  country  than  their  relative  numbers 
would  indicate.  The  344  furnaces  owned  by  the  active 
establishments,  comprising  318  furnaces  which  were 
active  sometime  during  the  year,  and  26  which  were 


idle  throughout  the  year,  have  a  total  daily  capacitj^ 
of  78,230  tons,  or  an  average  daih*  capacity  of  227 
tons  per  stack;  while  the  91  furnaces  of  the  establish- 
ments idle  throughout  the  year  have  an  aggregate 
daily  capacity  of  9,268  tons,  or  an  average  of  102  tons 
per  stack.  Of  the  furnaces  of  idle  establishments,  18 
were  charcoal  furnaces,  with  an  aggregate  daily  capac- 
ity of  666  tons,  or  an  average  of  37  tons.  The  idle 
furnaces  of  the  active  establishments  are  as  a  rule  the 
smaller  furnaces,  and  below  the  average  in  capacity.  If, 
however,  the  26  idle  furnaces  owned  by  active  estab- 
lishments are  given  the  average  capacity  of  all  furnaces 
owned  by  the  active  establishments — 227  tons — and 
their  capacity  as  thus  estimated  is  added  to  that  of  the 


168745 


38 


MAXUFACTURES. 


idle  establisliments,  we  obtain  a  little  over  15,000  tons 
as  the  total  daily  capacity  of  all  idle  furnaces,  or 
between  one-sixth  and  one-fifth  of  the  total  furnace 
capacity. 

Table  28  shows,  according  to  the  kind  of  fuel  used. 


the  total  number  of  blast  furnaces  in  the  United  States 
for  the  census  years  ISSO,  1890, 1900,  and  1905,  whether 
active  or  idle,  and  their  daily  capacitj'  in  gross  tons, 
bv  states. 


T.^BLE  2S.— BLAST  FURXACES- 


-NUMBER  AND  CAPACITY  OF  COMPLETED  FURNACES,  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO 
KIND  OF  FUEL  USED,  BY  STATES:  1880  TO  1905. 


STATE. 

Census. 

TOTAL. 

COKE     S.SD     BITUMI- 
NOUS   COAL     FUR- 
NACES. 

ANTHRACITE          AND 
MIXED        ANTHRA- 
CITE     AND      COKE 
FURNACES. 

CHARCOAL 
FURNACES. 

Number. 

Daily 
capacity 

(tons). 

Daily 
Number,    capacity 
(tons). 

Number. 

Daily 
capacity 

(tons). 

Number. 

Daily 

capacity 

(tons) . 

United  States               

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
18S0 

190.'. 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1903 
1900 
1890 

issn 

190.', 
1900 
1890 
1880 

imr, 

1900 
1890 
I8.S0 

190.1 
1900 
1890 
18X0 

435 

1399 

659 

681 

87,498 
58,569 
37,889 
17,186 

306 

■  240 

249 

199 

76,249 
46,577 
25,162 
7.473 

74 
93 
170 
231 

8,709 
9,311 
9,349 
6,761 

55 

66 
140 
251 

2,540 

2,681 
3,378 
2,952 

Alabama 

49 
45 
48 
15 

5 
2 
2 

3 
5 
9 

8 

4 
5 
5 
10 

21 
17 
15 
10 

2 
4 

8 

6 

6 

22 

1 
1 

6 
7 
14 
22 

2 
3 
4 

6 

11 
13 

26 
27 

1 

1 
1 

1 

2 
2 

8 
17 

13 
11 
18 
20 

22 
19 
37 
.17 

2 
2 
1 

7 

7,665 

6,103 

3.783 

303 

1,600 
400 
190 

40 
75 
115 
81 

300 
300 
231 
129 

0,752 

4,408 

2,475 

538 

54 
65 

675 
525 
288 
350 

16 
16 

1,270 

1,080 

637 

251 

24 
40 
49 
72 

1,137 
930 

1,080 
754 

225 
75 

134 
36 

225 
200 
491 

669 

1,047 
817 
827 
617 

3,940 
2,. ISO 
1,88;) 
1,477 

02 
02 
13 
Si 

43 

37 
34 

5 

5 
2 

7,355 

5,743 

3,242 

161 

1,600 
400 
196 

6 
8 
14 
10 

310 

360 

541 

142 

3 
5 
9 
8 

3 
3 
3 

8 

46 

75 

115 

81 

1 
2 
2 
2 

21 
17 
15 
10 

2 
3 

8 
6 
5 
4 

150 

185 
156 
67 

6,752 

4,408 

2,475 

538 

54 
52 

675 
625 
273 
167 

150 

115 

75 

62 

1 

13 

• 

1 
18 

1 
1 

1 
2 
7 
13 

2 
3 
4 
5 

10 
13 

26 
25 

15 

183 

Maine 

16 

16 

5 
5 
4 
4 

1,260 

1,030 

470 

51 

20 

50 

Massachuflctts 

3 
5 

• 

67 
99 

100 
101 

24 

40 

49 

1 

25 

47 

Michigan 

1 

250 

887 

930 

1,086 

2 

121 

633 

Mtnncaota. . 

1 
1 

1 

225 
75 
134 

1 

! 

3 
9 

30 

MiMouri 

1 
1 

l.W 
i.m 

75 

.10 

5  ;                384 
8                   447 

1                   930 

1                     .'i.'i 

107 

222 

9 
10 
18 
20 

8 
13 
24 
42 

717 
762 
827 
B17 

79.1 
1,700 
1,119 
1,323 

.Ni  W   V..r[. 

10 
4 
4 

2,920 

8.10 

i;i6 

4 

2 
9 
15 

22S 

30 
148 
1,14 

North  Ciirr)ljiiM 

2 
2 

02 
U2 

1 

7 

13 

36 

IiirliKlrs  r»  mixed  clmrco;!!  jitid  cok"'  fiirniwcH  (»f  a  dully  cupiwlly  of  .ViO  lonn. 


Il{().\    AND  STKKL. 


39 


Tai.i.h  28.— RLAST  FTTKNAf'ES— NUMBER  AND  CAPACITY  OF  COMPLIOTED  FURNACES,  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  T(j 

KIND  OF  FUEL  USKI),   HV  STATES:   IHHO  T(;   IflOrj-Continucd. 


STATE. 

Census. 

TOTAL. 

(  OKE    AND     BITUMI- 
.MOUS     rOAL    FCR- 
NACKS. 

ANTHRAl  ITE          ANU 
MIXED       ANTHRA- 
CITE     AND      COKE 
FURNACES. 

CHARCOAL 
FURNACES. 

Number. 

Daily 

capacity 

(ton.t). 

NumlKjr. 

Daily 

capacity 

(tons) . 

Number. 

Daily 

capacity 

(tons). 

Number. 

Dally 
capacll  y 

(tons  J. 

Ohio                                                                                        

1905 
1900 
1«» 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1880 

18S0 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

C5 
.53 
71 
103 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1.57 
148 
221 
269 

22 

'19 

19 

21 

4 
4 
3 
1 

2 

1 

26 
26 
31 
31 

1 
1 

1 

4 
3 
5 
11 

6 
6 
10 
14 

16,734 
10,.50O 
5,101 
2,858 

50 
50 
38 
11 

37,845 

24,070 

17,047 

7,. 580 

2,352 

2,270 

990 

346 

210 

175 

116 

9 

16 

10 

2,619 

2,374 

1,071 

256 

.35 
35 
27 

1,125 
750 
469 
285 

960 
750 
752 
422 

.59 

47 

m 

70 

16,645 
10,360 
4,981 
2,470 

6 

6 

11 

33 

1 
1 

5 

8 

15 

36 

3 
3 
7 
16 

4 
4 

3 

1 

2 

1 

4 
5 
18 
24 

1 

1 
1 

89 

140 

120 

388 

SO 

.50 

38 

11 

95 
70 
31 
75 

19 

'10 

12 

5 

.30,  Wl 
17,119 
9,551 
2,9.'i3 

2,174 

1,955 

818 

199 

57 
70 
125 
158 

7,197 
6,849 
7,336 
4,411 

47 

102 
100 
216 

178 

315 

172 

147 

210 

175 

Hi 

9 

Utah 

16 

10 

22 
21 
13 

7 

2,550 

2,280 

928 

109 

69 

94 

143 

147 

35 

35 

27 

4 
3 

5 
6 

5 
5 

4 

1,125 
750 
469 
259 

835 
630 
415 

5 

1 

1 

6 

11 

26 

125 

120 

337 

3 

165 

257 

Includes  5  mixed  charcoal  and  coke  furnaces  of  a  daily  capacity  of  350  tons. 


For  the  first  time  since  1880  there  appears  an  in- 
crease in  the  total  number  of  blast  furnaces,  the  number 
having  increased  from  399  to  435  since  1900.  With 
each  former  census  the  tlecrease  in  number  of  stacks 
was  large,  accompanied  b}'  an  increase  both  in  aggre- 
gate capacity  and  in  average  capacity  per  stack.  But 
during  the  period  from  1900  to  1905  the  number  of 
stacks  increased  9  per  cent,  the  aggregate  capacity 
49.4  per  cent,  and  the  average  capacity  36.7  per  cent. 
The  gain  was  in  coke  furnaces.  Charcoal  faimaces  de- 
creased in  number,  with  a  slight  increase  in  the  average 
daily  capacity;  and  the  anthracite  and  mixed  anthra- 
cite and  coke  furnaces  decreased  considerably  both  in 
number  and  in  aggregate  capacity.  In  1900,  5  furnaces 
in  Tennessee,  of  a  daily  capacity  of  350  tons,  were 
operated  with  mixed  charcoal  antl  coke  fuel.  No 
furnaces  operated  with  mixed  charcoal  and  coke  fuel 
were  reported  in  1905. 

45254— MFG  1905— FT  4—08 5 


The  growth  in  the  size  of  furnaces  is  shown  by  the 
following  presentation  of  the  average  daily  capacity 
of  furnaces  for  the  different  fuels  and  for  the  different 
census  vears: 


average  DAILY  CAPACITY 
IS  TONS. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

201 

147 

68 

25 

249 

118 
46 

194 

100 
41 

101 

55 
24 

38 

Anthracite  and  mixed  anthracite  and  coke  Hut- 

29 

The  changes  going  on  in  fumac«  equipment — that 
is,  the  decrease  in  the  number  of  anthracite  and  char- 
coal furnaces  and  the  increase  of  the  coke  furnaces — 
is  readily  seen  by  reference  to  the  table.  New  York 
alone  shows  an  increase  in  charcoal  furnaces.     New 


40 


MAXUFACTURES. 


Jersey,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania,  the  only  states 
having  anthracite  and  mixed  anthracite  and  coke  fur- 
naces in  1900,  all  show  reduced  numbers  in  1905. 

Pennsylvania  shows  an  increase  of  25  bituminous 
(coke)  furnaces  since  1900,  with  an  increase  in  average 
daily  capacity  per  stack  from  245  tons  in  1900  to  322 
tons  in  1905.  Ohio  has  an  increase  of  12  stacks,  with 
an  increase  ui  average  daily  capacity  from  220  tons  m 
1900  to  282  tons  in  1905.  New  York  shows  an  in- 
crease of  6  stacks,  and  an  increase  in  average  daily 
capacity  of  from  212  tons  in  1900  to  292  tons  in  1905. 
Alabama  shows  an  increase  of  6  stacks,  with  an  in- 
crease in  average  daily  capacity  from  155  tons  in  1900 
to  171  tons  in  1905.  Illinois  has  gained  4  stacks,  and 
increased  the  average  daily  capacity  of  its  furnaces 
from  259  tons  in  1900  to  322  tons  in  1905.  Similar 
gains  are  shown  for  Colorado,  New  Jersey,  Kentucky, 
Michigan,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia;  the  state  of 
Michigan  for  the  first  time  reportmg  a  bituminous  fuel 
furnace. 

There  are  reporteil  31  furnaces  of  a  daih'  capacity 
rating  of  500  tons  or  more,  distributed  as  follows: 
Pennsylvania  21,  witli  an  aggregate  daily  capacity  of 
11,700  tons;  Ohio  7,  with  an  aggregate  daily  capacity 
of  3,500  tons;  Illinois  2,  of  500  tons  each;  and  New 
York  1,  of  600  tons.  The  largest  furnaces  are  Stacks 
J  and  K  of  the  Edgar  Thomson  group  of  the  Caniegie 
Steel  Company,  each  of  650  tons  rating. 

In  the  presentation  of  statistics  for  the  census  of  1900 
mention  was  made  of  the  production  of  901  gross  tons 
of  pig  iron  in  a  single  daj'  in  June,  1902,  by  Furnace  E 
of  the  Edgar  Tliomson  group  of  the  Carnegie  Steel 
Company,  at  Be.ssemer,  Pa.  This  output  was  ex- 
ceeded by  the  same  furnace  on  March  30,  1905,  when 
it  produced  918  gross  tons  of  Bessemer  pig  iron.  This 
is,  up  to  the  present  time,  the  world's  record  for  the 
largest  output  by  a  single  furnace  in  twenty-four  hours. 

At  the  time  of  taking  tlie  jiresent  census  the  world's 
record  for  the  longest  run  was  hekl  i)y  Furnace  II  of 
the  p]dgar  Thomson  group,  which  was  blown  in  on 
March  13,  1.S04,  and  blown  out  on  June  20,  1903,  a  run 
of  3,3S6  days,  during  wliich  period  it  was  banked  once 
for  thirty-five  days,  'i'lir  mitpul  iifllie  furnace  fur  the 
run  was  1,250,193  gross  tons  of  ])ig  iron,  an  average  of 
374.9  tons  per  day  for  the  3,35!  days  of  opei'ating  time. 
The  record  has  since  been  surpassed  by  Shoenberger 
Furnace  \o.  2,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  of  the  American  Steel 
and  Wire  Company,  wiiich  was  blown  out  on  August 
1,  1906,  after  iiaving  been  in  blast  for  3,427  days. 
During  this  time  it  was  banked  lucKc  limes  fur  an 
aggregate  of  sixty-six  days. 

The  record  for  llie  largest  output  t)n  a  single  lining  is 
held  by  the  l)u(|uesne  l"'urnace  No.  1  of  the  Cani(>gie 
Steel  Company,  whicii  pnninccd   1,287,3S1   gross  tons   I 
on  an  Mnl)nikcn  run  of  2,024  days — an  average  of  (i:'.().l 
tons  jjcr  <lay.  I 


Slag  pits. — The  schedule  for  the  present  census  con- 
tained, for  the  first  time,  inquiries  in  regard  to  the 
number  of  granulated  slag  pits  in'  use,  their  capacitj', 
and  the  pui'poses  for  which  the  granulated  slag  is  used; 
also  the  extent  of  manufacture  of  cement  from  slag  by 
blast  furnace  establishments. 

The  use  of  granulated  slag  pits  was  reported  bj;  31 
establishments,  distributed  as  follows:  Pennsylvania, 
15;  Ohio.  14:  Illinois,  1;  and  New  York,  1.  These 
establishments  had  in  the  aggregate  47  slag  pits,  with 
an  annual  capacity  of  3,33S,200  tons.  Four  of  the 
establishments,  located,  1  in  Illinois,  2  in  Obit),  and  1 
in  Pennsylvania,  reported  the  use  of  slag  for  cement 
manufacture  by  the  producing  company,  the  cement 
plants  having-  an  antnial  capacity  in  excess  of  5,000,000 
barrels.  In  addition,  2  establishments  reported  the 
sale  of  slag  to  cement  works.  The  bulk  of  the  granu- 
lated .slag  is  used  for  tilling  ajid  railroad  ballast. 

PIG    IRON    EXPORTED. 

In  collecting  the  statistics  for  the  census  of  1900  an 
inquiry  was  made  as  to  the  amount  of  pig  iron  ex- 
ported by  blast  furnace  establishments,  but  this  in- 
quiry was  omitted  in  takhig  the  census  of  1905.  The 
total  quantity  reported  as  exported  direct  by  blast 
furnace  establishments  in  1900  was  166,625  terns, 
which  was  less  than  1.2  per  cent  of  the  total  produc- 
tion. Tile  total  amount  of  pig  iron  exported  in 
1901,  according  to  the  reports  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  was  255,253  tons;  in  1902  it  had  declined  to 
54,704  tons;  it  was  still  less  hi  1903  and  1904;  anil  in 
1905  it  was  only  56,971  tons,  or  less  than  three-tenths 
of  1  per  cent  of  the  total  production. 

POWER. 

The  l)las(  furnace  establishments  in  operation  in 
1904  reported  in  power  ecjuipnient  1,555  steam  en- 
gines, with  an  aggregate  of  762,382  horsepower;  27 
gas  and  ga.soline  engines,  having  3,757  horsepower;  21 
water  wheels,  of  680  horsepower;  1 ,370  electric  motors, 
of  52,471  horsepower;  misceilivneous  power  appliance's, 
of  6,320  horsepower;  and  139  electric  iiorsepower 
rented.  TiH\s(>  aggregate  825,749  horsepower,  as  com- 
pared with  505,965  horsepower  reported  at  the  census 
of  1900,  an  increase  of  63.2  ])eicen(.  In  adehtion,  1 
peind  instilutiun  in  Texas  i('])orled  .">  sleam  engines 
with  550  horsepower. 

Tlie  use  of  w  aterpiiw cr  was  reported  by  2  active 
establishments  in  Coimecticul ,  1  in  Oeorgia,  2  in  Michi- 
gan, and  4  in  Peiinsylvaniii,  and  l)y  1  iiile  estal)lish- 
nient  in  Nciiili  Carolina  and  1  in  \  irginia.  With  the 
cx((|ili(in  <if  2  active  eslal)iisiuneuts  in  Pennsylvaiua 
and  1  idle  in  \irginia,  all  those  whicii  reported  water- 
powri-  liave  steampowcr  e<|uipm('nl  also. 

The  idle  blast  furnace  establishments  r(^])orted  250 
steam  engines  oi  SO, 465  liorsei)ower,  2  water  wheels 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


41 


of  (S2  horsepower,  and  2  (•Icctiic  iiiutors  of  7S  liorse- 
powcr — a  total  of  89,62")  lioiscpower. 

Tlu-  1,372  electric  motors  of  52, .549  horsepower 
capacity  owned  by  the  active  and  idle  establishments 
represent  secon<lary  ])ower,  iis  ihey  are  run  by  current 
generated  by  the  establishments  rej)orting.  The  pri- 
mary power  of  all  establishments  is  therefore  863,375 
horsepower.  This  shows  an  average  ])ower  equi])ment 
of  1,985  horsepower  per  stack,  and  of  9.9  horsej)ower 
per  ton  of  stack  capacity. 

In  1900  the  corresponding  average  power  equip- 
ment per  stack  was  1,312  horsej)ower,  and  per  ton  of 
stack  capacity  it  was  8.9  horsepower. 

The  size  of  steam  engines  used  (active  establish- 
ments) has  increased  from  an  average  of  381  horse- 
power in  1900  to  489  horsepower  in  1905. 

THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  PIG    IBON  WITH    MINERAL    FUEL. 

In  1880  nearly  one-half  of  the  pig  iron  product  was 
made  with  anthracite  fuel — either  anthracite  alone  or 


anthracite  coal  and  c<ikc  mixed.  During  the  following 
decade  bituminous  coal  ami  coke  forged  ahead  ami 
outstrij)ped  antlu'acite  fuel,  and  at  the  present  time 
pig  iron  made  with  bituminous  fuel  constitutes  nearly 
niru^-fenlhs  of  the  total  production. 

In  1905  the  production  of  anthracite  pig  iron  was 
but  30,373  tons,  and  that  of  pig  iron  made  with  mixed 
anthracites  coal  and  coke  had  declined  from  1,796,000 
tons  in  1900  to  1,274,721  tons  in  1905,  a  decrease  of  29 
per  cent. 

The  increase  in  coke  and  bituminous  coal  pig  iron, 
which  was  very  heavy  from  1890  to  1900,  has  con- 
tinued, and  during  the  period  1900  to  1905  the  in- 
crease amounted  to  2,655,211  tons,  or  21.7  per  cent. 
Bituminous  pig  iron  exceeded  anthracite  in  1905  by 
13,603,935  tons.  , 

Table  29  shows  the  leading  statistics  of  the  manu- 
facture of  pig  iron  with  mineral  fuel  for  the  census 
years  of  18S0,  1890,  1900,  and  1905. 


Table  29.— BLAST   FURNACES. 


MINERAL   FUEL— COMPARATIVE   SUMMARY,  WITH  PER   CENT  OF  INCREASE: 
1880  TO  1905. 


Niinilicr  of  establishments. 
Capital. 


Stilnrit^d  oflicial^,  clerks,  etc.,  niiml)er  . 

Salaries 

Wage-eiirners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  10  years  and  over 

Wages .' 

Women  Ifi  years  and  over 

Wages .' 

Child n'n  under  16  years...   

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 

Tons  of  pig  iron 


2  $228, 


SI7 
SI" 


S9, 
$173, 
$224, 

le. 


160 

895, 148 

2,031 

630,  ,547 

32,873 

970,879 

32,799 

954,249 

4 

$954 

70 

$15, 670 

396.115 

885,724 

433.959 

214. 123 


2  $140, 

$2, 

$17, 

$17, 


$127, 

$200, 

14, 


188 
703, 112 
1,580 
104, 170 
37,425 
849,770 
37,338 
830,986 
6 
$1,352 
81 
$17,  4.32 
181,322 
706, 216 
676,934 
095,675 


1S90 


1880 


=  $116, 
3$I 
$13, 
$13, 


221 

982, 231 

3809 

2,'j«..596 

30, 148 

418,  «0 

30,083 

400,085 


$5, 
$101, 
$133, 

S. 


65 
$12, 365 
330,720 
719,  465 
685,378 
251,693 


$70, 


$8, 


$51, 

$76, 

2, 


225 
262,615 
(<) 
0) 
25,025 
554, 152 
(') 
(') 
(*) 

w 
(*) 
(«) 
(') 

254,711 
739,573 
987,235 


PER  CENT  OF  INXREASE. 


1900 

1890 

1880 

to 

to 

to 

190.} 

1900 

1890 

114.9 

62.7 

28.5 

25.0 

112.2 

0.7 

■12.2 

0.7 

•33.3 

129.4 

U3.6 

no.i 

30.8 
36.2 
11.8 
15.0 


1  Decrease. 

2  Includes  value  of  rented  property— 1905,  $2,528,000;  1900,  $4,623,081;  1890,  $4,807,470. 

3  Includes  proprietors  and  Grm  members,  with  their  salaries;  number  only  reported  in  1900  and  190."i.  but  not  included  in  this  table. 
*  Not  reported  separately. 

^  Not  reported. 


114.9 
20.3 
95.3 
67.2 
24.1 
33.0 
24.1 
33.0 


24.6 
41.0 
34.7 
25.5 
50.1 
70.8 


'1.8. 
66.5 


20.5 
56.9 


98.5 
74.2 
176.2 


The  number  of  establishments  shows  a  decrease  for 
each  census  year,  while  the  capital  investment  and 
production  shows  a  constant  increase;  though,  as 
before  explained,  through  the  more  general  installa- 
tion of  labor  saving  equipments,  tlie  increased  produc- 
tion is  secured  with  a  considerabty  less  number  of 
wage-earners.  The  number  of  active  establishments 
has  decreased  28  in  number  from  1900  to  1905,  while 
the  capital  invested  has  increased  .S88, 192,036,  or  62.7 
per  cent.  The  decrease  in  number  of  wage-earners 
was  4,552,  or  12.2  per  cent. 

In  1890  the  yearly  pig  iron  product  per  wage-earner 


was  274   tons:  in  1900, 


tons:  and   at   the  census 


to 


of    1905   this   average    shows  a    further    increase 
493  tons. 

The  following  tabular  statement  shows,  per  ton  of 
pig  iron  produced  with  mineral   fuel,  the  capital  in- 


vestment, cost  of  production  as  shown  by  the  items 
reported,  and  value  of  all  products,  for  1890,  1900, 
and  1905: 


1905 


1900 


Capital  — 
Expenses. 


S14. 12 
12.58  I 


$9.98 
10.99 


Salaries 

Wages  paid , 

Miscellaneous  expenses. 
Cost  of  materials  used . . 


Products,  value  per  ton. 


0.16 

1.11 

0.58 

10.73 

13.84 


0.15 
1.27 
0.51 
9.06 

14.24 


1890 


$14.18 
14.75 


0.15 

1.63 

0.64 

12.33 

16.20 


It  will  be  observed  that  executive  and  superintend- 
ence expense,  as  represented  by  salaries  paid  and 
miscellaneous  expense,  varies  comparatively  little  per 
ton  of  product,  while  the  labor  item  decreases  with  each 


42 


MANUFACTURES. 


census.     The  fluctuations  in  the  cost  of  production  are 
due  chiefly  to  fluctuations  in  the  cost  of  materials. 

In  1890  and  1900  the  labor  cost  of  proilucing  a  ton 
of  mineral  fuel  pig  iron,  as  represented  by  the  amount 
of  wages  paid  at  the  blast  furnaces,  was  between  11 


and  12  per  cent  of  the  cost  represented  by  the  above 
items,  while  in  1905  it  was  a  trifle  less  than  9  per  cent. 
Table  30  is  a  comparative  summary,  b}'  states,  of  the 
leading  statistics  of  estalilishments  manufacturing  pig 
iron  with  mineral  fuel,  for  1S80,  1890,  1900,  and  1905. 


Table  30.— BLAST  FURNACES,  MINERAL  FUEL— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1880  TO  1906. 


[  Num- 
I  I  ber  of 

Census;-'  estal)-  I       Capital. 

I    lish- 
i  ments. 


Cnited  States 


.Alabama^.. . 
Illinoi^. 

Missouri  ■'. .  - 
New  Jersey . 

New  York. .  - 


Ohioi. 


Pennsylvania . 


Tennessee'. 


Virginia*. 


W'vH  \'irt;ini-i 


Wisconsin'. 


All  otlier  staU'S. 


1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

ISOO 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
18S0 

1S90 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1S90 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1900 

1890 

'  1880 

1900 
1890 
1880 

1900 
1H90 
1.S.S0 

1900 
1S90 
18,80 

■  1905 
«  1900 
"1890 
>°1880 


SALARIED  OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 


Number.     Salaries. 


160  1  $228,895,148 

188  1140,703,112 

221  1  116,982,231 

22S  j  70.262,615 


15 
17 


7 
13 
22 

39 
37 
45 

61 
74 
105 
116 


10,512,495 

12,466,870 

955,800 

14,2(3,055 

10,083,913 

9,85,5,274 

950,000 

1,262,475 
2,050,000 

5,414,051 
2, 474,  ('.,39 
3,131,366 
3, 644, 500 

14, 514, 587 
3,781,141 
5,850,119 
8,059,384 

22,823.130 
10.9S5.403 
10,022,5,S6 

109,098,701 
74,675,948 
58,494,262 
39,048,294 

3,906,879 

2,827,085 

810,626 

4,9,'i8,992 

3,874,l»6 

iJOO.OOO 

1,080,553 
1,446,082 
1,254,425 

1,361,096 

2,284,509 

600,000 

85,604,7,54 
4,  444, 326 
4,  ,504,  ISO 
2,  ,367, 000 


2.031 
1.5S0 
2  809 


S2. 630,  .547 

2. 104, 170 

2  1,258,596 

() 


;   123 

1     103 

203.564 
183,874 

83 

210 

11 

100,661 
294,524 
23,115 

10 

16,343 

32 
50 

15 

43,715 
44,888 
22,386 

70 
41 
47 

147,832 
77,549 
84,381 

266 
138 

333,281 
176, 115 

883 
604 
341 

1,104,691 
780,412 
545,070 

53 
44 

73,206 
60,106 

115 
49 

144,6fj4 
71,177 

24 
13 

21,051 
10,758 



19 
8 

29,485 
12,  •294 

963 

75 

30 



1,233,648 
101,556 
40,977 

WAGE-EARNERS  ANK 
WAGES. 


Average 
number. 


Wages. 


32.873  $17,970,879 

37,425  17,849,770 

30,148  '  13,418,450 

25,025  8,554,152 


4,804 

3,364 

300 

1,910 
3,010 
1,420 


383 
479 

774 

589 

640 

1,174 

1,473 

998 

1,338 

2,050 

5,882 
3,801 
5,514 

13,838 
1.5,999 
15,411 
11,975 

1,484 
811 
623 

1,575 

1,167 

200 

492 
411 
608 

409 
328 
235 

14,878 
2,123 
1,074 
1,369 


1.306.929 

1,305,835 

60,257 

1,397,969 

2,176,274 

896,030 

185,054 

150,020 
169,111 

370,751 
292,213 
240, 152 
365,639 

1,098,135 
620,983 
550,018 
762,210 

3,257,644 
1.795,576 
1,752,741 

7.753,725 
8,015.7.S4 
7,047,156 
4,368,562 

347,907 
357,883 
145,867 

523,367 
456.001 
94,781 

227,235 
182, 175 
211,484 

259, 131 
147, 154 
115,637 

7,350,299 
822,303 
284, 450 
322,909 


Miscella- 
neous 
expenses. 


S9. 390, 115 
7,1.81,322 
5,330,720 


753, 119 


958,945 
691,724 
('I 

m 

191,355 
90, 619 

281,734 
283,351 
P) 

1,242,779 

P) 

4,575,234 
3.263,669 

P) 

191,324 

158,768 

68,787 

(3) 

96,355 

C") 

3,388,847 
,350,827 

Cost  of  mate- 
rials used. 


5173,885,724 
127,706,216 
101,719,465 
51,254,711 


Value  of 
products. 


$224,433,959 

200,676,934 

133,685,378 

76, 739, 573 


7,110,092 

5, 194, 859 

233. 353 

19.005,423 
11.707,9(i5 
8,088,153 
1,7(V2,(»9  1 

900,319  I 
1,410,124 

2.940,780  I 
1.9S7.594 
1.679,937 
2.488,670 

6,978,098 
3,371,084 
3,964,464 
3.712,160 

23.438,764 
15,387,430 
8,233,013 

86,274,037 
64,016,952 
56,922,660' 
29,087,348 

2,564,970 

2,018,044 

393, 685 

4.352,605 

2. 720, 195 

76, 179 

1,693,042 
1,, 503, 847 
1,131,176 

1,667,762 
1,294,123 
1,198,670 

59,687,386  ! 
5,794,780 
2,045,434  1 
1,527,724 


12,645,970 

8,3t0,604 

554, 162 

27,330,836 
15, 153,  (i4« 
10,138,310 
2,391,850 

1,191,502 
1,765,017 

3, 601,. 511 
2,546.215 
2,228,724 
3,428,747 

8, 152, 445 
4,860,154 
4,850.543 
6,009.097 

40,191,087 
19,355,162 
11.646,754 

107,380,293 
101,4,55,104 
74,837,755 
44,385.123 

3.856,913 

2, 702, 548 

640,957 

6,459,970 

3,755,651 

178,920 

3,119,301 
2,009,505 
1.5,83.896 

2.369,687 
1,620.117 
1,688,055 

77.968,874 
8,018,287 
2,604,9,57 
2,466,395 


I  Inclii>l(^s  value  of  rented  property— 1905,  $2,528,600;  1900.  $4,623,081;  1890.  $4,807,470. 

'  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  memljers,  with  their  salaries;  numl)er  only  Reported  in  1900  and  1905,  ))Ut  not  included  in  this  table. 

*  Not  rrport»''i  separately. 

*  Not  reported. 

»  Inchidcrd  in  "  all  other  states"  in  1005. 

•  Inehldi'd  in  -  all  other  states  "  in  I'.lflO  and  1905. 

^  Ifieliides  establishnients  distributed  lis  follows:  Alabama.  17:  Colorado.  1;  Cleftryia  1;  Kentucky.  I:   Miirvljind,  1;  Michlpaii.  1:  Miiiiii'sotii.  1;   Missouri,  1; 
Ohio.  31;  TrinessiT.  12:  VirKlnia.H:  West  VirKlnia.  3;  Wisconsin.  3. 

•  Inelieh's  ••slji(,liHhiii*-nls  distriliiited  as  ffdlows;  Colorado,  1;  (leorgia,  1:  Kentucky,  2:  Miiryhinrl.  2:  Miiuii'sotii .  1:  Misscniri.  1;  North  Carolina,,  2. 
•Inclt(<l'-s  >-HliiI,|ishiii<>nts  (listribllted  as  follows:  Colorado,  1;  CeorKia,  2;  ludiana,  2;  Kentucky.  2:  .Maryland.  2. 

oincludi-s  esUtbllslunenls  distrihiitc'd  as  follows:  Ccorgia.  2:  Iiidianii,2:  Kent iicky,  :(:  Mnrylnitd. -1:  Mjis,jiu-liu-i''l  t«,  I. 


The  necessity  of  including  in  tin-  group  of  '■iiii  olhcr 
states"  Kuch  states  as  have  establish iiKwit.^  (iwikmI  by 
less  than  thi'cc  ofganiziitions  in  cilhci'  the  iiiiiicr:il  t'ucl 
brunch  oi'  tli<!  churcoal-fiicl  brancii  (if  llic  bhi-l  riirniicc 
irnlnstiv.  ill  order  th;i(  the  operations  of  iiiili\  iilii;il 
orgiiniziit  i<iii>  may  not  be  disclosed  by  comparison  n\' 
thir  ditrcrcnt  tallies,  rc'(juircs  tiic  inclusion  under  "all 
other  states''  of  a  luinilierof  the  leading  states;  notably 


Ohio  and  Alaliama.  whicli  .■iic  the  .sccoikI  ;uid  I'ourtli 
ranking  states,  respectively,  in  llic  miii('r;il  fuel  indus- 
try, as  well  ;is  \\'cst  ^'il■gillia,  Tennessee.  \'irgini;i.  and 
Wisconsin,  which  ranU  sixth,  eighth,  ninth,  and  tenth. 
respect!  v«!]y. 

T'lg  iidii  was  jiroduced  with  mineral  i'ucl  in  17  sliitcs 
in  I'.tO.'i  The  nnmiier  is  the  same  lis  in  I '.lOO.  Micliigali, 
wiiiili  did   mil    )iro(liice  inineiiil   liiel  |iig  iron   in    I'.'OO. 


IRON  AND  STEI-:L. 


43 


appearing  as  a  producer  in  100.')  and  replacing  North 
Carolina,  who.so  furnaces,  aclive  in  1 !)()(),  were  idle  in 
1905.  There  were  10  wtutes  that  produced  mineral 
fuel  pig  iron  in  18!)0  and  1880.  .Mi  of  the  states  for 
which  product  value  i.s  given  in  detail  .show  an  increase. 
The  largest  relative  increase  in  value  of  j)roduct  for 
the  period  1900  to  1905  appears  in  Illinois  and  the 
next  in  New  York;  the  per  cent  of  increase  was  80.4 
in  the  fonner  state  and  07. S  in  the  latter.  Next  in 
order  comes  New  Jersey,  with  an  increase  in  value  of 
products  of  41.4  jier  cent,  followed  l)y  Alabama,  which 
showed  a  large  increase. 

It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  the  statistics  of 
Illinois  for  1900  sliow  an  average  value  per  ton  of  ])ig 
iron  made  with  mineral  fuel  of  $10.23  (see  Table  34), 
which  is  $3.99  per  ton  less  than  the  average  value  for 
the  United  States,  and  .S4.74  per  ton  le.ss  than  the  aver- 
age for  Pennsylvania.  It  is  j)robable  that  the  low 
average  value  per  ton  for  pig  iron  in  Illinois  in  1900 
was  due  to  a  misunderstanding  of  the  scope  of  the 
census  inquiry  and  to  errors  in  reporting  values.  If 
we  estimate  the  value  of  the  Illinois  pig  iron  pi-oduct  for 
1900  on  the  basis  of  the  average  value  for  the  ITnited 
States,  .S14.22  per  ton,  we  have  $20,890,717,  instead  of 
$15,033,696,  as  the  value  of  the  pig  iron  product  made 
with  mineral  fuel. 

Tlie  decrease  in  the  number  of  wage-earners  in  the 
blast  furnace  industry  in  general  has  heretofore  been 
noted. 

The  total  value  of  all  products  reported  by  blast 
furnace  establishments  in  1905  was  $^31,889,126,  of 
which  amount  the  mineral  fuel  furnaces  contributed 
$224,433,959,  or  96.8  per  cent,  compared  with  97  per 
cent  in  1900,  91.8  per  cent  in  1890,  and  85.9  per  cent 
in  1880.     The  state  of  Pennsylvania  produced  nearly 


one-half  of  the  mineral  fuel  pig  iron,  and  over  five- 
si.xths  of  the  entire  product  was  from  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Alabama. 

Capital. — Table  31  shows  the  capital  invested  in 
blast  furnace  establishments  e(juipj>ed  for  the  manu- 
facture of  mineral  fuel  \ng  iron,  whether  active  or  idle, 
for  the  census  years  1880,  1890,  1900,  and  1905. 

Table  31. — Blastfurnaces,  miiicral  fuel — acliv.e  and  idle  eslablUli- 
ments — capital:  1880  to  1905. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

CAPITAL. 

Total. 

Buildings, 

machinery, 

tools,  and 

implements. 

Land, cash, 
and  sundries. 

Total 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

216 
207 
261 
271 

'1249,101  969 

1  146,  .5.56, 052 

1121,393,241 

76,095,698 

$148,287,198 
80,989,287 
67,102,965 
40,503,972 

$100,814,771 
6.5,. 566, 765 
.54,290,276 
35,  .591, 726 

Active 

160 

188 
221 
22.5 

.56 
19 
40 
46 

228.89.5,148 
140. 703, 112 
116,982,231 
70,262,615 

20,206,821 
5,852,940 
4,411,010 
5,833,083 

133,280,465 
76,41.5,732 
63,798,965 
36, 605,  .322 

15,006,733 
4,573,555 
3,304,000 
3,898,650 

95.614,683 
64,287,380 
53,183.266 
33,&57,293 

5.200,088 
1,279,38.5 
1,107,010 
1,934,433 

Idle 

'  Includes  value  of  rented  propertv- 
?4,807,470. 


1905,  $3,359,600;    1900,  ^,763,381:    1890, 


The  total  capital  invested  in  the  mineral  fuel  branch 
of  the  blast  furnace  indu.stry  constitutes  94.9  per  cent 
of  the  capital  in  the  entire  industry,  as  compared 
with  92.6  per  cent  in  1900.  In  1890  the  percentage 
was  86.1. 

Materials  used. — Table  32  shows  in  detail  the  quan- 
tity and  cost  of  the  materials  used  by  the  mmeral  fuel 
blast  furnaces  in  the  manufacture  of  pig  iron  in  1880, 
1890,  1900,  and  1905. 


Table  32 — BLAST  FURNACES,  MINERAL  FUEL— MATERIALS  USED,  BY  KIND,  QUANTITY,  AND  COST:  1880  TO  1905. 


1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Total 

$173,885,724 

$127,706,216 

$101,719,465 

$51,254,711 



Domestic  iron  ore 

28,393,506 

829.918 

8,256,325 

560,637 

796,113 

=  19,7.39,671 

1,864,836 

94,173,650 
4,739,123 
6.821,558 
1,812,779 

1,323,646 

57,126,997 

3,828,916 

4,059,055 

23,916,749 

754,383 

7,223,136 

886,564 

831,429 

=  16,396.455 

1,. 599, 364 

60,595,698 
4, 107, 449 
4,980,465 
2,297,419 

1,099,810 
38.774.819 

3,769,161 
12,081,395 

12,886,878 

965.741 

4,885,153 

1,7%,  854 

491,971 

=  9, -237. 935 

1,144,974 

54,006,644 
5,860,349 
4,038.709 
5, 1&5, 761 

759.  .522 

27,435.7SO 

3, 084,  .391 

1,368,309 

5, 642,  .529 

2.727,216 
2,334,984 

939.065 

2  2,  r2S,  255 

302,136 

29,689,649 
(') 

2,446,767 
8,012,755 

2,095,887 

8,129,240 

841,451 

38.962 

Foreign  iron  ore 

Flu.xaig  material 

Anthracite  coal  and  culm 

Colce                            

'  Domestic  and  foreign  ore  were  not  reported  separately  In  1880. 


-Short  tons. 


The  consumption  of  domestic  iron  ore  shows  an  in- 
crease of  4,476,757  tons,  or  18.7  per  cent:  foreign  iron 
ore,  an  increase  of  75,535  tons,  or  10  per  cent;  and  mill 
cinder  and  scrap  reported  as  purchased — that  is,  not 
including  runner  or  other  scrap  produced  by  the  fur- 
nace reporting — an  increase  of  265,472  tons,  or  16.6 


per  cent.  The  iron  constituent  materials  in  the  aggre- 
gate amounted  to  31,088,260  tons,  an  increase  of 
4,817,764  tons  over  1900,  or  18.3  per  cent. 

The  increase  in  fluxing  material  was  1.033,189  tons, 
or  14.3  per  cent.  The  consumption  of  anthracite  coal 
and  cuhn  fell  off  325,927  tons  from  1900,  or  36.8  per 


44 


MANUFACTURES. 


cent,  and  the  consumption  of  bituminous  coal  ami 
slack  shows  a  slight  decrease,  while  coke  presents  an 
increase  of  3,343,216  short  tons,  or  20.4  per  cent. 

The  fuels  in  the  aggregate  show  an  increase  of 
2,623,771  long  tons,  or  16  per  cent,  while  the  increase 
in  the  pig  iron  tomiage  was  15  per  cent. 

The  average  consumption  of  constituent  materials 
(ore,  mill  cinder,  and  scrap,  not  including  runner  or 
other  scrap  produced  by  the  furnace  reporting),  flux, 
and  fuel  in  producing  a  ton  of  mineral  fuel  pig  iron  is 
shown  in  the  following  tabular  statement,  for  1880, 
1890,  1900,  and  1905: 

Materials  consumed  per  ton  of  pig  iro7i — mineral  fuel. 


of  material  used,  the  per  cent  that  each  class  of  mate- 
rial is  of  the  total  for  each  census  year  is  as  follows : 


MATERIAL. 

POUNDS. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

Total 

7,800 

7,006 

7,946 

10,156 

Ore 

4.037 
1,141 
2,622 

258 

3.921 
1,147 
2,598 

254 

3,760 
1,326 
2,860 

312 

4.231 

Limestone 

Fuel 



2,045 
3,880 

MiU  cinder,  scrap 
in  total 

etc., purchased,  not  included 


227 

In  the  fuel  consumption  given  aliove  the  amount 
used  for  steam  purposes  is  necessarily  included,  but  the 
amount  so  used  is  not  relatively  large.  Excluding 
mill  cinder  and  scrap,  which,  as  it  was  only  reported 
where  purchased,  does  not  represent  all  of  that  class 


MATERIAL. 

PER  CENT 

OF  TOTAL. 

1903 

1900 

1890       1880 

1 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Ore.                         

51.8 
14.6 
33.6 

51.1 
15.0 
33.9 

47.3 
16.7 
36.0 

41.7 

20.1 

Fuel 

38.2 

In  comparison  with  the  above  the  following  tabular 
statement  is  given,  showing  the  average  consumption 
of  ore,  flux,  and  coke  per  ton  of  pig  iron,  by  certain 
large  furnaces  of  a  daily  capacity  of  approximately  500 
tons  or  more,  in  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania.  These  fur- 
naces produced  over  5,000,000  tons  of  pig  iron  in  1905. 


MATERIAL. 

Pounds. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

7,087 

100.0 

Ore.     .                

3,874 

986 

2,227 

54.7 

13.9 

31.4 

Prodvcfs. — Table  33  shows  the  pig  iron  product  of 
mineral  fuel  furnaces  for  ISSO,  1890,  1900,  and  1905, 
classified  according  to  the  fuel  used.  The  production 
of  spiegeleisen  and  ferromanganese  and  direct  castings 
is  included. 


T.\nLE  :J:J.— BLAST  FURXACES,  MINERAL  FUEL— PRODUCTS,  BY  QUANTITY  AND  VALUE,  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING 

TO  KIND  OF  FUEL  USED:  1880  TO  190.5. 


190S 

1900 

1890 

1880 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

AsxTfx&te 

$224,433,959 

$200,676,934 

$133,685,378 

$76,739,573 

Total  pig  iron 

16,214,123 

221,918,031 

14,095,675 

200,441,796 

8,251,693 

133,655,273 

2,987,235 

75,715,266 

Coke  rtn(l  hitiiininnii.H  coal  pig  iron     

14,909,029 

1,274,721 

30,373 

203,814,049 

17,712,934 

391,048 

12,253,818 

1,796,000 

45,857 

173,763,091 

26,0{')6,003 

612,702 

6,205,805 

1,690,394 

295,434 

100,087,250 

28, 195, 996 

4,772,021 

1,354.9.W 
(i38,027 
994,2.^)0 

35,513,233 

1(1,627,291 

Anthracite  coal  pig  iron 

23,574,742 

All  other  products 

2,515,928 

235,138 

30,105 

1,024,307 

Pig  iron  made  with  mixed  anthracite  coal  and  coke 
declined  521 ,279  tons  from  1900  to  1905,  or  29  per  cent. 
The  gain  is  all  in  bituiiiinoiis  ])ig  iron,  which  increased 
in  (|iiantity  2,(555,211  tons,  or  21.7  per  cent,  and  in 
value  .?30,0.50,958,  or  17.3  per  cent.  The  production 
of  pig  iron  with  anthracite  coal  alone  has  ])ractically 
ceu.sed ;  the  last  truce  of  it  appears  in  tli(^  siiinll  ]n-iidn(( 
of  30,373  tons.  The  quantity  of  pig  iron  nindc  wilh 
mi.xed  iiiithnicilc  and  coke  fuel  isa  little  less  tliaii  twice 
the  <|uaiitity  produced  in  1880,  and  bituminous  pig  iron, 
chielly  coke,  has  increased  more  than  tenfold.  The 
amount  re|)nrted  for  "nil  oilier  [)roducts,"  aggregating 
$2,515,928  in  1905,  incluihiH  castings  made  in  foundries 
by  bla.st  furnace  establishments,  granulated  slag,  slag 
ii.sed  for  biillftHt,  cenient  from  fiiniiice  slag,  as  well  as 
receipts    for   eiiHtom    work    mirl    repairing.       The   last 


I  mentioned    item    was    $324,996.     Castings    produced 
!  direct  from  furnace,  as  well  as  spiegeleisen  and  ferro- 
manganese, are  included  in  the  pig  iron  ])ro(hict. 

The  average  value  of  coke  and  bituminous  coal  i)lg 
inmwas  $13.67  per  ton  in  1905,  $14.18  in  1900,  $16.07 
in  1890,aiid  .'ii!26.21  in  1,S80;  for  mixed  anthracite  and 
(■,ok(^  ])ig  iron  the  average  ])rico  was  $13.90  ])er  ton  in 
1905,  $14.51  in  1900,  $16.68  in  1890,  and  $26.06  in  1880; 
and  forpig  iron  made  with  anthracite  coal  alone,  $12.S7 
l>er  ton  in  1905,  $13.36  in  1 000,  $16.15  in  1890,  and 
$23.71  in  1880. 

Table  .34  shows,  by  stat(>s,  tlie  ])ro(luction,  viiiiie, 
anil  average  value  ))('r  t()n  of  all  kinds  of  inincnil  fuel 
pig  iron  for  1880,  18!»0,  1900,  and  1005,  mid  llie  iiunil)er 
of  completed  fiiriiiices  for  cixli  of  I  lie  years. 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


45 


Taiile  34. — Bliisl  fiirnarex,  mineral  fuel — quantity  and  value  of  pig 
iron,  with  average  value  per  ton,  by  states:  1880  to  1905. 


CenaoB, 


Unitcui  States 


Illinois. 


1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1900 
1890 
1S80 

1906 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1890 
1880 

lOffi 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1900 
1890 
1880 


Pennsylvania 1905 

I     1900 

1890 

I     1880 


Missouri^.. 

Now  Jersey. 


New  York. 


Ohio'. 


Number 
of  com- 
pleted 
furnaces. 


380 
325 
419 
430 


Tons. 


1 18,214, IZ) 

'14,095,675 

8,251,093 

»  2, 987, 235 


35 

34 

5 

21 
17 
15 

10 


13 
11 
IS 
20 

18 
17 
28 
42 


1,153,074 

720, 197 

24,290 

1,000,010 
1,409,530 

0()ti,  070 
85,239 

00,079 
07,800 

2(;2, 308 

121),  .".00 
140,548 

579, 420 
327,069 
29:!.  205 
200,010 


47 
60 
70 

2,552,043 

1,183,030 

442,578 

152 
139 
200 
233 

7,720.742 
0,774,243 
4,330,470 
1,692,992 

Tennessee  *. 


1900 
ISUO 
ISSO 

Virginia' 1900 

1890 
1880 

West  Virginia  1 1890 


Wisconsin ' 


II 

12 


21 
13 


All  other  states. 


1890 

5 

1880 

0 

1900 

5 

1890 

4 

1880 

3 

6  1905 

176 

'1900 

22 

S1890 

19 

9  1880 

21 

318,716 

218. 339 

30,903 

420,501 

271,831 

7,515 

115,508 
70. 298 

182, 291 
107,981 
60,  .306 

5,985,043 

741,006 

154,877 

98,084 


Value. 


18221,918,031 

2  200,441,796 

133,655,273 

3  75,715,266 


12,645,970 

8,390,l»4 

551, 102 

25,508,271 
15,033,090 
10, 13(),900 
2,391,8.50 

1,191,502 
1,080,780 

3,000,144 

2,  .521. 000 
2. 228. 724 

3,  410, 003 

7,929.654 
4,850,559 
4,8.10,543 
5,894,405 

40, 155,  408 
19,3.55,102 
11,525,927 

107,320.783 
101,4.35,404 
74.811.310 
43. 7(;0, 395 

3.850,913 

■  2,702,548 

037,7.57 

6,459,970 

3,755,651 

168, 120 

2,009,505 
1,. 580, 090 

2, 309, 362 
1.020,117 
1,688,548 

77,559,179 
11, 107,  448 
2,602,047 
2,419,503 


Average 

value 
per  ton. 


$13.  69 
14.22 
16.20 
25.35 


10.90 
11.05 
22.  09 

15.30 
10.  23 
15.  21 
28.00 

19.83 
24.88 

13.72 
16.81 
17.21 

24.27 

13.  09 

14.  85 

10.  54 
22.02 

15.73 
10.  .30 
20.04 

13.89 
14.  97 
17.28 
2,5.  85 

12.10 
12.38 
17.25 

15. 15 
13.82 
22.37 

17.40 


13.00 
15.00 
28.00 

12.96 
14.99 
10.80 
24.07 


'  Includes  9,409  tons  of  direct  castings,  valued  at  $131,700,  and  227,648  tons  of 
spiegeleisen  and  ferromanganese,  valued  at  $6,084,247. 

''  Includes  7,113  tons  of  din»et  castings,  valued  at  $87,541,  and  215,550  tons  of 
spiegeleisen  and  ferromanganese,  valued  at  $5,871,955. 

'  Includes  .'i..50S  tons  of  direct  castings,  valued  at  $131,248. 

'  Included  in  ■■  ail  other  states  "  in  1905. 

i  Included  in  •■all  other  states"  in  1900  and  1905. 

«  Includes  states  as  follows:  Alabama,  Colorado,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Mary- 
land, Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri.  Ohio,  Tennessee,  Virginia,  West  Virginia, 
Wisconsin. 

'  Includes  states  as  follows:  Colorado,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  Min- 
nesota, Missouri,  North  Carolina,  West  Virginia. 

*  Includes  states  as  follows:  Colorado,  Georgia,  Indiana,  Kentucky.  Maryland. 

9  Includes  states  as  follows:  Georgia,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

The  highest  vakie  per  ton  of  mineral  fuel  pig  iron 
reported  w^as  for  Colorado,  and  the  lowest  for  Georgia. 
For  the  states  reported  in  detail  the  highest  value  per 
ton  was  for  Illinois.  The  values  for  New  York,  West 
Virginia,  New"  Jersey,  Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania  conform 
verj'  closely  to  the  averages  for  the  country  at  large. 

The  only  states  showing  an  increase  in  the  average 
value  per  ton  are  Alabama,  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin, 
the  apparent  increase  in  the  latter  two  states  being 
large.  But  attention  has  already  been  called  to  prob- 
able error  in  the  1900  figures  for  Illinois. 


DRY-AIR    BLAST. 

The  most  iiiijKirtant  improvement  of  late  years  in 
the  blast  furnace  industry,  and  by  some  claimed  not  to 
be  equaled  by  any  improvement  since  Xeilson's  inven- 
tion of  the  hot  blast,  is  the  Gayley  dry-air  blast,  in- 
stalled at  the  Isabella  funiiiccs  of  the  Carnegie  Steel 
Company. 

It  had  long  been  suspected  that  the  moisture  of  the 
air,  varj-ing  from  day  to  day,  between  day  and  night, 
and  even  from  hour  to  hour,  was  a  prime  cause  of  the 
irregular  workings  of  a  blast  furnace,  and  the  extent 
of  the  ])art  ]ilayed  by  moisture  is  strikingly  .shown  by 
the  comparative  tests  with  dr3--air  blast  and  natural 
blast  made  at  the  aforesaid  furnaces.  The  desiccation 
of  the  air  is  effected  by  passing  it  through  a  refriger- 
ating chamber  before  it  goes  to  the  blowing  engines 
and  stoves.  The  furnace  takes  approximately  40,000 
cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute,  and  to  handle  this  amount 
a  refrigerating  chamber  of  about  44,000  cubic  feet 
capacity  is  used,  filled  with  coils  of  2-inch  pipe,  through 
which  circulates  the  cold  brine.  This  chamber  has 
90,000  feet  of  })ipe,  or  over  17  miles.  The  moisture  is 
deposited  on  the  coils  as  ice  and  frost,  and  is  peri- 
odically removed,  after  clearing  the  coils  of  the  cold 
brine,  by  washing  them  down  vith  a  hose.  The 
chamber  is  divided  into  four  sections,  one  of  which  is 
cleared  of  ice  each  day. 

When  the  plant  was  visited  on  a  clear  day  in  July  in 
1906,  there  was  being  removed  4.59  grains  of  moisture 
per  cubic  foot  of  air.  At  the  rate  of  40,000  cubic  feet 
of  air  per  minute,  this  is  equivalent  to  4,534  gallons  of 
water  per  twenty-four  hours,  or  a  little  over  18  tons  of 
water,  which,  if  running  on  natural  air,  would  have 
gone  into  the  furnace  to  consume  heat  energy. 

WTien  it  is  considered  that  the  humidity  of  the  air 
varies  from  half  a  grain  per  cubic  foot  on  a  cold,  clear 
da}"  in  winter  to  S  or  even  9  grains  on  a  muggy  day  in 
summer,  the  fluctuating  character  of  this  disturbing 
element  can  be  readily  appreciated. 

The  economies  effected  by  the  use  of  the  dry-air 
blast  are — reduction  in  fuel  consumed  per  unit  of  pig 
iron  of  some  20  per  cent;  increase  in  the  capacity  of 
the  furnace;  reduction  in  iron  ore  w'aste  (dust);  and 
control  over  silicon  range. 

There  is  also,  incidentally,  a  saving  in  power,  as  the 
combined  power  required  for  the  desiccating  plant 
and  blowing  engine  when  running  on  dry-blast  is  less 
than  that  consumed  by  the  blowing  engine  when  run- 
ning with  natural  air.  This  difference  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  with  dry-blast  the  blowing  engine  receives 
its  air  at  20°  temperature  and  much  condensed  in 
volume,  and  the  blast  pressure  required  is  less,  the 
furnace  being  nin  with  13.5  pounils  on  dry-blast  as 
against  15  pounds  or  more  with  natural  air. 


46 


MAXUFACTURES. 


The  following  comparative  statement  shows  the 
operations  of  the  Isabella  furnaces,  Xos.  1  and  3, 
under  dry  air  and  natural  air: 


I  Num- 

Aver- 

Aver- 

Average |  ber  of 

age 

age 

amount    revolu- 

tem- 

dailv 

ofcoke      tions 

pera- 

-UBSACE. 

Date. 

prod- 

used per  lof  biow- 

ture  of 

uct 

ton  of 

ing  en- 

hot 

(gross 

pig  iron 

gine 

blast 

tons). 

(pounds). 

per 
minute. 

(de- 
grees). 

No.  l: 

November,  1904. 

447 

1,816 

96 

854 

No.  3: " 

Natural  air.. 

November.  laOJ 

386 

2,279 

HI 

750 

No.  1; 

Dry  air 

January  1  to  January  10. 
1905. 

428 

1,825 

96 

869 

Natural  air  . . 

Januarv   15  to   January 
31.  190.5. 

414 

2,340 

111 

771 

No.  .-5: 

Dry  air 

January  15  to  January 
31. 1905. 

432 

1,811 

96 

802 

Natural  air .. 

January  1  to  Januarv  10, 
1905. 

410 

2,351 

HI 

716 

This  shows  for  the  month  of  November  a  saving  of 
20.3  per  cent  in  coke  consumption  per  ton  of  pig  iron, 
with  an  increa.se  of  15. S  per  cent  in  outjjut,  through 
the  use  of  the  dry-blast. 

In  January  there  is  shown  a  sa\'ing  of  22  per  cent  in 
coke  per  ton  of  pig  iron,  with  an  increase  of  3.4  per 
cent  in  output  for  one  furnace,  and  a  saving  of  23  per 
cent  in  coke  and  an  increase  of  5.4  per  cent  in  output 
for  the  other  furnace,  through  the  use  of  the  dry-blast. 


Averajje  gas  analyses  are  given  as  follows: 


Without  diy-blast. 
With  dry-blast 


CO 

(percent). 


22.3 
19.9 


CO. 

(percent). 


13.0 
16.0 


Tempera- 
ture 
(degrees) . 


538 
376 


The  reduction  of  162  degrees  in  gas  temperature  is 
due  to  greater  concentration  of  heat  in  the  hearth 
and  the  greater  weight  of  burden  heated  by  the  gas. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  normal  charge 
^^'ith  natural  air  and  with  dry-air  blast: 


Natural 


Dry-air 
blast. 


Ore: 

Pounds 20,000 

Per  cent  of  charge 55. 9 

T^imestone: 

Pounds 5.600 

Per  cent  of  charge 15. 6 

Coke: 

Pounds I  10.  200 

Per  cent  of  charge ^  28.5 


24,000 
60.0 


5,800 
14.5 


10,200 
25.5 


THE    MANUFACTURE    OF   CHARCOAL    PIC    IRON. 

The  leading  statistics  of  the  manufacture  of  charcoal 
pig  iron  are  shown  in  Table  35  for  the  census  years 
ISSO,  1890,  1900,  and  1905. 


Table  :i5.— BLAST  FURNACES,  CHARCOAL— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1880  TO  1905. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried  olTicials,  clerks,  etc,  number. 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  und  over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  product «       .  

Tons  of  pig  iron ,  


IS90 


:« 

s 810,664,046 

205 

»267,370 

2,305 

J977,034 

2.294 

$975. 533 

11 

SI,  501 

f 395, 024 

$5,081,725 

$7, 455, 167 

414.171 


32 

J $0,155, 839 

15.'! 

S173,  420 

1 ,  623 

S562,  420 

1,617 

$561,963 

6 

$457 

$260. 766 

$3,250,664 

$5,  .344, 515 

303,567 


"•$17,626, 

»$353, 
3, 

81,196, 
3, 

$1,194, 

$1. 

$1,011 

$8,. 379, 

$11,957, 

593, 


$19,268, 
(') 
(') 
10, 
$4,101, 
(<) 
(<) 
(<1 
(') 
('> 
$7,365, 
$12,575, 


PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


1900 

to 
1»06 


3. 
73. 
34. 
54. 
42. 
73. 
41. 
73. 
83. 
228. 
51. 
56. 
39. 
36. 


1890 

to 
1900 


161.4 
105.  1 
MO.  9 
■50.9 
150.3 
'53.0 
150.4 
1  .W,  0 
133.3 
U\8.2 
174.2 
161.2 
155  3 
■48.9 


ISSO 

to 
1890 


128.4 
18.5 


180.4 
170.8 


13.8 
14.9 
52.7 


1  IhiTi'USV. 

'includes  value  of  rented  property- 


1905,  $629,683;  1900.  $273,800;  1890,  $2.'>3,588. 


'  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members,  with  their  salaries;  number  only  reported  l,i  imiu  mid  l'.H)5,  but  not  included  in  tills  tuhlc. 
•  Not  reporte<l  separately. 
'Not  reported. 


The  product  for  1905  shows  an  advance  over  that 
for  1900,  l)ii(  il  is  not  up  to  the  product  of  ISOO  and 
is  less  by  14,408  tons  than  the  average  for  the  years 
1880,  1890,  and  1900.  In  1S54  the  charcoal  i)ig  iron 
product  was  .30o,f>23  tons,  and  it  constituted  over  one- 
half  of  the  pig  iron  product  of  the  country,  whereas 
now,  after  the  pr€)gres.s  of  half  a  century,  it  forms  less 
than  oiic-forliclh  of  the  tntnl  prf)dii(l. 

The  ca|)ital  investment,  cost  of  production  us  siiown 
by  the  items  reported,  and  value  of  products  per  ton 
of  pig  iron  fur  the  charcoal  industry  is  shown  liy  the 


fdlldwing  (iil)iilar  statement  for  the  years  1S90,   1900, 
and  1905: 


Capital... 
Kxpenses. 


IOCS 


$25.75 
16,23 


.Salaries 

Wages  |)hI<1 

MiseellaneoiiK  exponsoa. 
Cost  of  nntterlalH  used. . 


Products. 


0.05 
2.30 
0.05 
12.27 

18.00 


1900 


$20.28 
13.00 


o.r,7 

1.85 
0.86 
10,71 

17,01 


1890 


$20,70 
18,43 


0.50 

2.02 

1.70 

14.12 

20.  IS 


I  HON   .\Xi:»  STEEL. 


47 


The  labor  item  in  1S90  constituted  11  per  cent  of 
the  total  cost  per  ton;  in  lOOO,  1.3.2  per  cent;  and  in 
190.5,  14. ."5  per  cent.  In  this  respect  the  clinrcoal  pif^ 
iron  industry  differs  from  tlic  mineral  fuel  branch, 
where  the  item  of  labor  .shows  a  reduction,  on  account 
of  tlie  ijeneral  u.se  of  lari^e  furnaces  and  improved 
appliances  for  charf^in<;,  machine  casting,  and  for 
handlini^  material  economically. 

The  sanies  states,  14  in  number,  that  appeared  as 
producers  of  charcoal  pig  iron  in  1900  were  also  pro- 
ducers in  ino.*).  Michigan  continues  to  be  the  heaviest 
producer.  In  1905  all  of  its  charcoal  furnaces  were 
active,  and  the  value  of  products  was  nearly  double 
that  of  1900  and  consideralily  in  excess  of  1S90.  Wis- 
ccmsin,  Georgia,  New  York,  and  Alabama,  in  the  order 
named,  follow  Michigan  as  producers  of  charcoal  pig 
iron,  though  the  Michigan  charcoal  iron  product  was 
nearly  seven  and  a  half  times  that  of  anj'  other  state. 

Capital. — Table  36  shows  the  capital  investment  in 
all  charcoal  blast  furnace  establishments,  active  and 
idle,  for  the  census  years  ISSO,  1890,  1900,  and  190.5. 

There  has  been  a  decrease  of  11  in  the  number  of 
establishments  from  1900  to  190.5,  though  the  decrease 
is  not  relatively  as  large  as  that  for  the  former  census 
periods.  The  capital  investment  has  increased  27.5 
per  cent.  The  active  and  idle  establishments  re- 
ported, all  told,  55  completed  charcoal  stacks  in  1905 
of  a  total  daily  capacity  of  2,540  tons,  of  which  20, 
having  a  capacity  of  092  tons,  were  idle  throughout 
the  vear. 


Table  3G. — lihint furnaces,  charcoal — active  and  idle  establish- 
ments—capital: 1880  to  1906. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lieh- 
ments. 

CAPITAL. 

Total. 

Buildings, 
machinery, 
tools,  and 
Imple- 
ments. 

Land, 
cash,  and 
sundries. 

Total 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

51 
62 
116 
212 

1*13,293,773 

>  10,429,344 

'19,674,167 

27,830,547 

S5, 304, 501 
4,454,086 
8,828,233 
7,041,659 

»7, 989, 272 

.5,975.258 

10,84.5.934 

20,788,888 

33 
32 
83 
116 

18 
30 
33 
96 

10,664,0)6 
6,155,839 
17,628,312 
19,288,747 

2,629,727 
4,273,505 
2,047,855 
8,561,800 

3,680,223 
2,159,026 
7,437,083 
4,663,159 

1.624,278 
2,29.5,060 
1,391,150 
2,378,500 

6,983,823 
3,996.813 
10,189,229 
14,605,588 

1,005.449 

1,978.445 

656. 7a5 

6,183,300 

Idle 

■  Includes  valiinnf  rented  property— 1905,  $805,683;  1900,  J324.500;  1890,1253,588. 

Materials  used. — Table  37  presents  in  detail  the 
materials  used  in  tlie  manufacture  of  charcoal  pig  irfin 
for  each  census  beginning  witii  l.SM). 

The  consumption  of  iron  ore,  all  domestic,  increased 
221,014  tons,  or  37  per  cent. 

The  increase  in  the  consunijition  of  charcoal  was 
11,038,382  bushels,  the  percentage  of  increase,  37.7  per 
cent,  corresponding  to  that  of  the  ore  con.sumption. 
The  consumption  of  flux,  however,  as  reported  sIujws 
a  very  small  increase  in  quantity,  less  than  1  per  cent, 
and  consequently  a  much  reduced  consumption  per 
ton  of  product. 


Table  37.— BLAST  FURNACES,  CHARCOAL— MATERIALS  USED,  BY  KIND,  QUANTITY.  AND  COST:  ISSO  TO  1905. 


1905 

1900               ' 

1890 

1880 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Total 

$5,245,263 

$3,250,864 

$8,379,150 

$7,365,031 

818,761       2,037,258 

(1)                     fii 

597,747 

(') 

70,446 

29,271,512 

949 

1,060,282 
0) 

55,298 

1,744,892 

3,224 

386,968 

1, 161, 693 

S.109 

l.%..i26 

67,672,156 

625 

3.G01.301 

37,  23<; 

158.169 

4,523.320  , 

2,417 

56,707 

836.053 
(=> 

102.381 

53.903.228 

13,979 

3.515.629 

(»1 

Fluxing  material 

Charcoal  a 

Mill  cinder,  scrap,  etc      

70,896 

< 40, 309. 894 

549 

71.113 

12.710,754 

2.045 

424,093 

100,569 

3,678.658 

69,216 

939 

1  None  reported. 

•  Domestic  and  foreign  ores  were  not  reported  separately  in  1880. 
3  Quantities  in  bushels. 

*  Includes  2,486,700  bushels  of  charcoal  and  its  value,  the  cost  of  stampage  and  labor  being  reported  as  expense  in  other  tables. 


48 


MANUFACTURES. 


Products. — Table  38  shows  the  quantity  and  value 
of  the  charcoal  pig  iron  product  for  the  census  years 
ISSO,  1890,   1900,  and  1905.     No  spiegeleisen,  ferro- 


manganese,  or  direct  castings  were  reported  as  pro- 
duced with  charcoal  fuel  in  190.5. 


Table  38.— BLAST  FURNACES,  CHARCOAL— PRODUCTS,  BY  KIXD,  QUANTITY,  AND  VALUE:  1880  TO  1905. 


Aggregate  . 
Total 


Cbarcoal  pig  iron: 

Hot  or  warm  blast  charcoal  pig  iron. 
Cold-blast  charcoal  pig  iron 


All  other  products. 


1905 


Tons. 


1 414, 171 


Value. 


J7, 455, 167 


17,059,504 


1414,171         17,059,504 

(»)  1  (=) 

'  395,663 


1900 


Tons. 


Value. 


$5,344,515 


•  303,567        15,338,739 


1890 


1880 


Value. 


Tons. 


$11,957,775  ,  . 


1291,499  '       15,061,822 
12,068  ;  276,917 


593, 492 


560,594 
•    32,898 


11,957,710 


11,243,119 
714,591 

65  i 


388,677 


317,542 
71,135 


Value. 


$12,575,996 


10,090,244 
2,398,500 

87,252 


1  Includes  product  of  1  penal  institution. 

At  the  census  of  1900  and  prior  censuses  a  report  of 
the  amounts  of  charcoal  pig  iron  produced  with  hot  or 
warm  blast  and  with  cold-blast,  respectively,  was 
called  for,  but  as  very  Uttle  cold-blast  charcoal  pig 
iron  is  now  made,  this  inquiry  was  dropped  in  mak- 
ing the  canvass  for  the  census  of  1905.  In  1900  only 
4  per  cent  of  the  charcoal  pig  iron  was  maile  with 
cold-blast. 

The  increase  in  the  quantity  of  charcoal  j)ig  u-on 
product  in  1905  over  1900  was  110,604  tons,  or  36.4  per 
cent;  and  in  value,  exclusive  of  all  other  products,  it 
was  §1,720,765,  or  32.2  per  cent. 

Table  39  shows  the  number  of  completed  fui-naces 
and  the  quantity,  value,  and  average  price  per  ton  of 
charcoal  pig  iron  for  1880,  1890,  1900,  and  1905. 

T.\BLE  39. — Blmt  furnaces,  charcoal — quantity  and  value  of  pig 
iron,  with  average  value  per  ton:  1880  to  1905. 


STATE. 

Number 
furnaces. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Average 

value 
per  ton. 

fnited  States 

1905                 55 

1900             m 

1890                140 
1880                 251 

414,171 
1 303, 5ti7 

503.492 
=  388.1177 

$7,059,504 

l.i,  3.^8. 739 

11.957.710 

"12. 488. 744 

$17.  04 
17.59 
20.15 
32.13 

1  Inelufleg  10  tons  of  direct  casting.'?,  valued  at  $121. 
3  Includes  300  tons  of  direct  castings,  valued  at  $14,988. 


2  Not  reported  separately. 

The  average  value  per  ton  for  charcoal  pig  iron  is 
$17.04,  compared  with  .$17.59  in  1900. 

At  the  census  of  1900  the  manufacture  of  pig  iron 
with  mixed  charcoal  and  coke  fuel  was  reported  by  6 
establishments — 4  in  Tennessee,  wliich  used  tliis  mixed 
fuel  exclusivelj^;  1  charcoal  furnace  in  Ohio;  and  1  coke 
furnace  in  Georgia,  wliich  made  small  quantities  of  pig 
iron  with  tliis  fuel. 

The  manufacture  of  pig  iron  with  mixed  charcoal 
and  coke  has  now  been  abandoned,  and  of  the  estab- 
lishments above  referred  to,  4  made  coke  pig  iron  in 
1905,  1  made  charcoal  iron,  and  1  was  idle. 

STEEL  WORKS  AND  ROLLING  MILLS. 

Table  40  shows  the  leading  statistics  for  steel  works 
and  rolling  mills  for  each  census  year,  1870  to  1905. 

The  number  of  active  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 
from  which  separate  reports  were  received  shows  a 
decrease  of  23  fi-om  the  number  in  1900.  In  some 
cases,  however,  two  or  more  plants  under  one  and  the 
same  o\\'nership  and  within  the  same  municipality  are 
covered  by  one  report  in  1905,  and  thus  figure  as  one 
establishment,  where  in  1900  separate  reports  were 
made  for  the  different  plants.  The  miinber  of  estab- 
lishments as  here  reported  ineaiis  tlie  number  of 
reports  received  and  tabulated. 


IRON  AND  ST1-:EL. 


49 


Table  40.— STEEL  WORKS  AND  ROLLING  MILLS— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY.  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE: 

1870  TO  1905. 


Number  of  ostablishnicnts 

Capital 

Salaried  ollicials,  clerks,  etc.,  number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Women  10  years  and  over ',... 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Misocllnnpou.'*  expenses 

i'ost  of  nijiterijiis  used 

Value  of  products 

Tons  of  products 


I'EK   CENT  OF  IKCEEASE. 


1  !»().'>  ' 


i»7O0,130, 
H, 

$17,8150, 

207, 

$122,491, 

204, 

$121,111.-), 

1, 

$441, 

1, 

$43.5, 

S37.373, 

$441,204, 

$673,965, 

18,216, 


438 

'8441,795,983 

7,442 

$9,421,868 

183,023 

8102.238,692 

180,148 

8101, .'i79, 174 

1,06.5 

$265,, 536 

1,810 

$393,982 

$24,795,663 

$.390,  .568, 117 

$596,689,284 

15,040,129 


LSIM) 


1880 


1870  « 


395 

'$278,  .559, 831 

'3.242 

5  $4. 8.33. 240 

137.295 

874, 4W,  433 

136, 134 

$74,041,279 

58 

817,106 

2,103 

$402,048 

$11,817,593 

$216,269,022 

$331,860,872 

7,388,244 


358 
8116,4.58,390 
(') 
(«) 
m,  164 
$41,880,687 
89,645 
(') 

33 
(') 

6,486 

(") 

(') 

$130,104,493 

$203,274,042 

3,046,038 


$61,120, 
(•) 
(•) 
47, 
$26,843, 
45, 
(») 

m 

1, 

(•) 

(') 

$84,342, 

$129,921, 

1,331, 


1000       1890 

to  to 

1906       1900 


>5.3 
60.5 
92.6 
89.6 
13.4 
19.8  . 
13.4  , 
19.7  I 
36.2  1 
66.1  I 
0.6  I 
10.4 
.50.7 
13.0 
13.0  ! 
21.1 


10.9 
.58.6 
129.5 
94.9 
33.3 
37.3 
33.3 
37.2 
736.2 
4.52.3 
•13.9 
"2.0 
109.8 
80.6 
79.8 
103.6 


1880 

to 

1890 


10.3 
139.2 


42.8 
77.8 
50.7 


75.8 


66.2 
63.3 
142.6 


1870 

to 
1880 


5.3 
90.5 


104.2 
56.0 
98.1 


26.9 
'257.0 


54.3 

56.5 
128.7 


'  Exclusive  nf  the  statistics  of  6  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products.    These  establishmcnta  made  4,184  tons  of  steel  castings 

valued  at  $347,264.  "  ' 

3  Includes  idle  establishments  wiiich  wore  not  reported  separately  in  1870. 
3  Decrease. 

<  Includes  value  of  rented  ])roperty— 1905,  88,948.336;  1900,  811,835,940;  lS9fl,  83,212.0<X1. 

!•  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members,  with  their  salaries;  number  only  reported  in  1900  and  l'.m,  but  not  included  in  this  table. 
fl  Not  reported  separately. 
^  Not  reported. 


Certain  manufacturers  in  other  lines  of  indii.stry  have 
equipments  for  the  manufacture  of  steel  or  rolled 
material  for  use  in  their  owai  establishments  in  the  pro- 
duction of  machinery  or  other  constructions.  Estab- 
lishments of  this  kind  reported  as  partial  products  in 
1905,  4,184  tons  of  direct  steel  castings,  of  a  value  of 
$347,264,  and  these  figures  must  be  added  to  the  above 
table  in  order  to  find  the  total  products  of  steel  works 
and  rolling  mills.  Wliere  a  separate  report  for  the 
steel  or  rolling  mill  section  of  such  an  establishment 
was  not  obtainable,  the  iron  or  steel  products  of  this 


section  do  not  figure  in  these  tables,  but  enter  into  the 
report  of  the  active  operations  of  the  establishment, 
which  is  classified  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
finished  products.  The  steel  making  and  rolling  mill 
equipments  of  such  establishments  are  shown  in  the 
tables  wliich  give  the  equipment  of  all  establishments. 
Table  41  show's  the  statistics,  by  states,  of  the  active 
establishments  wliich  produced  steel  ingots  or  castings 
and  hot-rolled  iron  and  steel  for  1880,  1890,  1900, 
and  1905'. 


Taisle  41.— STEEL  WORKS  AND  ROLLING  MILLS— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1880  TO  1905. 


United  States. 


Alabama. 


California . 


Connecticut. 


Delaware. 


Census. 


Illinois. 


1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1,890 
1880 


Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


415 
438 
395 
358 


11 

5 
6 

7 


23 

22 
19 
13 


Capital. 


■8709,130,646 

■441,795,983 

■278,559,831 

116,458,390 


9,827,511 

4,401,295 

2,208,797 

50,000 

1,110,192 

1,  499, 162 
4,656,611 
i;  (ion,  000 

8, 888, 583 
4.792,902 
1.249,429 
1,385,000 

0,279,585 
4,207,079 

2,  .5.58, 865 
1,341,469 

44,332,095 

32.  672.  .326 

24,834.645 

4, 845, 020 


SALARIED   OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 


Number.      Salaries. 


14,330 

7,442 

3  3,242 


165 
34 
43 


35 
18 
38 


137 
72  I 
29 


1,267 
570 
168  , 


WAGE-EARNERS  AND 
WAGES. 


Average 
number. 


$17,860,495  t  207,562  8122,491,993 

9,421,868  :  183,023  I     102,238,692 

3  4,833,240  137,295    74,460,433 

(<)     I  96,164   41,880,687 


223,311 
55,548 
56,648 


3,636 

2,204 

1,696 

60 

773 

555 

1,114 

319 


178,033  I   2,989 


53,073 
22,250 
56,549  ■ 


107,775 
39,537 


1, 


102,952 
132,677 
78,061 


1,684,457 
631,567 
246,193 


1,055 
1,490 
1,637 

867 

16,448 

13,632 

7,265 

4,755 


1,508,681 

1,072,384 

681,6(i0 

18,000 

492,390 
327, 184 
693,300 
177,722 

1,586,715 
939,243 
311,771 
265,210 

412,003 
705,366 
765,158 
344, 476 

10,070,988 
7, 464, 442 
4,324,853 
2,323,664 


Miscellaneous  Cost  of  mate- 


e.xpenses. 


$37,373,831 
24,795,663 
11,817,593 


344,8.37 
107, 737 
157, 403 


84,933 

18,944 

208,088 


470,393 
188,313 
56,627 


144,785 
140.0.54 
43,201 


3,382,006 

2,516,516 

577,876 


rials  used. 


Value  of 
products. 


$441,204,432 
390,568,117 
216,269,022 
130,104,493 


=$673,965,026 
.596,689,284 
331,860,872 
203,274,042 


5,035,190  t 
2,451,824  I 
931,460  I 
25,400 

778,970 
506,834  I 
1,938,333 
535,500 

2,626,931 

2, 198, 682 

911,335 

869,758 

939,506 

1.635,762 
1,549,539 
1,214,050 

38, 649, 762 
30,021,296 
21,951,521 
13,214,536 


1  Includes  value  of  r»>nted  property— 1905,  88.94S.33i'i:  1900.  $11,835,940:  1S90.  $3,212,000. 

s  Exclusive  of  steel  castings  to  the"  value  of  $347,264  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 
3  Includes  proprietors  and  limi  members,  with  their  salaries;  number  only  reported  in  1900  arid  1905.  but  not  included  in  this  table. 
■'  Not  reported  separately. 
3 Not  reported. 


8.041,566 

3,904.714 

2.228.536 

47,500 

1,489,012 
900,854 

3.097,155 
780,000 

5,150,675 
4,066,836 
1,463,180 
1,353,787 

1,597,309 
3,159.641 
2,608,670 
2,347,177 

60,021.925 
45, 149, 498 
28,872,741 
IS,  153,  439 


50 


MAXUFACTURES. 


Table  41.— STEEL  WORKS  AXD  ROLLIXG  MILLS— COMPARATIVE  SLTMMARY.  BY  STATES:  1880  TO  1905— Continued. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber ol 
estab- 
Ush- 
ments. 

1 
Capital. 

SALAEIED   OFFICIALS, 
CLEEKS,   ETC. 

■WAGE-EARNERS  AND 
WAGES. 

MiseclJaneous  Cost  of  mate- 
expenses,        rials  used. 

Valui  of 

STATE. 

Number. 

1 
Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages.      1 

products. 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

I'JJB 
IIHK) 
1890 
1880 

1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1880 

>1905 
<1900 
»1890 
•1880 

21 

27 
13 
9 

8 
6 
5 
9 

7 
5 
4 
5 

5 

14 
21 

5 
3 
4 

4 
5 

4 
5 

16 
16 
19 
IS 

20 
20 
19 
24 

5T 
64 
.55 
41 

186 
209 
186 
158 

3 
4 
5 

3 
4 
6 
5 

12 
8 
8 
8 

10 
7 

1 

J2 
10 
9 
13 

$22,985,691 
14,994,210 
3,888,254 
1,828,000 

4,716,080 
3,134,287 
1,484,456 
2,512,000 

4,706,185 
2,047,314 
1.071.352 
2,145,000 

14,348,448 
13.608.604 
8.344.394 
5,526,408 

1,697,571 

1,904,337 

1,437,540 

671,000 

3,672,268 
2,195.309 
1.612,443 
3,020,000 

46.380.626 
17,861,970 
8,525,996 
5,005,550 

48,852,865 
9,243,471 
9,321,793 
8,702,000 

87,406,064 

63,181,422 

25,892,390 

9,805,020 

363,233,842 

247,001,768 

166.691,801 

60.489,929 

129,570 

927,549 

1,401,000 

2,122,686 

1,913,944 

2,174,787 

838,000 

8,716,170 
7,122,3.57 
5,012,842 
2,390,191 

3,588,494 

4,026,564 

700,000 

26,26.5,690 
5,8.58,092 
6,665,887 
2,802,203 

3-23 

205 

63 

S369,962 
266, 764 
95,013 

7,215 
7,579 
2,581 
1,740 

2.149 
1.766 
1,173 
2,205 

1,534 

1,419 

557 

1,253 

4,544 
6,099 
5,168 
6,115 

1,018 

1,459 

752 

925 

1,349 

1,604 

642 

1,789 

8,334 

7,699 
4,498 
3,495 

7,526 
4,344 
5,291 
7,437 

27,756 
27,638 
19, 4.S9 
11.127 

110,904 
94,664 
76,609 
43,832 

216 

460 

1,350 

1,022 
1,503 
1,742 
1,134 

4, 409 
3.975 
3.346 
3.228 

1,915 
1.370 
L.'iOO 

2,986 
2.022 
2,743 
2,687 

84,071,593 

4,243,831 

1,120,779 

810,081 

1,272,114 
949,047 
582,007 
914,412 

811,128 
703, 445 
194.181 
546,974 

2,593,235 
3,401,995 
2,454,035 
2,399,975 

526,565 
725.061 
435,339 
360,727 

928,303 
881,917 
393,896 
447,464 

4,087,977 
3,600,728 
2.301,592 
1,412,622 

4,393,222 
2.410.275 
2,672,454 
2,725,191 

18,667,542 
16,443,825 
11.405.904 
5,539,913 

65.306.427 
53.817,488 
42,356,589 
20,099,576 

100.375 
218.699 
376,786 

381,715 
452,020 
639,347 
352,539 

2,813,319 
2,066,289 
1,. 5,52,. 589 
1,301,6,58 

1,124,529 
909,117 
647,577 

1,4.53,547 

1,024.660 

1,3.56,280 

816,120 

8606,398 
376,844 
169, 435 

810,905,822 
12,438,754 
2,889,615 
2,957,467 

4,216,7.51 
3,116.331 
1,241.. 536 
2,422,389 

6.582,085 

4.260.326 

766,849 

1.829.042 

6,901.763 
7, 490. 732 
6,786.610 
6,486,372 

1,800,179 
2,365,289 
1,200,758 
1,188,196 

1,588,494 

1,605,392 

831,, 566 

1,412,934 

12.389,675 
14.322,831 
5,326,401 
3,914,970 

13,260,039 
4,093,932 
5,932,461 
8, 264, 186 

78,209,770 
67,785,834 
28,854,636 
14,848,295 

237,875,025 
218,860,649 
122,530,544 
61,564,150 

235,573 
492, 789 
859,965 

821.788 
1,124,356 
1,584,285 
1,199,698 

S. 742, 471 
S,  72!1, 280 
6.402.189 
2,326,014 

4,. 501, 1.59 
3,394,932 
1,729,274 

5,379,0.52 
3,929,508 
4, 146,  ,595 
3,242,297 

816,920,326 

19,338,481 
4,505,536 
4,090,868 

71 
73 
32 

78,211 
91,669 
46,651 

244.871 
120.818 
65,990 

6,167,542 

5,004.572 
2,059,840 
3,841,377 

117 
40 
16 

138,727 
58,499 
16,828 

284,926 
351,622 
20,747 

8,106,929 

5,540,179 
1,062,204 
2,550,051 

Massachusetts 

395 
93 

122 

364,585 
155,217 
175.664 

717,940 
989,570 
169,937 

11,947,731 
13,412,379 
10,981,649 
9,973,911 

Michigan 

38 
28 
25 

46, 104 
30.625 
44,444 

163,103 
146, 71-n 
98,096 

2,712,114 
3,574,905 
1,847,565 
1,446,551 

Missouri 

61 
52 
18 

88,798 
81,566 
28,039 

172,013 
72,378 
102, 786 

2,999,438 
3,200,230 
1,520,559 
2,185,513 

566 
282 
129 

804,772 
452,357 
212,812 

1.448,560 

1,056,365 

504,967 

20,065,972 

21,835,484 
8,756,431 
6,704,054 

609 
191 
127 

801,337 
293,867 
199,862 

1,137.066 
211.984 
486,805 

21,227,399 

8.697.995 
10.310,088 
13,924,622 

Ohio 



1,744 
945 
453 

1.931,037 

1,250.230 

663,638 

4,113,201 
3,134.600 
1,552,785 

111,996.673 
98,568.619 
45, 406.  ,560 
21,880,167 

Pennsylvania 

8,129 
4,450 
1,738 

10,057,776 
5,390,828 
2,564,584 

21,924,663 
14,573,593 
7,072,834 

363,773,577 

332,  .588, 174 

188,714,190 

98, 445, 709 

Tennesseei 

15 
21 

14,986 
30,830 

12,158 
91,295 

387, 409 

881,404 

1,369,400 

37 
34 

40 

66,806 
61,905 
65,701 

110,426 
87,915 
100,471 

1,515,959 

1,836,670 
2,400,603 
1,986,416 

\V(^t  Virginia 

107 
81 
63 

142,342 
108,426 
86.687 

492.683 
106.378 
S8. 289 

13.454.802 

13,394.911 
8,  .547. 360 
4, 422, 9:i6 

Wisconsin ' 

133 
65 

1.55.870 
73,624 

277,330 
252,093 

7,379.038 

6,004,989 
3, 284,. 5,56 

All  other  states 

305 
113 
64 

572,342 

141,488 
125,490 

1,253,727 
271,001 
249,901 

9,397,039 

0,122,744 
6,596,601 
4,486,008 

1 

'  Inclufled  In  "nil  other  9taU>s"  In  190.5. 

'IncliKled  in  "ull  oIIut  ntjitis"  in  1890. 

1  Inoluden  e.HL(i)ill.>4l)inentH  rlistriliiited  as  follows:  Colorado,  1;  Georgia,  I;  Kansas,  1;  Maine,  1;  Dregon,  1;  Kliode  Island,  4;  Tennessee,  2;  Washington,  1. 

•lnelu'Ii«e.Htalili«hmenl«distrll)iit«'d  as  follows:  Colorado.  2:  Kansas.  1;  Maine,  l;MInnesolii,  2;  Oregon.  1;  Rhode  Island.  1;  Washington.!;  Wyoming,  1. 

'  Im-hideH  estaMishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  1;  Oeorgla,  1;  Iowa,  1;  Maine,  1;  MinneNotii.  1;  New  Hampshire,  1;  Rhode  Island,  1;  Wiseonslii,  1; 
Wyoming.  I. 

•Includes  establishment!!  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado.  I;  Dlslrlet  of  Cnhimlila,  1;  f'.eorghi.l:  KiinsiiB,2;  Maine, 2;  Nebraska,!;  Now  llnmp.'ihlre.  2;  Rhode 
Island,  I;  VV-nnont,  1;  Wyr,iidng,  1. 


Thcro  were  26  statos  report ini;  in  190."),  <uiii|)arp(l 
witli  27  stntp.s  in  1000  and  1,S<)(),  and  Jd  in  ISSO. 
Minnr-.sota  lia.s  2  ostaMi.shnicnts,  of  wliicli  1  was  idle 
in  l!K).')  and  the  otlicr  proiiiiced  slocl  casliiifrs  wliicli 
were  con.Hiimpd  1)V  tlic  cslaliiislunont  in  niaiuifac(  iirr'.s. 


and  riiliin^'  mill  prodticls,  includiiif^  Minnesota,  wiiicli 
maniifacliircd  a  sinall  Miiinunt  of  steel  in  an  estahlisli- 
inent  otherwise  ciassilicd. 

Pennsylvania  conlinues  to  ])roduee  more  lliiiii  oiu'- 
lialf  of  tlie  ciist  steel  and  rolled  iron  and  ste<d  |)roducts, 


'Pile  rollini;  mill  in  Wyoming;  was  idle  in  lOt).'').  (ieor^ia  I  itsoiilpnl  in  1 '.lO.'j  const  it  iit  inf.;  .'J4  per  cent  of  the  total 
lias  resinned  the  inaniifueture  of  rolled  iron  and  steel  value,  coiiipared  with  Uli.l  ])er  cent  in  1900,  with  .'id. 9 
])rodiiets.     There  were  27  .states,  all  told,  iriakiii;:  sice]       per  ceiil  in  IS9(I,  an<l  with  IS.  I  per  cent  in  1880.     This 


IHON  AND  STIOEL. 


51 


stato  reports  over  one-half  of  the  (•a[)ital  and  one-half 
of  all  eniployee.s  and  expenses  pertaining  ti>  the  indus- 
try. Its  present  share  of  the  steel  niakinj^  and  ro!liii<; 
mill  industry  is  even  greater  than  its  share  of  tlie  l)last 
furnace  branch,  and  exceeds  by  over  .f.'JO, ()()(), ()()()  the 
total  ])roduct  of  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  for  the 
entire  country  in  1S9(). 

(3hio  ranks  second,  willi  an  increase  of  l.'i.O  per  cent; 
Illinois  tiiird,  with  an  incr(>ase  of  32.9  per  cent,  antl 
New  York  fourtii,  with  an  increase  of  144  per  cent. 
A  decrease  in  tlic  value  of  products,  compared  with 
1900,  appears  in  Delaware,  Jndiana,  Ma.ssachusetts, 
Michigan,  Missouri,, New  Jersey,  and  Virginia. 

CAiniAl,. 

Th(>  capital  invested  in  steel  works  and  rolling  mill 
estabiislnuents,  active  and  idle,  for  1 SSO  Ic  190.5,  is 
sliown  in  Table  42. 

T.\BLE  4ii. — Steel  U'orks  and  rolling  mills — acliie  ami  idle  extab- 
lishmeiils — rapilnl:  IHSO  Id  1905. 


Num- 

CAPITAL. 

Census. 

ber  of 

estab- 

ILsh- 

ments. 

Total. 

tools,  and    '    "hI:™"' 
implements.         <^"^^- 

Total 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

494 
476 
429 
391 

'$7.30,378,292 

'449,926,470 

'284,271,524 

120,522,745 

$417,216,418 

214,025,431 

132,989,177 

71,. 567,596 

5313,161,874 

235,901,039 

151,2.S2,347 

48, 9.5.'-,,  149 

Active 

1905 

415 

709,130,646 
441,795,983 
278,559,831 
116,458,300 

21.247,646 
8, 1.10, 4S7 
5,711,693 
4,064,355 

400,038,881 

208,249,924 

128, 623;  160 

69,033,147 

17,177,537 
5,775,507 
4,366,017 
2,534,449 

309,091,765 

233,546,059 

149,936,671 

47,425,243 

4,070,109 
2,354,980 
l,34.'i,676 
1,529.906 

Idle 

1900 
1890 
1880 

lOM 
1900 
1890 
1880 

438 
395 

358 

79 
38 
34 
33 

'Includes  value  of  rented  property— 1905.  $9.027.9,56:  1900, Sll.888,815;  1890. 
$3,230,000. 

The  capital  invested  in  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 
constitut(>s  7.3.0  ])er  cent  of  that  employed  in  the  iron 
and  steel  industries;  .substantially  the  same  proportion 
as  in  1900,  when  it  represented  73.9  per  cent  of  the 
aggregate  capital. 

The  increas(>  in  the  total  capital  invested  in  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills  from  1900  to  190.5  was  .$2S0,- 
451,822,  or  62.3  per  cent,  as  compared  with  the  m- 
crease  for  the  decade  from  1890  to  1900  of  .1165,654,946, 
or  58.3  per  cent.  Of  the  aggregate  capital  reported  in 
1905,  97.1  per  cent  was  invested  in  active  establish- 
ments and  2.9  per  cent  in  idle,  as  compared  with  an 
investment  of  98.2  per  cent  of  the  total  capital  in 
1900  m  active  establishments,  and  1.8  percent  in  idle. 
Of  the  total  ca|)ital  in  1905,  57.1  per  cent  was  in  build- 
ings, machinery,  tools,  and  implements  and  42.9  per 


cent  in  lands,  cash,  and  sundries;  compared  with  47.6 
per  cent  in  the  former  and  52.4  per  cent  in  the  latter 
in  1900.  The  increase  of  investment  in  equipment  is 
thus  shown  to  have  been  relativel}''  much  greater  than 
the  investment  in  land  and  active  capital. 

The  idle  establishments,  79  in  number,  were  located 
in  the  following  states:  Alabama,  2;  Delaware,  1  ;  Illi- 
nois, 2;  Indiana,  13;  Kentucky,  1;  Massachusetts,  2; 
Minnesota,  1  ;  Missouri,  1;  New  Jersey,  2;  New  York, 
5;  Ohiii.  10;  Peim.sylvania,  33;  Virginia,  1 ;  West  Vir- 
ginia, I  ;  Wisconsin,  3:  and  Wyoming,  1.  The  capital 
invested  in  idle  establishments  shows  an  increase  of 
$13,1 17,159  over  that  in  1900. 

The  7  forges  and  bloomeries,  6  active  and  1  idle, 
which  are  included  with  tlie  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills,  but  are  not  equipped  with  hot  rolls,  are  all  that 
is  left  of  a  once  large  industry.  They  have  a  reported 
capital  of  .«256,639,  of  which  .S7(),681  is  for  buildings, 
machinery,  tools,  and  implements,  and  $185,958  for 
land,  cash,  and  sundries. 

MATERIALS   U.SED. 

Table  43  .shows  the  (luantity  and  cost  of  the  prin- 
cipal materials  used  by  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  in 
1880,  1890,  1900,  and  1905,  and  the  percentage  of 
mcrease,  both  in  tonnage  and  value. 

The  statistics  for  1900  showed  a  decline  in  the  use  of 
iron  ore  by  rolling  mills,  due  chiefly  to  the  dismantling 
of  puddling  furnaces,  but  the  returns  for  1905  show  an 
increase  which  a  little  more  than  makes  up  this  de- 
crease. The  consumption  of  pig  iron,  spiegeleisen, 
and  ferromangane.se  has  increased  1.780,947  tons;  old 
iron  or  steel  rails  and  other  scrap  iron  and  steel, 
1,010,990  tons;  purchased  hammered  iron-ore  blooms, 
pig  or  scrap  blooms,  and  imjiorted  Swedish  l)illets  and 
bars,  49,249  tons;  purchased  muck  bar  or  scrap  bar. 
44,622  tons;  purchased  iron  or  steel  ingots,  blooms, 
billets,  tin-]>late  bars,  sheet  bars,  or  slabs,  949,850  tons; 
and  purchased  wire  rods,  25,189  tons. 

At  the  census  of  1900  the  total  amount  and  kind  of 
fuel  consumed  was  reported,  but  no  separation  was 
made  between  fuel  used  for  power  and  that  used  for 
melting  and  heating  purposes.  In  making  the  canvass 
for  the  present  census  an  inquiry  was  made  of  the  cost 
of  fuel  used  for  power.  As  the  character  of  the  fuel 
reported  as  used  for  power  purposes  does  not  appear 
in  the  returns,  tlie  total  amount  of  fuel  by  kinds  can 
not  be  given,  and  hence  no  comparison  can  be  made 
between  1905  and  1900  of  the  consumption  of  fuel 
by  kinds,  1>ut  only  of  the  cost  of  all  fuel  used.  Tliis 
shows  an  increase  since  1900  of  .$12.85(1.571.  or  57. .5 
per  cent. 


52 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  43.— STEEL  WORKS  AND  ROLLING  MILLS— MATERLVLS  USED,  BY  KIND,  QUANTITY,  AND  COST.  WITH  PER 

CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1880  TO  1905. 


CENSUS. 

FEB 

CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

KIXD. 

1905                                   1900                                   1890 

1880 

1900  to  1905 

1890  to  1900 

1880  to  1890 

Tons.     1       Cost.           Tons. 

1 

Cost.            Tons._ 

Cost. 

Tons.            Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons.     Cost. 

■                          1 
^een-Eate                        '                       S441.204.432 

8390,568,117 

$216,269,022 

$130,104,493 

13.0 

80.6 

66.2 

■      ' 

549,995 
12,191,228 
5,124,277 

81,969 
205,951 

4,632,257 
161,914 

2,396,792 

340.028 

1,326,395 
151,042,348 
66,670,855 

1,150,575 
4,535,939 

92,123,412 
5,419,617 
22,342,390 

1,220,694 

14,679,804 

2,014,390 

170,345 

3,098,409 

1,158,748 

(») 

45,956,586 

519,199 
5,846,906 
1,726,162 

49,867 
209,534 

874,518 

3,355,139 
105,346,851 
36,101,038 

2,329,138 
6,252,594 

28,753  S06 

(=) 
17,397,434 

1,487,713 

9, 66?,  208 

1,311,588 

243,773 

3,566,946 

1,124,206 

(') 

16,733,322 

333,405  !     2,779,879 

61.7 

80.7 

13.9 

1.4 

54.8 
11.7 

12.3 

111.9 

57.5 

'34.5 

78.0 
138.3 

134.4 
123.0 

321.1 

160.6 
43.4 
84.7 

150.6 

127.5 

220.4 

55.7 
147.6 
44.0 

146.0 
336.6 

1,169.6 

20.7 

Pig  iron,  spiegeleisen.  fer- 
romanganese,     and     all 

172,101,436    10.410.281 

! 

2,361,304      111. 868. 776  1      17.1 

70.3 

Old  iron  or  steel  rails,  and 
other    scrap    iron    and 
steel 

Purchased  hammered  iron- 
ore  blooms,  pig  or  scrap 
blooms,    and    imported 
Swedish  billets  and  bars. 

Purchased  muck  or  scrap 
bar 

67,601,248 

1,781,126 
5,066,732 

103,420,970 

4,774,383 

3.5,192,961 

792,262 

14,367,934 

2,009,392 

299,138 

4,382,667 

908,154 

12,433,414 

48,868,784 

4,113.287 

32,720 
161,329 

3,682,407 
136,725 

1,198,842 

92,261 
47,995 

68,882 

37,692,774 

5, 993, 145 
2,369,544 

4,339,057 

13,202,597 

1,875,062 

10,510,255 
582,901 
234,379 

24.6 

150.5 

27.7 

25.8 
18.4 

"4.2 

161.1 
163.9 

Purchased  iron  or  steel  in- 
gots, blooms,  billets,  tin- 
plate  bars,  sheet  bars  or 
slabs— except    imported 
Swedish  billets  and  bars. 

S62.7 

10.0 

137.0 
135.7 
■18.8 

'i'29.'9' 

28.4 

117.9 

51.9 

53.6 

130.1 

'13.1 
3.1 

35.9 

12.3 

175.6 

3.8 

31.8 

.\nthracite    coal    and 

231,125 

7,055,093 

"63^776 

<  3,133, 533 

944,018 

10,944,046 

3  926,516 

'2,250,022 

858,071 

4.617,0.55 

3  393,051 

'2.770,611 

631,229 

4,112,222 

3  142, 605 

'2,667,902 

■20.7 

Bituminous  coal  and 

18.1 

Coke 

125.0 

4.0 

Natural   gas   used   as 
fuel                

41.4 

4  633,813 

s  1,302,615 

s  1,859, 138 

All  other  material 

1,8.58,721 

6.3 

174.fi 

800.3 

*  Not  reported  separately. 


3  .short  tons. 


'  Bushels. 


The  use  of  oil  as  fuel  in  1905  by  steel  works  and  roll- 
-ing  mills,  in  whole  or  in  part,  was  reported  by  16  states. 
Illinois  was  the  largest  user.  Natural  gas  was  used 
in  .5  states,  and  l)y  109  establishments,  distributed  as 
follows:  Pennsylvania,  69;  Ohio,  22;  Indiana,  9;  West 
Virginia,  S;  and  Kentucky,  1.  The  cost  of  natural  gas 
used  as  fuel  in  190.'}  shows  an  increase  of  .S1,2S4,2.5S, 
or  41.4  per  cent.  In  1900  natural  gas  was  used  by  92 
establishments  and  in  1890  by  <S5.  The  estal)lishnients 
using  natural  gas  show  an  increase  of  8  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, 14  in  Ohio,  '.i  in  West  Virginia,  and  a  decrease  of 
8  in  Indiana.     The  cost  of  natural  "ras  consunied   in 


Penns\dvania  in  190.5  shows  an  increase  of  $773,737,  or 
29.7  per  cent,  over  1900;  in  Ohio  it  shows  an  increase 
of  $523,94.S,  or  407. S  per  cent;  in  W^est  Virginia,  an  in- 
crease of  $124,914,  or  165  per  cent ;  and  in  Kentucky, 
an  increase  of  $20,949,  or  611.1  per  cent;  while  in 
Indiaiiii  the  decrease  is  $159,285,  or  5(5.3  ]>er  cent. 

PRODUCTS. 

'I'ahli'  14  shows  tlio  (|uantity  and  value  of  the  lead- 
ing products  re])orle(l  by  tlie  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills  for  ISSO.  LS9(),  1900,  and  1905. 


Tahi.k  44.— STEEL  WORKS  A.\I»   lt(il,l,l\(i   MIM.S     PHoDICTS,  l!Y    KIND.  (^'ANTITY,  AND  VALUE;  1S80  TO  1U05. 


1905 


Tons. 


Total. 


RalU:< 

Iron 900 

Steel 2.19.1,705 

Dcvmr-mcf 2, 065. 024 

i)[K'n-hiurl  h J2H,  681 

Splice  buTB.  locluilingall  patent  splices  and  rail  Joints 174. 0.M 

Iron  .11  '     I   '    rn  and  rods,  not  Including  aheot  or  tlii- 

'■                           rods 2.442.K10 


Iron  .' 

Iron. 
Ile»«emer  Jileel. 


rod«. 


o,~ 


,.  riF.    .tool 

ii'<,  biiuiia,  and  cotton  ties  . 


Iron 

Irrrri 

Iron  n  I  ,.,...., I...   ...,..],.... 

Ir^iri  I  <le« '.'.'..',..]['.'...'. 

I  riiii  '  1  r  prniluccd  lor  wile. ........ 

Iron  a. '.  1 jiliiteAnnd  shcetn,  except  nail 

itnr)  tfii'k  plate,  tijock  plates  or  sheets  for  tinning,  nnd 
«nnor  plHl* 


1,792.704 

4.47S 

3.11.(171 

618.391 

337,223 

l.fi.W.IKK) 

631 

82,ar>4 

150,926 


1, MO,  409 


Value. 


$673,908,026 


1 

21, 
12, 
46, 

2, 
3, 


20,700 
1.236,050 

1.027,488 
1. 608.  ,W2 
1,(163.062 

1.069,122 
:,  998, 03  J 

148,200 
089, 170 
4IHI.  .'i31 
760,010 
780.202 
26.  i;i8 
849,601 
940,998 


77,802,001 


1  Italln  renewed  or  rerolled  liieliidid  under  ■ull  other  products.' 
•  Not  rep<»rlod  senanitoly. 


Tons. 


Value. 


$.596,689,284 


880 
2,280,4.W 

m 

(2, 
(») 

2,493,189 
91(1,887 

27.091 

263.800 

.W(i,092 

'1.198,18ft 


2.22(1 
100,  .177 
203,681 


31.180 
46,  .'101,979 
(■>> 

P> 

)00,*81I7,221 
35,  .529. 829 

l.n51.,5.'iC. 

8.  .181.  717 

19,928.249 

'49.189.747 


88.841 
4.. 194. 096 
8,940,887  I 


l,488.0(in  I       (18,109.223 

•  None  re|)orteil. 
'  Int^hideti  Hkelp. 


1890 


Tons. 


Value. 


$331,860,872 


13.718 
1.8.53,862 
1.883,862 

(') 

(») 

1.672,  .147 

(') 

122,792 

88, 410 

(is.  123 

'•846,203 


2, 232 

.'i2. 184 

282.  ()89 

682, 693 


622,224 
60,272,878 
60,272,878 

68,867,418 
(•) 

6,941.474 

4.829,411 

3,992,074 

('23,628,840 


127,500 
2,935,481 
7,411,748 


1880 


Tons. 


416,890 

670, 161 

662,032 

8,129 

874,144 

(») 

86, 438 

407 

71 

>  201,0.19 


2,348 
19,8.19 
67,802 


39,369,004    262,063 

'  lloopN  (inil  Nki'lp  only. 


Value. 


$203,274,042 


20.978.697 

37.892,075 

,17,408,628 

483,460 

(»> 

.86,091!,  670 

(») 

5..5'.!0,7r( 

(!3,060 

8,800 

li  13,979,893 


179, 154 
l.(i(KM(H 
2.440.941 


22,4.12,202 


IRON  AN  J)  S'I'i':EL.  53 

Tadle  44.— steel  works  AND  ROLLING  MILLS— PRODUCTS,  BY  KIND,  QUANTITY,  AND  VALUE:  1880  TO  1905— Cont'd. 


Iron  and  steel  nail  plate 

1  roll  and  steel  tack  plate 

Black  plates  or  sheets  for  tinning: 

Iron 

iJeaseiner  steel 

Open-heurth  steel. 


Iron  and  steel  armor  plate  and  gnn  forgings 

Iron  and  steel  rolled  blooms,  slabs,  billets,  tin-plate  bars, 

and  sheet  bars  produced  for  sale 

Steel  ingots  produced  for  sale 

Direct  steel  eastings 

All  other  products 


1906 


67,857 
18,744 

64,111 
353.027 
86,887 
22,839 

4,823,585 

190, 404 

>  287, 326 


Value. 


1,826,766 
035, 320 

2, 809, 930 

18,271.025 

4, 21.5,  .518 

9,500,810 

109,611,104 

.3,985,310 

"20,600,136 

124,574,609 


1000 


Tons. 


81, 
10, 

m 

.356, 
38. 
15, 

4, 172. 
103. 
177, 


Value. 


18, 
2, 

7, 

96, 

2, 

14, 

111, 


,406,340 
650,218 

673, 312 
294. 494 
520,  479 

321,887 
781.145 
609,893 
651,591 


1890 


Tom. 


Value. 


(') 
(') 

(I) 
(') 
(') 

118,473,057 


1880 


Tods. 


5'> 
(') 

(') 

(') 
(•) 

(') 
(') 
(') 


iNot  reported  separately.  -None  reported. 

^  E.xc!usive  ol  4. 184  tons  of  steel  castings,  valued  at  $347,204,  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 


Value. 


(') 
(') 

41,481,718 


The  above  tahle  <;ive.s  the  cliief  products  comparable 
for  the  different  census  years.  Tlie  products  shown 
in  detail  a^firewate  17,291,328  tons  at  the  census  of 
1905,  as  compared  with  14,467,737  tons  for  1900.  The 
total  classified  product  of  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 
in  1905  was  1S,21(),639  tons,  as  shown  by  Table  45, 
compared  with  15,040,129  tons  in  1900  (an  increase 
of  21.1  ])er  cent),  and  with  7,388,244  tons  in  1890 
and  3,040,038  tons  in  1880. 
Table  45  is  a  detailed  summaryof  th(>  productsfor  1905. 

Table  4.5. — Steel  works    and    rolling    milh — detailed  surnviary  of 
prodiu-ts:  1905. 


Products,  aggregate  value 

Rolled,  fnr^'ed.  iind  other  classified  products,  total. . 

Direi't  steel  castings,  total 

IJesscnier  steel  eastings,  including  steel  cast- 
ings made  in  Cljipp-<:riniths,  Robert-Bes- 
semer, and  otlirr  ct>nverters 

Open-hearth  steel  castings 

Acid 

Basic 

Crucible  and  other  kinds  of  steel  castings . . . 
Rolled  iron  and  steel — 

Rails,  total 

Iron 

Steel 

Bessemer  steel 

Open-hearth  steel 

Renewed  or  reroUed  rails 

Splice  bars,  including  all  patent  splices  and 

rail  joints 

Iron  and  steel  bars  and  rods,  not  including 

sheet  nr  tin- plate  bars  or  wire  rods 

Iron  and  steel  wire  rods 

Structural  shapes,  including  light  and  heavy 

shapes,  total 

Iron 

Steel 

Bessemer  steel 

Open-hearth  steei 

Iron  and  steel  hoops,  bands,  and  cotton  ties. . 

1  ron  and  steel  skelp 

I  ron  and  steei  ca  r  axles 

Muck  and  scrap  bar,  produced  for  sale 

Iron  and  steel  boiler  and  other  plates  and 
sheets,  exeei)t  nail  and  tack  plate,  black 

plates  for  tinning,  and  armor  plate 

Iron  and  steel  nail  plate 

Iron  and  steel  tack  plate 

Black  plates  or  sheetslor  tinning,  total 

Iron 

Steel 

Bessemer  steel 

Open-hearth  steel 

Iron  and  steel  armor  plate  and  gun  forgings. . 

Iron  and  steel  rolled  blooms,  slabs,  billets, 

tin-plate  bars,  and  sheet  bars,  produced 

for  sale 

.Ml  other  rolled  iron  and  steei  products 

Steel  ingots,  produced  for  sale 

All  other  forged,  cast,  or  other  iron  and  steel 
products,  not  including  cut  nails,  wire  nails, 
bolts,  nuts,  rivets,  spikes,  washers,  etc 


Tons. 


18,216,639 
1287,325 


13,653 
269,561 
182,330 

87,231 
4,111 

2,194,605 

900 

2, 193, 705 

2,065,024 

128,681 

99,530 

174,055 

2,442,810 
1,792,704 

954,537 

4,475 

950,062 

331,671 

618, 391 

337,223 

1,557,690 

83,58.5 

150.926 


1,856,469 

67,857 

18, 744 

504,025 

64,111 

439,914 

353,027 

86,887 

22,839 


Value. 


$673,965,026 
584, 299, 439 
120,600,136 


1,597,944 
18,560,238 
12,964,150 

5,596,088 
441,954 

58,256,750 
20,700 
58,236,050 
54,627,488 
3,608,562 
2,480,328 

5,663,052 

84,069,122 
52,995,031 

32,730,901 

145,200 

32..5S.5.701 

II.IIS'.1, 170 

21.496.531 

12.760,010 

46, 7S0, 202 

2, 875, 829 

3,940,998 


77,802,001 

1,826,7.50 

635  320 

25,297,079 
2,809,936 

22,487,143 

18,271,625 
4,215,518 
9,560,816 


4,823,585 
377,065 
196, 404 


109,611.104 
16,743,727 
3,985,310 


274.061        15.684,907 


1  Exclusive  of  4.184  tons  of  steel  castings,  valued  at  $347,2(i4.  made  by  estab- 
lishments engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 


Table  4.5. — Steel  vorks  and   rolliny   mills — detailed   summary  oj 

products:  I'JOo — f'onlinufd. 


Value. 


Products — Continued. 

Iron  an'i  steel  scrap  sold 

.\iiiuiiiit  rrceived  for  custom  work  and  repairing 

Miseellaiienus  products,  not  rolled,  total 

Ci  ray  iron  and  malleable  castings,  including  cast- 
iron  pipe 

Ordnance 

Machinery,  etc 

Copper  rods 

Copper  wire 

Total  value  of  all  other  than  iron  or  steel  prod- 
ucts, including  amount  received  for  custom 
work  and  repairing. ..: 


Steel  ingots,  manufactured  for  consumption  or  sale, 

total 

Bessemer  steel  ingots,   including  steel  ingots 
made  in   Clapp-Griiliths,    Robert-Bessemer, 

Bookwalter,  or  ot  her  converters 

Open-hearth  steel  ingots 

Acid 

Basic 

Crucible  steel  ingots 


Miscellaneous  products,  not  rolled,  value  previously 

included,  total 

Cut  nails  and  cut  spikes,  total 

Iron 

Steel 

Combined  iron  and  steel 

Iron  and  steel  wire  nails 

Iron  and  steel  wire , 

Other  wire  products , 

Iron  and  steel  bolts,  nuts,  rivets,  forged  spikes, 

waslters,  etc 

Iron  and  steel  wrought  pipe  or  tubes , 

Iron  and  steel  seamless-drawn,  clinched,  brazed, 

etc.,  pipe  or  tubes., 

Iron  and  steel  springs,  car,  carriage,  furniture, 

and  all  other , 

Horse  and  mule  shoes 

Stamped  ware 

Shovels,  spades,  scoops,  etc 


11,400 
125,966  . 


13,379,083     240,284,576 


7,7.54,488 

5,548,396 

.573,475 

4,974,921 

76,199 


21,311,549 
2206,615 
2  960,670 
2144,264 

20,061,512 
1024,298 
■339,121 

=621.165,317 
849,047 


22,022 
68,594 


132,951,636 

101,762,469 

12,967,030 

88,794,839 

5,  .570, 471 


137,971,340 

2,394,108 

400,846 

1,732,064 

201.198 

17,495.362 

30,992,072 

19,063,409 

13,854,635 
43,985,728 

2,290,234 

1,708.632 

5,4,83,137 

292,923 

410,500 


1  Short  tons 


2  Kegs  of  100  pounds. 


»  Pounds. 


Iron  and  steel  rails. — The  total  production  of  iron 
and  steel  rails  was  2,194,605  tons,  as  compared  with 
2,251,337  tons  in  1900,  a  shght  decrease  in  tonnage. 
This  does  not  include  rails  renewed  or  rerolled.  Bes- 
semer steel  rails  amounted  to  2,065,024  tons  and  open- 
hearth  steel  rails  to  128,681  tons.  In  1900  the  open- 
hearth  steel  rails  made  did  not  exceed  1,500  tons  and 
in  1890  no  open-hearth  steel  rails  were  made. 

The  average  value  of  steel  rails,  as  obtained  from 
these  reports,  was  $26.55  per  ton  in  1905,  .$20.66  per 
ton  in  1900,  .$32.51  per  ton  in  1890.  and  S56.54  per  ton 
in  ISSO.     It  should  be  slated  that  the  Census  report  of 


54 


MANUFACTURES. 


1900  was  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1900,  or  the 
business  year  of  the  estabhshment  nearest  conforming 
thereto.  During  the  year  1899  there  was  a  very  wide 
fluctuation  in  prices  for  Bessemer  steel  rails,  the  aver- 
age monthly  prices,  as  reported  by  the  American  Iron 
and  Steel  Association,  ranging  from  818.50  per  ton  ui 
January,  1899,  to  S35  per  ton  in  December,  and  re-  | 
suiting  in  an  average  for  the  year  of  .$28.12.  The 
values  as  reported  by  the  difl'erent  producers  in  1900 
show  a  like  wide  range,  from  less  than  $18  per  ton  for 
Illinois  to  nearly  830  per  ton  for  Ohio,  and  result  in  a 
low  average  for  the  country  at  large.  Since  the  early 
part  of  1901  the  quoted  price  for  steel  rails  at  the 
mills,  as  reported  by  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Asso- 
ciation, has  been  uniform  at  $28  per  ton. 

In  1905  steel  rails  were  produced  by  14  establish- 
ments. Bessemer  steel  rails  were  made  b}^  12  estab- 
hshments  and  open-hearth  steel  rails  by  5. 

In  addition  there  were  8  establishments  which  did 
not  manufacture  new  rails,  but  which  renewed  or  re- 
rolled  rails,  making  22  establishments  in  the  aggregate 
that  rolled  rails.  Two  of  the  establishments  that  manu- 
factured rails  also  rerolled  or  renewed  rails.  The  total 
amount  renewed  or  rerolled  was  104,429  tons,  of  which 
99,530  tons  were  reported  as  of  a  value  of  $2,480,328 
and  4,899  tons  were  rerolled  on  toll. 

Pennsylvania  produced  812,691  tons  of  rolled  rails, 
chiefly  Bessemer,  a  little  less  than  thi-ee-eighths  of  the 
entire  product;  in  1900  its  production  was  over  one- 
half  of  the  total.  Illinois  ranks  second,  its  production 
being  all  Bessemer.  New  York  is  third  and  Maryland 
fourth,  with  Bessemer  steel  rails  in  each  case;  Alabama, 
not  a  producer  of  steel  rails  in  1900,  is  fifth,  its  rail 
product  being  of  open-hearth  steel ;  and  Oliio  sixth, with 
all  Bessemer  steel  rails.  Only  900  tons  of  iron  rails 
were  reported. 

Splice  bars. — Splice  bars,  including  all  i)atent  sjjlices 
and  rail  joints,  to  the  extent  of  174,055  tons  were  re- 
ported at  the  census  of  1905,  of  an  average  value  of 
$32.54  per  ton.  In  1900  the.se  products  were  not 
specifically  re])orted  but  were  included  under  miscel- 
laneous rolled  products,  aiul  their  value  was  in('luded 
in  that  for  "all  other  products."  Penn.sylvania  made 
more  than  one-half  of  this  class  of  products,  93,04.1  tons, 
and  Illinois,  with  54,978  tons,  was  the  second  largest 
producer. 

liars  (ind  rods. — The  production  of  iion  and  steel 
bars  anfl  rods,  not  including  wire  rods,  shows  a  slight 
decn-a.se  in  fjuantity  from  1900,  namely,  2  per  cent, 
and  a  decn'a.se  of  1(1.4  pc^r  cent  in  value.  The  average 
value  in  1005  was  834.41  pertmi;  in  1900  it  was  $40.35 
per  ton;  in  IS!I0,  $13.(11  pcv  ton;  and  in  ISSO,  $(14.8(1 
per  ton.  In  tlie  (igures  given  for  1890  and  IS.SO  only 
thi'  (|uanlity  and  value  <)f  bars  and  rods  ninntifiii-lurcd 
for  sale  were  given.  In  1900  and  for  tlie  |)r('sent  cen- 
.siis  tlie  (|ininlily  and  value  are  given  of  all  bars  and  rods 
made,  whether  sold  as  products  or  consumed    by   lln' 


establishment  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 
The  increased  value  given  to  bars  and  rods  when  manu- 
factured into  bolls,  nuts,  etc.,  by  the  rolling  mill  estab- 
lishment has  been  included  under  "  all  other  products." 

The  average  value  shows  a  decline  of  14.7  per  cent 
from  the  average  for  1900.  This  is  in  harmony  with 
the  general  decline  in  the  average  value  per  ton  of  all 
classified  products  of  steel  works  and  rolling  mills, 
wliich  fell  from  $33.94  in  1900  to  $32.08  in  1905,  or  5.5 
per  cent.  Products  in  tlris  group  were  made  in  all 
states  having  rolling  mills  except  Georgia,  Kansas,  and 
West  Virginia.  Of  the  leading  states,  Pennsylvania 
made  1,166,234  tons,  nearly  one-half  of  the  total 
amount,  of  an  average  value  of  $34.66  per  ton;  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Illinois  produced,  respectively,  274,191 
tons,  212,421  tons,  and  145,527  tons;  the  average 
value  per  ton  in  these  states,  in  the  order  named,  being 
$31.63,  $31.62,  and  .$32.52. 

Wire  rods. — Wii'e  rods  show  the  heaviest  increase  of 
any  of  the  groups  of  products,  the  increase  in  tonnage 
being  876,172  tons,  or  95.6  per  cent,  and  in  value, 
$17,465,502,  or  49.2  per  cent.  The  average  value  in 
1905  was  .$29.96  per  ton,  and  in  1900,  $38.76. 

The  manufacture  of  mre  rods  is  reported  by  11 
states — Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Massachusetts, 
Indiana,  Kentucky,  Colorado,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Alabama,  and  Rhode  Island.  Of  the  leading  states, 
Penn.s3'lvania  turned  out  596,892  tons,  of  an  average 
value  of  $28.36  per  ton.  AVith  two  exceptions  the  out- 
put of  the  other  states  was  in  each  state  the  product  of 
less  than  3  establishments. 

Structural  shapes. — Structural  shapes  in  the  aggre- 
gate have  increased  from  856,983  tons  in  1900  to 
954,537  tons  in  1905,  or  11.4  per  cent.  The  average 
value  for  all  shapes  has  remained  substantially  the 
same,  $34.26  per  ton  in  1900  and  $34.29  per  ton  in 
1905.  Ii'on  shapes  in  1905  averaged  $32.45  per  ton; 
Bessemer  steel,  $33.43  per  ton;  and  oi)en-hearth  steel, 
$34.76  per  ton.  Iron  shapes  were  reported  from  Cali- 
fornia and  Pennsylvania.  Bessemer  steel  structural 
shapes  were  reported  for  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Ohio, 
anil  Wisconsin,  in  the  order  named  as  to  quantity  of 
product,  and  o])en-hearth  steel  shapes  from  Pennsyl- 
vania, New  Jersey,  Indiana,  Wisconsin,  New  York, 
Colorado,  Ohio,  and  Alabanui.  Penn.sylvania  pro- 
duced more  than  six-tenths  of  tlie  total  cpnuitity  of 
steel  structural  shapes,  or  822,(118  tons,  of  which 
546,440  tons  were  open-hearth  steel:  New  Jersey  was 
the  next  largest  pi-odiicer,  I'dllnwed  hy  llliiniis,  iind 
then  by  Ohio. 

Iron  and  steel  hoops,  hands,  rottini  tits,  and  sLilp. — 
Tlie  production  of  hoops,  bands,  cotton  lies,  iind  sl<elp 
f  in  1905  amounte(l  ti>  1,S1I4,91.3  tons,  of  a  \iiiiie  of 
$.59,540,212,  an  inciTnsc  I'roni  1900  of  (lll'.i,72l  Ions,  or 
58.5  i)ef  eiMit,  in  (|uantily  and  of  $1(»,3S0, 165,  or  21.1 
percent,  in  \Mine.  The  product  ion  of  skel]),  the  cliief 
item    (il    this   gnmi).    uinnunled    in    1'.I05    t-o    1.557,(190 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


55 


tons,  and  hoops,  bands,  uiul  cotton  tios  to  3.37,223  tons. 
In  1900  the  production  of  skclj)  was  not  icpoitcd  sojia- 
rately.  The  average  value  of  all  pi-odiicts  of  this 
group  in  1905  was  $31.42  per  ton,  compared  with 
$41.13  per  ton  for  1900.  The  average  value  for  skelp 
in  1905  was  $30.03  per  ton. 

Hoops,  bands,  and  cotton  ties  were  reported  in  1905 
from  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Georgia,  Massachu- 
setts, and  Alabama:  Pemisylvania  produced  200,461 
tons;  Ohio,  102,823  tons;  and  the  other  4  states,  the 
remaining  33,939  tons.  Skelp  was  j)roduced  ])y  Penn- 
sylvania to  the  extent  of  1,058,588  tons,  or  two-thirds 
of  the  product  of  the  country.  Ohio  made  211,624 
tons;  West  Virginia,  192,644  tons;  ami  Illinois,  Con- 
necticut, and  New  York  produced  the  remaining  94,834 
tons. 

Car  axles. — In  1905  only  631  tons  of  rolled  car  axles 
were  reported,  whereas  in  1900  tlie  production 
amounted  to  2,229  tons.'  Iron  and  steel  hammered 
car  axles  were  rej)orted  from  Penn.sylvania,  Michigan. 
Illinois,  California,  and  Ohio  in  1905  to  the  extent  of 
82,954  tons,  of  an  average  value  of  .$34.35  per  ton.  In 
1900,  100,377  tons  of  hammered  car  axles,  of  an  average 
value  of  $43.78  per  ton,  were  manufactured  by  Penn- 
sylvania, Missouri,  Michigan,  Vh'ginia,  Alabama,  New 
Jersejr,  and  Delaware.  Pennsylvania  ]iroduced  88.5 
per  cent  of  the  hammered  car  axles  in  1905,  compared 
with  78.9  per  cent  in  1900. 

Mud'  fiiic]  scrap  liar  prodncrd  for  sale. — The  muck 
and  scrap  bar  shown  in  the  table  does  not  include  that 
made  and  consumed  by  the  producing  establishments 
in  the  manufacture  of  more  highly  finished  rolled  prod- 
\icts.  Muck  or  scrap  bar,  to  be  marketed  as  such,  was 
reported  fi'om  Pemisylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Dela- 
ware to  the  extent  of  150,926  tons;  more  than  two- 
thirds  of  this  was  from  Pennsylvania,  and  one-fifth 
from  Ohio.  The  average  value  of  the  product  was 
$26.11  per  ton  at  the  census  of  1905,  and  in  1900  it 
was  $29.16  per  ton. 

Boiler  and  other  plates  and  sheets,  except  nail  and  tack 
plates,  blacl-  plates  or  sheets  for  tinning,  and  armor 
plate. — The  production  of  iron  and  steel  boiler  and 
other  plates,  exclusive  of  nail  and  tack  plates,  black 
plates  or  sheets  for  tinning,  and  armor  plate  (which  are 
reported  separately),  was  reported  by  13  states  and 
shows  an  increase  of  368,403  tons,  or  24.8  per  cent,  in 
quantity  and  of  .159,692,778,  or  14.2  per  cent,  in  value. 
The  average  value  per  ton  was  $41.91  at  the  census  of 
1905,  .$45.77  in  1900,  .$60.30  in  1890,  and  $85.60  in  1880. 
The  bulk  of  the  output  was  reported  by  Pennsylvania, 
which  manufactured  1,297,086  tons,  over  two-tliirds  of 
the  total,  at  an  average  value  of  $40.43  per  ton;  and 
from  Oliio,  wliicli  made  364,790  tons,  one-fifth  of  the 
total,  at  an  average  value  of  $43.94  per  ton.     Other 

'  Error  in  Twelfth  Census  report  consisting  of  the  tal^ulation  a.s 
"rolled  car  axles"  of  1.592  tons  of  hammered  ear  a.xU's,  of  a  value  of 
$!)8,S(;i.  in  New  Jersey,  and  -52. .518  tons  of  liammered  ear  axle.s,  of  a 
value  of  $2,569,349,  iii  Pennsylvania,  has  been  corrected. 

4.52.54— MFC.  190.5— PT  4—08 6 


jjroducing  states  were  Illinois,  the  product  being  by 
less  than  llu'ce  establishments;  West  Mrginia,  with 
34,036  tons;  Kentucky,  33,921  tons;  Indiana,  23,947 
tons;  and  in  a  le.sser  degree,  Delaware,  Missouri,  Ala- 
bama, Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
Marj'land. 

Nail  and  tack  plate. — Nail  plate  was  reported  in  1905 
V)y  10  states  to  the  extent  of  67,857  tons,  of  an  average 
value  of  $26.92  per  ton,  compared  with  81,101  tons  in 
1900,  of  an  average  value  of  .$30.41  per  ton.  This 
shows  a  decrease  in  quantity  of  16.3  per  cent.  More 
than  one-half  of  the  amount,  namely,  37,162  terns,  of  an 
average  value  of  $25.42  per  ton,  was  made  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. West  Virginia  was  the  next  in  rank.  Other 
states  nuiking  nail  plate  were  Colorado,  Kentucky, 
Illinois,  Ohio,  Massachusetts,  Indiana,  California,  and 
Virginia,  named  in  the  order  of  amount  of  product. 

Tack  plates  were  reported  by  4  states — West  Vir- 
ginia, Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  and  California. 
The  average  value  for  the  18,744  tons  made  was  $33.89, 
compared  with  an  average  value  of  $39.26  for  the 
16,563  tons  made  in  1900.  The  increase  in  quantity 
was  13.2  ])er  cent. 

Black  plates  or  sheets  for  tinning. — Prior  to  the  stim- 
ulus given  the  t  in  and  terne  plate  industrj'  in  this  coun- 
try by  the  tarilf  act  of  1890,  very  few  black  plates  or 
sheets  for  tinning  were  produced.  In  1900  the  total 
production  as  reported  was  394,014  tons,  qf  a  value  of 
$20,967,806,  an  average  value  of  $53.22  per  ton.  At 
the  census  of  1905  the  total  amount  was  504,025  tons, 
of  a  value  of  $25,297,079,  an  average  of  $50.19  per  ton. 
This  is  an  increase  of  27.9  per  cent  in  quantity  over 
1900,  and  of  20.6  per  cent  in  total  value  of  product. 
In  1900  there  were  44  active  black  plate  establish- 
ments. No  iron  l)lack  plates  were  reported  by  any  of 
the  establishments.  The  Bessemer  black  plates,  con- 
stituting more  than  nine-tenths  of  the  total  production, 
averaged  in  1900,  $52.59  per  ton  and  the  open-hearth 
black  plates,  $58.93  per  ton. 

At  the  present  census  returns  were  made  of  black 
plates  by  35  active  establishments.  Iron  black 
plates  were  made  by  6  establishments.  Bessemer 
steel  black  plates  by  25  establishments,  and  open- 
hearth  steel  black  j)lates  by  17  establishments. 

Bessemer  steel  black  plates  show  a  slight  decrease 
in  quantity,  while  open-hearth  steel  black  plates 
have  more  than  doubled.  The  average  value  in  1905 
for  iron  black  i)lat(>s  was  .$43.83  per  ton;  for  Bessemer 
steel,  $51.76;  and  for  open-hearth  .steel,  $48.. 52 — or 
for  all  grades,  as  before  stated,  $50.19  per  ton. 

The  value  per  ton  for  open-hearth  steel  plates 
appears  considerably  less  than  for  Bessemer  steel, 
owing  to  the  low  valuation  given  in  certain  reports. 
The  12  establishments  in  Pennsylvania  and  Oliio 
producing  open-hearth  steel  black  plates,  which 
made  nearly  one-half  of  the  total  product,  show  an 
average    value    per    ton    of    $52.64.     Peimsyhania, 


56 


MANUFACTURES. 


with  34,665  tons  of  iron  black  plates,  more  than  one- 
half  of  the  total  amount,  ranked  first;  it  was  followed 
by  Ohio  and  West  "\"irginia.  Pennsylvania  was 
also  first  in  the  production  of  Bessemer  steel  black 
plates,  making  213,904  tons,  nearly  two-thirds  of  the 
total,  followed  by  Indiana,  Ohio,  West  Virginia,  and 
Kentucky.  In  the  manufacture  of  open-hearth 
steel  black  plates  Illmois  was  first,  followed  by 
Ohio,  Pennsj-lvania,  Maryland,  West  A'irginia,  and 
Indiana. 

Armor  plate  and  gun  fnrgmgs. — The  product  re- 
ported under  armor  plate  and  gun  forgings  is  from 
4  establishments — 3  m  Pennsylvania  and  1  in  New 
Jersey — a  relatively  small  amount  of  gim  forgings 
being  reported.  There  is  shown  an  increase  in  the 
total  products  of  this  group  of  7,537  tons,  or  49.3 
per  cent,  in  quantity  and  of  .S2,034,337,  or  27  per 
cent,  in  value.  The  product  m  1905  was  of  an 
average  value  per  ton  of  -1418.62,  as  compared  with 
an  average  value  per  ton  in  1900  of  1491.86. 

Rolled  hhoms,  sluh.s,  hiUtts,  tin-plate  iars,  and  slieet 
bars  produced  for  sale. — Much  the  larger  part  of  this 
group  api)ears  again  in  the  material  of  other  rolling 
mills.  The  figures  are  comparable  witli  those  of 
1900  only,  as  prior  thereto  the  products  of  this  group 
were  not  reported  .separately.  The  products  show 
an  increase  of  651,299  tons  ui  quantity,  or  15.6  per 
cent,  over  those  of  1900,  ami  an  increase  of  13.8 
per  cent  in  value.  At  the  census  of  1905  the  average 
value  per  ton  was  .S22.72  and  in  1900  it  was  .|23.09. 

The  manufacture  of  these  products  for  sale  was 
reported  by  12  states.  Pennsylvania  proiluced 
2,582,848  tons,  valued  at  $22.54  per  ton,  more  than 
one-half  of  the  total  amount,  and  Ohio,  1 ,803,873 
tons,  valued  at  $22.37  per  ton.  Illinois  reported 
298,805  tons,  and  the  remaining  138,059  tons  were 
from  Alabama,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Maryland,  Con- 
necticut, Colorado,  Massachusetts,  Kliode  Island, 
and  Delaware,  the  last  4  states  marketing  very 
small  amounts. 

Steel  ingots  produced  for  sale. — The  total  produc- 
tion of  steel  ingots  was  13,379,083  tons,  valued  at 
$240,284,576.  Tiiis  is  the  total  <|uantity  of  .steel 
ingots  made  both  U>r  consumption  by  the  producing 
establisiiinents  and  for  sale.  Of  this  (|uantity, 
196,404  tons,  or  less  than  1.5  |)er  cent,  were  produced 
for  .sale,  tlie  average  value  thereof  being  ,$20.29  per 
ton,  as  compiired  with  an  average  value  of  .$26.82  per 
ton  in  \'.il)<).  MiKJi  ilic  larger  part  of  tlic  steel  ingots 
sold  becomes  material  for  rolling  mills  [>urchasing 
steel  ingots,  thoTigli  .some  of  tlie  ingots  go  to  estab- 
lislunents  manufacturing  heavy  forgings. 

Of  the  ingots  jiroduced  for  .sale,  West  Virginia  and 
Penn.syl vaiiia  reported  all  l)ut  3  j)er  cent.  Tlie  produc- 
tion of  steel  ingots  will  be  considered  at  length  in  sul)- 
aef|uent  ttdiles. 


Direct  steel  castings. — Direct  steel  castings  to  the 
amount  of  287,325  tons  and  valued  at  $20,000,136, 
or  an  average  value  of  $71.70  per  ton,  were  reported 
in  1905.  This  is  an  increase  of  62.2  per  cent  over 
the  quantity  reported  in  1900,  which  was  177,156 
tons,  valued  at  $14,609,893,  or  an  average  of  $82.47 
per  ton.  Pennsylvania,  with  26  establishments,  pro- 
duced 114,411  tons  of  direct  steel  castings,  valued 
at  $8,041,419,  or  an  average  of  $70.29  per  ton;  Illi- 
nois, with  7  establishments,  56,038  tons,  valued  at 
$4,148,259,  or  an  average  of  $74.03  per  ton;  New 
York,  with  5  establishments,  35,605  tons,  valued  at 
$1 ,991,778,  or  an  average  of  $55.94  per  ton;  Ohio,  with 
8  establishments,  35,156  tons,  valued  at  $2,308,178,  or 
an  average  of  $65.66  per  ton;  New  Jersey,  with  4  es- 
tablishments, 11,656  tons,  valued  at  $1,406,317,  or  an 
average  of  $120.65  per  ton;  Wisconsin,  ynth  8  estab- 
lishments, 9,215  tons,  valued  at  $848,230,  or  an  aver- 
age of  $92.05  per  ton;  and  Indiana,  with  3  establish- 
ments, 8,709  tons,  valued  at  $498,447,  or  an  average 
of  $57.23  per  ton.  Direct  steel  castings  to  the  extent 
of  790  tons,  not  included  in  the  above,  were  reported 
by  1  establishment  in  Indiana,  classified  as  "foimdry 
and  machine  shop  products."  The  remaining  16,535 
tons,  valued  at  $1 ,357,508,  were  produced  by  12  estab- 
lishments distributed  tlu-ough  the  states  of  Missouri, 
Michigan,  Connecticut,  Alabanui,  Delaware,  Tennessee, 
California,  Colorado,  and  Rhode  Island,  named  in  the 
order  of  their  production. 

Direct  steel  castings  are  further  shown  in  latei-  tables. 

Miscellaneous  rolled  products. — In  1905,  377,665  tons 
of  miscellaneous  rolled  products  wei'e  reported,  com- 
prising locomotive  and  car  wheel  tires,  rolled  blanks 
suitable  for  drawing  into  seamless  tidies,  flats,  socket 
iron  and  steel,  etc.  The  value  of  these  was  $1 6,743,727, 
an  average  per  ton  of  $44.33.  Pennsylvania  produced 
253,330  tons  of  these  miscellaneous  products;  New 
"i'ork,  47,445  tons;  Ohio,  33,825  tons;  and  New  Jersey, 
12,514  tons.  Other  material  producers  were  Michigan, 
Connecticut,  Kentucky,  and  California.  No  other 
state  i)roduced  over  600  tons. 

Miscellaneous  forged,  cast,  or  other  iron  and  steel 
products. — The  total  production  of  forged,  cast,  or 
other  miscellatieous  iron  and  steel  products,  not  other- 
wise specifically  classified,  amounted  to  274,061  tons, 
of  a  valu<"  of  $15,()SI,967,  an  avei'age  of  $57.23  p(M-  ton. 
Included  tiicrcin  luc  light  and  heavy  l'orgii\gs,  and  mis- 
cellaneous iron  and  steel  |)rn(lucls,  not  rolled,  and  the 
product  of  the  few  remaining  forges  and  bloomeries. 
The  latter  amounted  to  5,()2()  tons,  valued  at  $157,505, 
an  average  of  $28  per  ton. 

Total  production  of  steel  castings  and  of  rolled  and 
forged  iron  and.  steel,  by  states. — Table  46  shows  the 
total  ]tnidn(lion  by  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  of  all 
kinds  of  rolled  and  forged  iron  and  steel,  including 
steel  ingots  |iro(iu(i'd  for  sale  and  direct  steel  castings, 
in  1880,  l.S9(),  I'.too.  iukI  1905,  bv  states. 


TT^OX  AXD  STEEL. 


57 


Table  40.— STEEL  WORKS   AND   ROLLING   MILLS— QUANTITY   OF   CLASSII'IKI)    PRODUCTS,   WITH    PER   CENT  OF 

TOTAL,  BY  STATES:  1880  TO  1905. 


United  States. 


Alabama 

California. . , 

Colorado 

Connecticut . 
Delaware 


District  of  Columbia. 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 


Kansas 

Kentucky 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. 


Michigan 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

New  llampshire. 


New  Jersey... 

New  York 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania. 


Rhode  Island. 

Tennessee 

Vermont 

Virginia 


Washington . . . 
West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


QUANTITY  (TONS). 


190S 


265,202 
31,045 

148,747 
93, 181 
31,851 


9,56« 

1,657,885 

446,458 


169,466 

2,567 

315,566 

143,833 

55,154 


70,254 


161,431 
569,323 

3,533,426 
18,000 

9,825,753 

25,961 
19,206 


5,760 
384,932 
198,484 


1900 


1890 


15,040,129 


100,318 
25,419 

119,972 
43,908 
53,025 


1,485,346 
425,946 


m 

129,309 

2,750 

223,. 306 

137,502 

80,483 
13,259 
59,026 


142,152 
137,981 

2,737,497 
4,505 

8,503,852 

5,618 
13,400 


40,943 

5,000 
352,814 
187,376 

9,422 


7,388,244 


46,612 
.V),667 
18,646 
24,756 
52, 176 


2,.')34 

813,079 

98,394 

1,056 


43,823 

9,196 

18,0.15 

134,483 

36,239 

2,290 

24,739 


140,425 

214,310 

1,007,154 


4,259,800 

11,613 
18,438 


46,823 


231,998 
60,692 
8,308 


1880 


3,046,038 


580 

12,500 

4,018 

17,216 

30,284 

236 

10,269 

287,946 

69,536 


17,013 

58,610 

7,903 

42,508 
117,620 

20,652 


23,846 
1,786 
7,123 

73,765 
226,084 
340,562 


1,483,736 

7,262 
25,112 

5,357 
31,407 


60,212  I 

54,154  ] 


FEB  CENT  OF  TOTAL. 


1906       1900       1890       1880 


100.0 


100.0 


1.5 
0.2 
0.8 
0.5 
0.2 


0.1 
9.1 
2.5 


0.9 

(') 
1.7 

0.8 


0.3 
'6.'4 


0.7 
0.2 
0.8 
0.3 
0.4 


9.9 
2.8 


0.9 
(') 
1.5 
0.9 

0.5 
0.1 
0.4 


0.9 
3.1 

19.4 
0.-1 

.53.9 

■0.1 
0.1 


0.2 

(') 
2.1 
1.1 


0.9 
0.9 

18.2 

(') 

56.5 

(') 
0.1 


0.6 
0.7 
0.3 
0.3 
0.7 


(>) 
11.0 
1.3 
(■) 


0.6 
0.1 
0.3 
1.8 

0.5 
(>) 
0.3 


1.9 
2.9 
13.6 


57.7 


0.2 
0.3 


0.3 

(') 
2.4 
1.2 
0.1 


3.2 
0.9 
0.1 


100.0 


(') 


0.4 
0.1 

0.6 
1.0 


(') 


0.3 
9.5 
2.3 


0.6 
1.9 
0.3 
1.4 
3.9 


(') 


2.4 
7.4 
11.2 


48.7 

0.2 
0.8 
0.2 
1.0 


2.0 
1.8 
0.3 


1  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 

'  The  single.rolUng  mill  in  this  state  was  active  in  1905  and  1900,  but  was  engaged  exclusively  on  custom  work. 


The  production  of  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  in 
1905  shows  an  increa.se  of  3,176,510  gross  tons,  or  21.1 
per  cent  over  the  production  of  1900,  an  average  of  4.2 
per  cent  per  year;  compared  with  an  increase  of  7,651  ,- 
8S5  tons  in  1900  over  1S90,  an  average  of  10.4  per  cent 
per  year,  andwdth  an  increase  of  4,342,206  tons  in  1890 
over  1880,  an  average  of  14.3  per  cent  per  year.  Penn- 
sylvania made  more  than  one-half  of  the  total  produc- 
tion in  1905,  1900,  and  1890,  and  nearly  one-half  in 
1880.  The  maximum  percentage  of  the  total  products 
was  in  1890  and  has  since  gradually  decreased.  Ohio 
made  nearly  one-fifth  of  the  production  in  1905,  and  its 
proportion  of  the  total  has  shown  a  steady  increase. 

The  states  of  Delaware,  Maine,  Michigan,  iwul  Vir- 
ginia show  a  reduction  in  output  for  1905  compared 
with  1900,  and  Minnesota  and  Wyoming,  which  were 
producers  in  1900,  liad  no  production  in  1905.  Kansas 
does  not  appear  as  a  producer  in  1905  and  1900.  Its 
single  rolling  mill  was  in  operation  in  both  years,  but 
was  employed  on  custom  work  and  repairing.  The 
hea\'iest  relative  grow^th  was  in  New  York  and  Ala- 
bama, the  products  of  the  former  showing  for  1905  an 
increase  of  312.6  per  cent  over  1900,  and  of  the  latter 
state,  an  increase  of  164.4  per  cent. 

MISCELLANEOUS    SECONDARY    PRODUCTS. 

The  production  of  cut  nails  and  spikes,  wire,  ^vire 
nails,  bolts,  nuts,  rivets,  forged  spikes,  washers,  MTOught 


pipes  or  tubes,  horse  and  mule  shoes,  springs,  etc., 
when  made  by  steel  works  or  rolling  mills,  represents 
the  manufacture  into  more  highly  finished  forms  of  nail 
plate,  wire  rods,  bars,  skelp,  or  other  rolling  mill 
products  already  reported.  The  added  value  due  to 
this  higher  luiishing  has  been  carried  to  "all  other 
products,"  as  before  stated,  the  quantities  and  value 
of  the  nail  plate,  wire  rods,  skelp,  etc.,  so  used,  being 
reported  under  tlieir  respective  groups  as  rolling  mill 
products. 

Table  47  show's,  for  1905,  the  quantity  and  value  of 
the  leading  products  of  this  group  manufactured  by 
rolling  mills  and  the  value  of  those  manufactured  by 
other  establishments,  together  with  the  number  of 
establishments  producing  each  kind. 

Nails. — There  was  reported  in  1905  by  rolling  mills 
1,311,549  kegs  of  cut  nails  and  cut  spikes,  of  a  value  of 
$2,394,108,  an  average  value  of  SI. 83  per  keg,  and 
9,061,512  kegs  of  wire  nails,  of  a  value  of  S17,495,362, 
an  average  value  of  .$1.93  per  keg.  Altogether  34  roll- 
ing mills  reported  the  manufacture  of  nails,  17  of  which 
made  cut  nails  and  spikes  and  21 ,  wire  nails.  The  total 
nail  product  of  rolling  mills,  10,373,061  kegs,  was  valued 
at  $19,889,470,  an  average  value  of  SI. 92  per  keg. 

The  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel  nails  and  spikes, 
cut  and  wrought,  including  wire  nails,  was  reported  by 
83   establishments  not  equipped  with  hot  rolls,   the 


58 


MANUFACTURES. 


value  of  their  products  amounting  to  $12,940,726. 
The  total  value  of  all  iron  and  steel  nails  and  spikes, 
cut  and  wrought,  including  wire  nails,  was  S32,830,196. 
This  was  the  output  of  117  establishments. 

The  production  of  nails  by  establishments  other  than 
rolling  mills  comprises   the  product  of  76  establish- 


ments, classified  as  "iron  and  steel,  nails  and  spikes, 
cut  and  wTought,  including  wire  nails,  not  made  in  roll- 
ing mills  or  steel  works,"  amounting  to  $8,922,896, 
and  the  wire  nail  prodvict  of  7  establishments,  classified 
as  "wire,"  which  made  wire  nails  of  the  value  of 
$4,017,830,  or  a  total  value  of  $12,940,726. 


Table   47.— STEEL  WURKS  AND   ROLLING   MILLS— PRINCIPAL    IRON   AND   STEEL  MISCELLANEOUS    SECONDARY 
PRODUCTS  OF  ROLLING  MILLS  AND  ESTABLISHMENTS  OTHER  THAN  ROLLING  MILLS:  1905. 


Number 

of 
establish- 
ments. 


Nails  and  spilies,  total 

Cut  Dails  and  cut  spikes 

Iron 

Steel 

Combined  iron  and  steel 

Wire  nails 

Iron  and  steel  wire  and  wire  products  of  wire-drawing  mills,  not  including 

wire  nails,  total 

Wire 


other  wire  products 

Iron  and  steel  bolts,  nuts,  rivets,  forged  spikes,  washers,  etc 

Iron  and  steel  wrought  pipe  br  tubes 

Iron  and  steel  seamless.<lrawn.  clinched,  brazed,  etc.,  pipe  or  tubes. 

Horse  and  mule  shoes 

Iron  and  steel  springs,  car,  carriage,  furniture,  etc 


BOLLINC  MILLS. 


Value. 


Number 

of 

establish-j 

meats. 


I 


117  I    $32,830,196 


118 
27 
23 
19 
61 


65,868,594 


28,138,607 

59, 527, 178 

4,149,696 

6,282,118 

7,449,468 


Quantity. 


i 


34 

17 
8 
16 
11 

21    ! 

25 
25 
12 

30  I 
14  { 

11 


'10,373,261 

'1.311,549 

'  206, 015 

' 9H0, 670 

'144,264 

'9,061.512 

3  963,419 

3  624.298 

3  339,121 

< 277, 306 

•849.047 

<  20, 636 

■1 6S,  594 

122,022 


Number 

of 
establish- 
ments. 


$19,889,470 

2, 394, 108 

400.846 

1,732,064 

261.198 

17,495,362 

50,056,081 

30,992.672 

19.063,409 

13,854,635 

43,985,728 

2.290,234 

5,483,137 

1,708,632 


ESTABLISHMENTS 
OTHER  THAN  ROLL- 
ING MILLS. 


83 


Value. 


88 

13 
16  ' 


$12,940,726 

(') 
(') 
(') 
(.') 

15,802,513 

14,283,972 
15,641,450 

1,859,462 
798,981 

5,740.836 


'  Kegs. 


2Not  reported  separately. 


The  products  of  the  establishments  included  in  the 
industry  cla.ssified  as  "iron  and  steel, nails  and  spikes, 
cut  and  wrought,  including  wire  nails,  not  made  in  roll- 
ing mills  or  steel  works"  wei'e  m  detail  as  follows: 

Total S8,  922,  896 


Wire  nails 2,787,159 

Horse  nail.« 2,  345,  762 

Tacks  and  small  nail? 1,  664. 161 

Shoe  tacks  and  shoe  nailn 988.  144 

Cut  nails 218, 056 

Spikes,  etc 72,  285 

Miscellaneous  products 847,  329 

The  value  of  the  wire  nails  made  by  these  establish- 
ments ($2,787,1.59),  combined  with  that  of  the  wire  nail 
products  of  the  cla.ssified  "wire"  industry  (.$4,017,830), 
makes  a  total  of  $6,804,989  as  the  value  of  the  wire 
nails  made  by  establi.shments  other  than  rolling  mills, 
and  this  combined  with  the  wire  nail  product  of  the 
rolling  mills  gives  a  total  of  $24,300,351  as  the  value 
of  all  iron  and  steel  wire  nails.  The  total  production  of 
cut  nails  and  spikes,  not  including  tacks  and  small 
nails,  amounted  to  $2,684,449. 

Tbe  quantity  made  by  establishments  other  than 
rolling  mills  was  not  reported,  but  estimated  on  the 
basis  of  $1.83  per  keg  for  cut  nails  and  spikes  and  $1.93 
per  keg  for  wire  nails — the  average  values  for  rolling 
mills — the  cut  and  wire  nail  product  of  these  establish- 
ments (not  including  wrought  nails,  tacks,  and  small 
nails)  would  be  3,684, .'j.'J7  kegs.  The  total  product  wa-; 
tlius  approximately  14,0.57,000  kegs. 

The  total  nail  product  by  kinds,  so  far  as  it  can  be 
itemized,  is  as  follows: 


■Short  tons. 


<  Tons. 


KIND. 

Quantity 
(kegs). 

Value, 

Total 

$32,830,196 

12,587,000 
1,470,000 

24, 300, 351 

Cut  nails  and  cut  spikes 

2, 684, 449 

Horse  nails  . 

2  345  762 

Tacks  and  small  nails 

1,0<>4, 161 

988,144 

Miscellaneous  products 

847,329 

Rolling  mill  establishments  making  cut  and  wire 
nails  were  distributed  as  follows:  Penii.sylvania,  13; 
Illinois,  3 ;  Indiana,  Massachusetts,  Ohio,  and  West  Vir- 
ginia, 2  each;  and  Alabama,  California,  Colorado, Con- 
necticut, Kentucky,  New  York,  Rhode  Island,  Virginia, 
1  each.  The  other  establishments  making  these  are 
distribiited  as  follows:  Massachusetts,  37  (including  1 
wire-drawing  mill);  Pennsylvania,  8;  New  York,  7; 
Illinois,  10  (including  4  \dre-drawing  mills);  Ohio,  5; 
Connecticut,  4;  Wisconsin,  3;  Indiana,  4  (including  2 
wire-drawing  mills):  Maryland,  2;  and  .New  Hampshire, 
Uhode  Island,  ami  West  Virginia,  1  each. 

In  1900,  4,003,010  kegs  of  iron  and  steel  wire  nails 
were  rejxirted  as  the  product  of  1 1  establishments 
which  rolled  rods  and  drew  wire,  as  comjian-d  with 
9,061, .512  kegs  by  21  establi.shments  in  190.5.  This  is 
an  increase  of  90.9  per  cent  in  number  of  establishments 
and  of  96.!)  per  cent  in  (|Uaiitity  of  jiroduct. 

Tiie  declini'  in  the  cut  nail  iiidustrv,  wbich  started 
in  1886,  has  continued.  In  1900  cut  nails  were  manu- 
factured by  23  rolling  mill  (>stahlishments  to  the 
amount  of  1,089,143  kegs,  whereas  in  1905  there  were 
17     producing    establishinents,     with     ii     j)i-()(luct     of 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


59 


1,;U  1,549  kegs,  a  dccrcaso  of  20.1  ])or  cent  in  iiiinilxT 
of  establishments  and  22.4  per  cent  in  output. 

Wire. — In  1905  tlierc  were  25  roiling  mill  establish- 
ments making  wire  rods,  which  drew  iron  and  steel 
wire,  of  which  establislnnenls  12  mamifactured  thcn^- 
from  wire  j)roducts,  ])rincii)aliy  fencing  and  netting. 
The  wire,  reported  as  such,  amounted  to  624,298  short 
tons,  valued  at  $:^() ,m2 ,(iT2 ,  an  average  price  of  $49.04 
per  short  ton,  and  the  wire  j)roducts  to  339,121  short 
tons,  valued  at  $19,063,409,  or  $56.21  per  short  ton. 
The  two  combined  give  an  iron  and  steel  wire  pro- 
duction, not  inchuliiig  wire  nails,  of  963,419  short 
tons,  valued  at  $50,050,081.  If  the  weight  of  the 
9,061,512  kegs  of  wire  nails  is  added  thereto,  1,410,495 
short  tons  is  obtained  as  the  total  ([uantity  of  iron 
and  steel  wire  and  wire  products  of  all  kinds  made  by 
rolling  mills.  The  combined  value  of  these  products 
was  $67,551,443. 

In  1900  the  iron  and  steel  wire  product  reported  by 
rolling  mills  and  steel  works  (not  including  wire  nails) 
was  579,595  gross  tons,  valued  at  $35,283,688,  or  an 
average  value  of  $60.88  per  gross  ton,  which  is  equiv- 
alent to  649,146  short  tons,  of  an  average  value  of 
$54.35  per  ton. 

In  addition  to  tlie  wire  products  of  the  rolling  mills, 
iron  and  steel  wire  was  drawn  from  purchased  wire 
rods  in  1905  by  16  establishments  in  the  industry 
classified  as  "wire."  The  value  of  the  iron  and  steel 
wire  products  of  these  establishments  was  $17,362,395, 
distributed  as  follows: 

Total §17,  362,  395 

Wire,  ius  sudi 5,  148,  731 

Barb  wire 3,  851, 136 

Wire  nail.s 4,  017,  830 

Field  fencing '. 2,914,802 

Poultry  netting 505,  797 

Hay  and  bale  tics 248,  277 

Other  wire  iirciducis 675,  822 

There  occurs  in  the  al)ove  a  duplication  of  $1,559,882 
on  account  of  wire  purchased,  after  deducting  whicli 
$15,802,513  remains  as  the  value  <if  the  wire  and  wire 
products  made  by  wire  drawing  mills  from  purchased 
wire  rods. 

Tlic  quantity  of  the  wire  and  wire  products  produced 
by  wire  drawing  estai>lisliments  does  not  appear,  l)ut 
on  the  basis  of  an  average  value  of  $50  per  ton,  approxi- 
mately tiiat  of  the  roiling  mill  products,  the  product 
of  the  wire  drawing  establishments,  otlier  than  rolling 
mills,  would  appear  to  be  approxinuiteh^  310,000  short 
tons,  which,  added  to  the  wire  products  of  the  rolling 
mills,  1,410,494  short  tons,  gives  an  approximate  total 
of  1,732,000  short  tons  of  wire  products,  of  a  value  of 
$83,353,950,  as  the  output  of  all  establishments. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  wire  nails,  valued  at 
$2,787,159,  were  made  by  establishments  in  tlie  indus- 
try classified  as  "iron  and  steel,  nails  and  spikes,  cut 


and  wrought,  including  wire  nails,  not  made  in  rolling 
mills  or  steel  works."  Some  of  these  nails  were  made 
from  purcha-sed  wire,  and  some  from  purchased  wire 
rods  drawn  by  the  establishments.  As  the  amount  of 
wire  drawn  by  these  establishments  can  not  be  deter- 
mined, it  is  not  included  in  the  above  statement. 

The  following  tabidar  statement  shows  the  produc- 
tion of  the  wire  iiifhistry  as  a  whole  for  1900  and  1905: 

Wire  manufactured — comparative  summary:  190r>  and  1900. 


Aggn^ate  value 

trolling  rnill.s: 

Total  wire  and  wire  products- 
Short  tons 

Value 

Total  wire  and  wire  products, 
not  including  wire  nails- 
Short  tons 

Value 

Iron  and  steel  wire- 
Short  tons 

Value 

Iron  and  steel  wire 
products,  not  in- 
ciudinp;  wire  nails — 

Short  tons 

Value 

Wire  nails- 
Short  tons 

Value 

Establishments  in  "wire"  industry: 
Total  iron  and  steel  wire  and  wire 
products,   made  from  purchased 
wire  rods 


1905 


$83,3M,B50 


1900 


$52,871,387 


1,410, 494  I  S79,296 

tli7,551,443  $47,728,784 

9<i3,419  '  649,146 

$.'i0,058,081  $-55,283,088 


024,298    . 
$30,992,672    . 


Per  cent 

of 
Increase. 


57.7 


01. 1 
41.5 


48.4 
41.9 


339. 121 
$19,003,409 

453,075 
$17,495,-302 


230,150 
$12,445,096 


$15,802,513        $5,142,(03 


96.9 
40.6 


207.3 


The  rolling  mills  producing  wire  and  wire  products 
in  1905  were  distributed  as  follows:  8  in  Pennsylvania, 

3  in  New  Jersey,  2  each  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  New  York, 
and  Ohio;  and  1  each  in  Alabama,  Colorado,  Connecti- 
cut, Kentucky,  Massachusetts,  and  Rhode  Island. 
Of  the  establishments  otherwise  classified  which  draw 
iron  and  steel  wire  from  purchased  wire  rods  in  1905. 

4  were  in  Illinois,  4  in  Massachusetts,  3  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, 2  in  Indiana,  2  in  New  Jer.sey,  and  1  in  New 
York. 

The  state  of  Pennsylvania  produced  189,121  short 
tons  of  wire,  valued  at  $7,847,348,  and  149,102  short 
tons  of  "other  wire  products,"  valued  at  .30,562,460, 
or  35.1  per  cent  of  the  wire  and  wire  products,  not 
including  wive  nails  manufactured  by  rolling  mills; 
Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Massachusetts  were  the  next  in 
rank  as  producers.  Nearly  SO  per  cent  of  the  iron  and 
steel  wire  and  wire  products  of  mills  which  used  i)ur- 
ciiased  wire  rods,  was  from  the  state  of  Illinois,  and  if 
the  wire  industry  is  considered  ivi  a  whole,  wathout  re- 
gard to  ■whether  mills  roll  their  rods  or  purcha.se  them, 
this  state  easily  ranks  second. 

Bolts,  nuts,  rivets,  forged  sinkes,  washers,  etc. — The 
manufacture  of  bolts,  nuts,  rivets,  forged  spikes, 
washers,  etc.,  was  reported  by  30  rolling  mill  estab- 
lishments in  1905,  to  the  extent  of  277,306  tons,  valued 
at  $13,854,635,  or  at  an  average  value  of  $49.96  per 
ton.  Products  of  this  class,  valued  at  .$14,283,972, 
were  made  by  SB  establishments  other  than  rolling 


60 


MANUFACTURES. 


mills.  On  the  basis  of  the  average  price  per  ton  of  the 
manufactures  of  the  rolling  mills  (S49.96)  an  estimate 
of  285,908  tons  is  obtained  as  the  quantity  of  this 
product.  The  total  quantity  for  all  bolts,  nuts,  rivets, 
forged  spikes,  etc.,  was  on  this  basis  over  560,000  tons. 

The  rolling  mills  reporting  these  products  com- 
prised 10  in  Pennsylvania,  3  each  in  Illinois  and  Vir- 
ginia, 2  each  in  California  and  Ohio,  and  1  each  in 
Colorado,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Indiana,  Kentucky, 
Massachusetts,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  and 
Wi-sconsin.  Pennsylvania  reported  more  than  one- 
half  and  Illinois  nearly  one-fifth  of  those  produced  by 
rolling  mills. 

]Yrought  pipe. — The  manufacture  of  Avrought  pipe 
or  tubes  was  reported  by  14  rolling  mill  establish- 
ments, of  which  9  were  in  Pennsylvania,  2  in  Ohio,  and 
1  eacli  in  Illinois,  New  York,  and  West  Virginia.  The 
production,  849,047  tons,  valued  at  .143,985,728,  aver- 
aged in  value  $51.81  per  ton.  In  addition  wTought 
pipe  of  the  value  of  .$15,541,450  was  produced  by  13 
establishments  wliich  purchased  skelp.  These  13 
establishments  appear  in  the  industry  classified  as 
"iron  and  steel  pipe,  WTOught,"  the  total  value  of  the 
products  of  which  are  $17,400,912,  consisting  of  the 
wrought  pipe  product  made  from  purchased  skelp, 
just  referred  to,  and  seamless  drawni,  clinched,  brazed, 
riveted,  and  other  pipe  or  tubes,  valued  at  -SI, 859, 462. 
On  the  basis  of  the  average  value  per  ton  of  wrought 
pipe  showai  by  the  rolling  mill  product,  the  wrought 
pipe  made  from  purchased  skelp  by  establishments 
other  than  rolling  mills  represents  in  quantity  nearly 
300,000  tons,  and  makes  with  the  rolling  mill  product 
a  total  of  approximately  1,150,000  tons,  valued  at 
$59,527,178. 

Se.amlfss-flravm,  clinclixl,  hraze.d,  etc.,  pipe  or  tubes. — 
Eight  njlling  mill  establi.sliments  located  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio,  and  Michigan  reported  the  manufacture 
of  20,636  tons  of  seamless  drawn,  clinched,  brazed, 
etc.,  pipc^  or  tubes  of  a  value  of  .$2,290,234,  or  an 
average  of  $110.98  j)cr  ton.  In  tlie  industry  classified 
as  "iron  and  steel  pipe,  wrought,"  there  were  reported 
by  15  estahlisliments  products  of  a  like  character 
aggregating  $1,859,462,  making  a  total  of  $4,149,696. 

Ilorne  ami  rrmle.  shoes. — The  manufacture  of  horse  and 
mule  .shoes  was  reported  by  1 1  loiling  mill  establish- 
mcuits  and  by  8  establishments  f)therwi.se  classifiefl. 
Of  the  former,  2  each  were  located  in  New  York,  Penn- 
sylvania, anil  Virginia,  and  1  each  in  Delaware,  Illinois, 
New  Jersey,  Rhoile  Island,  and  Wisconsin.  Tlir  prod- 
uct of  llu!  rolling  mills  aggregated  68,594  tons,  valued 
at  .$5,4H3,137,  or  $79.94  per  gro.ss  ton.  Of  the  estab- 
li.shmcnts  other  than  rolling  mills,  which  niMniifacturo 
horse  and  iiuilc  shoes,  3  were  located  in  Pennsylvania, 
and   1  each  in  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  Minnesota, 


New  Jersey,  and  New  York.  The  product  of  the  estab- 
lishments, not  rolling  mills,  is  of  a  value  of  $798,981; 
and  estimated  on  the  basis  of  the  value  reported  for  the 
rolling  mill  horse  and  mule  .shoe  product,  it  is  equiva- 
lent to  about  10,000  tons.  This  combined  %\ath  the 
rolling  mill  protluct  gives  a  total  product  of  78,594  tons. 
The  New  York  rolling  mill  establishments  produced 
the  largest  amoimt  of  horse  and  mule  shoes,  and 
Pennsylvania  ranked  second.  These  2  states  produced 
more  than  one-half  of  the  rolling  mill  product. 

Springs. — Car,  carriage,  furniture,  and  other  springs 
were  made  by  9  steel  works  and  rolling  mill  establish- 
ments to  the  amount  of  22,022  tons,  valued  at  $1,708,- 
632,  an  average  value  of  $77.59  per  ton.  Of  these 
steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  2  each  were  located  in 
Michigan  and  Pennsylvania,  and  1  each  in  California, 
Connecticut,  Illinois,  Massachusetts,  and  New  Jersey. 

The  greater  part  of  the  iron  and  steel  springs  for 
cars,  carriages,  etc.,  was  made  by  establishments  other- 
wise classified.  Of  the  latter,  there  Mere  52,  reporting 
products  valued  at  $5,740,836.  Less  than  23  per  cent 
of  this  class  of  products  was  from  establishments 
which  made  or  rolled  their  own  steel. 

The  other  miscellaneous  iron  and  steel  products 
specifically  reported  by  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 
will  be  found  in  Table  45.  It  is  not  possible  to  show 
the  total  j)roiluct  of  cast  iron  pipe  or  gray  iron  and 
malleable  castings,  as  the  greater  part  of  the  same  is 
included  in  the  reports  of  establishments  classified 
under  "foundry  and  machine  shop  products,"  and  can 
not  be  segregated. 

The  manufacture  of  1,594  tons  of  ordnance,  valued 
at  $988,804,  was  reported  by  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills,  and  products  valued  at  $557,903  by  establish- 
ments classified  as  "ordnance  and  ordnance  stores," 
making  a  total  value  of  $1,546,707. 

The  rolling  mill  establishments  reported  stamped 
ware  valued  at  $292,923,  which  .should  be  combined 
with  the  product  of  establishments  making  stamped 
ware  as  a  specialty.  They  reported  machinery  manu- 
factured to  the  extent  of  $1,269,675,  whicli  is  a  b}'- 
product  for  "foundry  and  nnichine  shop  ])roducts," 
and  shovels,  spades,  scoops,  etc.,  valued  at  $410,500, 
a  by-product  for  "  tools,  not  elsewhere  specified." 

The  nuimifacture  of  copper  rods  was  reported  by  3 
establishments  classified  as  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills,  which  were  located  in  Illinois,  Massachusetts, 
and  l-*(umsylvania;  and  c()pi)er  wire  by  3  establish- 
ments located  in  Illinois,  Massachusetts,  and  New 
Jersey. 

EQUII'MENI'. 

Table  48  shows  the  equipment  and  capacity  of  the 
steel  works  and  rolling  mills  in  1905,  as  comi)ared  with 
1900,  1890,  and  JSNO. 


IRON  AND  STI':KI.. 


61 


Tahli-',  48. — Steel  works  arul  rollimj  mills — active  and   idle  estab- 
lishments— nmnber,  equipment y  and  capacity:  18H0  to  1905. 


Steel  works  and  rolling  mills: 

Number  of  (istuhlishmcnts 

Total  daily  capaoity,  (inished,  rolled,  and  | 

forge<i  products,  tons,  double  turn ■ 

Bessemer    establishments,    ineluded 

above 

Bessemer  converters— 

Number I 

Total   daily  cjipacity,  tons  of  | 

iiiRots.  double  turn [ 

Open-hearth  steel  establishments,  in- 
cluded abnvi- i 

Open-hearth  furnaces—  | 

Number 

Total  daily  capadly,  tons  of  , 

ingots,  double  turn 

Acid  furnaces—  [ 

Number I 

Daily  capacity,  tons  of  I 
ingots,  double  turn. . 
Basic  furnKces— 

Number 

Daily  capacity,  tons  of 

ingots,  double   turn 

Crucible  steel  establishments,  included 

above 

Crucible  pots  which  can  be  used 
at  a  heat 


1905 

1900 

1890 

1518 

470 

429 

115,210 

90,122 

41,676 

49 

42 

61 

103 

91 

97 

45,427 

38,420 

19,285 

126 

96 

58 

515 

331 

129 

35,457 

19,030 

3,608 

159 

152 

(») 

7.750 

0,419 

(») 

356 

179 

(') 

27,707 

12,011 

(») 

49 

40 

47 

2,939 

2,619 

2,606 

1880 


391 
19,730 
11 
24 
3,988 
25 
.37 
738 
W 
(«) 
(") 
(>) 

37 
2,691 


1  Exclusive  of  forges  and  bloomeries  but  including  31  establishments  other 
than  steel  works  and  rolling  mills.    (See  Table  13.) 
'  Not  reported. 

This  comprises  both  active  and  idle  establishments 
and  includes  those  otherwise  classified.  The  number 
of  establishments  shows  an  increase  of  42,  or  8.8 
per  cent,  and  their  daily  capacity  of  finished  rolled 
and  forged  products,  an  increase  of  25,088  tons, 
or  27.8  per  cent.  Establishments  having  Bessemer 
converters  have  increased  7  in  number  and  12  in 
number  of  converters,  wliile  the  open-hearth  steel 
establishments  have  gained  30  in  number  and  184  in 
number  of  furnaces,  7  of  the  latter  being  acid  furnaces 
and  177  basic.     Crucible  establishments  have  increased 


slightly  in  number  and  considerably  in  equipment. 
Efjiiipment  for  the  production  of  steel  by  other  or 
miscellaneous  processes  was  reported  by  6  establish- 
ments, including  1  establishment  otherwise  clas.sified. 
Of  the  total  numl)cr  of  active  and  idle  establishments 
classified  undcu-  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  93  were 
e<(uipped  both  for  the  production  of  steel  and  for  the 
manufacture  of  hot  rolled  iron  and  steel  products;  74, 
for  the  production  of  .steel  ingots  and  castings  only; 
and  320,  for  the  production  of  hot  rolled  iron  and  steel 
products  only.  There  were  thus  1(57  establishments 
e<|uipped  for  steel  production  and  413  for  the  manu- 
facture of  hot  rolled  iron  and  steel  products. 

Of  the  total  number  of  establishments  in  1900,  42 
were  equipjied  fur  the  manufacture  of  Bes.semer  steel, 
with  91  converters;  96,  for  the  manufacture  of  open- 
hearth  steel, with  331  furnaces;  40,  for  the  manufacture 
of  crucible  steel,  with  2,619  pots;  and  11,  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  steel  by  miscellaneous  processes.  There 
were  in  1900,  425  establishments  etjuipped  for  the 
manufacture  of  hot  rolled  iron  and  steel  j)ro(lucts,  wliile 
51  were  not  so  equipped.  In  1890,  299  produced 
rolled  iron  and  steel,  but  not  steel  ingots  or  castings, 
and  130  were  equipped  for  the  production  of  steel. 

STEEL    PRODUCTION. 

The  following  tables  present,  by  states,  the  produc- 
tion of  steel  ingots  and  direct  steel  castings  reported 
at  the  census  of  1905  and  former  census  years. 

Table  49  shows  the  total  production  of  all  kinds  of 
steel  ingots  and  castings,  by  states,  1880  to  1905. 


Table  49.— STEEL  WORKS— QUANTITY  OF  STEEL  INGOTS  AND  DIRECT  STEEL  CASTINGS,  BY  STATES:  1880  TO  1906. 


TOTAL 

(TONS). 

BESSEMER  STEEL   (TONS). 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

113,670,592 

10,68.1,000 

4,174,652 

1,027,381 

7,768,915 

7,532,028 

3,617,198 

879,650 

227,899 
579 

188,828 

47,307 

808 

1,555,198 

81,589 

89,610 

309,481 

109,025 

2,500 

147 

7,131 

48,191 

129,306 
2,197 

268 
7,5.50 
16,029 
1,550 

1,177 

CaUf  ornia , 

(») 
129,306 

103,625 

16,029 

1,964 

Delaware 

868 
1,193,548 



Illinois      

1,460,710 

51,967 

74.737 

255,070 

51,652 

4,575 
10,392 
9,600 

779,956 
1,116 

227,293 

1,211,115 

777,478 

226,352 

Kentucky 

312 

89,610 
302,481 

74,737 
251,320 

893 

26,272 

4,855 

Massachusetts 

8,585 

14,065 
3,214 

Michigan ■. 

2,500 

147 

2,300 
50 

7,508 
4,037 
10,663 

77,451 
96,324 

7,508 

New  Hampshire 

3,304 
21,149 

101,709 
395,574 

68,288 

474,  2t8 

2,. 129,997 

231 

7. 733,640 

20,120 

606 

62,832 

23,232 
1,812,829 

4,177 

363,063 
2,049,153 

231 
3,442,312 

300 

1 1 

New  York 

94,109 
340,266 

76,143 
73,938 

Ohio 

Oregon 

1,607,353 

6,431,297 

2,652,920 

588,994 

3,911,127 

2,2i6,736 

496,709 

Rhode  Island                               

146 

134 

3,571 
2,679 

1 

214,075 
9,215 

254,070 
2,297 

161,307 

214,075 
1,648 

254,070 
650 

161,307 

1  Includes  4,184  tons  of  steel  eastings  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

2  California  produced  a  small  quantity  of  Tropenas  steel  castings  in  1900.  which  was  included  in  the  statistics  for  the  iron  and  steel  shipbuilding  industry. 

3  Couuocticut  produced  a  small  quantity  of  Trojwnas  steel  castings  in  1900,  but  this  production  is  not  included  in  the  figures  given  for  this  state. 


62 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  49. -STEEL  WORKS— QUANTITY  OF   STEEL  INGOTS   AXD    DIRECT  STEEL  CASTINGS,  BY  STATES:  1880  TO 

1905— Continued. 


OPEN-BEABTH  STEEL   (TONS). 

CRUCIBLE  STEEL   (TONS). 

MISCELLANEOUS  STEEL  (TONS). 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1905    ;    1900       1890 

1880 

United  States 

5,820,397 

3,044,356 

480,035 

75,269 

80,059 

104,393 

73,882 

68,037 

1           ; 

1,221  1    4,223  1    3,537 

4,425 

Alabama 

California 

226,722 

579 

85,203 

46,507 

48,191 

268 
7,550 







::::;::: 

802 

800 

1,395 

1,556 

1,889 

75 

Illinois 

361,650 
80,799 

249,313 
51,953 

2,081 
893 

825 

282 
14 

397 

223 

116 
67" 

790 

245 

7,000 

105,047 

2,250 

51,552 

2,275 
10,342 
9,600 

1,500 

893 
475 

1,641 

ii,732 

8,460 

3,978 

125 

7,131 

' 

3,304 

13,887 

1,161 
55,308 

4,037 
402 

'ji.'ooi' 



New  Jersey 

57,606 

104,898 
480,844 

49,912 

14,371 
114,926 

6,505 
6,297 

9,600 

8,861 
550 

6,637 
6,499 

9,368 

2,308 
322 

3,320 

625 

893 

Ohio 

4,230,657 
19,820 

2,437,918 

383,851 

32,986 

60,240 

81,349 

55,427 

53,842 

431 

903 

2,912 

3,457 

Rhode  Island 

94 

3,571 
2,679 

606 

52 

134 

5,934 

857 

1,633 

790 



1'               ■■ 

The  growth  of  steel  production  has  Ixh'u  tlic  heavi- 
est of  any  portion  of  Ihe  iron  and  steel  industry. 
The  increase  in  the  steel  ])r()ducfion  in  1905  was 
2,985,592  tons  over  tliat  ol'  1900,  or  27.9  per  cent. 
This  is  an  average  increase  of  nearly  (iOO.OOO  tons  jier 
year.  The  product  for  1900  shows  a  gain  over  that 
of  1890  of  6,510,348  tons,  or  155.9  per  cent,  an  average 
increa.se  of  about  650,000  tons  per  year;  and  the 
prixluct  of  1890  .shows  a  gain  over  tliat  of  1880  of 
3,147,271  tons,  or  306.3  per  cent,  an  average  increase 
of  nearly  315.000  tons  per  year. 

The  following  tai)ular  statement  shows  the  pr()])or- 
tion  (if  the  total  that  Be.s.semer  steel,  open-liearth  steel, 
and  crncihle  and  miscellaneous  steels,  respectively, 
formed  for  the  several  census  vears: 


KIND. 

I-HR  CENT  or  TOTAL  .STEKL  I'liO- 
DUCTION. 

1906 

100.0 

1900 

1890 

1880 

Ti.tu: 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

HrH.srmpr  steel 

.56.8 
42.6 

.^5 
37.1 

0.0 

70.5 
38.5 

8.3 
30.2 

1.0 

86.6 
U.S 

sa  6 

OrH-n-hfftrth  stnol 

7.3 

Acid 

Uniilc 

'"I'-'i "■!  '"''""'Iliineousateol 

1.9 

7.1 

Wlicn  c(,rii|)ared  with  other  branches  uf  I  he  inm  iind 
steel  industry,  llie  growth  is  particularly  noticeable. 
The  increa.se  in  the  stc^el  tonnage;  for  the  last  five  years, 
a.s  above  noted,  was  27.9  per  cent;  whereas  the  increase 


in  the  tonnage  of  pig  iron  was  15.1  ])er  cent,  and  of  all 
rolling  mill  products,  21.1  per  cent. 

Tlie  increase  in  Bessemer  steel  since  1900  has  been 
relatively  small — 236,887  tons,  or  3.1  per  cent; 
whereas  open-hearth  steel  has  increased  2,776,041 
tons,  or  91.2  per  cent.  For  the  decade  from  1890  to 
1900,  Bessemer  steel  increased  3,914,830  tons,  or 
108.2  per  cent,  and  open-hearth  steel,  2,564,321  tons, 
or  534.2  per  cent;  whereas  for  the  decade  from  1880  to 
1890,  Bessemer  steel  increased  2,737,548  tons,  or 
311.2  per  cent,  and  open-hearth  steel,  404,766  tons,  or 
537.8  per  cent,  ('rucil)le  and  miscellaneous  steels 
show  a  slight  decrease. 

Pennsylvania  contributed  56.6  per  cent  of  the  total 
steel  j)roduct  in  1905,  60.2  per  cent  in  1900,  63.5  per 
cent  in  1890,  and  57.1  percent  in  1880.  Ohio  made  18.5 
per  cent  in  1905,  17  per  cent  in  1900,  9.5  percent  in 
1890,  and  9.4  per  cent  in  1880.  Illinois,  ranking  third 
in  the  production  of  steel,  made  1  1.1  ])er  cent  in  1905, 
13.7  per  cent  in  1900,  18.7  per  cent,  in  1S90,  and  22.1 
per  cent  in  18S0.  These  3  states  combined  produced 
86.5  per  cent  of  (lie  total  in  1905,  90.8  per  cent  in 
1900,  91.7  per  cent  in  1890,  and  S8.6  per  cent  in  18,S(). 
A  large  increase  apj)ears  in  a  niunbcr  of  th(>  other 
states,  notably  in  Alabama  and  New  York.  Dela- 
ware, Rliodc  Island,  and  Oregon  a])pear  as  steel  pro- 
ducers Tor  llie  lirst  time  in  1905. 

Tabh;  50  sliows  the  daily  capacity  of  all  steel  jjlants, 
active  and  idle,  on  donlile  turn,  together  with  the  jiro- 
duction  of  steel  ingots  and  castings,  by  states,  for  1905. 


IRON  AND  STEKT,. 


63 


Table  50.— STEEL  WORKS— CAPACITY  OF  PLANTS  AND  QUANTITY  AM)  V.VLUE  OF  STEEL  INGOTS  AND  CASTINGS,  BY 

STATES;  1905. 


DAILY  CAPACITY  (TONS). 

INGOTS  ANI 

CASTINOS. 

STATE   OR   GROUP   oF  STATES. 

Total. 

Active. 
78,346 

Idle. 
3,405 

Total. 

Ingots. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

United  States 

81,751 

'13,670,592 

'1261,231,976 

13,379,083 

$240,284,576 

'291,509 

<  120,947, 400 

1,935 
2,790 
380 
1,458 
9,382 

633 

2,950 

403 

922 

3,243 

14,401 

41,971 

1,272 

1,890 
2,792 
380 
1,442 
9,382 

498 

2,800 

103 

922 

2,313 
13,780 
40,772 

1,272 

45 
4 

ie' 

140 
150 
300 

930 

621 

1,199 

227,899 

19(i,709 

47,307 

130,013 

1,555,198 

81,589 

399,091 

11,802 

08,288 

474, 258 
2,529,997 
7,733,640 

214,081 

4, 487, 289 
4,004,533 
1,203,092 
2,802,935 
32,742,473 

1,845,003 
0,921,982 
1,080,870 
3,009,268 

11.456,512 

42,949.7.59 

144. 774. 781 

3,892,879 

220,  1,52 

188,  404 

44,801 

128,00.5 

1,499,100 

72,090 
399,091 

4, 435, 080 

3,398,805 

881,. 542 

2,701,828 

28,594,214 

1,290,156 
0,921,982 

1,747 
S,:J05 
2,44(i 
1..348 
50,038 

9,499 

52,209 

California,  Colorado,  Missouri,  Oregon,  and  Washington.. 

00.5,728 
321,550 

101,107 

4,148,259 

55.5,  447 

11,802 
11,656 

35.005 

37.. WO 

114,807 

000 

1,080.870 

50,0,32 

438,053 
2,  492,  401 
7,618,8:« 

214,081 

1,602,951 

9, 464. 734 

40.402.000 

i:iO,  (iSO,  399 

3,8,50,879 

1,406,317 

1,991.778 

Ohio                                               

2,487,753 

8,094,382 

42,000 

'  Includes  4.184  tons  of  steel  castings,  valued  at  $347,204,  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 


Computed  from  the  daily  capacity,  on  a  ba.sis  of 
three  hundred  working  days  for  the  year,  tlic  total 
yearly  capacity  of  the  active  establishments  is  about 
23,500,000  tons.  The  production  was  thus  apj)roxi- 
mately  58  per  cent  of  the  capacity  of  the  active  estab- 
lishments. In  1000  it  was  estimated  as  66. .3  per  cent 
of  the  total  capacity  of  active  establishments.  Steel 
ingots  constituted  97.9  i)er  cent  of  the  production  and 


castings  2.1  per  cent.  In  1900  ingots  formed  98.3  per 
cent  and  castings  1.7  per  cent  of  the  steel  production. 
The  average  value  per  ton  of  all  ingots  and  castings 
was  $19.11  in  1905  and  §19.89  in  1900. 

Table  51  presents,  for  1905,  the  statistics  of  the  pro- 
duction of  steel  ingots,  by  states,  certain  states  being 
grouped,  as  in  the  other  tables,  to  avoid  disclosing 
individual  operations. 


Table  .51.— STEEL  WORKS— QUANTITY  AND  VALUE  OF  .STEEL  INGOTS.  BY  KIND   AND  STATES:    1905. 


AGaREGATE. 


BESSEMER. 


STATE  OR  GROUP  OF  STATES. 


United  States . . 


Tons.     !      Value.  Tons. 


. . .  13, 379, 0.S3    S240, 284,  .576 


,754,488  |$132,95I,03e 


Alabama 

Colorado,  Illinois,  New  Jer- 
sey, New  Vork,  and  Ten- 
nessee      2, 182, 915 

Connecticut,  Massachusetts, 
and  Rhode  Island '      173,526 

Indiana,  Kentvickv.  Mar\'- 
land,  and  West  Virginia.  :      685,256 

Ohio I  2, 492,  401 


226,152  I      4,435,( 


Pennsylvania . 


43,061,904 
3,583,370 


12,001,81' 
40,402,000 


1,057,253       32,022.549 


606,166  I     10. 
2,049,153  I    33, 


,618,8.13     1.10.080,399  '|  3,441,910 


f.20,  ml 
081,092 
220, 734 


OPEN-HEAETH. 


CRUCIBLE. 


Total. 


Tons.  Value. 


5,548,396  $101,702, 


Acid. 


Tons.        Value.  Tons.  Value. 


Tons.      Value. 


573.475  812.907.030     4,974.921   $88,794,839      7ii.  iirj   8.5.570.471 


226, 152 

513,774 

168,928 

79.090 

443,248 

4.117.204 


4.435.080 

10,039.554 

I 
3,353,473  ; 


7,886 
33,774 


186,049 
698,964 


1,435,156  i| 

7.3Sn,314  I  43,326  .    695,351 
75.1IS.S90  I  488,489   11,386,660 


Of  the  total  ingot  production,  58  j>er  cent  was  Bes- 
semer, 41.5  per  cent  open-iiearth,  and  six-tentlis  of 
1  per  cent  crucible;  whereas  in  1900,  71.6  per  cent  was 
Bessemer,  27.4  per  cent  open-hearth,  and  1  per  cent 
crucible.  The  average  value  for  all  ingots  was  S17.96 
per  ton;  for  Bessemer  ingots,  $17.15  per  ton:  for  open- 
hearth  ingots,  S18.34  per  ton:  and  for  crucible  steel 
ingots,  $73.10  per  ton.     In   1900  the  average  values 


220,152   4,435,080  I 

505,888  I  9,a52,905 

135,154  I  2,654,511 

79,090  '     1,435.136 

399,922  I  0,684.963 

3,028,715  1  63.732,224 


11,888 
4,398 


999,801 
229,895 


39,713  4,340,775 


were — for  all  ingots,  818.84  per  ton:  for  Bessemer, 
$17.51 ;  for  open-hearth,  .820.44;  and  for  crucible  steel. 
$72.33. 

Table  52  presents,  for  1905,  the  statistics  relating 
to  direct  steel  castings.  Those  made  by  mi.scellaneous 
steel  furnaces,  amounting  to  431  tons,  are  combined 
with  the  crucible  steel  castings. 


64  MAXUFACTURES. 

T.VBLE  52. -.STEEL  WORKS— QUANTITY  AND  VALUE  OF  STEEL  CASTINGS,  BY  KIND  AND  STATES:  1905. 


STATE  OR  GROUP  OF  STATES. 

TOTAL. 

BESSEMEK. 

OPEN-HEARTH. 

CRUCIBLE  AND 
MISCELLANEOUS. 

Tons.           Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

'291,509     '520.947.400 

14.427 

$1,690,629 

272,001       $18,739,813 

5,081 

$516,958 

Alabama,  California.  Colorado.  Oregon.  Tennessee,  and  Missouri 

Connecticut.  Massachusetts,  Delaware.  New  Jersey,  New  York,  and 

10,652 

51,055 
77,399 
37,590 
114  807 

699.937 

3,880.752 
5,784.576 
2.487.753 
8,094.382 

1,517 

7,488 
5.026 

56,644 

1.185,228 
395,794 

8,535  1           601,293 

1 
42,467  i         9  607  770 

600 

1,100 
2,423 

42,000 

87  754 

Illinois  Indiana  Michigan.  Minnesota,  and  Wisconsin. 

69,950 
37,596 
113, 453 

5.153.571 
2,487.753 
7,889.426 

235  ■'ll 

396 

62,963 

958 

151,993 

'  Includes  4,184  tons  of  steel  castings,  valued  at  $347,204,  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 


Of  the  total  amount,  93.3  per  cent  was  made  of 
open-hearth  steel,  4.9  per  cent  of  Bessemer,  and  1.7 
per  cent  of  crucible  and  miscellaneous  steel.  In  1900, 
93.4  per  cent  was  open-hearth,  2.1  per  cent  Bessemer, 
and  4.4  per  cent  crucible  and  miscellaneous.  The  aver- 
age value  per  ton  of  all  castings  was  .S71.S6;  of  Bes- 
semer castings,  SI  17.19 ;  of  open-hearth  castings,  $68.90 ; 
and  of  those  made  of  crucible  and  miscellaneous  steels, 
S101.74.     The  value  of  direct  steel  castings  reported 


shows  a  wide  range — from  $26  per  ton  in  certain  sec- 
tions to  .S175  per  ton  in  others.  In  1900  the  average 
value  per  ton  of  all  castings  was  SS2.47;  of  Bessemer 
castmgs,  $85.74;  of  open-hearth  castings,  $78.56;  and 
of  crucible  and  miscellaneous  steels,  $163.09. 

Bessemer  steel. — The  production  of  Bessemer  steel 
ingots  and  castings,  and  the  equipment  of  all  estab- 
lishments, active  and  idle,  for  such  production,  is 
showai,  for  1905,  in  Table  53. 


Table  53.— BESSEMER    STEEL  WORKS— NUMBER,    EQUIPMENT,  AND   CAPACITY   OF    ESTABLISHMENTS,  AND 
QUANTITY  AND  VALUE  OF  INGOTS  AND  CASTINGS,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


NUMBER  OF  ESTAB- 
USHMENTS. 

CONVERTERS. 

INGOTS   AND  CASTINGS. 

STATE  OR  GEOIT  (IF  STATES. 

Total. 

!  Active. 

Idle. 

Active. 

Idle. 

Total. 

1 

1              Ingots. 

1 

Castings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Daily 
capacity, 
(tons). 

Num- 
ber. 

Daily 

capacity. 

(tons). 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

United  States 

>49 

44 

5 

92 

43,123 

11 

2,304 

7,768,915 

$134,642,265 

7,754,488 

$132,951,636 

=14,427 

>$1,690,629 

California,  Colorado,  Illinois,  and 
Oregon 

7 
6 
5 

9 

8 
■14 

7 
C 
4 

8 
7 
12 

1 

1 
1 
2 

15 
11 
6 

18 
13 
29 

9,239 

4,464 
60 

1,593 
10.838 
16,929 

1,297,404 

607,343 

4,295 

3l«.  408 
2.049.153 
3,442,312 

24,851,836 

10,656,0^ 

375.326 

8,403,628 
33.081,092 
57,273,697 

1,296,333 
606,166 

24,804,149 
10,626,  IKil 

1,071 
1,177 
4.295 

7,488 

47,687 

29,425 

375,326 

1,185,228 

Kentuclcy,    Alabama.    Maryland, 
V'irginia,  and  West  Virginia 

Michigan,  Minnesota,  and  Wiscon- 
sin            

2 

3 
2 
4 

300 

800 
550 
654 

New  Yorlt.  New  Jersey,  Delaware, 
Rhode   Island,  and    Massachu- 
setts  

360,920 
2,049,153 
3,441,916 

7.218.400 
33.0.S1.092 
67,220,734 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

396 

52,963 

'  Including  8  establishments  other  than  steel  works.    (See  Table  13.) 

'  Includes  774  tons  of  steel  castings,  valued  at  $92,685,  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  miinufiictim'  of  otli 


T  products. 


Tlic  above  table  does  not  include  2  converters  of  the 
Tropena.s  type  in  Government  cstalilishments.  It 
docs,  however,  include  tbc  Be.s.seiiRT  e(|uipiiient  of  the 
establishments  otherwise  classified  (see  Table  13). 


Table  54  shows,  for  1905,  the  equipment  of  all  Bes- 
semer st(>el  works  with  the  types  of  converters  and 
the  daily  ca])acity,  by  states. 


IRON  AND  HTEEL.  65 

Table  54.— BESSEMER  STEEL  WORKS— NUMBER,  KIND,  AND  CAPACITY  OF  CONVERTERS,  BY  STATES:    190.5. 


TOTAL. 

BESSEMER. 

i 

TBOPENA8. 

OTIIEK   KINDS. 

STATK. 

Nninlier 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Number 
of  con- 
verters. 

Dally 
capacity 

(tons). 

Number 
ol  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Number 
of  con- 
verters. 

Daily 

capacity 
(tonsj. 

,     . 

Number 
of  e.ital)- 

iish- 
ments. 

Number 
of  con- 
verters. 

Daily 

capacity 

(tons). 

Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Number 
of  con- 
verters. 

Daily 
capacity 

(tonsj. 

United  States 

'51 

105 

45,432 

30 

72 

44,979 

10 

15 

100 

11 

18 

353 

Alabama 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

4 
1 

1 
2 

1 

1 
3 
3 
8 
1 

14 
1 
X 
2 
3 

1 
1 
2 
3 
1 

11 
2 
3 
2 
2 

1 
6 
9 
IS 
1 

33 
2 
1 

4 
5 

500 

8 

2,000 

30 

1 

7,227 
500 

2,200 
204 

18 

4 

45 

2,110 

11,388 

4 

17,583 

8 

4 

1,200 

338 

1 

1 

500 

" 

California 

1 

1 

8 

Colorado 

1 

2 

2,000 

Delaware 

1 

>3 

30 

District  of  Columbia 

1 

1 

1 
3 

1 
27 

Illinois 

3 
1 

1 

8 
2 
3 

7,200 

500 

2,200 

Kentucky 

Marvltmd 

1 

1 

4 

1 
1 

»1 

<2 

200 
18 

Minnesota 

1 

1 

4 

Now  .Jersey 

3 

>6 

45 

New  Yorlc ' 

2 

7 

7 

14 

2,090 
11,380 

1 

2 

20 

Ohio 

1 
1 

1 

M 
•1 

»1 

g 

Oregon 

4 

Pennsylvania 

11 

29 

17,549 

2 

1 
1 

3 

2 
1 

24 
8 

4 

10 

Rhode  Island 

Virginia 

West  Virginia 

2 
1 

4 
2 

1,260 
300 

2 

'3 

38 

1  Includes  8  establishments  other  than  steel  worlis  (see  Table  13)  and  2  Government  institutions  (District  of  Columbia  and  Massachusetts)  having  2  Tropenas 
converters. 

2  Boolswalter. 

3  Clapp-Grifflths. 

*  Uol)ert-Bi'Ssemer. 

'  Two  Evans-Wills  converters  of  10  tons  daily  capacity,  3  top-blown  converters  of  9  tons  daily  capacity,  and  1  special  converter  of  20  tons  daily  capacity. 

6  Top-blown. 

'  Special. 


In  1880  tlie  usual  capacity  of  the  standard  Bessemer 
converter  wa.s  5  tons,  and  in  1890  converters  of  10  to 
12  tons  were  in  use.  In  1900  the  capacity  of  a  number 
of  converters  had  further  increased  to  15  tons,  and  at 
one  estabhshment  20-ton  converters  had  been  installed. 
This  capacity  has  not  been  exceeded. 

Nineteen  sfates  report  plants  equipped  with  con- 
verters. The  total  production  of  steel  ingots  and 
castings  in  1905  amounted  to  7,768,915  tons,  valued 
at  $134,642,265,  as  compared  wdth  7,532,028  tons  in 
1900,  of  a  value  of  $132,113,984,  an  increase  of  3.1  per 
cent  in  tonnage  and  of  1.9  per  cent  in  value.  The 
ingot  product  of  1905  amounted  to  7,754,488  tons,  of 
a  value  of  $132,951,636,  an  average  value  of  $17.15, 
compared  with  7,528,267  tons  in  1900,  valued  at 
$131,791,519,  or  $17.51  per  ton.  The  castings 
amounted  in  1905  to  14,427  tons,  of  a  value  of  $1,690,- 
629,  an  average  value  of  $117.19  per  ton,  as  compared 
with  3,761  tons  in  1900,  valued  at  .$322,465,  or  $85.74 
per  ton.  This  is  an  increase  for  ingots  of  3  per  cent 
in  tonnage  and  for  castings,  of  283.6  per  cent.  Penn- 
sylvania produced  44.3  per  cent  of  the  total  products 
of  Bessemer  ingots  and  castings  in  1905,  compared 
with  51.9 per  cent  in  1900;  and  Ohio,  26.4  per  cent, 
compared  with  22.5  per  cent. 

The  states  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Xew 
York  produced  90.8  per  cent  of  all  Bessemer  steel 


ingots  and  castings  in  1905;  no  other  state  produced 
over  4  per  cent.  Over  60  per  cent  of  the  Bessemer 
steel  castings  was  produced  by  the  state  of  New  York. 
The  next  states  in  rank  were  New  Jersey,  Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  Alabama,  Delaware,  and  Illinois,  in  the 
order  named.  No  other  state  produced  over  400  tons 
of  direct  Bessemer  steel  castings. 

Included  in  the  foregoing  is  the  product  of  all  con- 
verters, whether  of  the  standard  Bessemer  or  other 
type.  The  product  of  the  Tropenas  and  of  converters 
other  than  standard  Bessemer  amounted  to  11,834 
tons  of  castings,  of  a  value  of  $1,596,476,  making  an 
average  value  of  $134.90  per  ton.  The  tonnage  and 
value  of  castings  made  by  the  estabhshments  before 
referred  to  as  otherwise  classified  are  not  of  course 
included  unless  these  were  sold  as  products. 

Of  the  Bessemer  steel  castings  made  by  other  than 
standard  Bessemer  converters,  New  Jersey  produced 
35.6  per  cent;  Michigan,  21.5  per  cent;  New  York, 
14.5  per  cent;  and  Wisconsin,  14  per  cent.  No  other 
state  produced  over  7.4  per  cent. 

Open-hearth  steel. — The  production  and  value  of  ail 
open-hearth  steel  ingots  and  castings,  acid  and  basic, 
is  sho\ra,  for  1905,  in  Table  55,  by  states,  together 
with  the  number  of  establishments,  both  active  and 
idle,  equipped  with  open-hearth  furnaces. 


66 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  55.— OPEN-HEARTH  STEEL  WORKS— NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS  AND  FURNACES,  AND  QUANTITY  AND 

VALUE  OF  STEEL  PRODUCED,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


STATE   OR  GROUP  OF  ST.VTES. 


NUMBER  OF  ESTAB- 
LISHUENT9. 


Total.    Active.   Idle. 


United  States. 


Alabama 

California,  Colorado,  Missouri,  and  Wis- 
consin   

Connecticut.  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Is- 
land. Delaware,  Maryland.  Kentucky, 
and  Tennessee 

Illinois 

Indiana 


New  Jersey.. . 

New  York 

Ohio" 

Pennsylvania. 


16 


NUMBER  OF 
FtniNACES. 


Total. 


33 

38 

12 

13 
21 
46 
318 


Active.  Idle. 


489        26 


28 
38 
9 

13 

17 

43 

308 


STEEL  (INGOTS  AND  CASTINGS). 


Total. 


Tons. 


Value. 


'5,820,397    '$120,502,282 


226,722 
98,847 


178,374 
361,650 
80,799 


4,457,864 
2,602,-584 


3,820,029 
9,819,919 
1,788,603 


57,606  I  1.793,496 

lot,  898  ,  3.343,408 

480,844  I  9,868,067 

4,230,657  83,008,316 


Acid. 


Tons. 


755,805 


36,220 

23,356 

8,709 

14,422 

19,077 

55,837 

591,671 


Value. 


525,931,780 


1,020,514 

1,730,527 

498,447 

785,315 

954,092 

1,428,511 

18,910,506 


Basic. 


226,722 
92,334 


142, 154 
338,294 
72,090 

43,184 

85.821 

425,007 

3,638,986 


'594,570,502 


4,457,864 
1,998,716 


2.799,511 
8,089,392 
1,290,156 

1,008,181 

2,389,316 

8,439,556 

64,097,810 


'  Includes  2,440  tons  of  steel  castings,  valued  at  S179.575,  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 


The  production  of  open-hearth  steel  ingots  and  cast- 
ings in  190.5  was  5,820,397  tons,  as  compared  with 
3,044,356  tons  in  1900,  480,035  tons  in  1890,  and 
75,269  tons  in  1880.  Tliis  .shows  an  increase  of  91.2 
per  cent  for  the  five-j-ear  period  from  1900  to  1905, 
compared  \vith  534.2  per  cent  for  the  decade  ending 
1900,  and  o37.S  for  that  ending  in  1890. 

In  1900  there  were  96  establishments  equipped  with 
331  open-hearth  furnaces,  of  which  82  establishments, 
having  307  furnaces,  were  active,  and  14  establish- 
ments, with  24  furnaces,  were  idle.  In  1905,  126  es- 
tablishments report  515  open-hearth  furnaces,  an 
increase  of  over  30  per  cent  in  luinibcr  of  establish- 
ments, and  of  55.6  per  cent  in  number  of  furnaces.  In 
1880  the  open-hearth  furnaces  ranged  from  7  to  10 
tons  capacity  per  heat;  in  1890  many  furnaces  han- 
dled from  20  to  'AO  tons;  and  in  1900  a  large  lumiber 
of  furnaces  of  50-ton  capacity  were  in  use.  In  1905 
there  were  rejiorted  6  ojx'n-hcarth  furnaces  of  a  capac- 
ity of  60  tons  at  a  heat,  and  169  of  a  capacity  of  50 
tons. 

The  489  active  furnaces  in  1905  .show  an  average 
product  f(jr  the  year  of  1 1,903  tons  per  furnace,  whereas 
in  1900  the  307  active  furnaces  had  an  average  product 
of  9,916  tons  per  furnace  for  the  year. 

In  1905,  87  p(>r  cent  of  the  open-iicaitli  .steel  was 
made  in  basic  furnaces  and  13  per  cent  in  acid, 
com[)arcd  with  a  liroduction  in  1900  of  70.7  percent 
basic  steel  and  29. .'i  per  cent  acid  steel.  In  fact,  the 
production  of  acid  ippcn-liearth  steel  declined  from 
800,521  tons  in  1900  to  755,805  tons  in  1905,  or  a 
dccreu.se  of  15.1  per  cent,  and  basic  open-hearth  steel 


advanced  fi-om  2,153,835  tons  in  1900  to  5,064,592 
tons  in  1905,  an  increase  of  135.1  per  cent. 

The  average  value  per  ton  of  all  open-hearth  steel 
madein  1905  was  -120.70,  acid  steel  being  -'i?34.31  per  ton, 
and  basic  $18.67  per  ton.  In  1900  the  average  valu#  of 
all  open-hearth  steel  was  -$23.60  per  ton;  of  acid  steel, 
$31.83  per  ton;  and  of  basic,  $20.20  per  ton. 

Acid  open-hearth  steel  was  made  in  11  states. 
Pennsylvania  produced  78.3  per  cent  of  the  total 
product,  compared  with  77.6  per  cent  in  1900;  Ohio, 
7.4  per  cent,  compared  with  5.9  j)er  cent  in  1900;  Illi- 
nois, 3.1  per  cent,  compared  with  3.i)  per  cent  in  1900. 

Basic  (ipcn-heartli  steel  was  made  in  13  states  in 
1905.  reiinsylvania  produced  71.9  per  cent,  as  com- 
pared with  81.1  per  cent  of  the  total  production  in 
1900;  Ohio,  S.4  per  cent,  compared  with  2.9  })(>r  cent 
in  1900;  and  Illinois,  6.7  per  cent,  compared  with  10 
per  cent  in  1900. 

Acid  steel  only  was  jiroduced  by  46  active  open- 
hearth  establishments,  basic  steel  only  by  40  estab- 
lisliiiients,  and  both  acid  and  basic  steel  by  19  estab- 
lishments. In  the  case  of  5  active  establishments 
having  oj)en-hearth  furnaces,  no  open-hearth  steel 
was  reported.  In  1900,  36  of  the  active  establi.sh- 
nients  ])r()(liiced  acid  steel  only;  19,  basic  steel;  and 
17,  l)otli  acid  and  basic.  In  1905,  46  of  tlie  open- 
hearth  cslablisjiiuents  produced  ingots  only;  44,  cast- 
ings only:  and  15,  both  ingots  and  castings.  In  1900, 
38  establi.shments  made  ingots  alone;  32,  castings 
alone;  and  12,  both  ingots  and  castings. 

Table  56  presents  in  detail,  for  1905,  by  states  or 
groups  of  states,  the  production  and  \alu('  of  acid 
and  basic  steel  ingots  and  castings. 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


67 


Tahlk   .50.— OPEN-HEARTH    STEEI-   WORKS— QUANTITY   AND  VALUE   OF   INGOTS  AND  CASTINGS,  BY  KIND  AND 

STATES:   1905. 


Number 
of  pro- 
ducing 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

ACID  AND  BASIC. 

STATE   OR  GROUP  OK  STATES. 

Total. 

Ingots. 

Castings. 

Tons.             Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons.      1       Value. 

United  States                                                               

100 

'5,820,397 

'$120,.'i02,282 

5,548,396 

$101,762,469 

'272,001 

'$18,739,813 

6 
4 
5 
4 
8 

4 

6 

12 

51 

171,. 374 

64,t»i; 

98,847 

226,722 

.361,650 

80, 799 

104,808 

480,844 

4,230,657 

3,67.5,025 
1,938,496 
2,(»2,.';84 
4,467,864 
9,819,919 

1,788.(»3 

3,343,408 

9,8(iS,067 

83,008,316 

168,928 

58,037 

84,948 

226, 152 

.306,343 

72,090 

71,446 

443,248 

4,117,204 

3,353,475 
1,.3:!9,196 
1,490,742 
4,43.5,080 
5,692,128 

1,290,1.56 

1,656,488 

7,380,314 

75,118,890 

2,446 
6,  .569 

13,899 
570 

55,.'i07 

8,709 
33,4.52 
37,596 
113,453 

.321,550 

.599, 300 

1, 105, H42 

22, 784 

Illinois 

4, 127, 791 

498,447 

l,(W6,ft20 

Ohio                            : 

2, 487, 753 

7,889,426 

Number 
of  pro- 
ducing 
estab- 
Ush- 
ments. 

ACID. 

STATE   OR  GROUP   OF  STATES. 

Total. 

Ingots. 

Castings. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

United  States                                     

100 

755,805 

$25,931,780 

573,475 

$12,967,630 

182,330 

$12, 964,  ISO 

6 
4 
5 
4 
8 

4 

6 

12 

51 

36,220 
14,422 
6,513 

1,020,  .514 
785,315 
603,868 

33,774 
7,853 

698,964 
186,015 

2,446 
6,569 
6,513 

321,550 
599,:j00 

603,868 

23,356 

8,709 

19,077 

55,837 

591,671 

1,730,527 

498, 447 

954,092 

1,428,511 

18,910,506 

33 

634 

23,323 

8,709 

1,729,893 

4<»i.  447 

New  York 

19,077                9.->4.(l92 

43,326 
488,489 

695,351 
11,386,666 

12,511 
103,182 

733,160 

7,52.3,840 

Number 
of  pro- 
ducing 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

BASIC. 

Total. 

Ingots. 

Castings. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons.            Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

100 

'5,064,592 

'$94,570,502 

4,974,5)21 

$88,794,839 

'89,671 

'$3,775,663 

6 
4 
S 
4 

8 

4 
6 
12 
51 

135,154 
50,184 
92,334 

226, 722 

2,654,611 
1.153,181 
1,998,716 
4.4.57.864 

135,154 
50.184 
84,948 
226, 162 
306,310 

72,090 

71,446 

399,922 

3, 628. 715 

2,654,511 
1, 153, 181 
1,496,742 
4,435,080 
5,691,494 

1,290,1.56 

1,656,488 

6,684,963 

63,732,224 

1 

7,386 

570 

31,984 

501 ,  974 

22,784 

338,294  ,        8,089,392 

1 

72,090           1,290,156 

85,821          2,389,316 

425,007          8,439,556 

3,638.986  i      (H.097.S10 

2,397,8^ 

New  York                              

14,375 
25,085 
10,271 

732.828 

Ohio                            

1,754,593 

365,586 

'  Includes  2,440  tons  of  steel  castings,  valued  at  SI 79.675,  made  by  establistiments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufitcture  of  other  products. 


Of  the  total  open-hearth  steel  production,  9.5.3  per 
cent  was  mgots  and  4.7  per  cent  castings;  87  per  cent 
was  made  in  basic  furnaces  and  1.3  per  cent  in  acid. 
Of  the  ingots,  89.7  per  cent  were  basic  and  10.3  per 
cent  acid;  while  of  the  castings,  67  per  cent  were  of 
acid  steel  and  33  per  cent  basic. 

The  average  value  of  the  ingots  was  .SIS. 34  per  ton; 
of  the  basic  ingots,  .S17.8.5  per  ton;  and  of  the  acid, 
$22.61  per  ton.  The  average  value  of  the  castings  was 
$68.90  per  ton:  of  the  acid  castings,  .$71.10  per  ton; 
and  of  the  basic,  $64.41  per  ton.  Pennsylvania  made 
72.7  per  cent  of  all  open-hearth  steel,  and  the  average 
value  of  its  contribution  was  $19.62  per  ton;  74.2  per 
cent  of  all  ingots,  their  average  value  being  $18.25  per 
ton;  72.9  per  cent  of  the  basic  ingots,  at  $17.56  per  ton; 
85.2  per  cent  of  the  acid  ingots,  at  $23.31  per  ton;  and 
41.7  per  cent  of  all  castings,  at  $69.54  per  ton — 56.6 


per  cent  of  the  acid  at  $72.92  per  ton,  and  11.5  per  cent 
of  the  basic  at  $35.59  per  ton. 

Ohio  was  second  in  the  production  of  all  open-hearth 
steel,  making  8.3  per  cent,  at  820.52  per  ton;  second  in 
the  production  of  ingots,  making  8  per  cent,  at  816.65 
per  ton;  8  per  cent  of  the  basic  ingots,  at  816.72  per 
ton;  and  7.6  per  cent  of  the  acid  ingots,  at  816.05  per 
ton;  and  third  in  castings,  making  13.8  per  cent,  at 
.$66.17  per  ton. 

Illinois  was  third  in  all  open-hearth  steel,  making  6.2 
per  cent,  at  827.15  per  ton;  third  in  ingots,  making  5.5 
per  cent,  nearly  all  basic  ingots  (and  6.2  per  cent  of  the 
total  basic),  at  818.58  per  ton;  and  second  in  castings, 
making  20.3  per  cent,  at  874.63  per  ton. 

Alabama  was  fourth  in  all  open-hearth  steel  produc- 
tion, making  3.9  per  cent,  at  $19.66  per  ton;  fourth  in 
the  production  of  ingots,  its  output  constituting  4.1 


68 


MANUFACTURES. 


per  cent  of  all  ingots  and  4.5  per  cent  of  all  basic  ingots, 
at  S19.61  per  ton;  it  produced  also  a  relatively  small 
amount  of  basic  castings. 

These  4  states — Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Illinois,  and 
Alabama — made  .5,299,873  tons  of  open-hearth  steel, 
or  91.1  per  cent  of  the  total  amount;  .5,092,947  tons  of 
ingots,  or  91.8  per  cent  of  the  total;  and  206,926  tons 
of  castings,  or  76.1  per  cent  of  the  total. 

There  were  54  establislunents  which  made  open- 
hearth  steel  castings  in  1905, 35  made  acid  castings  only, 
12  basic  castings  only,  and  7  made  both  acid  and  basic. 
The  establishments  wliich  made  steel  castings  only  and 
no  steel  ingots  -were  equipped  with  56  acid  open-hearth 
furnaces  and  ^vith  31  basic  furnaces.  Of  the  44  estab- 
lishments which  made  open-hearth  castings  in  1900,  39 
made  acid  castings  only,  4  basic  castings  only,  and  1 
both  acid  and  basic.  The  establishments  which  pro- 
duced steel  castings  only  in  1900  were  equipped  ^\^th 
51  acid  and  9  basic  furnaces. 

The  average  value  per  ton  of  all  open-hearth  steel 
castings  was  .$68.90  in  1905  and  S78.56  in  1900.  Acid 
castings  had  an  average  value  of  $71.10  per  ton  in  1905, 
and  basic  an  average  value  of  $64.41.     Pennsylvania 


produced  41.7  per  cent  of  the  total  output  in  1905, 
of  an  average  value  of  $69.54  per  ton,  as  compared  mth 
41.2  per  cent  of  the  total  output,  of  an  average  value 
of  $81.43,  in  1900.  Pemisylvania  made  56.6  per  cent 
of  the  acid  castings,  of  an  average  value  of  $72.92  per 
ton  in  1905,  and  50.2  per  cent,  of  a  value  of  $83.27,  in 
1900. 

Illinois  ranked  second  in  the  manufacture  of  all  steel 
castings,  Ohio  tliird,  and  New  York  fourth.  In  out- 
put of  acid  castings,  Illinois  was  second,  New  York 
third,  and  Oliio  fourth;  and  of  basic,  Illinois  was  first, 
Ohio  second.  New  York  third,  and  Pennsylvania 
fourth.  In  1900  basic  steel  castings  were  made  in  only 
3  states — Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Pemisylvania;  in  1905 
they  are  reported  by  7  states — the  3  mentioned  above 
and  Alabama,  Colorado,  New  York,  and  Oliio. 

Table  57  shows  the  number  and  capacity  of  the  open- 
hearth  furnaces,  acitl  and  basic,  in  active  and  idle  es- 
tablishments, including  those  "otherwise  classified" 
(see  Table  13),  by  states.  In  order  to  show  the  heavy 
increase  in  the  basic  open-hearth  furnace  equipment 
since  the  Twelfth  Census,  the  statistics  are  presented 
for  both  1900  and  1905. 


Table   57.— OPEN-HEARTH    STEEL    WORKS— NU^ffiER  AND    DAILY    CAPACITY    OF    ACID    AND    BASIC    FURNACES,    BY 

STATES:  1905  .VND  1900. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

TOTAL  OPEN-HEARTH   FUKNACES. 

ACID  FUKNACES. 

BASIC  FURNACES. 

Total. 

Active. 

Idle. 

Total. 

Active. 

Idle. 

Total. 

Active. 

Idle. 

1 

z 

515 
331 

Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

1 

a 
z 

Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

s 

a 

3 

z 

Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

a 
z 

Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

OJ 

a 

3 

z 

Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

u 

a 

3 

z 

Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons) . 

u 

M 
a 

3 

z 

.  Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

1^ 

a 

i 

Daily 
capac- 

(tons). 

United  States 

11905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
IflOO 

1905 
1900 

1906 
1900 

190,^ 
1900 

1906 
1900 

1906 
IIJOO 

1B06 
lOOO 

1905 
1900 

I'm.-, 

i'niO 

1906 
1800 

1906 
1900 

126 
96 

35,457 
19,030 

489 
307 

34,398 
18,245 

26 
24 

1,059 

785 

159 
152 

7,7.';0 
6,-;i9 

148 
139 

7,466 
6,094 

11 

13 

284 
325 

356 
179 

27,707 
12,611 

341 
168 

26,932 
12,151 

15 
11 

775 
460 

5 
3 

1 

19 
13 

1 

1,435 
1,150 

20 

18 
12 

1 

1,390 
1,120 

20 

1 

1 

45 
30 

19 
13 

1,435 
1,150 

18 
12 

1,390 
1,120 

45 

30 

California. 

1 

20 

1 

20 

1 

6 

600 

6 

600 

6 

600 

6 

600 

Connecticut 

3 

1 

1 

G 

1 

5 

370 
10 

460 

6 

1 

6 

370 
10 

460 

3 
1 

1 

140 
10 

100 

3 

1 

1 

140 
10 

100 

3 

230 

3 

230 

4 

360 

4 

360 

Illinois 

0 
« 

6 
5 

1 
2 

I 
I 

4 
3 

38 
26 

12 
8 

3 
5 

2 

1 

2,131 
1,578 

624 
333 

160 
214 

100 
30 

050 
,^76 

38 
24 

9 

8 

2,131 
1,498 

484 
333 

5 
6 

6 
6 

3 

1 

237 
303 

104 
203 

160 
14 

5 
4 

5 

5 

■  237 
223 

84 
203 

33 
20 

6 
3 

1,894 
1,275 

520 
130 

33 
20 

4 

3 

1,894 
1,276 

400 
130 

2 
3 

80 
140 

2 
1 

80 
20 

120 

K'^nluckv 

3 

5 

150 
214 

3 

1 

160 
14 

4 

2 



200 

100 

200 

2 

1 

12 
10 

100 
30 

635 
676 

2 

100 

1 

9 
8 

30 

240 
440 

i 

7 
8 

30 

225 
440 

UansAChuiH'ttii. 

2 

16 

2 

15 

5 

2 

410 
136 

5 
2 

410 
136 

MichiKsn. 

1 

1 

30 

' 

3(1 

1 

30 

i 

30 

Mlnnrnritii 

2 

1 
1 

a 

i 

» 

6 

4 

fi 
3 

13 
9 

21 
12 

140 

160 
42 

82fi 
336 

1,096 
360 

3 

6 
3 

13 
7 

17 
8 

100 

160 
42 

826 
310 

006 
100 

1 

40 

1 

40 

1 

40 

3 

5 
3 

» 
3 

16 
6 

100 

160 
42 

858 
110 

669 
224 

3 

5 
3 

9 
2 

11 
3 

100 

160 
42 

558 
100 

7.19 
104 

Ulaaouri . . 

New  Jnrwy 

4 

6 

6 

7 

267 
226 

226 
126 

4 
6 

0 
5 

207 
210 

220 
80 

New  Vork . . 

2 

4 
4 

26 

130 

KK) 

1 

16 

10 
130 

2 

40 

120 

'  Includes  6  nstalilinhinuiilN  ntluT  than  »l<«'1  workn.  (Si-e  Tablo  13.) 


IRON  AND  STEEL 


69 


Tahle  57.- open-hearth  STKKL  WORKS-NUMBER  AND  DAILY  CAVMITY  OF  ACJT)  AND  BASIC  FURNACES,  BY 

ST,\TES:   l!)n,5  AND  1900— ConliiuRKl. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
li.ih- 
ments. 

TOTAL   OPEN-llEABTIl    FURNACES. 

ACID  FURNACES. 

BASIC  FUKNACES. 

Total. 

Active. 

Idle. 

Total. 

Active. 

Idle. 

Total. 

Active. 

Idle. 

s 

B 

s 

Dally 
capac- 

(tons). 

S 

3 

Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons), 

Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

M 
B 

3 

z 

Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

1 

Daily 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

1 

a 

3 

z 

Dally 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

j      Dally 
.2     capa£- 
S   i     ity 
=     (tons). 

M 

B 

3 

z 

Dally 
capac- 
ity 
(tons). 

1 
Z 

Dally 
capac- 

(tons). 

Ohio 

1905 
1000 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

15 

8 

60 
49 

1 

46 

29 

318 
205 

2 

3,012 
1,272 

23,704 
12,925 

90 

43 

27 

308 
199 

2 

2,942 
1,218 

23, 195 
12,745 

90 

3 
2 

10 
6 

70 
54 

509 
180 

12 
15 

105 
96 

608 
532 

5,627 
4,421 

9 
13 

103 
93 

538 

478 

5,598 
4,341 

I 

2 
3 

70 
64 

29 
80 

34      2.404 

34 
14 

205 
106 

2 

2,404 
740 

17,697 
8,404 

90 



14 

213 
109 

2 

740 

18,077 
8,504 

90 

8 
3 

480 

100 

1 

1 

3 
3 

1 
1 

3 
3 

6 
6 

25 
39 

1 
1 

3 

2 

6 

6 

25 
37 

1 

1 

3 
3 

6 
6 

25 
39 

1 
1 

3 
2 

6 
6 

25 
37 

Wisconuiii 

1 

2 

1 

2 



The  number  of  establishments  having  open-hearth 
furnace  equipment  increased  31.3  per  cent,  the  num- 
ber of  furnaces  55.6  per  cent,  and  the  furnace  capacity 
86.3  per  cent.  The  growth  has  ])een  cliiefl_y  in  the 
basic  furnaces,  wliich  increased  in  number  98.9  per 
cent  and  in  capacity  119.7  per  cent.  In  1905  the 
average  daily  capacity  per  furnace  (double  turn)  for 
all  furnaces  was  68.8  tons;  for  acid  furnaces,  48.7  tons; 
and  for  basic  furnaces,  77.8  tons;  compared  with  cor- 
responding figures  for  1900  of  57.5  tons,  42.2  tons,  and 


70.5  tons,  respectively.  The  basic  furnaces  in  1905 
constituted  69.1  per  cent  of  the  total  number  and 
78.1  per  cent  of  the  total  capacity;  in  1900  they  formed 
54.1  per  cent  of  the  total  number  and  66.3  per  cent  of 
the  total  capacit}'. 

Crucible  and  miscellaneous  steels. — Table  58  shows  the 
equipment,  capacity,  and  production  of  the  crucible 
steel  works,  by  states,  for  1905.  Sonie  of  the  states 
are  grouped,  in  order  not  to  disclose  individual  opera- 
tions. 


Table   58.— CRUCIBLE    STEEL   WORKS-NUMBER,    EQUIPMENT,  AND    CAPACITY   OF  ESTABLISHMENTS. 
QUANTITY  AND  VALUE  OF  INGOTS  AND  CASTINGS,  BY  STATES:  190.5. 


AND 


NUMBE 
LIS 

NUMBER       OF 

POTS 
USED 

DAILY   CAPACITY 
(TONS). 

INGOTS  AND  CASTINGS. 

f      STATE  OR   GROUP  OF  STATES. 

HMENTS. 

THAT  CAN  BE 
AT  A  HEAT. 

Total. 

Ingots. 

Castings. 

Total. 

Active. 

Idle. 

Total. 

Active. 

Idle. 

Total. 

Active. 

Idle. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

United  States 

149 

144 

5 

2.939 

2,723 

216 

759 

717 

42 

80,059 

85,958,572 

76,199 

S5. 570. 471 

>3,860 

«»88,101 

Connecticut.  Massachusetts,  and 

6 

13 
4 

26 

5 

11 
4 

24 

1 

2 

"■"'2" 

301 

280 

248 

2,110 

277 

220 

248 

1,978 

24 
60 

■  m 

51 

35 
52 
621 

50 

30 
52 
585 

1 
5 

11,075 

2,239 

6,505 

60,240 

8?9,99,5 

221,411 

476,255 

4,420,911 

10,885 

6 
5,593 
59,713 

819,741 

1,200 

408,755 

4.340,775 

190 

2,233 
910 
527 

20,254 

Indiana,  Illinois,  Onio,  Tennessee, 

220,211 

67,. 500 

rcnnsylvania 

80,136 

'  Includes  6  establishments  other  than  steel  works.    (See  Table  13.) 

2  Includes  180  tons  ol  steel  castings,  valued  at  S18,004,  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 


In  1880  the  production  of  crucible  steel  amounted 
to  68,037  tons;  in  1890,  to  73,882  tons;  in  1900,  to 
104,393  tons;  and  in  1905,  to  80,059  tons.  In  1880 
there  were  37  establishments,  located  in  9  states;  in 
1890,  47,  located  in  11  states;  in  1900,  40,  located  in 
10  states;  and  in  1905,  49,  located  in  10  states. 

In  1905  the  average  value  per  ton  of  all  crucible 
steel  was  $74.43.  Of  the  total  amount,  95.2  per  cent 
were  ingots  of  an  average  value  of  873.10  per  ton,  and 
4.8  per  cent  castings  of  an  average  value  of  $100.54 
per  ton.     For  1900  the  average  value  of  all  crucible 


steel  was  $74.46  per  ton;  of  ingots,  $72.33  per  ton; 
and  castings,  $13.3-.53.  In  1900  ingots  constituted 
96.5  per  cent  and  castings  3.5  per  cent  of  all  crucible 
steel. 

Pennsylvania  made  about  three-fourths  of  all  cruci- 
ble steel,  and  New  Jersey,  New  York,  and  Massachu- 
setts were  next,  in  the  order  named.  Wisconsin  was 
the  largest  producer  of  crucible  steel  castings. 

In  1900  there  was  reported  a  total  of  2,619  pots  that 
could  be  used  at  a  heat,  with  a  daily  capacity  of  525.5 
tons. 


70 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  production  of  steel  by  other  or  miscellaneous 
processes  is  comparatively  small.  In  ISSO  there  was 
reported  4,425  tons  by  miscellaneous  processes  from 
Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania;  in  1890, 
3,537  tons  from  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania;  and 
in  1900,  4,223  tons  from  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 
In  1905  steel  made  b}*  miscellaneous  processes  was 
reported  for  PennsA-lvania  to  the  amount  of  431  tons. 

FORGES  AND  BLOOMERIES. 

The  statistics  of  the  few  remaining  forges  and 
bloomeries  which  manufacture  for  sale  hammered 
charcoal  blooms,  billets,  and  bars  direct  from  iron  ore 
and  hammered  charcoal  blooms,  billets,  and  bars  from 
pig  iron  and  from  scrap  iron  and  steel,  have  been 
included  for  1905  in  those  for  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills,  but  are  here  presented  in  detached  form  for 
comparison  with  former  years.  Establishments  which 
consume  in  their  own  works  the  charcoal  blooms  or 
bars  are  not  included. 

Table  59  shows  the  leading  statistics  for  forges  and 
bloomeries  for  the  census  jears  1870  to  1905. 

Table  59. — Forges  and  bloomeries — comparative  summary:  1870  to 

1905. 


Number  of  establishments. 

Capital 

Salaried    ollicials,    clerics, 
etcniimher 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,     average 
nunii>er 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over. . 

Wages 

Women   16  years  and 

over 

Wages 1 

Cliildren  under  16  years.) 
Wages 

Mi.sceilaneous  e.xpenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products  •. . . . 

Tons  of  products 


'$222,112 


$4,935 

68 
$33,355 

6$ 
$33,355 


$14,049 

$100,233 

$158,612 

5,626 


1900 


'$508,388 

12 
$11,500 

226 
$97, 184 

226 
$97, 184 


$15,203 

S327, 160 

$522, 432 

15. 497 


20 
$876,470 


»si: 


5  15 
,309 


471 
$199,065 

468 
$198,705 


3 
$360 

$54,680 

$905,208 

$1,183,494 

31.049 


93 
$3,915,213 

(*) 
(<) 

2,939 

$915,395 

2,875 


61 
(•) 
« 
$2,546,915 

$3,968,074 
64,78:j 


18701 


82 
$4,  .-,06, 733 

(•) 
(*) 

2  902 
$195!  964 
2,819 
(<) 


(<) 

81 
(<) 

m 

$5,685,466 
$7,647,0.54 
98,936 


•  Includes  idle  establishments  which  were  not  reported  separately  in  1870. 

'  Includes  value  of  rented  property— 190.5,  $9,.50O;  1900.  $'2.36,000.  No  rented 
property  reported  for  previous  censuses. 

■*  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  niemliers.  with  their  salari(>s;  nunil)er  only 
reported  in  KHKJ  and  lii05,  but  not  included  in  this  table. 

*  Not  reported  separately. 
'  Not  reported. 

•Includes  value  of  miscellaneous  products  tor  which  tonnage  was  not 
rt>ported. 


In  1880  there  were  93  active  establishments  manu- 
facturing haimnered  blooms,  bars,  etc.,  located  in 
Missouri,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Georgia,  North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  Virginia. 
In  1890  the  number  had  declined  to  20,  located  in 
New  York,  Penn-sj-lvaiiia,  Maryland,  and  New  Jersey; 
and  in  1900  was  further  reduced  to  7,  located  in  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Marj-land.  In  1905  there 
were  only  6  active  establishments,  of  which  5  were 
located  in  Pennsylvania  and  1  in  Maryland. 

Since  1900  a  decrease  is  shown  of  .'>"2S6,276,  or  56.3 
per  cent,  in  capital  invested;  of  69.9  per  cent  in  num- 
ber of  wage-earners  employed ;  of  69.3  per  cent  in  the 
cost  of  materials;  of  69.6  per  cent  in  the  value  of 
products;  and  of  63.7  per  cent  in  the  tonnage. 

The  capital  invested  in  active  and  idle  forges  and 
bloomeries  in  1905,  1900,  1890,  and  1880  is  shown  in 
Table  60. 

T.\BLE  60. — Forges  and  bloomeries — active  and  idle  establishments^ 
capital:  ISSO  to  1905. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

CAPITAL. 

Total. 

Buildings, 
macliinery, 
tools,  and 
imple- 
ments. 

Land, 
cash. and 
sundries. 

Total 

1905 
1900 
1890 
18.S0 

1905 
1900 
1890 
IRSO 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1.S80 

7 
14 
32 

lis 

'$256,639 
■619,488 
1,074,970 
4,395,963 

$70,681 

^6,420 

462,  .500 

2,301,560 

$185. 958 

383,068 

612,470 

2,094,413 

6 

7 

20 

93 

1 

12 
25 

222, 112 

508,388 

876,470 

3,915,213 

34,527 
111,100 
198,500 
480,750 

37, 154 

1S4.4'20 

338,000 

2,018,800 

33,527 
52,000 
124.500 
2.S2. 7.50 

184,9.58 

Idle                                     .   . 

323.968 

538,470 

1,896,413 

1.000 

,59, 100 
74.  (XX) 
19S, 000 

'  Includes  value  of  rented  property— 1905,  $9,500:  1900,  $236,000.  No  rented 
property  reported  for  previous  censuses. 

The  idle  establishment  in  1905  was  in  the  state  of 
New  York.  The  materials  and  quiuititics  and  cost  are 
shown  in  (letiiil  for  1880,  1890,  1900,  and  1905  in 
Tal)lc  (il. 


IRON  AND  STEEL.  71 

Tabli-;  01. -FORCES  AND  B I, OOMERIES— MATERIALS  USED,  BY  KIND,  QUANTITY,  AND  COST:  1880  TO  1905. 


KIN]). 

1906 

1900 

1890 

1880 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

Total 

$100,233 

1327, 160 

t905,208 

12,546,915 

6,282 

1,000 

13,693 

'1,5:«,280 

22,414 
22,000 
181,766 
8.'.,  241 

16,792 

7,346 

21,429 

'4,056,435 

355 

1,161 

« 1,404 

110,  .587 

145,867 

3.59,777 

270,082 

946 

3,300 

5,604 

9,045 

71,080 

34,029 

7,976 

'13,014,361 

304 

1,440 

»6,695 

.531,540 
945,375 
215,576 
812,615 

Pig  iron 

.50 

5,.'>44 

1164,749 

1,097 
78, 149 
15,222 

Charcoal 

Bituminous  coal  and  .Hlfick     ...       .                           

994 
«29 

2,301 

97 

3,367 

1,553 
S67 

2,771 

240 

12,728 

4;298 
31,241 
5  050 

Colto 

All  other  materials 

'  BushoU. 

Ta})l(>  62  .shows  the  quantity  and  value  of  the 
products  for  1880,  1890,  1900,  and  1905.  In  1880  and 
1890  the  cost  of  materials  reported  included  all  freif;;ht 
charjjcs,  whereas  in  1900  and  190.5  this  was  not  always 
the  case.  Where  freight  is  not  included  in  the  cost 
of  materialsit  has  been  added  to  "all  other  materials." 


'  .Short  tmi9. 


The  1905pro(hict  was  all  blooms,  billets,  etc.,  nearly 
all  of  which  were  made  from  scrap  iron  and  steel. 

The  blooms,  billets,  etc.,  had  an  average  value  of  S28 
per  ton  in  1905,  compared  with  $32.6:?  per  ton  in  1900, 
$36.17  in  1890,  and  .$68.31  in  1880. 


T.\i.LE  <i2.— FORGES  AND  BLOOMERIES— PRODUCTS,  BY  KIND,  QUANTITY,  AND  VALUE:  1880  TO  190.5. 


1905 

1900 

■     1890 

1880 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons.         Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Total 

$158,612 

$522,432 

$1,183,494 

$3,968,074 

Blooms  and  bar  iron  direct  from  iron  ore 

3,142 
12,355 

114,413 

403, 194 

4,825 

8,346 
22,704 

356,843 

821,168 

5,483 

33,601 
31,182 

1,812,380 

2,129,983 

25,761 

5,626 

•157,505 
1,107 

All  other  products 

452,54— M  KG  1905— PT  4—08- 


IZ 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  63.— BLAST  FURNACES— DETAILED 


32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 

44 

46 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
61 
62 
53 
64 
55 

56 
67 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
6fi 
67 
68 
W 
70 
7) 

72 
73 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements. 

Cash  and  sundries 

Rented  property,  total 

Land. 


Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Proprietors  a*nd  firm  members 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number ^..: 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries , 

Men- 
Number  

Salaries 

Women — 

Ninnber 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Average  number ," 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  dining 
each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

March t 

A  l)ril 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March *. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Children  under  16  years — 

.lanuary 

February 

.M  a  rch 

April 

May 

June '. 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Taxes 

Kent  of  ofTlces.  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hith- 
erto included. 

Con  tract  work 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Iron  ore- 
Domestic— 

Tons 

Cost 

Forei^— 

Tons 

Cost 

Mill  cinder,  scrap,  etc. — 

Tons 

Cost 

FliixinK  materials- 
Tons  

Coprt 


United  States. 


190 

$236, 145, 529 

$17, 310, 397 

$66,611,341 

$67,804,248 

$84,419,543 

$3, 158. 283 

$787. 18J 

$2,171,219 

$199,880 

26 

2,231 

$2,890,897 

249 
$683,704 

1,982 
$2, 207, 193 

1,922 
$2, 177, 422 

60 
$29, 771 

47,361 

27,206 

35,078 

$18,934,513 

34,993 
$18,916,382 

4 
$954 

81 
$17, 177 


32, 846 
35,319 
,T6,  762 
37,002 
37,084 
35,070 
33,130 
32, 791 
33,  .333 
33. 892 
35,203 
37, 484 

4 

4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

75 
76 
90 
90 
91 
84 
84 
79 
73 
76 
76 
78 

$9,788,139 
$242. 415 
$742. 221 

$8,795.6;i2 

$7,871 
$178,941,918 


29.202,944 

$96,206,246 


829,918 
$4,7.39,123  j 


1, 86/).  .385 
$3,8.30,961 


8,  .325. 209  ' 
$6,888,647  ll 


19 

$19,325,778 
$1,289,655 
$5,831,477 
$7,400,894 
$4, 803,  752 


262 
$320,643 


46 
$100,095 


216 
$220,548 


216 
$220, 548 


6, 595 

3,861 

4,951 

$1,939,208 

4,944 
$1,937,827 


10 
$1,381 


5,359 
5,M3 
5,028 
5.078 
5,268 
5, 2.')8 
4,930 
4.589 
4.661 
4.613 
4.712 
4,783 


8 
10 
10 
14 
11 
10 

9 
11 
10 

9 

10 

$445, 152 


Georgia. 


$59. 785 
$385.  .367 


$11,012,233 


3.614.109 
$3,464,665 


6,662 
$l.'i.682 


681.742 
$3(11.929 


$1,158,151 
$113,070 
$532,000 
$103,  207 
$409,874 


41 
$44,838 

7 
$15, 977 

34 

$28,861 

33 
$28,446 

1 
$415 

434 

192 

303 

$112,698 

297 
$111,690 


Illinois. 


$14,263,055 
$1,801,500 
$3,212,352 
$3,611,514 
$5. 637. 689 


S3 
$100,661 


$22,500 

76 

$78, 161 

75 
$77, 761 

1 
$400 

2,642 

1.496 

1.910 

$1,397,969 

1,910 
$1,397,969 


$1,008 


351 
345 
346 
326 
321 
230 
214 
214 
212 
383 
310 
312 


9 

10 

8 

$37,536 


$6,214 
$31,322 


$720,836 


166. 499 
$266.  4,W 


38.808 
$24,503 


1,335 
1.816 
2.139 
2,247 
2,114 
1,982 
1.866 
1.954 
2.029 
1,915 
1,816 
1,707 


$9.'>8. 945 


$13,410 
$945, 535 


$19,009,423 


2.897.494 
$9,567,879 


18, 487 
$207,018 


174, 7.37 
$627,984 


792,994 
$,WI.763 


Micliigan. 


11 
$4,253,403 

$246,002 

$589,347 

$1,112,792 

$2, 305,  262 

$129,  703 

$73, 484 

Sol. 219 

$5,000 


$109, 596 

3 
$8,200 

94 
$101,396 

91 
$100,336 

3 
$1,060 

1,517 

1,163 

1,139 

$587,724 

1,139 
$587,724 


902 
1,158 
1,194 
1,296 
1,337 
1,336 
1,067 
1,052 
1,100 
1,109 
1,071 
1,046 


$203, 6,'>7 

$7,. WO 

$49, 1145 

$144.  .^2 

$2.  .'•.00 
$3,104,136 


624.013 
$1,414,942 


100 
$1,000 


,19,612 
$.37,213 


'  Tho  fltpires  tor  the  varlons  Items  In  this  tabic  do  not  ogrro  with  the  corresponillng  ngurcs  tor  1905  In  nil  other  tables,  because  the  figures  for  a  blast  fnmiice  In 
Texas,  operated  by  ii  [mnnl  Institution,  have  IxKn  excluded.  This  Institution  reported  $2.V)..'t82  Invested  iih  cnpllal;  5  salaried  eninlnvivs  who  were  [.aid  $7,020;  100 
wn(fi'-<-«mers  who  n<:iived  $1.1, *r]:  inl!ioe|laneousex|>i'nn<'s, $3,000:  njalerliils  costing  $25  5:tl;  and  4.669  tons  of  chiircoal  pig  iron,  valued  at  $66,419,  a.i  products.  Tho 
furnace  has  a  dally  capacity  of  50  tons. 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


73 


SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

Tennessee. 

Virginia.' 

Wisconsin. 

All  other  states.' 

5 
$5,414,0.51 

$142,944 
$3,369,319 

$847, 785 
$1,054,003 

9 

S14,644,7:« 

.?1. 41 1,647 

$4,243,122 

$2,418,989 

$6,570,972 

$544, 180 

$i:i9,.300 

$375,000 

$29,880 

:« 

$4.3,195,782 

$3,2.52.111 

$11, 284. .503 

$13,817,776 

$14.841.:i32 

$6W),  600 

$315. («0 

$200,000 

$85,000 

65 

$107,741,80.-) 

$6,575,146 

$.■10,603.9:16 

$2!),6:)8.li7:i 

$40, 804, 048 

$l,572.:i00 

$188,800 

$1,305,000 

$78,500 

24 

891 
$1,113,9.56 

13 

$5,688,283 

$905, 8a5 

$2,022,:i08 

$701,.5:)7 

$1,9!I8,493 

825I..5(X) 

$7(1,  IKX) 

$1S(I.IKI0 

$1..500 

10 

$.-),1.57,2(i8 
$4.55.000 

$1,102,883 
$720, 279 
$873, 106 

4 

$2,649,011 
$475,228 
$840,000 
$12.3,688 

$1,210,096 

13 

$14,654,214 

$642,209 

$2,919,974 

$7,241,114 

$3,850,917 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

8 

9 



10 

1 

32 
$43,715 

1 

118 
$159,530 

11 

76 
$1.57, 145 

395 
$568,258 

128 
$127,8:il 

69 

$81,8(B 

39 

$62,859 

12 
13 

1 
$2,274 

13 
$73,810 

47 
$146,565 

05 
$183,6.32 

21 

$40,956 

20 

$28,175 

5 
$19,500 

14 
$36,020 

14 
IS 

31 
$41,441 

63 
$83,335 

348 
$421,693 

820 
$930,324 

107 
$80, 875 

49 
$5.3,690 

34 
$43,359 

104 
$123,510 

16 

17 

30 
$41,321 

62 
$82,997 

3,35 

$414,251 

790 
$915,208 

103 
$79,775 

47 
$52,490 

33 

$42,699 

101 
$121,590 

18 
19 

1 
S120 

1 
$338 

13 

$7,442 

30 
$15,110 

4 

$1,100 

2 
$1,200 

1 
$660 

3 
$1,920 

20 
21 

974 

711 

774 

$370,751 

2,127 

1,380 

1,559 

$1,161,179 

7.817 

3,409 

5, 434 

$3,471,083 

18, 1.38 

11,170 

13.807 

$7.  703, 931 

2,103 

1,272 

1,358 

$545,861 

1,384 

1,013 

1,081 

$346,471 

679 

246 

482 

$257,024 

3,051 

1,293 

2,217 

$980,614 

22 
23 

24 
25 

774 

$370,  751 

1,558 
$1,160,975 

1 
$204 

5,431 

$3,470,333 

3 

$750 

13,8.36 
$7.75.5.189 

I,. 336 
$.541,914 

1,074 
$344,865 

482 
$257,024 

2,212 
$980, 121 

26 
27 

28 

29 

31 
$8,742 

22 
$3,947 

7 
$1,606 

$493 

30 

31 

809 

765 
761 
815 
777 
70!> 
771 
757 
753 
780 
777 
818 

1,398 
1,412 
1,389 
1,393 
1,393 
1,525 
1,615 
1,606 
1,495 
1,024 
1.863 
1,983 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

4,886 
5,660 
6,201 
6,  .365 
6.12.5 
5..-!26 
4.474 
4.. 595 
5.107 
5,118 
5.339 
5.916 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

13.2.30 
14.382 
14.074 
14,417 
14.4a5 
13,448 
13.050 
13. 152 
13.148 
13.306 
13.817 
14.997 

1,416 
1,460 
1,410 
1..KI 
1,.331 
I,. 306 
1.279 
1,200 
1,179 
1,202 
1,295 
1,537 

1,222 

1,211 

1,218 

1,200 

1,158 

1,157 

1,102 

933 

887 

870 

909 

1.015 

452 
469 
530 
567 
570 
450 
420 
330 
360 
476 
547 
613 

1,480 
1,598 
1,812 
1,947 
2.285 
2,287 
2,336 
2,403 
2,402 
2,490 
2,747 
2,757 

32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

4)^ 

*/> 

t» 

.      .      . 

51 

Sf: 



an 

M 

...       . 

•Vr 

28 
28 
28 
28 
30 
33 
36 
36 
34 
31 
29 
31 

$4,579,941 
$147,432 
$281,627 

$4,150,882 

24 
23 

28 
26 
24 
28 
22 
17 
17 
18 
18 
19 

$205,303 
$S.413 
$22,780 

$109,031 

6 
6 
6 
8 
9 
7 
7 
8 
7 
6 
7 
7 
$175,308 

2 

1 
6 
10 
6 

1 

\ 
2 
3 
3 

$709,464 

an 

57 

.■» 

,"» 

60 

61 

1                        

(» 

63 

64 

M 

M 

fi7 

$191,355 

$308,332 
$37,400 
$32, 139 

$238,793 

$1,812,570 

$41,640 

$174,775 

$1,596,155 

$160,576 

68 

69 

$12,314 
$179,041 

$18. 192 
$156,818 

r25,683 

$134,893 

$46,251 
$663,213 

70 
71 

$5,073 
$2,609,157 

$2'.I8 
$2,717,051 

7? 

?2,940.7.S0 

$0,373,563 

$32,476,727 

$86,321,875 

$2,250,807 

$9,409,330 

73 

440.  .516 

1.122.754 
S3. 398. 229 

5,266.473 
$18,881,573 

12,537.891 
$51,563,986 

688,807 
$862,635 

668.168 
$1,228,906 

344,127 
$936,605 

942.093 
$3,483,045 

74 
75 

11.641 
$48. IIW 

74,958 

3S1.699 
$2  817  839 

465 
$2,4S6 

417.626 
$1,663,701 

76 

77 

27,790 
$58,306 

328,841 
$604,526 

1,161,063 
$2,169,422 

4,986 
$10,952 

9,409 
$20,695 

77,839 
$152,039 

78 

79 

174,679 
5140,246 

306,479 
$266,472 

1,464,057 

$1,348,409 

3,842,184 
$3,356,725 

182.423 

$97,887 

329,444 

$186,594 

67.605 
$.50,432 

405,182 
$436,474 

80 
81 

'  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado, 
Virginia,  3. 


1;  Connecticut,  2;  Kentucky,   1;  Marj'Iand.  2;  Massachusetts,  1;  Minnesota.   1;  Missouri.  2;  West 


74 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  63.— BLAST  FURNACES— DETAILED 


United  States. 

Alabama. 

Georgia. 

Illinois. 

Michigan. 

82 

Materials  used— Continued. 
Fuel- 
Anthracite  coal  and  culm- 

560.637 
$1,812,779 

801.640 
$1,340,997 

19,7.'!9.671 
$57,126,997 

37.273,569 

$2,521,887 

$83,087 

$2,442 

$1,476,067 

$2,218,049 

$694. 636 

$231,822,707 

16,623,625 
$228,911,116 

14.716.115 
$198,479,409 

1.230,518 
$16,831,627 

30,373 
$391,048 

409.502 
$5,993,085 

9,469 
$131,700 

227, 648 

$0,084,247 

$2.. 572. 650 

$338,941 

9.h26,545 
$138. 867.. 586 

16,623,625 
$228,911,116 

8, 894,  .584 
$123, 766, 565 

192, 795 
$3,111,470 

316,964 
$4,322,380 

2,  ,553, 940 
$35,aS9,846 

3,675,310 
$47,001,758 

l»l,677 
$7,348,339 

108,096 
$1,343,811 

169,630 
$■!,  6.55. 449 

2.58,018 
$2,428,798 

.52.611 

$842, 700 

16, 62;),  625 

6,078,844 

4,307,108 

329,460 

5,898,744 

0,469 

343 

7S. 180 

17 

o,oa5 

26 
4,2«« 

4 

1,376 

4 

1.035 

1,955 
$4,964 

446 
$1,114 

33, 667 
$84,058 

19,809,118 
$1,362,330 

Bituminous  coal,  used  raw.  and  slack- 
Tons       

117,154 
$154,991 

2,402,082 
$5,904,058 

3,299,007 
$217,540 

13,976 
$25,560 

1,925,578 
$7,871,710 

85 

Cost                      

86 

Colce— 

Short  tons            

68,514 
$194,320 

3,746,757 
$224,586 

87 

88 

Charcoal— 

n<t 

Cost                       

90 

41 

$440 

$29, 572 
$93,497 

f> 

$320,414 

$405,242 

$167,722 

$16,645,793 

1,471,378 
$16,614,577 

1,441,337 
$16,178,583 

$2,575 
$18,393 

$30,784 

$19,950 

$147,781 

$4,643,538 

270,933 
$4,630,183 

27,041 
$324,492 

on 

94 

Freight                                                      

91 

$943, 204 

74,  .504 
$904,950 

43,578 
$450,242 

$27,330,836 

l,6ri0,610 
$25,508,271 

1,615,522 
$24,574,535 

96 

Pig  iron- 
Total  tons                     

97 

98 

Coke  and  bituminous  coal — 

99 

Value             

inn 

Mixed  anthracite  coal  and  coke- 
Tons  

101 

1(W 

Anthracite- 

I(V3 

Value 

104 

Tons 

29.709 
$432,674 

3,32 
$3,320 

30,867 
$454,052 

59 
$656 

243,892 
$4,305,691 

105 

106 

Castings  produced  direct  from  furnace — 

680 
$12,580 

44,408 

•$921,156 

$1,822,565 

107 

Value '. 

108 

Tons 

109 

Value 

110 

$31,216 

$35,  .397 
$2,857 

$13,355 

111 

Amount  received  for  custom  work  and  repairing 

11? 

Pig  iron  (including  spiegeleisen,  ferromanganese,  etc.)  consumed  in  rolling 
mills,  steel  works,  or  foundries  controlled  by  the  producer: 

185,309 
$1,896,724 

1,471,378 
$16,614,577 



1,423,897 
$21,965,908 

1,660,610 
$25,508,271 

1,424,030 
$21,948,085 

38 
$592 

270,933 
$4,630,1B3 

3,520 
$83;  712 

in 

Value             

114 

Pig  iron,  classified  by  grades: 

Total  tons 

74,504 
$904,950 

IIS 

116 

Bessemer- 
Tons 

117 

118 

Low-phosphorus — 

119 

Value 

170 

Malleable  liessemer— 

Tons 

31,588 
$422,232 

52,658 
$771,489 

10.5,8.35 
$1,415,014 

1,411 
$17,715 

680 
$12,  ,580 

44,408 
$921, 1.56 

5,787 
$69,444 

1?1 

Value 

1?? 

Basic- 

.300, 784 
$4,089,234 

1,026,969 
$11,082,565 

115,455 
$1,106,791 

28, 170 
$335,987 

1?3 

Value 

1?4 

Foundry- 
Tons  

57,077 
$7.19, 445 

8,668 
$78,328 

8,7.59 
$87,177 

261,626 
$4,477,027 

17S 

Value 

1?A 

Forge- 
Tons 

1OT 

178 

Tons 

179 

Value 

130 

Spiegeleisen— 

131 

Value 

137 

Ferromanganese— 

Tons 

133 

134 

Ferrosllleon— 

Tons 

1.\'. 

Value 

136 

1,471,378 

1,222,3.17 

75,7a5 

6,892 

166,112 

332 

38 
6,395 

74,. 504 
74,445 

1,660,610 
216,312 
782,646 

270,933 
270,933 

137 

I.IH 

l.W 

140 

Delivered  molten  to  converters  or  fumaoea,  tons 

660,972 
680 

21 

0,7.52 

141 

Dirert  eastings,  tons 

59 

4 

300 

142 

Furniucs  in  active  cstabllsbmeDts: 
Complt'Utd  - 

11 
1,137 

2 
325 

143 

144 

rornplcted  during  tlic  census  year— 

Nutriljer 

14ft 

14A 

Mil-  during  entlro  year— 

NumbiT 

4 

700 

147 

Dall V  i-Hi>fi(-lty ,  tons ; 

148 

NunilKT 

14S 

Daily  capaelty,  tons 

150 

I)l»mnntli-d  or  abandoned  during  tbo  year— 

NunitHir 

151 

Dally  rapacity,  tons 

'TheOguns  for  the  various  it<m«  In  thit  table  do  not  ugrei'  with  the  correHpondIng  (IgureH  for  III05  In  all  other  taMiN.  br'ciiusc  the  flguri's  (nr  ii  blast  furnace  In 
Teias.  op<Tati-d  by  a  peniil  ln-lilutii,n.  have  Iwen  exi'lud.'d.  This  Irist.tulion  rennrteil  $iV5.382  lnvi'»led  im  eapltal:  r,  Nuliirli'cl  emnlovei's  who  w.tc  piiiil  $7,020;  100 
wagiwarniTH  who  nolved  $i;i.4i)<i.  inl  u:..|lun,.,>in  exiieusea,  $;).0i)0,  iriaterlals  costing  $25,531;  and  4.i«iU  tons  of  charooal  pig  Iron,  valued  at  $66,419.  us  products.  The 
furnace  has  a  dally  capacity  of  .71  I'm  i. 


IRON  AND  8TEEL. 


75 


SUMMARY,  UY  STATES:  1905'— Continued. 


New  Jersey. 


4.'),fl(» 
tl47,927 

481 
J1,,'W7 

314,588 
»1, 172, 456 


S2.5,800 

S32,868 

8.^4,350 

$3,()01,511 

202,308 
S3, 000,144 

156, 153 
S2,04(i,510 

94,913 
$1,30<>,310 


11,242 

$247,324 

»1,367 


262,308 
J3,«O0,144 


984 
»14,775 

112,035 
$1,491,513 

102.339 
$1,390,030 

32,831 
$422, 100 

2,277 
$28,402 

11,242 
$247,324 


262., 308 
119.051 
142,657 


8 
1,287 


New  York. 


$.57, 020 


21,984 
$45,959 

7(X),407 
$2,2ti3,041 

2,731,.')14 
$19(i,438 


$40,876 
$40,022 


$8,0.34,7.37 

009,588 
$8,411,940 

.MS,  157 
$7,383,287 

35,9.''i3 
$540, 181 


.30, 168 
$482,292 


310 

$0,186 


$222,791 


248,950 
$3,410,112 

009.588 
$8,411,940 

225. 414 
$3, 042, 853 

20.851 
$423, 348 

34,848 
$471,^08 

4.069 
$57,896 

275, 104 
$3,748,043 

34, 403 
$528,790 

8,299 
$138,848 


009.588 
3.82,235 
95, 346 
4,069 
127,028 
310 


15 
3,420 


Ohio. 


197,241 
$.342, 1.37 

3,4.32,965 
$10,548,220 

10.1,813 

S0,1S4 

547.1,05 

»1!,002 

S2.30, 413 

$2.%,  501 

$209,  a37 

$40,802,451 

2,987,787 
$40,705,777 

2,982,020 
$40,620,186 


038 
$10,000 


5,129 
$09, 531 


$22,282 
$134,392 


1,751,730 
$23,024,230 

2.987,787 
$40,705,777 

2, 120, 043 
$28,800,353 


127,330 
$1,698,753 

200,458 
$3,053,037 

441,227 
$5,952,470 

66,729 
$825,610 

8,900 
$135,744 


16, 494 

$233,  798 

2,987.787 

1,361,161 

516,338 


1,105.159 
5,129 


53 
15,887 


7 
2,875 


1 
75 

4 
1,035 


Pennsylvania. 


Tennessee. 


498,731 
$1,5!«,0.55  [ 


.■if«,043 
84«;,806 


8,713,116 
$22,728,319 

410,010 
$27,225 
$35,422 


$697,089 

$856,966 

$2,421 

$107,4.55,207 

7,729,278 
$107,395,757 

0,432,017 
$87, 247, 988 

1,097,915 
$14,900,818 

30,373 
$391,048 

2,  .530 
$74,974 

2,941 
839, 193 

163,496 

84,081,736 

845,092 

814,418 


5,573,898 
877,087,537 

7,729,278 
$107,3a5,757 

4,457,013 
$00,282,818 

139.763 
$2,299,771 

12. 497 
8108, 804 

1.827,121 
824,991,886 

790,740 
810,623,103 

313,301 
84,007,734 

15,002 
$195,090 

106,424 
$2,287,938 

57,072 
$2,393,798 

3.685 

884.755 

7.729,278 

1.490.312 

2.370,870 

279, 054 

3, 579, 501 

2,941 


131 
34,200 


7 
2,825 


3 

975 


11 
1,950 


27,289 
840,443 

.133, .341 

81, .372, 3,39 

390,000 
$19,500 


821,263 

870,813 

$113,. 325 

$3,428,049 

303,024 
$3,420,932 

300,460 
83,338,898 


Virginia. 


14,621 

834,930 

407,706 
81,176,050 

110,814 
87,441 


2,200 
852,800 

18 
8234 

946 

$35,000 

81,117 


120 
81,200 

303.624 
83,426,932 


26,181 
8388,351 


247.308 
$2,701,646 

24, 957 
$257,090 

4,172 
$44,845 


940 
$.35,000 


303, 024 
303.606 


18 


19 
1,902 


4 
414 


$34,205 
$45,869 


83,343,427 

279, 103 
$3,3.33,273 

278,352 
$3,315,249 


751 
$18,024 


$10, 154 


1,022 
$21,184 

279, 103 
83,333,273 


25,533 
8297,483 

219,322 
82,645,202 

3,922 
$44, 175 

30,326 
$346,353 


279. 103 
255,540 


2.3,563 


Wisconsin. 


13 
1,385 


2 
245 


9,007 
$31,828 

177,  (i90 
$790,  .VW 

2,787,528 
$199,836 


$7,568 
$213,334 


$3,074,712 

189,141 
$2,761,107 

156,.305 
$2,334,239 


32,836 
$426,868 


81,025 
$1,2.52,192 

189,141 
r2, 701. 107 

.37,311 
$578,320 


35,187 
$.540,190 


115, 198 
$1,617,812 


All  other  states. 


1,445 
$18,785 


189. 141 
189,141 


507 
$2,613 

99,388 
$195,892 

970,017  ■ 
83,020,717 

3,878,408 
$260,807 


$35,508 
$158,534 


$11,859,182 


83 

84 
8S 

86 

87 

88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 
94 
95 


785,371   ■  96 

$11,018,199  97 

740,173  98 

$10,665,200  99 

1,737  I  100 

$24,318  101 


35,905 
$729,650 


7,556 
$199,031 
$53,709 
$187,274 


699,956  I 
9,607,841 


102 
103 

104 
105 

106 
107 

108 
109 
110 
111 


112 
113 


785,371  ;    114 
$11,018,199  I    115 


020,053 
$9,024,424  I 


68,743 
$930,554 

24,082 
$337,308 

26,505 
$602,735 


7,S56  1 
$199,031  ! 


32.4.32 

8,524. 147 

7S5.371 

193. 171 

317.546 

14,682 
259,972 


116 
117 

118 
119 

120 

121 

122 
123 

124 
125 

126 

127 

128 
129 

130 
131 

132 
133 

134 
135 
136 
137 
138 
139 
140 
141 


25      142 
4,645  :    143 


1 
60 


1 
400 


4 

912 


144 
145 


146 
147 


14S 
149 


150 
1.51 


a  Includes  940  tons  of  ferrophosphorus. 


76 


MANUFACTURES. 


T.4BLE  63.— BLAST  FURNACES— DETAILED 


152 
1S3 


154 
155 

156 
157 

1.58 
159 

160 
161 
162 


163 
164 
163 


Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned — 
Engines- 
Steam — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Nmnlier 

Horsepower 

•     Water  wheels — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented— 

Electric  motors— 

Numl>er 

Horsepower 

Furnished  to  other  establishments,  horsepower 


United  States. 


189 


1,555 

762,382 

27 
3,757 

21 
080 

1,370 

52, 471 

6,320 


14 
139 
160 


Alabama. 


19 

101.6.35 


163 
100,253 


15 
587 
700 


95 


Georgia. 


4 
3.285 


13 
2,920 


4 
305 


Illinois. 


4 
50.378 


02 
^5,243 


200 


Michigan. 


u 

8.360 


48 
C.706 


12 
385 


»  The  figures  for  the  yarious  items  in  this  table  do  not  agree  with  the  corresponding  figures  for  1905  in  all  other  tables,  because  the  figures  for  a  blast  furnace  in 
Teias.  operated  by  a  penal  institution,  have  been  excluded.     This  institution  reported  $255,352  invested  as  capital:  5  salaried  employees  who  were  paid  $7,020;  100 

T.\BLE  64.— BLAST  FURNACES— IDLE  ESTABLISHMENTS— CAPITAL, 


Number  of  establishments , 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinerj*.  tools,  and  implements. . . 

Cash  and  sundries 

Rented  property,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements . . . 
Furnaces: 

Number 

Daily  capacity,  tons 

Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower ^ 

Owned — 

Engines,  steam— 

Numljer 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels— 

Numtier 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

Horsepower 


United  States. 


74 
$21,829,548 
$3,328,133 
$10,072,070 
$5,717,941  i, 
$2,711,404 
$1,007,000  1 
$166,000  ! 
$671,000 
$170,000 

91 
9,268 

72 
89,625 


250 
89,465 

2 
82 

2 
78 


Alabama. 


S2, 966, 458 

$.'i42, 975 

$883,520 

$1,168,9.18 

5371,005 

$103,000 

$11,000 

$82,000 

$10,000 

11 
1,270 

9 
11,830 


38 
11,830 


Kentucky. 


Maryland. 


$512,000 
$25,000 

$375,000 
562, 000 
$.10. 000 

$14.1.000 
.?2II,000 

SIOO.OOO 
$25, 000 

5 
495 

3 

4,  .194 


4,594 


1 

sro.ooo 

$1,000 
$150,000 
$25,000 


New  Jersey. 


S1,46S,.100 
$5.10.  ,100 
$423,000 
$3.10,0110 
$14.1.000 


5 
360 


5 
2,843 


15 
2,  .565 


T.Mii.E  65.— STEEL  WORKS  AND  ROLLINCi  MILLS- 


United 
States. 

Alabama. 

California. 

Connecti- 
cut. 

Delaware. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Kentucky. 

1 

■    "415 

$700,182,310 

$59,852,769 

$115,074,703 

$279,542,942 

$245,711,896 

$8,948,336 

$3.  .127. 100 

$:t,391,747 

$2,0-.>9,489 

04 

14,330 
$17,860,495 

711 
$2,931,254 

1.3,018 
$14,9-29,241 

12,048 
tl4,.361,.100 

971 
$567,741 

2.50, 135 

157,310 

207,502 
(122,401,993 

204,290 
tl21,i:lA.H28 

10 

$9,718,511 

$470.  IKX) 

$1,073,497 

$(i,0'22,2«3 

$2,  1.12,  121 

$109,000 

$1S,.100 

$60.  .100 

$30,000 

4 

$1,110,192 

$2:W. 190 

$74,000 

$184,231 

$213,771 

$8,888,583 
$829,221 
$1.977,90(i 
$3..1(i7,ni7 
$2,51:1,839 

5 
$6, 279,  .185 
$1,176,000 

23 

$44. 275,  .195 
$6.1.91.465 

21 

$22,981,691 
$1,746,411 
82,951,<KK) 

$12..1.>il.622 
$1,705,749 

8 

$4,716,080 
$346,751 
$48;i,587 
$2.(>.14.664 
$1,231,078 


2 

(,'apital  total            

3 

4 

Bnildings         .                         

$2,177,000  1  $5.7.19.:i89 

$2,222.iKk1    $17,i:i.1..l:i7 

$703,920    $14.li,S9.204 

5 
6 

Machinf'ry,  tools,  and  impleraents 

Cash  and  sunrlries 

7 

Rent*''!  projwrty,  total                   .       ...                    

$50,  ,100 
$81,000 
$5,800 

8 

0 

Buildings                                             

10 

.MachirH-ry,  tools,  and  Implements 

3 

1,207 
$1,684.4,17 

42 
$234,  .56.5 

1.228 
$1,449,802 

1.113 

1? 

.Sal(iri*'d  onicialfl,  cl'Tks,  etc.: 

Total  niimlKT.                   

lai 

$223,311 

14 

$13, 102 

151 
$170,209 

147 
$107,809 

4 
$2,400 

5.099 

3. 104 

.3,B3C. 
$1,, 508, 681 

3,488 
$1,470,337 

35 
V.3.073 

5 

$20.  .181 

30 
$32, 488 

24 

$29,  .168 

n 

$2,920 

913 

675 

773 
$492,390 

759 
$487,890 

137 
$178,033 

22 
$82,808 

US 

$95,225 

87 
$83,071 

28 
$12, 1.54 

3,:t61 

2.412 

2,989 
$1,58)1,715 

2,910 
$1,863,707 

91 
$102,9.52 

12 
$38,033 

79 
$64,019 

72 

323 

$369,962 

27 
$81,9i)8 

296 
$287,964 

273 
$278,914 

2:1 
$12,050 

9,298 

5.711 

7,215 
$4, 071,. 593 

7, 186 
$4.a58.7W) 

$78,211 
21 

$:i2,:i98 

.50 
$48,S16 

42 

$43, 172 

8 
$2,044 

2,917 

1,.3.57 

2,149 

$1,272,114 

2, 107 
$1,268,414 

13 

M 

Oflicers  of  corporations— 

in 

.Salaries     

in 

Cicnrral  aupcrtntondenta,  managers,  clerks,  otc.— 

17 

Total  salaries 

18 

Men  - 

Numlicr 

10 

$61, .599  ;  $1,:)79,071 

7                  112 
$2,420          $70,821 

1,702            21,611 

1,248  1           11,941 

l',0.58  '           16,448 
$412,003   $10,070,988 

1,028              16,196 
$407,903      $9,998,908 

m 

Women  — 

71 

Halurtes 

22 
23 
24 

WogiM-amers,  InnlinlliiK  pliwworkcrs,  and  total  wages: 
(Iniotont  numlier  employed  at  any  one  time  duriu);  the 

year. 
I,e«»t  numlx'r  i-ltipl'iyid  nt  any  one  lime  iluring  the 
year. 

?ft 

m 

,                 Men  16  years  ari'l  '.vr 

27 

1                         Wages 

>  Includes  (islabllahmcnts  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  1;  Georgia,  1    Kansas.  1:  Miiinr..  1:  iirigon,  1;  Uhode  Nlaiid,  4:  Teiincssei.  2:  \\  iisliliigtim.  1, 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 


77 


SUMMARY,  liY  STATES:  1905'— Conliimc 


New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

Tennessee. 

Vliginia. 

Wisconsin. 

All  otbcr  states. 

5 
10,755 

20 
10,045 

9 
43,614 

63 

35,880 

16 
3,200 

33 

180,671 

280 
167,665 

1 
25 

64 
330,062 

582 
298,  .507 

2 
72 

4 
145 

661 

25,908 

5,370 

13 
21,083 

111 
21,009 

2 
2 

10 
12,465 

43 

12,465 

4 

6,151 

36 
5,875 

13 

57,290 

128 
55,154 

2 
18 

4 
130 

71 
1,988 

152 
153 

154 
155 

156 

157 

158 

159 

0 
110 

89 
4,534 

328 

12,931 

50 

3 

72 

23 
276 

160 

161 

162 

163 

164 

60 

100 

165 

wage-earners  who  received  $13,400;  miscelLineous  expenses,  $3,000;  materials  costing  $25,531;  and  4,669  tons  of  charcoal  pig  iron,  valued  at  $66,419,  as  products.   The 
furnace  has  a  daily  capacity  of  50  tons. 


EQUIPMENT  AND  CAPACITY,  AND  POWER,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


New  York. 

North  Carolina. 

Ohio. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania. 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Virginia. 

Washington. 

Wisconsin. 

4 

$1,821,493 

$280,000 

$1,170,148 

$225,000 

$140.  .-ilS 

$90. 000 

$2.5.000 

SliO.OOO 

$5. 1)00 

520 

4 
8,650 

23 
8,650 

2 
$186,571 

$17,209 
$140,235 

$29,007 

11 
$708. 193 
$191,500 
$239. 000 
$270.  0.57 
$1,036 
$119,000 
$104,000 
$229,000 
$80,000 

12 

847 

11 
11,735 

27 
11,735 

1 
$680, 403 
$148,449 
$303,930 
$174,024 

17 

$8,998,905 

$1,033,240 

$4..'!.81,014 

$2,286,033 

$1,299,018 

$250,000 

$6,000 

$200,000 

$44,000 

26 
3,645 

16 
32,269 

77 
32,269 

3 
$758,000 
$213,000 
S;i7.5.0l)0 
$170,000 

3 
$720,200 
$95,500 
$231,000 
$217,700 
$182,000 

13 

$2,630,825 

$215,700 

$1,290,223 

$707,902 

$417,000 

1 
$40,000 
$10,000 
SIO.OOO 
$20,000 

1 

$150,000 

$4,000 

$40,000 

$0,000 

$100,000 

1 

\ 
4 

5 

ft 

7 

f) 

ft 

10 

2 
62 

2 
474 

2 
467 

1 
7 

1 
SO 

1 

700 

5 
760 

3 

450 

2 
2,940 

8 
2,940 

3 

160 

3 
1,600 

8 
1,000 

13 
1,224 

13 

11,230 

35 
11,155 

1 
75 

1 
35 

1 
150 

150 

1 

100 

1 

700 

2 
700 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 
16 

17 

IH 

19 

?0 

DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


Maryland. 


Massachu- 
setts. 


$4,111,185 

$35.  400 

$676,081 

$1,776,938 

$1,622,706 

$595,000 

$198,000 

$397,000 


$14,348,448 
$597,885 
$1,359,162 
$6,829,951 
$5,561,450 


$138.' 


109  , 
$110,437 


108 
$115,537 


1 

$900 


1.534 

$811,128 


1.444 
$793,528 


395 
$304,585 

g 
$15,  .5.50 

.■i87 
$349,0;i5 

373 
$:!43. 172 

14 

$5,803 

5,261 

3,714 

4.544 
$2,  .593, 235 

4.411 

$2,536,075 


Michigan. 


$1.(»7,571 
$159,100 
$205,000 
$581,409 
$752,062 


Missouri. 


38 
$40, 104 


3 
$6,400 


35 

$.39, 704 


30 

$36,887 


5 
$2,817 


1,664 
464 


1,018 
$526,565 


1.018 
$526,565 


$3,672,268 
$236, 445 
$447,233 

$2,070,769 
$917,821 


61 
$88,798 


$27, 420 

54 
$61,378 

51 
$59,278 

3 
$2,100 

1,919 

907 

1,349 
$928,303 

1.345 
$927,403 


New  Jer- 
sey. 


16 

$46,280,626 

$4,525,683 

$5. 135.  750 

$13,717,359 

$22,901,834 

$100,000 

$75,000 

$25,000 


New  York. 


20 

$48,852,365 

$2,786,183 

$12,824,687 

$22,990,395 

$10,251,100 

$500 

$500 


Ohio. 


57 
$87,406,064 
$7,305,011 
$13,895,429 
$42,696,146 
$23,509,478 


1 


566 
$804,772 


35 
$136, 194 


531 

$608,  .578 


480 
$632,019 


51 
$36,559 


10.019 
7,352 


8.334 

$4,087,977 


7.947 
$3,907,243 


609 
$801,337 

42 
$228,482 

567 
$572,855 

520 
$545,361 

J 

$27,494  1 
9,234 

5,472 

7.526 
$4,393,222 

7.448 
$4,370,821 


1,744 
$1,931,037 


57 
$175,903 


1,687 
$1,755,134 


1.587 
$1,706,925 


100 
$48,209 


.34.882 
19, 418 


27.756 
$18,657,542 


27.480 
$18,577,904 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


$355 

$29, 
$58, 
$123, 
$143. 

$7, 
$2, 
$2, 
$1 


186 
592,456 
685,311 
327,930 
912, 761 
066,454 
641,386 
991,9.50 
805.947 
843.489 
49 


8.129 
$10,057,776 

339 
$1,520,295 

7.790 
$8,537,481 

7.269 
$8,226,636 

.521 
$310,845 

132,930 

85,814 

110.904 
$65,306,427 

109.391 
$04,927,930 


Virginia. 


West  Vir- 
ginia. 


Wisconsia 


All  other 
states.' 


$2,112,686 
$910,634 
$194,247 
$288,582 
$719,223 
$10,000 
$10,000 


12 
$8,716,170 
$768,000 
$1,933,342 
$3,077,142 
$2,937,686 


J 


37 
$66,806 

8 
$21,240 

29 
$45,566 

29 
$45,566 

1,233 

732 

1.022 
$381,715 

1.019 
$381,168 

107 
$142,342 


$35,913 


90 
$106,429 


S3 
$103, 462 


$2,967 

5.496 

2,723 

4.409 
$2,813,319 

4.325 
$2,780,487 


10 

$3,489,544 

$551,528 

$456,521 

$1,237,194 

$1,244,301 

$98,950 

$56,150 

$42,800 


133 
$155,870 


$28,181 


124 
$127,689 


120 
$125,843 


4 

$1,846 


2.314 
1.830 


1.915 
$1,124,529 


1.913 
$1,123,999 


12 

$25,928,690 

$792,951 

$5,122,033 

$15,595,667 

$4,418,039 

$337. OCO 

$126,000 

$55,000 

$156,000 


305 
$572,342 


35 
$169,000 


270 
$403,342 


240 
$380,610 


30 
$22,732 


4.402 
1.4.58 


2.980 
$1,453,547 


2,938 
$1,444,056 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

12 
13 

14 
15 

16 
17 

18 
19 

20 
21 


23 


24 
25 


26 

27 


a  Includes  0  forges  and  bloomeries  distributed  as  follows:  Maryland,  1;  Pennsylvania,  5. 


78 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  65.— STEEL  WORKS  AND  ROLLING  MILLS— 


United 
States. 

Alabama. 

California. 

Connecti- 
cut. 

Delaware. 

IlUnois.. 

Indiana. 

Kentucky. 

?8 

Wage-earnprs,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages- 
Continued. 
Women  16  years  and  over— 

\verage  number                                    

1.451 
$441,013 

1.821 
$435. 152 

187,948 
201,809 
211,829 
216, 337 
216,923 
208,966 
187,476 
193,050 
197,246 
205.441 
208.931 
215.524 

1,530 
1,532 
1.432 
1.433 
1,426 
1,460 
1,373 
1,368 
1,398 
1,398 
1,472 
1,590 

1,741 
1,795 
1,793 
1,875 
1,830 
1,878 
1,677 
1,752 
1.781 
1.877 
1.896 
1,907 

$37,373,831 

$519.  722 

$2,096,368 

$34,642,178 

$115,  .WS 
$441,204,432 

546, 262 
$2,372,739 

3,733 
$24,053 

12,191,228 

$172,101,436 

• 

1,616,0:18 
$21,977,102 

.'a4,916 

$6. 290.  .542 

.W2.963 
$8,617,0.19 

2,410,3.10 

$■(0,7111,  ,565 

SI,  969 
$1,781,126 

2Wi,  951 
$1,066,732 

259.643 
$7,  ail,  935 

4,6,12,aS7 
$101,420,970 

1111.914 

$4,774,;i83 

105,(162 
14,377, IPJ 

4 
$2,000 

10 
$2,800 

733 

761 
783 
762 
749 
787 
787 
751 
798 
764 
721 
712 

4 
4 
4 
5 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
3 

7 
8 
8 
9 
9 
8 
14 
10 
13 
15 
12 
7 
$84,933 

70 
$20,800 

9 
$2,208 

2,594 
2,540 
2,822 
2,855 
2,814 
2,989 
3.180 
2.890 
3.10O 
2.927 
3.119 
3,090 

69 
68 
52 
54 
50 
85 
84 
80 
80 
76 
74 
68 

9 
8 
7 

7 

11 
11 
10 
10 
10 
9 
9 
$470,393 

239 
$69,346 

13 
$2,734 

12,352 
16, 146 
18, 101 
18,125 
17,736 
17,039 
15.965 
15.366 
15.196 
16,281 
16,069 
15,976 

223 
233 
240 
243 
233 
233 
226 
233 
237 
'249 
248 
270 

12 

13 

16 

17 

17 

9 

8 

14 

11 

13 

14 

12 

$3,382,006 

$8,205 

$212,670 

$3.1.16,831 

$4,300 
$38,649,762 

7,311 
$38,051 

56 
$12,203 

3 
$G00 

7,905 
7,685 
8,419 
8,339 
8,356 
7,329 
6,776 
6,142 
6.310 
6.260 
6.194 
7.157 

66 
72 
66 
65 
61 
52 
48 
49 
48 
49 
49 
47 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
$606,398 

7 
$1,800 

35 
$4,900 

2,629 
2,512 
2,131 
2,285 
2,361 
2,313 
1,098 
1,503 
1,985 
2,296 
2,044 
2,127 

49 
35 

It 

m 

Children  under  16  years- 

181 
$32,344 

2,846 
3,622 
3,314 
3,518 
3,324 
3,157 
3,035 
3.177 
3.196 
3.734 
4.235 
4.302 

27 
$4,100 

1,381 

1,389 

1,475 

1.540 

1,535 

1,379 

1.246 

775 

403 

401 

397 

415 

"n 

T? 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers, 
emploved  during  eacb  month: 
Men"  16  years  and  over— 

Tl 

Febniarv            

M 

March 

IS 

\pril                                 .             .                    .           .. 

TK 

May 

17 

June . .       .             

18 

July 

39 
40 
41 
42 
43 

44 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
January  

February  ... 

4S 

46 

47 

48 

May 



49 

June ...          .  .          .          .  . 

tn 

Julv 

SI 

\ugust      

vr 

September 

SI 

S4 

SS  i 

Sfi 

Children  under  16  years— 

January     

182 
200 
187 
190 
167 
172 
170 
176 
170 
173 
185 
200 

$344,837 
$4,058 
$22,105 

$318,674 

53 
55 
50 
55 
56 
30 
25 

41 

31 

6 

16 

25 

62 

62 

20 

15 

■     62 

50 

30 

1244,871 

^7 

S8 

March         

VI 

.\pril 

60 

May              

(II 

A? 

July          

411 

64 

(IS 

67 

$144,785 

$420 

$10.  594 

$1.13.771 

60 

Rent  of  works          .                                                    .... 

70 

$5,902 
$67, 031 

$12,000 
$778, 970 

$16,685 
$453,708 

$44,780 
$541,789 

$19,829 
$10,905,822 

12.792 
$45,770 

$17,793 
$227,078 

■$4,'2i6,'75i' 

1,803 
$8,261 

71 

72 
71 

Rent  of  oifices,  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sun- 

$5,035,190 

7,273 
$34,046 

$2,626,931 

651 
$3,785 

$939,506 

844 
$3,801 

74 

Iron  ore — 

Domestic — 

Tons 

7S 

Foreign- 

7fi 

77 

Cost            

78 

Pig  iron,  spiegeleisen,  ferromanganese,  and  all  other 
pig  iron — 
Tons                

236,469 
$2,  ,'•.82, 662 

13, 126 
$16.5,338 

610 
$15,263 

27,866 
$(97,693 

32,017 
$115,208 

2;),  061 
$274,732 



3,962 
$56,899 

21,9;« 
$249,289 

1,446,299 
$19,282,069 

164,927 
$2,249,7.17 

99,418 
$1,081,684 

18,041 
$340,  .186 

217.147 
$2,  .1.10, 365 

74,208 
$1,106,183 

226,548 
$2,776,496 

103,004 
$1,393,951 

33,788 
$428,926 

79 

Cost         

nn 

Old  iron  or  steel  rails,  and  other  scrap  iron  and  steel, 
not  including  that  consum(!d  in  Bessemer  converters 
or  open-hearth  furnaces — 
Tons          

HI 

ft? 

Scrap  iron  and  scrap  steel  (cast  or  wrought)— 

in 

Cost                                                      

84 

Used  In  acid  open-hearth  steel  furnaces- 

.164 
$4,235 

655 
$23,820 

25,368 
$298,098 

2,941 
$14,218 

43, 346 
$458,802 

48.291 
$8.14,786 

6,347 
$138,922 

* 

Ml 

Tons      

7,274 
$93,651 

29 
$181 

1 

1      .                      .       . 

K7 

118 

Purchased  hammered  Inm-orc  blooms,  jiig  or  scrap 
blooms,  and  Imported  .Swedish  billets  and  bars- 

25 
$7.10 

3,000 
$60,000 

89 

90 

Purchased  muck  or  scrap  bar- 
Tons 

.WO 
$17,500 

443 
$10, 137 

tl 

(V)St              

tn 

Punrhaw^d  Iron  or  steel  skclp — 

m 

(ktst 

04 

Purchased  Iron  or  steel  Ingots,  blooms,  billets,  tin-plate 
billets  and  bars- 

51,150 
11,027,711 

10.000 
$2.17,513 

29,734 
$732,367 

12,641 
$306,578 

220,129 
$5,332,908 

6,312 

$196,672 

2:(.87K 
$03;i,90!l 

132,229 
$3,180,469 

3.17 
$11,067 

5,146 

$ir.9,3n-i 

28,123 
$988,113 

I4,8;)4 
$196,892 

V5 

Cost 

Wl 

Tons 

«7 

Cost 

(IN 

All  other  Iron  or  atecl- 

•1) 

Cost 

IRON  AND  STEEL. 

DETAILED  SUMMARY,  UY  STATES;  100.5— Cont-inuod. 


79 


Maryland. 

Massachu- 
setts. 

Michigan. 

Missouri. 

New  Jer- 
sey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Virginia. 

West  Vir- 
ginia. 

Wisconsin. 

All  other 
states. 

15 
$3,965 

75 
$13,635 

1,581 
1,,543 
1,481 
1,480 
1,.542 
1,.551 
1,292 
1,246 
1,421 
1,425 
1,279 
1,488 

13 
11 
11 
19 
21 
20 
18 
15 
15 
12 
14 
11 

69 

67 

ra 

72 
83 
97 
96 
92 
78 
70 
62 
61 

$284,926 
$44,304 
$10,335 

$230,287 

114 

$51,858 

19 
$5,302 

4,672 
4,723 
4,76,5 
4,. 592 
4,515 
4, 165 
3,653 
3,827 
4,066 
4,290 
4,647 
.5,017 

106 
114 
119 
120 
119 
117 
119 
104 
104 
104 
109 
133 

13 
16 
14 

17 
18 
19 
19 
21 
23 
24 
24 
20 

$717,910 
$10,710 
$83,419 

$623.  781 

387 
$120,734 

78 
$22,401 

204 

$59,357 

72 
$20,281 

24,. 533 
27,027 
29, 177 
29,903 
29, 870 
27,091 
23,370 
25,220 
26,743 
27,570 
28,260 
.30,390 

226 
211 
211 
214 

217 
220 

18:1 
18:! 

177 
174 
217 
215 

103 
96 
96 
87 
83 
77 
39 
39 
49 
66 
57 

$4,113,201 

$180 

$361,  &58 

$3,744,181 

$6,982 
$78,209,770 

48,239 
$211,533 

41 
$743 

2,393,614 
$33,040,901 

224,040 
$2,950,764 

136,206 
$1,667,667 

40,833 
$536,630 

234,889 
$2,912,834 

277 
$76,549 

1,236 
$301,948 

101,194 
107,. 507 
111,6.52 
114,198 
114, .587 
111,1.58 
101,641 
105,  679 
107,240 
110,615 
112,569 
114,652 

324 
300 
263 
262 
276 
266 
221 
227 
276 
275 
289 
345 

1,156 
1,183 
1,223 
1,2.">4 
1,259 
1,238 
1,086 
1,217 
1,275 
1,291 
1,321 
1,339 

$21,924,663 
$401,985 
$896,279 

$20,614,169 

$12,230 
$237,875,025 

419,503 
$1,860,761 

3,685 
$23, 198 

6,559.417 
$94,997,864 

474,298 
$6,524,973 

227,859 
$3,709,622 

463,960 
$7,094,833 

1,705,702 
$22,244,963 

23,242 
$674,443 

171,471 
$4.  ,307, 001 

249,278 
$7,005,688 

2,540,033 
$55,371,727 

27,530 
$800,252 

45,329 
$1,888,748 

7H 

W 

4 
$900 

1,100 
1,273 
1,361 
1,310 
1,380 
1,371 
1,122 
1,090 
1,403 
1,622 
1,566 
1,,542 

3 
$647 

839 
932 
992 
944 

1,126 
1,0.58 
940 
977 
1,077 
1,140 
1,1.38 
1,059 

84 
$32,832 

2,995 
3,458 
3,797 
4,301 

4,586 
4,672 
4,275 
4,409 
4,  .581 
4,717 
5,030 
5,019 

2 
$530 

1,971 
2,002 
2,101 
2,141 
2,034 
2,017 
1,744 
1,695 
1,631 
1,6.58 
1,751 
2,211 

48 

»,m 

2,020 
2,347 
2,614 
3,116 
3,150 
3,156 
3,003 
2.8.57 
2,663 
3.418 
3.377 
3,535 

ilO 

HI 

871 

896 

884 

913 

1,403 

1,.331 

1,137 

1,242 

968 

1,005 

862 

704 

8,104 
7,916 
7,941 
8, 07S 
8,274 
8, 131 
7.S17 
7,773 
7,718 
7,fK53 
7.869 
8,090 

376 
409 
391 
376 
370 
388 
395 
401 
385 
382 
380 
391 

7.628 
7,. 530 
8,019 
7,877 
7,581 
7,672 
6,395 
6,426 
6,747 
7,659 
7,804 
8,038 

74 
75 
75 
75 
75 
75 
75 
72 
72 
73 
88 
107 

32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 

44 

• 

45 

1 

46 

47 

48 

49 

V) 

51 

5? 



Kt 

■ 

54 

.55 

2 
3 
4 
2 
5 
5 
4 
4 
5 
5 
4 
5 
$172,013 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

$110,426 

$3,060 

$11,787 

$95,579 

52 
62 
70 

87 
92 

103 
93 

101 
86 
81 
92 
89 
$492,683 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 

$277,330 
$5,020 
$32,183 

$240. 127 

35 
46 
52 
55 
52 

39 

37 

58 

57 

.55 

$1,253,727 

$15,200 

$160,496 

$1,078,031 

56 



VI 

58 

1 

59 

on 

61 

fl? 

. 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

$163, 103 
$6,150 
$14,220 
$82,511 

$60,222 
$1,800,179 

$1,448,560 

$7,457 

$64,686 

$1,376,417 

$1,137,066 
$12,973 
$88,138 

$1,035,955 

68 
69 

$17,952 
$154,061 

$24,486 
$468, 197 

70 
71 

7? 

$6,582,085 

1,275 
$7,331 

$6,901,703 

3,670 
$6, 132 

$1,588,494 

$12,389  675 

5,150 
$24,404 

7 
$112 

42,497 
$751,980 

23,651 
$376,  564 

3,529 
$35,789 

12,888 
$221,770 

25. 137 
$290. 523 

3,210 
$65,100 

9,195 
$179,318 

$13,260,039 

33,358 
$110,282 

$821,788 

652 
$3,547 

$8,742,471 

1,855 
$8,346 

$4,501,159 

150 
$1,038 

$5,379,052 

1,736 
$5,651 

73 
74 

75 

76 

77 

343,424 
$5,045,144 

.32.000 
$456,042 

8.192 
$109,610 

37,807 
$635,486 

13,748 
$186,879 

3,450 
$72,420 

23,000 
$454,074 

7,500 
$112,334 

67,685 
$84,5,286 

606,902 
$6, 800, 549 

76,216 
$1,114,062 

32,554 
$431,237 

8,276 
$116,130 

28,104 
$.529,  411 

239,862 
$3,335,635 

3,033 
$42,674 

18,843 
$155,143 

3,627 
$83,518 

78.765 
$1,144,288 

148,283 
$2,157,240 

60,279 
$809,854 

8,316 
$99^790 

3,302 
$56,134 

53,523 

$679,251 

9 
$720 

12 
$360 

78 
79 

80 
81 

82 

fa 

15,656 
$245,213 

41,894 
$476,118 

132 
$5,476 

4,123 
$59,600 

84 

85 

7,335 
$88,008 

500 

$7,816 

48,215 
$636. 135 

379 
$31,615 

2,922 
$111,874 

1 

86 

87 

3,652 
$87,655 

88 

89 

1.5.000 
$300,090 

10. 192 
$315,343 

1.044.744 
$23,307,225 

92.246 
$2,563,171 

31,309 
$1,395,142 

61 
$1,530 

no 

91 

173 
$10,904 

37,416 
$1,095,973 

- 

92 

1 

93 

10,042 
$251,050 

42.249 
$1,025,792 

871 
$35, 346 

12,735 
$324,750 

82,171 
$2,478,191 

19,764 
$771,983 

21,510 
$.5.33.506 

2.933 
$74,017 

207.986 
$4,114,141 

132.968 
$2,687,757 

13,464 
$331,182 

94 
95 

% 

1 

1 

97 

1 

98 

i 

99 

80 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  65.— STEEL  WORKS  AND  ROLLING  MILI,S- 


United 
SUtes. 

.\labaina. 

California. 

Connecti- 
cut. 

Delaware. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Kentucky. 

Material  used— Continued. 
Fuel- 
Anthracite  coal  and  culm — 

231,125 
$792,262 

7,055,093 
$14,367,934 

638,776 
$2,009,392 

3,133,533 
$299,138 

$4,382,667 

633.813 

$908,154 

$12,433,414 

$193,705 

$6.  182. 266 

$30,257,520 

$52»).  195 

$673,965,026 

18.216.639 
S584.299.439 

877, 177 
$11,079,831 
$58,137,817 

$20,447,939 

105,591 

81 
41,448 

481 
34,243 

142 
7,341 

339 
26,902 

146 
2,457 

r.93 

36 
98 

413 
1,896,759 

5,746 
1,610,612 

S3 
11,806 

54 
4,732 

S 
63 

12,183 

247,480 

7,888 

501 
6,798 
7,420 
2,744 

25,938 
$102,125 

38,978 
$131,020 

218 
$1,308 

2,786 
$408 

1,444 
$5,262 

30,304 
$93,468 

1,646 
$6,107 

8,930 
$926 

1,002 
$4,068 

1,101,073 
$2,036,615 

73, 401 
$393,092 

101 

Bituminous  coal  and  slack- 

167,747 
$254,697 

539 
$1,365 

119 

$428 

660 
$6,600 

347,352 
$810,017 

130 
$515 

186,633 

$287, 185 

13,634 
$41,756 

140,000 
$10,500 
$24,377 

103 

Cost                           

104 

Coke- 

106 

Charcoal- 
Bushels  

Cost 

Natural  gas  used  for  fuel,  cost 

Oil  used  for  fuel- 
Barrels 

Cost 

Fuel  used  for  power,  cost 

107 

■; ■  -  •   ■ 

$123,567 

780 

$1,555 

$401,009 

109 

84.582 

$46, 956 

$7,319 

$3,  100 

$7,057 

$22,806 

$10,000 

$1,489,012 

31.045 
$1,115,101 

4,400 

$7, 637 

$159,  413 

1.000 

$1,536 

$27,628 

167.888 

$286. 926 

$582,981 

$4.  768 

$353,943 

S2. 988. 585 

$3,646 

$60,021,925 

1,657,885 
$52,809,666 

64,910 

$782, 196 

$5,117,240 

$1,312,823 

10,117 

6 
5,600 

37 
2.121 

5 

237 

32 
1.884 

110 

'"'$250.'66i' 

111 
112 

$19,539 

113 

$375. 535 

$216,951 

$32. 652 

$8,041,566 

265.202 
$7,840,061 

3,000 
$30,000 
$150,000 

$21,506 

1,810 

1 
500 

18 
1,390 

$51,  178 

$278,921 

$29,410 

$5, 150, 675 

93, 181 
$4,085,473 

$10. 166 

$171,294 

$5,802 

$1,597,309 

31.851 
$1,408,456 

2,193 
$25,623 

$83,841 

$79,389 

260 

3 

30 

5 
460 

1 
100 

4 

3H0 

$168. 347 

$532,606 

$102. 129 

$16,920,326 

446,458 
$15,430,164 

14, 539 

$157, 181 

$1,295,082 

$37. 899 
2.302 

$35,085 

$491, 150 

$31,016 

$6, 167, 542 

169,466 
$5,901,428 

2,270 

$23,982 

$235,307 

$6,825 

1,150 

2 
500 

114 
115 
116 

117 

All  other  materials 

Freight 

Prod  uct s.  aggregate  value 

Rolled,  forged,  and  other  classified  products- 

UN 

Total  value                     

119 

I  ron  and  steel  scrap  sold — 

VO 

Value '. . . 

Amount  received  for  custom  work  and  repairing  on 

rolled,  forged,  and  other  classified  products. 
Miscellaneous  products,  not  rolled,  including  amount 
n-c-eived  for  custom  work  and  repairing. 
Equipment  and  capacity  of  active  establishments: 
UoUing  mills- 
Total  daily  capacity,  double  turn,  of  rolled  iron  and 
steel,  tons. 
Bessemer  or  modified  Bessemer  steel  converters- 

121 
122 

123 
1?4 

S142.711 
$231,200 

167 

$747,279 
$317,923 

1,005 

125 

Total  daily  capacity  of  ingots  or  eastings,  double 
turn,  tons. 
Open-hearth  steel  furnaces- 
Total  numlter 

1?li 

1 
20 

1 
20 

6 
370 

3 
140 

3 
230 

1 
24 

7 

9 
484 

5 
84 

4 
400 

1?7 

Total  daily  capacity  of  ingots  or  castings,  double 
turn,  tons. 
Acid  furnaces — 
Number 

1?8 

1?fl 

Daily  capacity,  double  turn,  tons  , 

130 

Basic  furnaces— 

18 
1,390 

1 

131 

Daily  capacity,  double  turn,  tons 

1,3?- 

Crucible  steel  furnaces- 
Crucible  steel  melting  furnaces,  number.    . . 

i:c< 

Crucible  steel  pots  that  can  be  used  at  a  heat, 

number. 
Total  daily  capacity  of  ingot.s  or  castings,  double 
turn,  toils. 
Blister,  (iennan.  and  misrellaneous  steel  furnaces- 
Cementing,  converting,  or  other  furnaces,  number. . 
Total  daily  capacity  of  blister.  German,  and  miscel- 
laneous steel,  double  turn,  tons. 
Power: 

i;<4 

135 

8 
12 

23 
134.907 

272 
110,105 

1 
7 

21 
49. 176 

197 
48. 104 

4 

400 

130 

137 

10 
61.282 

129 
56,757 

4 
2,633 

15 
2,438 

7 
18,353 

59 

17,795 

5 
10.820 

54 
10,310 

8 
27,373 

94 

26,965 

138 

139 

Owned  — 

Engines— 
.Steam— 

Number 

140 

Horsepower 

141 

C,a«  and  gasoline- 

147 

Horsepower 

143 

Water  wheels — 

144 

.45 

Water  motors — 

Number 

j 

148 

Horsepower 

I 

147 

Electric  motors— 

NuniU'r 

116 
4,825 

1 
15 

33 

558 

24 
510 

1,274 

23,. 599 
700 

123 
503 

46 
672 

17 
408 

148 

149 

*>lher  power,  horsepower 

I.W 

ilenU'd  — 

Electric  motors— 

1 

12 
180 

1.11 

llor^tepower 

l.W 

LIS 

Furnished  to  othernstabllshmontn,  horsepower 

i 

1 

IRON  AND  STEEL. 

DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  lOO.i— Conliimi'd. 


81 


Maryland. 

Massachu- 
setts. 

Michigan. 

Missouri. 

New  Jer- 
sey. 

9,597 
$39,301 

221,6.32 
$674. 565 

6,068 
$28,770 

802 
$101 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsyl- 
vania. 

VlrginU. 

West  Vir- 
ginia. 

WiBconsiD. 

AU  other 
states.    , 

2,224 
$12,658 

89,593 
$437,285 

1.716 
$8,767 

70,068 
$7,875 

20 
$100 

41,083 
$108,028 

44,135 
$190,653 

124.005 
$3t">7.494 

38,490 
$123,588 

13,246 

$1,844 

216 
$844 

861.383 
$1,561,708 

172,600 
$531,313 

10,  .540 

$1,015 

$652,439 

44,398 

$67,924 

$2,166,350 

$9, 298 

$957,422 

$3,0.59,414 

146.524 
$437.0.51 

3,499.237 
$6,850,784 

262, 748 
$659,624 

2,770,662 
$260,  l.">9 

25 

$200 

28,417 
$87,850 

1,867 
$7,188 

1,890 
$370 

100 

101 

29,158 
$64,113 

15,905 
$56,463 

114.549 
$9,940 

55.743 
$161,817 

19,840 
$50,. 52^2 

2.06(1 
$.5, 170 

94,0.32 
$125, 146 

.32.967 
$91,081 

118,758 
$265,192 

14,061 
$46,685 

102 
103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

$;),381,041 

111.279 

$177, 7.W 

$6, 38.'),  687 

$149,693 

$3,284,  134 

$10..573,.'-.31 

$204,889 

$.363, 773,  .577 

9,825,7.W 
$320, 466, 565 

.542. 257 

$7,040.28;-, 

$26,246,654 

$10,020,073 

52,466 

28 
16,909 

305 
23,115 

100 
5,518 

205 
17,597 

96 
1,978 

586 

18 
63 

186 
949, 915 

3,323 
799,323 

36 

2.996 

300 

$200,643 



108 

1,038 

$1,  707 

$243,  140 

$2,2.W 

$28, 984 

$216, 803 

$1,500 

$8,106,929 

315,566 
$7,862,789 

17,388 
$244,140 

10,848 
$22,926 
$424,492 

7,048 
$6,343 

$29,292 

60,620 

$53,479 

$235,400 

$1,800 

$275.  508 

$5, 877,  .378 

$7,639 

$20,00.5,972 

101,431 
$9, 576, 226 

5,149 

$74,901 

$1,329,975 

$6,084,870 

1,028 

6 

45 

13 
825 

4 
267 

9 

558 

6 

218 

47 

71,780 

$114,662 

$766, 453 

$12,817 

$140,555 

$1,686,073 

886.610 

$21,227,399 

569,323 
$18,216,002 

9,415 

$130,505 

$2,259,821 

$621,071 

3,981 

6 
1,310 

17 
965 

6 
226 

11 
739 

13 
153 

37 

1 
1 

20 
100,291 

171 
59,764 

10 
8,300 

5 
750 

1 

1 

1,185 

30,861 

15 

30 
450 
150 

29,872 

$58,386 

$184,232 

$1,937 

$29,298 

$6.5,342 

$2,500 

$7,379,038 

198,484 
$7,072,205 

2,092 
$27,196 
$37,201 

$242.4.36 

1,358 

3 

38 

3 

25 

3 
25 

38,280 

$60,358 

$345,015 



109 

MO 

$27,256 

$3,080 
$8,012 
$8,611 
$23,288 

$175, 127 

111 
112 

$109,216 
$3, 262, 102 

$20,401 

$10,023 

$1,000 

$2,712,114 

55,154 
$2,327,260 

1,084 

$13,322 

$369,091 

$2,441 

465 

2 

18 

$28,227 
$72,629 

$129, 621 

$363,318 

$66 

$13,454,802 

381,932 
$11,243,473 

36,248 

$445,720 

$1,762,609 

$3,000 

2,221 

4 
1,260 

$168,978 

$34.5,306 

$7,3.36 

$9,397,039 

229,807 
$8,207,106 

.M6 

$6,967 

$1,033,261 

$149,705 

3,474 

4 
2,006 

» 
696 

1 
6 

8 
690 

1 
8 

2 

113 
114 
115 

$11,947,731 

143,833 
$5,416,746 

4,911 

$46,215 

$5,562,731 

$922,039 

1,002 

1 
200 

9 
590 

4 
180 

5 
410 

$2,999,438 

70,251 
$2,839,487 

$111,996,673 

3,533,426 
$101,233,039 

171, 175 
$2,031,598 
$8,385,564 

$346,472 

19,901 

12 
10,830 

42 
2,922 

9 
538 

33 
2,384 

$1,515,9.59 

33,  .588 
$1,248,192 

116 

117 
118 

119 

120 

$1.tO,  179 
$9, 772 

345 

$229,271 
$38,496 

399 

121 

122 

2,140 

3 
2,200 

2 
100 

123 
124 

1Z5 

5 
160 

126 

127 

128 

129 

2 
100 

5 
160 

130 

131 

29 
76 

15 

132 

133 

134 

8 
15 

5 
32,371 

92 
27,705 

135 

136 

7 
18,368 

49 
16,135 

5 
4,749 

31 
4,630 

4 

5,499 

22 
4,412 

1 
80 

16 
35,613 

152 

30,641 

55 
341,282 

747 
302,757 

2 

30 

2 
185 

3 
12 

1,743 

37,120 

526 

54 
652 

3 

2,927 

7 
645 

12 
34,822 

140 
34,250 

10 
12,684 

35 
10,995 

12 
53,694 

157 
46,881 

137 
138 

139 
140 

141 

142 

10 
505 

7 
760 

23 
2,232 

143 

144 

1 
50 

52 
807 
150 

1 
1 

145 

146 

74 
2,2.33 

4,161 

4 
119 

214 

3,987 

75 

8 
150 

6.788 

129.092 

6.202 

268 
4,732 
7,270 
1,207 

1 
50 

46 
572 

148 
1,558 

313 

6,613 

200 

147 
148 
149 

6 
131 

1.50 

151 

t 

1.52 

390 

60 

1,087 

153 

1 

82 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  66.— STEEL  WORKS  AND   ROLLING   MILLS— IDLE   ESTABLISHMENTS— 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital .  total 

Land -" 

Buildings » - .  ■ 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  andsondries 

Rented  property,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Equipment  and  capacity: 
Rolling  mills — 

Completed .  number 

Total  daily  capacity,  double  turn,  of  rolled  iron  and 
steel,  tons. 
Bessemer,  or  modified  Bessemer  steel  converters — 

Number 

Total  daily  capacity  of  ingots,  double  turn,  tons 

Open-hearth  s'teel  furnaces- 
Total  number 

Total  daily  capacity  of  ingots,  double  turn,  tons — 
Acid  furnaces — 

Number 

Daily  capacity  of  ingots,  double  turn,  tons 
Basic  furnaces — 

Number 

Daily  capacity  of  ingots,  double  turn,  tons. 
Crucible,  blister,  German  and  miscellaneous  steel  fur- 
naces- 
Number 

Crucible  steel  pots,  number , 

Total  daily  capacity  of  crucible  and  other  ingots, 
double  turn.  tons. 
Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned— 

Engines- 
Steam- 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Other  Ijind,  horsepower 


United  States. 


S21 


S3, 
$13. 


79 
168,026 
702,322 
928, 564 
215.373 
321,767 
879,620 
546,020 
$11,000 
$22,600 


74 
8,794 


11 
2,304 

2« 
1,059 


11 

284 


15 

775 


28 
216 
42 


73 
95,241 


467 
91, 130 

2 
325 

8 
440 

157 

3,196 

150 


$155,000 
$60,000 
$22,500 
$72,500 


400 


3 
400 


1 

$126,000 

$9,000 

$12,000 

$100,000 

$5,000 


1 
855 


11 
855 


Illinois. 


2 

$797,675 
$105,300 
$113,700 
$578,676 


Indiana. 


2 
240 


2 
2,275 


14 
2,275 


$3, 657, 
$368, 
S71S, 

$2. 506 
$66, 


11 
664 


3 
140 


11 
i,203 


73 
,519 


2 
326 


31 

3m 


Kentucky. 


1 
$35,000 
$5,000 
$10,000 
$20,000 


3 
150 


3 
150 


1 
300 


2 
300 


Massachu- 
setts. 


$529. 912 
$330,000 
$75,000 
$124,912 


1,640 


1,400 


7 
240 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 

CAPITAL,  EQUIPMENT  AND  CAPACITY,  AND  I'OWICR,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


83 


Ulnnesota. 

Missouri. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Ponnsylvuniii. 

Virginia. 

West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin. 

Wyoming. 

1 

$253, 194 

$38,000 

$04,717 

$1,10,477 

1 
$132, 050 
$li5,000 
$35,000 
$25. 000 
$7,0.00 

2 

$545,  m 

$37,071 

$123,258 

$384,774 

$1,210,027 
$111,0(X) 
$203.  (KXI 
$830,027 

10 

13.039,219 

$348,511 

$791,9.14 

$2, 342,  .1.19 

$150, 195 

$3,500 

$3,500 

33 

$8,455,807 

$1,123,080 

$1,282,396 

$4,902,077 

$1,087,714 

$70,  120 

$42.. 120 

$I1.IXX) 

$22,600 

31 
•      3,917 

4 

ai4 

10 
.109 

2 
29 

8 
480 

4 

132 
36 

31 
42,777 

191 
41, 137 

I 
$1.10,000 

$25,000 
$95,000 
$30,000 

1 

S36,S00 

$2,500 

$4,000 

$30,000 

3 

$1,397,825 

$73,  .100 

$304,089 

$1, 020,230 

I 

$46,641 

$760 

$1.3,9.10 

$:jl,93l 

1 

2 
3 
4 
5 

7 

fl 

f) 

' 

10 

1 
160 

1 
100 

2 
665 

4 

1,040 

3 

800 

4 

130 

14 
1,138 

550 

3 
70 

3 

70 

1 
65 

1 

am 

2 
360 

2 

1 
75 

11 
12 

17 

■ 

18 

4 
130 

10 

?n 

12 

24 

1 

9 
10,778 

75 
10,539 

6 

36 

4 

2 
2,980 

7 
2,830 

01 

" 

■» 

71 

1 
1,340 

10 
1,100 

1 

375 

3 
375 

2 
2,568 

8 
1,850 

5 
11,750 

if,  550 

1 
600 

4 

600 

1 

400 

1 
400 

1 
1,000 

10 
1,000 

24 
25 

26 
27 

?8 

?fl 

8 
440 

.30 

1,050 

150 

m 

11 

14 
240 

35 
718 

10 
200 

18 
239 

12 
150 

s? 

•n 

34 

TIN  AND  TERNE  PLATE 


(85) 


TIN  AND  TERNE  PLATE. 


By  Stouy  B.  Ladd. 


A  full  history  of  the  tin  and  teme  plate  industry 
both  abroad  anil  in  this  country,  with  an  account  of  the 
process  of  manufacture,  appeared  in  the  report  on  the 
industry  for  the  Twelfth  Census.  Prior  to  1890  the 
production  of  tin  and  teme  plate  in  the  United  States 
was  of  slight  importance.  Since  that  date  the  industry 
has  grown  rapidly,  as  is  shown  by  the  increase  in  pro- 
duction from  about  2,236,000  pounds  of  tin  and  terne 
plates  in  1891  to  over  849,000,000  pounds  in  1900  and 
to  over  1,000,000,000  pounds  in  1905.  As  the  statis- 
tics relating  to  the  manufacture  of  tin  and  terne  plate 
as  a  separate  industry  were  first  collected  at  the  census 
of  1900,  compari-sons  can  only  be  made  between  1900 
and  1905. 

The  manufacture  of  black  plates  and  the  subsequent 
dipping  of  the  plates  to  coat  them  with  tin  or  teme 
metal  are,  as  a  rule,  accomplished  in  one  and  the  same 
establishment,  without,  in  many  cases,  any  distinction 
being  made  between  labor  and  expense  chargeable  to 
the  manufacture  of  the  black  plates  and  that  pertain- 
ing to  the  tin  and  teme  dipping.  The  industry  should 
be  treated  as  an  entirety,  but  for  comparative  purposes 
it  is  desirable  to  follow  the  plan  of  presentation 
employed  at  the  Twelfth  Census.  Moreover,  as  the 
manufacture  of  black  plates  is  a  rolling  mill  operation, 


it  is  important  that  the  statistics  relating  thereto  be 
included  in  those  for  the  industry  classified  as  "steel 
works  and  rolling  mills."  Tlu^refore  separate  reports 
were  rec|uested  for  the  black  {)laf('  manufacture  and  for 
the  tin  and  teme  dipping  industry.  WTiere  these 
reports  could  not  be  made  from  book  accounts,  an  ap- 
portionment of  capital,  labor,  and  expen.se  was 
accepted,  the  rolling  mill  report  being  credited  with  the 
black  plate  product  at  the  market  values  and  the  tin 
antl  terne  plate  dipping  report  being  charged  with  the 
same  as  material  used. 

In  the  case  of  rolling  mills  "making  other  products 
than  black  plates  it  is  impossible  to  segregate  the  capi- 
tal, wage-earners,  wages,  cost  of  materials,  etc., 
chargeable  to  the  production  of  black  plates  from  that 
pertaining  to  other  products,  and  hence  the  statistics 
include  all  labor  and  expense  items  of  such  establish- 
ments, as  well  as  the  value  of  all  products. 

THE    COMBINED     INDUSTRY TIN    AND     TEKXE     DIPPING 

AND   BLACK   PLATE. 

Table  1  is  a  comparative  summar\"  of  the  general 
statistics  of  the  active  establishments  engaged  in  the 
tin  and  terne  dipping  and  black  plate  industries  for  the 
census  years  1900  and  1905. 


Table  1.— COMBINED  INDUSTRY— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1905  AND  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried  ofiicials,  clerlis,  etc.,  number. 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number. 

Total  wages 

Men  Itj  years  and  over 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products,..^ 


1905 


Total. 


I  44 
> 832, 457, 487 
861 
682 
164 
723 
.379 
370 
608 
8185,371 
177 
,982 


8936,1 
17 

810,559,: 
16,: 

810,338,: 


835, 

81,815, 

'$49,016, 

'865,679, 


Tin  and 
terne  dip- 
ping indus- 
trj-. 


Black  plate 
industr>'. 


36 

810,891,239 

284 

8309,. W4 

4,847 

82,383,070 

4.212 

82,193,062 

.579 

8179,917 

.56 

810,091 

$.389,873 

$31,375,714 

83,5,283,360 


35 

821,566,248 

.577 

8627,128 

12,317 

88,176,653 

12,167 

88,145,308 

29 

85,454 

121 

825,891 

81,425.415 

817.640.773 

$,30,395,757 


1900 


Total. 


166 

"827,488,302 
726 
,015 
,826 


$818,( 

14,1 

810,288,1 

13,  • 

89,996,) 

I 

8193, 

897, 

8.505, 

< 845,004, 

'861,912, 


Tin  and 
teme  dip- 
ping indus- 
try. 


57 

86,790,047 

333 

8291,323 

3,671 

81,889,917 

3,014 

81,711,475 

625 

8172,568 

32 

85,874 

8236,456 

826,728,150 

$31,892,011 


Black  plate 
industry. 


44 

820,698,2.'» 

393 

8526,692 

11,155 

88,398,144 

10,784 

$8,285,364 

63 

821,266 

308 

891,514 

8268,672 

818,276,566 

830,020.608 


FEB  CENT  OF  INCBEASE. 


Total. 


33.3 

18.1 

18.6 

14.5 

15.8 

2.6 

18.7 

3.4 

«11.6 

•4.4 

»47.9 

'63.1 

259.4 

8.9 

6.1 


te-^p-'    BUck 
ffi-:    inSlfsfry. 


>36.8 
60.4 

n4  7 
6.3 
32.0 
26.1 
39.7 
28.1 

>7.4 
4.3 
75.0 
71.8 
64.9 
17.4 
10.6 


«20.S 

4.2 

46.8 

19.1 

10.4 

•2.6 

12.8 

«L7 

'54.0 

•74.4 

>60.7 

«71.7 

430.5 

»3.5 

1.2 


'  Includes  27  establishments  in  1905  and  35  in  1900  which  manufactured  black  plates  as  well  as  tin  and  teme  plates;  9  in  1905  and  22  in  1900  which  manufactured  tin 
and  terno  plates  only:  and  8  in  1905  and  9  in  1900  which  manufactured  black  plates  only. 

2  Decrease. 

3  Includes  value  of  rented  property— 1905,  8473,000;  1900,  8165.000. 

*  Includes  a  duplication  of  $22,988,237  in  1905  and  820,590,566  in  1900,  the  value  of  black  plates  reported  among  the  products  of  the  black  plate  industry  and  used  &a 
material  in  the  tin  and  terne  dipping  industry. 


4.52.54— .MFG  1905— PT  4—08- 


(87) 


88 


MANUFACTURES. 


As  a  rule,  black  plate  mills  operated  in  conjunction 
with  dipping  establishments  produce  black  plates  only, 
and,  wath  the  exception  of  three  cases,  black  plates  con- 
stitute the  chief  product  of  the  independent  rolling 
mills  making  black  plates. 

The  industry  is  first  considered  as  a  whole,  followed 
by  the  statistics  for  the  tin  and  terne  dipping  industry, 
and  then  by  those  pertaining  to  the  manufacture  of 
black  plates.  Statistics  for  the  last  are  included  in 
those  for  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  in  the  report  on 
iron  and  steel. 

The  period  covered  by  this  report  is  the  calendar 
year  1904,  or  the  business  year  of  the  establishments 
reporting  which  most  nearly  conforms  to  that  year. 
In  the  census  of  1900  the  period  covered  was  from  June 
1,  1899,  to  May  .31,  1900.  The  gross  ton  of  2,240 
pounds  is  used  except  where  otherwise  stated. 

The  establishments  which  manufacture  black  plates 
and  also  coat  them  are  counted  both  in  the  tin  and 
terne  dipping  industrj'  and  in  the  black  plate  industry, 
but  such  establishments  count  but  one  in  the  num- 
ber of  establishments  for  the  combined  industries. 
There  were  27  such  establishments  in  190.5  and  35  in 
1900.  In  other  words,  75  per  cent  of  the  active  dip- 
ping establishments  were  equipped  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  black  plates  in  1905,  as  compared  with  61.4 
per  cent  in  1900. 

The  capital  invested  in  the  black  plate  industry  in 
1905  constituted  66.4  per  cent  of  the  total  capital  for 
the  combined  industries,  as  against  75.3  per  cent  in 
1900.  The  cost  of  materials  used  as  well  as  the  value 
of  the  products  include  a  duplication,  much  of  the 
black  i)late  product  of  the  black  plate  industry  being 
consumed  as  material  in  the  tin  and  terne  dipping 
industry.  Tluis  the  cost  of  the  black  j)lates  consumed 
by  the  dipping  establishments  was  $22,988,237  in  1905 
and  ?20, 590,566  in  1900,  which  leaves  .¥26,021,949  as 
the  approximate  cost  of  materials  used  by  the  com- 
bined indu.stries  in  1905,  as  against  .$24,414,150  in  1900. 
In  like  manner,  deducting  Ihe  same  duplication  from 
the  value  of  produ<'ts,  the  aj)j)r()xiiiiat('  value  of  the 
products  in  1905  was  $42,690,880,  as  compared  with 
$41, .322,0.53  in  1900.  This  siiows  an  increase  of  6.6 
jxT  cent  in  the  approximates  net  cost  of  materials  and 
3.3  per  cent  in  the  approximates  net  value  of  products 
in  1905,  as  coni()arcd  with  1900. 

Table  2  sliows  the  capital  invested  in  all  establish- 
ments, bolh  active  and  idle,  and  its  distribution  be- 
tween tin  and  terne  dip[)ing  cstabhslimcnts  an<l  black 
plate  establishnieiits  in  1905  and  1900.  As  the  stati.s- 
tics  for  establishments  under  construction  were  not 
collected  at  the  ccn.sus  of  1905,  the  statistics  for  .such 
estai)lislinieiits  have  been  eliminated  from  the  figunss 
for  1900. 


Table  'J. — ('irmbincd  industTy — active  and  idle  eslablishments — 
capital,  by  iiidttstries:  1!)05  and  1900. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

CAPITAL. 

TSDUSTRY. 

Total. 

Land. 

Buildings. 

macbinery. 

tools,  and 
imple- 
ments. 

Cash  and 
sundries. 

Totlll.... 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

154 
168 

i  $33, 7,19,901 
'27,515,527 

81,676,980 
1,906,125 

$18,231,751 
15,097,265 

$13,851,170 
10,512,137 

Tin  and  terne. 
Black  plate 

Ml 

59 

41 
44 

11,339,049 
6,817,272 

22,420,852 
20,698,255 

403.100 
539,125 

1,273,880 
1,367,000 

5,189,297 
2,650,540 

13,042,454 
12,446,725 

5,746,652 
3,627,607 

8,104,518 
6,884,530 

1  Inelv'.des  establishments  equipped  as  follows:  1905—28  plants  for  the  manu- 
facture of  black  plates  and  tin  and  teme  plates,  13  plants  for  the  manufacture  of 
tin  and  teme  plates  only,  and  I;!  plants  for  the  manufacture  of  Idack  plates  only. 


19(K)~3o  plants  for  the  niiiniifaituri'  of  black  plates  and  tin  ami  tcnie  plates,  24 
plants  for  the  manufacture  of  tin  arul  teme  plates  only,  and  9  plants  for  the  manu- 
facture of  black  plates  only. 


-■  Includes  value  of  rented  property— 1905,  $473,000;  1900,  $165,000. 

3  Not  including  8  establishments,  6  of  which  are  idle  and  attached  to  rolling 
mills,  and  2  to  establishments  classified  as  "tinware;"  capital  not  reported 
separately. 

The  total  capital  shows  an  increase  of  22.7  per  cent 
for  the  period  1900  to  1905,  the  major  part  of  this  in- 
crease being  in  the  tin  and  terne  plate  dipi>ing  industry, 
in  which  the  capital  invested  increased  66.3  per  cent, 
while  the  capital  in  the  black  plate  industry  increa.sed 
but  8.3  per  cent.  Of  the  total  capital,  that  portion 
invested  in  buildings,  machinery,  tools,  and  imple- 
ments increased  20.8  per  cent  and  that  in  cash  and 
sundries,  31.8  per  cent.  The  capital  invested  in  land 
shows  a  decrease  of  12  per  cent,  due  probably  to  con- 
centration of  the  industry  during  the  period. 

In  1905,  54  per  cent  of  the  total  capital  was  in  build- 
ings, machinery,  tools,  and  implements,  as  against  54.9 
per  cent  in  1900;  in  the  tin  and  terne  plate  industry 
45.8  per  cent  was  in  buildings,  machinery,  tools,  and 
implements  in  1905,  as  against  38.9  per  cent  in  1900; 
and  in  the  black  plate  industry,  58.2  per  cent  in  1905, 
as  against  60.1  per  cent  in  1900. 

Table  3  shows  the  combined  capital  by  active  and 
idle  establishments  in  1900  and  1905. 

Tablr  3. — Combined  industry-  -acticc  and  idle  establishments — 
capital:  i;>0.5  and  lUdii. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
oatttb- 
lish- 
mcnts. 

CAPITAL. 

Total. 

Land. 

nnildlngs, 
nnichinery.    „     ,         . 

ments. 

Total . . 

1905 
1900 

i9ai 

11P05 
1(100 

154 
68 

■133,  v.™,  901 
■27,515,527 

(1,670,980 
1,906,128 

118,231,751 
15,097,285 

$13,8.11,170 
1(1,512,137 

Active 

Idle 

44 
66 

10 
2 

32,4.'i7,4S7 
27, 488,  ,102 

1,:«I2,4II 
27,22.1 

1,611, .ISO 
1,895,400 

fti,  mm 

10,725 

17,049.327 
15,080.765 

1,182,424 
16,  .10(1 

13,706,780 
10,512,137 

.14,390 

>  Not  inclncnnnstin  and  tcrinMilppliie  (•NiiiUll.shniriitH, )«  of  whk*liaro  Idle  and 
utliu'iii'd  to  rnllinj;  tnillN,  mul  2  lni'Htiil)lisniiH'iitw  rluMsKird  as  "  tiiiwaro;"  I'lip 


not  rcporti'd  wparatch . 

8  IiicludoH  valiu-  nf  rciiU'd  property 


iipltal 


P.Kiri,  M7;<,(MH);   IIMK),  JHi.'i.(HK), 


TIN  AND  TERNE  PEATE. 


89 


Of  the  total  amount  of  capital  invested,  le.s.s  than 
one-tenth  of  1  per  cent  in  1900  was  in  idle  estahiish- 
ments,  and  in  1905  only  ,3.9  per  cent. 

Tahle  4  shows  the  capital  invested,  nuniher  of  .sala- 
ried employees  and  salaries  paid,  and  the  averaf;;e  num- 
ber of  wage-earners  and  total  wajjes  ])aid  for  the  com- 
bined industries  for  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  and  "all 
other  states"  in  1900  and  1905.     On  account  of  the 


control  of  many  tin  and  terne  dippinf;  plants  in  Indiana, 
Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  by  one  company,  although 
there  are  three  or  more  plants  in  each  of  the.se  states, 
the  detailed  statistics  can  not  be  shown  .separately  for 
the  combined  industry,  or  for  the  tin  and  terne  dip- 
ping industry,  without  di.sclo.sing  the  operations  of 
individual  concerns. 


Table  4.— COMBINED   INDUSTRY— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905  AND  1900. 


Cen- 
sus. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
li.sh- 
rnents. 

Capital. 

SALARIED   OKKI- 
CIAL8,  CLERKS,  ETC. 

WAOE-EARSERS  A.NK 
WAGES. 

Number. 

Salaries. 

^^^^^.             ^««'- 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

S1905 
•1900 

44 
66 

•132,457,487 
'27,488,302 

861 
726 

$836,682 
818,015 

17,164         tlO.S59.723 

14,826 

10,288,061 

19 
.M 

25 

14,942,692 
12,517.557 

17,514,795 
14.970.745 

546 
342 

315 
384 

592,466 
358,566 

344,216 
459,449 

8,511 
6,017 

8,653 
8,809 

.5,249.701 

4,.)49,:«7 
5,310,022 

.5.938,7.34 

'  Includes  value  of  rented  property-1905.  $473,000;  1900.  S165.000. 

2  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Illinois.  1;  Indiana,  4;  Kentucky,  1;  Maryland,  2;  Michigan,  1;  Missouri,  1;  New  York,  2;  Ohio,  7;  West 
Virginia.  0. 

'  Includes  estal)lishnients  (iistriiiutt'd  lis  follnws:  Illinois.  5;  Indiana,  5;  Kentucky.  1;  Maryland.  3;  Michigan.  1;  Missouri,  1;  New  York,  4;  Ohio,  12;  Virginia,  1; 
West  N'irginia.  3. 


The  cost  t)f  materials  and  the  value  of  products  have 
been  omitted  from  this  table,  as  it  is  impracticable  to 
show  these  items  by  states  without  duplication;  black 
plates  produced  in  one  state,  and  therefore  credited 
to  that  state  as  products,  being  often  consumed  in 
other  states  by  tin  and  terne  dipping  establishments 
and  their  value  conse<iuently  reappears  in  the  value 
of  products  of  such  states. 

The  proportional  number  of  establishments  in  Penn- 
sjdvania  decreased  from  45.5  per  cent  of  the  total  in 
1900  to  43.2  per  cent  in  1905.     All  the  other  items  show 


an  increase  j)roj)()rtionately — capital,  from  45.5  per 
cent  in  1900  to  46  per  cent  in  1905;  salaried  officials, 
from  47.1  per  cent  to  63.4  per  cent ;  salaries,  from  43.8 
per  cent  to  63.3  per  cent;  wage-earners,  from  40.6  per 
cent  to  49.6  per  cent;  and  wages,  from  42.3  per  cent  to 
49.7  per  cent. 

Table  5  is  a  comparative  summary  of  the  materials 
used  by  the  tin  and  terne  dipping  and  black  plate  estab- 
lishments for  1900  and  1905,  with  the  per  cent  of 
increase. 


Table    5.— COMBINED 


INDUSTRY— MATERIALS    USED, 
INCREASE: 


BY    KIND,    QUANTITY,    AND   COST,   WITH   PER   CENT  OF 
1905  AND  1900. 


KIND. 

Unit  of  meas- 
ure. 

19(1 

»                        1 

1 
i 

1900 

PER   CENT  OF 
INCREASE. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

AecrcEftte 

1(49,016,487 

1  $45, 004, 716 

S.9 

Tons 

1 

1,035 

16,514 

34,422 

648,807 

82,5,556,992 
(') 
(•) 
(') 
(') 
2,358,607 
20,282,778 
6,871,480 
5,511,645 

6,916 

253,920 

592,222 

13,911,080 

20,590,566 
C») 
(") 
(») 
(') 
78,282 
4.528,473 
398,617 
282,227 
187,318 
.103,316 
960,526 
6,465 
619,245 
4,628 
739 
328,388 
1,061 
(=) 
2,911,253 

Pig  iron,  spiegeleisen,  and  ferromanganese 

Tons 

Old  iron  or  steel  rails  and  other  scrap  iron  or  steel 

Tons 

11,630 
662,887 

1.019,524,757 

911,663,989 

19,343,920 

87,567,481 

949, 367 

83.900 

24,243,851 

8,201,253 

6,628,526 

148,  776 
15,440,072 

22,988,237 

20,734,710 

4.36, 850 

1,789,855 

26,822 

3,769 

6,709,164 

366,  .558 

376,310 

180,011 

504,887 

1,490,407 

9,960 

462,293 

2,397 

13,325 

293,795 

4,238 

704,399 

808,296 

'66.2 
2.2 

23.5 

»74.9 

Iron  or  steel  ingots,  blooms,  billets,  tin-plate  bars,  sheet  bars  and 

Tons 

11.0 

slabs. 
Domestic  black  plates  or  sheets  for  tinning,  total 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

11.6 

Foreign  black  plates  or  sheets  for  tinning 

596. 4 

}            19.5 

20.3 

»95.J 

Pig  tin                           

Pig  lead 

Palm  oil                   

33.3 

Snlpbnric  flei'l  R"d  tinning  fliiv,  hrnn,  and  pink  TPefll 

»3.9 

66.4 

Fuel   total                        1                             

5.5.2 

Tons 

Tons 

Short  tons.... 
Bushels 

3.240 

287,969 

858 

156,800 

4,456 

598,113 

2,962 

12,926 



Coke                                          

Charcoal 

CVVVl.y !!!!!!!.'! 

Oil         

Barrels 

2,422 

50 

1 

'  Includes  a  duplication  equal  to  the  cost  of  the  domestic  black  plates,  products  of  the  black  plate  industry  and  used  as  material  in  the  tin  and  teme  dipping 
industry. 
2  Decrease. 
•Not  reported  separately. 


90 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  tin  and  lead  contents  of  terne  mixture,  when 
purchased  in  1905,  were  entered  separately  at  current 
values  in  the  census  returns  for  that  year,  but  at  the 
census  of  1900  terne  mixture,  when  purchased,  was  in 
some  cases  reported  as  "pig  tin"  and  in  other  cases  as 
"pig  lead."  For  this  reason  the  quantities  and  values 
of  tin  and  lead,  as  reported  for  1900,  are  not  strictly 
comparable  with  those  for  1905,  except  when  combined. 

The  heavy  increase  in  the  quantity  of  domestic 
black  plates  used — an  increase  of  19.3,967,765  pounds, 
or  23.5  per  cent — and  the  decrease  in  the  quantity  of 
foreign  plates  used — from  2,358,607  povmds  to  83,900 
pounds — are  worthy  of  notice. 

The  aA'erage  cost  of  the  domestic  black  plates  used  by 
tin  and  teme  plate  establishments  in  1905  was  2.25 
cents  per  pound,  as  compared  with  2.49  cents  per 
pound  in  1900;  and  the  average  value  of  the  black 
plates  turned  out  by  the  rolling  mills  in  1905  was  2.24 
cents  per  pound,  as  compared  with  2.38  cents  per 
pound  in  1900.  The  average  value  of  the  iron  black 
plates  made  by  rolling  mills  in  1905  was  1.96  cents  per 
pound;  of  the  Bessemer  steel  black  plates,  2.31  cents 
per  pound;  and  of  the  open-hearth  steel  black  plates, 
2.17  cents  per  pound.  In  1900  there  were  no  iron  black 
plates  reported  as  manufactured,  and  the  Bessemer 
steel  black  plates  were  of  an  average  value  of  2.35  cents 
per  pound  and  the  open-hearth  steel  black  plates  2.63 
cents  per  pound. 

Table  6  shows  the  value  of  the  net  products  of  the  tin 
and  teme  plate  dipping  and  black  plate  establishments 
for  1900  and  1905,  with  the  per  cent  of  increase. 

Tablk  (!. — Combined  indualry — net  value  of  products,  with  percent 
of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


INDUSTRY. 

PRODUCTS  (NET    VALUE). 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

1905 

1900 

Total 

t42.690,880 

$41,322,053 

Tin  and  terne  dipping 

35,283,360 
7. 407, 520 

31.892,011 
9.430,042 

10  6 

Blttck  phitei 

'Docs  not  include  »22.9HS,2.37  In  19(«  un.l  S20,.5!«,5iiii  in    1900.  the  value  of 
blacicplatcs  consumed  by  tin  and  terne  dipping  establislimenta. 
>  Decrease. 

Duplication  has  been  largely  avoided  by  omitting 
the  value  of  the  domestic  black  j)latcs  consumed  by 
the  tin  and  teme  plate  dipping  industry  from  the 
produces  of  the  black  j)liit('  industry. 

Some  duplications  remain,  however,  hut  tlu^y  are  of 
a  minor  character  and  the  values  of  all  products  for 
ea(-li  census  yc^ar  are  siibsf antialiy  correct. 

The  products  of  the  black  j)late  industry  remaining 
after  the  exclusion  of  the  black  plates  con.sumcd  by  tin 
and  terne  dij)i)iii'.;  cstabli.shmenls  iiicliide  llic  black 
plates  otherwise  used  and  all  other  ])nKlii(ts  of  the  roll- 
ing mills  making  black  plates.     The  slight  increase  in 


the  value  of  net  products  of  3.3  per  cent  is  due  to  the 
considerable  decrease  in  the  value  of  the  excess  of  the 
products  of  the  black  plate  establislmients  over  and 
above  the  black  plates  consumed  by  tin  and  teme 
dipping  establishments. 

THE    TIN    AND    TEKNE    DIPPING    INDUSTRY. 

The  statistics  included  under  this  head  are  those  for 
establishments  which  buy  black  plates  and  coat  them, 
or  for  the  dipping  department  only  in  the  case  of  plants 
wliich  both  manufacture  and  dip  black  plates. 

Table  7  is  a  comparative  summary  of  the  general 
statistics  of  the  tin  and  terne  dipping  industry-  for  1900 
and  1905. 

Table  T. —  Tin  and  terne  dipping  industry — comparative  summary, 
with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerlts,  etc.,  number. 

Salaries 

Wage^?anlers,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over 

Wages J 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Mi.scellaneous  e.xpenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


1905 


36 
'$10,891,239 
284 
554 
847 
070 
212 
062 
579 
917 

56 
091 
873 

14 
360 


$309,: 

4.1 

$2,383,1 

4,: 

$2,193,1 

$179, i 

810, ( 

$389,: 

?31,375,' 

$35,283,: 


=  $6,790,047 

333 

$291, 323 

3,671 

$1,889,917 

3.014 

$1,711,475 

625 

$172,568 

32 

$5,874 

$236,4.56 

$26,72S,l.'-.0 

$31,892,011 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


136  8 
60.4 

1  14.7 
6.3 
32.0 
26.1 
39.7 
28.1 
17.4 
4.3 
75.0 
71.8 
64.9 
17.4 
10.6 


1  Decrease. 

« Includes  value  of  rented  property— 1905,  $78,000;  1900,  $140,000. 

A  noticeable  concentration  of  the  industry  is  shown 
in  tliis  table.  Although  the  number  of  establishments 
decreased  36.8  per  cent,  the  capital  increased  60.4  per 
cent  and  the  value  of  products  10.6  per  cent.  Tlie 
advance  in  wages  did  not  keep  pace  with  the  increase 
in  wage-earners,  but  the  amount  paid  for  salaries 
showed  an  increase,  though  the  number  of  salaried 
officials  decreased. 

Table  S  presents  the  statistics  relating  to  the  capital 
of  both  active  and  idle  tin  and  terne  dipping  estab- 
lishments for  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905. 

Table  8. —  Tin  and  terne  dipping  industry — active  and  idle  establish- 
ments— capital:  1905  and  1900. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

capital. 

Total. 

«  $11,339,049 
"6,817,272 

hand. 

Uilildings. 
machinery, 
tools,  and 
imple- 
ments. 

Casli  and 
sundries. 

Total . . 

igos 

1900 

Ml 
59 

$403,100 
539,125 

$5,189,297 
2,&!iO,I>40 

$.5,746,652 
3,027,607 

Actlvi' 

ldli> 

1905 
1900 

10O5 

.16 

57 

5 

10,891,2,39 
6,790,047 

447,810 
27,226 

386,000 
.'.28,400 

17,100 
10,725 

4,774,873 
2,634,040 

414,424 
16„500 

5,730,366 
3,627,607 

16,286 

1900                2 

'  Not  IncliidlngS  establishments,  6  of  which  an-  Idle  and  attached  to  rolling 
mills,  an. I  2<*lHHHifTed  as  "  tinware: "  oijiitiil  not  rrpcrli'd  Nci.jirately. 
'  Includes  value  of  rented  p.'olx'rty— 1905,  $78,(»KI;   IHOO.  $1 10,000. 


TIN  AND  TERNE  PLATE. 


91 


The  increase  in  capital,  $4,521,777,  or  ()()M  per  cent, 
is  in  the  main  almost  equally  divided  between  equip- 
ment, as  n>presonted  by  buil(linfj;s,  machinery,  tools, 
and  implements,  which  have  increased  !$2,5US,757,  and 
live  capital,  which  has  increased  $2,119,045.  In  1905 
the  capital  invested  in  idle  plants  constituted  3.9  per 
cent  of  the  total,  as  compared  with  four-tenths  of  1 
per  cent  m  1900. 


Tahic  9  is  a  comparative  summary  of  the  statistics 
of  the  tin  and  teme  dipping  industry  for  the  state  of 
Penn.syjvania  and  "all  other  states"  for  1900  and 
1905.  As  Ix'fore  stated,  the  statistics  for  states 
otber  than  Pennsylvania  can  not  be  given  .sepa- 
rately without  disclosing  the  operations  of  individual 
owners. 


Table  9.— TIN  AND  TERNE  DIPPING  INDUSTRY— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES :    1905  AND  1900. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 

estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

SALAttlED  OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 

WAGE-EARNERS  AND 
WAOES. 

Miscella- 
neous 
expenses. 

Cost  of  mate- 
rials used. 

Value  of 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

products. 

United  States                      

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

"1905 
»1900 

36 
57 

1*10,891,239 
'6,790.047 

284 
333 

$309,  .5.54 
291,32:! 

■   4,847 
3,671 

$2,383,070 
1,889,917 

$.389,873 
236, 456 

$31,375,714 
28,728,1.50 

$35,283,360 

31,892,011 

19 

25 

17 
32 

4,700,369 
3,042,029 

6,190.870 
3,748,018 

191 
189 

93 
144 

218,980 
147,202 

90,574 
144,121 

2,421 
1,578 

2,426 
2,093 

1,206,781 
813,692 

1,176,289 
1,076,225 

231,376 
82, 169 

158,497 
154,287 

17,  .590, 077 
10,364,084 

13,785,637 

19,341,961 

12,530,991 
15,941,399 

16,364,066 

19,361,020 

'  Includes  value  of  rented  propertv— 1905,  $78,000;  1900,  $140,000. 

"Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Indiana.  3;  Marvland.  1;  Michigan,  1;  Missouri,  1;  New  York,  2;  Ohio,  5;  West  Virginia,  4. 

» Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Illinois,  3;  Indiana,  5;  Kentuclty,  1;  Maryland,  2;  Michigan,  1;  Misstjuri,  1;  New 'i  ork,  4;   Ohio,  12;  Virginia,  1; 


West  Virginia,  2. 

Pennsylvania  advanced  considerably  ui  importance 
in  the  industry  ilurmg  the  five-year  period  from  1900 
to  1905,  for,  notwithstanding  a  slight  decrease  in  pro- 
portion of  the  total  capital  invested  in  the  industry, 
the  proportion  of  the  total  value  of  product  assign- 
able to  the  state  increased  from  39.3  per  cent  in  1900 
to  54.8  at  the  census  of  1905,  and  at  the  latter  census 


about  one-half  of  all  the  wage-eaniers  rejiorled  for  the 
industry  in  the  United  States  were  employed  in  the 
tin  and  tenie  plate  mills  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  kind,  quantit}',  and  cost  of  materials  used  in 
the  tin  and  teme  plate  industry  in  1900  and  1905  are 
shown  in  Table  10,  with  the  percentage  of  increase 
for  the  different  items. 


Table  lO.— TIN  AND  TERNE  DIPPING  INDUSTRY— MATERIALS  USED,  BY  KIND,  QUANTITY,  AND  COST.  WITH  PER 

CENT  OF  INCREASE ;    1905  AND  1900. 


KIND. 

Unit  of 
measure. 

190S 

1900 

PER  CENT  OF 
INCREASE. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

Aggregate 

$31,375,714 

$26,728,150 

17.4 

Domestic  black  plates  or  sheets  for  tinning,  total 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

1,019,524,757 

911,663,989 

19.343,920 

87,. 567. 481 

949.367 

83.900 

24,243,851 

8,201,253 

6,628,526 

22,988,237 

20.734.710 

436,850 

1,789,8.55 

28,822 

3, 769 

6, 709, 164 

366,558 

376,310 

180,011 

504,887 

159,786 

9,960 

78,484 

825,556,992 
C>) 
(") 
(') 
(■) 
2,358,607 
20, 282, 778 
6,871,480 
5,511,645 

20,590,568 
(') 
(•) 
(') 
(■) 
78,282 
4,528,473 
398,617* 
282,227 
187,318 
303,316 
91.4.56 
6,465 
48,059 
2,000 
122 
34,110 
700 

267,895 

23.5 

11.6 

'96.4 

}           19.5 

20.3 

<95.2 

Pig  tin  

43.6 

Palm  oil        

33.3 

>3.9 

66.4 

74.7 

Tons 

3,240 
50,560 

4,456 

35,048 

1,092 

556 

. . 

Coke 

56,998 

Oil 

14,344 
86,992 

...  . 

'Not  reported  separately. 


•  The  total  quantity  of  black  plates  consumed,  both 
domestic  and  foreign,  was  1,019,608,657  pounds  in  1905, 
as  against  827,915,599  pounds  in  1900,  an  increase  of 
191,693,058  pounds,  or  23.2  per  cent.     The  imported 


black  plates  in  1905  constituted  less  than  one  one- 
hunelredth  of  1  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  used,  as 
against  a  little  less  than  three-tenths  of  1  per  cent  in 
1900.     In  1905  the  foreign  plates  were  used  in  Penn- 


92 


MANUFACTURES. 


sylvania,  and  in  1900  in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia. 
The  black  plates  formed  73.3  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  all 
material  in  1905  and  77.3  per  cent  in  1900. 

As  already  explained,  the  quantity  and  cost  of  tin 
and  lead  in  1905  are  not  strictly  comparable  with  those 
items  in  1900,  on  account  of  the  difference  at  the  two 
censuses  in  the  method  of  reporting  terne  mixture. 
The  fuels  reported  by  kinds  are,  likewise,  not  compar- 
able, except  for  the  total  cost,  inasmuch  as  fuel  used 
for   power  was   classified   separately  in   1905  and   not 


distributed  among  the  several  kinds  of  fuel  as  in  1900. 
The  difference  between  the  total  cjuantity  of  tin  or 
terne  plated  products,  shown  in  Tal)le  11,  and  the 
(pumtities  of  black  plates,  pig  tin,  and  pig  lead  used, 
indicates  a  loss  of  1.9  per  cent  in  tlie  ]>rocess  of  tin 
and  terne  dipping. 

Table  1 1  shows  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  jirod- 
ucts  of  the  tin  and  terne  dipping  establishments  for 
the  state  of  Pennsylvania  and  "all  other  states"  for 
1900  and  1905. 


T.\Bi,E  11.— TIN    AND   TERNE   DIPPING    INDUSTRY- 


-COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY 
AND  1900. 


OF    PRODUCTS,    BY    STATES:    1905 


STATE. 

Cen- 
sus. 

Total  value. 

TIN  PL.\TES. 

TERNE   PLATES. 

OTHER     SHEET       IRON 
.\ND     SHEET    STEEL, 
TIN         OR          TERNE 
PL.^TED. 

All  other 
products. 
Including 
amount  re- 
ceived for 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

work  and 
repairing. 

United  States 

1905 
1900 

19W) 
1900 

1  1905 
'1900 

535,283,360 
31,892,011 

867,526,985       528,429,971 
707,718,239  ,       25..553,021 

158,8.57,866 
141,285,783 

56.119,572 
5,731,124 

6,  .555. 855 
1,000,473 

S217, 476 
86,492 

$.516,341 

521.374 

19,341,96) 
12,630,991 

15.941,399 
19,361,020 

524.905,922  ,       IB.  .547. 120 

58,693,218 
77, 129, 648 

100,164,648 
64, 156, 135 

2,381,277 
3,263,769 

3,738,295 
2,467,355 

6,555,855 
200,473 

217, 476 
6,492 

196.088 

256,879,332 

342,621.063 
450,838,907 

9.137,483 

11,882,851 
16,415,538 

123,247 
320,253 

800.000 

80,000 

398,127 

*  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Indiana,  3;  Maryland,!;  Michigan,!;  Missouri,!;  New  York, 2;  Ohio,  5;  West  Vii^:inia,  4. 

3  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Illinois,  3;  Indiana,  5;  Kentucky.  1:  Maryland,  2;  Michigan,  1;  Missouri.  1;  New  York,  4:  Ohio,  12;  Virginia,  I; 
West  Vir^nia,  2. 


The  total  production  in  1905  was  1,032,940,706 
pounds  of  tin  and  terne  plates  or  sheets  of  all  kinds, 
valued  at  -$34,767,019,  as  against  850,004,495  pounds, 
valued  at  $31,370,637,  in  1900,  an  increase  of 
1<S2,936,211  pounds  in  quantity,  or  21.5  per  cent,  and 
of  .'53,396,382  in  value,  or  10.8  per  cent. 

In  1905  tin  plates  constituted  84  per  cent  in  ([uan- 
titv  of  the  tin  or  terne  plated  output ;  terne  jilates,  15.4 
per  cent ;  and  other  sheet  iron  anil  sheet  steel,  tin  or 
terne  plated,  .six-tenths  of  1  per  cent,  as  against  83.3 
per  cent  for  tin  plates,  16.6  i)er  cent  for  terne  jilate-s, 
and  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent  for  other  tin  or  terne 
plated  iron  and  steel  sheets  in  190(1. 

The  average  value  of  tin  plate  was  3.28  cents 
per  pound,  as  against  3.61  cents  in  1900;  the  average 


value  of  the  terne  plates  was  3.85  cents  per  poinul,  as 
against  4.06  cents  in  1900;  and  the  average  value  of 
other  sheet  iron  and  sheet  steel,  tin  or  terne  plated,  was 
3.32  cents  per  pound,  as  against  8.65  cents  in  1900. 

There  has  been  a  heavy  increase  in  tin  plate  produc- 
tion in  Pennsylvania  during  the  period,  amounting  to 
268,026,590  pounds,  or  104.3  per  cent.  The  state  pro- 
duced 60.5  per  cent  of  the  total  tin  plate  product  of  the 
country  in  1905,  as  against  36.3  per  cent  in  1900. 

Table  12  shows  for  tin  plates,  terne  plates,  taggers 
tin,  etc.,  the  total  domestic  production  and  consump*- 
tion,  the  imports,  tlie  exports  of  domestic  and  of 
foreign  origin,  and  the  percentage  of  tlie  domestic 
consuni]>ti()n  sup]ilied  by  imported  plates,  for  the 
(piiiiquiMiiiial  jx-riods  from  1S90  to  1905. 


Tahlk  12.     TIN  PLATFC,  TERNE  PLATE,  AND  TAGGERS  TIN  PRODUCED,  IMPORTED,  EXPORTED,  AND  RETAINED 

FOR  CONSUMPTION:  1890  TO  1905." 


YEAR. 

Production 
(pounds). 

Exports  of 
domestic 
(pounds). 

nomestic 
rctiiined  for 
cnnsuniption 

(pounds). 

Imports 
(pountia). 

Kxportsof 

foreign 
(pounds). 

180,.5.'->0 

8.50, 228 

468, 249 

1,550,220 

Total  retained 
for  coiL'JUinp- 
tic)n  (pounds). 

Per  cent 
ol  im- 
ports to 

toliil 
conaump- 

tlOD. 

1905 

»l,  032,  !M0, 70(1 
>8.'>0,00-1,41I5 
193,800,320 
(•) 

22,990,816 
319,571) 

l,™i'.l,919,81K) 

S19,6,S1.910 
193,800,320 

161,0«fl,S'.'0 
147,903,801 
508,a-W,«38 
680,000,025 

1,170,8,16,160 
996. 708, 492 
701, 371. 009 
678,510.098 

13.7 

1900 

14.8 

imr, 

72.4 

iwjn       ....                 ...             

100.0 

'  BurcftU  of  StuHflllcs,  Di'purlinrnt  of  Contimercc  and  Lulior, 
'  I'rofltjctlon  according  to  ('cilhuh  roturnH. 
>Not  reported  scpanitcly. 


'  Slulistlcal  AhHtnu-l  ct  llie  United  Slates."  V.m. 


TIN  AND  TERNE  PLATE. 


93 


The  tin  plate  industry  was  of  very  small  jjroportions 
in  the  United  States  in  1890;  very  few  lin  and  terne 
plates  were  made  for  .sale,  and  the  market  was  practi- 
cally supiilied  liy  imports.  Tlie  estal)lis]iment  of  the 
industry  dates  from  1891,  when  llie  (>nli)ut  was  a})()ut 
2,236,000  pounds.  The  first  export  of  domestic  plates 
was  made  in  IS'.IS,  the  amount  being  20,827  pounds; 
in  1900  the  amouiil  had  increased  to  319,579  pounds, 
while  in  190.">  it  was  22,990,810  pounds,  a  jjain  for  the 


last  five  years  of  more  than  seventyfold.  The  net 
amount  retained  for  consumption  increased  for  the 
five-year  ])eriod  1900  to  190.5,  174,037,608  pounds,  or 
17.5  per  cent,  and  the  domestic  production  increased 
182,936,211  pounds,  or  21.5  per  cent. 

Table  13  shows  the  e(juipment  of  all  tin  and  terne 
dipping  establishments,  whether  active  or  idle,  and  the 
daily  capacity  of  the  plants  in  pounds  of  tin  and  terne 
plates,  on  single  turn,  for  tlie  years  1900  and  1905. 


Tadi.i;   i;J.— T1.\  and  TKRNK   DII'Pl.NG   INDUSTRY— ACTIVE  AND  IDLE   E.STAULISll.MK.NT.S— NL'.MI'.KR.  ICQtlP.MKNT, 

AND  DAILY  CAPACITY'.  BY'  STATES:  lilO.')  AND  1900, 


Census. 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

l'.»5 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 

i9qo 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

Num- 
ber ol 
estab- 
Ush- 
ments. 

M9 
59 

NUMBER  07  SETS. 

DAILY  CAPACITY,  IN  POUnbg, 
SINGLE  TUBN. 

STATE. 

Total. 

Employed  on- 

Total. 

Tin  platC3. 

Terne 
plates. 

Tin 
plates. 

Terne 
plates. 

United  States                                .           .        

685 
585 

544 

141 
(«) 

4,504,949 
2,759,901 

3,754,099 
2,018..i.38 

750, 85( 

741,36; 

2 

3 

4 

5 

1 
1 

1 
2 

1 
1 

1 

1 

2 
4 

9 
13 

3  21 

26 

1 
1 

6 
2 

21 
30 

92 

84 

4 
4 

16 
21 

2 
4 

16 

15 

\l 

118 
103 

328 
285 

3 
3 

74 
23 

21 
30 

82 
O 

1 

o 

16 
21 

2 
4 

16 
15 

3 

(>) 

77 

269 

1 

56 

193,000 
142,000 

764,700 
452,000 

24,666 
10.600 

100,000 
120,000 

3,000 
3,000 

35,000 
100,000 

24,800 
47,800 

703,433 
500,500 

2,168,417 
1,220,001 

18,000 
10,000 

469,933 
154,000 

193,000 
142, 000 

657.900 
380,050 

6,166 
■     5,300 

100,000 
120,000 

3,000 
3,000 

35,000 
100,000 

4,800 
27,800 

.')62,000 
358,500 

1,799,800 
806,888 

6,000 

10 
(•) 

3 

106,801 

71,951 
18,.%! 

5.301 

8 
(') 

41 

(■) 

59 
O 

2 
O 

18 

o 

20.000 

Ohio                       

20,000 
141,433 

• 

142,000 
368,617 

413,113 
12,000 

10.000 

388,433 

75,000 

83,500 

79,000 

1  Includes  8  cstiiblishments  and  equipments  not  included  in  other  tables,  of  which  6  are  idle  and  attached  to  rolling  mills  and  2  to  establishments  classified  as 
'tinware.'' distril)nted  as  follows:  Indiana.  1:  Illinois.  2;  Kentucl^y.  1:  Pennsylvania.  2:  Virginia,  1;  WeslVirginia.  1. 
s  Not  reported  separately. 
3  Includes  6  plants  reported  as  3  establishments. 


There  is  included  in  the  above  table  the  e(iuipii:ent 
of  8  establishments  which  do  not  figure  in  the  other 
tables.  Of  these,  6  are  idle  tin  or  terne  dipping  plants 
attached  to  rolling  mills  and  2  are  dipping  plants 
in  establishments  making  tinware  and  so  classified. 
There  are  24  plants  in  Pennsylvania,  although  only 
21  are  credited  to  this  state,  6  plants  having  been 
covered  by  three  reports  in  making  the  returns  for 
1905.  Hence  in  the  aggregate  there  are  52  completed 
tin  and  terne  dipping  plants  in  1905,  as  against  59  in 
1900. 

On  the  basis  of  three  hundred  working  days  for  the 
year  the  tin  and  terne  plate  product  for  1905  was  76 
per  cent  of  the  capacity  of  all  establishn  ents  on  single 
turn;  the  output  of  tin  plates  being  77  per  cent  of  the 
annual  capacity  and  the  terne  plate  product,  70.5 
per  cent. 


The  majority  of  the  active  establishments  operated 
in  1905  on  double  turn.  There  were  8  establishments 
on  single  turn,  which  as  a  rule  is  ten  hours;  21  on 
double  turn;  7  on  triple  tuni.  eight  hours  to  a  crew; 
and  5  establislunents  were  idle  during  the  year.  There 
were  23  establishments  equipped  for  the  manufacture 
of  both  tin  and  terne  plates,  20  establislinients  for  the 
manufacture  of  tin  plates  only,  and  6  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  terne  plates  only.  Thus  43  plants  had  tin  plate 
and  29  terne  jilate  ecpiipments.  In  1900,  of  the  59 
active  and  idle  jilants,  35  were  e([uipped  for  the  manu- 
facture of  both  tin  and  terne  plates,  15  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  tin  plates  only,  and  9  terne  plates  only;  or  50 
for  the  manufacture  of  tin  plates  and  44  for  the 
manufacture  of  terne  plates. 

A  detailed  summary  of  the  statistics  of  the  active 
establishments  is  presented  for  Pemisylvania  and  "all 


94 


MANUFACTURES. 


other  states"  in  Table  20  at  the  end  of  this  report. 
The  table  does  not  include  the  statistics  of  2  dipping 
equipments  in  Illinois  attached  to  establishments 
making  tinware  and  so  classified. 

The  statistics  for  the  5  idle  tin  and  terne  dipping 
establishments  for  which  reports  are  available  are 
shown  in  Table  21  at  the  end  of  tliis  report.  Four  of 
these  establishments  are  located  in  Ohio  and  1  in  West 
Virginia.  This  table  is  exclusive  of  6  idle  dipping 
plants  attached  to  rolling  mills,  where  a  separation 
of  capital  has  not  been  made.  Of  these  establish- 
ments, 1  is  in  Indiana,  1  in  Kentucky,  2  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1  in  Virginia,  and  1  in  West  Virginia. 

THE    BLACK    PLATE    INDUSTRY. 

Black  plates  or  sheets  for  tinning  are  a  product  of 
the  rolling  mill,  and  the  statistics  therefor  are  included 
in  those  for  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  in  the  report 
on  the  iron  and  steel  industry.  The  following  statistics 
are  those  of  the  rolling  mills  which  make  black  plates 
or  sheets  for  tinning,  either  solely  or  in  connection 
with  other  rolling  mill  products. 

Table  14  is  a  comparative  summary  of  the  statistics 
of  the  black  plate  industry  for  1900  and  1905. 

Table  14. — Black  plate  industry — comparative  summary,  with  per 
cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


190S 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Balaried  olUcials,  clerks,  etc.,  number. 

Salaries 

Wagi>-carncrs,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  Its  years  and  over 

Wages 

Women  10  years  and  over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

ValiU"  of  products 

Black  plates 

All  other  products 


35 

s  $21, .560,248 

577 

«627,128 

12,317 

$8,176,653 

12,167 

$8,145,308 

29 

$5,454 

121 

$25,891 

$1,425,415 

$17,040,773 

$30,395,757 

$25,297,079 

SS,0S8,678 


I  Per  cent 
l»«0        f|     of  in- 
crease. 


44 

'$20,698,255 

393 

$526,692 

11,155 

$8,398,144 

10,784 

$8,285,364 

63 

$21,266 

308 

$91,514 

$268,672 

$18,276,566 

$30,020,608 

$20,967,805 

$9,052,803 


>  20.5 

4.2 

46.8 

19.1 

10.4 

'2.6 

12.8 

1  1.7 

1  54. 0 

1  74.4 

'  tiO.  7 

'  71.7 

430.5 

1  3.  5 

1.2 

20.6 

143.7 


1  Decrease. 

»  Includes  value  of  rented  pro[)erty— 1905,  $395,000;  1900,  $25,003. 

The  products  of  this  industry  iuchido  at^  the  census 
of  190.^  black  plates  valued  at  .S2.'), 297,079,  or  S3. 2  per 
cent  of  iall  products,  and  in  1900  black  plates  valued 
at  S20,967,805,  orfi9..S  per  cent  of  all  i)r()ducts.  "All 
other  products"  in  1900  included  i)lat('s  and  sheets 
other  than  black  ])latcs  having  a  value  of  $4,517,644, 


and  in  1905  there  is  included  in  "all  other  p^-oducts" 
boiler  and  other  plates  and  sheets  having  a  value  of 
$3,941,563  and  scrap  sold  amounting  to  .$1,041,949. 

There  was  a  decrease  in  the  number  of  establish- 
ments making  black  plates  in  1905  as  compared  with 
1900,  but  the  total  products  in  1905  show  a  small 
increase  over  the  products  in  1900,  and  the  black 
plate  product  shows  a  very  material  increase,  the  per- 
centage of  increase  being  20.6. 

The  proportionate  increase  in  miscellaneous  ex- 
penses is  apparently  very  large,  but  the  amount 
reported  for  miscellaneous  expenses  by  rolling  mills 
making  black  plates  in  1900  constituted  but  1  per  cent 
of  the  total  expense;  whereas  in  the  industry  as  a 
whole — "steel  works  and  rolling-  mills" — miscella- 
neous expenses  constituted  4.7  per  cent  of  all  expenses 
reported.  In  1905  miscellaneous  expenses  as  reported 
by  the  black  plate  rolling  mills  is  5.1  per  cent  of  all 
expense,  as  compared  with  6  per  cent  for  all  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills. 

The  statistics  of  capital  invested  in  the  active  and 
idle  black  plate  establishments  in  1900  and  1905  are 
presented  in  detail  in  Table  15. 

Table  15. — Black  plate  industry — active  and  idle  establishments — 
capital:  1905  and  1900. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

CAPITAL. 

CLASS. 

Total. 

Land. 

Buildings, 
macliinery, 

tonl.s.  and 
implements. 

Cash  and 
sundries. 

Total . . . 

1906 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

41 
44 

■$22,420,852 
■20,698,255 

$1,273,880 
1.367.000 

$13,042,454 
12,440,725 

$8,104,518 
6,884,530 

Active 

Idle 

35 
44 

6 

21,566,248 
20,(»8,255 

854,604 

1.225.380 
1,367.000 

48,500 

12,274,454 
12, 446. 725 

798,000 

8.066,414 
0.884,530 

38,104 

'  Includes  \Hliie  of  rented  property— 1905,  $395,001);  1!«X).  S25.00fl. 

The  iiKTease  from  1900  to  1905  in  th(>  amount  of 
capital  invested  in  these  establishments  wa.--  not  large — 
only  8.3  per  cent.  The  part  invested  in  Iniul  decreased, 
while  that  invested  in  e(|uij)m(Mit  increased  only  4. S 
per  cent.  The  capital  iiivesl(>(l  in  idle  (-stablishinents, 
nearly  90  per  cent  of  which  was  in  the  form  of  (Mniij)- 
meiit,  ainoiinfed  to  only  3.S  ])er  C(Mit  of  the  total. 

Table  16  j)resents  the  statistics  of  the  industry  for 
Penn.sylvania  and  "all  ot her  states"  for  1900  and  1905. 


TIN  AND  TERNE  PLATE. 

Table  16.— BLACK  PLATE  INDUSTRY— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES;  1906  AND  1900. 


95 


STATE. 

Census. 

Num- 
l«3r  of 

estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

SALAItlEI)  OFFI- 
CIALS. CLERKS,  ETC. 

WAGE-EAKNEE8 
AND   WAGES. 

Miscellane- 
ous ex- 
penses. 

Numljer. 

Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

riahi  used. 

products. 

United  States 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

M905 
M900 

35 
44 

■$21,566,248 
120,698,255 

577 
393 

$627,128 
526,692 

12.317 
11,156 

$8,176,653 
8,398,144 

$1,425,415 
288,672 

$17,640,773 
18, 276, 566 

$30,396,757 
30,020,608 

16 
22 

19 

22 

10,242.323 
9.475.528 

11.323.925 
11,222,727 

355           373. 480 

6,090       4,042,920 
4,439  I    3,  .535. 635 

i 
6,227        4  IXX  7.TI 

732,74.5 
66,948 

692, 670 
201,724 

9,a59,252       15.679.736 
6,708,659       ll,14-,(a9 

8  '181    Sl^l         1J  7tr.  noi 

All  other  states 

153 

222 
240 

211,364 

2.'>3, 642 
315,328 

6,716 

4,862,509 

11,567,916 

18,872,949 

•  Includes  value  o(  rented  property— 1905,  $.395,000:  1900,  $25,000. 


'Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Illinois,  1:  Indiana,  4;  Kentucky,  1;  Maryland,  1;  Ohio,  7;  West  Virginia,  6. 

'  Includes  estaljlishments  distributed  as  follows:  Illinois,  3;  Indiana,  5;  Kentucliy,  1;  Maryland,!;  Missouri,!;  Ohio,  9;  West  Virginia,  2. 


In  the  black  plate  as  well  as  in  the  other  branch  of 
the  industry,  Pennsylvania  is  much  the  most  inijior- 
tant  state,  reporting  47.5  per  cent  of  the  total  capital, 
50  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  salaried  officials, 
clerks,  and  wage-earners,  and  51.6  per  cent  of  the  total 


value  of  produ(-ts.  Within  the  state  itself  the  num- 
ber of  establishiuents  decreased,  but  all  IIk;  other  items 
showed  considerable  increases. 

The  cost  of  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
black  plates  in  1900  and  1905  is  .showai  in  Table  17. 


Table  17.— BLACK  PLATE  INDUSTRY— MATERIALS  USED,  BY  KIND,  QUANTITY,  AND  COST,  WITH   PER  CENT  OF 

INCREASE:  1905  AND  1900. 


Aggregate. 


Iron  ore 

rig  iron,  spiegeleisen  and  ferroniaiiKaiicse 

old  iron  or  steel  rails  and  other  scrap  iron  or  steel 

iron  or  steel  ingots,  blooms,  tiilli-ts.  tin-plate  bars,  sheet  bars  and  slabs. 
Fuel,  total 

Bituminous  coal  and  slack 

Coke 

Charcoa  1 

Natural  gas 

Oil 

Fuel  for  power 

All  other  materials 


Unit  of  meas- 
ure. 


Tons. 
Tons. 
Tons. 
Tons. 


Tons , 

Short  tons. . 
Bushels 


Barrels. 


1905 


Quantity. 


ll,6,-)0 
662,887 


237,409 

858 

156,800 


Cost. 


$17,640,773 


148,776 

15,440,072 

1,330,621 

383,809 

2,397 

13,325 

236,797 

4,238 

690,0.55 

721,304 


1900 


Quantity. 


Cost. 


$18,276,566 


1,035 

16, 514 

34,422 

648,807 


563,065 

1,870 

12, .370 


50 


6,916 

253,920 

592,222 

13,911,080 

869,070 

571,186 

2,628 

617 

294,278 

361 

(•) 

2,643,358 


FEB    CENT    OF    IN- 
CBEASE. 


Quantity. 

Cost. 

>3.5 

■66.2 
2.2 

"74.9 
11.0 
53.1 

Although,  as  has  been  shown,  the  value  of  products 
increased  slightly  from  1900  to  1905,  the  total  cost  of 
materials  decreased  3.5  per  cent.  In  1905  no  iron  ore 
or  pig  iron,  et«.,  was  reported  as  purchased,  and  the 
amount  of  iron  or  steel  scrap  used  decreased  largely. 
For  the  census  of  1905  the  cost  of  fuel  used  for  power 
was  reported  separately,  amounting  to  $690,055,  but 
the  kinds  and  quantities  of  fuel  so  used  were  not 
stated.     Hence  a  comparison  with  1900  can  only  be 


'Not  reported  separately. 

made  as  to  the  total  expenditures  for  fuel,  which 
amounted  to  .?1,. 3.30, 621  in  1905  and  to  SS69.070  in 
1900.  Natural  gas  was  used  as  fuel  in  whole  or  in 
part  by  18  establishments,  of  which  2  were  located 
in  Indiana,  3  in  Oliio,  10  in  Pennsylvania,  and  3  in 
West  Virginia. 

Table  18  shows  in  detail  tlie  products  of  the  black 
plate  industry  for  PennsAlvania  and  "  all  other  states  " 
for  1900  and  1905. 


Table  IS.— BLACK  PLATE   INDUSTRY— COMPARATIVE   SUMMARY  OF  PRODUCTS,  BY  STATES:  1905  AND  1900. 


Census. 

Total 
value. 

BLACK  PLATES. 

Ali  OTHER  PLATES 
AND   SHEETS. 

Total. 

Iron. 

Bessemer  steel. 

Oi>en-hearth  steeL 

Tons. 

Value. 

All  other 
products. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons.        Value. 

United  States 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

11905 
S1900 

$30, 3%,  757 
30,020,608 

504,-025 
394,014 

$25,297,079 
20,%-,  805 

64,111 

$2,809,936 

353,027  $18,271,625 
355,077     18,673,31! 

86.887  !  $4,215,518 
38,937       2,294,494 

77,867 
79,096 

$3,941,563 
4,517,644 

$1,167,115 
4,535,159 

15,679,736 
11,147,659 

14, 716,021 
18,872,949 

266,068 
178,574 

237,957 
215,440 

13.5.52,164 
9, 423, 900 

11,744,915 
11,543,905 

34,665 

1,505,020 

213,904     11,141,073 
169,464       9.012  4.17 

17,499 

906  071 

27  831  '     1  .Lt8  (W-l 

679  539 

9,110 

69,388 
29,827 

411,463 

3,309,447 
1,883,031 

23,547 

50,036 
55,549 

1,296.279 

2,493,530 
3,221.365 

427,480 
477.576 

29,446 

1,3(M,916 

139,123 
185,613 

7,130,552 
9,660,874 

1  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Illinois,  1:  Indiana,  4;  Kentucky,  1;  Maryland,  1;  Ohio,  7;  West  Virginia,  5. 

^Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Illinois,  3;  Indiana.  5;  Kentucky,!;  Maryland.!;  Missouri.  1;  Ohio,  9;  West  Virginia,  2. 


96 


MANUFACTURES. 


In  1900  no  iron  black  plates  were  reported,  and  nine- 
tenths  of  the  black  plates  were  made  of  Bessemer  steel 
and  one-tenth  of  open-liearth  steel.  In  1905,  70  per 
cent  of  these  plates  were  made  of  Bessemer  steel,  17.2 
per  cent  of  open-hearth  steel,  and  12.7  per  cent  of 
iron.  The  black  plates  show  an  mcrease  in  1905,  as 
compared  with  1900,  of  27.9  per  cent  in  quantity  and 
20.6  per  cent  in  value.  The  average  value  of  all  kinds 
of  black  plates  in  1905  was  S50.19  per  ton,  as  com- 
pared with  S53.22  per  ton  in  1900.  The  iron  black 
plates  show  an  average  value  of  $43.83  per  ton;  Bes- 
semer steel,  $51.76  per  ton;  and  open-hearth  steel, 
$48.52  per  ton.  In  1900  the  average  value  of  the 
Bessemer  black  plates  was  $52.59  per  ton,  and  of  the 
open-hearth  steel  black  plates  $58.93  per  ton.  There 
is  mcluded  in  the  "value  of  all  other  products"  the 
billets,  tin-plate  bars,  and  sheet  bars  produced  for  sale 
by  the  rolling  mills  making  black  plates,  valued  at 
$53,230  in  1905,  also  iron  and  steel  scrap  sold  having 
a  value  of  $1,041,949.  In  1900  the  billets  and  sheet 
and  tin-plate  bars  included  in  "  all  other  products " 
amounted  to  81,894,000. 

The  black  plate  product  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania 
increased  49  per  cent  in  1905,  as  compared  with  1900, 
and  thi.s  state  contril)uted  52.8  per  cent  of  all  black 
plates  manufactured  in  the  country  in  1905,  as  against 
45.3  per  cent  in  1900. 

Table  19  shows  the  hot  and  cold  iiiill  equipment,  by 
states,  of  the  active  and  idle  rolling  mill  establish- 
ments producing  black  plates,  and  the  annual  capacity 
of  the  hot  mills,  for  1900  and  1905. 

T.\ULE  li). — Black  plalc   industry — active  and  idle   establishments — 
number,  equipment,  and  capacity,  by  states:  1903  and  1900. 


STATE. 

Census. 

Number 
oJ  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Number 
of  hot 
mills. 

Number 
of  cold 
mills. 

Annual 

capacity 

of  hot 

mills 

(tons). 

United  States.. 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

19a5 
1900 

1905 
1900 

U905 
>1900 

41 
44 

406 
332 

334 
294 

958  455 

64li4S0 

Ohio 

9 

8 

17 
23 

S 
2 

10 
11 

81 
59 

209 
100 

43 

14 

73 
99 

71 
68 

173 
157 

33 

14 

57 
65 

183,581 
114,525 

491,408 
314,325 

ia5,098 
27,2% 

178,368 
185,350 

Pennsylvania 

West  Virginia 

'Includes  cHtalilishmr'nts'IistrllHit^d  as  follows:  Illinois,!;  Indiana, (>;  Ken- 
tuclcy,  1;  .Miiryjand,  1;  \Vls<-onsin,  1. 

'  InrlUflfsfstaifHslinu'nts  rllstrihuU'dms  follows:  Illinois, 3;  liuIianiL, .'i;  Kpn- 
tucky,  1:  Miirylund,  1;  Missouri,  1. 

The  above  table  includes  cDiiiijlcted  mills  only. 
There  has  been  an  increa.se  in  each  state  for  wliich 
details  arc  given  in  numbers  of  hot  and  cold  mills, 
and  in  the  annnni  rajiacity  of  the  hot  mills.  In  1905 
the  idack  jilate  product  equaled  .52.6  per  cent  of  the 


capacity  of  the  hot  plate  mills,  as  compared  with  61.4 
per  cent  in  1900. 

T.\BLE  20. — Till  and  terne  plate — detailed  summnry.  by  slates:  1905. 


Number  of  estalilishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Biuldings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements. 

Cash  andsundries 

Value  of  rent  ed  propcrt  y 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  olficials.  clerics,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Numljer ■ 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  man- 
agers, clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworlters, 
and  total  wages: 
Greatest  iiiinittt-r  eiiiplnyod  at  any 

one  tiiiif  .hiring'  tin-  yt-ar 

Least  niiinlier  employed  at  any  one 

time  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  U»  years  and  over — 

.'Vverage  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  muuber 

Wages 

Children  under  Hi  years — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  in- 
cluding piecew'oricers,  employed  dur- 
ing each  month: 
Men  10  years  and  over — 

January 

Fel)ruary 

March 

.\pril 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  Iti  years  and  over — 

January 

Fel)rna'ry 

Marcl) 

April 

May , 

June 

July 

August 

SeptemlJcr 

October 

NoviMulH'r 

December 

Children  nniier  16  years — 

January 

February 

Marcli 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

Novemlter 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Kent  of  works 

Taxes 

Kent  of  oMiees.  Interest,  insurance, 
and  nil  nllnT  sum  I  rv  expenses  n()t 
lillherro  ini'luded.; 


United 
States. 


36 
$10,813,239 
$310,000 
$1,859,927  i 
$2,912,946  ' 
$5, 7:!0,  .S66  1 
$78,000  I 
1 

284 
$309,554 

21 
$67, 450 


203 
$242, 104 

232 
$232,788 

31 
$9,316 


6,161 

3,741 

4,847 

$2,383,070 

4,212 
$2,193,062 

579 
$179,917 

56 
$10,091 


3,715 
3,997 
4,216 
4,279 
4,545 
4,737 
4,647 
4,379 
3,894 
3,947 
3,653 
4,535 

541 
■  589 
617 
!>72 
626 
698 
670 
618 
497 
490 
466 
564 

36 

48 

56 

58 

69 

64 

61 

65 

53 

56 

51 

66 

$389, 873 

$2,615 

$28,267 


$:i.W,!l!ll 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


19 

$4,692,369 

$221,000 

$384,000 

81.046,500 

$3,040,869 

$8,000 

1 

191 
$218,980 

15 
$57,750 


176 
$161,230 

152 
$154,234 

24 
$6,996 


3,121 

1.877 

2,421 

$1,206,781 

2,096 
$1,112,001 


,^11  other 

states.' 


305 


20 
$3,491 


1,743 
1,895 
1,972 
2,192 
2,341 
2,484 
2,  418 
2,211 
1,896 
1,953 
1.746 
2,301 

266 
278 
289 
309 
337 
377 
357 
328 
280 
286 
262 
291 

5 
16 
23 
23 
31 
26 
23 
23 
15 
17 
10 
23 
$231,. 176 
$i,:i.'io 

$16. 104 


$213,922 


17 
$6,120,870 

$89,00t 
$1,475,927 
$1.8li6.  446 
$2,(589,497 

$70,000 


93 

$90,  .174 


6 
$9,700 


87 
$80,874 


$78,554 


7 
$2,320 


3,040 

1,864 

2,426 

$1,176,289 

2,116 
$1,081,061 

274 
$88,628 

36 
$6, 600 


1,972 
2, 102 
2,244 
2,087 
2,204 
2,253 
2,229 
2,168 
1,998 
1.994 
1,907 
2,234 

275 
311 
328 
263 
289 
321 
313 
290 
217 
204 
204 
273 

31 
32 
33 
35 


38 

42 

38 

38 

35 

33 

$1.18.497 

$I.26S 

$12, 163 


$145,069 


»  Includes  estal>llshmeuts  distrlliuted  as  follows:    1ndltin)i,  ;t;  Marylaiul, 
Michigan,!;  Missouri,!;  New  V'ork,  2;  Ohio,  5;  West  Virginia,  4. 


TIN  AND  TERNE  PLATE. 


97 


Table  20. —  2'iri  and  lenie  plulc-   detailed  summary,  by  utaUs: 
1905 — ConI  iiiiiccl. 


tin- 


Materials  used ,  aggregate  cost . . . 
Blui'lv    plates   or    shi'cts    for 
ning- 

Totiil  piiunds 

Total  cost 

Doinostif — 

Total  pounds 

Total  cost 

Uessenier  steel — 

rounds 

Cost 

Acid      opon-hearth 
steel - 

I'ounds 

Cost 

Basic    open-hearth 
steel- 
Pounds 

Cost 

Iron  - 

Pounds 

Cost 

Foreign  (iron)— 

Pounds 

Cost 

Pig  tin  - 

Pounds 

Cost 

Pig  lead— 

I'ounds 

Cost 

Palm  oil- 
Pounds  

Cost 

Sulpliuric  acid,  tinning  flux,  bran 

and  pink  meal,  etc 

Boxes  and  nails 

Fuel ,  total  cost 

Anthracite  coal  and  culm — 

Tons 

Cost 

Bituminous  coal  and  slack- 
Tons 

Cost 

Natural  gas 

Fuel  used  for  power 

Mill  sn]ii)lii's 

All  other  materials 

Products,  total  value , 

Tin  plates  - 

I'ounds , 

Value 

Terne  plates — 

Pounds 

Value 

Other  sheet  iron  or  sheet  steel, 
tinned  or  tome  plated,  taggers 
tin,  tinned  stamped  ware,  etc. — 

Pounds 

Value 

All  other  products,  including  tin 
dross,  scnuy.  scrap,  etc.— 

Pounds 

Value 

Equipment  of  tin  plate  and  terne  plate 
department : 
Number  of  completed  tin  or  terne 
seta  in  works , 


United 
States. 


$31,. 37.1. 714 


1,011),  (10«,ll.")7 
J22,1)!)2,00G 


1.01»,.';24,7.'i7 
S22,9S8,'237 


911,Wi3,989 
$20,734,710 


li),343,920 

S4:(ii,  xa 


87,507,481 
$1,789,8.5,') 

949, 367 
$2t),  8'.>2 

M,900 
*:!,7t)9 

24, '243, 851 
$6, 709, 1(14 

8,201,253 
ti&i.  5,'i8 

e,t>28,.526 
$;)7(i,310 

$180,011 
$.504, 887 
$1.59, 780 

3,240 
$9,900 

.50,  .5(iO 
S7S.  4,S4 
$.50.  yiis 
814.344 
m\.  7.5.5 
S.5r.,  237 
$35,283,300 

867,526,983 
$28,429,971 

158,857,806 
$6, 119,  .572 


6,555,855 
$217,476 


23,377,952 
$516, 341 


598 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


All  other 
«tates. 


$17,. 590, 077     $13,785,037 


.566.744,792 
$12,934,377 

.566. 060,  W2 
$12,9:iO,60S 

.528,914,790 
$12,0.56,046 


13,038,320 
$296, 870 


23,758,415 
$.5.50, 870 

949,367 
$26, 8'22 

83,900 
Si.  769 

13,796,949 
$3,800.1.56 

3,012,247 
$132,935 

3,582,475 
$202,321 

$106,311 

$291,4,58 

$73,376 

3,120 
$9,360 

19, 562 
$28,9.59 
$28,414 

$6, 643 

$15,333 

$33,810 

$19,341,961 

524,905.922 
$16,547,120 

,58,693,218 
$2,381,277 


6,555,855 
$217,476 


4, 620, 450 
$196,088 


4.52,863.865 
$10.0.57.629 


4.52, 8ia,  865 
$10.0.57,629 


382,749,199 
$8, 078, 664 


6,305,1X10 
$139,980     I 


63,809,060 
$1,238,985 


Tahle  2<). —  Tin  and  terne  plate— detailed  summary,  by  states: 
;905— Coiitiiiii.-I, 


10,446,902 
$2,909,.'X)8 

6,189,006 
$2,33,623 

3,046,051 
$173,989 

$73,700 
$213,429 
$86,  410 

120 

$000 

30,998 
$49,  .525 
.  $28,. 584 
$7,701 
$15,  422 
$22,427 
815, 941,. 399 

342,621,063 
$11, 882, .851 

100,16i,IM8 
$3,738,295 


18,757,502 
$320,2.53 


United 
States. 

Pennsyl- 
vania. 

All  other 
states. 

Equipment  of  tin  plate  and  terne  plate 
dei)artrnent— Contimled. 
Numher  of  sets  usually  employed  in 
coating  tin  plates 

478 
120 

3, 221,, 500 
025,0.50 

315 

707, 40.5 
272 

20 
9,231 

39 
8,878 

1 
50 

18 
241 

3 
12 
50 

260 
155 

1,772,300 
:i:)5,3l7 

196 

462,208 
164 

!                   12 
5,800 

31 
5,793 

1 

212 

Number  of  sets  usually  employed 

65 

Capacity  of  plant 

Daily  capacity  of  tinning  dt'part- 
ment  for   producing    hright  tin 

plates,  single  turn,  pounds    

Daily  capacity  of  works   tor  pro- 
ducing term'  plates,  single  turn, 
pounds 

1,449,200 
289,7.33 

Black  platf^  ilepartment  of  tin  plate  and 
terne  pl-ite  establishments  (not  in- 
cluding detached  black  plate  mills): 
Nmnberofcomi)leled  hot  plate  mills 
Annual  eapiieity  of  eoriipli'led  mills 
in  finished  black  plates,  in  gross 

119 
245,197 

Number    of   completed   <-ol(l  plati; 

108 

Power; 

Number  of  establishments  report- 

8 

Total  horsepower 

3,335 
8 

Owned— 

Engines- 
Steam— 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

3,085 
1 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors- 

ao 

1 

9i 

3 
12 

11 

Horsepower 

1.50 

Rented— 

Electric  motors- 

Horsepower          .      ... 

«  Other  kind,  horsepower 

so 

Table   21. —  Tin  and  terne  plate — idle  establishments — capital, 
capacity,  and  power:  1905. 

Number  of  establishments *  5 

CapitaL  total $447. 810 

Land $17,100 

Buildings $122,510 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements $291,914 

Cash  and  sundries $16,286 

Daily  capacity  of  plants,  single  turn: 

Tin  plates,  pounds 45,000 

Terne  plates,  pounds ^,000 

Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting ^ 3 

Total  horsepower  owned 2,500 

Engines,  steam- 
Number 4 

Horsepower 2,500 

>  Ohio,  4;  West  Virginia,  1. 


COPPER.  LEAD.  AND  ZINC, 
SMELTING    AND    REFINING 


(99) 


COPPHR.  PHAD,  AND  ZINC.  SMHPTING  AND  RFFINING. 


By  Stohy  li.  IjAdd. 


The  smeltino;  and  rclinini;  <.f  ores  was  first  treatcei 
as  nianufactiirm<;  at  the  ci-nsiis  <if  1S70.  Prior 
thereto  the  statistics  for  mming  and  the  niillin<;  and 
smelting  and  refining  of  ores  were  combined,  and  no 
segre<j;ation  was  made  of  the  statistics  relating  to 
mining  ^nd  milling  and  tliose  hearing  on  the  manu- 
facturing side  of  the  industry.  At  the  census  of  1S70 
a  separation  of  the  industry  was  made,  and  the  treat- 
ment of  the  ores  after  delivery  from  the  mines  was 
classed  as  manufacturing,  but  at  the  census  of  1890 
smelting  and  refining  was  reported  as  an  adjunct  to 
the  mining  industrj^,  and  no  attempt  was  made  to 
secure  data  in  harmony  with  the  returns  secured  from 
manufacturing  establishments.  Under  the  act  of 
Congress  for  taking  the  Twelfth  and  subsequent 
censuses  the  smeltmg  and  refmuig  of  ores  is  considered 
a  manufacturing  industry,  and  a  fidl  presentation  of 
the  statistics  for  lead,  copper,  and  zinc  smelting  and 
refining  was  made  at  the  Twelfth  Census. 

It  is  possible  to  present  statistics  for  the  present 
census  comparable  with  those  of  1900,  but  not  with 
those  for  censuses  prior  thereto. 

Copper  and  lead  ores  constitute  the  medium  through 
which  the  pre  eious  metals  contained  in  the  bulk  of 
the  dry  ores  reach  the  refineries.  Copper  and  lead 
ores  not  only  often  carry  gold  and  silver  values,  but 
gold  and  silver  ores  deficient  in  base  metal,  or  "dry 
ores,"  so  called,  are  smelted  with  lead  or  copper  ores 
to  facilitate  the  extraction  of  the  precious  metals  from 
the  dry  ores.     Hence  the  gold  and  silver  products  are 


relatively  large  and  in  the  case  of  the  argentiferous 
lead  smelters  they  exceed  the  base  metal  values. 

In  order  to  show  the  total  quantities  and  cost  of  ore 
and  matte  or  crude  metal  treated  and  of  finished 
products  manufactured,  the  ores  and  matte  or  c."ude 
metal  smelted  and  refined  under  contract  are  reported, 
both  as  to  ({uantities  and  cost  of  materials  and  value 
of  products,  as  if  bought  by  the  reporting  establish- 
ments, and  in  addition  the  amounts  received  for  con- 
tract smelting  or  refining  are  reported. 

With  the  exception  of  the  smelting  of  nickel, 
tungsten,  and  molybdenum  ores,  and  the  few  jiroducts 
of  electric  smelting,  the  statistics  herewith  presc-nted 
cover  all  data  relating  to  the  smelting  of  ores  and  the 
refining  of  the  ])roduets,  with  the  exception  of  those 
relatmg  to  iron,  which  will  be  found  in  the  special 
report  on  iron  and  steel. 

The  period  covered  by  this  report  is  the  calendar 
year  1904,  or  the  business  year  of  the  establishment 
reporting  which  most  nearly  conforms  thereto.  At 
the  census  of  1900  the  period  covered  was  from  June 
1,  1899  to  May  31,  1900.  The  short  ton  is  used  unless 
otherwise  stated. 

THE  COMBINED  INDUSTRY. 

Table  1  is  a  summary  of  the  leading  statistics  of  the 
copper,  lead,  and  zinc  smelting  and  refining  industries 
for  1900  and  1905,  showing  the  combined  totals  and 
the  per  cent  of  increase  for  the  five-year  period  for  the 
combined  industrv  and  the  several  sections. 


Table  1.— COPPER,    LEAD,   AND   ZINC,    SMELTING   AND   REFINING— COMPARATIVE   SUMMARY,    BY   INDUSTRIES, 

WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1905  AND  1900. 


1900 


Number  of  estabUshinents 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc., 

numl>er 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number 
Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over  . . 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


103 
$164,349,036 

I  1,687 

$2,996,463 

26,853 

$20,058,200 

26, 774 

$20,0.30,593 

9 

$4,284 

70 

$23. 323 

$6,972,896 

$.382,723,480 

$451,398,354 


117 
$139,354,138 


1,121 
$2,1.V),018 
24,512 
$15,973,626 
24.427 
$15,944,937 
12 
$5,869 
73  > 
$22,820  ' 
$.3,088,007  i 
$279,655,350  il$196, 
$35.S,7S6,472  1|$240, 


40 
$76,824,640 


809 

$1,527,382 

12,752 

$10..S27.043 

12.702 

$10,808,442 


50 
$18,601 
$4,748,399  i 


47 
$53,063,395 


488 
$954,905 
11,324 
$8,529,021 
11,272 
$8,509,895 
4 
$2,500 
48 
$16, 626 
$1,522,325 
■.36,986  i$122, 174. 129 
'80.216  $165,131,670 


1905 


32 
$63,822,810 

524 

$887,602 

7,  .573 

$5,:i74.691 

7,5»W 

$5,371.0.31 

7 

$;i,i>60 


$897,876 
$168,958,076 
$185,826,839 


1900 


,39 
$72,148,933 

425 

$754,913 

8, 319 

$,5,aS8.684 

8  312 

$5, 086!  704 


7 

$1,980 

$1,166,210 

$144. 195. 163 

$17.5.466.304 


1900 


31  31 

$23,701,586  $14,141,810 


354 

$581,479 

6. 528 

$3,856,466 

6.506 

$3,851,120 

2 

$624 

20 

$4,722 

$1,326,621 

$17,028,418 

$24,791,299 


208 

$440,200 

4,869 

$2,355,921 

4,843 

$2,348,338 

8 

$3,369 

18 

$4,214 

$399,472 

$13,286,058 

$18, 188. 498 


FEB  CENT  OF  INCBEASE. 


Total.i  Copper.  Lead,  i  Zinc. 


U2.0 
17.9 

50.5 

39.4 

9.6 

25.6 

9.6 

25.6 

'25.0 

■27.0 

•4.1 

2.2 

125.8 

36.8 

25.8 


'14.9 
44.8 

65.8 
60.0 
12.6 
26.9 
12.7 
27.0 


'17.9 
'11.5 

23.3 
17.6 
'9.0 

5.6 
'9.0 

5.6 


I 


4.2 
11.9 
211.9 
61.0  I 
45uS 


'23.0 
17.2 
S.9 


67.6 

70.2 

32.1 

34.1 

63.7 

34.3 

64.0 

•75lO 

>81.5 

11.1 

12.1 

232.1 

28.2 

36.3 


'  Decrease. 

At  the  census  of  1900  th(^  lead  smelting  and  refining      place,    but   the    positions   have    since   been   reversed, 
industrj'  was  in  the  van,  and  copper  occupied  second  The  increase  in  capital  in  both  the  copper  and  zinc 

(101) 


102 


MANUFACTURES. 


industries  is  large,  and  proportionately  the  greater 
in  the  latter,  whereas  in  the  lead  industry-  there  is 
showTi  a  decrease.  The  same  holds  true  of  the  average 
number  of  wage-earners  employed,  the  copper  and  zinc 
industries  showing  increased  numbers,  the  largest  in- 
crease being  in  the  zinc  industry,  whereas  the  lead 
industry  shows  a  decrease.  With  respect  to  the  value 
of  products  both  the  actual  and  proportionate  increase 
was  greatest  in  the  copper  industry. 

The  following  tabular  statement  shows  the  per  cent 
of  the  total  capital,  wage-earners,  and  value  of  prod- 
ucts, represented  by  the  copper,  lead,  and  zinc  indus- 
tries, for  1900  and  1905: 


The  statistics  for  the  zinc  smelting  industry"  show  the 
straight  growth  of  that  industry.  The  statistics  for 
the  copper  and  lead  smelting  industries  are,  however, 
colored  by  the  practice  of  smelting  dr^'  ores  of  the  pre- 
cious metals  along  with  these  base  ores,  and  a  large 
increase  in  the  consumption  of  dry  ores  by  copper 
smelters  at  the  expense  of  the  load  smelters  has  helped 
to  swell  the  growth  of  the  copper  smelting  and  refining 
industrj^. 

This  is  shown  by  the  following  statement,  which 
gives  the  gold  and  silver  production  of  the  copper 
smeltmg  and  refining,  and  lead  smelting  and  refining 
industries,  for  the  censuses  of  1900  and  190,5,  and  shows 
also  the  copper  product  of  the  former  industry,  exclu- 
sive of  Lake  copper,  and  the  lead  product  of  the  lat- 
ter industry,  exclusive  of  soft  lead,  which  exclusions 
are  made  for  the  reason  that  dry  ores,  so  called,  are 
not  smelted  in  conjunction  with  Lake  copper  ores  or 
"  mineral,"  or  soft  lead  ores.  The  statement  also  gives 
the  increase  of  the  several  products  for  the  period  1900 
to  1905,  and  the  per  cent  of  increase: 

Copper  and  lead,  smelting  and  refining — quantity  of  principal  products,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase: 

190.',  and  1900. 


1905                         1 

1900 

INDUSTRY. 

C-P'tal     efrSirs. 

Value  of 
products. 

Capital. 

Wage- 
earners 

Value  of 
prodvicts. 

Total 

100.0  ;      100.0 

100.0  1 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

E^SS^::::::;::::;: 

Zinc 

46.8 
38.8 
14.4 

47.5 
28.2 
24.3 

53.3 
41.2 
5.5 

38.1 
51.8 
10.1 

46.2 
33.9 
19.9 

4fi.O 
48.9 
5.1 

Silver,  ounces  fine 

Gold .  ounee.s  fine 

Copper,  not  including  i.ake  copper,  pounds  . 
Lead,  not  including  soft  lead,  pounds 


Copper  smelting  and  re- 
fining. 


1905 


28,115,790 

636,207 

728,620,468 


13,229,911 

224.352 

444,654.289 


Load  smelting  and  refin- 
ing. 

190,5  >  1900 


71,920.997 
2,543,757 


70,420,917 
2,514,836 


Copper 

fimeltingand 

refining. 


Lead  smelt- 
ing and  re- 
fining. 


14,885,879 

411,855 

283,966,179 


1,500,080 
28,921 


PER  CENT  OF  IN- 
CKEASE. 


Copper 
smelting 
and  re- 
fining. 


112.5 
183.6 
63.9 


Lead 
smelting 
and  re- 
fining. 


2.1 
1.2 


23.3 


>  Duplication  on  account  of  Dori  bars  reported  both  as  materials  and  products  deducted:  contents  of  same  671,990  ounces  of  silver,  30,792  ounces  of  gold. 


It  will  be  seen  that  the  increase  in  the  gold  and 
silver  products  of  the  copper  smelting  and  refining 
industry'  was  ver>'  large  and  greatly  in  excess  of  the 
increase  in  the  related  copper  product,  although  the 
latter  increase  is  in  itself  large,  63.9  per  cent; 
whereas  the  gains  in  the  gold  and  silver  products  of 
the   lead  smelting    and     refining    industry    are    very 


small   and  fall 'far   below    that   for    the    related  lead 
j)roduct. 

The  followmg  statement  further  illustrates  the 
change  in  smelting  conditions  and  shows  the  total 
gold  and  silver  production  of  the  cop]>er  and  lead 
smelters  and  relmeries  for  1900  and  1905  and  the 
per  cent  of  the  total  contributed  by  each  class: 


SILVER  (OUNCES  FINE). 

GOLD  (OUNCES  FINE). 

PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL. 

INDUSTKY. 

1 

1905 

1900 

silver. 

Gold. 

1905 

1900 

1905 

100.0 

1900 

Total 

100,036,787 

83,080,828 

3,179,964 

2,739,188 

100.0 

100.0 

100  0 

CopMT  smelting  and  refining 

28,  US,  790 
71,920,907 

13,220,911 
70,420,917 

636,207 
2,843,767 

224,3.'>2 
2,514,836 

28.1 
71.9 

15,8 
84.2 

20.0 
80.0 

8.2 

Lead  smelting  and  refining 

91.8 

COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC,  SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 


103 


The  silver  output  of  the  k'ad  refmeries  shows  a 
decrease  from  84.2  per  cent  of  the  total  silver  product 
of  the  cojjper  and  lead  refineries  in  I'.tOO  to  71.9  per 
cent  of  the  total  for  1905,  and  a  decrease  in  the  gold 
output  for  the  same  period  from  91.8  per  cent  to  80 
per  cent;  while  on  the  other  hand  the  copper  refineries 
show  very  heavy  proportional  gains  in  both  silver 
and  gold. 

The  increase  in  the  consumption  of  dry  ores  bj' 
copper  smelters  appears  to  be  due  in  part  to  the 
develo{>ment  of  electrolytic  copper  refining  whereby 
gold  and  silver  values  are  easily  and  cheaply  recovered, 
and  also  to  the  fact  that,  in  the  rapid  advance  in  the 
art  of  matte  smelting,  copper  has  proved  to  be  on 
the  whole  a  better  absorbent  of  the  precious  metals 
than  lead. 

COPPER  SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 

The  general  statistics  of  the  copper  smelting 
industry  are  shown  in  Table  2  for  1905  in  comparison 
with  like  statistics  for  1900. 

Table  ii. — Copper   smellinq  and  refining — comparative   summary, 
with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 40 

Capi  lal J76, 824, 640 

Salaried  olTicials,  clerks,  etc.,  number... 

Salaries $1, 527, 

Wage-earners,  average  number 12, 

Total  wages 810, 827, 

Men  IC  years  and  over 12, 

Wages $10, 

Women  IG  years  and  over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 50 

Wages 818. 601 

Miscellaneous  expenses |    84.748.399 

CoBt  of  materials  used S196. 736,  <I8(1 

Value  of  products iS240, 780, 216 


190S 


1900 


47 
$53,063,395 

488 

$954  905 

li;324 

$8, 529, 021 

11.272 

88. 509, 895 

4 

$2,500 

48 

$16. 626 

81. 522.  ,325 

8122. 174, 129 

8165.131,670 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


U4.9 
44.8 
65.8 
60.0 
12.6 
26.9 
12.7 
27.0 


4.2 

11.9 

211.9 

61.  0 

45.8 


1  Decrease. 

In  addition  to  the  active  establishments  shown  in 
Table  2,  there  were  6  idle  establishments  reported  at 
the  census  of  1905,  located  1  each  in  Alaska,  California, 
Colorado,  Georgia,  Montana,  and  Utah.  The  statistics 
are  as  follows : 

T.\ni,E  ;{. — Copper  smeltinij  and  refining — idle  establishments:  1905. 

Number  of  establishments * 6 

Capital,  total ; $3,461,991 

Land $103,085 

Buildings 8713,  462 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 866.3.976 

Cash  iin<l  sundries 81.981, 468 

Power  owned: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 5 

Total  horsepower 4.052 

Engines- 
Steam — 

Number 15 

Horsepower 3,060 

Gas  aufl  gasoline — 

Number 3 

Horsepower 128 

Water  wheels- 
Number 4 

Horsepower 425 

Water  motors- 
Number 1 

Horsepower S 

Electric  motors- 
Number 17 

Horsepower 431 

At  the  cen.sus  of   1900  there  were   9   idle   establish- 

4.^254— MFc;  190.5— PT  4—08—9 


ments  with  a  capital  of  •S.'?71,. 320,  located  as  follows: 
Arizona,  4;  California,  1 ;  Illinois,  1 ;  and  Nevada,  .3. 

The  value  of  products  as  given  in  Table  2  is  the 
aggregate  of  the  products  of  all  establishments,  the 
smelters  as  well  as  the  refineries,  and  such  establish- 
ments as  do  both  smelting  and  refining,  and  hence 
includes  the  duplication  arising  from  the  products  of 
the  smelters  which  appear  as  material  for  the  refin- 
eries. The  products  of  the  refineries,  or  smelters 
combined  with  refineries,  represent  the  finished  prod- 
ucts, the  same  including  the  product  of  the  Lake  ores. 

The  totals  for  the  copper  smelting  industrj"  as  re- 
ported at  the  census  of  1890  (Report  on  Mineral 
Industries),  though  too  meager  for  comparison  with 
later  years,  are  given  in  Table  4. 

T.\BiE  -4. — Copper  smelting  and  refining:  1890. 

Capital,  total $4,037, 593 

Land 634,000 

Buildings  and  fixtures 1,758, 8o(i 

Tools,  implements,  etc (XX), 214 

Cash,  etc 1,044,523 

Expenditures,  total 1,885,261 

Wages 800,484 

Salaries 71,720 

Paid  contractors 19, 591 

Supplies  and  materials 737, 098 

Rent,  interest,  insurance,  taxes,  etc 256,368 

In  the  absence  of  other  statistics,  the  copper  produc- 
tion can  be  taken  as  a  gauge  of  the  growth  of  the 
industry,  and  Table  5  shows  the  copper  production 
from  1845  to  1904,  inclusive. 

The  copper  product  of  the  United  States  for  1904, 
which  is  the  year  covered  by  the  census  of  1905,  as 
reported  to  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  was 
362,739  long  tons.  This  includes  the  copper  contents 
of  blue  vitriol  and  the  copper  product  of  lead  smelters. 

The  refuied  copper  product  as  reported  at  this  cen- 
sus was  933,809,701  pounds,  which  is  the  copper 
product  of  the  refineries  and  of  the  refineries  com- 
bined with  the  smelters.  (See  Table  12.)  There  is 
included  in  this,  however,  a  duplication  of  23,829,109 
pounds  on  account  of  material  whicli,  after  treatment 
at  some  of  the  refineries,  was  sent  for  final  treatment 
to  others.  To  arrive  at  the  copper  product  of  the 
United  States  there  is  to  be  added  the  copper  con- 
tents of  the  blue  vitriol  manufactured,  estimated  at 
one-fourth  for  copper  contents,  or  6,932,475  pounds; 
also  the  exports  of  copper  in  the  form  of  matte, 
namely,  29,346,550  pounds,  and  further,  there  is  to 
be  deducted  91,743,719  pounds  of  refined  copper  pro- 
duced from  imported  ore,  matte,  and  pig  copper. 
This  gives  854,515,898  pounds  as  the  product  from 
mines  located  in  the  United  States,  or  381,480  long 
tons.  Total  (luantity  of  Lake  copper  produced  was 
205,189,233  pounds. 

The  production  of  the  smelters  not  connected  with 
refineries  contained  620.872.420  pounds  of  fine  copper. 
This  amount  includes  a  duplication  of  17,634,605 
pounds,  which  represents  the  copper  contents  of  matte 
shipped  from  certain  of  tlie  smelters  to  others  within 
the  same  class.  After  this  duplication  is  eliminated 
the  total  product  of  the  detached  smelters  contained 
603,237,815  pounds  of  fine  copper. 


104 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  5. — Production  of  copper  in  the  United  States:  1845  to  1904.  ' 


ill 

LAKE  SUPE- 
RIOR. 

MONTAN.\. 

ARIZONA. 

ALL  OTHER. 

TEAS. 

Quan- 

Quan- 

Per 

Quan- 

Per 

Quan- 

Per 

tity 

(long 
tons). 

cent  of 
total. 

(long 
tons). 

cent  of 
total. 

(long 
tons). 

cent  of 
total. 

tity 
(long 
tons). 

cent  of 
total. 

1904.... 

362,739 

92,995 

25.6 

133,168 

36.7 

85,537 

23.6 

51;  039 

14.1 

1903.... 

311,627 

85,893 

27.6 

121,677 

39.0 

65,914 

21.2 

38,143 

12.2 

1902.... 

294,423 

76,165 

25.9 

128,975 

43.8  1  53,547 

18.2 

35,  736 

12.1 

1901.... 

268,782 

69,772 

26.0 

102, 621 

38.2  j  38,383 

21.7 

38,006 

14.1 

1900.... 

270.588 

64,938 

24.0 

120.  865 

44.7  ,  52.820 

19.5 

31,965 

11.8 

1899.... 

253,870 

65,803 

2.5.9 

100,503 

39.  li  1  59,  399 

23.4 

28,165 

11.1 

1898.... 

235,050 

66,291 

28.2 

92. 041 

39.2 

49.  624 

21.1 

27,094 

11.5 

1897.... 

220,571 

64,858 

29.4 

102,807 

46.  6 

.36,  398 

16.5 

16,508 

7.5 

1896.... 

205.384 

64,073 

31.2 

99.071 

48.2 

32,560 

15.9 

9,680 

4.7 

1895.... 

169,917 

57,737 

34.0 

84.900 

50.0 

21,408 

12.6 

5,872 

3.4 

1894.... 

158,120 

51,031 

32.3 

81,729 

51.7 

19,873 

12.5 

5,487 

3.5 

1893..- 

147, 033 

50,270 

34.2 

69,290 

47.1 

19.200 

13.1 

8,273 

5.6 

1892.... 

154,018 

54,999 

35.7 

72,860 

47.3 

17,160 

11.1 

8,999 

5.9 

1891...- 

126,839 

50,992 

40.2 

50,028 

39.5 

17,800 

14.0 

8,019 

6.3 

1890.... 

115,906 

45,273 

39.0 

50,437 

43.5 

15,534 

13.4 

4,722 

4.1 

1889.... 

101,239 

39,364 

38.9 

43,849 

43.3 

13,654 

13.5 

4,372 

4.3 

1888.... 

101,054 

38,604 

38.2 

43,704 

43.3 

14,195 

14.0 

4,551 

4.5 

1887.... 

81,017 

33,941 

41.9 

35,133 

43.4 

7,910 

9.7 

4,033 

5.0 

1886.... 

70,430 

36, 124 

51.3 

25.3C2 

36.0 

0,990 

9.9 

1,954 

2.8 

1885.... 

74,052 

32,209 

43.5 

30,267 

40.9  ;  10.137 

13.7 

1,439 

1.9 

1884.... 

64.708 

30,961 

47.8 

19.256 

29.8 

11,935 

18.4 

2,556 

4.0 

1883.... 

51,574 

26.653 

51.7 

11.011 

21.3 

10,658 

20.7 

3,252 

6.3 

1882.. 

40,467 
32,000 

25,439 
24,363 

62.9 
76.1 

15,028 
7,637 

37.1 

1881.... 



23.9 

1880.. 

27,000 
23,000 
21,500 

22.204 
19.129 
17,719 

82.2 
83.2 
82.4 

4,796 
3,871 
3,781 

17.8 

1879.... 



16.8 

1878.... 

17.6 

1877.... 

21,000 
19,000 
18,000 
17,5f)0 
15,  .500 
12,500 
13,000 
12,600 

17,422 
17.0S5 
111.089 
15.327 
13.433 
10.901 
11,942 
10,992 

83.0 
89.9 
89.4 
87.6 
86.7 
87.7 
91.9 
87.2 

3,578 
1,915 
1,911 
2,173 
2,067 
1,539 
1,058 
1,608 

17.0 

1876  . 

10.1 

1875.... 

10.  6 

1874.. 

12.  4 

1873.... 

13.3 

1872 

; 

12.3 

1871  . 

:' . : 

8.1 

1870.... 



12.8 

18G9 

12,500 
11,600 
10,000 

11,880 
9,346 
7,824 

95.1 
80.6 
78.2 

614 
2,254 
2,176 

4.9 

1868.... 

19.4 

1867.... 

■ 

21.8 

1866.... 

8,900 

6,138 

69.0 

2,762 

31.0 

1865.... 

8,500 

6,410 

75.4 

2,090 

24.6 

1864.... 

8,000 

5,570 

69.7 

2,424 

30.3 

1863.... 

8,500 

5,797 

68.2 

2,703 

31.8 

1862.... 

9,000  ' 

6,065 

67.4 

2,935 

32.6 

1861.... 

7,500 

6,713 

89.5 

787 

10.5 

I860.... 

7,200 

5,388 

74.8 

1,812 

25.2 

1859.... 

6,300 
5,500 

3,985 

63.3 

2,315 

30.  7 

1858.... 

4,088 

74.3 

1,412 

25.7 

1857.... 

4,800 
4,000 

4,255 
3,«<* 

88.6 
91.7 

645 
334 

11.4 

1856.... 

8.3 

1855.... 

3,000 

2,250 

2,000 

1,100 

900 

650 

700 

500 

300 

150 

100 

2,593 

1,819 

1,297 

792 

779 

572 

(i72 

461 

213 

26 

12 

86.4 
80.8 
64.9 
72.0 
86.6 
88.0 
96.  0 
92.2 
71.0 
17.3 
12.0 

407 

431 

703 

308 

121 

78 

28 

39 

87 

124 

88 

13.6 

1854.... 

19.2 

1853.... 

35.1 

1852.... 

28.0 

1851 

13.4 

1850.... 

12  0 

1849  ... 

4.0 

1848.... 

7.8 

1847  .. 

29.0 

1846.... 

82.7 

1845.... 

88.0 

>  United  States  Geological  Survey,  "  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States," 
1904. 

Tlic  following  statement  presents  a  comparison  of 
the  production  of  smelter.s  mid  icliiicries: 

Pounds. 
Total  production  of  copper  pliiocd  on  l\v  nmrki't 9.39,  .327, 142 

Production  of  smelters 60.3,237,815 

I  mportc'd  inaU'rial  treated  l)y  rollncries  In  the  United  States 57, 684, 506 

Total 600, 922,  .321 

Difference 278, 404, 821 

939,327,142 


The  total  production  of  copper  placed  on  the  market 
is  the  refined  copper  product,  less  the  duplication  of 
23,829,109  pounds  above  noted  and  plus  the  copper 
exported  in  the  form  of  matte. 

The  difference  between  the  product  of  the  refineries 
on  the  one  hand  and  the  product  of  the  smelters,  to- 
gether with  imported  material,  on  the  other  represents 
the  production  of  pig  copper  by  smelters  connected 
with  refineries.  The  total  product  of  refined  copper 
by  the  latter  class  of  establishments  was  equal  to 
480,453,170  pounds,  which  can  be  classified  as  follows: 

Pounds. 

Smelted  and  refined 278,404,821 

Refined  only 202,048,349 

Total 480,  453, 170 

Practically  all  of  the  copper  matte  product  of  the 
lead  smelters,  amounting  to  .51,617,670  pounds  of 
contained  copper,  figures  as  material  in  the  returns  of 
the  copper  refineries,  as  also  does  3,689,000  pounds  of 
blister  copper  produced  by  an  establishment  engaged 
primarilj'  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

An  estimate  of  the  quantity  of  copper  electrolytic- 
ally  refmed  is  obtained  by  deducting  from  the  total 
quantity  placed  on  the  market,  the  copper  exported 
in  the  form  of  matte,  and  the  Lake  copper  product 
less  that  portion  of  the  latter  which  is  electrolytically 
treated.  This  gives  754,693,459  pounds  as  the  esti- 
mated production  of  electrolytic  copper. 

THE  INDUSTRY,  BY  ST.\TES    AND  TERRITORIES. 

The  general  statistics,  by  states  and  territories,  for 
the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905  are  shown  l)y  Table  6. 

All  of  tlie  states  and  territories  for  wliicii  details  can 
be  presented  show  an  increase  in  jiroducts  with  the 
exception  of  California.  The  statistics  for  Colorado 
and  ^foutana  are  included  under  "all  other  states," 
and  allliough  there  are  in  each  state  3  or  more  estab- 
lishments, the  state  details  can  not  l)e  given  witliout 
disclosing  individual  o]ierations,  l)ccause  two  or  more 
plants  are  owned  by  one  coriioration. 

The  very  large  increase  for  New  Jersey  in  cost  of 
materials  u.sed  and  value  of  jiroducts,  along  with  a 
decrease  in  wage-earners,  wages,  and  iiiiscelianeous 
e.xpen.ses,  is  due  (o  the  growth  in  elcelrolytic  relining 
and  decrea.se  in  smelting  in  the  eastern  estabiisiiiiieiits. 
Tills  cliange  in  smelting  iiiul  redniiig  cniKntions  will 
he  fui'lhiT  (•(iiisidcrcd  in  ircuting  of  the  eastern  and 
western  est  ablishments. 


COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINf,  SMETTTXr;  AXD  REFINIXG. 


105 


Taim.k  <;.     COITKR   SMELTING   AND   REFINING— COMPARATIVE   SUMMARY,   liV   STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:    1905 

AXD  IDOO. 


STATK  OR  TKKItlTOIlY. 


Cen- 
sus. 


Unid'il  Slutos. 

Arizona 

California 


Colorado ' 
Michigan. 


Montana  '. .. 
New  Jersey. 


Utnhi 

All  oIliiT states. 


I'.IIW 
1!K)0 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


'1905 
1900 


Num- 
ber ot 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


('ai)ital. 


$7li,  824,  (i40 
53,00a,395 

9,340,839 
~ -7,265, 659 

946. 000 
1,114,882 

2,:i08,309 

2,378,315 
1,523,407 

20,824,298 

7,892.904 
6,943,880 


52,681,794 
7,082,954 


SALARIKI)   OFFICIALS 
CLKItK.S,  KTC. 


Salaries. 


107 


102 

74 


510 
159 


$1,. 527.. '182 
954,905 

218, 402 
140,621 

34.867 
25,3.57 

59, 765 

50,763 
2.'),  .500 

233,711 

129.187 
138,728 


996,313 
331,223 


WAGE-EABNER8  AND 
WAOES. 


Average  i 
number. 


Wages. 


12,752  1 
11,324  i 

2,349 
1,048 

413 
381 

410 

G50 
462 

4,290 

1,243 

1,707 

1,416 

6, 681 
2,426 


$10,827,043 
8,529,021 

2,050,409 
1,270,739 

401.240 
342, 491 

31.5,9.58 

4.54,943 

364, 647 

3,791,983 

044,577 
915,112 


6,259,822 
1,522,091 


Miscella- 
neous ex- 
penses. 


Cost  iii 
materials 

used. 


748,399 
522,325 


»196,7.30, 
122, 174, 


129 


Value  of 
jjroducts. 


»240,780,21C 
105, 131, 670 


828,097 
2«(i,548  ' 


77.383 
90,020 


407,119 
.33. 685 


.5.50,8.52 


275.705 
2!«,  423 


;,  096. 642 
273,244  1 


12,486, 
6,370, 

1.317, 
1.379, 


3,385,113 


18,807, 

16,754, 


20,.5.5(;,336  i 


.58.811. 
32.  .545, 


990 
179  ' 


5,133,999  { 


100.178. 
'  41,182, 


.542 

974  I 


22,761,981 
17,280,517 

2.583,524 
4,S08,2S» 

3,893,034 

21,222,217 
17,340,041 

3«,387,0«3 

02.795.013 
38,365,131 


122.917.925 
47,351,625 


'  Included  in  "all  other  states"  in  1905. 

2  Included  in  "all  other  states"  in  1900. 

■*  Inclutles  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  3;  Idaho,  1;  Maryland,!;  Montana,  5;  New  York,  2;  Oregon,!; 
ton,  1. 

*  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Connecticut,  2;  Illinois,  1;  Maryland,  1;  Nevada,  1;  New  Mexico,  1;  New 
Tennessee,!;  Utah,  2;  Virginia,!;  Washington,!. 


Tennes.see,  2;  Virginia,!;  Washing- 
York,  2;  Ohio,  1;  .South  Dakota,  1; 


T!i])lc  7  presents  the  comparative  statistics  for  1900   I   of  the  Mississippi  river,  with  tlicir  respective  per  cents 
and  190.')  of  the  estal)lishments  located  east  and  west      of  increase. 


Tablk   7.— COPPER  SMELTING  AND   REFINING— COMPARATIVE   SUMMARY  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS,  BY  LOCATION, 
EAST  AND  WEST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:    I'.m  AND  I'JOO. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital. . .  ^. 

Salaried  oliicials.  clerks,  etc..  numlier 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  num  be  r 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  exptmses 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Ores  and  concentrates — 

Tons 

Cost 

Matte,  purchased — 

Tons 

Cost 

mister  or  anodes,  purchase<l— 

Tons 

Cost 

.\ll  other  nuiterials 

Products,  aggregate  value 

Smelting,  total  value 

CopiHT  (in  matte,  blister  or  anodes)  — 

I'ouiids 

Value 

Silver - 

Ounces  fine 

Value 

Cold 

Ounces  fine 

Value 

Refining,  inclmling  smelting  and  refining,  total 

value 

Ingots,  bars,  wire,  etc. — 

•  rounds 

Valui! 

Blue  vitriol- 
Pounds  

Value 

Silver 

Ounces  fine 

Value 

Gold- 
Ounces  fine 

Value 

All  other  products 


40 

870,824,640 

809 

SI, 527, 382 

12,762 

S10,S27,043 

$4,748,399 

8190,736,986 

7,361,473 
$00,402,094 

29.265 
54,135,742 

372, 607 
$111,248,191 

$20,950,959 
S240.780.216 

$88,374,8.30 

620,872.420 
S09.  mt\.  406 

21,945,304 
$12,274,779 

321.747 
SO,  493,  .5.55 

$149,711,214 

933.809,701 
$119,420,802 

27,729,900 
$!,!20,368 

28,!15,790 
$16,034,886 

636. 207 

$13,135,098 

$2,694,172 


47 

$53,003,395 

488 

$954,905 

11,324 

$8,529,021 

$1,522,325 

$122, 174, 129 

4,524,033 
$25,190,522 

53,964 
$10,513,431 

318.102 

$72,401,654 

$14, 068.  .522 

$16.5,131,670 

$54,275,173 

334,679,443  , 
$43,305,047 

8,860.472 
$5,020,0.50 

300.914 
$5,890,076 


EAST  OF  THE   MISSISSIPPI. 


14 

$20,444,672 

2.S0 

$454, 339 

4. 422 

$2,567,758 

$1, .321, 363 

$139,182,413 

566,530 
$19,588,436 

8,608 
S633, 458 

372. 607 

$111,248,191 

87.712.328 

$151,034,048 

$620,272 

5,334,097 
$604,246 

6,708 
$3,826 

610 

$12,200 


WEST   or  THE  MISSISSIPPI.       PES  CENT  OF  INCSEASE. 


$107,035,247    !  $147,949,700 


602,595,113 
$94,061,667 

27.298.926 
$1,225,745 

13.229,911 
$7,790,985 

224.352 

$4.556.8.50 
$3.221,2.50 


19 

$13,080,503 

226 

$416. S81 

4,0.« 

$2,323,370 

$551,228 

$80,840,595 

156,256 
$733, 622 

49,229 
$9,707,037 

318, 102 
$72,401,654 

$3,938,282  i 
$97,832,016 

$1,140,140 

6,570,418 
S8!I8,402  1 

305,487 
$172,033 

3,486 

$69,045 


20 

$56,379,968 

529 

$1,073,043 

8,330 

$8,259,285 

$3,427,036 

$57, 554, 573 

6,704,943 
$40,813,658 

20,657 
S3,.VJ2,284 


28 

$39,382,892 

262 

$.5.37,924 

7.241 

$6.205,(«1 

$971,097 

$.35, 333,  .534 

4,367.777 
$24,4.56,900 

4,735 
$746,394 


$13,238,63! 

$89, 746. 168 
$87. 754. 558 

015,538,323 
$69,002,2.50 

21, 938.  .590 
$12,270,953  I 

321.137  , 
$6,481,355 


$10,130,240 
$07,299,654 
$53,135,033 

328.109,025 
$42,460,585 

8.560. 985 
$4,848,017 

297.428 
$5,820,43! 


$93,470,620         $1,761,514       $14,104,62! 


932,849,931 
$119,294,238 

27,073,749 
$1,117,593 

27,633,444 
$15,754,560 

570, 149  I 
$11,783,309  I 
$2,464,076  I 


507, 190, 645 
$81,871,103 

20,017,613 
$1,178,208 

10,203,023 
$0,076,707 

213.740  , 
$4,344,608  I 
$3,221,250 


950,770 
$126,624 

56,151 
r2,775 

482,346 
$280, 326 

66.058 

$1,351,789 

$230,096 


95.404.468 
$12,190,564 

1,281, 313 
$47,537 

3,026,888 
$1,714,278 

10. 612 
$212,242 


Total.       East. 


M4.9 
44.8 
65.8 
60.0 
12.6 
26.9 

211.9 
61.0 


'26.3 
49.4 
23.9 
9.0 
8.3 
10.5 
139.7 
60.3 

262.6 
139.8    2,570.1 


145.8 
iflO.7 

17.1 
53.7 
48.9 
45.8 
62.8 

85.5 
60.5 

147.5 
144.5 

6.9 
10.2 

39.1 

55.0 
27.0 

1.6 
"8.6 

112.5 
105.8 

183.6 
188.2 
'16.4 


•82.5 
■93.5 

17.1 
53.7 
95.8 
54.4 
>45.« 

>18.8 
132.8 

•97.8 
•97.8 

•82.5 
•82.5 

58.3 


63.7 
•5.1 

170.8 
159.3 

166.7 
171.2 
•23.5 


West. 


•7.1 
43.2 

i0;.9 
99.5 
15.0 
33.1 

252.9 
02.9 

55.6 
66.9 

336.3 
369.2 


30.7 
33.4 
65.2 

87.6 
62.5 

156.2 
153.1 

8.0 
11.4 

'87.6 

•99.0 
•99.0 

•95.6 
•  94.2 

'84.1 
183.6 

522.5 
536.9 


'  Decrease. 


106 


I\IAXUFACTURES. 


Table  7  shows  the  growth  and  concentration  of  the 
re&iing  indiistn"  in  the  east  which  lias  been  a  marked 
feature  of  the  copper  industry"  for  the  last  few  years. 
The  following  statement  shows  the  percentages  of  the 
total  capital,  wage-earners,  cost  of  materials,  and 
value  of  products  represented  by  the  eastern  and  west- 
ern establishments  for  1900  and  1905,  and  illustrates 
the  changes  in  smelting  and  refining  conditions: 


Capital 

Wage-earners 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 

Smelting 

Refining,  including  smelting  and  refining 


EAST  OF  THE 
MISSISSIPPI. 


1905       1900 


26.fi 
34.7 
70.7 
62.7 
0.7 


WEST  OF  THE 
MISSISSIPPI. 


1905       1900 


25.8 
36.1 
71.1 
59.2  ! 
2.1 
86.8  ! 


73.4 
65.3 
29.3 
37.3 
99.3 
1.2 


74.2 
63.  9 
28.9 
40.8 
97.9 
13.2 


It  will  be  seen  that  the  proportionate'  share  of  the 
refining  done  for  1905  by  the  establisliments  west  of 
the  Mississippi  was  but  one-eleventh  of  what  it  was 
for  1900,  and  practically  all  of  the  refining  was  done 
in  the  east.  The  operations  oi  the  western  establish- 
ments are  now  confined  almost  entirely  to  smelting, 
witii,  in  a  majority  of  cases,  the  conversion  of  the 
matte  into  blister  copper,  which  is  electroh'tically 
refmed  in  the  east. 

I  The  eastern  establisliments  show  an  increase  in 
capital  and  value  of  products  proportionally  greater 
than  the  western  establishments,  with  a  slight  decrease 
in  j)roportionate  share  of  cost  of  materials  used  and 
in  average  number  of  wage-earners. 

The  statistics,  for  1905,  of  the  refineries  handling  the 
Lake  SujH'rior  product,  the  same  including,  however, 
the  expense  jiertaining  to  the  refining  of  9,000  tons 
of  Montana  anodes  not  separable  from  the  rest  of  the 
expense,  are  as  follows: 

liefiniruj  Lake  Superior  mineral:  I'.iOS. 

Expenditures,  total 51, 697, 943 

Wages $aKi,4S7 

Superintendence ST4. 104 

Fuel S^-ti".  457 

Supplies  and  materials,  not  including  cost  of  ••mineral" $204,997 

Kent,  interest,  insurance,  etc $444. 898 

"Mineral "  treated .  tons 164. 756 

Kefined  copper  product,  pounds 205, 189, 233 

Tiie  mineral  treated  averaged  (12.;^  per  cent  copper 
as  against  65.1  ])er  cent  for  1900,  the  decrea.se  in  aver- 
age grade  lieing  due  to  the  increa.se  in  utilization  by 
conccntrafion  of  the  finer  slimes  of  the  stamp  mills. 
If  the  Montana  anodes  wliidi  were  refined  are  figured 
at  par  with  the  Luke  cniipcr.  in  order  to  give  an  np- 
jiroximation  to  the  average  cost  of  refining,  it  gi\('s 
0.7()]  of  a  cent  as  the  average  expend ilnre  per  pouixl 
of  refined  copper,  as  coinpared  wilh  ()..">!)l  of  a  cent 
dedii'cd  lit  the  census  of  1900. 

MATKKIAL8    USED. 

Table  S  exhibits  the  quantity  and  the  cost  of  ma- 
terials used,  by  kind,  for  the  years  1900  and  1905, 
with  the  number  of  establishiiKmts  reporting. 


Table  S. — Copper  smelting  and  refining — materials  used,  by  kind, 
quantity,  and  eost,  with  number  of  establishments  reporli?ig:  1905 
and  1900. 


KIND. 

Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments 
report- 
ing. 

Tons. 

Cost. 

■ 

Total                  .     . 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

40 
47 

$196. 736, 986 
122. 174, 129 

34 
33 

9 
11 

9 
13 

7,361,473 
4,524,033 

29,265 
53,964 

372,607 
318, 102 

60,402,094 
25.190.522 

4, 135, 742 

Blister  or  anodes,  purchased 

10,513,431 
111  248  191 

72,401.654 

20,950,959 
14,068,522 

mill  supplies,  etc. 

The  consumption  of  ore  shows  an  increase  of  62.7 
):)er  cent  in  quantity,  and  blister  or  anodes,  purchased, 
an  increase  of  17.1  per  cent,  while  matte,  purchased, 
shows  a  decrease  of  45.8  per  cent.  The  decrease  in 
matte,  purchased,  is  due  to  the  more  general  use  by 
the  smelters  of  the  Bessemerizing  process  and  the  con- 
version of  their  matte  into  blister  copper,  which  is  elec- 
trolytically  refined  b}'  the  refineries  with  a  recovery  of 
the  precious  metals  contained  in  the  crude  copper. 

Of  the  ores  and  concentrates  consumed  by  all  classes 
of  smelters,  6,123,770  tons,  valued  at  $38,884,183, 
were  from  mines  operated  by  the  same  o^\^lers,  and 
1,237,703  tons,  valued  at  .121,517,911,  were  purchased. 

The  consumption  of  copper  yielding  materials,  by 
states,  for  the  census  years  1900  and  1905,  is  shown  by 
Table  9. 

T.VBLK  S>. — Copper  smelling  ami  refining — prineipal  materials  vscd 
by  kind  and  quantity,  and  by  slates  and  territories:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE   Olt  TF.RKITORY. 

Census. 

Ores  and 
concen- 
trates 
(tons). 

Matte, 
pur- 

chas(>d 
(tons). 

Blister, 
or  anodes 
pur- 
chased 
(tons). 

United  States              

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1!K)0 

1!K)5 
1900 

1<K)5 
1900 

1905 
1900 

MOOS 
»I900 

7,361,473 
4,524,033 

29,265 

53,964 

372,607 
318.102 

1,231,468 
842, 959 

270,006 
250,041 

1128,119 

3,349 
1,583 

22 

9,000 
■93,914 



345 
4,218 

744,929 
73, 127 

4, 988,  WOO 
3,363,688 

2,790 
33,  .-ifll 

6,  488 

169,4,15 

Itah...                      

81,011 

17,(B2 
19,008 

194»172 

142,577 

1  ■■Miiu  nil." 

a  IncliMli-s  slates  as  follows:  Colorado.  Idalio,  Marylnii'l.  Monlana.  Ni'W 
>'ork.  OrcK'Ui.  'I'ennessee.  \'tr^li)ia.  Washington, 

"  Itidildes  Mtates  as  follows;  Colorado,  Connect li'Ut,  Illiluils.  Maryland,  Mon- 
tana. Ncvaila,  New  Mexico,  New  York,  South  Dakota,  'I'ennessee,  Virginia, 
Washington, 

Tiie  \V('st('rii  states  consuiiicil  (),79I,9I.'!  tons  of  ore, 
or  !rj.;i  per  cent  of  the  toliil  (|iianlity,  as  coinpiired 
with  1,3()7,777  tdiis,  or!t(i,5  |)ercent,  for  1900.  Montiuiii 
ranki'tl  first  for  191)5  with  nearlvsix-tentlis  of  the  total 


COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC,  SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 


107 


quantity  of  ores  and  concentrates  smelted  as  coin- 
pared  witli  a  little  over  six-tenths  of  the  total  quantity 
for  1900.  As  the  details  for  Montana  can  not  be  sliowu 
in  the  general  tables,  on  account  of  the  ovvnersliij)  of 
all  establishments  by  less  than  '.i  corporations,  the 
statistics  for  the  state  arc  incluiled  in  "all  other  states" 
in  all  tables.  Arizona  was  second  with  10.7  per  cent 
of  the  ores  smelted  for  1905  as  compared  with  18.6  per 
cent  of  all  ores  for  1900;  Utah,  third  with  10.1  per  cent; 
Tennessee,  fourth;  and  California,  which  ranked  third 
for  1900,  fifth  with  .3.7  per  cent.     The  refineries  in  New 


Jersey,  New  York,  and  Maryland  make  these  states  the 
largest  consumers  of  nuitte  and  blister  copj)er  or 
anodes. 

There  were  24  establishments  which  reported  only 
a  Consumption  ui  ore  for  190.5  as  compared  with  20  in 
1900;  0  which  reported  only  matte  and  blister  copper 
or  anodes  for  1905,  as  compared  with  ]?>  for  1900, 
and  10  which  used  both  classes  of  mat<'rial.  Talde  10 
gives  the  comparative  statistics,  for  1900  and  1905,  of 
all  establisiirnents  according  to  this  grouping,  witli  the 
per  cent  of  increase. 


Table    I <).— COPPER,  SMELTI.NG    AND   REFINING— ESTABLISHMENTS    CLASSIFIED   ACCORDING   TO    KIND    OF 

MATERIALS   USED:    1905   A.\l)    190(1. 


I»03 


1900 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried   olTicials,  clerks,  etc., 

numbi:r  

Salaries 

WagiM'n  niers,  average  nmnber. 

Total  wjtgo.s 

Misffllain'oiis  expenses 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Ores  and  concentrates — 

Tons 

Cost 

Matte  and  blister  or  anodes, 
purchased — 

Tons 

Cost 

Ail  other  materials 

Vroducts,  agj^ri'gate  value 

Snielling.  toljil  value 

Copper  (in  matte  and 
blister  or  anodes)  — 

Pounds 

Value 

Silver— 

Oimces  fine 

Value 

O  old- 
Ounces  fine 

N'alue 

Rcfininjr,  including  smelting 

and  rcbniiip.  total  value.. 

Ingots,  liars,  wire, etc.- 

Pomids 

\'aluc 

Blue  vitriol — 

IVhukIs 

Value 

Silver- 
Ounces  fine 

Value 

Gold   . 

Ounces  fine 

\'alue 

Ml  other  products 


40 
$76,824,040 


$1,527,382 

12,752 

$10,827,043 

$4,748,399 

$196,736,986 

7,361.473 
$60,402,094 


401,872 
$115,383,933 

$20,950,959 
$240,780,216 

$88,374,830 


020,872,420 
$69. 606.  496 

21.945,304 
$12,274,779 

321,747 
$6,493,555 

S149.711.214 

9,33,809.701 
$119,420,862 

27,729.900 
$1,120,  .368 

28,115,790 
$16,034,886 

636,207 
$13,135,098 
$2,694,172 


47 
$53,003,395 

48S 

$954,905 

11,324 

$8,529,021 

$1,522,325 

$122, 174, 129 

4,524.033 
$25, 190, 522 


372,066 
.582,91.5,085 
SI4.068..522 
$105,131,670 
$54,27.5,173 


334, 679. 443 
$43,365,047 


8,860,472 
$5,020,050 


300.914 
$5,890,076 


ESTABLISHMENTS 
USING   ORES   ONLY. 


1903 


24 
$45,536,104 

488 

$971,028 

6,806 

$6,753,996 

$3,521,140 

$52,017,704 

0,070.017 
$41,025,045 


1900 


ESTABLISHMENTS 

USING  MATTE  AND 
BLISTER  OR  ANODES 
ONLY. 


ALL    OTHER    ESTAB- 
LISHMENTS. 


PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


20 
$.35,973,221 

239 

$494, 095 

0,399 

$5.  580. 784 

■    $938, 139 

$32,028,770 

4,143.865 
$22,858,010 


$10,992,719  $9,170,l(iO 
$80,107,081  S.58,892,793. 
.$09,562,830   $44,775,709 


229,024          310.792  I        172.248  55.274 

$77,438,100   $72,300,591   iSS?,  94,5, 707  $10,014,494 

$1,222,485     $1,802,953     .58.735.755  $3,09.5.409 

$83,442,793  $82,438,564  ,$77,230,342  $23,800,313 

|$18, 812, 000  S9, 499,  404 


493.907,472 
$55. 504. 588 


17.073.451 
$9. 485, 759 


224. 168 
$4,512,483 


271,015,580 
.5.34,081,445 


7.906.717 
54.456,251 


281,981 
$5,038,013 


,035.247  $10,314,155  514.117. 0S4 


602,595.113 
$94,061,007 

27,298,920 
$1,225,745 

13,229.911 
$7,790,985 

224. 352 
$4,556,850 
$3,221,250 


68.315.799 
$8,686,013 

.50, 151 
•52, 775 

472,045 
$274, 660 

60, 004 

$1.3.50.707 

$230,096 


95, 404, 408 
$12, 190,. 504 


3,020,888 
$1,714,278 


10.012 
$212. 242 


1905 


59.430,804 

134 

$204,817 

2.043 

$1,091,025 

$297,400 

$78,000,051 


1900 


1903 


13  10  I  8 

,2.)2.105  $21,857,072  I  $7,858,069 


124 

$211,031  ' 

2.344 

$1,393,000 

$192,272 


187 

$350,937 

3,903 

$2,982,022 

129. 847 


$74,103,544   $60,058,571 


.1     1,291,456 
.$19,377,049 


125 

$249, 179 

2,581 

$1,549,231 

$391,914 

$16,041,815 

380,168 
$2,331,912 


!126,904. 
$14,041, 


4,871, 
$2,789, 


97, 
$1,981, 


948 
908 


853  ' 
020  1 


.580.978.717  !$80,890,954  $58,418,342 


453.437.035  |442.307,615    412,050, 
$59,240,027  1$71,052,928   .551,494, 


7,045,949 
$306,860 

23,039,687 
513,103,234 

400. 058 
$8. 2(i8.  .590 
$2,404,076 


13,017.613  20.027, 

$578,208  i   $810, 

9,555,948  4,604. 

$5,088,470  $2,590, 

145.000  170, 

$2,971,348  $3,515, 

$1,547,610  


03,003.863 
$8,683,602 

959,755 
$503,799 

18.933 
$252,063 

$12,627,209 

64.883,030 
$10,218,175, 

14,281,313 
$647, 537 

647,075 
$388,237 

68,074 
$1,. 373, 260 
$1,673,640 


Total. 


1  14.9 
44.8 

65.8 
60.0 
12.6 
20  9 
211.9 
61.0 

62.7 
139.8 


8.0 
39.2 
48  9 
45.8 
62.8 


83.5 
60.5 


147.5 
144.5 


6.9 
10.2 


55.0 
27.0 

1.6 
1&6 

112.0 
105.8 

183.6  I 
188.2  I 
'  16.  4  I 


Ores 

only. 


■7.7 
26.6 

104.2 

96.4 

6  4 

20  9 

275.3 
62.4 

46.3 
79.3 


19.9 
36.0 
55.4 


81.8 
60.2 


113.9 
112.9 


120.3 
120.0 


128.4 
128.7 


Matte 

and    ' 
blister      All 

or       other, 
anodes 

only. 


184.4 
■84.0 


322.0 
330.4 


■33.8 
2.2 

8.1  I 

12.9 

112.8 

■21.7 

54.7 

6.1 


■27.3 
7.1 

132.2 
1.2  ' 


1  41. 3  I 

•46.9 

141.1 
131. 4 

175.8 
17a  3  [ 
39.2 


25.0 
I7&2 

49.6 
40.8 
31.2 
92.5 
137.3 
311.8 

239.7 
731.0 


211.6 
237.5 
182.2 
224.5 
98.0 


101.3 
61  7 


407.6 
394  7 


415.4 
683.9 


302.6 


535.1 
404.0 


40.2 
23.2 


611.3 
.568.9 


147.8 
156.0 


1  Decrease. 


Of  the  establishments  wliich  used  ore  only,  21  were 
smelters  alone  and  .3  produced  refined  products.  This 
group  of  establishments  consumed  0,070,017  tons  of 
ore,  as  compared  with  4,143,805  tons  for  1900,  an  in- 
crease of  46.5  per  cent,  and  their  products  were 
34,158  tons  of  refined  copper,  as  compared  with 
47,702  tons  for  1900;  240,954  tons  of  copper  in 
matte  and  blister  or  anodes,  as  compared  with  135,808 
tons  for  1900;  17,545,490  ounces  of  silver,  as  com- 
pared with  10,933,605  ounces  for  1900;    and    290,172 


oimces  of  gold,  as  compared  ^\^th  292,593  ounces 
for  1900. 

•  The  proportions  uhich  the  different  items  of  expend- 
itures, viz,  salaries,  wages,  miscellaneous  expenses,  and 
cost  of  materials,  are  of  the  total  expense  in  the  several 
groups  of  establishments  may  be  deduced  for  com- 
parative purposes.  Table  1 1  shows,  for  1900  and  1905, 
each  item  of  cost  and  tlie  percentage  which  it  forms  of 
the  total  cost  for  each  of  the  foregoing  groups  or  classes 
of  estabhshments. 


108 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  11.— COPPER  SMELTING  AND  REFINING— SALARIES,  WAGES,  MISCELLANEOUS  EXPENSES,  AND  COST  OF 
MATERIALS  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO  KIND  OF  MATERIALS  USED,  WITH  PER 
CENT  WHICH  EACH  ITEM  FORMS  OF  TOTAL:  1905  AND   1900. 


Census. 

1 

TOT.^L. 

Per  cent 
Amount.     1       of 
total. 

1 

ESTABLISHMENTS 
USING   ORES   ONLY. 

ESTABLISHMENTS 
USING     MATTE     AND 
BLISTER   OR  ANODES 
ONLY. 

ALL   OTHER   ESTAB- 
LISHMENTS. 

Amount. 

Per  cent 

of 

total. 

Amount. 

Per  cent 

of 

total. 

Amount. 

Per  cent 

of 

total. 

Total                                    

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

$213. 839, 810 
133,180,380 

100.0 
100.0 

$63,264,534 
39,048,388 

100.0 
100.0 

580,253,899 
75,899,853 

100.0 
100.0 

$70,321,377 
18,232,139 

100.0 

100.0 

•     1,527,382 
954,905 

10,827,043 
8,529,021 

4, 748, 399 
1,522,325 

196,  736, 986 
122,174.129 

0.7 
0.7 

5.1 
6.4 

2.2 
1.2 

92.0 
91.7 

971,628 
494,  695 

6,753,996 
5,586,784 

3,521,146 
938, 139 

52,017,704 
32,028,770 

1.5 
1.3 

10.7 
14.3 

5.6 
2.4 

82.2 
82.0 

204,817 
211,031 

1,091,025 
1,393,006 

297,  406 
192,272 

78,660,651 
74, 103,  544 

0.2 
0.3 

1.4 
1.8 

0.4 
0.3 

98.0 
97. 6 

350,937 
249, 179 

2,982,022 
1,549,231 

929,847 
391,914 

66,058.571 
16,041,815 

0.5 

1.4 
4.3 

8.5 
1.3 

2.1 
93.9 

88.0 

In  each  group  the  proportionate  share  of  the  expense 
represented  by  labor  has  decreased,  the  decrease  being 
relatively  the  largest  in  the  group  designated  as  "all 
other  establishments,"  which  are  establishments  that 
use  both  ores  and  matte,  or  blister  copper,  and  in  gen- 
eral do  both  .smelting  and  refining.  The  labor  factor 
is  largest  in  establishments  using  ore  only  and  smallest 
in  the  establishments  using  matte  and  blister  or  anodes 
only.  Naturally  the  cost  of  materials  used  forms  the 
largest  ])ro])ortionate  sliaro  of  the  expense  in  the  group 
of  establishments  \vhi<li  cliicfly  refine,  a  less  per  cent 
in  the  group  using  iill  chLsses  of  materials,  and  a  still 
less  per  cent  of  the  total  in  the  group  u.sing  ores  only. 

PUODUCT.S. 

The  quantities  and  values  of  the  products  of  the 
smelters  and  refineries,  with  the  number  of  establish- 
ments producing  each  respective  product,  are  shown  in 
detail  in  Tal)le  12  for  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905. 

The  fine  copper  contents  of  matte  does  not  include 
matte  produced  as  an  intermediate  product,  but  only 
matte  produced  and  sold  as  such.  The  matte  prod- 
uct of  the  smelters  .shows  a  decrease  of  55,S90,35.S 
pounds  in  copper  contents,  or  40.6  per  cent,  for  the 
period  1900  to  1905,  while  the  copper  product  of 
smelters  in  form  of  blister  copper  or  anodes  increased 
.342,083,335  pounds,  or  173.6  per  cent.  The  change, 
as  before  noted,  is  due  to  the  more  exteiuied  use  of 
converters  and  the  Bessenieri/.iiig  process.  In  1900 
there  were  21  smelters  wliich  .--oid  liuir  iiiddiict.  in 
whole  or  in  part,  in  llic  fi)riii  df  iniilli'.  while  lor  I'.td.". 
tliere  were  only  12. 

The  smelting  of  21,945,304  ounces  of  silver  was  i-e- 
ported  by  23  cop|)er  smelting  establishmenls  for  1905, 
compared  willi  S,S66,472  ounces  of  silver  by  25  estab- 
lishments in   1900;    and  321,747  ounces  of  gold  bv  22 


establishments  for  1905,  as  against  300,914  ounces  of 
gold  by  23  establishments  in  1900. 

Table  lii. — Copper  smelting  and  refining — products,  by  kind,quan- 
tily.  and  value,  icith  number  of  establishments  reporting:  1 90S  and 
I'MO. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments 
report- 
ing. 

PRODUCTS. 

KIND. 

m''^'su?e.        Q"^""*^- 

Value. 

Aggregate  value. . 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

KK).") 

1 

$240, 780, 216 

165,131,670 

' 

Smelting,  total  value. . . 

88.374,830 



54,275,173 

Fine    copper    con- 
tent .s  oi  i)lister  or 
anodes 

Fine    copper    con- 
tents of  matte. 

15 
15 

12 
21 

23 

Poimd 

Pound 

Pound 

I'ound 

Ounce  fine,. 
Ounce  fine.. 

Ounce  flne.. 
Otuice  fine.. 

539,140,069 
197,05ti,734 

81,732,351 
137,622,709 

21,945,304 

8,86li,472 

321,717 
300,914 

60,163.414 
25,853,917 

9,443,082 
17,511,130 

12.274.779 

Gold. 

H«0               25 
1905               22 

5.020.050 
6,493  555 

Refining,  total  value... 

1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

11105 
1900 

1905 
1900 

23 

5,S'.K),076 
149.711.214 

107, 6.35, 247 

Ingots,  wire.  Itars, 
etc. 

lilue  vilrinl 



13 
18 

6 
7 

9 
11 

li 

Pound 

Potmd 

I'ound 

Potmd 

Ounce  fine.. 
Ounce  fine.. 

Ounce  fine.. 
Ounce  fine. 

933,809,701 
602,69.5,113 

-27,729.!KX) 
27,298,926 

28,115,790 

119,420,862 
94,061,067 

1,120.368 

1,225,745 
16  0.34  8.86 

Gold. 

13,229.911         7,790,985 
taO  207        13  135  09S 

-Ml  otlier  products  . 

224,352 

4,, 556, 850 

2,694,172 
3,221,260 

There  wci-e  9  relineries,  or  smelters  iind  rdineries 
combined,  for  19115  which  icported  a  piodiicl  of  2S,- 
115,790  oiiiices  of  silvei',  as  eomjiared  with  II  relin- 
eries in  190(1,  with  13,229,911  ciuiices  of  silver;  and  7 
re|)uile(l  (i:i(i,207  iiiinces  of  gold,  as  coniiiiired  with  10 


COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC,  SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 


109 


establishments,  with  n  i)i()(hict  of  224,352  ouiiccs  of 
gold  in  1900. 

There  are  two  commercial  methods  of  Imndling  the 
materials  shipped  for  treatment  to  smelters  and  re- 
fineries— they  are  cither  bought  outright  or  treated  on 
a  toll  basis.  The  cost  of  materials  and  the  quantity 
and  value  of  products  shown  in  the  present  report 
combine  both  classes  of  materials — those  I)ought  and 
sold,  as  well  as  those  treated  on  toll.  The  value  of 
the  products  of  materials  treated  on  toll  was  esti- 
mated on  the  basis  of  the  average  prices  reported  by 
other  establishments  in  the  same  locality,  and  the 
cost  of  nuiterials  was  determined  liy  deducting  from 
the  estimated  value  of  the  products  the  tolls  received 
for  treating  them.  The  following  statement  shows 
the  comj)arative  prevalence  of  each  method : 


COPPER  rBODUCTION. 

Total 
(pounds). 

Returned 
to  patrons 
(pounds). 

Sold 
(pounds). 

.Smelters  only ,• 

620,872,420 
933,809,701 

2,942,600 
596,329,063 

617,929,820 

Roftneries,  with  or  without  smelters... 

337,480,038 

For  1905  there  was  received  by  the  smelters  $1 17,680 
on  account  of  contract  smelting,  as  against  S293,901  in 
1900,  and  by  the  refineries  or  smelters  and  refineries 
the  sum  of  $4,S06,0.'?9,  as  again.st  $.3,4.52,8.'5.'5  in  1900; 
a  total  of  .$4,923,719  for  1905  as  compared  with  a  total 
of  •13, 740,816  in  1900,  or  an  increase  of  31.4  per  cent. 

Table  13  shows  the  quantities  of  each  product  for 
the  two  branches  of  the  industry — ^smelting  and  re- 
fining— by  states,  for  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905. 


T.\BLE    l:i.— COPPER   SMELTING   AND    REFINING— PRINCIPAL   PRODUCTS.    I$Y 

STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1905  AND  19(K). 


KIND   AND    QUANTITY,    AND    BY 


STATE   OR  TERRITORY. 


Census. 


United  States. 

Arizona 

California 

Michigan 

New  Jersey   

Utah 

.\11  other  states 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


'  1905 
»1900 


SMELTl«JO. 


Fine  copper 
contents  of 

blister  or 
anodes 

(pounds). 


539,140.069 
197,056.734 


Fine  copper  „., 

contents  ,°"" 

of  matte     I      (o"n«es 


(pounds). 


fine). 


81.732,351  I 
137,622,709  1 


21,945,304 
8,866,472 


Gold 

(ounces 

fine). 


I'jeotf'":''"''     Blue  vitriol 

;;fo'^n"d'/).  (po-'^^)- 


321,747 
300.914 


172,015,713 
75,127.116 


17,010,365 
84,000 


2,930,000 


37,092.778 
6,139,757 


313,021,213 
112,775,861 


15,577,539 
52,832,952 

2,561,660 
25,863,637 


1,371,762 
711,373 


558,883 
427,315 


37,629 
18,074 


14,  ,550 
23.328 


2,741.302 


60.851,850 
58, 926, 120 


301,800 


3.363.431 

88,202 


16,651,228 
7,337,782 


3,453 


109,270 
7.625 


160, 298 
248. 434 


933,809,701 
602,595,113 


27,729,900 
27,298.926 


Silver 

(ounces 

fine). 


Gold 

(ounces 

fine). 


(') 
(') 


173,287.133 
102,001,189 


332,855.640  i 
170,326,925 


28.115.790 
13,229.911 


636.207 
224.352 


9,000 


7.645.949 
1,818.272 


19,241,470 
7,594,285 


356,700 
150,949 


427.666.928 
330.266,999 


20,083,951 
25,4.80,654 


8,865,320 
5,635.626 


279,507 
73.403 


•  Included  in  ''  all  other  states." 

s Includes  states  as  follows:  Colorado,  Idaho.  Maryland,  Montana,  New  York,  Oregon,  Tennessee,  Virginia,  Washington. 

3  Includes    states    as    follows:    Colorado.  Connecticut,  Illinois,   Maryland,  Montana,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  New   York,  South  Dakota.  Tennessee,  Virginia, 
Washington. 


Tlie  state  of  New  Jersey  continues  to  be  the  largest 
j)ro(lucer  of  refined  copper  with  a  large  gain  in  its  pro- 
portion of  the  total,  its  product  constituting  35.6  per 
cent  of  the  total  in  1905  and  28.3  per  cent  in  1900. 
The  refining  industry  in  the  state  of  New  York  has  also 
made  a  very  heavy  advance,  so  that  tiie  states  of  New 
Jersey  and  New  York  refined  nearly  two-thirds  of  the 
coj)))er  product  of  the  country.  Michigan  was  third 
and  Maryland  fourth. 

The  states  west  of  the  Mississippi  river  produced 
615,538,323  pounds  of  the  fine  cojjper  contents  of 
blister  or  anodes  and  matte,  out  of  the  total  of 
620,872,420  pounds,  or  99.1  per  cent,  compared  with 
98  per  cent  in  1900. 


PROCESS    EMPLOYED — S.MELTIXG,    REFIVIXG,    AND 
SMELTING   AND   REFINING. 

Table  14  presents  the  comparative  statistics  for  1900 
and  1905  for  the  establishments  grouped  according  to 
process  employed — tliose  doing  smelting  only,  those 
doing  refining  only,  and  those  doing  both  smelting  and 
refining — with  the  per  cent  of  increase  for  each  group. 

A  comparison  of  the  statistics  shows  a  movement 
toward  a  separation  of  smelting  and  refining.  There 
was  a  decrease  of  36.2  per  cent  in  the  capital  invested  in 
refineries  and  in  smelters  combined  with  refineries,  and 
an  increase  of  185.6  per  cent  in  the  capital  invested 
in  smelters;  and  the  average  number  of  wase-earners 


IIU 


MANUFACTURES. 


emploved  by  refineries  and  by  smelters  combined  with 
refineries  shows  a  decrease  from  7,121  for  1900  to  4,327 
for  190.5,  or  39.2  per  cent,  while  the  average  number  of 
wage-earners  employed  by  smelters  only  has  increased 
100. .5  per  cent.  The  movement  toward  a  separation 
of  the  two  branches  of  the  industry  is  further  shown  by 
the  materials  used.  In  1900  the  refineries  and  the 
smelters  combined  with  refineries  handled  2,403,547 
tons  of  ore,  costing  §12,849,737,  or  an  average  of  $5.35 
per  ton,  and  the  establishments  doing  smelting  only 


handled  2,120,486  tons  of  ore  of  an  average  cost  of 
So. 82  per  ton.  For  1905,  however,  the  smelters  com- 
bined with  refineries  handled  461,022  tons  of  ore  of  an 
average  cost  of  S45.12  per  ton  and  the  detached 
smelters  6,900,451  tons  of  an  average  cost  of 
$5.74  per  ton.  That  is,  an  increasing  proportion 
of  the  smelting  is  being  done  by  establishments  which 
do  smelting  only,  and  the  ores  that  go  to  establish- 
ments doing  smelting  and  refining  are  high-grade  ores 
or  concentrates. 


Table  14.— COPPER   SMELTING   AND    REFINING— EST.\BLISHMENTS     CLASSIFIED    ACCORDING    TO   PROCESS 

EMPLOYED:  1905  AND  1900. 


TOTAL. 

SMELTING. 

REFINING. 

SMELTING  AND 
REFINING. 

PER 

CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

190S 

1900 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

Total. 

Smells 
ing. 

Refill- 
ing. 

Smelt- 
ing and 
refin- 
ing. 

Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried   officials,  clerks,  etc., 

number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number. 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Ores  and  concentrates- 

40 
$76,824,640 

809 

$1,527,382 

12,  752 

$10,827,043 

$4,748,399 

$196,736,986 

7,361,473 
$60,402,094 

401,872 
$115,3,83.933 

S20. 9.50, 959 
$240,780,216 

$88,374,830 

.539,140,069 
$60, 163, 414 

47 
$53,063,395 

488 

$954,905 

11,324 

$8,529,021 

$1,522,325 

$122,174,129 

4,524.033 
$25,190,522 

372.066 
$82,915,085 
$14,068,522 
$165,131,670 
$54,275,173 

197,056,734 

27 
$55,337,938 

525 

$1,052,370 

8,425 

$8,220,168 

$3,393,795 

$56,344,4.53 

6,900,451 
$39,600,927 

20,657 

$3,602,284 

$13,241,242 

$88,374,830 

$88,374,830 

.539,140,069 
$60,163,414 

81,732,351 
$9,443,082 

21,945.304 
$12,274,779 

321,747 
$6,493,555 

27 
$19,375,065 

221 

$435,784 

4,203 

$3,576,429 

$621,573 

$18,558,130 

2,120,486 
$12,340,785 

3,250 

$621,393 

$5,595,952 

$38,173,276 

$38,173,276 

88,263,325 
$11,623,280 

137, 359,  799 

5 
$9,300,804 

133 

$202, 317 

2,041 

$1,089,025 

$296,406 

$78,648,531 

IS 
$12,166,962 

180 

$335,526 

3,213 

$1,895,705 

$388,243 

$80,268,059 

54,099 

8 
$12,185,898 

151 

$272,695 

2,286 

81,517,850 

$1,058,198 

$61,744,002 

461.022 

5 
$21,521,368 

87 

$183,595 

3,908 

$3,056,887 

$512,509 

$23,347,940 

2,349,448 
$12,372,733 

19,135 
$4,580,001 
$6,395,206 
$36, 790, 158 
$16,101,897 

108,793,409 
$14,230,637 

262,910 
$38,542 

2,870,580 
$1,556,815 

13,798 

$275, 903 

$19,014,621 

126.664,468 
$17,040,564 

1,281,313 
$47,537 

3,026,888 
$1,714,278 

10,612 

$212,242 

$1,673,640 

U4.9 

44.8 

65.8 
60.0 
12.6 
26.9 
211.9 
61.0 

62.7 
139.8 

8.0 
39.2 
48.9 
45.8 
62.8 

173.6 
132.7 

140.6 
146.1 

147.5 
144.5 

6.9 
10.2 
39.1 

55.0 
27.0 

1.6 
18.6 

112.5 
105.8 

183.6 
188.2 
116.4 

'  'iss.'s' 

137.6 
141.5 
100.5 
129.8 
446.0 
203.6 

?25.4 
220.9 

535.6 
463.6 
136.6 
131.5 
131.5 

510.8 
417.6 

140.5 
146.0 

266.0 
254.4 

12.1 
15.7 

166.7 
123.6 

■26.1 
139.7 
136.5 
142.6 
123.7 
12.0 

134.4 
10.4 

141.3 
17.5 

60.0 
'43.4 

73.6 
48.5 
141.5 
150.3 
106.5 
164.4 

180.4 

Cost 

$477,004   $20,801,167 

68.1 

Matte  and  blister  oranodes— 

Tons 

Cost 

All  other  materials 

Products,  aggregate  value 

Smelting,  total  value 

Fine  copper  contents  of 
blister  or  anodes- 

229,504 

$77,428,166 

81,220.365 

$83,427,613 

349,681 

$77,713,691 

$2, 077, 364 

$90,168,236 

151,711 

$34,4.53,483 

$6,489  a52 

$68,977,773 

m 

692.8 

652.3 

1.5 

87.5 

Fine  copper  contents  of 
matte — 

81.732,351      137,622,709 
$9,443,082     $17,511,130 

1 
'>!  045  304         8  8fift  47^ 

m 

$17,472,588 

5,995,892 
$3,463,235 

287,116 
$5,614,173 

Silver- 

m 

$12,274,779 

$5,020,050 
.inn  ail 

Gold— 

« 

$6,493,555  1    $5,890,076 
$149,711,214  »in7. 6.15. '247 

Refining,  total  value 

Ingots,  wire,  bars,  etc.— 

$80,903,537 

453, 356,  .531 
$59, 231,, 595 

7,645,949 
$306,  .SOO 

23,029,3.% 
$13, 157,  .568 

400,00-1 
$8,267,514 
$2,464,076 

$i«,620,626   $68,747,677 

475,930,645    480,4,53,170 
$77,021,103    860.189.267 

18.6 

14.7 
123.1 

170.6 
174.0 

125.7 
116.5 

87.1 
90.3 
.59.2 

261.5 

9.13,809,701 
$119,420,862 

27,729,900 
$1,120,368 

28,115,790 
$16,034,886 

636,207 

$13.  i:«,n98 

$2,694,172 

602  595, 113 
$94,061,667 

27,298,926 
$1,225,745 

13,229,911 
$7,790,985 

224,  a52 
$•1, .5.56, 850 
$3,221,2.50 

279.3 

253.2 

Blue  vitriol— 

26,017.613 
$1,178,208 

20,083,951 
$8 13. .508 

1,467.5 

1,611.3 

Sllver- 

10,203,023  '    5,086,404 
$6,070,707  ,  $2,877,318 

213,740          236,203 
$4,314,608  1  $4, 867,  .584 
$1,547,610         $2,30.09(1 

68.0 

67.8 

r.  old- 

2,125.8 

2,193.4 

All  other  products 

186.3 

>  Decrease. 

•  The  contents  of  Intermediate  products  of  smeltinc  department  which  constituted  material  for  refining  was:  Copper,  12,578,417  pounds;  silver,  485,598  ounces 


fine;  gold.  06,086  ounces  &ni\ 

Table  15  shows,  for  the  censuses  of  1000  and  1005, 
the  items  of  expense  and  the  percentage  wliicli  each 
is  of  the  total  for  the  establishments  in  cncli  of  liic 
groups  given  in  Tables  14. 

In  the  case  of  estalilisluucnts  doing  smelting  only 
the  proportional  expenditure  for  labor  is  larger  than  in 
thr-  cn.se  of  refineries  and   lliat    fnr  iniilerial  less.     In 


all  groups  the  proportional  exiienditure  for  labor  shows 
a  decrease  for  1905  over  1000  and  tiial  for  materials, 
nil  iiii  reuse;  Mild  rurlluM'.  llie  proportional  ('X])('n(litures 
for  lai)or  and  materials  for  establishments  doing  both 
smelting  and  refining  is  ajiproaciiing  tiiat  of  the  eslab- 
lisiiments  which  do  refining  only. 


COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC,  SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 


Ill 


Table  1.->.— COPPER  SMELTING  AND  REFINING— SALARIES,  WAGES,  MISCELLANEOUS  EXPENSES,  AND  COST 
OF  MATERLVLS  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO  PROCESS  EMPLOYED,  WITH  PER 
CENT  WHICH  EACH  ITEM  FORMS  OF  TOTAL:  1905  AND  1900. 


Census. 

TOT.M.. 

SMELTING. 

;iEnNiNG. 

SMELTING  AND  REFIN- 
ING. 

Amount. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

Amount. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

Amount. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

Amount. 

Per  cent 
of  total . 

Total       .    .            

1S05 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

$213,839,810 
133,180,380 

100.0 
100.0 

$69,010,786 
23.191,916 

100.0 

100.0 

J80, 2.36, 279 
82,887,533 

100.0 
100.0 

$64,692,745 
27,100,931 

100.0 

100.0 

1,527.382 
954. 905 

10,827,043 
8,529,021 

4,748,399 
1,622,325 

19e,730,98B 
122, 174, 129 

0.7 
0.7 

5.1 
6.4 

2.2 
1.2 

92.0 

91.7 

1,0.52,370 
435,784 

8.220,168 
3,676,429 

3,393,795 
621,673 

66,344,453 
18,668,1.30 

1.5 
1.9 

11.9 
15.4 

4.9 

2.7 

81.7 
80.0 

202.317 
335, 526 

1.089,025 
1,895,705 

296.  iOt) 
388,243 

78,648.531 
80,2(i8,069 

0.2 
0.4 

1.4 
2.3 

0.4 
0.5 

98.0 
96.8 

272,695 
183,505 

1,517,850 
3,056,887 

1,058,198 
512,509 

61,744.002 
23,347,940 

0.4 

Wages 

0.7 

2.4 
11.3 

1.6 

1.9 
95.6 

86.1 

GROSS   AND    NET    VALUE   OF    PRODUCTS. 

The  vahies  of  products  hereinboforo  considered  are 
the  net  vaUies  at  the  works.  In  making  the  canvass  foi- 
the  census  of  1905  it  was  desired  to  ascertain  the  gross 
vahie  of  tlie  products  as  well  as  the  net  amount  received, 
the  former  being  the  net  value,  plus  the  amount  paid 


for  treatment,  and  for  freight  on  the  product  to  the 
smelter  or  refinery,  and  for  commissions  and  selling 
expense. 

Table  16  shows,  for  the  census  of  1905,  the  gross  and 
net  values  of  products  and  the  deductions  for  refining 
tolls,  freight,  and  selling  expense  for  establishments 
reporting  the  same,  by  states. 


Table    UJ.— COPPER   SMELTING   AND   REFINING— ESTABLISHMENTS    REPORTING   GROSS  AND   NET   VALUES   OF 

PRODUCTS:  1905. 


Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


AU  establishments 

Establishments  reporting  gross  and  net 

values 

Smelters,  total 

.\rizona 

Utah , 

.\11  other  states  = 

Smelters  and  refineries ' 


Total  gross 
value. 


$146,775,665 
90,880,376 
25, 300, 424 
9,  l.W,  100 
56,429,852 
54,895,189 


Copper  and  copper  con- 
tents. 


Pounds. 


939,211,635 
572,290,970 
187,593,2.52 
39, 834, 080 
344, 863,  6.3.S 
366,920,665 


Gold,  sil- 
ver, and 
other  prod- 
ucts, 
Gross  value,  gross  value. 


$119,503,347    $26,272,218 


72, 623, 376 
23,688,231 
5.001,201 
43, 933, 944 
46, 879, 971 


18,257,000 
1,612,193 
4,148,899 

12, 495, 908 
8,015,218 


DEDUCTIONS. 


Total. 


1  $10, 347, 562 
1 9, 127, 967 
12,538,443 
'651,144 
15,938,380 
11,219,696 


Tolls  paid 

for  Freight, 

refining. 


$4,458,851 

4,417,458 

1,086,673 

209,090 

3,121,695 

41,393 


Commis- 
sions and 
selling  ex- 
penses. 


Products, 
net  value. 


$2,825,057 

2,773,413 

873,267 

178.484 

1,721,662  I 

61,644  , 


$1,447,680 

1,421,254 

404,737 

44,610 

971,907 

26,426 


$240,780,216 

135,428,003 
81,752,409 
22,761,981 
8.498,956 
50,491,472 
63, 676, 594 


1  Includes  $1,615,974  of  deductions  not  reported  in  detail.    This  total  was  distributed  as  follows:  Smelters,  $515,842— Arizona,  $173,766;  Utah,  $218,960;  "all  other 
states"  $123,116— smelters  and  refineries,  $1,100,132. 

-  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  California,  2;  Colorado,  2;  Idaho,  1;  Montana,  4;  Oregon,  1;  Virginia,  1:  Washington,  1. 
'  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  1;  Miclrigan,  3;  New  York,  1;  Tennessee,  1. 


There  were  24  of  the  27  smelting  establishments 
which  reporteil  gross  and  net  values,  and  5  of  the  8 
smelters  and  refineries,  or  a  total  of  29  out  of  the  40 
establishments.  The  total  products  with  a  net  value 
of  $135,428,003  are  the  products  against  which  deduc- 
tions were  reported,  the  deductions  aggregating 
$10,347,562.  Of  this  amount  $1,615,974  was  reported 
without  any  distribution  being  made  between  tolls 
paid  for  refining,  freight,  or  commissions  and  selling 
expenses,  hence  it  is  included  in  the  total  amount  of 
deductions  but  not  in  the  segregated  columns.     If  the 


deductions  are  all  charged  against  the  copper,  it  gives  an 
average  of  1.1  cents  per  pound  of  copper  for  the  aver- 
age expense  of  marketing  the  copper  product  of  the 
smelters. 

The  detailed  statistics  for  the  copper  smelting  and 
refining  industry  at  the  census  of  1905  are  given  in 
Table  17.  The  amount  received  for  contract  smelting 
and  refining  is  given,  but  the  ores  thus  treated  are  in- 
cludetl  m  the  quantities  and  values  of  the  materials  and 
products. 


112 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  IT.— COPPER   S^rELTI^■CI   AND   REFINING— DETAILED   SUMMARY,  BY   STATES  AND  TERRITORIES;  1905. 


United  States, 

Arizona. 

California. 

Michigan. 

New  Jersey. 

Utah. 

All  other 
states.i 

40 
$76,824,640 
$2,776,114 
$18,962,965 
$15,815,148 
$39,270,413 
1 

809 
$1,527,382 

39 
$205,535 

770 
$1,321,847 

745 
$1,298,827 

25 
$23,020 

15,349 

10.614 

12.752 

$10,827,043 

12.702 
810,808.442 

50 
$18,601 

11,928 
12, 170 
12, 441 
12.  SIX) 
13.031 
13,092 
12,716 
12, 682 
12,627 
12,954 
12,872 
13,051 

49 
S3 
52 
44 
53 
48 
48 
51 
42 
54 
54 
52 
$4,748,399 
$1,342,753 
$374,810 

$2,913,435 

$117,401 

$196,736,986 

7.361.473 
$60,402,094 

29.265 
$4,135,742 

372,607 

$111,248,191 

$.5,783,984 

$10,061,427 

$119,484 

$621.6,53 

$2, 572,  .563 

$1,791,848 

$240,780,216 

$88,374,8.30 

620.872,420 
$69,006,490 

21, 945,  .304 
$12,274,779 

.321.747 

$6.493.6.55 

$117,680 

7 

$9,340,839 

$420,000 

$1,762,285 
$2,490,117 
$4, 668, 437 

3 

$946,000 
87.000 
$141,000 
8183.000 
$615,000 

3 

82.378.315 

825S.  727 

8399.000 

81.304.041 

$416,547 

5 

$7,892,904 
8386.250 
81.522.810 
$3,521,940 
82.461.904 

5 
$3,584,788 

$107. 478 
$1,287,679 
81.208,372 

8981,259 

17 

$52,681,794 

81.596,659 

$13,850,191 

$7, 107. 678 

$30,127,206 

1 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

107 
$218,402 

17 
861,045 

90 
8157.357 

89 
$155,557 

1 
$1,800 

3,102 

1,899 

1               2.349 

$2,050,409 

2,348 
$2,050,049 

1 
$360 

2,192 
2,241 
2,523 
2,863 
2,771 
2,607 
2,077 
2,082 
2,016 
2,243 
2,243 
2,318 

i                      1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

$828,097 

$4,935 

$95, 367 

$623, 394 

$104,401 

$12,486,782 

1.231,4(a 
$8,398,494 

3,349 
$387,351 

1 

21 
$34,867 

37 
850.703 

102 
$129.  Is7 

1 
$6,000 

101 
$123, 187 

99 

$121,787 

■■) 
$1,400 

1,464 

1,048 

1.243 

8644. 577 

1.243 
$644,577 

32 
S97, 850 

4 
$21,500 

28 
$76,350 

26 

$74,600 

0 

$1,750 

1.758 

1.121 

1.416 

81.016,052 

1,416 
81,016,052 

510 

$996,313 

Officers  of  corporations- 

17 

$116,990 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc.— 

Total  nuraber.   . .                   .■ 

21 
$34,867 

21 
$34,867 

37 
$50,763 

37 
$50, 703 

493 

$879, 323 

Men- 

473 

$861,253 

Worn  en— 

20 

$18. 070 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

433 

393 

413 

8401.240 

413 
$401,240 

697 

611 

650 

8454,943 

650 
$454,943 

7,895 
5,542 

Average  number              -                

6,681 

$6, 259. 822 

Men  16  years  and  over- 

6.632 

Wages                                       

86,241,581 

Children  under  lt>  years- 

49 

$18,241 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed 
during  each  month: 
Men  10  years  and  over — 

427 
413 
395 
397 
408 
412 
422 
416 
415 
423 
418 
410 

643 
637 
636 
672 
689 
693 
643 
667 
646 
636 
616 
622 

1,155 
1,166 
1,197 
1,236 
1,214 
1,219 
1,269 
1,272 
1,271 
1,297 
1,324 
1,296 

• 

1,133 
1,196 
1,297 
1,380 
1,451 
1,595 
1,656 
1,467 
1,427 
1,469 
1,489 
1.432 

6,378 

6,517 

March                                                                             .  , 

6,393 

6.312 

May                                                                   

6,498 

6,566 

July         .                                                              

6,649 

6,778 

September.                                    .  .,        

6,852 

6,886 

November.--                                   

6,782 

6,973 

Children  under  16  years- 

48 

52 

51 

43 

Ma  v 

52 

47 

Julv 

47 

50 

September 

41 

53 

53 

51 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total. 

$77,383 

$407,119 

$275,705 

$63,453 

$120 

$17,  406 

$45,927 

$3,096,642 

$1,337,698 

Taxes. 

$29,041 
$48, 342 

$10,826 
$396, 293 

$16,162 
$259,543 

$206,008 

Rent  of  offices,  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses 
not  hitherto  included                                       .          .... 

$1,, 539. 936 

$13,000 

Materials  used   total  cost...           .                 .   .          

$1,317,972 

270,006 
$826,031 



$18,807,701 

»  128, 119 
$16,347,513 

$58,811,990 

345 
$5, 104 

2.796 
$14,160 

109,435 

$57,824,166 

$36,621 

$480,709 

$5,133,999 

744,929 
$3,468,371 

5,488 
$204,933 

$100,178,542 

On^s  and  ccmcentratcs— 

Tons.                                       

4,986,606 

$31,3.56.581 

Matte,  purchased— 
Tons 

17.632 

Cost 

$3, 529, 298 

Blister  or  anodes,  purchased— 

9,000 

$2,052,000 

$38, 141 

$296,720 

194, 172 

Cost 

$51,372,025 

Flux  and  other  materials  operated  upon 

I         $373, 194 
$2,8*>U,294 

$197,590 
$243,972 

$23,400 
$2,979 

$24,000 

■$2,'583,'524' 
$2,  .583, 624 

19,572,025 
$1,973,842 

658,883 
$318,684 

14,550 
$290,998 

$88,474 
$1,018,479 

$27,000 
$107,278 
$219,464 

$5,049,964 

Fuel 

$5,155,247 
$09,084 

;            $97,476 

j          $244,224 

$119,749 

■    $22,761,981 

$22,6117.806 

187.693.2,52 
$21,149,788 

1,371,762 
i          $789,908 

37,029 
$7.58,060 

$2,947 
$70,374 

"$2i,'222,'2i7' 

$i2,876 

$409,893 

$28,467 

$62,796,613 

$398. 108 

All  olh<T  materials 

Fn-iKht 

ProdiK'iM,  itKKTOf^nUi  value 

$1,(K)4,608 
$1,643,632 

$8,408,966 
$8,488,088 

39,834,080 
$4,351,061 

3.363,431 
$1,919,819 

109,270 

$2,217,208 
$,3S.67II 

$122,917,925 
$.54,605,412 

Fin»-  CftpiKTCont^'ntfl— 

373.873.063 

$42, 131,806 

Sllvrr- 

Oiinri'ft  flnP 

16,661,228 

$9,246,308 

(lold- 

160,298 

V'liliu-                                                       

$3,227,299 

Amniint  n-iwlvcrl  foroontnic-t  work  • 

$79,010 

■  Inchi'l'n  oilalilliihmr'ntci  >lliitrll>ut>-(l  ns  (ollowa:  Colorndo,  3:  Idnhi 
InKtiin.  1 

>  ■Mlnirnl." 

'  Not  Included  In  iiii-  i..irii  ..r  ngKregttto  vnliii'. 


,  1;  Miirylnnd.  1;  Montiinn,  6:  Ni'wYork.2:  Orogon.  1;  Tennessee,  2;  Virginia,!;  Wnsli- 


COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC,  SMELTING  AND  REFINING.  113 

Table  17.— COPPER  SMELTING  AND  KKKI.N'ING— DICTAiLED  Sl'MMAltV,  liY  STATE.S  AXI)  TKIUUToRTKS-  irifi,-,_r,,n. 


ITnited  States. 

.\  rizona. 
$2,775 

California. 

Michigan. 

New  Jersey. 

Utah. 

All  uther 
states. 

Products— Continued. 

Refineries  and  smelters  combined  with  refineries,  total  value. . 

$149,711,214 

93.'!.SO9.701 
$119,420,862 

28.115.790 
$16,034,886 

036.207 
$13,135,098 

27.729.900 
$1.120,,368 
.52.694,172 
$4,806,039 

37 

85,828 

320 
61,402 

19 
1,274 

21 
9,400 

331 
9,304 
1,333 

70 

3,115 

956 

$21,222,217 

173,287,133 
$21,217,267 

9,000 
$4,950 

$61,585,537 

332.855,640 
$42,907,595 

19,241,470 
$10,999,568 

356,700 
$7,371,514 

7.645,949 

$306,860 

$1,210,076 

$1,091,454 

3 

5,575 

22 

5,295 

$66,900,085 
427.6U<).928 

Ingots,  bars,  wire,  etc.— 

$55,296,000 

Silver— 

1 

8.805,320 

$5,030,368 

Gold- 

279,507 

Value                              

$5, 763,. 584 

Blue  vitriol— 

,56,151 

$2,775 

$61,400 

20,027,800 

$810,733 

$10,868 

$1,411,828 

$3,714,585 

Power: 

NuinlxT  of  establishments  reporting 

7 
20,245 

GO 
13,999 

16 
1 .  205 

4 
95 

115 

4,590 

350 

3 
2,714 

10 
1,8.50 

1 
44 

3 
546 

13 

460 

4 
3,173 

11 
1,690 

17 

53,575 

Owned— 

Engines- 
Steam- 

204 

Horsepower 

38,108 

Gas  and  gasoline- 

2 

::::;:;;;::::;::::::::: 

25 

Water  wheels— 

17 

9,305 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

12 

270 

5 

86 

54 
280 

4 

50 
983 

25 
450 

141 

4,022 

Rented  — 

Electric  motors— 

16 
550 

1 

29 



i'm 

2,115 

800 

16 



1  Not  included  in  tile  total  or  aggregate  value. 


LEAD  SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 

The  SPn^r^il  statistics  of  the  lead  smelting  industry 
are  shown  in  Table  18  for  the  censuses  of  1900  and 
190.'5,  and  the  per  cent  of  increase  of  the  various 
items. 

T.^BLE  18. — Lead  smcltintj and  refining — comparalive  summary,  uilh 
per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


1903 


Nunilier  of  estaljiisiinients 32 

Capital '    $63, 822, 810 

Salaried  oHicials,  clerks,  etc..  number. . . .  524 

Salaries $887. 602 

\Vage-eamers,  average  number 7, 573 

Total  wages $5, 374. 691 

Men  16  years  and  over 7,506 

Wages $5, 371, 031 

Women  16  years  and  over 7 

Wages S3, 600 

Children  under  16  years. 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses $897,876 

Cost  of  materials  used S168, 958, 076 

Value  of  products $185,826,839 


1900 


$72,148,933 

425 

$754,913 

S,319 

$5,088.  6,S4 

8,312 

$5,086,704 


$1,980 

$l,10ti.210 

$144, 195. 163 

$175,406,304 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


117.9 

111.5 

23.3 

17.  0 

19.0 

5.6 

»9.0 

5.6 


123.0 
17.2 
5.9 


1  Decrease. 

Table   IS  includes  onlv  active  establishments.     In 


addition  there  were  3  idle  establishments  reported  at 
the  census  of  190.5,  located  1  in  California,  1  in  Colo- 
rado, and  1  in  New  Mexico,  which  reported  capital 
investment  and  power  ec(uipment  as  follows: 

T.\BLE   19. — Lead  smelling  and  refining — idle  establishments:  1905. 

Number  of  establishments 3 

Capital,  total .5326.400 

Land $6,800 

Buildings $I52.«I0 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements $167,000 

Power  owned : 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Engines,  steam — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 


3 

%5 


5 
666 


3 

300 


At  the  census  of  1900  there  were  3  idle  establish- 
ments wdth  a  capital  of  $629,871,  located  1  in  Missouri, 
1  in  Nevada,  and  1  in  Utah. 

The  statistics  conijiiled  at  the  census  of  1890  were 
not  in  conformity  W'ith  the  methods  follo\ved  in  com- 
piling the  statistics  for  manufactures  for  1900  and  1905, 
and  therefore  can  not  be  used  for  purposes  of  com- 
parison, but  Table  20  .shows  the  totals  for  the  lead 
smelting  and  refining  works  as  reported  at  that  census. 


114 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  20. — Lead  smelting  and  refining :  1S90. 

Expenditures,  total $11. 457. 367 

Wages 84,228.634 

Sala  Ties S510, 716 

Supplies  and  materials S5. 154. 682 

Rent,  insurance,  taxes,  etc §1.489.715 

Contractors 573,620 

Number  of  employees: 

Office  force 249 

Foremen 173 

Mechanics 354 

Laborers 5. 565 

Boys 9 

Average  daily  wages: 

Foremen". S3. 98 

Mechanics S2.  93 

Laborers S2. 15 

Boys 50.50 

Average  days  employed : 

Foremen 337 

Mechanics 322 

La  borers 307 

Boys 336 

Products: 

Refined  lead  (tons) 182.967 

Fine  copper  in  matte  (pounds) 4. 195. 929 

Stock: 

Base  bullion  (tons).  January  1. 1889 1.474 

Base  bullion  (tonsj.  January  1.  1S90 4.730 

Refined  lead  (tonsi.  January  1.  1SS9 12.058 

Refined  lead  (tons),  January  1.  1S90 9,230 

The  lead  product  reported  at  the  census  of  1900,  as 
compared  with  that  of  1890,  increased  60.7  per  cent, 
and  at  the  census  of  1905  as  compared  with  that  of 
1900,  33.2  per  cent.  On  account  of  the  different 
methods  of  treating  the  smeUing  industry  prior  to 
1890,  census  figures  comparable  with  those  for  1900 
and  1905  are  not  available,  but  the  statistics  of  lead 
production,  as  compiled  by  the  Geological  Survey  since 
1873,  are  presented  in  Table  21. 

Table  '21. — Production  of  refined  lead  in  the  United  States:  1S73 

to  1904. ^ 


Table  '21.- 


-Prndiiction  of  refined  lead  in  the  United  Slates:  IST.i  to 
1304— Continued. 


YEAR. 

Total 
(tons) . 

Desilver- 
ized lead 
(tons). 

Soft 

lead 

(tons) . 

1904 

404,453 
378,518 
377,061 
381,688 
377,679 
304,392 

315,284 
295,074 
303,011 
323,790 
329, 658 
263.826 

89  169 

1903 

83^444 
74,050 
57, 898 
48,021 
40  %6 

1902 

1901 

1900 

1899 

1808 

310,021 
291,0:16 
264,994 

1897 

1806 

247.483        43,553 
221,4.i7        43,537 
201  99^       39  890 

1805 

241,882 
219,090 
229,333 
213,262 
202,406 
161,754 
182,967 
180,  .'i55 
160,700 
135, 629 
129,412 
139,897 

1804 

1803 

19fi,820       32,513 

1802 

1801 

171  OOq        31   tQ7 

1800 

130,403       31,351 
153,709       29,2.58 
151,465       29,090 

1880 

1888 

1887 ■. 

•38C 

114,829       20,800 
107,437  .    21,975 
119,965        19.9:12 

les.'s 

1884 

'  I'niled  StateH  Geological  Survey, 
V.tH  and  1900. 


Mineral  HesourMsiif  the  Tnited States," 


VE.\R. 

Total 
(tons). 

Desilver- 
ized lead 
(tons). 

Soft 

lead 

(tons). 

1883 

143,957 
132,890 
117,085 
97,825 
92,780 
91,060 
81,900 
64,070 
59,640 
52,080 
42,540 

122,157 

103,875 
86,315 
70. 135 
64.650 
64,290 
50,748 
37,649 
34,909 

21,800 

1882 

29,015 

1881 

1880 

27,690 
28,130 
26, 770 
31  152 

1879 

1878 

1877 

1876 

26, 421 
24,731 

1875 

1874 

1873 

20,159 

22,381 

The  total  production  of  refined  lead  as  reported  at 
the  census  of  1905  is  391,530  tons,  or  12,923  tons  less 
than  the  total  shown  for  the  calendar  year  1904  in 
Table  21,  due  chiefly  to  the  fact  that  the  periods  cov- 
ered are  not  identical.  The  returns  of  the  Geolog- 
ical Survey  are  for  the  calendar  year,  while  the  reports 
for  the  Census  Office  cover  the  fiscal  year  of  the  cor- 
porations reporting,  which  in  only  a  few  cases  is  the 
calendar  year. 

The  production  of  refined  lead,  as  shown  by  the 
Census  reports,  is  given  in  Table  22  for  the  censuses 
of  1900  and  1905.  To  avoitl  disclosmg  individual 
operations,  statistics  by  states  can  be  shown  only  for 
Missouri  in  this  and  all  other  detailed  tables. 

Table  '2'2. — Lead  smelting  aw/  refining — production  of  refined  lead, 
by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

Cen- 
sus. 

Total 
(tons). 

Soft  lead 
(tons). 

Hard  or   f"f!'" 
antimo-    '^^'V"' 

United  States 

1905 

391,530 

84,864 
45, 237 

11,053 
8,393 

294,713 
240,335 

1900 
1905 

293,965 

.">:!.  S4n 

.i3.840 
41.976 

31,024 
3,261 

1900     1       41.976 

11905 
n900 

337,690 
251,989 

11,953 
8,393 

240,335 

1  IncliKii's  states  as  follows:  California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Illinois.  Iowa,  Kan- 
sas. Montana.  Nehraska,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania.  Texas,  Utah,  Washington, 
Wisi^oiKsin. 

3  Ineliules  states  as  follows:  California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Illinois.  Iowa, 
Kansas.  Montana.  Nebraska,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico,  Texas,  Utah,  Virginia, 
Washington. 

rilK    INUX^STIIY.    HV   STATES. 

Tahic  2:5  presents  the  <j:eneral  statistics  by  states  for 
1900  and  1005. 


Tabi.k  23.-  LF.AI)  SMKI/riNC   AM>   1U-:K IMXG— COMPAllATIVK  SUMMAKY,  liV  STATKS:  1905  AM>   1!KX). 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 

estal)-        fiipitiil. 
Ilsh 

inenls. 

SALAKltll   UKmi.M..S.       «  AOE-EARNERS  AKD' 
CLERKS,  ET<-.                            WAGES. 

Miscella- 
neous 
expenses. 

Coat  of 

nuitoriuls 

used. 

Value  of 

N„„,„er.     salaries.    ,  ;^;;;;^ag.. 

Wages. 

Iirodncts. 

I'nKwl  .mniei 

IMS 

leoo 

32      $63,822,810 
30        72,148,033 

824         1887.602  '         7.  ."3 
423          75.1, '.i|:i           s.:ii',i 

»5, 374, 091 

$807,870 
1,160,210 

> $168, 058. 076 
1169,703.366 

1  $185, 820, 839 
'200.974.507 

MisRoiiri . 

All  other  atnto. 

"4r, 

8           1,341,202 
II  i            044,A;<g 

24         62.481.518 
28  1      71,204,304 

41  1        iv.'.i::             iv.i 
ar,  1       47.:iui          .i7.i 

483  ;         807, 621            7.0M 
,            300          707,5.53           7,848 

■.'7.'.,'.I1J 
2.W,590 

5,098,770 
4,833,004 

64,486 
41,685 

833,  .390 
•1,124,045 

4.683.846 
3,317,558 

164.274.2:10 
160,385,808 

5.473,586 
3. 852, 435 

180,353,253 
197,122,072 

I  rnri- 
prodticf 

'In. 
F'ennayl\,t 


'">■'  ■  "I'l''  "(  products  of  $1,036,848  tor  lOM  nnd  of  $25,,'i<)S.2fl3  for  1900.    The  latter  amount  represents  Intcmiedlato 

Hows:  CiilUorniB,  1;  Colorado.  7;  Idaho,  I;  Illinois,  3:  Iowa,  I:  Kansas,  1;  Montana,  1;  Noliranka,  1;  New  .Jersey,  2; 
|■^.|-.l.  '  I.U..  1     »  ,.-..ii,k'ion,  2;  WlwonHln,  I. 
■Inrhidrsesiniillshmentsdiitril.uli'd  111  follows:  Culir.irnla,  I;  Colorado,  8:  Idaho,  I;  Illinois,  2;  Iowa,  I;  Kansas,  2:  Mnriliina,  :i;  Ncl.niska.  I;  New  Jersey.  2; 
New  .Mexico,  1:   Icxas,  I;  Clah,  2;  VirKinlii.  I:  WashlnKton,  2. 


COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC,  SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 


J].") 


Table  24  presents   the  statistics  for  the  establish-  |  of  the  Mississip])i  river,  for   1900  and   IDOo,  with  the 
inents  grouped  according  to  location,  east  and  west  |  respective  per  cents  of  increase. 

taulk  a4.— lead  smelting  and  hekining— comparative  summary  of  establishments,  by  location, 

EAST  AND  WEST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER:  1905  AND  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried  oIHcials,  clerks,  etc.,  iuim!>er 

Salaries 

WaKi'-rarners,  average  number 

Tnl.jil  wjt^'cs 

Misct'[[iinf<nis  expenses 

Muteriiils  u.seil,  aggregate  cost  2 

Smelting — 
Ores  - 

Tons 

Cost 

Keflntng,  total  cost 

Dori^  Ijars — 

Ounces 

Cost 

Domestic  base  bullion — 

Tons 

Cost 

Foreign  base  bullion- 
Tons 

Cost 

All  other  materials 

Products,  aggregate  value  2 

Smelting.  li>tHl  value 

Nonargentiferous  ores- 
Lead — 

Pounds 

Value 

Argentiferous  ores,  total  value 

Lead  contents  of  base  liullion — 

Pounds 

Value 

Silver^ 

Ounces  fine 

Value 

O  old- 
Ounces  fine 

Value 

Refining  and  desilverizing,  total  value. . 
Hard  or  antimonial  lead- 
Pounds  .■ 

Value 

All  other  lead,  including  Dor6  bars- 
Pounds  

Value 

Dor^  bars  and  fine  bars,  total  value. 
Silver — 

Ounces  fine ». 

Value 

Gold- 
Ounces  fine 

Value 

All  other  products,  total  value 

Copper  in  matte,  etc. — 

Pounds 

V^alue 

Copper  sulphate — 

Pounds 

Value .' 

Other  products,  value 

Including — 

Lead  oxide,  pounds 

Arsenic,  pounds 


EAST  OP  THE  MISSISSIPPI.     WEST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI.  '  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


$03,832, 

8887, 

S.5.  374! 

$81)7, 

$1(18,958, 


2,412, 
${10,784. 
$99, 28.1, 

1.3, 147, 
$31,722, 

2.39,1 
$49,883,: 

97.: 

$17,077.; 

88,890.1 

$185,820.! 

862,220,; 


109, 728, 
$7. 324. 
$54,895, 

449.935. 
$13.7.57, 

.37.543, 
$21,322, 

905. 

$19,815. 

$117,452, 


23,905,398 
$925, 117 


589,420,; 
$22, 107, '. 
$94. 419. 1 

72. 592, 1 
$41, 425, 

2,574, 

$52,994, 

$0, 1.53. 

51.017. 
84,812. 

11.371, 
•8541. 
$799, 

11,289, 
554, 


872,148,933 

42,5 

8754, 913 

8,319 

$5,088,084 

$1,100,210 

$109, 703, 300 


1,952,459 

$00,808,480  ( 

8100, 802,  .504  ! 

<') 
(.') 

180, 998 
880,940.771 

78. 939 

$19.801.7.33 

$8.0.32.382 

$200. 974,. 507 

$77,001,277 


90, 473, 280 
83,801.242 
87.3,200,035 

402, 324, 005 
815,540,001 

52,041,752 
$31,185,203 

1,322,177 

820,528,171 

$115,527,040 

10,785,097 
8701,082 

480, 670, 834 
820.672.140 
894. 153. 824 

70.420.917 
842. 143. 703 

2.514.836 
$52,010,121 
$8,386,184 

20.904,031 
83. 768. 402 

(■') 
(») 
$4. 617, 782 

10,329,804 


$12,.3^5,777 

102 

8157,  .595 

1,302 

$720, 332 

$304, 709 

$43,522.2.55 


104,119 
$3,510,301 
837, 168, 732 

6,055,516 
$0,983,030 

73,952 
813,090,510 

87,617 
810,495.186 

82,8.37.222 
$40,933,641 

81,977,553 


46, 758, 653 
81,977.5.53 


844,912,500 

10,802,331 
8391,480 

294,818,919 
810,094.782 
$34,426,238 

39, 257, 137 
$22,621,3.31 

571,120 

$11,804,907 

$43,582 


797,323 
$41,301 
$2,281 


$8,975,079 
:iO 

$09,  .502 

715 

84.53.  787 

$87,0(i0 

$32, 903, 160 


13,385 
$1,208,  .568 
$30,688,133 

<») 

45,000 
$12,000,807 

70, 810 
$18.081.2liO 

81.000.405  j 
838.992.943 

$1,482,583  I 


086, 703 

$29,010 

$1,452,973 

1,523,3.30 
857,024 

2,043,033 
$1,217,309 

8,825 

$178,.5,S0 

$35,  .539, 270 

0,280,000 
8202,912 

226,852,000 
$9,063,961 
825, 012, 397 

31,019.725 
818.908.707 

325, 141 
80,703.690 
81.971,090 

150.000 
825,000 

m 
(■') 

81,946,090 


(■') 


25 

$51,497,033 

422 

87:iO,007 

0,211 

84, 0,54,  .WJ 

$593, 107 

8125, 4:)5, 821 


2,307,880 
$.57,208,0,57 
$02,114,909 

7,092,007 
824,739,574 

105,884 
$.30,193,275 

9,562 

81,182,000 

80.0.52.855 

$1.38.89,3,198 

800,242.092 


122,970,227 

85,  .347, 316 

854, 895, 376 

449,9.^5,104 
813,757,268 

37,543,073 
$21,322,494 

905,048 
$19,815,014 
872,540,176 

1.3,103,067 
8533, 631 

294,607,639 
$12,013,133 
$59,993,412 

3,3,  ,335, 850 
$18,803,783 

2,003,429 

841,189,629 

$6,110,3,30 

51,617,070 
$4,812,865 

10,  .57.3. 928 
$500, 402 
$797,003 

11, 289,  .399 
554, 44.5 


i  Otal. 


34 

$0.3,173,854 
389 

$085,411 

7,004 

$4,634,897 

$1,078,  .5.50 

$130,740,200 


1,9.39,074 
$59.6.59,912 
870, 114, 371 

(') 
(.') 

1.35,998 
808,9.33,904 

2,129 

$1,180,407 

$6,96.5,917 

8101,981,564 

$75,578,094 


89,786,583 
$3,771,632 
$71,807,062 

400,801,275 
815, 489, 637 

50,598,719 
829,967,834 

1,313,352 
$26,349,591 
879,987,776 

10,499,097 
8438, 170 

253.818,834 
$11,008,179 
$68,341,427 

.38.801,192 
823,234,996 

2,189,695 
$45. 306, 431 
86,415,094 

26,814,031 
$3, 743, 402 

{') 

(') 

.$2,671,692 

10,329,804 
0 


'  17. 9  I 

■11.5 

23.3 

17.0 

'9.0 

5.0 

'23.0 


2a  S 
'0.1 


87.6 
92.7 


42.4 
32.0 

22.6 
6.9 
0.3 

3.1 
1L7 

Z4 

1.9 

'26.6 

91.4 
27.7 


'82.7 
9.3 


East. 


40.0 
37.3 
183  3 
126.7 
90.5 
58  7 
247.6 


677.9 
190.9 


166.0 


6,709.2 
6,57a  7 


71.8 
48  9 

30.0 

4.5 

344 

24  2 
19.6 

75.7 

76.1 

197.8 


West. 


'28.5 
'1&5 

as 

6.5 
'ia3 

0.4 
'45.0 


19.0 
140 


>iai 


37.0 

41.8 


24  8 
2L8 

lai 

9.1 
'12.5 

'141 
'19.1 

'as 

'9.1 
'48 

92.S 
2a6 


'70.2 
9.3 


'  Decrease, 

5  Includes  a  duplication  in  cost  of  materials  and  value  of  products  of  81,0: 
between  the  ore  and  the  refined  metal. 
3  Not  reported  separately. 

The  decrease  in  the  numlier  of  active  establishments 
and  in  the  capital  invested,  wage-earners  employed, 
and  general  o])erating  expense  has  all  been  in  the 
West,  the  establishments  located  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river  showing  an  increase  in  all  of  these  particulars. 
On  account  of  the  large  duplication  in  cost  of  materials 
and  value  of  products  in  the  figures  for  1900,  which 
duplication  represents  the  intermediate  products  of  the 
smelting   department    in   the   case   of   establishments 


3,84S  for  1905,  and  825,508,203  for  1900.    The  latter  amount  represents  intermediate  products 


doing  both  smelting  and  refining,  the  detailed  figures 
for  materials  and  products  are  not  in  all  cases  com- 
parable. Deducting  the  duplication  of  .?1, 0.36, 848  for 
1905,  which  all  pertains  to  western  establishments,  and 
the  duphcation  of  S2.5..50S,20.3  for  1900,  of  whicli 
amount  .$801,000  pertains  to  eastern  smelters  and  the 
balance  to  western  establishments,  there  is  deduced 
a  comparison  of  materials  and  products,  as  shown  in 
Table  25. 


116 


MAXUFACTURES. 


Table  25.— LEAD  SMELTING  AXD  REFINING— COMPARATIVE  SrM^L\RY  OF  MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS,  NET 
COST  AND  VALVE.  IN  ESTABLISHMENTS,  BY  LOCATION,  EAST  AND  WEST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER:  1905 
AND  1900. 


1905 


1900 


Materials  used,  total  cost $167,921,228  $144,195,163 

Products,  aggregate  value i    184.789.991  175.466.304 

Smelting ,       62.220.245  51,553.074 

Refining  and  desilverizing ;     116, 415, 834  115. 527. 046 

All  other  products i       6. 153, 912  8, 386, 184 


EAST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI.      WEST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI. 


1905 


$43,522,255 

46.933.641 

1,977.553 

44,912.506 

43.582 


1900 


1905 


1900 


$32, 162, 166 

38,191.943 

681.583 

35.539.270 

1,971,090 


$124,398,973 

1.37,856.350 

60.242,692 

71.503.328 

6,110,330 


$112,032,997 

137.274.361 

60.871.491 

79. 987. 776 

6,415,094 


PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


Total.      East.     West 


16.5 

5.3 

20.7 

0.8 

126.6 


35.3 
22.9 

190.1 
26.4 

197.8 


11.0 
0.4 
18.4 
110.6 
14.8 


In  addition  to  the  duplication  liefore  noted  there  is 
also  the  duplication  arising  from  the  refining  of  the 
product  of  the  argentiferous  smelters,  when  done  by  a 
separate  refinery.  In  such  cases  the  product  of  the 
smelters  appears  as  material  for  a  refinery,  and  mate- 
rials and  products  are  duplicated  to  this  extent,  but  it 
is  only  where  materials  and  products  are  included 
twice  in  the  report  for  the  same  establishment  that 
the}'  are  considered  as  duplications.  The  above  com- 
parison shows  the  greater  increase  in  the  eastern 
smelters. 

The  Missouri  smelters  handle  nonargentiferous  ores 
exclusively,  and  a  comparison  of  the  operating  ex- 
penses for  the  censuses  of  1890,  1900,  and  1905  is 
presented  in  Table  26. 


T.\BLE  20. — Lead   smelting    and    refining — statistics    of    Missouri 
smelters:  1890  to  1905. 


1905 


1900 


18901 


Total  expenses $650,123     $530,693  i  $580,210 


Salaries $79, 977 

Wages $275,912 

.Viwellaneous  expenses,  not  including 

contract  work $.53,552 

Amount  receivtMl  for  contract  work $10,034 

Cost  of  materials  used,  not  including 

ore $229,748 


$47,360 
$2.55. 590 


$41,565 
$25,382 


$19,680 
$20*;.  541 


$166.  t32 
$3. 182 


Per  cent 
of  in- 
crease. 
1900  to 
1905. 


22.5 


Quantity  of  ore  treated  (tons) 

Lead  produced  (tons) 

Oxide  produced  (tons) 


88.286 
53,840 
5, 64b 


$160,796  ;  $184,175 


68.9 
8.0 


28.8 
»56.9 


42.9 


68,719 
41,976 
S,16S 


49.816 

29.258  ' 

1,2.50 


28.5 
28.3 
9.3 


1  Includes  the  data  for  Illinois,  Kansas,  Missouri,  Wi.sconsin. 
'  Decrease. 

The  average  wage  expense  ]>cr  tmi  nf  ore  siiirltcil 
was  $.3.1.3  for  190.5,  coinpnied  wiiii  .S:;.72  for  r.Miii  ami 
84.1.5  for  1890. 


MATERIALS    USED. 

Table  27  shows  the  quantities  of  ore  and  base  bullion 
consumed  by  smelters  and  refineries  as  reported  at  the 
censuses  of  1900  and  1905.  The  source  of  the  base 
bullion,  whether  foreign  or  domestic,  is  shown,  but  the 
returns  for  the  census  of  1905  do  not  show  the  quantity 
of  foreign  ore  consumed.  In  1900  there  were  284,914 
tons  of  foreign  ore  and  1,667,545  tons  of  domestic. 

Table  27. — Lead  smelting  and  refining — quantity  of  ore  smelted  and 
base  bullion  refined  and  desilverized,  by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


Census. 

ore 
smelted 
(tons) . 

BASE  BULLION  REFINED  AND 
DESILVERIZED. 

STATE. 

Total 
(tons) . 

337,015 
259,937 

Domestic 

(tons). 

Foreign 
(tons). 

United  States 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

■1905 
2  1900 

2,412,005 
1,952,459 

239,836 
180. 998 

97,179 
78,939 

88,286 
68,719 

2,323.719 
1,883,740 

337.015 
259,937 

239,836 
180,998 

97, 179 

78,939 

1  Includes  states  as  follows:  California.  Colorado,  Idaho,  Illinois.  Iowa.  Kan- 
sas, Monlaiia,  Noltraska,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania.  Texas,  l^tah.  Washington. 
Wisconsin. 

2  Includes  states  as  follows:  California.  Colorado.  Idaho.  Illinois.  Iowa.  Kan- 
sas, Montana,  Nehraska.  New  .Icrsey.  New  Mexico.  Texas,  Utah .  ^'i^ginia. 
Washington. 

The  consumption  of  ore  shows  an  increase  of 
459,546  tons,  or  2.3.5  per  cent,  and  base  l)ullion  pur- 
chased, an  increa.se  of  77,078  tons,  or  29.7  per  cent,  the 
domestic  base  bullion  increasing  58,838  tons,  or  32.5 
per  cent,  and  foreign  bullion  18,240  tons,  or  23.1  ])er 
cent. 

PHOnUCT.S. 

Table  L'.S  gives  llic  (|iiMnlily  ;niil  (lie  value  of  llic 
(lill'erent  clas.ses  of  pi'oducls.  and  llic  iuiuiIxt  of 
estahiisiiiiKMits  report  iiig  cacli  class  for  liKIO  and  1905. 


COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC,  SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 


117 


Table  li8.— LEAD  SMELTINrx  AND    REFINING— PRINCIPAL    PRODUCTS,  BY  KIND,  QUANTITY,  AND  VALUE.  WITH 

NUMBER  OF  EST.VP.IJ.SHMENTS  REPORTING:    1905  AND  1900. 


Number 
„  of  cstab- ' 

Census.  Hshinents 

report- 
ing. 


Smelting  nonargcntircrous  ores: 
Soft  lead ;,. 


Smelting  argentiferous  ores: 

Lead  cont(MitH  of  base  linllion. 


Silver 

Gold 

Copper  conti'nts  of  matte 


Refining  and  desilverizing: 
Hard  or  antiinonia]  lead. 


.Ml  oth(T  lead  (iiieltiding  Dore  bars) . 

Don?  bars  and  fine  bars,  silver 

Dore  bars  and  fine  bars,  gold 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


Unit  of 
measure. 


Quantity.         Value. 


16  Pound 10!),  728, 880       $7,. 324, 869 

17  found I       90,47:i,2S6  I       3,801,242 


12 
"23 


12 
123 


12 
122 


Pound, 
Pound. 


Ounce  fine. 
Ounce  fine. 


12 
19  I 


Ouna!  fine. 
Ounce  fine. 


Pound. 
I'ound. 


Pound . 
Pound. 


449,935,104 
402,324,605  I 

.37,543,073 
52,041,752 

965. 048 
l,;fi2, 177 

51,017,670 
26,964,031 


23,905,398 
16,78,5,097 


Pound 589.426.5.iS 

Pound 480.«70,8:t4 


Ounce  fine . 
Ounce  fine. 


Ounce  fine. 
Ounce  fine. 


72,592,987 
70,420,917 

2,574.549 
2,514,836 


13,757,268 
15,546,661 

21,322,494 
31,185,203 

19,815,614 
26,528,171 

4,812,865 
3,768,402 


925,117 
701,082 

22,107,915 
20,672,140 

41,425,114 
42,143,703 

52,994,536 
52,010,121 


1  Includes  smelters  combined  with  refineries  and  'Inplieation  of  intermediate  products  l)etween  smelting  and  refining  departments. 


There  were  16  establishments  that  engaged  in 
smelting  nonargentiferous  ores  in  1905  as  compared 
with  17  in  1900,  and  19  in  smelting  argentiferous  ores 
in  1905  as  compared  with  23  in  1900.  Seven  of  the  19 
argentiferous  smelters  in  1905  did  both  smelting  and 
refining,  and  hence  are  classed  as  refiners,  making  12 


establishments    engaged    in     the    smelting    only    of 
argentiferous  ores. 

A  comparison  of  the  lead,  gold,  and  silver  prod- 
ucts, quantities  and  values,  for  1900  and  1905,  and 
the  percent  of  increase  is  shown  in  the  following  state- 
ment: 


Lead  smelting  arid  refining — guantity  and  value  of  principal  products,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


PEODVCTe. 

PEK  CENT    OF    IN- 

KIND. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

CEEASE. 

190.1 

1900                       l!)0.>                        lilOO 

Quantity.    Value. 

Total 

8124,777,551 

$119,328,288 

4.6 

783,060.836 

587.929.217             30.357.901 

25. 174.  464 

33. 2             2a  6 

Soft 

169,728.880 
23.905.398 
589.426,558 

90,473.286  1            7.324.869 

10.785.097                   925.117 

480.070.834             22.107.915 

3. SOI.  242 

701.082 

20.672.140 

94.153.824 

87.6 
42.4 
22.6 

92.7 

Hard  or  autimonini .  , 

7P  0 

.\ll  otner 

C.9 

Gold  and  silver  (ounces  fine) 

94,419.650 

03 

Gold 

2,574,549 
72,592.987 

2,514,836             52,994.536 
70,420,917             41-425.114 

52.010,121 
42,143.703 

2.4 
3.1 

1.9 

Silver 

»L7 

1  Decrease. 


The  heavy  increase  in  the  consumption  of  dry  ores 
by  the  copper  smelters  has  been  at  the  expense  of  the 
lead  smelters  and  is  shown  in  the  relative  decrease  of 
the  silver  and  gold  products  of  this  industry.  The 
hard  or  antimonial  lead  and  "  all  other"  lead  represents 


the  lead  product  of  the  argentiferous  smelters  and  the 
lead  smelters  handling  tlry  ores. 

The  increase  in  the  combined  product  of  hard  or 
antimonial  lead  and  "all  other"  lead  for  1900  and 
1905  was  23.3  per  cent,  while  the  increase  in  the  silver 


118 


MANUFACTURES. 


and  gold  product,  measured  by  quantities,  was  very 
small. 

This  marked  change  is  not  due  in  the  case  of  the 
lead  smelters  to  a  falling  ofj  in  the  precious  metal 
values  of  the  argentiferous  lead  ores  treated,  nor  in 
the  case  of  the  copper  smelters  to  a  general  increase  in 


the  precious  metal  values  of  the  copper  ores  handled, 
but  it  results  from  the  large  increase  in  the  quantity 
of  dry  gold  and  silver  ores  handled  by  the  latter. 
■  Table  29  presents  the  quantities  of  the  different 
varieties  of  products,  for  Missouri  and  "  all  other 
states,"  for  1900  and  190,5. 


Table    29.— LEAD   SMELTING   AND   REFINING— PRINCIPAL   PRODUCTS,  BY    KIND    AND   QUANTITY,  AND    BY 

STATES:  1905   AND  1900. 


Census. 

SMELTING. 

KEPINING  AND   DESILVERIZING. 

Nonargentiferous  ores. 

Argentiferous  ores. 

H-dor;,,-^>'°t^-. 
,antimonial      : t^ < 

Dore  bars,  contents  of 
precious  metals,  and 
fine  bars. 

STATE. 

Soft  lead      Lead  oxide 
(pouads).       (pounds). 

Lead  con- 
tents of  base 
Ijullion 
(pounds). 

Copper 
contents 
of  nuitte 
(pounds). 

Silver 

(ounces 

fine). 

Gold 

(ounces 

fine). 

lead 
(pounds). 

bars 
(pounds). 

Silver 

(ounces 

fine). 

Gold 

(ounces 

fine). 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

11905 
21900 

169,728,880     11.289.399 
90,473,286     10.329.804 

449.935.104 
402,324,005 

37.5.:3,073           965.048 
52.641,752       1.322.177 

SI. 017, 670 
26,964,031 

23.905.398 
10.785,097 

589. 426, 558 
480.670.S34 

72,592,987 
70.420.917 

2,574,549 

2,514,S36 

'     107,680.403      11.289.399 
83.952,833     10.329,804 

62,048,477    

48,000 

449.935.104 
402.324,605 

37.543,073           965.048 
52.641.752        1..T22.177 

51,569,670 
26.964.031 

23.905.398 
10.785.097 

589,  426, 558 
480. 670. 834 

72,592.9.87 
70.420.917 

2,574,549 

6,520,453  '       

2,514,836 

>  Includes  states  as  follows:  California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Montana.  Nebraska,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Texas,  Utah,  Washington, 

2  Includes  states  as  follows:  California, Colorado,  Idaho.  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Montana.  Nebraska,  New  .Jersey.  New  Mexico.  Texas,  l^ttih,  Virginia.  ^VHsh- 
ington. 


The  location  of  the  dry  gold  and  silver  ores  and 
cheap   fuel   have   been   the  chief  factors   which  have   j 
influenced  the  location  of  the  lead  smelters.  | 

The  Missouri  smelters  are  the  largest  producers  of  ] 
soft  lead.  The  ])roduct  of  the  state  increased 
23,727,570  pounds  in  190.5  over  1900,  or  2S.3  per  cent; 
its  output  constituting  63.4  per  cent  of  the  total 
product  of  190.5  as  compared  with  92. S  per  cent  in 
1900.  The  large  increase  in  the  soft  lead  product  of 
the  Illinois  and  Kansas  smelters  operates  to  lower  the 
proportional  share  of  the  Missouri  smelters. 

Mi.ssoiiri  also   manufactured    the   entire  product    of 
lead    oxide    reported    at     both    censuses.     While  tlio 


PROCESS     EMPLOYED- 


-SMELTING, 
REFINING. 


AND     SMELTING     AND 


Table  30  presents  the  statistics  for  all  establish- 
ments for  1900  ami  1905,  segregated  according  to  tliose 
doing  smelting  only  and  those  doing  smelting  and 
refining — the  latter  incdiuHng  refining  only — with  the 
per  cent  of  increase. 

As  liefore  noted  there  is  incluilcd  in  materials 
antl  ]u-t)ducts  the  duplication  arising  from  the  inter- 
mediate product  between  the  ore  and  the  refined 
metal  being  reported  in  certain  cases  by  esta])lish- 
ments  doing  both  smelting  and  refining,  this  inter- 
mediate product   appearing   as  product  of   the  sinelt- 

rclining 


bidk  of  the  snicltinir  of  argentiferous  ores  centers  in 

Colorado,  I'tah,  Washington,  Texas,  and  Montana,  in      ing    department    and    as    material    for    th( 

liie  order   named,  the    refining    and    desilverizing   is      department. 

located  in  California.  Xei)raska,  New  Jersey,  Illinois, 

and   Wasiiiiigton,       Idaiio    is   the   largest    producer  of 

lead  ores,  outranking  I'liih,  ('(ilnPiulo,  and  tin-  soft  lead 

states  of    the  Mississipjii  valley,  but    its  argentiferous 

lead  ores  are  shi])ped  to  smelters  in  ot  l:er  states  and 

a  very  small  amount  is  smelted  within  the  stale. 


The  group  of  establishments  doing  only  smelting 
sliows  a  large  increase  in  capital,  while  the  smelting 
and  reliniiig  slmws  a  decrease  from  1901)  to  1905. 
With  respect  to  wage-earners  there  is  a  decrease  in 
each  grou]),  with  the  larger  |)i-(iportional  ilecrease  in 
the  smelt  iim  and  reliniiig  group. 


COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC",  SMELTINC  AND  REFINING. 


19 


Tahi.k  no.— T,F,A1)    ,'^MFJ/n\0   AND   RKFIXIXG— ESTABLISHMENTS    CLASSIFIED    ArrORI)].\(;    To  PROCESS 
KMI'LOYED,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:   um  AND  lf)on. 


TOTAL. 

SMtLTl,\(i, 

SMELTINU    A.\l>   KE1-I.\I.\G. 

I'EK  CENT  OF  INCEEASE. 

1905 

l!MMI 

l!l(l.5 

1 

I9IMI 

r.MI.'i 

I90II 

Ii.tal. 

'17.9 

111.5 

23.3 

17.6 

■9.0 

5.6 

'23.0 

Smelt- 
ing. 

Smelt- 
ing 
and  re- 
fining. 

32 

$03,822,810 

524 

$887,602 

7.573 

$5,374,691 

$897,876 

$168,958,070 

2,412,005 
S(i0,784.358 
$99, 283, 641 

13.147.523 
$31,722,604 

239,836 
$49,883,791 

97,179 

$17,077,246 

$8, 890. 077 

$185. 826.  S39 

$62,220,245 

$7,324,869 

169.728.880 
$7,324,869 
$54,895,370 

449.935,104 
$13,757,268 

37,543,073 
$21,322,494 

965.048 

$19,815,614 

$117,452,682 

23.905.398 
$925. 117 

589.426.558 
$22,107,915 
S94.419.650 

72,592.987 
$41,425,114 

2,574,549 
$52,994,536 
$1,145,309 

841.234 
S500, 476 

31,240 

$644,833 

$93,274,341 

71.751.753 
$40,924,638 

2.543.309 

$52,349,703 

$6,153,912 

51.017.670 
$4,812,805 

11.371.251 
$541,763 
$799,284 

11,289,399 
554, 445 

39 

$72,148,933 

425 

S754.913 

$5,088.6,84 

$1,166,210 

$169, 703,  .360 

1,9.52,4,59 

$1X1.868,480 

$100, 802,  .504 

C») 
C) 

180,998 
$80,940,771 

78,939 
$ld,861.733 
88,032,382 
$200. 974.  .507 
$77,061,277 
$3,801,242 

90.473,280 
$3,801,242 
$73,260,035 

402,324,005 
$15,546,001 

52,641,752 
$31,185,203 

1.322.177 
S20.52S.171 
$115,527,046 

16.785.097 
$701,082 

480,670,834 
$20,672,140 
$94,153,824 

70,420.917 
$42,143,703 

2,514,836  , 
$52,010,121 

(') 

(») 
(.') 

<.') 

e) 
(') 

$8,386,184 

26,964,031 
$3,768,402 

(=) 
$4,617,782 

10,329.804 

(») 

1 

'                    25 

$32,677,874 

315 

$554,678 

5,477 

$4,050,930 

$530,323 

$56,5,37,817 

2,262,743 
$52,349,372 

30 

$21,796,1109 

225 

$427,000 

5, 635 

$3,209,779 

$7,30.773 

$42..S7.5.982 

1.496,065 
$38,738,064 

$31,144,936 

2(» 

$332,924 

2.096 

$1.32.3,755 

$361,5,53 

$112,420,259 

149,262 
$8,434,986 
$99,283,641 

13, 147.  ,523 
$31,722,604 

239,830 
$49,883,791 

97, 179 

$17,077,240 

$4,701,632 

$118.  48.5.  .515 

9 

$50,352,324 

200 

$327,913 

2,684 

$1,878,905 

$43.5, 437 

$126,827,384 

45H.  394 

$22. 1.30. 410 

$100,802,504 

(>1 

180,998 
$80,940,771 

78,939 

$19,801,733 

$3,894,464 

$1,50,278.090 

$29,732,792 

$176,574 

4,463,312 

$176,574 

$29,550,218 

119,019.138 
$4,952,228 

19,570,396 
$11,483,315 

646,142 

$13, 120, 075 

$115,527,046 

16,785.097 
$701.0,82 

480.070.8.34 
$20,072,140 
$94,1,53,824 

70,420,917 
$42,143,703 

2,514,836 
$52,010,121 

(=) 

m 

i') 

P) 

(»> 

(') 
(') 
$5,018,252  1 

6. 496. 137 
$983.39--' 

$4,034,860  i 

'16.7 

i      49.9 

40.0 

29.9 

•2.8 

1      26.2 

1    '26.6 

'22.2 

Cupital 

1  38  1 

Sauirioil  oniciuls.  clerks,  etc.,  number 

4.5 

\\'rtgt>-t'iiriii'rs,  average  number 

'21.9 

1  17.0 

Smelting,  ore- 

23,5 
'0.1 

i    ai.2 

\     35.1 

I  67  3 

Cost 

>6L9 

Refining,  total  cost... 

Dor6  l>ar8 — 

Ounces 

Cost 

Dome.slic  base  bullion- 
Tons 

Cost 

Foreign  base  bullion- 
Tons  

Cost 

;\11  otlier  iiiatiTiiils 

$4, 188,  445 
567,341.324 
$62,220,245 

$7,324,869 

169,728,880 

$7,324,869 

$54,895,376 

449,935,104 
$13,767,268 

37,543,073 
$21,322,494 

905,048 
$19,815, 014 

$4,1,37.918 
$,50,696,417 
S47, 328.  4.S5 

$3,624,668 

86,009,974 
$3,624,608 
$43,703,817 

283,  .305, 467 
SIO, 594,  433 

33,071,356 
819,701,888 

676,035 
$13,407,490 

10.7 

L2 

20.7 

Products,  ii^^roj^atf  value  ' - 

1 

Nonargentiferous  ores,  total  value. 

Lead— 

Pounds 

87.6 
92.7 

97.3 
102.1 

V'aUie 

Argentiferous  ores,  total  value 

Lead  contents  of  base  bullion- 

Silver— 

Cold— 

Ounces  fine 

$117,452,682 

23,905.398 
$925,117 

589.426.558 
$22,107,915 
$94,419,650 

72.592.987 
841.425,114 

2,574,549 
$52,994,536 
$1,145,309 

841,234 
$500.  476 

31.240 

$644,833 

$93,274,341 

71.751,753 
$40,924,038 

2,543,309 

$52,349,703 

$1,032,833 

4.095.590 
$475,  %3 

11. .371. 251 
$.541.  763 
$15. 107 

1.7 

42.  4 
32.0 

22.0 
6.9 
0.3 

3.1 
'1.7 

2.4 
L9 

■■ 

1.7 

Hard  or  antimonial  lead- 

42.4 

32.0 

All  other  lead,  including  Dorc  bars- 

22.0 

Value 

6.9 

Dor^  and  fine  bars,  total  value 

0.3 

Ounces  fine 

3.1 

'  1.7 

C.old- 

2.4 

1.9 

Silver- 

Value 

Gold- 
Ounces  fine 

\'alue. 

Ounces  fine 

126.6 
91.4 

52.1 

132.2 
55.7 

Cxold— 

Ounces  fine 

Value 

$5,121,079 

47,522,080 
$4,336,902 

$3,367,932 

20,467.894 
$2,785,010 

P) 

$582,922 

10,329,804 

'79.4 

Copper  in  matte,  etc. — 

'37.0 

'51.6 

Copper  sulphate— 

\'alue 

$784,177 
11,289,399 

'82.7 
9.3 

34.5 

9.3 

'99.6 

Including— 

Lead  oxide  (pounds) 

554,445 

« 

'  Decrease. 

'  Includes  a  duplication  in  cost  of  materials  and  value  of  products  of  $1,036,848  for  1905  and  $25,508,203  for  1900.    The  latter  amount  represents  intermediate  prod- 
ucts between  the  ore  and  the  refined  metal. 
'  Not  reported  separately. 


4.')254— .«i-ii   190.=i— i-T  4—08- 


-10 


120 


MANUFACTURES. 


If  correction  is  made  for  the  duplication  due  to  intermediate  products  the  comparative  figures  for  materials 
and  products  are  as  given  in  Table  31. 

Table   .31.— LEAD    SMELTING    AND    REFINING— COMPARATIVE   SUMMARY  OF  MATERIALS    AND  PRODUCTS,   NET 
COST  AND  VALUE,  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO  PROCESS  EMPLOYED;  1905  AND  1900. 


SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 


1900 


Materials  used,  total  cost 8IC7. 921, 228 

Products,  aggregate  value 184.789,991 

Smelting 

Refining  and  desilverizing 

All  other  products 


G2, 220, 245 

116.415.834 

6,153,912 


S144.195.163 

175,466.304 

51.553,074 

115,527,046 

8,386,184 


1905 


5,121,079 


$56,537,817 
67.341.324 
62,220,245 

S42.875.982 
50.696,417 
47,328,485 

3,367,932 


$111,383,411 
117,448,667 


116,415,834 
1,032,833 


5101,319,181 
124.769,887 

4,224,589 
115,527,046 

5,018,252 


PER  CENT  OP  INCREASE. 


Total. 


16  5 
5.3 

20.7 

0.8 

'26.6 


Smelt- 

refin- 
ing. 


ing. 


31.9 
32.8 
31  5 


52.1 


9.9 
■5.9 


0.8 
'79.4 


'  Decrease. 


GROSS    AND    NET    V.\LUES    OF    PRODUCTS. 


In  making  the  canvass  for  the  census  of  190.5  incjuir- 
ies  were  made  as  to  the  expense  of  marketing  the 
product  of  the  smelters,  in  order  to  show  the  gross  and 
net  values  of  the  smelter  products.  This  expense  con- 
sists of  tolls  paid  for  refining,  freight  on  bullion,  matte. 


or  other  smelter  product  to  the  refining  or  desilverizing 
establishment,  treating  the  smelter  product,  and  com- 
missions and  selling  expenses.  In  the  prior  tables  the 
values  of  products  have  been  net  values.  Table  32 
presents  the  statistics  bearing  on  gross  and  net  values 
and  the  deductions  reported. 


T.\BLE  32.— LEAD  SMELTING  AND  REFINING- 


-ESTABLISHMENTS  REPORTING  GROSS  AND  NET  VALUES  OF 
PRODUCTS;  1905. 


,\11  establishments: 

Numljer 

Products,  net  value. 


Estal>lishments  reporting  gross  and  net  values: 

Xumlier 

Total  products,  ni^t  value 

Products  not  charged  with  deductions 

I'roducts  charged  with  deductions— 

(j ross  value 

Net  value 

Total  deductions  on  bulli  jn  and  matte  products,  for  refining,  freight,  commissions,  etc. 

Tolls  paid  for  refining 

Freight , 

Commissions  and  selling  expenses ' 

Lead— 

Numljcr 

Gross  value 

Net  val ue 

Deductions 

Tolls  paid  for  refining 

Fre-ight 

Commissions  and  selling  expenses , 

Silver- 
Number 

Gross  value 

Net  value 

Deductions,  tolls  paid  for  refining 

Gold- 

Nuinl>er 

Gross  value ; 

Net  value 

Deductions,  lolls  paid  for  refining 

Copper— 

NumlwT 

G  ross  value 

.Vet  value ■ 

Deductions 

Tolls  paid  for  refining 

Fri'lght 

rommlflsions  and  selling  expenses 

All  other  eBlnbllshincniR: 

NumlMT,  

Producl'.  


Total. 


32 
$185,826,839 


20 
$148,609,966 
$93,602,178 

$62,086,584 
$55,007,788 
$7,078,796 
$3,825,208 
$3,216,093 
$,■57,495 

19 

$35,730,921 

$30,432,176 

$5,298,745 

$2,279,834 

$3,003,742 

$15, 169 


$1,(M7, 190 

$1,027,610 

S19,.')80 

10 

$18,486,177 

$18..^57.2fiU 

$128,917 

13 
$6,822,290 
$.').190,742 
$1.631..W4 
$1.. 396, 877 
$212.  .1.11 
$22,326 

12 
$.'I7,2I6,S73 


SHELTERS  ONLY. 


Nonargentif- 
erous. 


13 

$8,112,956 


Argentiferous. 


Refineries  and 
desilverize  rs, 

including 
smelters  con- 
nected with  re- 
fineries. 


12 
$59,228,368 


$2,801 

464 

$2 

.S,57 

672 

S2 

SOI 

464 

S56 

108 

$51,927 
$4,281 


9 
i.:tll.492 


$51,927 
S4.281 


S2. 8.57. 672 

$2,801,464 

$.16,208 


12 

$59,228,368 
$21.779.6f)7 

$43. 60.';.  940 
$37,448,711 
$6,157,129 
$3,792,067 
$2,331,948 
$13,214 

12 
$18,194,013 
$13.7.">7.26S 
$4,436,745 
$2. 279.  .834 
S2. 146.023 
$10.. 888 


$1,022.7% 

$1,1X14,923 

$17,873 


$18,482,320 

$18. 3.53.  .528 

$128,792 

9 

l!5.9fln.811 

»$4,:t32.9n2 

$1.. 173. 819 

$l.:tfi5..508 

$185,925 

$22,326 


$118,485,515 


$86,580,134 
$71,822,521 

$15,622,972 
S14. 7.57. 613 

$865,3.19 
$33. 141 

$832,218 


$14,679,236 

$13,873,444 

$805,792 


$805,792 


$24,394 

$22,687 
Si; 707 


S3, 857 

$3. 7:i2 

$125 


»$9M,485 

» $.8,17, 750 

$.17,7.15 

$.11.  awl 

$26,426 


$.11, 905, .181 


'ConiiniBsiofu 
'GrodS  value: 
'Gross  vnliie: 
1.181.787. 


.  4  srnelttnK  estalilishments— 3  nonargeiitiferous  unrl  I  argentiferous. 

Ill;  other  products.  $.100.    Net  value:  <'(ipper  contents  of  matte,  $4. 332,,102;  other  products,  $490. 

r.f  matte,  $510,850:  blue  vitriol,  |:)9S,626.    Net  value:  Copper  and  copper  contents  of  matti'.  $475,963:  blue  vitriol, 


COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC,  SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 


121 


Of  tlu'  'S2  ostahli.slimcnts  there  were  20  reporting 
gross  and  net  values,  4  of  tliese  being  iionargentiferous 
smelters,  12  argentiferous  smelters,  and  4  refineries  or 
smelters  and  refineries.  1'he  gross  value;  of  the  prod- 
ucts charged  with  deductions  was  $62,086,584,  against 
which  the  deductions  were  $7,078,796,  leaving  $55,- 
007,788  as  the  net  value  of  tlie  same.  The  20  estab- 
lishments reporting  deductions  had  products  of  a  value 
of  $9:5,602,178  not  charged  with  deductions,  and  the 
remaining  12  establishments  had  products  amounting 
to  $87,216,873,  making  a  total  of  $130,819,051  of 
products  not  cluirgcd  with  the  expense  of  subsequent 
treatment.  In  the  case  of  the  few  nonargentiferous 
smelters  reporting  deductions  they  are  entirely  for 
fr.eight  and  selling  expense.  The  bulk  of  the  deduc- 
tions pertain  to  the  bullion  ami  matte  products  of  the 
argentiferous  smelters.  The  lead  contents  of  the  base 
bullion  protluct  of  the  argentiferous  smelters  amounted 
to  449,935,104  pounds  and  the  tolls  paid  for  refining 
were  $3,792,067  and  freight  to  refineries  $2,331,948. 

The  detailed  statistics  for  the  lead  smelting  and 
refining  intlustrj'  at  the  census  of  1905  are  shown  in 
Table  33.  The  amount  received  for  contract  smelting 
ami  refining  is  given,  but  the  ores  thus  treated  are 
included  in  the  quantities  and  values  of  the  materials 
and  products. 

Table    .J.'J. — Lead    smelting   and  refining — detailed    siimmanj,    htj 
states:  1905. 


United 
States. 


Number  of  establishments 32 

Capital,  total i    503, 822, 810 

Land '      S2, 958, 080 

Buildings |    $18, 628,976 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements. .  .1    $20,941,814 

Cash  and'sundries I    $21, 293, 940 

Proprietors  and  limi  members '  5 

Salaried  olficials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Oflicers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  mana- 
gers, clerl<s.  etc.— 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men  — 

Niunber 

Salaries 

Women- 
Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  inclucling  pieceworkers, 
and  total  wages: 
Greatest  number  employed  at  any 

one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one 

time  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  It)  years  and  over — 

.\verage  nimiber 

Wages 

Women  Hi  years  and  over — 

.\verage  number 

M'ages 

Average   number  of  wage-earners,  in- 
cluding pieceworkers,  employed  during 
each  month: 
Men  Ht  years  and  over — 

Jaiiuar>' 

February 

Ma  rch 

April 

May 

June 

July 

.\ugust 

September 

October 


480 

470 

4S5 

4.S0 

491 

1  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:   California.  1: 

Idaho,];  Iliinoia,3;  Iowa,l;  Kansas,  1:  Montana,!:  Nebraska,!:  N 

Pennsylvania,  !:  Texas,  I:  Utah,  1:  Washington,  2:  Wisconsin,  1. 


524 
$887,602 


IB 
$78,027 


506 
$809, 575 


498 
$802,596 


8 
$0,9SO 


.8,342 

6,695 

"..573 

$5,374,691 

7,566 
$,'),37I,031 


$1,341,292 
$58,000 
$160,200 
$409, 500 
$713,592 


All  other 
states.  1 


$79,97' 


$40,627 


33 
$39, 3.TO 


33 
$39,  .3.50 


24 
«62,481,5!8 
$2,900,080 
$18, 468,  776 
$20,  ,532, 314 
$20, 580, 348 


483 
$807,625 

10 
$37, 400 


473 
$770,225 


465 
$763,245 


$3,6 


39! 

489 

$275,912 


$275,912 


$6,980 


6,304 

7.0S4 

$5,098,779 


$5,095,119 


$3.6r.O 


7,522 
7,654 
7.771 
7,()09 
7,265 
7,  493 
7,502 
7.571 
7.  .565 
7. 493 


492 
497 
491 


7.0.30 
7.157 
7. 280 
7,117 
6, 784 
7,013 
7.026 
7.086 
7.079 
7.002 
Colorado.  7: 
ew  Jersey, i^; 


Tahle  .1.3. — Lead  smeUing    and    refining — detailed   summary,   by 
slates:  1905 — Continued. 


Average  number  of  wage-camers,  in- 
cludi!ig  pieceworkers,  employed  dur- 
ing each  inotith--Contlinicd. 
Men  16  years  and  over  -  Continued. 

November 

De-cember 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

No\ember 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Taxes 

Rent  of  odices.  interest,  insurance, 
and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not 

hitherto  included 

Contract  work 

Materials  used,  aggregate  cost 

Smelting,  total  cost 

Ores- 
Tons 

Cost ;.. 

Argentiferous- 
Tons 

Cost 

Nonargentiferous-^ 

Tons 

Cost 

Fluxes — 

Tons 

Cost 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Refining  and  desilverizing,  total  cost. 
Uore  bars — 

Ounces 

Cost 

Base  bullion — 

Pounds 

Cost 

Domestic — 

Pounds 

Cost 

Foreign— 

Poimds 

Cost 

Fuel 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Freight 

Products,  aggregate  value 

Smelting,  total  value 

Nonargentiferous     ores,    total 

value 

Soft  lead- 
Pounds 

Value 

All  other  products  of  non- 

argentiferotis  ores  2 

.\moimt  received  for  eon- 
tract  work  on  nonargentif- 
erous ores  3 

Argentiferous  ores,  total  value.. 
Lead  contents  of  base  bul- 
lion- 
Pounds  

Value 

Silver- 
Ounces  fine 

Value 

Gold— 

Ounces  fine 

Value 

All  other  products  of  argen- 
tiferous ores 

.\niount  received  foreontracl 

work  on  argentiferous  ores  ^ 

Refining    anrl    desilverizing,    total 

value 

Hard  or  antimonial  lead — 

Pounds 

Value 

All  other  lead  (including  Dor^ 
bars) — 

I^ounds 

Value -, 

Dore  bars,  contents  of  precious 
metals — 
Silver- 
Ounces  fine 

Value 

Gold- 
Ounces  fine 

Value 


United 
States. 


7,  .58 


.767 


8 
G 
7 

7 
7 
8 
7 
7 
6 
« 
6 

$897,876 
$1,200 

$11.5,030 


$743,712 

$37,934 

$ll»,958.076 

$66,861,509 

2,412,005 
$60,784,:i.58 


2,271, 
$.53,9:!4. 


140.28! 
$6,849,627 

487,317 

$615,703 

$3,019,972 

$27,306 

$02, 357 

$2,351,753 

$101..S90,.5S2 

13,147,523 
$31,722,604 

674,031,114 
$67,  .561, 037 

479,672,346 
$49,883,791 

194,358,768 

$17,677,246 

$772. 297 

$:ii:.  1141 

S!,7',K.r03 

$2aj.98.5 

$185,826,8.39 

$67,341,324 

$8,112,956 

169,728,880 
$7,324,869 

$788,087 


$170,000 
$59,228,368 

449,9.35.104 
$13,757,2U~ 

37,543,073 
$21,322,494 

963,048 
$19,81.5,614 

$4,332,992 

$390,910 

JUS,  485,513 

23,905,398 
$92.5, 117 


589, 420,  .5.58 
$22,107,915 


841.2.34 
$500, 476 


31,240 
$644.  .8.33 


Missouri. 


496 
501 


All  other 
states. 


$64,486 


$6,601 


,7,0*4 
7,2I» 


8 
6 
7 
7 
7 
8 
7 
7 
6 
6 
G 

$833,390 
$1,200 

$108,429 


$46,951  $690,761 

$10,934  $27,000 

$4,683,840  $U'4,274,230 

$4,6,57,403  $62,204,106 

88,286  2,323,719 

$4,427,655  $56,330,703 


2,271,724 
$33,934,731 


88,286      51,995 
$4,427,(«5   $2,421,972 

16,000  471,317 
$24,166  $.591,537 
$162,188  $2,837,784 
$27,366 
$21,394  $40,963 
$22,000  $2,329,753 
$101,890,582 


13,147.523 
$31,722,604 

674,031,114 
$67,561,037 

479,672,346 
$49,883,791 


194,358,768 
$17,077,246 
$772,297 
$36,041 
$1,798,603 
$26,443  $179,342 
$3,47.3.580  $1,80.353.253 
$5,473,-586  $61,867  738 


$5,473,386 


107,680,403 
$4,685,499 


$788,087 


$2,039,370 


62,048,477 
$2,639,370 


$170,000 
$39,228,368 


449,933,104 
$13,7.57.268 

37,. 543. 073 
$21,322,494 

963.048 
$19,813,614 

$4,332,992 

$390,910 

$118,485,515 

23,905,398 
$923, 117 


389,426,558 
$22,107,915 


841.234 
$.tO0,  470 


.31,240 
$644,833 


'  Includes  the  value  of  11.289..399  pounds  of  sublimed  wUte  lead. 
3  Not  included  in  the  total  or  aggregate  value. 


122 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    33. 


-Lead   smelling   and  refining — detailed   summary,    by 
states:  1905 — Continued. 


Table  34. — Zinc  smelling — comparative  sinnmari/,  with  ]>er  cent  of 
increase:  1890  to  1905. 


United 
States. 

Missouri. 

All  other 
states. 

Products— Continued.                                1 
Refining  and  desilverizing— Cont'd 
Fine  bars- 
Silver— 

71. 751. 753 
«40. 924. 638 

2.543.309 
852,349.703 

SI. 032. 833 

$253,918 

263.471 
7,979,912 

71.751,753 
840,924,638    1 

2.543.309 
852. 349. 703 

SI. 032. 833 

S253.91S 

263,471 

7,979,912 

173.660 

12,395.603 

233.302 

7, 128.  713 

55, 463 

388,840 

531,338 

108,562 

11, 968;  045 

30,109 

319,861 

9,635 

Gold- 

All  otlier  products  of  refining 
and  desilverizing 

-Vmount   received  for   contract 
work  on  refining  and  desilver- 

Contents  of  foreign  ores  treated: 

Imported  for  consumption,  total — 

173,660 
12,396,603 

233,302 

7,128.713 
55,463 
3,88,840 

531,338 

108,562 

11,968,045 

30, 169 

319,861 

9.635 

38.718 

107.647.481 

From  Mexico- 
Lead  (poimds)     

Gold  (ounces  fine) 

Copper  (pounds) 

From  Britisn  Columbia— 
Sil.'er  (ounces  fine) 

Copper  (pounds) '. 

From  ottier  countries — 

Silver  (ounces fine) 

Copper  Ipoimds) 

Smelted  and  refined  in  bond  and  re- 
exported, total- 

38.718 

107.647.481 

Silver  (ounces  fine)     

6. 469, 281 

36,543 

8  592  275 

6, 469, 281 

36,543 
8,592,275 

105,683,586 

4,686.068 

34.  460 

7, 805.  ,580 

1.963,895 

1,783,213 

2,083 

786,695 

24 
31,291 

1.56 
21,228 

3 

SO 

1 
1 

207 
0,856 

66 
'              3, 126 

1 

From  Mexico- 

105,683,586 

4,686,068 

34,460 

7,805,580 

l,96:i,895 

1,783,213 

2,083 

786,695 

30 
:f2,648 

109 
22,440 

4 

100 

1 

1 

210 
6,981 

6C 
3,126 

Gold  (ounces  fine) 

Copper  (pounds) 

From  Bolivia  and  all  other 
countries- 

Silver  (ounces  fine) 

Gold  (ounces  fine) 

Tower: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting. 

6 
1,357 

13 
1,212 

1 

20 

Owned— 

Engines- 
Steam— 
Number 

Gas  and  gasoline— 

Horsepower  .   . 

Water  wheels — 

1 1  orsepower 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

3 

125 

Rented— 

Ele<-tric  motors— 

Number 

*Not  Included  In  the  total  or  aggregate  value. 
ZINC  SMKI/nXd. 

The  vigorous  "^rowtli  df  the  zinc  snioltiii<;  indii.stn' 
noted  ;\\  (lie  census  of  I'.IOO  Ims  continuecl,  and  tlic 
production  of  spelter,  iiicludiii!^  slieet  zinc,  at  tlie 
cen.siis  of  100.5  rendied  n  lutnl  of  186,990  tons,  as  com- 
pared with  i:il.. 546  tons  for  lOOO,  .-).S.S60  tons  for  ISflO, 
and  2.'5,2.'-!!t  tons  for  ISSO.  This  siiows  an  increase  of 
3.'),(i'J1  tons  for  the  .h-cade  ISSO  to  1890;  72,686  ton.s  for 
thedecarh-  IS'.lOto  1900;  and  5.5,444  tons  for  the  five- 
year  period  1900  to  190.5. 

The  general  cnniparalive  stali.stics  for  tlie  inchistiy 
are  friven  in  'i'al.le  :',  I  for  1S90,  1!)00,  and  190.5,  witJi 
the  |)er  cent  of  increase.  The  statistics  for  1890  in 
tlie  lahle  aic  taken  from  liic  isles ciil h  Census  of 
mines  and    miniuj^. 


190.5 


Numljer  of  establishments. . .  31 

Capital 823,701,586 

SalariedolDcials,  clerks,  etc.,  • 

number '  354 

Salaries I      8581,479 

Wage-earners,  average  num-  [ 

ber 6,528 

Total  wiiges S3, 856, 466 

Men  16  years  and  over...  6,506 

Wages 83, 861, 120 

Women  16  years  and  over  2 

Wages . . . ." $624 

("hildren  under  16  years. .  20 

Wages I  S4,722 

Miscellaneous  expenses '  S1.326.6;3l 

Cost  of  materials  used 817.028.418 

Value  of  products $24,791,299 


PER  CENT  OF 
INCRE.VSE. 


31 
814,141,810 

208  1 
8440.200 

4,869 

$2,365,921 

4,843 

82,348,338 

8 

83,369 

18 

84,214 

8399,472 

813.286.058 

818. ISS. 498 


21 
$4,469,386 

95 
$140,280 

2,690 
$1,424,981 

(=) 
(') 
(?) 

S226. 232 
84,807,710 


1900 

to 

liioa 


70.2 
32.1 

34.1 

63.7 

34.3 

04.0 

>75.0 

3  81.5 

11.1 

12.1 

232.1 

28.2 

36.3 


1890 

to 
1900 


47.6 
216.4 


118.9 
213.8 


81.0 
65.3 


76.6 
17U.3 


I  Report  on  Mineral  Industries,  Eleventh  Census. 

:Not  reported  separately. 

3  Decrease. 

<  Value  of  products  not  reported. 

Although  the  number  of  estabUshments  is  the  same 
for  190.5  as  for  1900,  the  increase  in  capital  invested, 
wage-earners,  and  materials  and  products  indicate  the 
stead}-  growth  of  the  industry.  In  addition  to  the 
active  establishments  shown,  there  were  .3  idle  estab- 
lishments reported  at  the  census  of  1905,  located  2  in 
Iowa  and  1  in  Pennsylvania,  w-hicli  reported  capital 
investment  and  ])owcr  equipnient  as  shown  in  Table  .35. 

Tablp;  iiSi. — Zinc  sniellinii — idle  establishments:  I'JUS. 

Number  of  establishments 3 

Capital,  total 8386,000 

Land 8131.600 

Buildings $216. 600 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 8.15. 300 

Cash  and  sundries $2,500 

Power,  owned: 

Numlier  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Engines,  steam — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Number I 

Horsepower 25 

In  1900  there  were  2  idle  establishments,  in  addition 
to  the  31  active  establishments,  with  a  capita!  of 
$59,500,  located  1  in  Kansas  and  1  in  A'irginia. 

On  account  of  tli(>  different  methods  of  treating  the 
smelting  industry  prior  to  IS'.ii)  (Vnsus  figures  coiii- 
parable  witli  tho.se  of  MKIO  and  11)05  are  not  available, 
l)ut  the  ])roduction  of  spelter  as  compiled  by  the  Geo- 
logiciil  Sufvev  since  1S7;>  is  pre.s(>nled  in  TuMe  .36. 

'I'Ain.i:  .'{<;.      fiii(/urllini  nf  spilter  in  the  ('iiilrd  Sliilis:  is:.i  hi  IHO.',.^ 


3 
1.095 


5 
1,070 


Quantity 
(tons). 

180, 702 

1903 

159. 2IU 

1902                       

166.927 

1901 

140,822 

1900        

123,  HS6 

180(1 

129,051 

tK98                

1I6.;)99 

1897 

99,(180 

81,4911 

1895                   

89,l<86 

1394 

75. 328 

1893 

78, 832 

1802 

87, 2m 

VKAK. 

1891 

Quiintity 
(tons). 

80,873 

1890 

63,683 

1889 

.W,  860 

.15,903 

1887  

50. 340 

1886 

42,641 

K8SB 

40. 688 

]S84       

•M,  544 

1H,S3 

36, 872 

1882 

.13,766 

23,2.19 

lH7fi     

16,833 

1873 

7,343 

Ufnlted.sii.i. 


MloKlciilRiirvey."MlnenilUe!ioiirecii  of  the  Uiil  tod  States,"  1B04. 


COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC,  SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 


123 


most  iii';uly  coiifoniiinj^  lo  the  calendar  year  1904,  and 
in  a  nunihcr  of  reports  the  fiscal  year  includes  part  of 
\<Mm. 


TIIR    I.VDrSTRV,    I!Y    .STATE.S. 


Tiic  total  jiroduclion  uf  .speller,  includinti;  siieet  ziiir 
made  at  the  smelters,  as  reported  at  the  census  of  19(1.'), 
was  1S(), !)()()  tons,or '288  tf)ns  more  than  for  the  calendar 
year  1904  as  shown  in  Table  .'{(i,  due  to  the  fad  thai 
the  periods  covered  are  not  identical.  The  rel  uiiis  lor 
the  United  States  (ieohjf^ieal  Survey  are  for  the  cal- 
endar year,  while  the  rejxirts  for  the  Census  Ollice 
cover  the  hscal  year  of  the  establishment  rei)ortin<j 

Table  :J7.— ZINC  SMELTING— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATKS:  191).^)  AND  1900 


The  (general  statist i<'s,  by  states,  for  the  censuses  of 
1900  and  190."),  so  far  as  they  can  b(^  ^iven,  are  shown 
in  Table  ■A7. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estali- 
lish- 
ments. 

(•ni.iliil. 

SALARIED  OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 

WAGE-EARNERS  AND 

WAGES. 

.Miscellaneous 
I'xpenses. 

Cost  of  ma- 
terials used. 

Value  of 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 

number. 

Wages. 

products. 

United  States 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1900 

11905 
'1900 

31 
31 

$23. 701,. 586 
14.141,810 

^54 

208 

$581,479 
440,200 

6.528 
4,869 

$3,856,466 
2,355,921 

$1,326,621 
399,472 

$17,028,418 
13.286,058 

$24,791,299 

18,188,498 

5 
5 

3 

13 
11 

4 
5 

3 

9 
4 

2,876,201 
3,186,319 

144,835 

10,903,4.32 
5,218,529 

tK)2, 898 
804,029 

1,871,626 

9,319,055 
2, 916.  472 

74 
80 

8 

141 
40 

24 
17 

9 

115 
54 

140.158 
222,022 

7,650 

247,433 
60,800 

34,316 
,30,880 

13,669 

159,672 
99,179 

1,643 
1,551 

119 

2,507 
1,487 

364 
.500 

448 

2,014 
764 

883,504 
758,912 

.58, 1.38 

1,569,533. 
705.803 

2.33.590. 
268, 196 

174,  ,510 

1,169,839 
390,362 

102,947 
109,407 

5,  .588 

412.310 
81.169 

25.500 
36,903 

4,869 

785,804 
161,536 

3,900,058 
4,416.815 

387.  .399 

8.  448.  .549 
4,678,946 

1,154,366 
1,651,387 

896. 192 

3,525.445 
1,255,319 

S.  425, 036 

5.882.746 
445, 643 

Kansas 

10  999.468 

5. 790. 144 
1.624,480 

2,011.724 
1,521,307 

6  741  715 

2',5M',93i 

1  Includivl  in  •■mII  nlhor  stuffs"  in  1905, 
'  Iiii'lndis 
^  liiohiil' 


cs  i-sijililisliiiit'iits  <listrilniti'<i  as  follows:  Colorado.  2;  New  .Tersey,  1;  Pennsylvania, 
es  i'si;ililishrneiits  (iistrihuted  as  follows:  New  Jersey,  2;  Virginia,  1;  Wisconsin,  1. 


i;  Virginia.  1;  West  Virginia.  1;  Wisconsin,  1. 


The  |>ro(lu(tion  of  the  Illinois  and  Missouri  zinc 
smelters  shows  a  decrease  at  the  census  of  1905  over 
tliat  of  1900,  and  no  production  was  reported  from 
Indiana,  but  the  output  of  the  Kansas  zinc  smelters 
has  nearly  doubled  since  1900,  and  Pennsylvania's 
output  has  more  than  doubled,  though  the  detailed 


statistics  for  the  latter  state  can  not  be  shown  and 
are  included  in  "all  other  states." 

Table  .38  presents  the  statistics  for  establishments 
located  east  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  for 
the  censuses  of  1900  and  190.5,  with  per  cent  cif  in- 
crease. 


Table  38.— ZINC   SMELTING— COMPARATIVE    SUMMARY   OF   ESTABLISHMENTS,   BY   LOCATION,   EAST   AND  WE.ST 

OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER:  190.5  AND  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Snfaried  ofTicials,  clerks,  etc.,  number. 

Salaries 

WaKe-e;irners.  average  numl)er 

Tlitjil  WilJ^es 

Miscellaneous  e.xpenses 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Ore— 
Tons . 


31 

$23,701,586 

354 

$581,479 

6, 528 

S3,85(>.  46(1 

51.326.621 

$17,028,418 

..  743,760 

Cost I  S13, 663,  (>(i7 

.\ll  other  materials S3, 364, 751 

Products,  total  value $24, 791, 299 

Spelter  and  sheet  zinc — 

Pounds 373. 979, 078 

Value I  $19,210,859 

.\ll  other  products $5,  sgo,  440 


1903 


1900 


31 

814,141,810 

208 

.S440. 200 

4, 869 

.52.355,921 

S399,  472 

$13,286,058 

463.609 
810,995,846 
$2,290,212 
$18, 188,  498 

263.091.088 
$14,843,416 
$3,345,082 


EAST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI. 


190S 


12 

$9,917,256 

171 

$259, 891 

3, 109 

Sl,(;32.496 

8860, 916 

$6,723,118 

401,781 

•85,114,069 

81,009.049 

$10,  733, 076 

116,346,975 
$6,387,505 
$4, 346, 171 


1900 


WEST  OF  THE   MISSISSIPPI. 


1903 


15 

$8,119,252 

151 

$342. 520 

2.882 

$1,381,922 

$281,400 

$6,955,725 

289. 618 

85. 174,  .548 

81.781.177 

810,386,6.30 

117.846.473 
87,041,548 
$3,345,082 


19 

$1,3,784,330 

183 

$.321. 5S8 

3,359 

$2,223,970 

$465. 705 

$10,  .305. 300 

341.979 

$S.  .549.  598 

8!.  7.55. 702 

814.0.57,623 

2.57.032.103 
$12.82.3,354 
$1,2.34,269 


1900 


16 

$6,022,558 

57 

$97,680 

1,987 

8973. 999 

$118,072 

$6, 330,  .333 

173.991 

85.821.298 

$509,035 

$7,801,868 

145.245,215 
$7,801,868 


PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


Total. 


67.6 
70.2 
32.1 
.34.1 
63.7 
2.32.1 
28.2 

60.4 
24.3 
46.9 
,36. 3 

42.1 
29.4 
66.8 


East.     West. 


■20.0 
22.1 
13.2 

•24.1 
10.0 

lai 

205.9 
13.3 

38.7 

11.2 

19.7 

3.3 

11.3 
19.3 
29.9 


18.7 
128.9 
221.1 
229.2 

69.0 
128.3 
294.4 

62.8 

96.5 

46.9 

244.9 

80.2 

77.4 
64.4 


'  Decrease. 


In  1900,  although  the  cjuantity  of  zinc  made  by  the 
western  establishments  exceeded  the  zinc  output  of 
the  eastern  plants,  the  total  value  of  the  products 
of  the  eastern  plants  was  largely  in  excess,  the  latter 
producing  $3,14.3,370  of  zinc  oxide  and  sulphuric  acid 
besides  other  products,  in  addition  to  spelter  and  sheet 
zinc  products;  that  is,  in  1900  the  output  of  the  west- 
ern smelters  was  all  in  the  form  of  spelter;  while  of  the 


eastern  establishments  only  67.8  per  cent  of  the  total 
products  was  sjielter  and  sheet  zinc. 

For  1905  the  western  establishments  show  a  produc- 
tion of  257,632,103  pounds  of  zinc  (spelter  and  sheet 
zinc),  of  a  value  of  $12,823,3.54,  an  increase  of  77.4 
per  cent  in  quantity  and  64.4  per  cent  in  value  over 
1900,  and  in  addition  zinc  oxide,  sulphuric  acid,  and 
other  products  of  a  value  of  $1,234,269;  whereas  the 


124 


MANUFACTURES. 


eastern  establishments  show  a  shght  decrease  m  zinc 
metal  product  for  1905  over  1900,  with  an  increase  in 
other  products,  the  total  products  of  the  eastern 
smelters  showing  a  small  increase  of  3.3  per  cent,  as 
compared  with  an  increase  of  80.2  per  cent  for  the 
western  establishments.  For  1905  zinc  metal  consti- 
tuted 59.5  per  cent  of  the  total  products  of  the  eastern 
smelters  (67.8  per  cent  in  1900)  and  91 .2  per  cent  of  the 
product  of  the  western. 

The  capital  invested  in  the  entire  industry'  shows  a 
very  heavy  increase,  and,  as  at  the  census  of  1900,  is 
in  part  due  to  improvements  in  ajjpliances  and  in  part 
to  the  development  of  industries  collateral  to  zinc 
smelting,  viz,  the  manufacture  of  zinc  oxide,  sulphuric 
acid,  and  the  rolling  of  zinc.  The  production  of  rolled 
sheet  zinc  by  zinc  smelting  establishments  has  in- 
creased from  9,389  tons  at  the  census  of  1890  to  17,723 
tons  at  the  census  of  1900  and  to  24,346  tons  for  1905, 
an  increase  of  37.4  per  cent  for  1905  as  compared  with 
1900.      The     production    of    zinc   oxide    by  smelting 


establishments  increased  from  37,557  tons  for  1900  to 
58,743  tons  tor  1905,  or  56.4  per  cent;  and  sulphuric 
acid  from  58,828  tons  for  1900  to  77,305  tons  for  1905, 
or  31.4  per  cent. 

In  the  report  for  the  zinc  smeltmg  imlustry  for  the 
Twelfth  Census  a  presentation  was  made  of  the  sta- 
tistics by  two  groups  of  states,  one  group  including 
the  works  of  the  Mississippi  valley  states,  which  are 
dependent  almost  exclusively  upon  the  ores  mined 
in  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  purchase  their  ores  in 
the  open  market,  and  the  other  group  including  the 
works  of  the  states  which  control  nearly  the  whole 
of  their  own  ore  supply.  The  first  group  then 
included  the  works  of  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kansas, 
Missouri,  and  Wisconsin,  and  the  latter,  the  works 
of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  Vu-gmia,  all  eastern 
states. 

Table  39  presents  corresponding  statistics  for  1905 
in  comparison  with  those  of  1900,  and  gives  the  per 
cent  of  increase. 


Table    SS).— ZIXC     SMELTIXc; 


-fO.MPAKATIVE     SUMMARY    OF     E.STABLISHMENTS 
LOCATION:  1905  AND  1900. 


ARRANGED     ACCORDING     TO 


TOTAL. 

EASTEKir 

STATES.' 

WESTERN 

STATES.' 

PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

1905 

19(H) 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

Total. 

East- 
ern. 

West- 
ern. 

31 

$23,701,586 

454 

$581,479 

6,  ,528 

$3, 856, 466 

$1,326,621 

$17,028,418 

743,760 
$13,003,607 
$3,.')64,75I 
$24,791,299 

:!73,979.078 

$19.210,8.59 

$5,. 580,  440 

31 

$14,141,810 

208 

$440,200 

4,869 

$2,3.55,921 

$399,  472 

S13,28fi,a5S 

463,009 

$10,995,840 

$2,290,212 

$18,188,498 

263,091,688 

$14,843,416 

$3,345,082 

6 

$0,498,035 

75 

$93,911 

1,348 

$658,634 

$742. 969 

$2.  .534, 060 

285.796 

$1,062,474 

$871.. 586 

$4,81.5,340 

22.927.0.30 
$1,406,339 
$3,409,001 

0 

$4,193,098 

48 

$88,008 

1.080 

$500,258 

$1.57,325 

$1,799,315 

103,4.59 

$8S9, 819 

$909,490 

$3,562,3.30 

17.610.7.30 
$1,190,145 

$2. 356. 183 

25 

$17, 203,  .531 

279 

$48.5,508 

5,180 

$3,197,832 

$583,652 

$14,494,358 

4.57,904 
$12,001,193 
$2. 493, 105 
$19,975,959 

351,051,442 

$17, 804,. 520 
$2,171,439 

25 

$9,948,712 

100 

$3.51,532 

.3,789 

$1,849,063 

$242, 147 

$11,480,743 

300, 1.50 

$10,100,027 

$1 . 3S0. 710 

$14,036,168 

243,480.952 

$13,647,271 

$988,897 

Capital                      •                                        

67.6 
70.2 
32.1 
34.1 
03.7 
232. 1 
28.2 

(».  4 
24.3 
46.9 
36.  3 

42.1 
29.4 
60.  8 

54.9 

56.2 
8.2 
24.8 
.30. 1 
372.  3 
40.8 

74.8 
86.8 
"4.2 
35.6 

SO.? 
17.6 
44.7 

72.9 

Salaried  olficiais,  clerks,  etc.,  number 

Salaries 

74.4 
38.1 
36.7 

72.9 

141.0 

26.2 

Ore— 

S2.6 

18.8 

80.6 

36.  S 

Spelter  and  sheet  zinc — 

Pounds 

4a  0 
30.5 

All  other  products 

119.6 

'  Includes  states  as  follows:  190.5— Now  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia, 

■  ■■  ~  ■       do.  If     ■     "  "" ' 

3  Decrease. 


>  Includes  states  as  follows:  19a5— Colorado,  Illinois,  Kansas,  Missouri 


West  Virginia.    1900 — New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia. 
Wisconsin.    1900 — Illinois.  Indiana.  Kansas.  Missouri,  Wisctinsin. 


The  state  of  Colorado  appears  as  a  jjioducor  for  1905 
and  has  l)eeii  included  in  the  first  group,  thougli  the 
ores  iianillid  liy  the  Colorado  smelters  are  not  Mis.sis- 
sippi  valley  ores.  The  table  tlierefore  i)rcs(Mits  the 
statistics  groiqieil  to  show  the  western  establishments, 
which  witii  one  exception  purclmseil  (heir  ores,  and 
the  eastern  establishments,  ^^hil■ll  coiilrol  neiirly  the 
wliole  of  tlieir  own  supply. 

Tliere  were  t  eslablishnieiils  w  hich  Ireated  exclu- 
sively ores  prixliiced  from  thi'ir  o\\  ii  mines,  valued  in 
all  at  Sll, 539, IOC)  and  located  1  in  Mi.s.souri,  I  in  New 
Jcriey,  and  2  in  Ponn.sylvaiiia.  Ail  other  establi.sh- 
ments  operated  on  purchased  ores. 

The  estaldishmeiits  purchasing  their  ores  report  I  he 
price  paid  for  ore  in  the  open  market,  while  the  eslidi- 
lishments  Muelling  ores  prodiieed  l>y  their  own  mines 
necessarily  liave  to  i'e|>ort  an  esliimiled  cost  for  the  ore 
at  the  sMielter.  'I'iie  oii's  handled  l)y  the  Colorado 
smelters  are  low  grade  /.inc  ores  ealiyini,'  viilues  in  leml 


and  tiie  precious  metals,  and  are  not  in  tli(>  same  class 
with  the  rich  zinc  ores  of  the  Mississijipi  valley.  The 
average  cost  price  paid  iiy  the  Colorado  smelters  for 
ores  approximates  iH>arer  to  that  of  the  eastern  grou]) 
than  to  that  of  the  Mississi])pi  valley  smelters.  The 
average  cost  per  ton  of  tlie  ores  imrehiised  by  (lie  Mis- 
sissippi valley  smellers  for  1905  was  .f2S.;i5  per  ton  as 
coiiipared  with  an  average  cost  of  S33.(i7  for  1900, 
whereas  the  average  cost  of  (he  ores  used  by  (he  east- 
ern group  for  1905  was  §5.,S2  |)er  ton  as  against  .'i;5.44 
per  ton  for  1900.  At  the  census  of  1900,  (he  jiriee  of 
zinc  ore  in  I  he  .Mississippi  \;illey  di.s(  ric(  was  siil)iec(  (o 
wide  llii<(ua(ions,  zinc  ore  of  slaiidard  <|U!ilily  in  (he 
bin  at  I  he  mines  reiiehing  .$55  per  (on,  and  (he  average 
was  iii)nonn:dly  high. 

PRODUCTS. 

Tiilile   10  shiiws  ill  dcliiil  (he  sijecific  products  of  the 
/.inc  ^iiiellci.  for  I  lie  I'niled  ,S(,i(es,  bir  I '.100  ;ind    1905. 


COPPER,  LEAD,  AND  ZINC,  SMELTING  AND  REFINING. 


125 


Tauij-.  40."  Zinc  smelting — products,  by  kind,  (/imnliti/,  mul  value: 
1905  and  1900. 


KIND. 

litO.-) 

l»0() 

Per  cent 
of  in- 
crease. 

824,791,299 

325,287,010 
$1(),  37(1, 383 

48, 092,  DOS 
S2, 831,470 

117,485.861 
S4,3.W,.394 

154,(10il.03n 
8570.  OtiO 
8073,986 

818,188,498 

227,04li,3H 
$12,348,036 

35,445,374 
82,495,380 

75,114,904 
$2,718,700 

117.655,214 
$424,070 
$201,712 

36.3 

Spi-ltcT- 

I'ounds 

Viihin 

Slu'ot  zinc  - 

Pnunds 

42.9 

32.  6 

37.4 
13.5 

Zinc  oxide— 

I  'otiiids 

V'jiiuft 

.56,4 
59.3 

Sulpliuric  acid — 

I'ncinds 

31.4 
35.6 

All  other  products 

234.1 

Between  I'.IOO  and  lOO.o  the  total  |)r(>(liicti(in  of  zinc 
metal — .spelter  and  .sheet  zinc — increased  110,887,390 
pounds,  or  42.1  per  cent. 

Kansas,  wliich  stood  second  at  tlie  census  of  1890, 
was  easily  first  both  for  1900  and  1905.  Its  sjjelter 
product  for  1900  was  109,031,632  pounds,  or  41:4  per 
cent  of  the  total  spelter  and  sheet  zinc  product,  and 
for  1905  its  s|)e]ter  and  sheet  zinc  product  was  221,- 
638,884  pounds,  or  59.3  per  cent  of  the  total.  Ilhnois 
was  second  at  hotli  censuses,  wdth  91,517,175  pounds 
of  speltcM-  and  slicet  zinc,  or  34.8  per  cent  of  the  total 
product  for  1900,  and  93,419,339  pounds,  or  25  per 
cent,  for  1905;  Missouri  was  third  in  both  cases,  with 
36,213,583  pounds  of  spelter,  or  13.8  per  cent,  for  1900, 
and  24,249,219  pounds  of  spelter,  or  6.5  per  cent,  for 
1905;  and  Pennsylvania  fourth,  wdth  3.6  per  cent  in 
1900  and  4.1  per  cent  for  1905.  Colorado  and  West 
Viri^inia  aj)i)ear  as  producers  for  the  first  time  for  1905. 

The  use  of  natural  gas  as  fuel  was  confined,  at  the 
census  of  1905,  to  smelters  in  Kansas,  and  9  plants 
reported  natural  gas  used  as  fuel:  6  using  gas  from 
wells  operated  by  the  same  owner,  and  4  using  pur- 
chased gas. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  fuel  expense  of 
the  Kansas  establishments: 


CLASS  OF  FUEL  VSED. 


Total 8507, 


Natural  gas,  total 244, 206 

From  wells  operated  by  same  owner 103  487 

Purchased .  80  719 

other  fuel ■  263,724 

In  only  2  cases  was  natural  gas  alone  used,  7  of  the 
establishments  using  natural  gas  also  using  other  fuel. 
Other  fuel  was  used  entireh'  by  2  smelters  in  the  state. 

The  values  reported  for  the  products  are  the  net 
values.  The  statistics  with  respect  to  amounts  paid 
for  freight  and  commissions  and  selling  expenses  are 
too  incomplete  to  j)ermit  of  eLiiy  general  deductions  as 
to  gross  value  of  products.  Of  the  31  establishments, 
8  reported  freight  on  product  to  the  amount  of 
$197,315,  and  commissions  and  selling  expenses  to  the 
amount  of  $38,452  on  133,597,263  pounds  of  spelter 
products  of  a  net  value  of  $6,724,034,  or  a  gross  value 
of  $6,959,801.  But  3  of  these  8  establishments  re- 
ported deductions  on  value  of  product  for  freight 
onl}',  1  a  deduction  for  commissions  and  .selling  ex- 
penses only,  and  4  deductions  on  account  of  freight 
and  commissions  and  selling  expenses.  The  4  estab- 
lishments reporting  deductions  for  both  freight  and 
conmii.s.sions  and  selling  expenses  Avere  located  3  in 
Kansas  and  1  in  Missouri,  and  the  total  cjuantity  of 
spelter  product  was  62,338,520  pounds,  of  a  value  per 
New  York  and  St.  Louis  quotations  of  $3,072,469  and 
a  net  value  of  $2,967,619.  The  deductions  were 
$81,040  for  freight  and  $23,810  for  commissions  and 
selHng  expeu.ses.  The  average  gross  value  per  pound, 
or  value  per  New  York  and  St.  Louis  cjuotations,  was 
therefore  4.93  cents  in  the  case  of  these  4  establish- 
ments; deductions  for  freight,  0.13  cent;  for  com- 
missions and  selling  expenses,  0.04  cent,  and  net  value, 
4.76  cents. 

Table  41  gives  the  detailed  statistics  for  the  indus- 
try at  the  census  of  1905. 


T.uiLE  41.— ZINC  SMELTING— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


United  States. 

Illinois. 

Kansas. 

Missouri. 

All  other 
states.  1 

31 
823. 701,  .586 
$2,248,905 
.?.'*.  .•)4S.  416 
S4,6-yS,:i00 
$8,218,965 
2 

.■i54 
S5S1.479 

50 
Sl.".7.Sn7 

.304 
$423,672  1 

287 
$413,836 

S9.836  1 

5 

$2,876,201 
$263,050 
$554,000 
8S94.9S0 

$1,164,171 

13 

$10,903,432 
81.077.481 
$5,444,616 
SI. 670. 650 
$2,710,685 

4 

$602,898 
$24,000 
$113,700 
$119,487 
$345,711 
2 

24 
834.316 

2 
$10,400 

00 
823.916 

21 
$23,016 

1 
8900 

Capital,  total 

S9  .')]4  055 

Buildings 

y>  433  100 

Cash  and  sund ries 

S3  OQS  39S 

Salaried  olhcials.  clerks,  etc.: 

74 
SI 40. 158 

9 
$51.1.37 

65 
$89,021 

64 
888.221 

1 
$800 

141 
$247,433 

18 
865.701 

123 
$181,732 

109 
8173.932 

14 
S7.S00 

Total  sala  ries 

Sl.iQ  a7'> 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

21 

S30.569 
94 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc.— 
Total  number 

$129,003 
<*3 

Men— 

Xuinbor 

Women   - 

Number 

1 

Salaries 

S336 

'  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  2:  New  Jersey,  1 ;  Pennsylvania,  3:  Virginia,];  West  Virginia.  1:  Wisconsin.]. 


126 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  -41.— ZINC  SMELTING— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905— Continued. 


Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  emploj-ed"  at  any  onetime  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

.\verage  number 

Wages 

Women^ie  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

W  ages 

Children  under  16  years- 
Average  number .■ 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

JiUy 

August 

September 

Octolier 

XovemI)er 

Deceml)er 

Women  10  years  and  over- 
January 

February 

March 

April • 

May 

Junt 

July 

August -. 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Children  under  10  years- 
January 

February - 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

Novcm  ber 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 


United  States. 


Ta.xcs . 


Rent  of  ofTiccs,  Interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  included. 

Contract  work ., 

Materials  used,  aggregate  cost 

Ore- 
Tons 

Cost 

Flux  and  other  materials  operated  upon 

Fuel ,  total  cost 

Natural  pas 

Other  fuel 

Mill  supplies .■ 

All  other  materials i 

Freight 

Products,  total  value 

Zinc  spelter  and  sheet  zinc- 
Pounds 

Value i 

.\ll  other  products '. 

Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned  - 
Kngines— 
Steam- 
Number  

Horsepower 

''•as  and  {.'asolino — 

Number 

Mfirseffowcr 

Klectric  motors- 
Number  

Horsepower , 

<  It  her  kind,  horsepower 

Furni-^bofl  to  oth«T  (■^tabnshments,  horsepower 


7,637 

5,272 

6,528 

$3,856,466 

6,506 
$3,851,120 

2 
S624 

20 
$4,722 


6.096 
6, 107 
6,849 
6,827 
6.S58 
0.674 
6.534 
6.434 
6.410 
6.345 
6.413 
6,525 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

19 
19 
19 

19 

19 

19 

23 

23 

23 

19 

19 

19 

$1,326,621 

$3,000 

$05,172 

$1,251,359 

Sli,  490 

$17,028,418 

743,  700 

$13, 003,  (i07 

$.535, 001 

$1,060,281 

$244, 200 

$1,422,075 

$137, 820 

$054.  ,^S9 

$371,254 

$24,791,299 

373,979,078 
$19,210,8.59 
$5,  .580,  440 

31 
23,  452 


134 
17,  ,556 


210 
5,048 

aoo 

25 


1,697 

1.585 

1.043 

$883,504 

1.62S 
$879,627 


$3.87' 


1.600 
1.596 
1.612 
1.629 
1.648 
1.669 
1.651 
1.630 
1,640 
1,591 
1.634 
1,636 


Kansas. 


3.031 

1.883 

2,507 

$1,569,533 

2,507 
$1,569,533 


2,200 
2,146 
2,596 
2,564 
2.569 
2,530 
2,613 
2,568 
2,565 
2,610 
2.543 
2,580 


15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
$102,947 


115,347 
;87,000 


$3,900,058 

98,9a5 

$3,2,51,595 

$46,  .300 

$477, 223 


$477,223 

$8. 089 

S21.412 

S95. 433 

$5,  425, 030 

93,  419,  .3;i9 

$4,981,100 

$444,  470 


5,  ,574 


41 

,187 


34 
387 


$412,310 


$28,974 

$378,  793 

$4,543 

$8, 448, 549 

257,022 
$7,  li)2. 701 
$3.37, 142 
$507, 930 
$244, 206 
$203, 724 

$28.  4,50 

$249,178 

$173,082 

$10,999,468 

221,038,884 
$10,911,468 

$,ss.  oon 

13 
5.  7:i9 


431 

298 

364 

$2:i3,590 

364 

$233,590 


All  other 
states. 


263 
273 
400 
396 
407 
395 
399 
405 
383 
309 
363 
375 


$25, 560 
$3,000 
$2, 001 

$17, 412 

$1,947 

$1,154,366 

34, 136 
$9,59,  485 


$144,880 


$144,880 

$24,3.59 

$22,897 

$2, 7.39 

$1,024,480 

24,249.219 

$1., 3.10.  480 

$288,000 

4 
4,30 


11 

4:w 


2,478 

1,506 

2,014 

$1,109,839 

2,007 
$1,108,370 


$624 

5 
$845 


2.033 
2,092 
2,241 
2,238 
2.234 
2,080 
1,871 
1,831 
1,822 
1.835 
1.873 
1,934 

2 
2 
2 


4 
4 
4 

4 
4 
4 
8 
8 
S 
4 
4 
4 
$785,  804 


$18,2.50 
$707, 554 


$3, 525,  445 

353, 617 

$2,299,820 

$151,553 

$536, 242 


$.5:i6, 242 

$76, 922 

Sliro,  1,102 

$100,1X10 

$0,741,715 

34,071,036 
$1,981,745 
$4,  7.W,970 

9 
11,709 


31 
0. 238 

1 
10 

185 

4,661 
.800 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMLNTS 


(127) 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLHMENTS. 


The  statistics  of  tlio  manufacture  of  agricultural  im- 
plements extend  over  half  a  century.  The}'  include 
the  number  and  value  of  implements  used  for  tilling 
the  soil,  sowing  or  planting  the  seed,  harvesting,  and 
preparing  the  crop  for  tlie  market. 

The  importance  of  this  industry  is  shown  by  the 
value  of  farm  implements  and  machinery  in  use  on  the 
farms  of  the  ITnitcd  States  which  hi  1004  reached  the 
sum  of  $844,989,863/  a  gam  of  nearly  $100,000,000 
since  1900.  The  invention  and  perfection  of  machin- 
evy  for  use  in  connection  with  agriculture  have  revo- 
lutionized farming  in  the  United  States,  and  thus  have 
e.\ercisetl  a  far-reaching  influence  upon  the  economic 
conditions  of  the  nation.  ^loreover,  a  large  propor- 
tion of  the  labor-saving  devices  in  use  in  the  year  1905 
upon  farms  in  all  ])arts  of  the  globe  were  of  American 
design  and  manufacture.  But  in  spite  of  the  wide  ex- 
tent of  its  market,  the  area  of  significant  ])roduct 
within  the  I'nited  States  is  relatively  small. 

At  the  outset  the  industry  was  widely  distributed  in 
small  shops  over  the  country.     The  implements  used 

'  Bureau  of  the  Census,  Report  on  Wealth,  Debt,  and  Taxation, 
page  37. 


were  of  simple  construction,  and  their  manufacture 
required  little  capital.  AVith  the  progress  in  agricul- 
ture the  demand  grew  for  labor-saving  devices.  The 
increased  cost  of  producing  such  machinery  required 
increased  capital,  and  to  make  the  industry  pay  under 
present  conditions,  extensive  and  particularly  expen- 
sive exploitation  has  been  net'essary.  Indeed,  the 
requirement  for  a  large  and  increasing  proportion  of 
capital  to  product  is  now  a  marked  characteristic  of 
the  industry. 

The  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements  is  so 
closely  allied  to  that  of  foundry  and  machine  shop 
products  that  some  establishments  classified  as  "  agr' 
cultural  implements"  at  one  census  so  change  the 
character  of  their  products  as  to  come  entirely  or 
principally  under  '■  foundry  and  machine  shop  prod- 
ucts "  at  a  succeeding  census,  and  thus  drop  out  of  the 
class  in  which  they  had  been  previously  included. 
Such  changes  should  be  considered  in  comparing  tiie 
statistics  for  the  different  censuses. 

Table  1   presents  the  leading  facts  of   the  industry 
for  each  census  from  1850  to  1905. 


T.\BLE  1.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1850  TO  1905. 


19051 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.,  num- 
ber  

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number. . . . 
Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages .". 

Women  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

children  under  10  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


S196, 


648 
740, 700 


1900 


1890 


7,199 

$7,572,646 

47,394 

$a">,002,650 

46,631 

$24,777,846 

579 

$191,308 

184 

$33,496 

$15,178,098 

$48,281,406 

$112,007,344 


715  910 

$157,707,951    $145,313,997 


$25 


$11, 
$43 
$101 


10,046 
363,210 

46,582 
450,880 

46, 174 
358, 158 
214 
$66,042 
194 
$26,680 
394,656 
,944,628 
,207,428 


»3,717 

■'$3,704,667 

38,827 

$18,107,094 

38,327 

$17,99S,&50 

288 

$75,553 

212 

$32,891 

$11,129,548 

$.■81, 603. 265 

$81,271,661 


1880 


1870 


1,943  I  2,076 

$62,109,668  $34,834,600 


2,116  1,333 

$13,866,389  $3,564,202 


39,580 
$15,359,610 
38,313 
(') 

73 
(') 
1, 
C) 

m 

$31,531,170 
,$68,640,486 


,194 


I      m 

25, 249 

$12,151,504 

24,634 

(') 

12 
(*) 

603 
(*) 
(•) 
$21,473,92.5 


1860 


1850 


(<) 
(<) 

17,093 

$5,925,177 

17,086 

C' 

(<) 
(<) 
(<) 
(«) 
$6,993,162 


(') 
(') 

7,220 
$2,167,868 
7,211 
(*) 

9 
(') 
(') 
(<) 
(•) 
1,445,765 


$52,066,875    $20,831,904   $6,842,611 


29.4 
24.8 

228.3 

29.5 

1.7 

11.4 

1.0 

10.8 

170.6 

189.7 

25.2 

25.5 

33.2 

9.9 

10.7 


PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


1900  \  1890     1880     1870 

to    I     to         to     !     to 
1903     1900     1890     1880 


221.4 
8.5 

170.3 

125.7 

20.0 

24.0 

20.5 

24.2 

225.7 

212.6 

28. 5 

218.9 

2.4 

39.1 

24.S 


253.2 
134.0 


21.9 
17.9 


282.2 


26.4 
78.3 


.56.8 
26.4 
55.5 


0.2 
18.4 


46.8 
31.8 


1860     1850 

to         to 

1870     I860 


21.9 

151.2 


207.1 
149.9 


58.7 
289.0 


47.7       136.7 

105.1       173.3 

44.2       136.9 


71.4       «22.2 


185.9 
204.4 


1  Exclusive  of  the  statistics  o£  93  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products.    These  establishments  made  agricultural  implemcats  to  the 

value  of  $1,349,679. 
-  Decrease. 

3  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members,  with  their  salaries:  number  only  reported  in  1905  and  1900.  but  not  included  in  this  table. 
<  Not  reported  separately. 
^  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  percent. 
6  Not  reported. 


fl29) 


130 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  number  of  establishment.s  has  steadily  decreased 
since  1S60  until  in  1905  there  were  less  than  half  the 
number  reported  in  1S50.  To  some  extent  this  re- 
duction is  accounted  for  by  the  changes  in  classifica- 
tion, but  a  more  important  reason  is  iindoubtedh'  the 
absorption  of  small  establishments  by  large  ones. 

Dl\gram  1. — Comparative  grouth  cf  the  value  rf  prodiirls.  In/  geo- 
graphic diiisions:  ISM  to  1905. 


1850 
120 


I  I  0 


i860 


1870 


1880 


1890 


1900  1906 


100 


90 


80 


CO 
□: 
< 


70 


O 
Q 


O    60 


CO 

z 
o 

J    50 
-J 


40 


30 


20 


/ 

/ 

,/ 

/ 

/ 

3 

./ 

^ 

/ 

♦ 

1        J 

1                 1 

f                 1 

lORTH— , 

iTi:.A_NTlC 

// 

'■^•-.^.^ 

f 

SOUTH     ( 

JENTBAL. 

•X-tX'***** 

t=-= 

•^WU.JL#U^U* 

^ 

.SOUTH  ATLANTIC. 


WESTERN. 


and  1905  capital  increa.sed  over  fiftyfold.  This  in- 
crease is  explained  in  part  by  the  different  methods  of 
reporting  capital  employed  at  various  censuses.  Live 
capital — cash  on  hand,  bills  receivable,  material  and 
stock  on  hand,  etc.  -was  first  reported  at  the  census 
of  1890.  In  all  discussion  of  capital  this  fact  should 
not  be  overlooked. 

The  decrease  in  the  number  of  establishments  and 
the  increase  in  the  capital  invested,  number  of  persons 
emphn-ed,  and  value  of  ])roducts  indicate  a  concen- 
tration of  the  industry. 

The  centralizing  tendency  is  further  illustrated  by 
the  fact  that  the  average  capital  invested  and  the 
average  value  of  products  per  establishment  increased 
from  $2,674  and  $5,133,  respectively,  at  the  census  of 
1850,  to  $303,612  and  $172,850  at  the  census  of  1905. 

It  is  probable  that  the  tendency  shown  toward  in- 
creasing cost  of  materials  is  in  part  the  result  of 
change  in  the  character  of  the  principal  material, 
rather  than  an  increase  in  <|uantit_y.  Wood  was  super- 
seded by  iron,  and  that  in  turn  by  steel.  Further- 
more, prices  of  the  same  material  fluctuated  from  year 
to  year,  .so  that  only  the  most  general  deductions  can 
be  made  from  the  returns  for  cost  of  materials. 

Value  of  products  showed  no  change  commensurate 
with  those  recorded  in  number  of  establishments. 
The  value  of  products  of  the  industry  in  1905  was 
approximately  sixteen  times  that  of  1850.  In  the 
last  thirty-five  years  the  value  of  products  has  in- 
creased moderately  but  steadily.  From  1900  to  1905, 
com])utcd  on  the  decade  basis,  the  percentage  of  in- 
crease was  slightly  less  than  during  the  ]irevious  dec- 
ade,. It  must  be  remembered,  however,  (hat  the  value 
of  products  in  many  industries  has  become  so  large 
that  a  small  percentage  often  re]M'esents  a  great  ab- 
.sohite  increase. 

The  current  expeiulitun'  ]>ci'  dollar  of  product — that 
is,  salaries,  wages,  misceiianeous  ex])(>iises,  and  cost 
of  materials — has  increased  from  79  cents  in  1890  to 
85  cents  in  1900  and  86  cents  in  19(1.").  Trior  to  1890  the 
only  items  of  current  exjiemHlures  re])orled  se|iarately 
were  wages  and  material.  The  amount  (hus  expended 
per  ddl'.ar  of  product  was  singularly  unirorni  tlirough- 
out  the  thirty  years — 67  cents  in  I8,")0,  62  cents  in 
1860,  65  cents  in  1870,  and  68  cents  in  1S80. 

Tilt-  fcilliiw  lug  tabular  :.l al'Miiciil  sliows  the  average 
vaiiii' <if  |)i<i(lufl  s  |)iM- csijiMi^lniicnl  from  lS.')()to  1905: 


With  iiicreuM'd  t  raiisportalioii  facilities  which  bring 
tlie  products  of  the  great  factories  wiliiiii  ea.sy  reacli 
of  the  fanner,  nuiny  small  shops  whidi  wcic  fmiiicrly 
0(|ual  to  supplying  all  local  demands,  iuive  been 
cillier  driven  out  of  laisiiies.s  or  absorbed  iiy  l.irger 
cstablislinienta. 

Coincident  witli  the  decrease  in  eslablishinents  there 
ha.s  been  a  steady  iiicrca.se  in  capital.      I'elweeii  185U 


CENSUS. 

AVKRAllK  VALU 
1  r  T.S  I'KR  K.STAl 

.Viiioiiiit. 

E  (IK 
II.I.SII 

inc 

rnoD- 

MK.NT. 
U'lll  (>( 

roosc. 

IKO'i           

$1"2,&'.0.84 

141,548.  ,S5 

89,309.51 

35,327. Ofi 

25,080.38 

0,844.(15 

5,133.24 

22.1 

1900 

.58.6 

isgo  

1.V2.8 

18N0 

<0.0 

l.'i4.8 

18(10 

fli:8 

I860 

AGRICULTURAL  LMPLEMENTS. 


L31 


The    industn/  hij  f/eor/raphic  divinions. — The    distri-   I   brink's  out   in  a  striktn<r  way  tlie  localization  of  the 
but  I. Ill  of  the  returns  by  geographic  divisions  of  states   |   industry;  this  is  .shown  in  Table  2. 

Tablk   '^.-PKH    (EXT    DISTRIBUTION   OF   ESTABLISHMENTS,  CAITIAI.,  AND    VALUE    OK    i'KODUCTS,  AVITII    PER 

CENT  OF  INCREASE,  ]?Y  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:  1905  AND  1900. 


ESTABLISHMENTS. 

CAPITAL. 

VALUE  OF  PEODUCT8. 

mvi.sioN. 

Percent  of 
total. 

Per  cent 
of  In- 
crease. 

Per  cent  of 
tntfil. 

Per  cent 
of  in- 
crease. 

Per  cent  of 
total. 

Per  cent 
of  In- 

1906 

1900 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

crease. 

United  Stiilcs 

100.0 

100.0 

19.4 

100.0 

100.0 

24.8 

100.0 

100  0 

North  A tlimtie 

26.4 
7.2 

57.6 
4.3 
4.5 

29.1 
5.7 

.57.6 
4.1 
3.5 

U7.8 
14.6 
19.5 
13.4 
16.0 

15.9 
0.7 

80.6 
1.5 
1.3 

16.9 
0.7 

79.7 
1.4 
1.3 

17.3 
20.8 
26.2 
31.7 
24.3 

17.9 
1.5 

76.1 
2.9 
1.6 

South  Atliiiitic 

1.2 

80.1 

1  9 

33.3 
5.2 

IVi  t 

South  ('('Ml  ral 

I.:.           15.9 

1  Decrease. 


Th(>  predominance  of  the  North  Central  division  in 
both  1900  and  1905  is  very  marked.  The  only  division 
which  in  any  degree  competes  with  it  is  the  North 
Atlantic.  The  latter,  although  it  did  not  contribute 
one-fourth  as  much  to  tlie  total  value  of  product,  in- 
creased from  1900  to  1905  at  a  rate  about  six  times 
that  of  the  North  Central  division.     The  North  Atlantic 


and  the  South  Central  divisions  gained  slightly  in  their 
proportion  of  products,  at  the  ex{)ense  of  the  leading 
group. 

The  industry,  by  states. — Centralization  is  fxirther 
emphasized  when  the  contribution  of  each  state  to 
the  total  is  seen.  Table  3  is  a  comparative  summary, 
by  states  and  geographic  divisions,  for  1900  and  1905. 


Table  3.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:  1905  AND  1900. 


Census. 


United  States 

North  Atlantic  division. 

Maine 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massaehvisetis 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1£05 
1900 


1905 
1900 


Pennsvlvania 1905 

1900 


Connecticut . 


New  York.. 
New  .lersey . 


Num- 
ber ol 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


South  .\tliintie  division. 

Virginia 

North  Carolma 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


South  Carolina 1905 

1900 

Georgia |    1905 

;    1900 

Not  distributed  bv  .states 11905 

I  »1900 


648 
715 


Capital. 


171 
208 


S196, 
157. 


•40. 700 
W.951 


327,403 
703, 466 


393, 859 
584,247 


62, 100 
112,003 


490, 725 
484.277 


731,710 
706, 472 


320, 374 
348,221 


436,429 
115.962 


432. 195 
249,957 


4i>n.011 
102. 327 


272. 255 
033! 020 


329.990 
472,863 


110.735 
77. 537 


13, 351 
14, 575 


792.004 
434.988 


20. 175 
33.057 


SALARIED  OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 


Number. 


7.199 
10,040 


Salaries. 


87, 572. 646 
8.303.210 


1,280 
973 


934 
659 


220 
197 


64 

59  I 


1,175.095 

967,287 


35 
23  I 


12, 700 
17, 195 


2,200 
2,300 


31.084 
18. 267 


35. 804 
45,358 


17,148 
13,330 


809. 322 
675.999 


40,005 
11.289 


226. 832 
183, 549 


73. 594 
56.592 


20.220 
21,738 


9.250 
3.970 


WAGE-EARNERS   AND 
WAGES. 


Average 
number. 


47.394 
46.582 


9,921 
8,202 


153 
218 


247 
211 


418 
312 


181 
154 


6,279 
5,551 


204 

147 


2,394 

1,504 


1,024 
751 


44. 124 
30,884 


314 
278 


107 
91 


584 
3«0 


Miscellane- 
ous expenses 


S25. 002. 6.50 
22.450.880 


$15,178,098 
11.394.6.56 


4.944,1.59 
3,969.712 


77,471 
100, 033 


24. 767 
16. 626 

113,524 
85, 846 

212, 586 
139.700 

81,698 
62,  m 

3.240,885 
2,797,269 

89,787 
60,083 

1,103.441 

688,044 

324.658 
234. 197 


115.727 
107.980 


30,883 
20,169 


4.065 
2,606 


170.723 
99,951 


3.260 
3,491 


Cost  of  ma- 
terials used. 


Value  of 
products. 


548,281.406 
43.944.628 


SI  12. 007. 344 
101,207,428 


2,094.553 
1.156,856 


20, 140 
28, 430 


4,449 
3.485 


41,559 
15,909 


63,554 

44,  ,577 


16,253 
9,961 


1,329,244 
833,948 


53.082 
23.827 


566.272 
196,719 


103. 183 
04.242 


20.640 
26,183 


5,108 
1,971 


6.794 
931 


71.728 
33.864 


913 
1,293 


8,511.E0O 
6.749.331 


75,565 
98,197 

13.568 
22,364 

182.403 
163,515 

252.036 
216, 313 

117,420 
76.132 

5.678.339 
4.824.871 

117,596 
115,697 

2,074.973 
1,232,242 

S.52. 255 
623.000 


182.433 
128,434  I 


50.950 
41,047 


12,635 
5.394  : 


601.894  ; 
437.799  I 


4.343 
10,326  I 


20,087.471 
15,454,912 


205,650 
290,261 

61,860 
79,891 

441.671 
369,537 

654.051 
534,789 

269.743 
194. 746 

13.045.891 
10.537.254 

391.926 
249.9<i3 

5.016,679 
3,198,471 

1.619.366 
1.214.866 


404.281 
343.291 


126.865 
99.128 


34.932 
14.090 


1.039.671 
737.652 


13.617 
20.705 


1  Includes  establishments  distril 

2  Includes  establishments  distri 


uted  as  follows:  Maryland,  2: 
bi.ted  as  follows:  Delaware,  1 


West  Virginia,  1. 
Maryland.  2:  West  Virginia.  1. 


132  MANUFACTURES. 

Table  3.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:  1905  AND   1!)()()— Continueil. 


» 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
Ush- 
ments. 

SALARIED  OFFICIALS, 
CLEEKS,  ETC. 

"WAGE-EARNERS   AND 
■WAGES. 

Census. 

Capital. 

Miscellane- 
ous expenses. 

Cost  of  ma- 
terials used. 

Value  of 

Numtjer. 

Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

products. 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

373 

412 

$;;8, 310,  !)2? 

125,638,588 

5,  .579 

8,785 

S6. 007. 792 
7.086.506 

34, 167 
35,913 

818,617,027 
17,467.911 

812,384,957 
9,865,933 

836.561,534 
35,209,845 

$85, 277, 440 

81.098.474 

Ohio 

71 

78 

24,301.986 
23. 628,  442 

918 
1,588 

1.001.714 
1,368,775 

5,659 
6,852 

2.909.540 
3,271.163 

1,650.747 
1,483,605 

5,692.218 
6.059,515 

12,891.197 
13,975,268 

Indiaoa 

1905 
1900 

tl 

14.523,167 
8,324,564 

389 
518 

466,156 
489.649 

3,543 
3,419 

1.840.(i0a 
1,593,881 

1,594.046 
596,463 

2.975.468 
2,619,621 

8,0150,575 
6,415.081 

Illinois 

1905 
1900 

82 

94 

71.383.289 
62,202.330 

1,929 
4,444 

2,152.293 
3, 419, 742 

15,359 
18,231 

8,851,404 
9,064,954 

3.960.647 
5,346.224 

17,750,852 
18,859,517 

38. 412. 452 
42, 033, 790 

Michigan 

1905 
1900 

42 
59 

14.342.106 
8.932.344 

713 
620 

678,309 
548,763 

3,164 
1.944 

1,685,677 
952,620 

1,902,405 
1,329,530 

3.497,210 
2,482.235 

8,719.719 
6.339.508 

Wisconsin 

1905 
1900 

52 
51 

20.837,995 
15,291,554 

1,017 
1,180 

1,050,112 
836,316 

3.569 
3.289 

1,885,775 
1,025,765 

2,278,730 
699,865 

3.519.856 
3.290.690 

10,076,760 
7,886,363 

Minnesota 

1905 
1900 

21 
18 

7.793.316 
3.730,055 

249 
182 

319,375 
189,832 

1.176 
928 

637.232 
423.054 

541,739 
241,388 

1.089.641 
718.604 

2.885.055 
1.763.780 

Iowa 

1905 
1900 

30 

24 

3,319.102 
l.S78,OS0 

231 
154 

204.277 
123.472 

1,027 
644 

469. 690 
243,489 

.337,149 
96.540 

1.3,56,712 
669,9.S9 

2.692.212 
1.508.667 

Missouri 

1S05 
1900 

21 
26 

1,299.575 
1, 412. 165 

89 
81 

93, 161 
101,977 

525 
493 

261. 116 
242,307 

57.362 
65, 325 

452,056 
406,977 

1.0158.008 
953,9(i5 

Nebraska 

1905 
1900 

3 

9 

134.600 
184.061 

11 
11 

6,000 
6, 705 

25 

87 

15.025 
41,128 

6,574 
4,646 

13.686 
82,856 

46,000 
176,446 

1605 
1900 

7 
4 

629.439 
19,750 

32 

6 

35, 705 
1.075 

105 
11 

52,181 
2.400 

52, 124 
856 

204.522 
10.819 

395,262 
18.275 

Not  distributed  by  states 

11905 
»1900 

3 

4 

46.352 
35,213 

1 
1 

090 
200 

15 
15 

8.778 
7,074 

3,428 
1,491 

9.313 
9.022 

.30,200 
27,325 

South  Central  division  . . 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

28 
29 

2,996.365 
2.274,794 

176 
140 

201,585 
109.085 

1,724 
1,102 

711.643 
428.630 

427.575 
184.932 

1.547.395 
752.712 

3  289  546 

1.942,840 

6 
9 

1,898,666 
1,735,595 

129 
96 

135.092 
124.720 

970 
680 

438. 101 
300,106 

316. 892 
148,009 

1.091,345 
466, 193 

2.190  917 

1.320,714 

Tennessee.                                  .  ._.  

1905 
1900 

12 
11 

756,812 
417, 689 

34 

38 

50.593 
35,065 

613 
373 

216.306 
113,425 

65,203 
12, 170 

314,279 
201,712 

768  895 

463.406 

Mississippi 

1905 
31900 

3 
4 

38,650 
63,875 

22 
21 

8,310 
4,680 

1.203 
825 

13,630 
18, 235 

38,000 

2 

1,350 

41,3,')0 

Texas 

1905 
1900 

4 
5 

147,271 
57.635 

8 

5 

9,400 
7.950 

47 
28 

23,943 
10, 419 

36,402 
23,928 

74,233 

66,572 

187,134 
117,370 

Not  distributed  by  states 

'  ]:^o-, 

3 

154,966 

5 

6,500 

72 

24.983 

7,875 

53,908 

104,  liOO 

Western  division 

1',  05 

1'  on 
uns 

IPOO 

29 
35 

2,533,750 
2,038,083 

100 

89 

114.580 
83.740 

558 
614 

405, 163 
350,  430 

165,830 
122,693 

808,322 
609,740 

1  733  521 

1,496.3,36 

California 

25 
20 

2,240,143 
1,852,157 

87 
81 

99,  440 
74,900 

479 

562 

348.531 
322,272 

122,986 
106,011 

723, r02 
638, 668 

1,4,83,746 
1,357,849 

Not  distributed  1>y  states 

1  li:05 

« i;  00 

4 

5 

293,607 
185,926 

13 
8 

15.140 
8,840 

79 
52 

56.632 
28, 158 

42.844 
16.682 

84, 420 
71,172 

249,775 
138, 487 

>  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows: 
"Includes  estnlilislunents  distributed  as  follows 
•Includes  1  estjililislliil'-nt  in  .\l;iltitm;l. 

*  Includes  est:il.iisluTieiits  (list  ril)uted  as  follows: 
6  Includes  estiiitlislunciits  distrihutfii  as  follows: 

•  IncHides  establishments  distributed  as  follows: 

Of  tlic  :U  .stales  cnpfafrcd  in  tlio  inuiiufacturo 
of  a<i;ri(iiltural  iiiipleniciit.s  in  iDO.'i,  iU  linvo  rc- 
p(»rt('(l  mamifacturos  at  oacli  of  tlic  .seven  eensuses 
sineo  1S.")0,  and  4  others — (^iliforiiia,  Kansas,  ^[inno- 
sota,  and  Texas — .since  ISfiO.  Tn  (he  10  i-eni!iiniii<r 
states  the  industry  has  iniiinhiined  mi  i iiclcu I :ir  ex- 
istence. 

In  ISSO  only  12  states  ic|)Mii('d  prudncls  Xidiicil 
at  over  81,000,000  endi.  .Ml  n\'  Ihese  excc|.l  Mas.sa- 
ehiisetts  and  Missouii  liave  CDnliiined  in  llie  same 
class,  and  I  Tndiiinii,  Mieiiif^an,  Wisconsin,  and  Penn- 
sylvania williin  twcnty-fivc  years  have  i-aised  (heir 
contriliiilion  lii'vond  the  S."), 000, 000  mark.  .New  York 
lias  l)een  ])rominenl  at  every  census  since  1X.")(),  hut 
after  1860  it  ceased  to  he  |)reeminenl.      in  !'.(()."),  iiuw- 


North  Dakota.  1;  South  Dakota,  2. 
:  North  Dakota,  1;  South  Dakota,  3. 

Alabama.  2:  .\rkanaas,  1. 

Colorado,  1:  I'tah.  1:  Washintrlon,  1;  tiregon,  1. 
Colorado,  1;  I'tah,  2;  Washington,  2. 

ever,  Xew  "^"ork  ivported  a  s"i'i  "^^  !?2,5()S,6.37  coin- 
cident with  lllinoi.s'  loss  of  .13,621,344. 

In  l!)05,24stateshavino;productsvalue(i  nt  inorcdmn 
.flOO.OOO,  contrihuted  99.0  per  cent  of  tlie  total  V!ilii(> 
of  products;  (i,  havin<;  ])roducts  valued  at  hetween 
!$1,00(),00()  and  $5,000,000,  10.1  i>ercen(;  and  7.  wiioso 
pi-oducts  passed  the  .f.5,000,00()  murk,  .S,5.9  ]>er  cent. 
Of  t  lie  hi  si  7.  Illinois,  Xew  York.  iin<l  Ohio  cont  rihnted 
.')7.")  pi'i'  ecnl ,  ;iu(!  l]lini)is  iildiie  3  l..'i  to  (lie  l<il  :il  iiMl  put . 

From  .Map  I  il  will  he  oh.seivetl  that  with  liie  ex- 
ception of  ( 'iilir<nni)i  iind  (leor^ia    th(>  slates  repoi'tiiii; 

in    l!)(l.".   :i    piddllcl    \;il I    ill    jess   iliail   .f,'').!)!  111.(11(0   Inil 

more  than  .S I  ,(1011,000  IxudiM-  on  the  slates  i-cjxirl  iiifj; 
liifrhesi  jiroduci  ion,  houndin;;  lliesc  on  liic  soulh  and 
west.     Georfria  has  j)as.sed   the  iSl  .Odd.ooo  mailv  .since 


ACiRK^JLTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 


133 


11)00,  liiiviti^  Ix'C'onic  a  fcnlcr  for  tlic  Soiilli  as  C'ali- 
foriiia  l)('cani(>  for  the  West. 

In  addition  to  a  decrease  in  tlie  value  of  products 
in  two  of  the  leadinji;  states — Oliio  and  IIHnois — there 
has  been  a  decrease  since  1900  in  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  Nebraska.  Tliesc  last  states,  however,  re- 
port a  conij)aratively  insii::niti{ant  output. 


Rank  of  Ihe  three  status  liadinij  in  value  of  products  in  1!)0S:  IS.'iO  to 

I'.ior,. 


STATE. 

iao5 

1800 

18S0 

1S80 

1870 

:) 
2 

1860 

3 
1 
2 

18&0 

1 
2 
3 

1 
3 
2 

1 
3 
2 

2 
3 
1 

New  York 

1 

Ohio 

M.u>  T.— ST.\TES  H.WINCt  PRODUCTS  V.'VLUED  AT  .|  100,000  AND  OVEFt:  IflOr,. 


I  j   Less  than  $100,000, 

L j"$100,000  but  less  than  $1,000,000. 

1^^^  $1,000,000  but  less  than  $5,000,000, 
y^  $5,000,000  and  over. 


M.xpL'.— STATES  HAVING  PRODUCTS  VALUED  AT  §100,000  AND  OVER:  1900. 


I    •      I  Less  than  $100,000. 

I  $100,000  but  less  than  $1,000,000. 
lOOCJ  $1 .000,000  but  less  than  $5,000,000 
y^^  $5  000,000  and  over. 


134 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  three  states  which  led  in  i860 — New  York,  Ohio, 
and  Illinois — were  still  the  largest  producers  in  1905. 
They  have  each  in  turn  held  the  lead,  but  Illinois  out- 
stripped Ohio  in  1890,  and  made  such  rapid  strides  that 
it  now  far  outdistances  all  others  in  value  of  products. 
The  central  location  of  Illinois  and  its  proximity  to 
the  rich  prairie  farms  of  the  central  West  is  probably 
the  primary  cause  of  its  preeminence. 

It  is  luilikely  that  the  decrease  reported  in  1905  in 
Illinois  is  more  than  temporary,  since  the  decrease  of 
.?3. 621. 344  in  value  of  products  between  1900  and  1905 
is  due  primarily  to  the  fact  that  many  of  the  largest 
plants  had  an  unused  production,  or  "  carryover,"  at 
the  close  of  the  season  of  1903  almost  twice  as  large  as 
that  of  any  other  year  in  their  history.  This  resulted 
in  a  great  decrease  in  production  in  1904,  the  year 
covered  bv  the  census  figures. 


New  centers  of  manufacture  have  appeared  since 
1900  in  Iowa,  Kansas,  Minnesota,  and  Tennessee.  The 
greatest  advance  has  been  in  Kansas,  where  the  value 
of  products  has  increased  more  than  twentj-fold.  In 
Iowa,  the  value  of  products  has  increased  78.4  per 
cent;  in  Miimesota,  63.6  per  cent;  and  in  Tennessee, 
65.9  per  cent. 

Tlie  industry  in  cities. — In  the  report  tipon  this  in- 
dustry at  the  census  of  1900  a  table  was  presented  sum- 
marizing the  returns  for  the  cities  in  wliich  this  indus- 
try was  an  important  factor.  Table  4  presents  the 
main  statistics  of  the  industry,  as  reported  at  the 
census  of  1905,  in  cities  of  20,000  population  or  over. 
The  remarkable  consolidation  which  has  been  in 
progress  renders  it  necessary  to  inchule  several  of 
the  cities  shown  in  1900  with  "all  other  cities"  in 
1905. 


Table  4.— SUMMARY  FOR  CITIES  HAVING  A  POPULATION  IN  1900  OF  20,000  OR  OVER:  1905. 


Total. 


Canton.  Ohio 

Davton.  Ohio 

Derntvir,  111 

Ivtroit.  Mich 

Evalisville.  Ind 

Iiidianapoli.s,  Ind... 
Kansas  City,  Mo  — 

La  ('ro«se.  Wis 

Minru-apolis,  Minn  . 

Moline,  111' 

Norfolk.  Va 

Peoria, 111 

Quinry,  III 

Racine,  Wis 

Rockf<ird,  111 

Sonth  Bend,  Ind 

Siiringfield,  Ohio.  .. 

York,  Pa 

All  other  cities- 


Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


172 


Capital. 


S114, 539, 659 


2, -121. 

1,778. 

339, 

848, 

456, 

324, 

375, 

904. 

371, 

18,218, 

171, 

4,615, 

312, 

12, 090, 

970, 

2, 036, 

11,4.53, 

1,475, 

54,773, 


SALARIED  OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,    ETC. 


WAGE-EARNERS  AND 
WAOES. 


Number.   I     Salaries. 


Average 
number. 


3,916 


S4, 168. 950 


26,867 


67 
47 
20 
98 
27 
28 
26 
34 
31 

258 
10 

155 
26  I 

705 
32 

122  I 

382 

76 

1,822 


75, 795 
54,211 
23,465 
82, 256 
28,  940 
26,2.50 
36, 370 
40, 599 
28,690 

408,  .529 
9,890 

195,814 
26, 875 

682.106 
35, 990 

163,635 

376, 339 

71,414 

1,801,781 


525 
359 
120 
255 
179 
86 
113 
256 
148 

2,199 
163 
94ii 
152 

1,486 
S86 

1,559 

1,746 

809 

15, 381 


Wages. 


Misirlla- 

IK'OUS 

expenses. 


[  Cost  of  mate- 
:    rials  used. 


Value  of 
products. 


814, 498, 587 


S7,o2 


,340 


$28,463,530  I  $63,787,418 


238, 644 
187, 937 

63, 3.')3 
121,379 

91,564 

39,928 

.59, 526 
118.  691 

69,  900 
1, 353, 187 

.57,916 
560, 9.53 

72,559 
807,611 
219,740 
855, 488 
946, 051 
318,953 
8,315,207 


173.361! 
ISO.  648 

18.004 
261, 143 

32, 360 

31,965 
7,784 

85. 329 

36, 174 
1,2.55,(87 

10,5.59 
276, 546 

17. 121 


1. 


2(.5,2S5 
261. 0S6 
485, 777 
1 16, 328 
, 243, 000 


533,039 

487, 109 

178, 8S2 

433,719 

172.  758 

80, 824 

121,182 

260,  956 

177,  649 

,129.411 

76, 365 

,007,6.53 

148, 207 

,397,077 

631,022 

1,1.58,664 

1,7,83,390 

637, 245 

15,048,378 


1, 


1,154,239 

1.014,321 

326, 183 

939, 657 

402, 880 

242, 339 

303, 648 

M2, 425 

387, 834 

8,347,014 

199,392 

2.  309, 962 

313, 8(>5 

5, 177, 079 

1,161,036 

2,744.001 

4.051,167 

l,2(a,635 

32,876,741 


t  Population  les.**  than  20,000  in  1900.  but  the  city  is  included  in  this  table  on  account  of  its  importance  in  the  industry. 

-Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Akron.  Ohio.  1:  Albany,  N.  Y..  1;  Anderson,  Ind.,  1:  Allnnta,  Ga.,  1;  Auburn,  N.  Y'..  1:  Bay  City,  Mich.,  2; 
Binghnmton,  N.  \.,  1;  Boston,  Mass.,  1;  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  1;  Cedar  Kapids,  Iowa,  1:  Chatiaiiooj-a,  Tenn.,  2;  Chicago,  111.,  6;  Cleveland,  Ohio,  1;  Cohnubiis,  Ohio,  3; 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  2:  Dalla.s.  Tex.,  2;  Denver.  Colo.,  1;  Dulutli,  Minn..l;  Kast  St.  Louis.  Ill  .  1;  Kiniira,  N.  Y.,  1;  Harrishurg.  Pa..l;  Jackson,  Mich..  2;  .loliet.  111.,  2; 
Kalamazoo.  Mich.,  2;  Kansas  City,  Kans.,  1;  Los  Angeles,  Cal..  2;  Louisville,  Ky..  3;  Macon,  (ia..  1:  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  4:  New  York.  N.  Y.,  1;  Oakland,  Cal,,  1; 
Omaha,  Nebr,,  1:  Petersburg.  Va.,  1:  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  2:  Portland,  Me.,  1:  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y..2:  Kichiuond.  Va..2:  Saginaw,  Mich.,  1:  St. .loseph.  Mo.,  1;  St.  Loui.s, 
Mo..  2;  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  2:  Salem,  Mass.,  1:  San  FrancLsco,  Cal.,  1:  Springtielcl,  111.,  2;  Syracuse.  N.  Y.,  2;  Toledo,  Ohio, 2;  Topeka,  Kans..  1:  Trenton,  N.  .1.,  2:  Utica, 
N.  Y.,  2;  Worcester,  Mass.,  2;  Zanesvllle,  Ohio,  1. 

Of  the  establishments  repoi'ted  at  tile  census  of  1905,  '   also  produced  69.4  per  cent  of  the  grain   liar\('sters, 

26.0  per  cent  were  located  in  the  above  cities.     These  67.r)  per  cent  of  the  headers  and  bimlers,  ('p|..">  per  cent 

])lants    returned    5S.2    per  cent  of    the  entire   capital  of  tiie  mowers,  58.8  per  cent  of.  tlic   reapers,  '20.7  per 

invested  in  the  industry  and  56.9  ])er  cent  of  the  total  cent  of  the  corn  harvesters,  and  4(i.L'  [ut  cent  of  the 

value  of    products.      The    average   capital    per  estab-  '   Imrsc  liayrakes  manufactured  in  (he  I'niled  States. 

lisliitH'iit  for  these  cities  was  ^665,9^8,  and  the  average  .Vilhoiigli  the  population  of  ,Molini'  in    1900  was  less 


value  of  products  was  ^370,857,  while  I'nr  ail  agriciil- 
tural  Wfirk  outside  of  these  cities  the  a\('iage  cajiilal 
and  the  average  value  of  jn-oducts  per  establishment 
was  !!il72,6'.>l  aiui  *lUl.:5nv|,  respeclively. 

Ciii('ngo  raiikefl  lirst,  but  it  has  been  imlnded  in  ""all 
other  cities"  in  order  not  to  disclose  indi\idnal  npcia 
tions.  Auburn.  N.  V.:  (  olunibus,  Ohio;  Ijouisville. 
Ky.;  and  .Milwaukee,  \\'is..  have  also  been  so  included 
for  the  same  rea.Hon.  The  j)reemuienre  of  ('liicago  is 
due  chiefly  to  the  extensive  inunufacture  of  harvesting 
inaehiiies.  in  which  it  leads  all  cities  of  the  wtjrld.      It 


than  2it,(IO(),  the  city  is  iiKduded  in  Table  I  on  account 
<d'  its  importance  in  tlu>  iiulusliy,  in  which  it  ranks 
sei-oiid.  ]\\  far  the  greater  \alueof  lis  inanufarlures 
of  agi'ii'iiltural  iniplcmenls  wiis  in  implenients  of  <ulti- 
\atioii.  \  iz,  $.'),94.").!os,  or  71.2  per  cent  of  the  total. 
value  of  all  agricull iiral  ini])lein(Mi(s  manufactured  in 
the  city. 

ProiJiirls.  -  Illinois  leads  in  the  ])roducl  ion  of  most 
of  the  |)riii<'i|>al  agiicidl  uiid  iniplemeiits,  some  of  (he 
notable  e.\cej)(ions  being  hors(>  hayforks,  .scythes,  and 
thrashers.     Of  the  lirst,  Ohio  contributes  almost  (he 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 


L'35 


whole  product,  but  in  ihc  iimniil'iictiiiv^  of  scytlu's  Maint^ 
leads,  followed  by  New  "^'oik.  The  scythe,  in  fact, 
ai)])ear.s  to  be  a  disliiictivcly  lOastcrii  ])roduct,  being 
contriliuted  in  190'),  entirely  iiy  Maine,  Connecticut, 
Vermont,  New  York,  and  New  Ilamp.shire.  Iowa, 
which  had  a  .small  product  in  1900,  reported  none  in 
190.').  The  nianui'aciure  of  thrashers  centers  in  Mich- 
iiran  and  Wisconsin,  which  toirether  cunt  ributecl  about 


one-third  I  lie  total  nuiiibci-.  but  ii}  190.')  the  former 
rc^portcd  an  increasing  and  the  latter  a  decreasing 
product. 

'I'able  .')  .-lihows  by  state.s  the  nuuibei-  and  kind  oi  the 
principal  agricultural  iniplenients  reported  at  the  census 
of  191)".. 

The  total  value  of  j.roducts,  classified  according  to 
kind,  is  slunvn  by  states  in  Table  6. 


r.MiiK  5.— NUMBER  AND  KIND  OF  PRliNCIPAL  AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS  MANUFACTURED,  BY  STATES:   1905. 


STATE. 

Cultiva- 
tors. 

Harrows. 

Plows. 

Planters 
and  drills. 

Ilarvosters, 
headers, 

and 
binders. 

Horse 
liayforlcs. 

Horse 
hayrakes. 

Mowers. 

Scythes. 

Thrashers, 
horsepower 
and  steam- 
power. 

United  States 

555,720 

453, 173 

1,258,441 

446,053 

119,560 

02,801 

236,297 

267,692 

703,023 

10,187 

599 

100 

9,364 

192, 122 
10,  489 

7,836 
3,615 
10,000 
718 
2,951 

25,663 

557 

4,000 

4,789 

157,798 

1,808 

2,115 
800 

2,000 
212 

1,280 

26,291 

3,134 

450 

455 

2,362 

700 

130, 463 

268,787 

265,258 

6, 197 
2,309 
110,847 
1,248 
4,431 

25,0.58 

1,713 

415 

626 

71 

264 

2,190 

371 

8 

79,028 

27,706 
108, 691 
21,288 

397 
2,010 
48,038 

79,682 

120,926 
880 

12,  .568 
110 

170,820 

513 

^ 

1,031 
60 

499 

105 

1,075 

1,673 

;;....:.  /; :. 

253,791 

11 

1,293 

106, 173 
3,257 
2,  .500 
1,232 
1,000 



942 

3-8 
496 

1,585 

2 

1,302  

1,208  , 

2,150 

930 

859 

8,500 
9,411 

1 

12,000 

18 

1 

295 

65 

90,802 

4,010 

125,611 

48,  497 

72,004 

15,034 

2/,  467 

6,455 

109, 576 

71, 139 

7,622 

126,817 

90 

72,480 

4,553 

979 

16,861 

4,800 

66,8.59 

4,672 

260 

6,200 

200 
7,50 

37 

22,292 

39,844 

57,919 

240,204 

700 

.5,512 
2 

,55,000 

30.262 

19,382 

976 

1,563 



692 

39,332 
19, 191 

2,080 
31.248 
43,115 

3,791 

30 

60,000 

203 

Vir^Miiia 

Wisconsin 

5,900 

33,  .541 

5,240 

5,250 

29,255 

725 

1,950 

19,815 

1 

7,594 
25 

2,988 


11,140 
350 

17,070 

J,  973 

81 

'  Includes  states  as  follows:  Alabama,  .\rlcansas,  Colorado,  Maryland,  North  Dakota,  Oregon,  South  Dakota,  Utah.  Washington,  West  Virginia. 
Table   6 KIND  AND  VALUE  OF  PRODUCTS,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


STATE. 

Tot.'il 
valur. 

Seeders  and 
planters. 

Implements 
of  culti- 
vation. 

^ar^'esting 
implements. 

Seed  sepa- 
rator's. 

Miscella- 
neous. 

.\11  other 
products 

Amount 

received  for 

repair  work, 

etc. 

United  States 

$112,007,344 

$11,225,122 

$30,607,960 

$30,802,435 

$6,639,883 

$19,534,114 

$11,169,534 

$1,968,296 

1,483.746 

269, 743 

1,039,671 

38,412,452 

8, 060,  .575 

2,692,212 
395, 262 

2,190,917 
205, 660 
654,051 

8,719,719 
2,885,055 

38.000 
l,06S.ai8 

46,000 

61,860 
391,926 

13,045,891 
126.865 

12,891,197 

5,016,679 
34.932 
768,895 
187,134 

441,671 

404,281 

10,076,760 

398, 192 

12,260 

600 

162,957 

2,998,075 

694,047 

269,9.57 

49,050 

484, 709 

325 

133,002 

1,004.734 

272.,S76 

5.000 

40, 115 

36,000 

123,717 

226,662 

424.580 

12.273.939 

3. 346. 695 

497. 4.1.i 
132.742 
1,638.1.50 
00  fl02 
166i057 

1,313,. 564 

83.936 

33,000 

226,333 

7,500 

3,9.50 

187. 243 

2..54.''i,947 

46.1)70 

3.031.384 

9S7.619 

192 

545. 076 

156,074 

40.829 

189,287 

2,219,657 

138,300 

413, 262 
29,880 

3,015 

267,475 
998 

128,206 
2,532,881 
2,513,607 

310,9.50 
113.770 

42.9SO 
3,107 

05,889 

2,824,237 
1,229,401 

326,487 

11,603 

310,806 

2.634,487 

520.650 

446,118 

79,  .500 

10.262 

32,967 

119,807 

1,453,419 
382,460 

337,330 

5,875 
915,095 
718,575 

277, 189 

7.50 

9, 766 

2,  .500 

14,908 

1,479,173 
535,246 

7,247 

16,  ,874, 413 
138,533 

868, 104 

12,470 

3.050 

117,579 

108,328 

530,213 
148,397 

183,  .562 

128,468 

22.4.59 

6,980 

KoiUucky  

2.000 

7,150 

46,000 

114,377 

232,739 

291,189 

45,389 

362,821 
2,300 

85,882 

16,279 

47,600 

2,000 

5.S41.3.S9 

1.100 

3,193,853 

393,917 

9.500 

19,047 

.889.596 

33.225 

1.193,  .560 

638,270 
10.725 
70.293 
26.4.50 

11,035 

152.279 

1..547..131 

113.775 

810 

74,912 
1, .80(1. 182 

24.000 
2,016,919 

186,449 
3,215 
12.000 

14,133 
461,814 

8.5, 46i 

1.410,  .520 

8.49,5 

2, 430,  .577 

2,229.802 

20,000 

87,685 

3,800 

96,602 

3.295 

2,742,225 

16,890 

9,190 

96,443 

13.975 

301,482 
489,956 

523.422 

70,666 

800 

5.806 
700 

263.270 

1,465 

1,541,020 

34,895 

40,000 

-.0.35 

no 

26,569 

16,800 

l,a'U,688 

43,900 

3,366 

32,225 

911,438 

75 

8.93C 

79,401 

\11  other  states  ^  

48,337 

1  Includes  states  as  follows:  .\labama,  Arkansas,  Colorado.  Maryland.  North  Dakota,  Oregon,  .South  Dakota.  Utah.  Washington.  West  Virginia. 
4.52.54— MFC.  190.5— PT  4— O.S 11 


136 


MANUFACTURES. 


Implements  of  cultivation  and  harvesting,  which 
together  form  more  than  one-half  of  the  total  value 
of  products,  are  by  far  the  most  important  classes,  and 
are  thus  obviously  the  staple  articles  at  the  present 
time  in  tliis  industn*.  It  is  of  interest  therefore  to 
analyze  the  geographic  location  of  these  products. 
Seven  states,  all  except  Kentucky  bordering  the  Great 
Lakes,  reported  approximately  four-fifths  of  the  value 
of  implements  of  cultivation,  and  four — Illinois,  New 
York,  Ohio,  and  Wisconsin — nine-tenths  of  tlie  value 
of  harvesting  implements.  These  values  combined 
represent  nearly  50  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  prod- 
ucts. Unfortunately  no  comparison  with  1900  is  pos- 
sible as  tliis  segregation  was  not  made  at  that  census. 

It  is  from  harvesting  implements  that  Illinois  derives 
supremacj'  in  the  industr}"^  although  tliis  state  also 
leads  in  value  of  products  of  implements  of  cultivation. 
New  York  and  Illinois  produced  73.6  per  cent  of  the 
total  value  of  harvesting  implements  manufactured. 
The  preponderance  of  the  value  of  these  implements 
in 'the  two  leading  states  is  noteworthy.  It  was  the 
large  value  of  this  class  of  products  in  New  York  which 
enabled  that  state  to  outrank  Oliio,  since  Oliio  sur- 
passed New  York  in  the  value  of  every  other  class  of 
implements  produced. 

In  value  of  implements  of  cultivation  Indiana  is 
second,  closeh^  followed  by  Ohio  and  New  York. 
Kentucky,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin  also  passed  the 
million  dollar  mark. 

Table  7  compares  the  number  and  kind  of  imple- 
ments manufactured  as  reported  at  each  census  from 
1870  to  1905. 

Table  7. — Comparative  summitry — number  and  kind  of  agricultural 
implements  manvfacturcd:  1870  to  1905. 


Table  7. — Comparative  summary — yiumber  and  Tci-nd  of  agricultural 
implements  manufactured:  ISIO  to  1905 — Continued. 


KIND. 

XWb 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1870 

Seeders  and  planters: 
Plant«r»— 

Bean.          

7,210 

86,553 
83,719 
127,052 
35,756 

006 
28,228 
76,929 
33,646 

621 

23,012 

22. 2:* 

50,910 

1,142 

232 

3,459 

238,941 

313,088 

1,070 

22,519 

8,098 

67,882 

I04,.'B3 

.MX.  850 

3.11,620 

6,612 

200 

129,515 
78  135 
45,575 
25,3.38 

.6.302 
21,940 
91,035 
36,862 
474 
26,995 

5.26:) 
83,283 

3,788 

189 

2,008 

206,982 

295,799 

1.10 

16,230 

76,311 

74,108 

97,201 

380,250 

277, 173 

854 

Corn 

Uand 

Horse 

77,501 
54,639 
56,740 

68,691 

21,709 

Cotton 

19,288 

2,000 

Potato        

DrilJs  - 

IJ«5f.t          

44,830 
16,728 

43,222 
15,563 

32,033 

18,603 

Mamin^  spreaders 

.S*«m1  «ow(!r» 

Tobacco  tmn.tplantors... 
ImpU-ini'ntu  o(  ciiltivullon: 
Cultivators 

'8.155 

20,289 

4,245 

•SIS.O.W 

57,716 

6,900 

Beet 

■"239,'668' 
200,482 

Hmull     

Wt].-li'.| 

llarrown 
DIak 

63,980 
214,986 
264,814 

9,150 
136,130 

floi's,  Aofjms. 

Markers  and  furrowerN . . 

2IHI,.33g 

> CliMAlfli'l  ufl  "  ff-rtUlr^T  (HdtributcrB." 
»Nol  n'|)orl«<)  noparaU'Iy. 


KIND. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1870 

Implements  of  cultivation — 
ContinupJ. 
Hows^ 

Disk 

39,146 

121,899 

1,599 

138.899 

956.898 

2,938 
22,188 
15,146 

30,036 

108,810 

665 

6.924 

3,161 

85, 121 

345.297 

62,801 
27, 174 

76.139 

236,297 

8.670 

35.745 
267,692 

5,693 

11,703 

139,940 

60,996 

705,025 

699.636 

247,716 

845 

727 

12,109 

351 

1,327 

47,189 

6,082 

22,994 

2.237 
7,950 

17,345 

102,320 

207 

136. 105 

819,022 

3,052 
12,590 
13,425 

36,163 

233,542 

1,425 
20.707 

6,283 
54.303 

132,840 
51,770 
7,273 

58,013. 

216,  345 
12.069 
14. 510 

397,  561 

1,055 
21,033 
20,860 
35,945 
718.453 
5:17,214 
446,660 
247 

40 

1,707 

661 

10, 726 

106.381 
8,185 
30,369 

1.314 
3,651 

5,394 

Steam 

Sulkv  or  wheel 

67.286 
1,182,059 

Walljing 

Potato  coverers  and  hiU- 

1,326,123 

864,947 

Rollers 

5,168 
21,605 

84,222 

125,942 

3,002 

4,803 

Stalk  cutters 

Harvesting  implements; 

167,492 

103,646 

3,566 

Harvesters  and  binders 
and  headers,  grain 

Harvesters- 
Bean  

Corn 

Other 

3,429 
24,351 

! 264. 742 
1.823' 
3,019 

64,825 

114.790 

5. 1S4 

12.176 
170.893 

15.681 
4,816 

125,737 

Hay  carriers 

Haylorks- 

Hand,  dozens 

Horse 

206,727 

108,188 

Hav  loaders 

8,957 

308,732 
95, 625 

Hayrakcs— 

Hand,  dozens 

Horse 

207,310 
80  619 

Hay  tedders 

2,334 
72,090 

54,920 
33,453 

Mowers . . 

39  486 

Mowers  and  reapers  com- 
bined   

Potato  diggers 

Potato  hooks 

59,645 

8,834 
795.400 
511,856 

35,327 

1.244.264 

437,  178 

95,  613 

60.388 

881.244 

17  680 

Scythes 

Scvthe  snaths ... 

Sickles 

3.600 

Stackers 

Seed  separators: 
Bean  separators 

Other  separators 

Clover  huUers 

4,577 
651 

9,103 

1,412 

44,370 

59,157 

1,131 
5,206 

Cornshellers— 

Hand 

85.438 

5.  726 

21,460 

2.769 
2,661 

5,937 

12, 941 

Power 

45, 412 
> 10, 424 

19,772 

Thrashers— 

Steampower ... 

Thrashers  and  sepa- 
rators combined.. 

'Harvesters  of  all  kinds,  not  reported  separately. 

2Hay,  manure,  and  spading  forks,  hand;  not  reported  separately. 

^Not  reported  separately. 

General  comparisons  only  are  possible  with  llie  re- 
ports previous  to  1900,  owing  to  the  difTercnce  in  the 
schedules  used  before  and  since  that  census.  The 
heads  and  subheads  in  tiie  table  arc  those  of  the  sched- 
ule of  inquiry  for  the  census  of  190.5,  and  are  almost 
identical  witii  those  of  the  1900  scheiliile.  For  tiiese 
years,  therefore,  a  fair  coniiiarison  c;in  he  iiiade.  At 
the  three  earlier  censuses,  however,  the  form  varied 
materially  and  was  imicli  h-ss  coinpreliensive.  Articles 
were  put  undi'i'  one  iiead  whicli  in  the  later  cen.suses 
came  under  two  or  more  heads,  and  some  implements, 
manufjiclurcd  only  on  a  siiiiili  scale,  were  left  out  alto- 
gether; Moreover  at  the  later  censuses  there  was  natu- 
rally a  greater  variety  of  imi)l(Mnents.  Coinpjirison  of 
these  eai'lier  censuses  with  the  later  ones  is,  therefore, 
often  misleading. 

llor>e  corn  plantei's  increased  steadily  from  ISDO  to 
190.5,  while  the  numherof  hand  corn  iilanters  advanced 
from  1870  to  19(10  mikI  (Ikh  ili'dined.  Of  miiilements 
classed   as   seeders   aiid    |)l;inters.  I>e:in    phinters,  cotton 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLI<]MKNTS. 


137 


planters,  and  niamirc  .spreaders  have  made  tlie,  most 
marked  gains  since  1900,  and  of  implements  of  cultiva- 
tion, beet  cultivators,  celery  iiill(;rs,  markers  and  fur- 
rowers,  steam  and  disk  plows,  and  rollers,  the  grciatest 
proportional  increase.  Disk  hari'ows  show  an  increase 
over  I'JOO,  wliile  all  other  varieties  show  a  decline. 

The  advance  of  over  .54,000  dozens  since  1900  in  the 
number  of  hoes  manufactured,  indicates  that  no  laljor- 
savinej  device  has  j'et  been  invented  to  siii)|)l;uit  (his 
simple  and  useful  instrument. 

The  more  important  harvesting  inifilcmcnts  show 
a  decreiisc  in  number.  The  fallini;  otl'  in  hiii'vesters 
and  mowers,  however,  should  not  bo  interpretetl  as  in- 
dicating a  decline  in  the  use  of  such  implements,  for  a 
greater  number  of  improved  harvesting  machines  are 
in  use  to-day  than  ever  before.  The  decrease  in  num- 
ber manufactured  may  be  accounted  for,  in  part,  by  the 
fact  that  important  manufacturers  in  Illinois  and  Ohio 
reported  a  greater  ''carryover"  from  the  year  1903 
than  ever  before.  Also  most  of  the  large  farms  are  now 
supplied  witii  elaborate  labor-saving  devices,  and  as 
these  are  standardized  so  that  when  repair  is  needed  the 
worn-out  part  may  be  easily  replaced,  new  machines 
are  not  required  fcu'  a  long  period  of  time. 

The  output  of  scythes  has  decreased  steadily  since 
1880.  Except  in  very  rough  and  hilly  regions,  the 
scythe  has  been  dis[)lae(Hl  by  mowing  machines,  which 
require  less  labor.  Mechanical  motive  power  has  been 
successfully  adapted  to  use  in  mowing  machines  and 
the  auto-mower  is  now  a  fn-quent  sight  in  city  parks. 

Table  8  shows  the  number  of  establishments  report- 
ing each  Ivind  of  implement  with  the  number  of  each 
Ivind  manufactured  at  the  census  of  1905. 

Table  S. — Numbrr  of  establishncnts  reporting  each  kind  of  imple- 
Ttient,  with  the  total  number  manufaclured:  I'JOS. 


Seeders  and  planters: 
riantcrs— 

Bean 

Corn — 

Hand 

Horse 

Cotton 

Potato 

Drills- 
Beet 

Corn 

Grain 

Grain  sowers 

Lime  spreaders 

Listers 

Manure  spreaders 

Seed  sowers 

Tobacco  transplanters. 

All  other 

Implements  of  cultivation: 
Cultivators — 

Bean 

Beet 

Small 

Wheeled 

Celery  hiUers 

Cotton  scrapers 

Cotton  sweeps 

Equalizers 

Harrows — 

Disk 

Spring-tooth 

Spike-tooth 

!lIoea.  dozens 

Markers  and  furrowers 


Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Number  of 
imple- 
ments. 


7,210 


10 

86,553 

48 

83,719 

as 

127.052 

18 

35.756 

6 

606 

•Zb 

28.228 

a9 

76,929 

29 

33,546 

;t 

521 

21 

23,012 

22 

22,236 

28 

59,910 

4 

1.142 

13 

22,063 

!) 

232 

11 

3,459 

79 

238.941 

90 

313.088 

6 

1.070 

10 

22,519 

6 

8,098 

12 

67,852 

,W 

104.323 

:« 

86,408 

KKi 

262.  442 

■» 

331,620 

12 

5,512 

^'ablk  8. — Number  (ff  establishments  reporting  each  kind  of  imple- 
rnentj  with  the  total  number  manv/actured:  /.9a5— Continued. 


Implements  of  cultivation— Continiip^I. 

Plows 
Disk. 
Shoviil. 
Steam . 

Sulky  nr  wheel. 
Walkirifj. 

Potato  covcrers  and  hillers. 

Rollers. 

Stalk  flitters , 

AUothor 

Har\'esti!it;  iinnlements: 

(J rain  crndles 

Harvesters  and  binders  and  headers,  grain. 

Harvesters— 

Hean 

Corn 

other 

Hay  carriers 

Hayforks- 
Hand,  dozens 

Horse 

Hay  loaders 

Hay  rakes- 
Hand,  doz(;ns 

Horse 

Hay  stackers 

Hay  tedders .' 

Mowers ; 

Mowers  and  reapers  combined 

Potato  diggers 

Potato  hooks 

Reapers 

Scythes 

Scy  the  snaths 

Sickles 

Stackers 

AUothor 

Seed  separators: 

Bean  separators 

Other  sii-pa  rators , 

Clover  hullers , 

Com  buskers ■ , 

Comshellers — 

Hand 

Power , 

Fanning  mills , 

Thrashers- 
Horsepower  , 

Steampower 

AU  other 

Miscellaneous: 

Bean  pullers , 

Cane  mills , 

Carts , 

Cheek  rowers 

Com  cleaners 

Com  hooks - : 

Com  knives 

Cotton  gins 

Cotton  presses 

Ensilage  cutters 

Engines  and  boilers 

Farm  trucks , 

Gardening  implements 

Grubbing  machines 

Hand  carts 

Hay-cutters 

Hay  presses 

Hayracks 

Horsepowers 

Lawn  mowers 

Pea  hullers 

Portable  sawmills 

Portable  steam  engines 

Pumps- 
Hand , 

Horse 

Steam : 

Road  carts 

Shovels,  spades,  and  scoops 

Singletrees 

Sirup  evaporators 

Sorghum  evaporators 

Straw  stackers 

Thrasher  trucks 

Traction  engines 

Wagons 

Wagon  trucks 

Water  t nicks 

Weeders 

Windmills - 


Number 

Number  of 

lish- 
ments. 

ments. 

29 

39, 146 

02 

121,899 

5 

i,rm 

52 

i:)8,S99 

155 

956,898 

14 

2,938 

68 

22,188 

34 

15,140 

10 

12,480 

18 

30,056 

21 

108,810 

5 

065 

17 

0,924 

8 

3, 101 

19 

85, 121 

17 

345.297 

10 

02,801 

11 

27, 174 

23 

76, 1.39 

64 

230,297 

26 

8,670 

16 

.35, 745 

19 

207,092 

3 

5,693 

31 

11,703 

8 

139,940 

10 

60,«16 

8 

705,025 

11 

699,636 

3 

247,716 

4 

845 

12 

6,659 

6 

727 

15 

12,109 

4 

3.51 

21 

1,327 

27 

47,18* 

21 

6,082 

22 

22,994 

32 

2,237 

37 

7,950 

6 

1,182 

6 

1,587 

4 

2,996 

11 

21,. 365 

4 

12,478 

2 

106 

3 

44,628 

8 

125,149 

3 

72 

2 

18 

20 

10,696 

6 

369 

16 

4,320 

27 

494,034 

5 

1,043 

15 

9,359 

13 

29,283 

24 

5,719 

3 

620 

43 

4.804 

2 

34,000 

7 

1,706 

19 

1,828 

13 

1,190 

5 

81,765 

1 

1,000 

2 

165 

4 

373 

3 

868.899 

15 

220,549 

1 

768 

3 

2,447 

29 

8,034 

U 

1,269 

23 

6,165 

23 

7,027 

2 

54 

16 

2,077 

21 

12,224 

4 

2,009 

The  tendency  of  establishments  toward  specializa- 
tion is  shown  by  an  increase  in  the  numbers  of  certain 
kinds  of  implements  manufactured  with  a  correspond- 
ing decrease  in  number  of  establi-shments  reporting. 


138 


MANUFACTURES. 


Tliis  was  the  case  in  connection  with  the  following  im- 
plements: Horse  corn-planters,  small  and  wheeled  culti- 
vators, disk  harrows,  shovel  and  walking  plows,  rollers, 
horse  havforks,  hay  loaders,  hayrakes,  and  reapers. 

The  fourfold  increase  in  the  number  of  mowers  and 
reapers  combined  is  particularly  marked  when  it  is 
considered  that  the  same  number  of  establishments 
manufactured  these  in  both  years. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  list  of  implements  enumer- 
ated   under  the  heading  "miscellaneous."     Some  of 


them  are  semiagricultural  and  not  closely  connected 
with  the  tilling  of  the  soil,  but  are  included  because 
made  in  establishments  manufacturing  agricultural 
implements  as  their  principal  product. 

All  the  foregoing  statistics  refer  to  establishments 
engaged  exclusively  or  primarily  in  the  manufacture 
of  agricultural  implements.  The  extent  to  which  ag- 
ricultural implements  were  manufactiir(>d  as  a  minor 
product  in  connection  with  other  industries  is  shown 
in  Table  9. 


T.<vBi.E  9.— INDUSTRIES  MANUFACTURING  AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS    AS  A   MINOR  PRODUCT,  WITH  NUMBER 
OF  ESTABLISHMENTS  AND  VALUE  OF  SUCH  PRODUCTS,  BY  KINDS:  1905. 


INDUSTRY. 


Aggregate. 


Agricultural  implements 

Industries  otherwise  classified. 


Foundry  and  machine  shop  products. 

Carriages  and  wagons 

Lumber,  planing  mill  products 

Another' , 


Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
Ush- 
raents. 


648 
93 


VALUE  OF  PRODUCTS. 


$113,357,023 


112,007,344 
1,349,679 


823,412 

308,569 

53,748 

163,950 


Seeders  and 
planters. 


$11,450,958 


11,225,122 
225,836 


123,804 

63,332 

1,000 

37,700 


Implements 
of  cultiva- 
tion. 


Harvesting 
implements. 


$30,889,085 


30,607,960 
281, 125 


216,917 
59,858 


4,350 


Seed  sepa- 
rators. 


All  other 
agricultural 
implements 

and  parts. 


$31,030,843  $7,012,098  |  $30,961,391 


30,862,435 
168,408 


48,945 

6,740 

31,823 

80,900 


6,639,883  I 
372,815 


30,703,648 
257,743 


207,561  1 

143,129  I 

9,025 

13,100  I 


204,621 
15,762 
9,560 
27,800 


Amount 

received  for 

repair  work, 

etc. 


$2,012,048 


1,968,296 
43,752 


21,564 

19,748 

2,340 

100 


'Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Cordage  and  twine,  1;  dairymen's,  poulterers',  and  apiarists'  supplies.  2;  galvanizing, 
1;  steam  fittings  and  heating  apparatus.  1;  structural  ironwork,  1;  wood,  turned  and  carved,  1;  woodenware,  not  elsewhere  specified,  1. 


iron  and  stei^l  forgings. 


In  view  of  the  close  relation  between  foundry  and 
machine  .shop  products  and  agricultural  implements, 
it  is  but  natural  to  fuid  in  that  industry  the  greatest 
number  of  plants  manufacturing  agricultural  imple- 
ments as  a  minor  product  and  the  greatest  value  of 
this  product. 

The  value  of  agricuJtural  implements  manufactured 
as  a  minor  product  by  establishments  in  other  indus- 
tries forms  but  a  small  part  of  the  aggregate  value. 
Seed  separators  are  in  value  the  most  important 
agricultural  implements  made  by  such  establishments. 

The  741  establi-shrnents  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  agricultural  implements,  either  as  a  principal  or  a 
subsidiary  product,  with  their  total  value  of  products 
of  .?!  i;'),:'..")7,()_';5,  rc|)re,scnt  the  actual  extent  of  this 
inanufactun'  in  the  I'nited  Slates  during  the  calendar 
year  1904,  so  far  as  can  be  asccrtiiincd  from  the  vari- 
ous .scheilules  returned. 

In  jidditinn  to  tlic  ()4S  (vstablislinients  reported  at  the 
census  of  lUl).')  as  act  ivcly  ('n*iag('<i  in  the  manufacture 
of  agricult  ural  iiii|)l('iiients  as  a  principal  jn-oduct ,  S  idle 
establishments  were  reported,  wit  li  a  capital  of  $242,400. 
The.se  idl<!  establishments  eml)race  plants  that  were 
<iric,e  in  operation  but  not  operated  during  tlie  census 
year. 

Table  10  shows  the  number  of  establishments  pro- 
ducing agricult  urn  I  iiii|)lemeiits  as  a  subsidiary  |)i'oduct 
and  tiie  valu(!  of  .such  products  distributed  by  states. 


Table  lO. — Establishnjents  vi anufacturing  agricultural  implemenis 
as  a  7iiinor  product,  and  value  of  such  products,  by  states:  1905. 


ST-ITE. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Value  of 
products. 

93 

$1,349,679 

14 

7 
5 
3 
5 
5 
3 
7 
3 
8 
5 
4 
4 
9 
11 

21,044 

144,006 

220, 125 

9, -298 

28,001 

00, 673 

a,  567 

54,119 

5,375 

Ohio                                                             

289,181 

136,034 

3,232 

16,600 

278,260 

74, 164 

'Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Arkansas,  1;  Connecticut,  1; 
Ocorgia.  1;  Iowa,  1;  Kansas,  1;  Massachusetts,  1;  Mississippi,  1;  Texas,  1;  Vir- 
ginia, 2;  Washington,  I, 

These  93  plants,  which  were  .scattered  over  24  slates, 
do  not  cover  all  establishments  in  which  a  small  quan- 
tity of  agricultural  implements  or  ])artswere  produced, 
but  only  tiiose  which  iiave  sejiarately  reported  iiiiished 
implements  in  commercial  <|iianlilies. 

Of  the  states,  California  had  by  far  the  greatest 
number  of  ])lants;  but  the  averagi>  \aiue  of  |ii-o(iuct 
per  establishment  was  only  Slj-'iO.S.  AVi.sconsin  ranked 
second  in  number  of  estabiishmenls,  with  an  aA'crage 
value  of  product  of  $:!'),«)1S.  Ohio  stood  third  in 
nunihcr  of   phinis,  hul    lirst  in  value  of   |)roducls.      In 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 


L39 


valiio    (if  products,   Wisconsin,    Indiana,    Illinois,  and 
Pennsylvania  followed  in  the  ordcM'  named. 

Power. — Table  1 1  shows  the  dilFerent  kinds  of  power 
employed  by  agricultural  implement  manufacturers  at 
the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905. 

Table  1 1 . — Power — comparalk'c  simimary,  with  per  cent  eaeh  kind 
is  of  the  total:  1905  and  I'.HIO. 


Number  ol  establiahinents  reporting 

power 

Total  liorsepower 

0wn<'(l: 

Engines— 
Steam — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Numl)er 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

NumtiiT 

1 1  orsej)ower 

Water  motors — 

NilmlH-r 

Horsepower 

Eleetric  motors —  -■■ 

Number , 

Horsepower ' 

other  i)ower.  horsepower 

Rented: 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

Horsepower 

other  kind,  horsepower 

Furnished    to   other   establishments, 
horsepower 


190S 


589 
106,623 


698 
75,018 

165 
2,360 

128 
6,288 

4 
12 

690 
16,885 
2,157 


182 

3,828 

75 


Per  cent 
of  total. 


2.2 


(») 


15.8 
2.0 


3.6 
0.1 


1900 


695 
77, 189 


678 
61, 147 

75 
1,065 

169 
6,768 

(') 
(>) 

193 

6,543 

320 


(') 

1,100 
260 

338 


For  cent 
of  total. 


79.2 
"i.'4 


8.5 
0.4 


1.4 
0.3 


1  Not  reported. 

2  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 

The  total  horsepower  used  increased  38.1  per  cent 
between  1900  and  1905.  To  this  increase  steam  en- 
gines and  electric  motors  were  the  largest  contributers. 
The  horsepower  of  the  latter  in  1905  was  between  two 
and  three  times  as  great  as  in  1900.  Gas  and  gasoline 
engines,  although  they  have  more  than  doubled  in 
number  and  horsepower,  still  form  a  very  small  pro- 
portion of  the  total.     The  only  deci-eases  reported  are 


those  for  water  wiieels  and  "other  kind"  of  rented 
power,  7  and  71.8  per  cent,  respectively. 

Patents  in  relation  to  agricultural  implements. — The 
following  is  a  list  of  patents  granted  to  June  5,  1906: 

Tahi.k   Vl.—Patentii  granted  to  June  5,  1906. 


CLASS. 

Total. 

Jan.  1, 

1902,  to 

June  b, 

1906. 

Prior 
.    to 
1902. 

Total 

46,729 

4,828 

41,901 

Plows: 

Including  cotton  choppers  and  scrapers,  cultiva- 

12,799 

6,430 
9,411 

12,431 
5,658 

1,175 

944 
862 

1,136 

711 

11,624 

5,486 
8,549 

11  295 

Harrowa  and  diKBcrs: 

Including  (dod  crushers,  forks,  hoes,  land  rollers, 
potato  diggers,  rakes,  shovels,  stalk  choppers, 

transplanters,  etc.,  parts  and  attachments 

Seeders  and  planters: 

Including  broadca-st,  checkrow,  drills,  fertilizer 

distributers,  etc.,  parts  and  atUichments 

Harvesters: 

Including  binders,  fruit  gatherers,  hand  binders, 
hay  loaders,  horse  rakes,  mowers,  scythes,  and 
cradles,  etc.,  parts  and  attachments 

Separators  and  thrashers: 

Including  band  cutters  and  feeders,  cane  strip- 
pers,  clover  buUers,  corn  husking  machines 
and  implements,  cornshcllers,  fruit  and  vege- 
table separators,  etc.,  parts  and  attachments... 

4,947 

Exports. — The  exportation  of  agricultural  imple- 
ments is  one  of  the  most  imjiortant  branches  of  the 
American  export  trade  in  manufactured  articles,  rank- 
ing fourteenth  among  all  classes.  Compared  with 
the  vahie  of  the  other  classes  of  exported  machinery 
agricultural  implements  are  far  in  the  lead,  being 
nearly  twice  as  great  as  that  of  carriages,  cars,  other 
veliicles,  etc. ;  and  builders'  hardware  and  saws  and 
tools.  The  United  States  leads  the  world  in  the 
exportation  of  agricultural  implements,  with  the  United 
Kingdom  as  its  princij)al  competitor. 

Table  13  shows  the  value  of  agricultural  implements 
exported  each  year  from  1900  to  1905;  distributetl  by 
class  and  country. 


Table  13.— VALUE  OF  EXPORTS  OF  AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS:  YEARS  ENDING  JUNE  30,  1900  TO  1905.' 


CLASS   AND  COUNTKY. 

1905 

1904 

19C3 

1902 

1901 

1900 

Aggregate 

820,721,741 

$22, 749, 635 

$21,006,622 

$16,286,740 

$16,313,434 

$16,099,149 

Mowers,  reapers,  and  parts  of: 

Total 

10,559,891 

11,568,062 

10,326,641 

8,818,370 

9,943,680 

11,243,763 

2, 556, 573 

1.016,385 

2,589,457 

402.970 

499,206 

1,472,156 

476,112 

1,548,032 

2,892,060 

2,6(ifi,GQ2 
1,042,176 
2,341,199 

UOS,  ,Sli2 
1.205,471 
1,289,412 

510.797 
1,543,  .543 

3.637,810 

2, 420, 428 
775, 674 

2,015,374 
7.88,247 

1,918,342 
635, 549 
416,  .671 

1,366,456 

3.169,961 

1,428,823 

1,163,933 

1,698,794 

708,379 

1,729,873 

689,509 

271,502 

1,137,557 

2.791,092 

1,459,807 
1,660,946 
1,295.277 
1,4.35,330 
1,259,670 
805,703 
384,411 
1,642,636 

1,888.373 

2,652,795 

2,529,422 

710,066 

982  188 

(Jermany 

Knssia 

Ignited  Kingdom 

Canada,  Newfoundland,  and  Labrador 

1,192,458 
1  194  961 

Argentina 

British  AustralasLa 

466  397 

All  other  countries 

1,515,476 
2,178,098 

Plows,  cultivators,  and  parts  of: 

Total 

France 

56,723 
31,899 
224,  651 
121.699 
364,409 
805. 136 
215.527 
1,073,116 

7,269,790 

95,285 
31.611 

205.  -.m 

150.714 
623, 771 

1,146,267 
2.50. 078 

1.134,693 

7.643,7f.3 

87,501 

26, 143 

42,299 

53,402 

5.34.788 

1.003.880 

131.141 

1,290, 807 

7.510,020 

396,098 
158,055 
34,961 
158,652 
366,098 
621,802 
264,682 
790,744 

4,677,278 

124,957 
65,172 
126,469 
98, 513 
234, 108 
369,522 
151.170 
718,462 

4,481,381 

68,197 
227  378 

(lemiany 

Russia 

45  993 

I'tuti'd  Ivingdom 

179  950 

Canada,  Newfotmdlnnd,  and  Labrador 

247  306 

Argentina 

3S8  903 

All  other  countries 

858,262 
2.077,288 

All  other  implements,  and  parts  of: 

Total : 

France 

205,702 

198.817 
1,048.653 

543.712 
1,036,300 
2,765.561 

468,294 
1.013,751 

301,805 

505.239 

S01.46vS 

864. 003 

1.572.871 

1,560,797 

794,210 

1,182,710 

2S1.327 

617.266 

1,578,472 

580,983 

1,570,727 

1,181,828 

720,451 

978,966 

276,776 
556,684 
664,201 
320,618 
1,027,689 
628,511 
428.328 
774,471 

483,513 
961,201 
270,851 
361,549 
633,426 
245,353 
471,319 
1,064,169 

189,583 
129  r>54 

Gennany 

Ri:ssia 

274,671 

Canada,  Newfoundland,  and  Labrador 

571.442 

lirttish  Australasia 

*>69  776 

831,977 

1  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  '*  Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States.' 


140 


MANUFACTURES. 


In  the  fifteen  years  1890  to  1905  the  extension  of 
trade  to  foreign  countries  has  been  very  great.  The 
value  of  exports  during  the  fiscal  year  1905  formed 

18.5  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  products  for  the 
census  of  1905;  for  1900  the  ratio  was  15.9  per  cent. 
The  absolute  increase  in  value  from  1900  to  1905  was 
more  than  S4,000,000  and  from  1S90  to  1905  be- 
tween $16,000,000  and  .S17,000,000. 

The  value  of  agricultural  implements  exported  dur- 
ing the  fiscal  years  1870,  1880,  and  1890,  together  with 
their  percentages  of  the  total  value  of  products  of  the 
industrj'  for  the  census  years  1870,  1880,  and  1890,  are 
as  follows:  1870,  $1,068,476,  or  2.1  per  cent;  1880, 
$2,245,742,  or  3.3  percent;  and  1890,  $3,859,184,  or 
4.7  per  cent. 

Almost  every  agricultural  country  in  the  world 
imports  American  implements  in  (|uantities  governed 
by  its  industrial  and  economic  condition.  The  use  of 
labor-saving  machinery  fur  agricultural  purposes 
naturally  depends  largely  on  the  cost  of  labor.  This 
was  revealed  by  the  54  replies  received  from  United 
States  consuls  to  a  Department  circular  sent  at  the 
request  of  the  Xational  Association  of  Agricultural 
Implement  and  Vehicle  Manufacturers,  which  indicated 
that  where  the  cost  of  farm  labor  is  low  very  few  agri- 
cultural implements  arc  used.  The  higher  the  wage 
the  greater  the  demand  for  the  up  to  date  implements. 

Ru.ssia  and  .Argentina,  the  two  great  wheat  produc- 
ing countries,  were  in  1905  the  leading  importers  of 
American    agricultural    machinery.     Russia    received 

18.6  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  all  exports,  nearly 
four  times  as  much  as  in  1900,  and  Argentina  24.3  per 
cent,  an  actual  increase  since  1900  of  178.7  per  cent. 

Of  all  the  economy  (>ll'ccted  by  labor-saving 
machines,  tii<^  saving  resulting  from  the  use  of  machines 
in  hars'esting  the  corn  and  wheat  crops  is  greater  than 
any  other,  and  that  obtained  in  tlie  liarvesting  of  the 
wheat  crop  probably  greatest.  Moreover,  evidence 
confirming  the  statement  already  made  that  the  de- 
mand is  intensified  in  countries  where  labor  is  exjjen- 
sive  or  hard  tn  obtain  is  found  in  the  report  of 
the  -Vincriciin  cdhsiiI  »\  Odessa  in  1903  where  he 
writes  tiiat  at  tliat  time  labor  was  so  scarce  in  many 
places  tbat  troo()s  were  sent  to  work  in  the  fieldi^.  In 
Argentina  the  .scarcity  and  consequent  high  pi'icc  of 
lal;or  renders  I  he  use  of  lai)()r-sa\iiiir  macbincfv  a  ne- 


cessity. Much  of  the  land  suitable  for  wheat  growing  in 
that  country"  is  not  as  yet  imder  cultivation,  and  in  the 
opening  up  of  this  land  lies  an  opportunity  for  agricul- 
tural implements  similar  to,  though  less  extensive  than, 
that  which  came  from  the  opening  u])  of  the  West. 

Diagram  2. — Grototh  of  the  total  imlue    of   exports   and  of  total 
value  <f  exports  to  specified  countries:   tSIX)  to  ItXK. 

oojoiocsasoajoooooooo 

COOOCO         C00}C0OG0(DCbCD         GftQOOOl 


CO 

< 

-J 
-I 
o 
o 


u. 

o 


0) 

z 
o 


TOTAL  VALUE   OF   EXPORTS 

ARGENTINA •-« FRANCE  

GERMANY RUSSIA CANADA 

Table  14,  which  follows,  is  a  full  stateinent  by  states 
of  the  agricultural  implement  industry  as  reported  at 
the  census  of  1905. 


142 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  14 AGRICULTURAL   IMPLEMKNTS— 


United  States. 

California. 

Connecticut, 

Georgia. 

Illinois. 

1 

IMnmhpr  nt  p'ltnhlishnnpnts 

048 

$196,740,700 

S12,64S,fi50 

$26,547,150 

S26,0.-!6,717 

$131,50S,l.>i3 

496 

7,199 
$7,572,640 

607 
$1,481,818 

6„592 
$0,090,828 

6,889 
$5,707,189 

703 
$323,039 

03,979 

29,513 

47,394 

$25,0O2,l»O 

40,631 
$24,77t,840 

579 
S19H308 

l.'i4 
$33,490 

51,543 
.53,(139 
53,830 
51,048 
48,431 
44,799 
40,435 
39,781 
39,100 
41.,S13 
45,311 
19,176 

$15,178,098 

881,113 

$714,836 

$14,248,729 

$133,420 

$48,281,406 

$30,.>22,K.5() 

$97.34S 

$.30, 425..-,!  12 

$l,75li..".« 

$40,872 

$■185,453 

$8,025,.381 

$844.. 552 

$112,007,344 

$11,225,122 

$30,007,9(M 

$.30,802,435 

.          $0,6.39,S.S3 

$19,.-.:!4,1I4 

$11, 169. ,534 

$1, 90S, 290 

7,210 

80,, 5,53 
K3,719 
127,0.52 
,35,7.56 

im 

28,228 
70,029 
3.1, .546 
.521 
23,012 
■2-2, 2.36 
.W,910 
1,142 
22,(Ki:i 

2,12 

3,459 

2,18.941 

313,088 

25 
$2,240,143 

$158,198 

$201,928 

$248,276 

$1,031,741 

19 

•S7 
$99,440 

8 
$10,200 

79 
$83,240 

69 
$78,622 

10 
$4,018 

706 

256 

479 

$348,  ,531 

473- 
$347,101 

3 

$320,374 
SI  1, 1.00 
$7.i.U0O 

$148,892 

$84,882 

2 

17 
$17,148 

$5,808 

12 
$11,340 

9 
$10,352 

3 

$988 

207 

70 

181 

$81,098 

175 
$80,278 

16 
$792,004 
$13,650 
$157,449 
$208,372 
$412,533 
10 

35 
$44,124 

7 
$16,600 

28 
$27,524 

27 
$27,104 

1 
$420 

852 

306 

584 

$170,723 

5.50 
$160,007 

82 
$71,383,289 

$6,118,380 
$10,689,969 
$11,588,525 
$42,986,415 
43 

1,929 
$2,152,293 

126 
$429,389 

1,803 
$1,722,904 

1,588 
$1,619,469 

215 
$103,435 

20,273 

10,113 

15,3.59 

$8,851,404 

14,914 
$8,703,660 

441 

$147,003 

4 

$741 

16,585 
16,940 
16,741 
•  15,690 
15,029 
13,455 
11,735 
12,211 
12,464 
14,929 
16,043 
17,156 

$3,960,647 
$19,528 
$208,349 

$3,717,542 

$15,228 

$17,750,852 

$13,593,622 

$312 

$13,593,310 

$077,209 

$10,009 

W'2:!,,501 

$2,.S92,745 

$3.53,760 

$38,412,452 

$2,998,075 

$12,273,939 

$16,874,413 

$915,095 

$2,. 5:12, 881 

$2,0:14,487 

$183,502 

780 

2, 165 

58,061 

31,286 

401 

,5.56 
11,014 
4,398 
12,101 

? 

^ 

Lana 

4 

a 

Ma<^hinerv,  tools,  and  implements 

fi 

Cash  and'siindries.  . 

7 

8 

Salaried  oflifials.  clerks,  etc.; 

<» 

Total  salaries 

in 

Officers  of  corporations — 

II 

Salaries. .      .  . 

1? 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc.— 
Total  number 

13 

Total  salaries 

14 

Men— 

IS 

1H 

women — 

17 

Salaries, . 

18 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages; 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  durini?  the  year 

19 

I^ast  number  emplovQd'  at  any  one  time  during  the  year. . .   . 

?0 

Average  number 

?I 

m 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

?3 

9.4 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

?s 

Wages. 

?fi 

Children  under  16  years— 
.\verage  numl>er 

6 
$1,430 

524 
559 
S59 
604 
603 
444 
366 
349 
345 
435 
437 
451 

$122,980 
$1,425 
$11,404 

$110,007 

$150 
$723,1:02 
$470,884 

6 
$1,420 

188 
189 
188 
190 
177 
169 
70 
104 
170 
196 
196 
197 
$16,253 

34 

$4,110 

749 
742 
669 
538 
439 
325 
291 
416 
4.S2 
.500 
003 
736 

$71,728 
$4,700 
$7,370 

$59,502 

$150 
$r>01,894 
$377,781 

V 

m 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during 
each  month:' 
Men  16  years  and  over — 

?fl 

February ,  ,  . 

*) 

March 

31 

April 

T? 

May 

8.1 

M 

July 

35 

3fi 

September. 

37 

October 

38 

November 

39 

40 

41 

Rent  of  works 

4? 

Tuxes 

$2,029 
$14,224 

43 
44 

Rent  of  offices,  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not 

hitherto  included. 
Contract  work 

45 

Materials  used,  aggregate  cost             

$117,420 
$79,502 

4('> 

Principal  materials,  total  cost 

47 

I'lirchased  in  raw  state ..             

48 

$470,884 

$20,033 

$7,305 

$3,5!,3 

$108,302 

$53,675 

$l,4!-3,7^0 

$12,200 

$123,717 

$413,202 

$3,015 

$207,475 

$120,487 

$337,530 

01 

$79,502 
»15,730 

ji,"9S9' 

$10,822 

$3,317 

$209,743 

S600 

$220,  (MB 

$29,880 

$377,781 

$20,  ,504 

$145 

$1,997 

$187,117 

$14,,1,50 

$1,039,671 

$102,9.57 

$424,580 

49 

Fuel 

.in 

,11 

.Mill  supplies 

S? 

Fa 

Freight 

.M 

.V 

Seeders  and  planters 

.w 

S7 

A8 

.Seed  .separators .  . 

$5,875 
$128,200 
$310,800 

$7,247 

m 

$998 
$ll,l»3 

m 

.\II  other  products . '. 

M 

(Vf. 

Kind  and  (piantity  of  products,  number  of  itniilenicnts; 
Seeders  and  priint(;r»— 
Planters— 

ra 

Corn- 
Hand 

M 

M 

Cotton 

27,807 

TO 

r,7 

Drilln- 

Bect ; 

m 

('orii ^ 

m 

0  mln 

i                 io 

070 

199 
-• ••  1 

7n 

Grain  sowers 

ino 

71 

7? 

16,818 

981 

1,422 

73 

425 
liOO 

74 

7/i 

7« 

All  olh.r 

18,0,19 

1,475 

77 

Implemerils  of  cultivation 
Cultivator*— 

I*ean 

73 
2 

47 
477 

78 

Meet 

Small.. 
Wheelcl 

1,IH)0 

9,. 572 

180,644 

79 

0,364 

m 

i('i6 

ni  wniiiiMi  ii[i(|  ihililnii  miidnycd  (Inriiiif  cm-li  iiMHilIi.  Im-jiij,'  Niniill,  nn-  iml  t*\My\\  ii  in  \hU  Inhlr, 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 

DETAILED   SUMMARY,  BV  STATES;  1906. 


143 


Indiana. 


41 
$H,5'J3,lfi7 
SI,«10.274 
$2.2Ki,K.T.I 
Sl,2(i3,:illl 
$U,  975,0(1.3 

11> 

38il 
S466, 15U 

42 
SIOO,  5(i7 

347 
WeS,  589 

318 
$351,958 

29 
$13,l',31 

4,  .322 

2.(iOS 

3,643 

$1,840,()09 

3,488 
$1,823,786 

42 
$14,398 

13 

82,425 


3.  .129 
3.937 
3,9tl2 
3.921 
3.780 
3, 094 
3,458 
3.300 
3.015 
2. 923 
2,977 
3.  .300 

$l,594.0-;i', 
$1,920 
$75,200 

$1,615,1)38 

S1,2.SS 

$2,975,408 

$1,870,772 

S49,718 

$1,827,054 

8113,081 

80,724 

$17, 70S 

$845. 42.i 

811,5.700 

$8. 000. 575 

$094,047 

$3,340,695 

$138,533 

$718,575 

82,513,007 

$.'120,0.50 

$128,408 


2,830 
ISO 
200 


0. 595 
11,483 
8,517 


35,522 

""m 


Iowa. 


.30 

$3,319,102 

$114,373 

8449, 833 

.8349. 077 

82.405,219 

19 

231 
$204,277 

29 

$40,848 

202 
$103,429 

"177 
$163,301 

25 
$10, 128 

1,032 

720 

1.027 

8409, 090 

1.023 
$469, 204 


Kansas. 


$480 


923 

97S 

1.017 

1,052 

1,070 

1,083 

1,210 

1.173 

1,100 

954 

884 

821 

$.337. 149 

82.9.38 

812,403 

8;!10, 109 


811,639 

81, .3.56, 712 

8942,293 


8942,293 

820,274 
$1,015 

$19, 398 
8341.216 

$25,910 
82,092,212 
8209,957 
$497, 435 
$808,104 
$277. 189 
$310,950 
$446,118 

822,459 


$629. 439 
$46,400 
$92,200 
$126,420 
$365, 413 
9 

,32 
$35,705 

5 

$7, 120 

27 
$28,685 

23 

826,505 

4 

$2,080 

175 

20 

105 

$52. 181 

104 
$52,0.56 


1 

8125 


134 
130 
118 
108 
110 
114 
.59 
59 
86 
90 
112 
122 
852, 124 


$3,021 
$48,253 

$260 
$204,522 
$183, 703 


$183,703 

$5, 101 

$100 

$2,713 

89, 020 

S3, 225 

$395.2(',3 

$49,050 

$132, 742 

$12,470 

$750 

$113,770 

$79,500 

$0,980 


1,300 
10 


244 
50 


1,051 
2,890 


5.50 
150 


1,036 


Kentucky. 


$l,898.0tiO 
$106,  .300 

$225,1/10 

S240.  4IH1 

$1.2MI.3(iO 

4 

129 
$135,093 

8 
$28,600 

121 
$100, 492 

116 
$103,292 

0 
$3,200 

1,204 

796 

970 

8438, 101 

960 
$435, 101 


20 

$3,000 


1,037 

1,015 

990 

865 

813 

801 

846 

8.57 

904 

1.049 

1,073 

1.150 

8316,892 


$13, 163 
$303,729 


81,091,345 

$901,018 

.520.000 

8941,018 

$29,909 

$1,545 

$7, 430 

887,244 

84, 139 

$2,190,917 

8484,709 

$1,038,150 

$3,050 

89. 760 

$42,980 

$10,202 

$2,000 


5.000 
40,000 


3,038 
4 


Maine. 


13 

$393.8.59 
$38,  430 
SIHl,  .H.50 
870,(111 

$218..5<i8 
14 

19 
812.700 

2 

$3,200 

17 
$9,500 

13 
$8,800 

4 

$700 

201 

84 

153 

$77,471 

151 
$70,850 

2 
$021 


Massacbiiset/ts. 


163 
164 
182 
181 
174 
151 
98 
103 
161 
104 
103 
118 

$20, 140 

$322 

$2,506 

$17,312 


875, 505 

$40,317 

$481 

845,830 

88,795 

$448 

8004 

$13,514 

$5,887 

$205,050 

$325 

$22,022 

$117,579 

$2,500 

$3, 107 

$52,907 

$7, 150 


(I 

8731,710 

87.400 

S30.920 

$!K).  127 

$588,257 


27 
$35,804 

3 

$12,000 

24 
$23, 804 

19 
$21,720 

6 

$2,084 

502 
340 

418 
$212.  .586 

417 
$212,380 

1 
$200 


Michigan. 


425 

448 

403 

409 

472 

444 

423 

361 

375 

370 

372 

382 

$63,554 

$13, 702 

$6,994 

$35,245 

$7,613 

$252,030 

$198. 033 

8.1.090 

$195,543 

$9,231 

S193 

81,772 

$37,145 

S5,0li2 

$0.54.051 

S133.002 

8100.057 

8108. 328 

$14, 908 

$05. 8.89 

$119,807 

$46,000 


1,053 
2,300 


42 

$14,342,106 

$.559, 432 

$1,410,166 

$1,141,299 

$11,231,210 

20 

713 
$678,309 

64 
$124,720 

649 
8.553, 583 

568 
8520,245 

81 
$33.3,38 

4,110 

1,730 

3. 104 

81,1*1.5,677 

3  142 

$1, 681 !  545 

2 
$725 

20 
$3,407 


3.459 
3,497 
3.572 
3,425 
3,180 
3,  IOC. 
3,128 
2,953 
2,982 
2,529 
2,781 
3,020 

81,902.405 
S2.IW2 
$78,891 

$1,788,096 

832,730 

8,3,497,210 

$2,860,039 

$2,783 

$2,8.57,256 

890,224 

88,371 

831,929 

8486, 047 

$20,000 

88.719,719 

81,004,734 

81,313.564 

$530,215 

81,479,173 

82,824,237 

81.453,419 

$114,377 


Minnesota. 


0,324 

54,982 

1,748 

0,21.5 

20, 9-0 


14 

592 

9.. 352 

:-;.r.i.'i 


1,867 


21 
$7,793,316 

$i:i6,:)60 

8799, 0<i9 

8042.. 551 

$0.21.5.330 

10 

249 
$319,376 

28 
$74,745 

221 
8244,630 

200 
$234, 148 

21 
810, 482 

1.090 

.522 

1,170 

8637.232 

1,175 
8(130,808 

1 
$364 


1,426 

1,492 

1..390 

1..37S 

1,3'5 

1,301 

1,238 

1,141 

1,028 

817 

652 

856 

$541,739 

.82,240 

821,413 

$518,080 


$1,089,641 

$598,940 

■52.870 

$.590,004 

858, 553 

S95S 

S.5.0-.2 

$420,800 

$5,342 

82,885,055 

$272,870 

883,936 

81 48.  .397 

$535, 2' 6 

$1,229, -.01 

$3S2,4t,0 

$232, 7.19 


665 

'iio' 


Mississippi. 


•  3 

$38,050 

$.550 

$4.(X)0 

$14,400 

$19,100 


35 

19 

22 

$8,310 

22 
$8,310 


19 

19 

17 

15 

16 

24 

23 

23 

28 

29 

28 

23 

Sl,20:l 

$240 

$108 

$856 


$13,6.30 
$11,750 


811,750 
$650 


$25 

$725 

$480 

$38,000 

$5,000 

$33,000 


:,.500 


10 
11 

12 
13 

14 
16 

16 

17 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
■23 

24 
25 

26 
27 


28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
36 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 

44 
45 

46 
47 
48 
49 
SO 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
01 


62 

63 

64 

05 
66 


70 
71 

72 
73 

74 


77 
78 
79 
SO 


5,400 

5,089 


,836  I 


15 

3,000 


5,000 
5,000 


2,851  ' 

100 


152 

826 

12,367 

12,318 


8,500 


144 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  14.— AGRICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS— 


99 
lOO 

101 
102 
103 
104 

lOS 
106 
107 

108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 

122 
123 
124 
125 

126 

127 
128 

129 
130 
131 

132 

v.a 

134 
13i 
1311 
137 
13S 
139 
140 
141 
142 
143 
144 

U(, 
147 
14X 
149 
I.V) 

ir,i 

l.W 
l.U 
154 

IS5 
I5<> 
157 
I5R 
159 
II'A 
Ifll 
162 
163 
IM 
165 
166 
1(17 
108 
IW 
170 


Kind  and  quantity  of  products,  number  of  implements — Continued. 
Implements  of  Ciiltivation— Continued. 

Celer)'  hillers 

Cotton  scrapers 

Cotton  sweeps 

Equalizers, , 

Harrows — 

Dislf 

Spring-tootli 

SpiI;e-tooth 

Hoes,  dozens 

Mariners  and  furrowers 

Plows — 

Disk: 

Shovel 

Steam 

SullTT  or  wlieel 

Walking 

Potato  coverers  and  liillers 

RoUers 

Stalk  cutters 

Another 

Harvesting  implements — 

G  rain  cradles 

Harvesters  and  binders  and  headers,  grain 

Harvesters- 
Bean  

Com 

Other 

Hav  carriers 

Hayforks- 
Hand,  dozens 

Horse 

Hay  loaders 

Hayrakes —  , 

Hand,  dozens -. 

Horse 

Hay  stackers 

Hay  tedders 

Mowers 

Mowers  and  reapers  combined 

Potato  diggers 

Potato  hooks 

Reapers 

Scythes 

Scythe  snaths 

Sickles • 

Stackers 

AU  other 

Seed  separators — 

Bean  separators 

Otlier  separators 

Clover  hullers '. 

Corn  buskers 

Comshellers — 

Hand 

Power 

Fanning  mills 

Thrashers — 

Horsepower 

Steampower 

All  other > 

Miscellaneous — 

Bean  pullers 

Cane  mills 

Carts 

Check  rowers 

Corn  cleaners 

Corn  hooks 

Corn  knives 

Cottongins 

Cot t on  prr-sses 

F". n>i lag'*  cutters 

Kn^incH  and  boilers 

Funn  trui-ks 

(ia  rdenlng  implements 

I irulililng  machines 

Hand  carts 

1 1  ayK'Utters 

Hay  presses 

1 1  ji  y  racks 

1  lo'r.icpowers 

I.ti  wn  mowers 

I'ea  hullers 

Portable  siiwmills 

Portable  steam  engines 

I'lunps  - 

ituntl 

1 1  (jrso 

Steam 

Road  carts 

Sh"vi  l«,  spades,  and  scoops 

.SI,i(;Nlr..  H 

HI  n  1]  M' VII I  •orators 

HorgtiiMii  '■  VHporators 

Straw  slackers 

ThrashiT  I  rucks 

Triu'tlon  eiiKlnes 

Wog'ins 

Wiigon  t nicks 

Water  I  rucks 

Weeders 

Windmills 


United  States. 


California. 


1,070 
22,519 

8,098 
67,S52 

104,323 
86,408 
262,442 
331,620 
5,512 

39, 140 

121,899 

1,599 

138,899 

956,898 

2,938 

22,188 

15,  146 

12, 480 

30.056 
108, 810 

665 

6,924 

3,161 

85, 121 

345, 297 
62,801 
27,174 

76, 139 

236, 297 

8,670 

35,745 

267,692 

5. 693 

11,703 

139.940 

60,996 

705,025 

699.636 

247,716 

845 

6,659 

727 

12, 109 

351 

1,327 

47. 189 

6,082 

22,994 

2,237 
7,950 
1,182 

1,.587 

2,996 

21,. 365 

12,478 

106 

44,628 

125, 149 

72 

18 

10,696 

369 

4,320 

494,034 

1,043 

9,359 

29,283 

5,719 

620 

4,804 

34,000 

1,706 

1,828 

1,190 


86.S, 
220, 


Connecticut. 


Georgia.' 


Illinois. 


171 
"386 


4,000 


3,981 
2,026 


990 
30 
20 

58 
1,264 


12 
"367' 


2,190 
1 


1,449 


30 

480 


172 


1,3.')0 


20 
4 


1,050 


400 


4,789 


4,674  i 


300 


125,779 


79,026 


990 


150 


1,350 


30 


412 


124,8tHI 
768 
874 


20 

3,900 

867 

52,550 

44, 418 

1,200 

112,180 

51 

4,033 

19, 478 

5,977 

23 

85,403 

157,906 


231 

8,822 
9,293 


78,018 


1,628 

36 

27,751 


18,158 


120,926 

560 

1,019 

170,826 

16 

1,592 


35,856 


412 


.'>83 

10,653 

2,573 

300 


513 
9:0 


10,890 

10,363 

106 


174 


1,125 

15,767 

165 

2,739 


1,983 


2,615 
27,000 


13,932 

1,000 

135 


715 


397 
1,161 


18 
1^034 


AGRICULTURAL  LMPLEMENTS. 

DETAILED  SUXBUUY.  B'i'  STATES:  1905— Continued. 


145 


ludlana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Maine. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota.             Mississippi. 

81 

tax 

20.^) 
3,600 

800 
4,000 

5,000 
1,000 
5,000 

87 

81 

1,300 
40 

424 

5,032 

1,300 

19,959 

.  47,547 

800 

84 

10 

8'i 

700 
1,108 
1,200 

373 

1,702 
30,240 

212 

200 

9«1 

m 

800 

2,000 

1,270 
6.300 

3,134 

87 

is 

88 

134 

89 

320 
10,540 

75 
225 

1,000 
5,000 

263 
9,025 



flO 

146 

56 

47 

91 

9? 

20,414 
233,984 

2,301 
3,750 

.■iOO 
1,709 

1,000 
133, 847 

297 
4,134 

2,i32 
13,638 

166 
1,500 

91 

1,192 
700 

415 

94 
9ii 

200 
125 
118 

3,039 

1 

m 

125 

1,400 
425 

1,500 

1,152 

97 

1 

AS 

15,000 

168 

99 



1,208 

inn 

• 

mi 

499 

105 

2 
1,.')00 

in? 

1,075 

in3 

12,316 

33,660 
1,673 
4,612 

5,850 
12,568 
3,556 

700 

in4 

62,004 

in5 

inA 



in7 

1,200 

2,196 
912 

1,4% 
378 

in8 

880 

110 
43 

496 

inn 

5 

iin 

798 
1,.563 

200 

111 

930 

11? 

IIS 

1,100 

8 

5 

60 
26,616 

114 

115 

116 

253,791 

117 

169,000                       42,960 

129,692 

1 

118 

1J9,716 

119 

822 

i?n 

1,200 

l?I 

300 
3,730 

1 
1 

1?? 

290 
191 
133 

50 

7,457 

m 

.1                         

l?4 

183 
628 

185 

1       

I'i 

8,415 

690 

250 

20 

2 

1 

1 

1?fi 

6 

3 

1,028 

is 

11,750 

588 
1.562 

40 
5.748 

41 
818 

1W 

1?8 

11 

1V9 

60 
35 

13n 



131 

139 



132 

1S3 

9,500 

150 

200 

134 

1.209 

\X> 

136 

7,332 
219 

25,296 
6,024 

137 

20 

1,780 

1.38 

139 

- 

140 

42 

40 

141 

27 



147 

50 

12 
24,800 



143 

15.396 

7.58 

1,093 

5,666 

14,363 

'  '                            i 

144 

::  ::::::;::;:::::i:::::::::::::::::: 

RS 

is6 

932 

::::;:;:::::::::::;:;:::;;.;;;; :.;;;;;;::::;;;;;: 

14fi 

960 

1 

147 

138  1                        .309 

660 

332 

148 

400 

78 

149 

60 

I.W) 

1.51 

1 

1.52 

216 

f 

20 

175 
32 



I.S3 

1 

154 

1 

155 

1.56 

1.57 

61 

158 

6i,566 
500 

1,59 

6.288 

75,000 

5,125 

inn 



161 

Ifi' 

1,129 

300 

1,010 
98 

1,727 
SO 

1,750 

16.1 

164 

571 

16.5 

8 

20 

166 

167 

584 
1,132 

50 

10 

169 

:::::::::;;:::::.:- 

170 

146 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  14.— AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS- 


171 
172 


173 
174 

175 
176 

177 

178 

179 
ISO 

181 
182 
183 


184 

185 
186 
187 


Power; 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned — 

Engines — 
Steam — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline^ 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors  — 

Number 

Horsepower 1 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented— 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Other  kind,  horsepower 

Furnished  to  other  establishments,  horsepower 


United  States.         California.        Connecticut.  Georgia. 


165 
2,300 

128 
6,288 

4 
12 


16,SS5 
2,157 


182 

3,828 

75 

751 


21 
COS 


9 

184 


11 
183 


IS 
197 

5 


3 

590 


8 
270 


11 
320 


14 
1,557 


16 
916 


21 

618 


Illinois. 


76 
46,648 


181 
31,038 


in 

147 


10 
928 


415 

11,714 

1,625 


41 

1,1(3 

33 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 

DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY   STATES:  1905— Continued. 


147 


Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Malno. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

30 
3,916 

35 
3,248 

10 
1.37 

2 

100 

28 
1,918 

21 
1,526 

9 
103 

1 
22 

6 
255 

2 
150 

5 
93 

4 
983 

6 

856 

11 
1,691 

5 
89 

4 

46 

13 
1,548 

9 
888 

6 
413 

2 
120 

7 
345 

39 
6,659 

51 

5,217 

11 

13S 

1 

18 
2,717 

22 
2,463 

4 

39 

2 
45 

2 
45 

171 
172 

173 
174 

171 

176 

, 

177 

178 

179 

5 
85 
20 

15 

321 

5 

180 

12 
177 

3 
18 

31 

673 

18 
190 

181 

IS? 

183 

11 
90 

5 
12 

4 

109 

1 

8 

2 
10 

29 
581 

3 
25 

184 

185 

18B 

685 

187 

148 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  14.— AGRICULTUKAL  IMPLEMENTS— 


in 

1-7 

18  I 

19  ! 
20 
21 

22 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  memljers 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.; 

Tot.il  number 

Total  sala ries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men — 

Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number '. 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year. . 

Least  number  employed  at  any  o'ne  time  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  It)  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Women  10  years  and  over — 

vVverage  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

X  verage  number 

Wages 

Average  numlK?r  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  em- 
ployed during  each  month: 
Men  Iti  years  and  over— 

Janiiarj" 

February 

March . .' 

.\pril 

May 

.Tune 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Taxes 

Rent  of  offices,  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundrj'  ex- 
penses not  hitherto  included. 

Contract  work 

Materials  used,  uggr'-gal  e  cost 

Principal  material  Is.  total  cost 

Purchased  in  r;tw  state 

Purchased  in  partially  manufactured  form 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  iiuiterials 

Freight 

Products,  total  value 

Seeders  and  planters 

Implements  of  cultivation 

Harvesting  implements 

Seed  separators 

Miscel  in  neons 

All  other  products 

.\ mount  received  for  repair  work,  etc 

Klnrl  and  quantity  of  products,  number  of  implements: 
8ce<Iers  and  planters — 
Planters— 

Bean 

Corn- 
Hand  

Horse ." 

Cotton 

Potato 

Drills  - 

neet 

Corn 

flrnln 

Grain  flowers 

Lime  flpreaders 

LiMterfl ■. . . 

Manure  spreaders 

Hfffl  H'lwers 

Tobacco  traiisplantora 

All  othiT 

Implements  of  cultivation — 
Cultlvat  .rs — 

Bo»n 

Beet 

flnrnll 

Wheel  P'l 


$1,299,575 
$138,550 
$191,914 
$185,020 
$784,091 
18 


$93,161 

13 

$29,100 

7G 
$64,061 

70 
$60,637 

6 
$3,424 

845 

3liO 

525 

$201,110 

521 
$260, 181 

1 
$300 


3 
$635 


537 
5fiO 
571 
616 
633 
S9S 
534 
505 
415 
309 
435 
44y 

$.57, 3(12 
$4,029 
$3,504 

$48,487 

$1,282 
$452,056 
$361,299 


$361,299 
$15,190 


$4,.'i41 
S.W.Otl 
?i:i,  1S5 

SLOiw.oOH 

$40.  ll.'i 

$220. :«) 

$291 , 189 
$43, 389 

$.102,821 
$85,  S82 
$10,279 


3 
$134,600 


$13,000 

S(i0.:5ii(i 

$59, 30(1 


11 
$6,000 


$2,500 


9 
$3,300 


9 
S3. 500 


69 

5 

25 

$13,025 

25 
$15,025 


7 

7 

17 

33 

34 

38 

GO 

36 

25 

19 

19 

5 

$6,374 

$435 

$108 

$6,031 


$13,080 
$12,521 


$12,521 

$227 

$80 

$38 

$170 

$0.50 

$46, 0(10 

$)i;.  0(10 

$7,. WO 


$2,500 


357 
12S 


1,0(10 

"'too' 


New 
Hampshire. 


$(i2. 100 
$3,250 
$9.0(10 
$10,400 
$33.  450 
11 

'3 
$2,200 


3 
$2,200 


$1,900 

1 
$300 

71 

33 

45 

$24,767 

45 
$24, 767 


53 
40 
5il 
64 
64 
37 
29 

30 

45 

48 

43 

$4,449 

$100 

$422 

$3,927 


$13, 508 

$10,425 

$2,200 

$8, 105 

$2, 120 


$403 
$(>20 


$01,800 


$3,9S0 
$47,000 


$9, 500 
$810 


New  Jersey. 


1,000 


1,804 
7,007 


10 

$4.32. 195 
$21,375 
$75. 967 
S34.707 

$280,086 
9 

37 

$40,005 


813,050 


29 
$20,955 


27 
$26,  445 


$510 

.326 

95 

204 

$89,787 

204 
$89,787 


New  York. 


245 
271 
286 
298 
259 
239 
108 
113 
125 
143 
KM 
201 

$53,0^2 

$400 

Sl.l.W 

$.50.  :!23 

$1,200 
$117,596 
$108,417 


$108,417 
$4,524 


$970 
$1,205 
$2,420 
$391,920 
$74,912 
$1,87.243 
$2,000 

$l4.i:t3 

$85,401 

$19,017 

$9, 190 


934 


906 
2,091 


$23, 436, 429 
$1,001,1105 
$2,926,797 
$2,998,140 

$16,509,581 
00 

934 
$809,322 

53 
$144,912 

881 
$664,410 

809 
$632,480 

72 
$31,930 

8,510 

2,897 

0. 279 

$3, 240. 885 

0. 251 
$3,233,585 

19 

$4,789 

9 
$2,511 


7,392 
7,-707 
7,741 
7,358 
6,520 
6,124 
5,111 
4,918 
4,277 
4,927 
0. 103 
0.834 

$1,329,244 

$0,  .382 

$(i2.00fl 

$1,259,841 

$421 

$5,678,3:i9 

$4,127,262 

$3,109 

$4,122,153 

$227, 673 

$5,770 

$42, 909 

$1,214,238 

$60.  487 

.  $13.04.5..S91 

$1,80(1.  182 

$2,54.5.947 

$5,84!.3.S9 

$401,814 

$1,410,  .520 

$889,  .591i 

$90,413 


North 
Carolina. 


2,445 
950 


1,268 

11,948 

118 

34 


8,694 

1,376 

100 


11,769 
3,276 


23,746 

3,721 


13 
$110,735 
$3,960 
$23, 600 
$27,550 
$01,625 
■  13 


$9,250 

6 
$7,600 


$1,650 

2 
$1,650 


160 
103 

107 
$30. 883 

103 
$30. 328 


4 
$555 


121 

126 

120 

113 

94 

85 

82 

82 

84 

108 

110 

112 

$5. 108 

$140 

$788 

$;!,  755 

$425 
$.50,950 
$40,554 


$40, 554 
$3,185 


$420 
$4.:i91 
$2, 400 
$120, 805 
$24,000 
$46, 070 
$1,100 


$8, 495 
$:«,  225 
$13,975 


50 
4,7.50 


300 


6,000 
466 


'  Includes  establlihments  (llstrlliut«d  as  (ollows:  Alabama,  2;    Arkansas,  1 
Washington,  I:  We..t  Vlr((lnla,  1. 


Colorado,!;  Maryland,  2:  North  Dakota,!;    Oregon,  I;    South  l>akota,2;  Utah,  1; 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 

DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905— Coiitiiiucd. 


149 


Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

South  Carolina. 

Tennessee. 

12 

Texas. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Wisconsin. 

All  other  states.' 

71 

43 

4 

4 

10 

11 

52 

13 

1 

$24,301,980 

$5,460,011 

$13,351 

$7.56,812 

$147,271 

$490. 725 

$329,990 

$20,837,99.5 

$915,100 

2 

$1, .532, 522 

$410,306 

$600 

$49.  7.50 

$1,950 

$,'(9.  OIX) 

$25,000 

$997, 476 

$40,053 

3 

$3, 000, 252 

$740.  .505 

$2,  46.5 

$108.  18.3 

$12,800 

$77,  IM) 

$48,900 

$2,072,312 

$88,421 

4 

$3,180,540 

$803. 640 

$3,500 

$126,574 

$18,928 

$102.  XX9 

$53, 115 

$2,129,587 

$110,408 

5 

S15,922.w;0 

S3, 493. 500 

$6.  786 

$472.  .'iOS 

$113,  .593 

$271. 2:«) 

$202,369 

$15,638,620 

$264,218 

6 

39 

54 

5 

9 

8 

18 

42 

13 

7 

918 

220 

34 

8 

23 

21 

1,017 

19 

8 

C-1.001,714 

$220, 832 

$50,  .593 

$9,400 

$31,084 

$20,220 

$1,050,112 

122,  .330 

9 

103 

31 

7 

3 

3 

1 

44 

0 

10 

$230, 704 

$54,006 

189 
$172,826 

$17,7IX) 

$4,000 

$10,000 

$3,000 

20 
$17, 220 

10 
$14,960 

4 

$2,260 

445 

$98,613 

973 
$951,499 

$6,140 

13 
$16, 190 

13 

$10  190 

11 

815 
$770,920 

680 
$713, 150 

129 

$'')7, 704 

27 
$32, 893 

5 
$4,800 

20 
$21,084 

17 

13 

168 
$164,074 

21 
$8, 152 

2.074 

21 
$29. 945 

5 
$4,800 

20 
$21,084 

915 

$920,252 

58 
$31,247 

4.897 

14 

15 

6 
$2, 948 

846 

16 

17 

7,612 

17 

72 

288 

226 

18 

3,280 

2.141 

9 

466 

43 

207 

234 

1.909 

129 

19 

5,059 

2.  .394 

12 

013 

47 

247 

314 

3.  .509 

173 

20 

$2,909,540 

$1,103,441 

$4,065 

$216,306 

$23, 943 

$113,524 

$115,727 

$1,885,775 

$93,653 

21 

5,619 

2,376 

12 

593 

47 

238 

312 

3.530 

171 

22 

$2,894,091 

$1,1)99,719 

$4,065 

$213,231 

$23,943 

SI  11,. 589 

$115,277 

$1,874,628 

$93,278 

23 

39 
$14,073 

I 
$235 

3 
$825 

$1,035 

0 

$:fflO 
261 

20 
$5  540 

?4 

?.S 

1 

$176 

6,531 

17 
$3,487 

2,396 

17 
$2,250 

746 



2 

$450 

310 

19 

S.5.(X)7 

3,516 

2 
$375 

188 

?« 

77 

12 

67 

28 

0,888 

2,435 

12 

643 

50 

270 

319 

4,013 

177 

•Hi 

0.904 

2,472 

12 

641 

51 

255 

330 

4,263 

180 

30 

0.740 

2, 531 

10 

609 

34 

254 

338 

4,027 

187 

31 

6.1.00 

2,  .509 

8 

528 

37 

248 

323 

3,573 

196 

32 

5.  .584 

2,447 

11 

496 

34 

2.37 

321 

3. 194 

184 

•Xi 

4.720 

2, 314 

13 

478 

37 

224 

311 

3,  .328 

141 

34 

4,048 

2,246 

12 

510 

.35 

204 

300 

.3,503 

137 

35 

4,129 

2,248 

12 

550 

48 

224 

288 

3.421 

154 

36 

4.491 

2,263 

14 

638 

53 

218 

284 

3.000 

166 

37 

5.312 

2,296 

14 

626 

56 

221 

306 

3,052 

172 

38 

5,800 

2,3.55 

14 

651 

62 

240 

316 

3.470 

170 

39 

$1,050,747 

$.566,272 

$6,794 

SO.5,203 

.      $36,402 

$41,. 5.59 

$20,040- 

$2,278,736 

$5.5,000 

40 

$1,977 

$685 

$125 

$7.50 

$50 

$6,340 

$8,497 

$1,.500 

41 

$114,757 

$10,904 

.W4 

S4,9.54 

$668 

$2,143 

$1,823 

$64,, 561 

$2,814 

42 

$1,. 504, 925 

$511,183 

$5,365 

$.59,299 

$19,584 

$39,306 

$12,477 

$2,205,328 

$50,240 

43 

$29,088 

$13,500 

$1,250 

$9.50 

$15,400 

$350 

$500 

44 

$5,092,218 

$2,074,973 

$12,  (-05 

$314,279 

$74,233 

$182, 403 

$182,433 

$3,519,850 

$151,984 

45 

$4,ra9,103 

$1,615,192 

$11,745 

$234,083 

$65,935 

$1.56,879 

$139,833 

$2,662,208 

$13.5,420 

46 

$200 

$244 

$9,075 

$0,45 

$5,5.5 

47 

$4,fi.38,903 

$1,614,948 

$11,745 

$234,083 

$65,935 

$147.81)4 

$1.39,188 

$2,661,713 

$i35,420 

48 

$109,408 

$05,457 

$180 

$22,401 

SI,  900 

$11,802 

$7,898 

$143,002 

$5,737 

49 

$130 
$63,386 

$630 
$11,803 

$276 
$299 

.$000 
$080 

$623 
837,877 

$i,.3no 

$817 

.VI 

$00 

$774 

$2,985 

51 

$729,922 

$.367,379 

$650 

$55,301 

$2,848 

$10,737 

$31,816 

$632,612 

$7,945 

W 

$90,209 
$12,891,197 

$14,  .522 
$5,016,679 

$1,000 
$768,895 

$2,915 
$187,134 

$1,605 
$404,281 

$43,414 

$10,070,760 

$7a5 
$398,192 

K\ 

$34,932 

$441,071 

54 

S2. 010.919 

$186,449 

$3,215 

$12,000 

$32,225 

.$911,438 

$75 

.55 

$3,0;!  1,384 

$987,019 

$192 

$545,070 

$156,074 

$40,829 

$189,287 

$2,219,657 

$138,300 

56 

?3.193,S.-,3 
$501,482 

$.393,917 
$489,9.50 

$,^.,800 
S4II.000 

$700 

$203,270 

$1,405 
516,800 

$1,. 541, 020 
$1,035. OSS 

$34,895 
$45,900 

.57 

.58 

$2,4;«,577 

$2,229,802 

$20,000 

$87,(i8.5 

$3,800 

$90,002 

$3,295 

$2,742,225 

$16,890 

59 

$1,193,500 

$658,270 

$10,725 

$70,293 

$26,450 

$11,035 

$152,279 

$l,.547,3;n 

$113,775 

eu 

$.523,422 

$70,006 

$.800 

$8,035 

SI  10 

.$3,306 

$8,930 

$79,401 

$48,3.57 

61 
67 

25,  .578 

^ 

fl>, 

0,0.54 

3,(v!4 

604 

35 

7,2.58 

23,636 

3,022 

575 

.575 
1,375 

4,0,33 
1,500 
6,291 

64 

260 

0,000 

a5 

66 

...    . 

1 

67 

200 

i.w 

7,208 

68 

1,075 

69 

2,338 

6,407 

70 

123 

244 

2,442 

08 

542 

71 

2,525 

75 

350 

500 

77 

i,6ii 

11.700 

73 

600 

74 

75 

1,150 

76 

7 

225 

65,157 

44,187 

77 



500 
3,385 

78 

62,116 

5,900 

5,240 

79 

9,023 



29,056 

80 

loO 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  14.— AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS— 


1 

Missouri. 

Nebraska. 

New 
Hampsbire. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

North 
Carolina. 

81 

Kind  and  quantity  of  products,  number  of  implements— Con. 
Implements  of  cultivation— Continued. 

720 

83 

84 

85 

1,500 

2,447 

22,8«i 
65,594 
38,357 
67,051 
476 

422 

8,SS4 

Harrows— 

Disk                                                                               

199 

87 

256 

7,622 

90 

88 

89 

90 

250 

209 

Plows- 
Disk                                               

10 

93 

144 

2,951 

78.545 

1.338 

2.014 

482 

295 

05 

4,000 

95 

8 

108 

30 

99 
100 

Harvesting  implements— 

700 
19,181 

550 

1,881 

700 

740 

60,800 
750 

300 

1               _        _   J          

Harvesters- 

r 

102 

Corn                                                          

I 

10? 

1 

1 

.50 

Hayforks- 

106 

1 

200 

1 

Hay  rakes— 

525 
12,000 
3,691 

7,550 

14, 157 
39,844 

109 

111 

( 

18,063 

57,919 

5,671 

526 

2,200 

21,457 

240,204 

112 

1 

113 
114 

i 

1 

24 

[ 

j 

72,004 

120 

Stackers                                                                               

1,373 
221 

Seed  separators- 

55 

4 

891 
92 
125 

89 
611 

126 

Cornshellers- 

Hand                          

4.000 

40 

129 
130 

Thrashers 

9 
9 

14 
23 

M  iscellu  neons - 

1,207 

133 

1 

145 

135 

* 

138 

67,716 

14 
13 

140 

300 

32 

4 

120,000 

142 

30 

540 

144 

76 

3,220 

500 
700 

1,550 

1,.384 

23,232 

.325 

220 

8 

147 

HV 

110 



6 

151 

8S 
21 
106 

17 
6 

154 

Tortahle  steam  engines 

rumpft  - 

lUnrl 

irifi 

IVi 

167 

Steam                         

30 

15H 

im 

1 

102 

(.0 
470 
502 
362 

IM 

Thriinhf-r  tnifk<i                                                                                                 30 

inri 

WngoriN 

im 

11 

87 

ifu 

402 

174 
1,803 

ir4> 

800 

_ 

170 

Windmills 

75 

AORK'TTLTTIRAL  IMPLEMENTS. 

DETAILED  SIIMMAKY,  BY  STATES:  1905— Continued. 


151 


Ohio. 

200 
200 

Pennsylvania. 

South  Carolina. 

Tenncssco. 

Texas. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Wiscona^n. 

All  other  states. 

81 

8,0(X) 

82 

83 

231 

19,245 
12,480 
40,749 
70,994 

84 

1 

100 

8,242 
600 

8S 

3,603 

950 

18,000 

lliO 

15 
875 

15 

350 

47,242 

140 

552 

41,507 

«« 

5,150 

■JO.  413 

725 

87 

3,250 



88 

500 

40 
3,000 

89 

7,350 

m,  749 

1,501 

213 

49,792 

150 

10,8l);i 

172 

1,077 

000 
4,099 

88 

48 
32,500 

98,741 
55,000 
4,403 

27,833 
38,262 
501 
15,215 
19,382 

6,074 
4,811 

770 

1,943 

90 

1,850 

91 

40 

22,720 

18,412 

250 

S62 

370 

m 

150 

601 

93 

28,447 

18,421 

2,080 
500 
90 

29,398 

94 

D5 

4.139 
30 

1,000 
800 

15 
.TO 

96 

12 

97 

1,200 

98 

7,638 

650 

5,000 

99 

6,097 

ino 

■ 

101 

2 

1,497 

25 

102 



108 

11,058 

104 

47,203 

797 

40.092 

105 

2,988 

Iflfi 

107 

1.5,332 

108 

to 

11,140 

350 
225 

109 

110 

400 

50 
17,070 

111 

1 

112 

113 

3,353 
45,684 
2,186 

2,950 
36,000 

..    .    . 

1,285 

114 

11,028 

18,412 

115 

1,497 


11K 



60,000 
174, 324 
108,000 

117 

97,260 

86,400 

118 

119 

23 
100 

120 

2,300 

121 

205 
22 
60 

122 

68 
100 

25 

1'>3 

124 

239 
25 

12.S 

4,246 
451 

12,991 

2.2(» 

250 

850 

713 

50 

3.200 

1,450 

350 

5 

126 

127 

4,025 

393 
1,582 



128 

4 
972 
100 

20 

203 

25 
56 

129 

130 

131 

1.32 

1.825 

70 

133 

' 

134 

90C 

135 

1 

136 

12.000 
48,000 

137 

400 

138 

8 

139 

• 

6 

140 

9,539 

250 

280 

177 

3,048 

20 

331 

141 

142 

1.700 

116,955 

120 

3,023 

540 

143 

29,280 

144,780 

144 

145 

15 
2,608 

50 
325 

405 
526 

146 

147 

139 

25 

148 

149 

198 
7,000 

560 

159 

899 

31 

150 

1.51 

205 
805 
703 

33 

1.000 

4 

152 

140 
196 

67,800 

127 

225 

100 

i2 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

300 

158 

804.045 
2,000 

3,288 

159 

5.030 

• 

360 

160 

161 

1,513 

162 

232 

316 

773 

S.546 

379 

149 

357 

3 

2,007 

58 

1.209 

2,008 

33 

163 

26 

164 

165 

50" 

266" 

1  166 

1  167 

266 
229 

6 
5.929 

13 
890 

1  168 

331 

1  169 

170 

45254— MFG  1905— PT  4—08 12 


152 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  14.— AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS— 


171 
172 


173 
174 

175 

176 

177 
178 

179 
ISO 

181 
182 
183 


184 

186 
187 


Nebraska. 


I 


Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting , 

Total  horsepower 

Owned — 
Engines- 
Steam — 

Nimiber 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Number , 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels- 
Number  

Horsepower 

Water  motors- 
Number , 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors— 

Nimiber 

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented- 

Electric  motors- 
Number  

Horsepower 

Other  kind,  horsepower 

Furnished  to  other  establishments,  horsepower.. 


21 
8S6 


New 
Hampshire. 


7 
365 


8 
325 


New  Jersey.        New  York 


423 


7 
123 


3 

130 


5 
150 


73 
13.342 


9 

114 


43 

1,801 


65 

1.323 

512 


13 

629 

10 


North 
Carolina. 


11 
206 


9 

177 


AGRICULTURAL  LMPLEMENTS. 

DETAILED  SUMMAKY,  BY  STATES:  1905— ContiuuoU. 


153 


Ohio. 

70 
9,152 

83 
7.1)07 

27 
598 

3 
125 

Tennsylvanin. 

Xi 
3,240 

40 
2,725 

0 
53 

5 
46 

South  Carolina. 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Vermont. 

9 
666 

4 
225 

4 
66 

13 
307 

1 
S 

Virginia. 

Wisconsin. 

48 

8,aoi 

58 
6,683 

20 
211 

2 
32 

All  other  states. 

3 
34 

2 
24 

1 

10 

11 

704 

13 
049 

5 
43 

3 

m 

■2 
40 

9 
383 

8 
351 

12 
597 

6 
251 

5 
19 

1 

32 

171 
172 

173 
174 

175 

176 

1 

12 

177 

178 

179 

1 

1M) 

798 

1 
10 

2 
12 

49 
1,135 

5 
90 

181 

1 

Iff 

. 

183 

1 

4 

20 

4 

28 
406 

1 
10 

3 

20 

i 

7 
205 

184 

I8S 

186 

25 

187 

ELECTRICAL   MACHINERY, 
APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES 


1155) 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


By  Thomas  Commerford  Martin,  Expert  Special  Agent. 


The  first  complete  record  made  by  any  government 
of  the  manui'actiire  of  electrical  apparatus  and  sup- 
plies was  that  included  in  the  Twelfth  Census  of  the 
United  States.  Prior  to  this,  general  and  miscella- 
neous figures  had  been  secured,  which,  however,  had 
reference  rather  to  specific  industries  and  developments 
than  to  the  electrical  arts  as  a  whole. 

At  the  censuses  of  1880  and  1890  general  statistics 
were  obtained  as  to  the  number  of  electrical  manufac- 
turing establishments,  their  gross  products,  capital  in- 
A-ested,  number  of  wage-earners,  wages  paid,  cost  of 
materials,  and  a  few  other  items.  But  Census  Bulletin 
No.  245,  of  August  25,  1902,  was  the  first  to  summarize 
or  to  analyze  the  entire  product  of  American  electrical 
factories  and  to  discuss  the  conditions  of  electrical 
manufacturing  as  a  great  and  growing  field  of  Ameri- 
can inventiveness,  industry,  and  investment.  That 
bulletin  was  followed  in  due  sequence  by  a  series  of 
reports  on  the  generation  and  utilization  of  electric 
current  employing  the  machinery  and  apparatus  fur- 
nished by  the  electrical  manufacturing  industries. 
One  of  these  reports  dealt  exhaustively  with  street  and 
electric  railways;  another  with  central  electric  light 
and  power  stations;  and  a  third  with  telephones  and 
telegraplLS,  including  municipal  fire  alarm  and  pohce 
patrol  systems.  In  fact,  with  the  issuance  of  the  Report 
on  Telephones  and  Telegraphs,  January  2.3,  1906,  the 
Bureau  of  the  Census  closed  the  first  and  only  census 
ever  taken  of  the  group  of  arts  and  industries  dealing 
witli  the  employment  of  the  electric  current  for  trans- 
portation, illumination,  distribution  of  power,  the  long 
distance  transmission  of  speech,  and  the  instantaneous 
communication  of  messages  and  mtelligence.  The 
present  bulletin,  dealing  with  figures  of  electrical  man- 
ufacturmg  for  tlie  census  of  1905,  begins  in  reality  the 
new  series  of  reports  on  these  allied  industries,  as  here- 
after the  census  of  street  railwaj-s,  lighting  plants,  and 


telephone  and  telegraph  systems  will  be  taken  in  five- 
}-ear  instead  of  ten-year  periods.  The  rapidity  of 
growth  in  these  fields  is  probably  unsurpassed  in  any 
other  branch  of  human  activitj',  and  the  more  fre- 
quent record  of  tliese  statistics  adds  greatly,  there- 
fore, to  their  value  and  utility. 

In  the  report  on  electrical  industries  for  1900  a  large 
quantity  of  products  for  which  an  electrical  use  could 
be  predicated  was  excluded;  these  figiu-es  are,  how- 
ever, included  within  the  scope  of  other  Census  in- 
quiries. Among  the  products  excluded  then  and  now, 
were  poles,  whether  of  wood,  iron,  or  steel;  a  large 
amount  of  glass  and  porcelain  ware  made  only  for 
electrical  purposes;  bare  iron  and  copper  wire;  and 
the  whole  group  of  electro-chemical  and  electro- 
metallurgical  products. 

The  extent  of  items  of  this  character  excluded  may 
be  gatlrered  from  the  fact  that  the  electrical  conduits 
reported  by  the  pottery,  terra  cotta,  and  fire  clay  in- 
dustry for  1905  reached  a  value  of  §602,682  in  the  class 
of  terra  cotta,  fire  and  other  clay  products.  The  prod- 
ucts reported  as  of  the  nature  of  porcelain  electrical 
supplies  reached  a  value  of  §1,500,28.3,  as  compared 
with  a  total  of  only  .$470,355  at  the  census  of  1900. 
The  product  of  electrical  conduits  in  1900  was  reported 
as  valued  at  1685,273,  so  that  wliile  the  conduit 
showed  a  slight  decrease  in  the  period,  the  porcelain 
electrical  supplies  showed  apparently  an  enormous 
increase.  It  would  not  be  safe,  however,  to  take  these 
figures  on  their  face,  and  the  great  gain  in  porcelain  may 
be  attributed  to  the  inclusion  of  goods  or  supplies 
wliich  might  more  strictly  have  been  included  within 
the  statistics  of  electrical  industries  m  1900.  Some 
of  the  largest  electrical  manufacturers  have  purchased 
or  equipped  separate  porcelain  factories,  and  one  of 
them  has  an  extensive  porcelain  department  carried  on 
in  close  connection  with  its  other  shops  of  an  entirely 

(1.57) 


158 


MANUFACTURES. 


different  nature.  As  will  be  seen,  however,  these  two 
items  for  1905  make  a  total  of  $2,102,965,  not  in- 
cluded in  the  electrical  returns,  but  obviously  bearing 
a  verv  intimate  relationsliip  to  that  generic  class  of 
apparatus  and  supplies.  It  is  to  be  observed  that  Ln 
Table  17,  relating  to  electrical  conduits,  almost  the 
entire  product  reported  deals  with  interior  conduits, 
which  are  of  a  metallic  or  textile  nature  in  general; 
only  short  sections,  such  as  those  for  rurming  through 
floors  or  penetrating  exterior  walls,  being  of  porcelain. 
Apparently  the  porcelain  sections  are  not  here  included, 


as  they  are  not  regarded  as  conduits  in  the  electrical 
trade,  but  are  usually  spoken  of  as  "tubes."  Un- 
doubtedly a  large  quantity  of  this  material  is  therefore 
embraced  in  the  porcelain  item  just  referred  to,  while 
in  lil^e  maimer  none  of  the  terra  cotta  and  other 
clay  conduits  has  been  brought  to  account  in  the 
small  amount  of  underground  conduits  enumerated  in 
Table  17. 

Table  1  presents  the  comparative  figures  of  elec- 
trical machinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies  for  1880, 
1890,  1900,  and  1905. 


Table  1.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1880  TO  1905. 


Number  of  establishments. 
Capital. 


Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc..  number 

Salaries 

Wago-eamers,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over 

W  ages 

Women  16  vears  and  over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products,  including  amount  received  for  cust>m  work  and 
repairing 


1905 


784 

?174,0f.6,026 

10.619 

S11,090,SS5 

60, 406 

$31,841,521 

4S,976 

$28,316,772 

10.902 

S3, 410,08! 

5S8 

S114,668 

$17,948,708 

566,836.926 

'$140,809,369 


1900' 


681 

$83,659,924 

5,067 

$4,631,723 

42,013 

$20,579,194 

34. 462 

$18,513,653 

6,956 

$1,943,220 

595 

$122. 321 

$6,804,633 

$49,4.iS,272 

«  $92. 434, 435 


1890 


$18,997,337 

^683 

» $849, 138 

8.802 

$4,517,050 

7.289 

$4,082,847 

1,409 

$426. 660 

44 

$7,543 

$1,154,462 

$8,819,498 

$19,114,714 


1880 


=  76 
$1,509,758 

1.271 
$683, 164 
1,132 
W 

72 
{') 

67 
(<) 
(•) 
$1,116,470 

$2,655,036 


PEE  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


1900 

to 
1905 


34.9 

108.1 

109.6 

139.5 

43.9 

54.7 

42.1 

53.0 

56.7 

75.5 

'1.2 

'6.3 

163.8 

35.1 

52.3 


1890 

to 
1900 


207.4 
34D.4 
641.9 
445.5 
377.3 
355.6 
372.8 
353.4 
373.5 
355.4 
1,252.3 
1,,521.6 
489.4 
460.8 

383.6 


18S0 

to 
1890 


1 48. 7 
1,158.3 


.592.5 
561.2 
542.9 


1,940.3 


689.9 


1  The  totals  for  1900  do  not  agree  with  those  published  at  the  Twelfth  Census  bpcau.se  of  a  reclassification. 

•  Includes  36  establish  ;nents  reported  as  "cl''.*trical  apparatus  ani  supplies,"  and  40  reported  as  "telegraph  and  telephone  apparatus." 
■  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members,  with  their  salaries;  number  only  reported  in  1900  and  1905,  but  not  included  in  this  table. 

<  Not  reported  separately. 
'  Decrease. 

•  Not  reported. 

'  Exclusive  of  electrical  maehinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies,  valued  at  518,742,033,  made  by  establi.shments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

•  Exclusive  of  electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies,  valued  at  $13,397,430,  made  by  establishmenis  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 


In  spite  of  the  general  tendency  toward  the  con- 
solidation of  manufacturing  establishments  there  was 
a  gain  in  number  of  34.9  per  cent  between  1900  and 
1905,  while  the  capital  increased  lOS.l  per  cent. 
Other  large  increases  will  Ijc  noted  in  the  number  of 
salaried  officials  and  wage-earners,  and  particularly  in 
the  amounts  paid  out  to  employees.  Tlirougliout  the 
last  five  years  labor  has  been  actively  and  remunera- 
tively employed  in  all  the  electrical  industries  and  no 
single  strike  of  any  serious  magnitude  has  been 
recorded. 

The  increase  in  the  total  value  of  products,  1900  to 
1905,  was  52. .3  per  cent,  which  is  a  good  indiciition  of 
the  capacity  of  the  field  at  large  for  consiiiii|)ti()ii, 
although  various  fac^tors  have  come  in  to  estahlisii 
wide  differences  in  tiie  increase  in  the  respective  de- 
partments of  the  electrical  bu.siness.  In  many  in- 
stances, moreover,  while  the  general  trend  of  j^riccs 
has  been  upward  the  cost  of  electrical  «])|)uriitus  to 
the  consumer  has  been  less,  owing  to  large  production 


and  greater  refinements  in  the  processes.  Tliis  has 
been  affected,  however,  by  the  higher  cost  of  such 
raw  material  as  copper,  the  price  of  which  has  risen 
steadily  throughout  the  entire  term. 

The  growth  of  the  iiKhistry  since  1880,  as  shown  by 
the  cen.sus  figures,  is  a  remarkable  illustration  of  the 
ingenuity  of  inventors,  and  the  enter{:rise  of  niiuuifac- 
turers,  in  creating  and  supplying,  during  the  past 
twenty-five  years,  an  ever-enlarging  demand  for  elec- 
trical iiiacliinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies.  The  in- 
crease in  iiiiiulier  of  establishments  has  lieen  over 
ninefold,  and  in  average  nuiiilicrof  wag(>-eariiers  more 
than  foity-si.v  fold.  T!i(>  wages  jiaitl,  aiiiounting  in 
1880  to  a  little  less  than  .$700,000,  reached,  at  the 
census  of  1!)()5,  a  total  of  nearly  thirty-tAvo  millions, 
the  gain  being  greater  than  forty-five  fold.  In  value 
of  ])rodu('ts  the  increase  has  been  over  fifty-two  fold. 

Table  2  compares  the  general  statistics,  by  states, 
for  1900  and  1905. 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 

Table  2.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:    1905  AND  1900. 


159 


United  States. 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Kentucky 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . . . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 


Missouri 

New  Hampslnre., 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island . . . , 

Wisconsin , 

All  other  stqtcs. . 


Cen- 
sus. 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


IP"") 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
19CD 


10D5 
I9J0 


1905 
IBOO 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


19a5 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1015 
1000 


1935 
1900 


1995 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
5  1900 


Num- 
ber oJ 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


784 
581 


S174.0fifi,O26 
83,659.924 


175 
134 


Capital. 


710,440 
181,474 

141,800 
77,000 

4,183,535 
2,513,812 

21,644,7*) 
11,641,177 

3,174,505 
1,453,356 

203,701 
70,077 

191,315 
230,710 

12,735,427 
8,259,612 

413.732 
647,319 

389,211 
79,935 

1,044,031 
981,975 

102,486 
183,233 

18,457,821 
7,909,120 

30,643,167 
17,697,352 

10,408,184 
7,036,103 

58,393,011 
20,967,587 

3,608,034 
2,652,135 

6,329,351 
981,553 

625,492 
184,394 


SALARIED  OFFI- 
CIALS, ri.ERKS, 
ETC.. 


Num- 
ber. 


Salaries. 


10,619 
5,007 


$11,090,885 
I     4.631.723 


112 

29 


225 
142 


1,631 
1,142 


384 
134 


871 
565 


29 

32 
13 

183 
59 

14 
11 

1,012 
623 

1,668 
1,113 

1,023 
394 

2,746 
646 

119 
50 

396 
66 

97 


112,836 
28,638 

18,450 
6,000 

278,011 
170,490 

1,406,868 
637,933 

382,421 
133,693 

8,348 
6,379 

26,248 
26,926 

962,650 
556,703 

58,688 
28,962 

35,9r,0 
7,976 

193,244 
68,650 

12,. 3,59 
7,056 

1,002,693 
666,622 

1,730,441 
904,201 

1,079,006 
399,202 

3,089,535 
836,960 

153,096 
64,524 

460,644 
63,744 

89,487 
17,065 


WAGE-EARNEr.S   AND   WAGES. 


Total. 


Aver- 
age 
num- 
ber. 


60,406 
42,013 


Wages. 


131,841,521 
20,.579,I94 


403 
238 


84 

1,707 
901 

6,131 
6,048 

1,416 
881 

73 
56 

161 
165 

8,798 
5,202 

529 
184 


795 
533 


94 

6,208 
3,916 

16,301 
10,370 

5,114 
3,773 

'9,404 
817 


1,204 
527 


411 
224 


244  123 
129,906 

54,. 574 
41,720 

724,426 
405,604 

3,203,435 
2,818,274 

663,834 
340,355 

34,518 
24,396 

65,813 
54,303 

6,003,190 
2,714,449 

176,817 
86,188 

103,015 
45,340 

411,804 
186,216 

32,224 
32,956 

2,894,139 
1,903,183 

9,286,912 
5,606,702 

2,268,497 
1,602,270 

6,299,668 
4,002,737 

557,065 
328,691 

672,812 
221, -501 

144,655 
74,403 


Men  16  years 
and  over. 


Aver- 
age 
num- 
ber. 


48,976 
34,462 


$28,316,772 
18,513,653 


364 

228 

48 
66 

1,197 
690 

4,941 
4,699 

1,232 
715 

60 
37 

139 
137 

7,107 
4,256 

372 
170 

168 


646 
405 

44 
53 

3,833 
2,817 

14.405 
9,266 

3,747 
j2,956 

,8,2.52 
6,600 

1,002 
586 

1,140 
489 

379 
216 


Wages. 


232,164 
127,826 

37,074 
30, 120 

.593,872 
336,112 

2,780,370 
2,440,344 

615,925 
304,922 

31,273 
21,801 

62, 198 
50,967 

4,437,918 
2,445,100 

148,. 852 
81,209 

102,040 
45,340 

327,999 
166,646 

22,236 
22,331 

2,203,102 
1,575,016 

8,700,862 
5,341,834 

1,874,381 
1,315,376 

4,909,121 
3,677,780 

442,441 
254,318 

6.55,891 
213,701 

139,0.54 
72,  MO 


Women  16 
years  and  over. 


Aver- 
age 
n  um- 
ber. 


10,902 
6,956 


41 

27 

403 
270 

1,186 
1,246 

184 
166 

13 

18 

14 
13 

1,499 
843 

143 
11 


239 
111 


2,353 
1,016 


1,8.54 
1,023 


1,352 
794 


1,069 
1,054 


Wages. 


83,410,081 
1,943,220 


10,483 


17,. 500 
11,200 

112,210 
69,307 

422,187 
356,927 

47,909 
35,433 

3,245 
2,461 

2,000 
2,736 

521,185 
244,221 

25,366 
4,513 


Children  un- 
der 16  years. 


Aver- 
age 

num- 
ber. 


81,565 
26,245 

9,989 
10,626 

676,246 
311,154 

678, 4ai 
309,044 

391,776 
181,569 

375,709 
294,236 

112,524 
74,373 

15,844 
7,800 

4,-363 
1,376 


107 
1 

4 
103 


192 
103 


S3 
163 


Wages. 


$114,668 
122,321 


1,476 
2,080 


400 

18,344 
185 

878 
21,003 


1,015 
600 

44,087 
25,128 

2,599 
406 


$17,948,708 
6,804,633 


2,240 
3,325 


14,791 
17,013 

7,645 
15,824 

2,340 
5,325 

14,838 
30,721 

2,100 


1,077 


1,238 

177 


MisccUa^ 
neous  ex- 
penses. 


74,523 
11,771 

10,900 
8,027 

431,226 
222,400 

1,969,790 
1,565,404 

459,061 
89,172 

14,033 

11,520 

20,679 
28,156 

1,448,091 
454,008 

97,031 
38,314 

30,146 
9,585 

227,048 
144,966 

14,496 
3,704 

1,581,525 
785,454 

3,263,950 
893,038 

1,685,514 
668,201 

5,580,353 
1,647,426 

201,343 
257,774 

758,300 
48,245 

80,693 
17,462 


Cost  of 

materials 

used. 


$06,a30.926 
49,  458,272 


434,241 
359,135 

65,480 
51,608 

2,754,122 
1,973,715 

7,649,446 
4,675,961 

1,066,634 
784,393 

84,406 
66,285 

92,600 
112,464 

7,324,167 
5,2.50,293 

294,374 
182,4.52 

186,561 
121,782 

606,424 
355,475 


81,614 

6,872,638 
3,538,740 

17,846,213 
12,538,790 

4,699,140 
3,338,978 

11,365,212 
11,372,739 

4,017,178 
4,134,980 

1,020,359 
358,976 

369,343 
159,892 


Value  of 
products, 

including 

am  unt 
receivi  d  for 

custom 
work  and 
repairing. 


'5140,809.369 
'  92, 434, 435 


1,004,284 
555,735 

178,7.59 
121,000 

4,939,831 
3,167,842 

16,700,027 
12,169,425 

2,857,174 
1,586,229 

169,788 
117,680 

224,859 
266,811 

15,882,216 
10,490,361 

702,102 
438,144 

423,933 
228,076 

1,740,.583 
910,602 

149,871 
181,793 

13,803,476 
7,532,700 

35,348,276 
22,695,024 

11,019,235 
6,504,847 

26,257,569 
19,112,6« 

5,435,474 
5,113.292 

3,194,132 
923,587 

777,780 
318,622 


'  Exclusive  of  electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  ,and  supplies,  valued  at  $18,742,033.  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  produ<  ts. 
This  value  was  distributed  as  follows:  California,  881,600:  Connecticut,  $591,094:  Illinois,  $1,056,263;  Indiana,  $252,208;  Marvland,  $400;  Massachusetts,  $14,900;  Jlich- 
igan.  $217,131:  Missouri,  3205,745;  New  Hamp- hire.  $28,185;  New  Jersey,  .$5,130,814;  New  York,  $5,494,909;  Ohio,  $l,557,660;"Pennsylvania,  $2,683,549:  Rhode  Island, 
©39,606;  Wisconsin,  $599,000:  and  "all  other  states."  $4,88.909. 

2  The  totals  for  190D  do  not  airee  with  those  publishel  at  the  Twelfth  Census  because  of  a  reclassi''cation. 

>  Exclusive  of  electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies,  %'alued  at  S13,397,-)30.  madeby  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

'Includes  establ.shments  distributed  as  follows:  Delaware.!:  District  of  Columbia,  2:  Georgia.  2;  Iowa,  2;  Louisiana,  2;  Maine,  2;  Nebraska,  2:  Oreg  n,  2; 
South  Carolina,  1:  Tennessee,  2;  Texas,  3;  Virginia,  2;  Washington,  1;  West  Virginia,  1. 

'Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Delaware,  1;  Georgia,  1;  Iowa,  2;  Louisiana,  2;  Maine,  2;  Nebraska.  3;  North  Carolina,  2:  South  Carolina.  1; 
Temiessee,  1:  Texas,  1. 


The  distribution  of  electrical  nianufacturing  through- 
out the  states  has  remained  the  same  in  all  essential 
respects  at  the  two  censuses.  New  York,  Illinois, 
Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  ilassachusetts  reported  at 
the  census  of  1905,  523  out  of  784  establishments 
making  electrical  apparatus,  or  two-thirds  (66.7  per 
cent).  If  to  these  bo  added  the  32  establishments  in 
Connecticut,  the  34  in  Indiana,  and  the  42  in  New 
Jersey,  it  will  be  seen  that  631  out  of  784  establish- 
ments are  concentrated  in  these  eight  states.  Incan- 
descent lamps  are  made  all  over  the  country,  but  the 


largest  output  is  from  a  plant  in  New  Jersey,  which 
also  makes  many  of  the  best  electrical  instruments 
(although  in  this  ros]icct  Massachusetts  is  also  well  to 
tii3  front).  The  manufacture  of  insulated  wires  and 
cables  has  had  its  center  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  par- 
ticularly in  the  states  of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut, 
Khode  Island,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey,  but  such 
material  was  also  produced  in  large  quantities  farther 
west.  While  the  production  of  telephonic  apparatus 
has  always  been  large  in  Illinois,  this  industry  has 
undergone  development  in  several  other  of  the  Western 


160 


MANUFACTURES. 


states,  due  to  the  "independent"  telephone  move- 
ment: and  in  the  Middle  states  one  or  two  of  the 
largest  plants  being  in  New  York.  A  few  of  the  plants 
enumerated  were  brought  uito  being  by  their  proxim- 
ity to  lumber  regions,  affording  a  supply  of  insulating 
pins,  cross-arms,  etc. 

The  gross  values  of  the  output  at  the  census  of  1905, 
as  shown  by  Table  2,  were  in  close  proportion  to  the 
number  of  establishments,  but  the  statos  do  not  come 
in  quite  the  same  order.  New  York  led,  followed  bj' 
Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Massachusetts,  New  Jersey,  and 
Ohio,  in  the  order  given.  If  the  amounts  for  these 
states  be  totaled,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  great  bulk  of 
all  products,  or  over  five-sixths  of  the  whole  (84.5  per 
cent)  came  from  these  6  states. 

The  great  increase  in  the  amount  of  capital  invested 
in  the  period  has  been  referred  to.  In  190(3  the 
SS.3,659,924  of  capital  invested  had,  so  to  sjicak,  re- 
produced itself  during  the  year  with  a  margui  of 
almost  $9,000,000,  the  value  of  the  products  being 
$92,434,4.35.  In  the  year  1905,  however,  the  capitali- 
zation of  $174,066,026  returned  was  associated  with 
a  productiim  valued  at  $140,809,369 — an  indication 
of  an  undue  increase  in  the  capitalization.  According 
to  Table  2  this  increase  was  distributed  uniforndy 
throughout  the  country,  but  was  greatest  by  far  in  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania,  where  the  increase  was  from 
$20,967, .5S7  to  no  less  a  sum  than  $58,393,011;  in 
other  words,  there  was  an  increase  of  capital  in  that 
state  i)f  178.5  per  cen',  although  the  value  of  products 
increased  only  from  $19,112,665  to  $26,257,569.  In 
New  York  state  the  capitalization  mcreased  from 
$17,697,352  to  $30,643,167,  but  the  value  of  tlio 
products  rose  from  $22,695,024  to  $35,348,276.  An- 
other notal)ly  large  increase  in  capitalization  was  that  in 
Illinois,  where  it  rose  from  $11,641,177  to  .$21,644,783, 
while  tiic  ])roducts  increased  only  from  $12,169,425  to 
$16,700,027.  In  New  Jersey  the  capitalization  in- 
creased 133.4  ])er  cent,  namely,  from  $7,909,120  (o 
$18,457,821,  but  the  value  of  the  ijroducts  exhibited 
a  similarly  large  increase,  namely,  from  $7,532,700  to 
$13,803,476.  Ohio  exhibit(>d  a  more  normal  ratio  of 
increase  in  capital  and  product,  as  the  capital  in- 
crea.sed  from  $7,036,103  to  $10,408,184,  whih'  t  lie  |)n)d- 
ticts  rose  from  $6,504,847  to  $1 1,019,235.  In  .Massa- 
chusetts also  the  ratio  ran  about  the  same,  the  (;a])i- 
talization  increasing  from  $8,259,612  to  $12,735,427, 
while  the  value  of  the  products  rose  from  $10,490,361  to 
$15,S82,216.  These  are  the  larger  figures,  while  at  the 
other  end  of  the  scale,  as  .shown  by  Table  2,  were  sev- 
eral states  in  which  the  electrical  j)roduct  as  well  as  the 
invested  capital  was  insigTiificant.  Fourteen  states  in 
1905,  with  a  total  of  25  manufacturing  establislinients, 
reported  a  capital  of  oidy  $625,492  and  products 
valui'd  nt  $777,7.S().  There  was,  however,  a  note- 
worthy increase  in  Mimicsota,  where  tin-  capitaliza- 
tion increased  386.9  [)er  cent  in  the  period,  namely,  from 
$79,935  to  8389,21 1 ,  with  u  product  valued  at  $423,933. 


PRODUCTS    IN    DET.\rL. 

Practically  little  of  the  vast  production  of  electrical 
macliinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies  goes  across  the 
counter  directly  into  the  hands  of  individual  consum- 
ers. The  great  bulk  of  it  is  purchased  and  consumed 
by  pubhc  service  corporations.  There  are  relatively 
few  electrical  stores  or  jobbing  houses  for  retail  trade, 
and  even  these  find  their  patronage  mostly  among  the 
electrical  contractors.  There  are  no  large  dejjartment 
stores  or  other  agencies  of  retail  trade  tlu-ough  which 
this  vast  aggregate  of'electrical  ajiparatus  ant!  sup])lies 
can  be  distributed,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  there  were  in 
1902,  987  operating  and  lessor  street  railway  compa- 
nies which  constituted  the  only  market  for  street  rail- 
way apparatus,  and  3,620  private  or  municipal  central 
station  lighting  plants,  which  with  some  50,000  iso- 
lated ])lants  constituted  almost  the  entire  market  for 
electric  lamps  of  all  kiyds.  The  third  large  fiekl  of  pub- 
lic service  electrical  consumption  was  afforded  by  25 
large  telegraph  systems  and  4.151  telephone  systems, 
in  which  was  used  an  overwhelming  propt)rt ion  of  the 
telegraphic  and  telephonic  apparatus.  Sujij^lementing 
these  intelligence  systems  there  were  also  in  1902,  764 
municipal  electric  fire  alarm  systems  and  148  electric 
police  patrol  systems.  It  will  be  readily  understood, 
therefore,  that  after  these  large  channels  of  consump- 
tion had  been  filled  very  little  of  the  ajjparatus  or  ma- 
terial was  left  for  the  retail  purchaser  whose  average 
wants,  intleed,  are  limited  to  an  occasional  incanilescent 
lamp,  a  fan  motor,  a  push  button,  or  a  few  feet  of  wire. 
.Vll  of  these  departments,  except  perhaps  that  of  teleg- 
ra])iiy,  have  made  gigantic  strides  in  the  last  five  years, 
and  to  their  jjrosperity,  therefore,  nuist  be  attril)uted 
the  general  well-being  of  electrical  manufacturing  as 
c.\!iil)ited  in  Tables  1  and  2. 

In  addition  to  the  electrical  |)i'0(hicls  nianuracturcd 
by  the  784  establishments  in  1905  and  the  581  in  1900, 
showii  in  Tables  1  and  2,  a  large  quantity  of  electrical 
niachiiierv  and  apparatus  was  made  by  estal)lishmenls 
engaged  primarily  in  llu^  maiiuracfure  of  othei-  prod- 
ucts. The  value  of  such  ])r()ducts  as  reported  at  tiie 
censu.ses  of  1900  and  1905  was  .'ti;i3,397,430  and 
$18,742,033,  lespectively.  The  distribution  by  states 
of  the  total  lor  1905  is  sliowTi  in  a  footnote  to  Tables  2 
and  27.  'I'lic  magnitude  of  this  electrical  manufactur- 
ing (iinicd  nil  in  establishments  in  which  it  is  not  the 
chief  |iii"hi(l  or  sole  business,  is  illustrated  \>y  the  fact 
that  Ihe  liiliil  .if  *1S,742,()33  at  the  census  of  1905  was 
|irodui-c(|  1)\-  no  fi'ucr  than  128  establishments  located 
in  25  states,  giving  an  a\erage  value  jier  estabiislimcnt 
of  $146,422. 

'i'lic  above  pai-tial  jiroducts  for  liolh  l'.in5  and  1900, 
wliilc  not  included  in  Tables  1,  2,  and  27  of  lliis  report, 
arc  iiicjiiilcil  in  liieir  respective  groujis  in  I  he  dclMiied 
table-,,  wliicli  |ii'eseiil  I  lie  products  by  kind,  (|uan(ily, 
and  \alue. 

Tables  3  to  26,  inchrsive,  gi\-c  in  ilelail  the  statistics 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


161 


for  tlie  (lifTcront  varietie.s  of  electriral  apparatus  an(l 
siip[)lies  manufactured.  Comparative  figuips  for  the 
total  for  the  United  States  are  pre.sented  for  the  com- 
parable pro(]ucts  that  were  reportetl  separately  at  the 
cen.su.ses  of  1900  antl  1905.  In  a  number  of  the  states 
tlu^re  were  only  one  or  two  e.stablishments  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  some  of  these  diH'erent  classes  of 


residt  in  disclosing  the  operations  of  individual  estab- 
lishments. Therefore  the  totals  for  190.')  are  given  by 
states  only  in  cases  where  such  a  presentation  does  not 
result  in  giving  figures  for  less  tlian  three  establi.sh- 
ments  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  any  distinct 
class  of  pi-oducts. 

Dynamos. — The  statistics  with  regard  to  the  i)roduc- 
tion  of  dynamos  are  presented  in  Table  3. 


products,  anil  to  present  the  statistics  for  them  would 

T.ABLE  a.— DYNAMOS— NUMBER,  HORSEPOWER,  AND  VALUE:  1905  AND  1!)()0 


TOTAL. 

DIRECT   CURRENT. 

ALTERNATING  CURRENT. 

Number. 

Horsepower. 

Value. 

Number. 

Horsepower. 

Value. 

Number. 

Horsepower. 

Value. 

United  Status,  1905 

urn 

15.080 
10.527 

1, 328, 243 
770.832 

$11,084,234 
10,472,576 

13,756 
9, 182 

853.800 
428.001 

86,97.3,130 
6,297,925 

1,324 
1,345 

474,443 
342,231 

*4, 111.  104 
4,174,bSl 

Stales,  1905: 

2.  .301 
370 
781 
358 
126 

1.109 
2,774 
2,005 
2,443 
1,225 
1,588 

384.015 

8.9.53 

81,485 

3,433 

612 

45,451 
146.:i75 
95. 482 
9:s.  995 
20,  146 
448.296 

881,625 
149,821 
202,738 
58, 712 
18,028 

701,062 
1,237.737 
1,129,794 
2,537,802 

294,483 
3,812,432 

2,301 
370 
781 
358 
126 

1,109 
2,774 
1,,S29 
2,443 
1,225 
2  440 

384.015 

8.9.53 

81,485 

3,433 

612 

4.5.451 
146, 375 
49.544 
9:1.995 
20,  146 
« 19, 791 

881,62.5 
149.821 
202, 738 
58,712 
18,028 

761.062 
1,2.7.737 

727.626 
2,5.37.802 

294, 483 
U03,49« 

(') 

w 

(i\ 

Massiichusotts 

(') 

Missouri 

(') 

(') 
(') 

'1,148 

(') 

(') 
(') 

45,938 
•428,505 

(') 

(') 
(') 

402,168 
(') 
(•) 
'3,708,936 

New  York 

Ohio 

Penn.syl  vnnift 

All  other  stales 

'  Includ'^d  In  "  all  oth^r  states." 

2  Includes  states  a.s  follows:  Calfomia,  Connecticut,  Kentucky.  Maine,  Minnesota,  New  Hampshire,    Texas,    Virginia,  and  Washin^on. 

2 Includes  states  as  follows;  Ill.nois,  Indiana,  Massachusetts,  Alinnesota,  Mi.ssouri,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin. 


Before  proceeding  to  a  detailed  discussion  of  dyna- 
mos as  a  class,  it  may  be  well,  in  view  of  the  importance 
of  the  generic  group  of  dynamo  electrical  machinery, 
to  point  out  that  the  total  value  of  dynamos  and  mo- 
tors produced  was  $33,454,860.  This  does  not  in- 
clude dynaniotors,  etc.,  which  may  be  classed  with 
transformers.  Dynamos  and  motors  constitute  the 
largest  single  class  of  apparatus  dealt  with,  and  go  into 
service  in  ever}-  department  of  electrical  industry, 
either  as  the  source  of  electrical  energy  or  as  the 
means  of  power  distribution.  These  machines  are 
employed  chiefly  in  the  three  great  departments, 
traction,  lighting,  and  power,  which  are  to-day  fre- 
quently supplied  from  one  power  house,  the  elec- 
trical energy  generated  being  manipulated  by  sub- 
sidiary devices  to  render  it  available  for  its  .specific 
use  at  the  point  of  consumption.  It  is  true  that  the 
value  returneel  for  insulated  wire  and  cable  was 
$34,519,fi99,  but  this  material  was  supplied  to  all  the 
electrical  arts  in  varying  proportions  and  no  small  part 
was  rerjuired  for  u.se  with  the  tlynamos  and  motors,  the 
installation  of  which  demands  these  arteries  of  con- 
nection. In  like  manner  the  carbons,  valued  at 
$2,710,935,  the  arc  lamps,  valued  at  $1,574,422,  and 
the  incanilescent  lamps,  valued  at  $6,953,205,  were  to 
a  very  large  degree  necessary  supplies  for  the  lighting 
arts  that  could  not  be  carried  on  without  the  modern 
dynamo.  Incidentally,  also,  it  may  be  noted  that  no 
less  an  amount  than  $77,539,359  remained  for  other 
electrical  products,  exclusive  of  "amount  received  for 
custom  work  and  repairing."  This  large  amount  em- 
braced much  apparatus  dependent  upon  or  asso- 
ciated with  dynamo  electrical  machinery. 


It  will  be  seen  from  Table  3  that  the  value  of  dyna- 
mos reported  in  1905  was  very  little  in  e.xce.ss  of  that 
repjrted  at  the  previous  cen.sus,  being  $11,084,234 
as  compared  with  .510,472,576.  As  the  other  figures 
with  regard  to  this  class  of  apparatus  indicate,  the 
slight  increa.se  in  value  was  associated  with  a  very 
large  increase  in  number  and  in  horsepower;  the  num- 
bsr  of  machines  built  increasing  from  10,527  in  1900 
to  15,080  in  1905,  while  the  capacity  nearly  doubled, 
rising  from  770,832  horsepower  to  1,328,243  horse- 
power. It  is  obvious  from  even  a  cursory  considera- 
tion of  these  figures  that  a  relatively  small  increase  in 
the  average  size  of  the  machines  was  accompanied  by 
an  enormous  decrease  in  the  cost  per  horsepower  to 
the  purchaser.  The  average  size  of  machines  re- 
ported in  the  earlier  census  was  73  horsepower,  and 
this  had  risen  in  1905  to  88  horsepower.  Meantime, 
ho.wever,  the  cost  had  decreased  from  .$13.59  per 
horsepower  to  $8.35.  Tliis  change  is  due  entirely  to 
the  great  increase  in  the  number  of  large  machines  in 
the  power  plants  of  central  stations  and  electric  rail- 
ways. In  earlier  years  the  work  of  the.se  plants  was 
done  chiefly  with  machines  of  very  moderate  cajjac- 
ity — 50  horsepower  being  a  respectable  .size  for  an 
arc  lighting  dynamo  and  500  horsepower  for  incandes- 
cent lighting  or  electric  railwa}'  work.  The  growing 
domand  for  current  for  all  classes  of  service,  and  the 
greater  distances  and  larger  areas  for  which  this  cur- 
rent must  be  supplieil,  led  to  the  adoption  of  alter- 
nating current  dynamos  generally  associated  with 
transforming  apjiaratus  to  which  the  electrical  energy- 
Could  be  delivered  at  the  point  of  consumption,  in  order 
that,  if  necessar}-,  direct  current  could  be  furnished  to 


162 


MANUFACTURES. 


trolley  cars,  storage  batteries,  arc  lamps,  etc.  The 
whole  process  of  the  change  is  exemplified  in  the  fact 
that,  whereas  the  direct  current  machines  averaged  47 
horsepower  in  1900,  the  13,756  reported  in  1905  had 
risen  to  an  average  of  but  62  horsepower  per  machine, 
and  the  average  size  of  the  alternating  current  dyna- 
mos had  risen  from  254  to  358  horsepower.  More- 
over, while  the  direct  current  machines  were  ten  times 
as  numerous,  they  had  not  quite  twice  the  total  capac- 
ity of  the  1,324  alternating  current  machines. 

As  these  figures  indicate,  while  the  dynamo  art  as  a 
whole  has  already  undcrsjone  a  groat  revolution  with 
regard  to  its  apparattis  for  producing  current  in  liulk 
for  great  ptiblic  titiliiies,  and  resorts  increasingly  to  the 
use  of  alternating  current,  there  is  still  an  insistent  de- 
mand for  large  numbers  of  small  dj-namos  of  the  direct 
current  type.  Ten  or  fifteen  years  ago  machines  of 
from  50  to  100  horsepower  were  popular  for  arc  light- 
ing, but  now  the  current  for  arc  lamps  is  supphed  quite 
generally  from  the  gigantic  machines  whicli  at  the  same 
time  furnish  current  for  incandescent  lighting  and  for 
power.  On  the  other  hand,  the  adoption  of  electric 
lighting  for  steamships,  large  office  buildings,  isolated 
country  estates,  and  scattered  mills,  factories,  etc.,  has 
maintained  a  steady  demand  for  direct  current  dyna- 
mos for  incandescent  lighting,  many  of  them  being  em- 
ployed also  in  the  daytime  to  furnish  electrical  energy 
for  motive  power  purposes.  There  is  a  marked  tend- 
ency in  the  great  cities  to  abandon  the  isolated  plants 
in  large  buildings  and  to  connect  with  the  service  mains 
of  the  central  station  companies,  but  at  the  same  time 
many  of  these  plants  have  capacity  enough  to  supply 
an  ordinary  town,  and  being  economically  self-sufficient 
are  likely  to  remain  in  operation  intleanitely.  A  few 
plants  in  recent  years  have  been  installed  on  farms 
to  be  operatetl  Ijy  wind  or  water  power,  but  the  num- 
ber of  these  plants  during  the  census  year  was  too 
insiernificant  to  warrant  special  inquiry.  In  many 
instances  central  stations  have  annexed  large  sections 
of  rural  territory  to  their  circuits,  thus  supplying  not 
only  a  city  or  large  town,  but  a  <x:vat  number  of 
farmers,  dairymen,  etc.  Fre(iiieiitiy  t!ie  cotuitrv  (hs- 
tricts secure  current  from  the  circuits  of  the  interufl)an 
trolleys  which  now  con.stitute  so  large  a  network  in 
many  of  the  more  thickly  .settled  reLcioiis  of  t  Ik initry. 

Probably  a  large  proportion  nf  1  lie  capiicil  \-  of  direct 
current  dyiiamos  is  manufactured  and  cniijioyed 
cs[)ecially  for  electro-chemical  proces.ses.  JOlectro- 
plating  work  is  done  with  this  type  of  current  at 
such  low  voltages  that  the  ordinary  city  current  can 
not  be  employed  for  the  purpose  unless  it  is  used  to 
drive  a  motor  which  in  turn  operates  the  low  voltage 
plating  machines.  It  is,  however,  in  electro-deptsi- 
tion  and  electro-chemical  operations  that  such  Mpi)a- 
ralus  in  its  largest  units  finds  the  greatest  demand. 
This  is  particularly  true  of  the  refining  of  cop|)er. 
The  first  electrolytic  copper  refining  process  emj)loyed 


for  industrial  purposes  was  that  of  James  Elkington,  in 
Wales,  in  1869,  with  an  output  of  about  250  pounds  of 
copper.  A  few  years  later  the  work  was  taken  up  in 
Germany,  while  in  the  United  States  only  one  plant  is 
recorded  as  having  been  in  operation  as  late  as  1878. 
Until  1890  the  development  of  this  work  was  relatively 
slow,  but  since  that  time  it  has  undergone  enormous 
development,  so  that  in  1905  nine  large  plants  for  the 
electro-deposition  of  copper  were  recordetl  as  in  opera- 
tion in  the  United  States,  all  of  them  employing  large 
capacity,  low  voltage,  direct  current  dynamos.  The 
largest  of  these  American  plants  has  a  capacit}-  of  refin- 
ing 350  tons  of  copper  per  dajr.  Not  only  is  the  econ- 
omy of  the  process  stich  as  to  explain  this  extension  of 
electrical  methods,  but  the  value  of  tlie  by-product  is 
enormous,  it  being  stated  that  at  the  Anaconda  refinery 
alone  over  .?200,000  montlily  is  recovered  in  gold  and 
silver  from  tiie  slimes  of  the  copper  vats. 

The  alternating  current  dynamos  iiicluded  in  Table 
3  are  of  tliree  types,  their  nature  depending  somewhat 
on  the  uses  to  which  thej^  have  to  be  applied,  namely, 
single  phase,  2-phase,  and  3-phase.  In  outward  ap- 
pearance and  general  characteristics  these  machines 
present  a  imiform  appearance,  but  their  style  of  con- 
struction depends  upon  whether  they  are  to  be  operated 
by  steam  engines,  gas  engines,  or  driven  by  water  tur- 
bines, and  is  modified  again  by  the  use  of  steam 
turbines  instead  of  reciprocating  engines. 

In  the  earliest  days  of  electric  lighting,  single  phase 
alternating  current  dynamos  were  emjiloyed,  l)ut  being 
utilized  in  a  desultory  waj^  fell  into  unpoptilarity, 
which  lasted  until  the  great  revival  of  alternating  cur- 
rent methods  about  1SS.5.  Then  the  increased  use  of 
incandescent  lighting  rendered  it  desirable  to  cover 
circuits  of  much  larger  area  than  was  possible  with  the 
direct  current  apparatus  of  low  voltage,  as  this  cin-rent 
could  not  be  delivered  economically  much  more  than  a 
mile  from  the  central  station.  The  alternating  current 
dynamo,  generating  current  at  high  pressure  and  de- 
livering its  product  to  transformers  miles  apart,  wliero 
it  ct)uld  be  lowered  in  pressure  for  the  consumption  cir- 
cuits of  the  customer,  leaped  swiftly  into  prominence 
and  im])ortanco  at  this  juncture.  This  created  such  a 
revolution  in  the  art  that  to-day,  for  example,  not  one 
of  the  great  Edison  systems,  in  such  cities  as  New 
York,  Boston,  Chicago,  Philadelj)hia,  etc;.,  hesitates  to 
restrict  the  employment  of  direct  current  dynamos  to 
generate  current  at  a  pressure  of  250  Volts,  or  less,  and 
generates  alternating  current  in  huge  power  houses 
only,  transmitting  this  at  pressures  of  6,000  or  7,000 
volts  to  sul)station9  where  it  is  converted  into  low  pres- 
sure direct  current  for  distrilnition  and  use. 

The  earlier  single  phase  apparatus  was  practically 
available  for  lighting  purposes  only  and  was  usmilly 
emjiloyed  with  a  large  number  of  reversds  of  current 
I)er  nunute,  the  frequencies  running  from  60  cycles  per 
second  upward.     Such  current  could  not  be  used  for 


TWREE  5W>  KILOWATT  TUftSIVE   UiSECT   CONNUCTEO  utNtr,«,.«i   IHjTALLSD  ir»  A   RAILROAD 

REPAIR  SHOP. 


FACTORY   EQUIPPED  WITH   STEAM    7_.,:rr,L       VNAMO   ELECTRIC  UNITS  FOR 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


163 


electropliitino;  or  for  cliarji;ing  storag;e  batteries,  nnd  f  s 
no  good  motors  of  the  alternating  current  type  were 
available,  the  system  lacked  in  flexibility  and  general 
availability,  so  that  its  advantages  of  being  able  to 
cover  large  areas  wore  minimized.  The  difficulties 
thus  encountered  at  this  stage  of  the  art  were  first  set- 
tled in  a  hirgc  way  in  the  electric  railway  field.  The 
new  trolley  systems  liniiled  at  first  to  small  urban 
districts  with  a  few  cars  and  short  run  of  track  began 
to  reach  out  for  the  suburbs,  while  the  process  of  con- 
solidation within  urban  limits  brought  large  and  suc- 
cessive increases  of  mileage  to  be  energized  with  elec- 
tric current  from  (he  same  plant.  The  solution  of  the 
difficulty  of  sujiplying  electrical  energy  in  continuous 
volume  over  large  ureas  for  the  propulsion  of  cars  was 
found  to  consist  in  the  abandonment  of  smaller  direct 
current  dynamos  and  their  substitution  by  very  U.rge 
alternating  current  dynamos,  whose  current  could  be 
transmitted  with  slight  loss  for  several  miles  and  recti- 
fied or  converted  at  substations,  which  in  turn  deliv- 
ered the  ciu-rent  to  the  lines  at  the  voltage  required  for 
the  operation  of  the  motor.  Analogous  methods  were 
immediately  found  to  be  economical  in  electric  light- 
ing, and  the  revolution  was  very  c^uickly  accomplished 
in  both  fields,  the  process  of  transition,  however, 
being  accompanied  by  the  abandonment  of  single 
phase  alternators  in  favor  of  the  2 -phase,  and  more 
particularly  the  .3-ph:.se  type. 

One  of  the  modifications  of  manufacture  in  nerrly 
all  dynamos  of  this  type  has  been  their  self  excitation 
and  compounding  with  alternating  current.  In  the 
earlier  practice  small  direct  current  machines  were 
employed,  driven  by  separate  engines  or  by  turbines 
to  furnish  the  current  in  exciting  the  field  of  single 
phase  or  polyphase  alternators.  A  further  step  was 
illustrated  in  the  Niagara  plant,  where  the  current  for 
exciting  the  fields  of  the  generators  was  obtained  di- 
rectly from  synchronous  converters,  which  in  turn 
were  supplied  with  alternating  current  from  the 
generators — static  transformers,  however,  being  inter- 
posed to  reduce  the  potential.  In  this  manner  alter- 
nating current  at  about  125  volts  potential  was  deliv- 
ered to  the  collector  of  the  rotary  converter,  and  from 
the  direct  current  commutator  of  the  other  converter 
current  was  delivered  at  a  potential  of  175  volts  to  the 
generator  fields.  The  next  step  has  been  to  lead  the 
current  generated  by  the  machine  directly  to  the  field 
windings  for  excitation  and  compounding  by  means  of 
a  peculiar  commutator  device.  By  the  interposition 
and  suitable  interconnection  of  transformers,  or  by 
certain  circuit  arrangements  in  a  single  transformer,  the 
exciting  current  of  the  machine  is  taken  off  in  shunt  to 
the  main  winding  andthecompoundingcurrent  in  watt- 
less series,  and  so  conducted  to  the  commutator  that  the 
exciting  current  remains  approximately  constant  for  aU 
loads,  while  the  compounding  increases  and  decrc:.ses 
with    the  wattless  component  of    the  main  current. 


The  main  feature  of  the  mncliitie  is  the  commutator 
and  the  connection  of  the  field  windings  to  it.  At  the 
time  of  this  report  the  self-excitation  of  the  alternators 
has  become  a  general  practice,  but  their  compounding 
within  the  machine  itself,  while  reg;.rded  as  effective, 
is  an  expensive  process.  There  are  other  devices  for 
largo  alt(>rnators  whi(;h  are  altogether  outside  of  the 
machine,  and  which  do  not  increase  the  cost  of  the 
machine  itself. 

With  the  introduction  of  the  steam  turbine  in  place 
of  tfie  reciprocating  engine,  as  will  be  further  noted 
below,  there  has  come  into  vogue  a  nev  class  of 
dynamo  electrical  machinery,  whose  characteristics 
are  determined  largely  Vjy  the  fact  that  the  turbine 
operates  at  a  high  speed  and  thus  permits  large 
amounts  of  power  to  be  produced  and  handled  within 
a  very  small  space.  The  dynamos  in  this  class  be- 
come so  much  an  essential  and  integral  part  of  the 
machine  that  a  new  name  has  been  coined  to  desig- 
nate them  and  they  have  become  universally  known 
as  "turbo-generators."  It  will  be  readily  understood 
that  where  a  type  of  apparatus  running  at  approxi- 
mately .300  revolutions  per  minute  undergoes  a  change 
by  which  it  is  operated  economically  and  efficiently 
at  3,000  revolutions  per  minute,  economic  and  engi- 
neering advantages  present  themselves,  and  these  will 
explain  the  rapid  development  of  the  product  in  the 
turbo-generator  field  during  the  census  year.  It  is  sig- 
nificant of  the  pertinent  relations  of  these  advantages 
to  dynamo  construction  that  in  the  United  States  the 
construction  of  these  turbo-generator  units  has  been 
begun  and  fostered  almost  wholly  by  d^Tiamo  elec- 
trical manufacturers,  and  up  to  the  present  moment 
has  remained  in  their  hands  to  such  an  extent  that 
two  or  three  of  the  leading  steam  turbine  manufac- 
turers, wlio  also  build  djmamos,  may  be  said  to  con- 
trol the  production  of  certainly  not  less  than  75  per 
cent  of  the  steam  turbine  output,  whether  for  d}Tiamo 
operation  or  simply  for  the  other  purposes  to  wliich 
steam  engines  have  hitherto  been  applied. 

The  best  illustration  of  the  use  of  2-phase  alterna- 
tors is  to  be  found  in  the  power  transmission  field, 
particularly  at  Niagara  Falls  and  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
The  first  large  utilization  of  Niagara  power  was  made 
in  a  plant  of  50,000  horsepower,  composed  of  10  vertical 
shaft  turbines,  each  directly  connected,  by  means  of 
a  long  shaft  in  the  wheel  pit,  to  a  2-phase  alternating 
ciu-rent  generator  of  5,000  horsepower  capacity.  Tlu5 
w^as  supplemented  in  1904  by  another  powder  house 
containing  11  generating  units  of  the  same  type  and 
capacity,  affording  a  total  output  for  the  plants  of 
145,000  electrical  horsepower.  Each  machine  is 
made  for  generating  electrical  energy  in  tlie  condition 
of  2-phase,  25-CA'cle  current  with  a  potential  of  2,300 
volts  m  the  machine  and  operating  at  a  speed  of  250 
revolutions  per  minute.  In  the  earlier  plants  the 
alternating  dynamos  were  all  of  the  external  revolving 


164 


MANUFACTURES. 


field  or  umbrella  type.  In  other  words,  contrary  to 
the  ordinary  practice  of  the  time,  the  armatures  were 
made  stationary  and  the  field  magnets  revolved  and 
inclosed  the  armature.  In  the  second  power  house 
several  of  the  machines  are  of  the  internal  field- 
macrnet  construction:  that  is,  the  field  magnet  has 
been  placed  within  the  armature. 

The  next  step  was  the  design  and  construction  in 
America  of  even  larger  apparatus  of  this  type  for  the 
developnu'nt  of  power  on  the  Canadian  side  by 
the  Dominion  branch  of  the  American  corporation 
known  as  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company.  The 
unit  adopted  for  this  was  of  double  the  size  and 
capacity,  namely,  10,000  horsepower,  and  wound  for 
12.000  volts  3-phase  instead  of  2-phase.  The  rapid 
advance  in  the  art  is  shown  in  the  fact  that  not  only 
was  the  tmit  thus  doubled  in  size  within  a  year  or 
two,  but  the  voltage  generated  within  the  machine 
was  increased  from  2,300  to  12,000,  an  enormous 
stride  in  manufacturing  skill.  The  new  10,000- 
horsepower  imit  occupies  only  slightly  more  spacQ 
than  that  of  one  of  half  the  capacity,  wluch  results, 
for  a  given  plant  output,  in  great  reduction  in  length 
of  wheel  pit,  power  house,  and  fore  bay,  and  a  conse- 
quent reduction  in  expense  of  constrtiction  of  the 
hydro-electric  plant  as  a  whole.  Tliis  latest  type  of 
large  generator  driven  by  waterpower  is  of  the  inter- 
nal field  vertical  shaft  type,  the  turbine  being  at  the 
lower  extreme  end  of  the  long  shaft  in  the  wheel  pit. 
The  revolving  field  ring  is  Ijuilt  up  of  laminations 
bolted  together  with  lap])ing  joints,  a  method  which 
gives  a  uniform  and  definite  strength  of  ring  with  a 
high  magnetic  peruieabilily.  On  account  of  the  high 
speed  of  250  revolutions  per  minute  the  generator  is 
small  compared  with  some  large  steam  engine  driven 
units,  its  over-all  diameter  being  only  about  19  feet. 
The  Weight  of  the  revolving  part  of  the  machine, 
namely,  the  field  magnets,  is  141,000  pounds.  The 
change  from  2-phase  to  3-phase  in  these  later  ma- 
cliines  was  made  at  Niagara  for  the  reason  tluit  in 
distributing  large  amounts  of  j)o\ver  underground 
from  a  2,3()0-v()lt  2-j)hase  plant  it  becomes  clieaper 
to  transform,  iificr  a  ra<lius  of  al)out  one  mile  is  ex- 
cee(h-d,  to  IJ.OOO-voit  iJ-jjhase  and  distrihule  at  tliat 
voltage.  Hence  it  follows  that  greater  ('ciiiioniy  of 
plant  construction  and  operation  is  .secured  l>y  ilic 
em|)loyment  of  these  larger  units,  directly  gcncraling 
the  usefid  current  within  tiicms<'lves  at  the  higher 
Vohuge  and  thus  disp.-nsing  with  transfdnneis.  ll 
will  he  underst<iod,  of  course,  that  for  tiie  delivery  of 
eleclrieal  p(»wer  at  such  distant  places  as  IJidraio, 
Rochester,  Syracuse,  Toronto,  etc.,  long  distance 
step-uf)  transformers  are  still  eni[)loyed,  raising  the 
voltage  to  ■_'_'. 0(10,  -10,000,  or  (iO.OOO  volts. 

An  al!oi;ctlir'r  new  departure  in  dynamo  construc- 
tion has  heen  intnxliiced  by  the  ado))tion  of  ste;ini 
turbines  as  the  [irinie  moving  agent,  the  new  practice 


giving  rise  to  many  special  problems  of  a  mechanical 
and  electrical  nature.  Briefly  stated,  it  may  be  said 
that  the  essential  feature  of  a  steam  turbine  consists 
in  a  set  of  nozzles  or  blades  through  or  against  which 
steam  at  high  pressure  passes  so  as  to  strike  upon 
another  series  of  angularly  placed  plates,  vanes,  or 
cuts  mounted  upon  a  rotating  shaft,  the  whole  being 
inclosed  in  an  outer  case  or  chamber,  and  the  rotating 
shaft  of  the  turbine  carrying  the  rotor  member  of  the 
dynamo-electric  machine.  The  arrangement  of  the 
turbine  or  of  its  parts  is  such  that  the  steam  which 
has  imjiinged  upon  a  first  set  of  plates  or  vanes  is  led 
through  a  seconil  set  of  orifices  so  as  to  encounter  a 
second  set  of  plates  or  vanes  during  a  further  expan- 
sion, this  process  being  repeated  until  the  steam  has 
virtually  lost  its  useful  driving  power.  The  steam  in 
expanding  in  this  manner,  adiabatically,  acquires  a 
great  velocity,  the  potential  energy  of  its  heat  being 
converted  into  kinetic  energy  in  movement,  which  is 
transferred  to  the  device  upon  which  it  impinges,  so 
that  the  potential  energy  of  the  steam  is  converted 
into  work  through  the  rotation  of  the  shaft  upon  which 
the  receptive  plates  or  vanes  are  mounted.  There  is 
already  a  variety  of  constructions  of  the  steam  turbine 
type  upon  the  market,  almost  all  of  them  designed  pri- 
nuirily  for  the  operation  of  dynamo-electric  machines. 
It  is  not  necessary  here  to  enter  into  the  principles  of 
steam  turbine  construction,  but  it  is  essential  to  note 
the  main  features  of  the  electrical  constructions  that 
have  resulted  from  the  adoi)tion  of  the  turbine  as  a 
prime  motor. 

Some  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  new  development  may 
be  formed  from  the  fact  that  during  the  year  endinji:  in 
April,  1906,  the  two  largest  concerns  in  the  American 
field  of  ilynanui  construction  received  orders  to  nutnu- 
facture  in  one  case  a  total  of  ISS  steam  turbines  with 
a  total  capacity  of  220,250  kilowatts,  and  in  the  other 
case  323  turbo-units  with  an  aggregate  capacity  of 
221,175  kilowatts,  a  total  of  not  less  than  441,425  kilo- 
watt capacity.  As  tiiese  were  not  the  oidy  ones  pro- 
duced ill  the  fielil,  it  will  at  once  i)e  ))erceive(l  how 
enormous  a  iiroporl  inn  of  I  he  addil  ion  to  t  he  aggregate 
capacity  of  Aniei-ican  (lynanio-eieel  ricai  machinery  the 
tiirho-generators  re])resenled  in  the  year  of  the  Census 
report.  The  a\-erMLC('  turbine  ajijiears  to  have  l)een  of 
idioiil  1.(11)11  kilowatt  capiicity,  although  I  lie  units  ran 
down  to  as  snnill  sizes  as  1 5  kilowatts,  oi-  ahoul  'JO 
horsepower. 

As  alreiKly  noted,  these  I  iirlio-geilerators  ur'e  of  two 
ty|)es,  tlie  horizontal  and  the  vertical.  In  the  cas<'  of 
the  leadini:  horizontal  type  nuide  in  the  Unite<l  Slates, 
the  dvMMiio  ciiil  of  till'  I  iirSo-^fenerMt  ing  unit  nniy  i)e 
saiil  to  follow  with  fair  closeness  the  precedent  meth- 
ods of  construction.  Two  fre((uencies  of  current  are 
standiird,  one  of  25  cycles  per  second  for  ruilway  and 
power  work,  and  one  of  OOcycles  per  second  for  liii;lit  ing. 
The  character  of  the  generator  determines  the  .speed  of 


STEAM   TURBINE   GENERATOR   SETS   IN    ENGINE   ROOM   OF   A   HUDSON    RIVER   STEAMBOAT. 


TWENTY-FOUR   HUNDRED   KILOWATT  STEAM   TURBINE  GENERATOR  AT  A  COAL  MINE  IN   KENTUCKY. 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  Ai\I)  SUPPLIES. 


165 


the  tiirl)ino  units,  and  viceversa.  For  instance,  the 
25-cycl('  iicncrator,  which  at  1,500  revohitions  i)or  min- 
ute has  "2  p<jles,  has  4  poles  at  750  revohitions.  The 
ffoneratorhas  a  revolviii^hekl  structure,  small  in  diiune- 
ter  and  finished  smooth,  to  minimize  windage,  ventila- 
tion heinf^  secured  liy  ducts  cut  in  solid  steel.  The  stand- 
ard construction  of  laminated  armature  iscmployed  and 
the  structure  is  well  ventilated  by  air  ducts  between 
the  laminations,  to  conununicate  with  the  interior  air 
by  means  of  slots  or  o])enin<^s  in  the  frame.  According 
to  the  voltage  and  current  capacity  of  the  machine  the 
windings  are  of  wire,  bar,  or  strap  copper,  and  they  are 
thoroughly  protected  by  embedding  them  in  closed 
slots  in  the  laminations  of  the  arnuiture.  The  largest 
types  of  such  machines  are  exemjjlified  by  the  1,250- 
kilowatt  units  furnished  for  the  Interborough  Rapid 
Transit  plant  in  New  York  city.  There  the  horizontal 
turbo-generator  units  are  of  the  revolving  field  type, 
delivering  3-phase,  60-cycle  current  directly  to  the  dis- 
tributing system  at  a  pressure  of  11,000  volts.  Each 
unit  operates  at  a  speed  of  1,200  revolutions  per  min- 
ute, therefore  requiring  a  6-pole  magnetic  field.  The 
capacity  at  full  load  is  1,250  kilowatts,  with  25  per 
cent  steady  and  150  per  cent  intermittent  overload 
capacity.  Tests  made  on  tliese  machines  show  an 
average  efficiency  of  96.5  per  cent  at  one  and  one- 
fourth  full  load,  96  per  cent  at  full  load,  95  per  cent  at 
three-fourths  load,  92.7  per  cent  at  one-lialf  load,  and 
86  per  cent  at  one-fourth  load.  These  efficiencies  are 
calculated  from  the  measured  electrical  and  magnetic 
losses,  the  bearing  friction  and  the  windage  loss  not 
being  included.  The  short-circuit  current  of  the  gen- 
erator is  approximately  three  and  one-fourth  times  the 
fidl  load  current.  The  generator  has  been  run  under 
test  on  open  circuit  for  nearly  twelve  hours  at  12,150 
volts  with  full  excitation.  Under  these  conditions  the 
maximum  rise  observed  in  temperature  in  the  station- 
ary iron  of  the  machine  was  only  26.7°  C.  and  the  rise 
in  the  temperature  of  the  field  structure  was  16.7°  C. 

The  other  leading  distinctive  type  of  dynamo-elec- 
tric machine,  driven  by  steam  turbine,  is  vertical 
instead  of  horizontal.  The  leading  example  of  this 
may  be  described  as  a  type  which,  in  addition  to 
liaving  nozzles  delivering  steam  at  high  velocity  to  a 
single  wheel,  has  also  stationary  vanes  that  redirect 
the  steam  which  has  been  discharged  from  the  first 
wheel  into  the  second  wheel.  The  design  of  this  entire 
unit,  electrically  and  mechanically  considered,  has 
embodied  many  radical  features  as  compared  with 
other  similar  apparatus.  The  slmft,  as  noted,  is  verti- 
cal and  the  whole  weight  of  the  revolving  part  is  borne  '' 
in  the  smaller  or  earlier  designs  by  an  oil  film  main- 
tained by  a  pressure  pU'Uip  at  the  lower  bearing.  The 
delivery  of  steam  to  the  turbine  part  is  controlled 
through  a  system  of  electrically  operated  individual 
valves  worked  by  a  small  controller,  a  centrifugal  gov- 
ernor   moving    the    controller.     The    revolving    field 


structure  of  the  dynamo  is  mounted  upon  the  same 
shaft  as  the  turbine  wheels,  and  above  them  in  the  same 
conunon  casing.  The  stationary  part  of  the  generator 
is  supported  by  the  stationary  portion  or  casing  of  the 
turbines,  the  whole  apparatus  being  built  up,  in  a  ma- 
chine that  is  rated  at  5,000  kilowatts,  into  the  general 
form  of  a  vertical  cylinder  about  25  feet  high  and  14 
feet  in  diameter.  The  total  weight  of  such  a  machine 
complete,  including  turbine  and  generator,  is  400,000 
pounds,  with  the  capacity  as  stated  of  5,000  kilowatts 
load,  and  capable  of  running  at  alj<jut  75  per  cent  over- 
load condensing,  and  at  nearly  full  load  noncondens- 
ing.  The  first  large  machine  of  this  t^T^e  was  built 
for  the  Chicago  Edison  Company,  and  among  the  latest 
are  those  for  the  New  York  Edison  Company,  in  which 
the  size  has  been  carried  up  to  8,000  kilowatts  with  50 
per  cent  overload  capacity  for  two  hours.  'J'his  unit 
at  the  base  is  slightly  over  15  feet,  while  the  height  over 
the  governor  dome  is  .32  feet.  The  total  weight  is 
approximatelj'  700,000  pounds.  In  accordance  with 
the  latest  practice  of  the  manufacturers  the  water 
type  of  step  bearing  is  used  instead  of  the  oil  film  type 
for  supporting  the  weight  of  the  vertical  shaft.  These 
turbines  are  designed  to  operate  under  a  steam  pressure 
of  175  pounds  with  100  degrees  of  superlient.  Their 
rating  permits  them  to  carry  a  load  of  9.000  kilowatts 
for  twenty-four  hours  of  steady  running  and  their  over- 
load capacity  of  15  per  cent,  or  not  less  than  16,000 
horsepower  is  guaranteed  for  two  hours  as  stated. 
These  generators  are  of  the  4-pole  type,  and  opert.ted 
at  a  normal  speed  of  750  revolutions  per  minvite  will 
deliver  3-phase  current  at  a  potential  of  6,600  volts 
with  a  frec[uency  of  25  cycles,  per  second.  As  will  Vie 
seen,  the  leading  feature  in  this  latest  development  is 
the  increase  of  speed  from  the  500  revolutions  per  min- 
ute of  the  earlier  5,000  kilowatt  units.  With  reg.  rd 
to  this  vertical  type  of  turbo-generator  carried  up  into 
such  large  sizes,  it  is  said  that  compactness  and  sim- 
plicity are  resultants  of  the  design,  while  lateral  strain 
is  removed  from  the  bearings  which  align  the  shaf*^. 
and  all  deliection  of  shaft  is  avoided.  To  c;:rr_v  such 
weights  as  are  necessary  in  the  revolving  parts  of  these 
large  units,  nuiny  very  large  bearings  would  be  re- 
quired if  the  shaft  were  in  a  horizontal  position.  It 
would  also  be  difficult  to  so  support  the  wheels  that 
their  clearances  would  not  be  affected  by  the  sagging 
of  the  shaft  nor  by  looseness  in  the  bearings.  It  miirht 
be  equally  difficult  to  place  the  wheels  with  such  a  rela- 
tion to  each  other  that  the  clearance  would  not  be 
atTected  by  any  expansion  of  the  shaft.  In  the  ver- 
tical design  the  space  between  the  wheels  is  fer.sibly 
reduced  to  a  minimum.  The  supporting  structure  is 
sviumetrical  and  it  can  not  be  distorted  or  put  out  of 
line  either  by  the  mechanical  or  steam  pressure  strains 
or  by  the  efTects  of  expansion. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  it  is  the  fact  that  at  the  period  of 
djaiamo-electric  construction  closing  with.tliis  report, 


166 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  turbo-alternators,  whether  of  the  horizontal  or  the 
vertical  type,  had  become  dominant  in  the  field  of  the 
production  of  electrical  energy,  whether  supphed  for 
street  railways,  for  electric  lighting,  or  for  po\\er  pur- 
poses, and  their  future  preeminence  was  no  lo.ger 
doubtful  except  so  far  as  the  new  and  larger  types  of 
gas  engine  may  be  made  an  economical  and  mechanical 
success  in  the  propulsion  of  djTiamos.  For  such  work, 
three  direct  connected  dynamos  were  built  during 
1905  to  be  driven  by  gas  engines,  each  with  a  capacity 
of  not  less  than  4,000  kilowatts.  These  interesting 
units  were  built  for  operation  in  San  Francisco,  but 
their  operation  and  testing  has  been  delayed  by  the 
catastrophe  which  visited  that  city  early  in  1906. 

Closely  associated  with  dynamos  is  the  group  of 
apparatus  comprising  double-current  generators,  dyna- 
motors,  motor  generators,  boosters,  and  sjiichronous 
conv'erters,  statistics  for  which  are  as  follows: 

Table  4. — Dynamotors,   motor  ginerators,   mid   boosters — number, 
horsepower,  and  value:  1905  and  ISOO. 


STATE. 

Number. 

Horse- 
power. 

Value. 

United  States,  1905 

2, 1.S5 

279,552 
14,397 

SI.  7-50, 534 

•  1900 

1  379, 747 

Statep.  mo. 

fifiS 

129 

106 

1,232 

S29 

2.807 
23.atS 
252.208 

29,828 

2^  006 

Ohio                    

185, 567 

\li  olhpr  states'' 

1,503.133 

» Includes  dynamotors,  motor  gencMtors,  and  boosters  to  the  vaiue  of 
J25,000  for  which'numberand  horsepc.ver  were  not  reported. 

1  Include.'^  states  as  follows:  Indiana,  KentucVy,  Mnine,  Massachusetts, 
Minnesota,  Missouri,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Texaa,  \"iri^nia,  and  Wisconsin. 

The  statistics  of  Table  4  include  2,135  luacliincs  of 
this  type  of  a  total  capacity  of  279,552  hor.scpowor, 
valued  at  .§1,740,534,  for  the  census  of  1905.  All  tliis 
apparatus  embodies  the  striking  characteristics  of  the 
generating  apparatus  by  which  mechanical  energy  is 
converted  into  electrical  energy,  but,  except  m  the 
case  of  the  double  current  generators,  a  small  and  lim- 
ited gi-oup  is  employed  for  the  manipulation  of  current 
so  as  to  render  it  more  readily  and  economically  avail- 
able in  the  consumption  circuits.  As  already  noted, 
piactically  all  the  2-i)liase  and  3-phase  current  gen- 
erated by  the  machines  enumei-alcd  in  the  preceding 
paragraplis  pas.^es  through  syiichrniiiiiis  ccuncrters,  by 
which  it  is  transformeil  to  diicct  current  foi-  charging 
storage  batteries,  driving  iiiot(Jis,  encigi/iiii;  lamps, 
or  setting  into  operation  electro-niclaiiurgical  und 
electro-chemical  processes. 

The  .synchronous  convertei-  is  a  (lyn.'iino-i'Icctiic 
device  receiving  the  MJli-mMting  current  on  one  side 
and  delivering  direct  cuiicnt  on  the  other  side,  or  vice 
versa.  This  tyi)e  of  niacliine  is  more  particularly 
favoreil  in  America  than  an^  the  motor  generators, 
wlu're  the  receiving  part  of  the  li'ansformer  system  is  a 
B«'[)arate  nuichinc  mounlcd  on  the  same  shaft  as  the 
delivering  nuichinc,  which  iseomieoted  to  tiie  consump- 
tion circuits.      In  Ih*-  last  vcar  or  two  motor-gcnciiitoi' 


de^nces  of  a  large  type  have  come  into  more  general 
use  in  America,  hence  some  of  them  are  included  in 
these  figiu-es.  Of  course  it  will  be  understood  that  a 
synclu-onous  converter  can  be,  so  to  speak,  inverted, 
and  the  practice  is  sometimes  found  to  prevail  of  driv- 
ing the  macliine  as  a  direct  current  motor,  taking 
electrical  energy  from  dhect  current  supply  mains 
tlu-ough  its  commutator  and  delivering  tliis  energy  in 
the  form  of  alternating  current  fi-om  its  collector  rings. 
These  rotary  converters  are  now  often  built  in  units  of 
several  hundred  horsepower  and  the  substations  in 
which  they  are  located  are  themselves  much  larger 
than  were  the  generating  plants  of  a  few  years  ago. 
In  New  York  city  to-day,  while  there  are  barely  a  half 
dozen  large  generating  plants  located  at  the  water's 
edge,  there  are  scores  of  these  distributing  stations 
scattered  all  over  the  city  in  wliich  the  sjaiclu'onous 
converters  are  located;  and  the  same  general  disposi- 
tion is  true  of  the  extensive  power  transmission  sys- 
tems and  interurban  railroads  now  to  be  found  in  so 
many  of  the  riu-al  and  mming  districts  of  the  countrj-. 

The  djiiamotor  has  been  quite  extensively  manu- 
factured for  telegrapliic  purposes.  Its  prmciple  is 
that  of  receiving  the  current  from  a  general  source  of 
supply  and  then  delivering  another  current  from  the 
same  machme  at  the  required  voltage  for  any  one  of 
the  numerous  telegraphic  circuits,  each  to  be  supplied 
with  a  different  current.  In  the  djniamotor  the  two 
armature  windings  are  usually  placed  upon  the  same 
armature  core  and  are  acted  upon  by  the  same  flux 
magnet.  The  object  of  this  construction  is  to  secure 
compactness  and  enable  the  armature  reaction  of  the 
d^Tiamo  to  neutralize  tliat  of  the  motor,  thus  avoiding 
troubles  the  chief  of  wiiich  is  sparking  at  the  com- 
mutator. This  method  has  been  found  open  to  the 
ol)jecti(m,  however,  that  it  is  somewhat  difficult  to 
insulate  tlio  two  windings  from  each  other  and  to  pre- 
vent the  high  voltage  m  one  from  breaking  through 
to  the  other.  A  further  development  of  the  same  idea 
to  secure  independence  of  action  between  the  motor 
and  the  dynamo  portions  of  the  dynanujtor  or  "ro- 
tary transformer" — as  it  is  sometimes  called — is  to 
carry  the  sejjarate  armature  windings  u])on  separate 
cores  and  to  allow  each  to  be  acted  upon  by  its  own 
field  magnets,  tluis  |)(-i-milling  the  field  of  the  dynamo 
to  be  independently  reguliited  in  order  to  vary  the 
voltage  liint  is  genenile(l.  In  some  cases  the  sepa- 
rate armntnres  ni'e  mounted  u])on  the  same  shaft  with 
one  set  of  i)eaiings  and  tlie  two  nuichines  are  arranged 
upon  the  same  base  or  bedjilate,  sometimes  with  an 
intermediate  bearing,  in  which  dill'erentiation  they  ap- 
proach again  tiie  motor  geueia I oi-s  already  described. 

As  a  genei'iil  thing,  while  there  is  some  looseness 
of  phraseology  alioni  I  he  nuilter,  the  term  "d^Tia- 
motor"  is  api)lied  ii>  ihe  smuiler  transforming  units 
employed  in  telegra|iliie  \\or]\,  etc.,  and  the  idea  of 
the    svnchrotious    convcrler    is    associated    with    the 


WINDING   ARMATURES   FOR    ELECTRIC   GENERATORS. 


RAILROAD  SHOP  WITH   TOOLS  EQUIPPED  WITH    MOTORS  ON   MULTIPLE  VOLTAGE  SYSTEM. 


ELECTPJCAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


167 


kindred  machines  doing  the  heavy  work  of  lighting 
antl  jxnver. 

Double  current  generators  are  machines  of  the 
synchronous  converter  class,  for  since  the  synchronous 
converter  is  provided  with  a  single  ai'mature  windhig 
connected  to  a  direct  current  commutator  and  the 
alternating  current  collector  rings,  it  is  evident  that 
if  such  a  macliine  be  driven  by  outside  mechanical 
energy,  it  can  be  made  to  generate  both  direct  and 
alternating  current;  and  as  a  matter  of  fact  in  some 
plants  such  machines  are  employed  as  converters  at 


one  period  and  as  generators  at  another  time.  One 
early  and  typical  use  of  such  work  was  furnished  in 
the  mstallation  of  the  Chicago  Edison  Company  a  few 
years  ago,  when  double-current  generator  units  were 
installed  for  the  pur[)ose  of  cross-connecting  the  gen- 
erating stations,  in  order  to  enable  one  plant  of  the 
system  to  helj)  ovit  another  as  desired. 

Motors. — Table  .5  i)resents  the  statistics  of  the  pro- 
duction of  electric  motors  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and 
1905. 


Table  5.— MOTORS— NUMBER,  HORSEPOWER,  AND  VALUE:  1905  AND  1900. 


United  States,  It  05 
1900 

States,  1903: 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Massacliusetts 

Missouri 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states 


Aggregate 
value. 


S22,370.c:g 
19, 505, 504 


446, 460 
229, 417 

1,151,111 
474,010 

2,008,889 

3,213.540 
9<l.'i.  4.57 
5,171,143 
1, 048,208 
6,974,355 


FOE  POWER. 


Total. 


Number. 


79,877 
35,604 


4,321 
1,509 

19,788 
8,602 

14,406 

8,440 
5,704 
5,886 
4,975 
6,246 


Horse- 
power. 


678,910 
515, 705 


15, 632 
7, 890 

78,161 
8,982 

76, 370 

182,361 
33, 183 
95,048 
34, 164 

147,119 


Value. 


$13,120,948 
7,551,480 


384, 540 
229,417 

1,151,111 
474,016 

1, 692, 167 

2,030,627 
717, 780 

5,066.997 
5';0, 184 
784, 103 


Direct. 


Alternating. 


54,242 
29,615 


4,321 
1,509 

12, 7(» 
1,.102 

14,406 

2.781 
5,704 
5.  SS6 
4,975 
2  598 


Horse- 
power. 


382,997 
378,329 


15,632 
7,8'0 

68, 207 
1,809 

76,370 

44,899 
33,183 
95. 048 
34. 1G4 
»  0,795 


Value. 


Number. 


$10,254,854  ;        25,635 
5,786,052  I  5,989 


384.540 

229.417 

770,761 

40,631 

1,692,107 

641,996 

717.780 

5,0(i(-,9<)7 

590, 184 

'114,381 


(') 


7,028 
7,300 


5,659 


»S,648 


Horse- 
power. 


295.913 
137.376 


(') 


9,954 

7,173 


137,462 


»141,324 


Value. 


$2,866,094 
1,765,428 


(') 


380,350 
427,385 


1,388,631 
(') 
(') 


•669,728 


United  States.  1905. 
1900. 


States,  1905: 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Massachusetts . 

Missouri 

New  Jersey 


New  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania ... 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states . 


FOR  RAILWAYS. 


Num- 
ber. 


12,298 
15,284 


Hor.se- 
power. 


713,181 
666,669 


(') 
■(•")"■ 
"(■')'■ 

f) 
') 


■■(if 
■■(if 

(>) 
(■) 
« 


$4,949,795 
568,841 


(') 


(■) 
C) 


.512,298  5  713,181   '4,949,795 


FOR  AUTOMOBILES. 


Num- 
ber. 


1,819 
3,017 


(■) 


(') 


194 


i«  1,625 


Horse- 
power; 


19,907 
8,220 


$152,685 
192,030 


■(■>■)■■ 


382 


'19,525 


Value. 


••(if 


24, 451 


6  128,234 


FOR  F.VNS. 


Num- 
ber. 


102,535 
97,577 


6,203 

(') 

(■) 

(') 

24,513 

3,908 

15, 193 

4,375 


'48,343 


Horse- 
power. 


30,796 
12, 766 


$1,168,254 
1,055,369 


.529 
(') 
(>) 
(>) 
9,101 

1,292 

2,538 

970 


'16,366 


Value. 


56,800 
(') 
(') 
(') 
319, 188 

76,238 

175,386 

49,647 


'490,995 


FOR    ELECTRIC     ELE- 
VATORS. 


KISCELLANEOtTS. 


Num- 
ber. 


1,333 
385 


Horse- 
power. 1 


Value. 


*  Num- 
I   ber. 


Horse- 
power. 


Value. 


13,398 
6,730 


$638,473 
<2,  .523. 901  ' 


8.481 
7,913 


36,820  $2,340,471 
11,392  :      613,883 


38 
(■) 
(') 
(') 
233 

(') 
138 
263 

(') 

8  601 


335 

{') 
(') 
(') 
2,482 

(') 

1,290 
2,425 

(•) 
86,866 


5,150 
(') 

(■) 
(■) 
57,534 


(■)  3,563 

30,085  258 

54.499  I     (') 

(I)  3,  .100 

8491.205  »1.360 


3.565 

2,264 

(•) 

24,572 

»6,419 


0) 


1,106,675 

45,755 

(') 

1,058,024 

•130,017 


1  Included  in  "  all  other  states." 

2  Includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut,  Kentuclc5\  Maine,  Michigan.  Minnesota.  New  Hampshire,  Virginia,  and  Washington. 
8 Includes  states  as  follows:  Illinois,  Ohio.  Pennsvlvania,  and  ^'i^ginia. 

<  Includes  motors  valued  at  $2,008,455  for  which  the  number  and  horsepower  were  not  reported;  and  60  motors,  valued  at  $261,722,  for  which  the  horsepower  was 
cot  reported. 

5  Incliidps  states  as  follows:  Illinois,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania. 

6  Includes  states  as  follows:  Colorado,  Illinois,  Massachusetts,  and  Pennsylvania. 
'Includes  states  as  follows:  Colorado.  Indiana.  Maine,  Massachusetts,  and  Missouri. 

8Includes  states  as  follows:  Indiana.  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Minnesota.  Missouri.  New  York,  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin. 

•Includes  states  as  follows:  California.  Colorado,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucli}-.  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  and  Pennsylvania. 


Table  5  shows  a  substantial  advance  in  number  and 
horsepower  over  the  preceding  census  year,  accom- 
panied by  a  smaller  proportionate  increase  in  the  total 
value.  As  in  the  case  of  djaiamos,  the  larger  sizes 
and  the  greater  number  produced  may  be  held  to  ex- 
plain directly  the  smaller  cost  of  apparatus  to  the  pur- 
chasing public.  The  extraordinary  fact  emerges  that 
the  value  of  the  motors  built  was  twice  as  great  as  that 
of  the  dynamos.  During  the  past  five  or  six  years,  as 
evidenced  by  the  statistics  of  power  employed  in 
manufactures,  the  use  of  electric  motors  has  become 


almost  universal,  so  that  relatively  few  new  mills  or 
factories  of  any  size  are  established  in  which  the 
power  is  not  distributed  largely  by  means  of  electric 
motors  attached  directly  to  the  tools  or  machines, 
or  by  short  lines  of  shafting.  Tliis  change  has  been 
facilitated  by  the  general  introduction  of  electric 
lightmg  in  industrial  establishments,  so  that  the  same 
power  plant  gives  forth  its  electrical  energy  for  the 
motor  by  day  and  for  illumuiation  by  night.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  no  fewer  than  79,877  direct 
and  alternating  current  motors  of  a  total  of  678,910 


4.52.=i4— MFC    lilO.i— IT  4— OS- 


-13 


168 


MANUFACTURES. 


horsepower  were  built  in  1905  for  industrial  power  and 
kindred  motive  purposes,  with  a  value  of  $13,120,948, 
giving  an  average  size  of  Si  horsepower  to  the  motor 
and  an  average  value  of  about  S19  per  horsepower. 

In  the  street  railway  field  the  number  of  motors 
required  from  the  manufacturers  had  actually  de- 
creased, being  only  12,298,  as  compared  with  15,284 
in  the  year  1900.  They  had  increased,  however,  in 
size,  but  had  fallen  notably  in  value,  as  the  capacity 
was  713,181  horsepower,  reported  at  .$4,949,795; 
whereas  in  the  previous  period  666,669  horsepower 
■was  returned  at  a  value  of  $7,568,841 — a  decline  from 
nearly  $11.50  per  horsepower  to  less  than  $7.  This 
difference  was  obviously  brought  about  by  the  gain  in 
size,  the  railway  motors  at  the  census  of  1905  having 
an  average  size  of  58  horsepower  as  compared  with  44 
only  five  years  ago.  Of  course  this  size  is  notably  ex- 
ceeded in  motors  intended  for  the  replacement  of 
steam  locomotives,  as  will  be  noted  below  in  more  de- 
tail, but  it  is  also  the  fact  that  the  larger  and  longer 
cars  now  employed  on  almost  all  the  electric  street 
railways  have  necessitated  the  use  of  larger  motors  for 
their  propulsion. 

In  the  automobile  field  the  only  serious  relative  de- 
cline is  note^l  with  respect  to  the  utilization  of  electric 
motors.  In  1900  there  appeared  great  likelihood  that 
the  electric  automobile  might  advance  to  perfection  as 
rapidly  as  other  branches  of  electrical  appliances  had 
done,  but  in  general  the  results  have  been  unsatisfac- 
tory, due  to  the  fact  that  the  storage  batteries  installed 
have  not  been  able  to  withstand  the  excessive  jarring 
and  jolting  to  which  they  are  subjected  on  uneven 
roads  and  poorly  paved  streets.  At  the  same  time 
even  the  electric  automobile  motor  has  held  its  own, 
for  while  the  number  is  a  little  more  than  one-half  and 
the  value  has  decreased  considerably,  the  capacity  has 
increased  from  8,220  to  19,907  horsepower.  Here 
again  the  question  of  size  has  had  a  material  influ- 
ence, and  the  average  capacity  of  automobile  motors 
has  grown  from  2^  hors(>power  to  11  horsepower.  This 
condition  is  flue  to  the  fact  that  the  empl<)\inent  of 
the  electric  automobile  has  very  largely  shifted  from 
the  field  of  pleasure  vehicles  to  that  of  industrial 
types,  drays,  delivery  wagons,  etc.  Confirtnation  of 
this  point  of  view  is  found  in  the  statement  of  one 
ninnufHcturing  concern  in  September,  1905,  that  in 
the  friiir  years  immediately  prec(^duig  it  had  built, 
equipped,  and  put  in  operation  some  800  electric  auto- 
mobiles for  300  dilFerent  concerns,  nearly  all  of  these 
machines  being  Lnlended  for  in<histrial  pur|)oses. 

'J'he  electric  fan,  which  has  now  become  a  staple  elec- 
trical product,  is  shown  to  have  reached  over  100,000 
a  year,  valued  at  more  than  $1,000,000.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  the  typo  for  odice  u.se  has  not  varied  greatly, 
being  Kfandardizfifi  at  a  fraction  of  a  horsepower.  Hut 
on  the  other  hand,  improved  methods  of  ventilation 
in   theaters,  halls,  hotels,  ho.spitals,  etc.,  have  called 


for  larger  sizes,  so  that  while  the  97,577  made  in  the 
year  1900  had  a  capacity  of  only  12,766  horsepower,  an 
average  of  over  one-eighth  of  1  horsepower,  the  102,535 
produced  at  the  census  of  1905  had  a  capacity  of  30,796 
horsepower,  or  nearly  one-third  of  1  horsepower  each. 
Again,  it  was  due  to  the  increase  in  the  size  and  ca- 
pacity that  the  A^alue  has  been  materially  reduced.  In 
fact,  the  electric  fan,  when  regarded  upon  the  horse- 
power basis,  appears  to  be  extravagantly  costly  as  com- 
pared with  power  motors  or  street  railway  motors,  the 
average  price  per  horsepower  in  1900  ha%4ng  been 
about  $83 ;  but  tliis  can  readily  be  accounted  for  when 
it  is  remembered  that  the  average  fan  motor  for  desk  or 
countingroom  would  readily  sell  at  $10  or  $12,  with  a 
capacity  of  one-sixth  or  one-eighth  of  1  horsepower. 
At  the  census  of  1905  the  value  per  horsepower  had 
fallen  to  much  less  than  half,  namely,  $38  per  horse- 
power, indicating  not  only  the  lower  cost  of  the  older, 
smaller  types  of  fan  motor,  but  the  use  of  a  gi-eat  many 
ventilating  fans  of  fi'om  2  to  5  horsepower  each,  so  that 
the  prices  more  closely  approximate  those  for  motors 
of  e(|ual  rating  in  other  fields  of  application. 

There  is  no  opportunity  to  compare  the  relative 
number  and  capacity  of  motors  made  for  electric  ele- 
vators, as  in  most  cases  onl}^  the  value  was  given  in 
1900;  but  even  allowing  for  an  increase  in  size,  it  may 
be  questioned  whether  the  decline  in  value  can  be  ac- 
counted for  solely  upon  the  supposition  of  a  reduction 
in  price.  The  ebctric  elevator,  which  has  lately  ex- 
hibited a  spiu-t  of  activity,  has  for  some  years  past  had 
to  encounter  the  opposition  of  hydraulic  and  "plun- 
ger" types  vigorously  pushed,  and  is  imderstood  to  have 
barely  held  its  own  in  the  twenty  to  thirty  story  build- 
ings now  to  be  found  in  the  larger  cities;  but  there  is 
reason  to  believe  that  many  of  the  motors  returned  un- 
der those  employed  for  motive  power  pm-poses  should 
have  been  reported  as  eni])li)yed  in  the  elevator- and 
hoisting  class,  which  would  have  tended  to  place 
these  figures  more  upon  an  efjuality,  wdth  fidler  justice 
to  the  electric  elevator.  It  is  a  matter  of  fact  that  a 
large  number  of  new  apartment  hou.ses  in  large  cities 
are  being  equipped  with  elevators  propelled  by  direct 
and  altenuiting  current  motors,  and  the  central  station 
companies  report  a  considerable  denuiud  for  (his  class 
of  .service. 

It  should  be  understood  that  in  both  tlu^  fan  motor 
and  the  electric  elevator  class  a  large  proportion  of  mo- 
tors are  of  the  alternating  current  type,  but  no  diller- 
entiation  w  as  nui<i(>  in  .securing  the  census  data.  This 
did'erentiation  would  a|>ply  ('(|ually  to  the  motors  emi- 
merated  under  "miscellaneous."  Of  these,  no  fewer 
than  8,481  were  reported  for  the  census  of  1905,  with  a 
caj)acity  of  3(),S'_'()  h()rs(> power  and  a  value  of  $2,340,471 . 
It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  motors  in  this  group  ranged 
higher  in  price  per  horsepower  in  1905  than  tliosc^  in 
any  other  category,  a  fact  explained  by  their  snuUI  av- 
erage size  and  by  th(;  variety'  of  their  application;  spe- 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


169 


cial  design  and  construction  being  necessary  in  many 
instances — as,  for  example,  their  use  on  submarine 
boats,  on  board  men-of-war  for  handling  ammimition 
and  guns,  in  exposed  ])Iaces  for  building  operations,  in 
mines  for  drilling  ami  coal  cutting,  in  post-offices  for 
stamping  letters,  and  in  a  variety  of  other  uses  ec{ually 
dissimilar  and  heterogeneous. 

The  electric  motors  applied  to  motive  power  pur- 
po.ses  in  industrial  establishments  are,  as  the  statistics 
show,  of  either  the  alternating  or  the  continuous  cur- 
rent type,  subdivided  again  into  various  groups  and 
classes,  dcternuned  cliieliy  by  the  work  to  which  they 
are  applied.  Some  motors  are  designed  and  supplied 
to  afford  constant  speed  or  variable  speed  and  are  also 
compound  wound — that  is,  compounded  so  as  to  em- 
body the  characteristics  of  the  two  other  general 
types.  The  constant  speed  motors  under  normal  con- 
ditions give  practically  constant  speed  for  all  torques 
and  horsepower  capacities  within  the  range  of  the 
motors.  The  sA-nclu-onous  alternating  ciu-rent  motors 
in  this  group  give  absolutely  constant  speed  if  the  cycles 
or  frequencies  of  current  in  the  circuit  upon  which  they 
operate  remain  constant.  Continuous  cm-rent  con- 
stant speed  motors  are  shunt  wound  and  are  usually 
known  by  that  designation.  The  alternating  current 
motors  in  tliis  class,  besides  being  of  the  synchronous 
type,  are  also  of  the  induction  type  and  may  be  either 
single  phase  or  polyphase.  The  induction  motor  with 
its  absence  of  commutator  has  many  special  advan- 
tages and  recommendations.  The  single  phase  induc- 
tion motors,  included  in  the  figures  presented,  have 
generally  been  built  only  in  the  smaller  sizes  and  for 
operation  upon  lighting  cu-cuits,  where  the  effect  of 
sudden  calling  for  cmTent  is  not  likely  to  have  much  if 
any  effect  upon  the  steadiness  of  the  light.  When 
larger  induction  motors  are  required,  or  a  large  num- 
ber of  small  ones,  power  work  is  usually  done  on  sepa- 
rate polyphase  circuits.  One  of  the  difficulties  in  con- 
nection with  synchronous  motors  has  been  that  of  mak- 
ing them  self-starting,  and  on  account  of  the  low  torque 
developed  and  the  large  cun-ent  taken  fi-om  the  line 
they  have  not  generally  been  built  of  late,  although 
they  have  been  known  in  the  art  for  several  years.  The 
variable  speed  motor  gives  automatically  great  varia- 
tion in  speed  for  the  different  torques  and  horsepower 
output  required  of  it,  and  has  been  foimd  specially 
suited  for  work  requiring  frequent  startings  and  stop- 
pings, such  as  that  in  connection  wuth  elevators,  etc. 
The  compound  tyiw-  of  motor  is  more  applicable  to 
work  requiring  heavy  starting  torque  or  fi-equent  start- 
ings and  reversals,  and  also  for  operation  at  fau-ly  con- 
stant speed  for  great  lengths  of  time.  Among  the 
classes  of  work  that  may  be  specified  for  such  motors 
are  the  operation  of  printing  presses,  macliine  tools, 
planers,  shapers,  etc.,  where  reciprocating  motion  is 
desired,  the  motor  being  particularly  useful  in  holding 
back  the  rush  of  current  from  the  cucuit  at  the  moment 
of  reversal,  when  the  torque  reqiiired  is  at  a  maximum. 


During  the  past  few  years  electric  motors  of  both  the 
alternating  and  direct  or  continuous  current  type  have 
been  used  to  a  considerable  extent  in  iron  and  steel 
mills  and  their  auxiliary  apparatus,  and  more  lately  for 
some  of  the  heaviest  ojjcrations.  Such  work  includes 
hoisting,  hauling,  shears,  punches,  saws,  cross  rolls  and 
other  rolls,  roller  beds  for  slabs,  ingots,  and  blooms,  ap- 
paratus for  pouring  steel,  horizontal  charging  machin- 
ery for  open  hearth  furnaces,  etc.  The  variable  sjjced 
motors  are  iised  universally  for  cranes  and  hauling  as 
well  as  for  the  screwing  down  rolls,  charging  machinery'' 
and  the  smaller  reversible;  roller  beds,  while  the  com- 
pound type  of  motor  is  also  used  for  the  larger  roller 
beds,  and  for  those  whore  the  reversals  take  place  less  fre- 
quently, as  well  as  for  the  larger  saws,  cross  and  straight- 
ening rolls,  punches,  shears,  etc.  Some  idea  of  the 
heavy  nature  of  the  work  now  included  is  afforded  by 
the  fact  that  1,200  horsepower  com{)ound  motors  were 
installed  recently  for  the  Phoenix  Mills  to  operate  the 
reversing  rolls,  while  two  1,.500  horsepower  compounfl 
wound  motors,  operating  at  100  revolutions  per  minute 
and  suitable  for  25  per  cent  increase  in  speed,  were  in- 
installed  in  the  Edgar  Thomson  Works  for  rolling 
rails.  A  1,500  horsepower  motor  was  also  installed  in 
the  Pittsburg  Electric  Works  to  drive  blooming  mills. 
At  one  plant  in  Germany  the  electrical  capacity  is  of 
not  less  than  10,000  horsepower,  and  the  rolls  are  driven 
at  120  revolutions  per  minute,  the  speed  being  attained 
in  less  than  four  seconds  from  the  time  of  starting.  The 
roller  train  consists  of  4  housing  frames  with  rolls  of  an 
average  diameter  of  about  29  i  inches,  turning  out 
blooms,  steel  rails,  and  I-beams  to  a  maximum  of  17.7 
inches  in  height.  These  mills  have  also  been  turning  out 
blooms  from  blocks  of  2  tons,  as  well  as  I-beams  9§  inches 
high  and  164  feet  long,  and  I-beams  13|  inches  high  and 
82  feet  long.  In  mining  operations,  partly^ or  deep  and 
speedy  hoisting  work,  motors  of  equally  large  capacity 
have  been  successfully  installed  and  are  now  in  opera- 
tion. 

Altogether  the  most  remarkable  application  of  elec- 
tric power  in  any  class  of  work  is  that  afforded  by  the 
new  steel  works  at  Gary,  Ind.,  where  all  the  machin- 
ery is  being  installed  to  be  driven  electrically,  while  the 
gases  from  the  blast  furnaces  furnish  the  prime  motive 
power  for  the  operation  of  the  generators.  The  large 
rail  mill  is  driven  by  3-phase  induction  motors,  ranging 
in  capacity  from  2,000  to  6,000  horsepower,  attached  to 
the  main  rolls.  These  are  altogether  the  largest  elec- 
tric motors  in  the  world.  These  motors  are  reversible 
and  are  specially  controlled,  and,  being  subjected  to 
sudden  heavy  overloads,  each  motor  is  provided  with 
a  heavy  fly  wheel,  which,  with  the  system  of  control, 
stores  up  energy  w^hen  nmning  normally  and  returns  it 
to  the  rolls  when  subjecteil  to  heay\'  overload.  Eacli 
motor  can  sustain  an  overload  of  50  per  cent  for  one 
hour,  so  that  each  of  three  of  the  motors  which  has  a 
normal  rating  of  6,000  horsepower  can  deliver  not  less 
than  9,000  horsepower  for  one  hour  if  called  upon  to  do 


170 


MANUFACTURES. 


so.  In  controlling  these  motors  for  such  extremely 
heavy  and  trj-ing  service  a  master  controller  is  used, 
upon  which  the  main  line  oil  switch  can  be  opened  or 
closed,  the  reversing  switch  be  thrown  in  either  posi- 
tion, or  the  resistance  cut  in  and  out  of  the  rotor  circuit 
in  successive  steps  by  means  of  electrically  operated 
switches  or  contactors.  Special  precautions  have 
been  taken  to  insure  the  automatic  protection  of  the 
controller  system.  It  is  impossible  to  operate  the  re- 
versing switch  unless  the  main  line  switch  has  been 
previously  opened,  and  if  the  main  line  switch  has  been 
opened  by  the  overload  trip,  it  can  not  be  closed  with- 
out first  bringing  the  controller  to  the  off  position. 
With  regard  to  the  special  arrangement  of  the  fly  wheel 
in  restoring  energy  to  the  motor,  so-called  "slip  re- 
lays" are  provided,  in  wliich  the  actuating  coil  carries 
the  current  to  the  motor.  Wlienever  the  motors  are 
subjected  to  overloads  the  slip  relays  operate,  cutting 
a  small  portion  of  the  resistance  into  each  phase  of  the 
rotor  circuit,  causing  the  motor  to  slow  down  gradually 
and  the  fly  wheel  to  give  up  a  portion  of  its  energy. 
When  the  load  is  taken  off  the  motor,  the  reverse  op- 
eration takes  place  and  the  motor  speeds  up,  returning 
the  energj'  to  the  fly  wheel. 

Another  large  field  of  application  of  power  motors 
is  exemplified  by  printing  offices,  where  not  only  the 
presses  but  a  large  number  of  auxiliary  appliances  are 
thus  driven.  The  most  conspicuous  example  of  the 
kind  in  the  United  States  is  afforded  by  the  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office  in  Washington,  where  about  700 
motors,  varying  in  size  from  one-sixth  of  1  to  100  horse- 
power, have  already  been  utilized  for  the  operation  of 
the  two-revolution  pres.ses,  job  presses,  stitching  ma- 
chines, shaving  and  beveling  machines,  electrotype 
finishing  apparatus,  card  routing  macliines,  molding 
presses,  and  a  host  of  other  apparatus  required  in  the 
processes  of  the  printing  art .  Mr.  W.  II.  Tapley,  the 
electrician  of  the  establishment,  in  discus.sing  the 
equipment,  has  remarked:  "The  advantage  to  be 
gained  from  changing  over  from  belted  steam  driving 
to  individual  electric  motor  for  printing-press  work  is 
not  alone  in  power  saved,  but  better  grade  of  work,  less 
spoiled  sheets,  cleaner,  healthier  rooms  for  employees, 
less  repairs  to  machinery,  and  most  of  all,  an  increased 
product  without  a  corresponding  decrease  in  value  of 
the  ])rcsses  by  running  at  too  high  speed.  There  has 
never  been  a  hitch  in  the  motive  ])ovvcr;  not  a  motor 
has  given  out.  In  fact,  such  a  freedom  from  inlciiup- 
tion  of  power  has  never  been  known  in  the  history  of 
the  office." 

A  new  type  of  .small  motor,  which  has  come  into  con- 
siderable use  since  the  last  re|)ort  for  industrial  motive- 
power  |)urpo.ses,  is  that  known  giMicrically  as  tiie  "inter- 
pole,"  which,  while  e.ssentially  a  variable-speed  motor, 
can  also  be  used  for  conslunt  spe<;d  work.  It  is  manii- 
facturefl  specially  for  driving  machine  tools,  pum])s, 
woodworking     machinery,    Inundry    machinery,    ami 


similar  classes  of  apparatus,  whether  directly  connected 
or  in  belted  groups.  These  motors  operate  on  any 
2-wire  direct  current  lines  at  pressures  of  from  110  to 
500  volts.  The  principle  of  manufacture  in  tliis  motor 
is  that  of  placing  auxiliary  field  pole  pieces,  small  as 
compared  with  the  main  pole  pieces,  and  located  be- 
tween the  latter,  in  the  circular  ring  composing  the 
field.  These  small  pole  pieces  are  provided  with  coils 
connected  in  series  with  each  other  and  in  series  with 
the  armature  coils,  and  are  so  proportioned  and  ar- 
ranged as  to  give  the  proper  field  for  commutation. 
This  construction  enables  the  brushes  to  be  placed 
equidistant  between  the  poles;  and  the  motor  is 
capable  of  reversing  its  direction  of  rotation  without 
detriment;  and  commutation  in  either  direction  of 
rotation  takes  place  without  sparking,  whether  the 
motor  is  running  with  variable  load  or  at  variable 
speed.  Since  the  main  current  flows  through  the  aux- 
iliaiy  field,  weakening  of  the  commutation  fringe  by 
an  increased  load  is  prevented,  and  the  auxiliary  poles 
produce  the  compensatory  field  of  commutation  inde- 
pendently of  the  main  fields,  which  with  increasing 
number  of  revolutions  of  the  armature  must  be  corre- 
spondingly weakened.  The  effect  of  the  auxiliary 
pole  is  also  independent  of  the  direction  of  the  rotation 
of  the  armature,  because  if  the  latter  is  reversed  the 
current  in  the  auxiliary  field  coils  is  also  reversed. 
The  absence  of  sparking  is  a  great  desideratum,  espe- 
cially where  liigh  voltages  are  employed,  and  it  is  this 
fact  which  has  pointed  to  the  adoption  of  the  motors 
of  the  intcr-pole  type  for  direct  current  traction  at 
liigher  voltages  than  have  been  employed  hitherto  in 
America.  The  ordinary  direct  current  railway  motor 
operates  on  a  potential  of  500  to  600  volts,  whereas  the 
inter-pole  types  can  be  employed  up  to  1,200  or  1,500. 
In  the  meantime  a  large  number  have  already  gone 
into  use  in  mills  and  factories  and  machine  ,shoj)S. 

The  development  of  the  electric  railway  field  has 
provided,  as  the  statistics  show,  an  extraordinarily 
large  and  ]>rofitable  opportunity  to  the  manufacturers 
of  street  railway  motors.  Strange  as  it  may  appear, 
however,  the  production  of  tliis  class  of  apparatus  is 
confuu'd  in  reality  to  three  or  four  factoiics,  and  the 
amount  of  work  done  by  one  of  these  is  reliilivcly  in- 
significant. Tliere  is,  however,  a  large  class  of  kindred 
work  (Icvoled  to  the  rc(|uiremonts  of  mining,  for  wliich 
a  consideral)lc  number  of  small  electric  locomotives  are 
constructed  annually.  But  even  this  did  not  mate- 
rially eidarge  the  area  of  manufactm'e,  so  that  af  (he 
most  there  arc  not  ten  fiiclories  where  street  railwny 
motors  and  electric  locomotive  motors  are  built,  al- 
though the  value  amounts  to  almost  $."),000,00()  a  year. 
\Vlu'tlier  the  centers  of  production  will  remain  tluis 
limited  in  miniixir  as  the  conversion  of  steam  railroads 
to  electrical  operation  advances,  |)rcsents  an  in(,cres(ing 
industrial  ])rol)icni.  cspccinlly  as  it  liiis  l)ccn  tlic  priic- 
ticc  of  niiiny  si ciiin  railway  systems  to  liiiild  liicirowii 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


171 


locomotives;  and  should  they  continue  to  do  this  the 
creation  or  enlargement  of  the  shops  of  electrical  manu- 
facturers devoted  to  this  class  of  work  would  neces- 
sarily be  checked.  In  the  modem  period  embracing 
especially  the  electrical  regime,  namely,  from  1890  up 
to  1902,  the  number  of  the  street  cars  liad  increased  in 
tliis  country,  as  shown  by  the  census  figures,  from 
32,000  to  66,000.  Not  only  has  the  number  of  cars 
increased,  but  the  carrying  capacity  has  increased, 
necessitating  heavier  e({uipnu'nt  for  the  motor  cars, 
and  involving  in  a  great  many  instances  the  use  of 
four  motors  instead  of  the  two  that  were  standard 
m  the  earlier  tj-pes  of  cars.  The  extreme  exemplifica- 
tion of  this  tendency  is  found  naturally  on  the  inter- 
urban  roads,  and  on  the  elevated  and  subway  systems 
of  the  large  cities.  On  large  interurban  systems  it  is 
not  unusual  to  lind  cars  60  feet  in  length,  weighing 
from  40  to  60  tons,  and  four-motor  equipments  may  be 
said  to  be  universal.  To  take  one  district  as  typical, 
it  may  be  noted  that  while  75-horsepower  motors  are  a 
standard  type  on  the  interurban  railways  of  Ohio,  the 
cars  of  the  Lake  Shore  Electric  System  have  each  foiu- 
85-horsepower  motors,  wliile  those  of  the  Scioto  Valley 
have  gone  so  far  as  to  adopt  100-horsepower  motors. 
On  the  Interborough  Subway  System  in  New  York, 
where  the  express  trains  have  a  maximum  speed  of  45 
miles  an  hour,  the  motor  cars  carry  two  motors  of  200 
horsepower  each,  both  motors  mounted  on  the  same 
truck — that  is,  the  motor  trucks  are  at  one  end  of  the 
cars,  two  motors  and  gear  to  each  axle,  while  the  truck 
at  the  other  end  of  the  car  is  a  trailer  and  carries  no 
motive  power  equipment.  These  cars,  whether  built 
of  wood  or  of  steel,  are  51  feet  long,  with  seating  ca- 
pacity for  52  passengers. 

The  latest  development  in  the  field  of  street  railway 
motor  construction  embraced  within  the  period  of  tliis 
report  is  the  resort  to  alternating  current  with  the 
single  phase  motor,  or  with  motors  of  this  type  wliich 
can  be  operated  both  by  the  direct  current  and  the 
alternating  current,  thus  enabling  them  to  fulfill  more 
nicely  the  best  conditions  of  operation  at  slow  speed 
and  low  voltage  within  city  limits,  and  high  speed  and 
high  voltage  in  suburban  and  rural  districts  of  the 
same  system.  The  advances  in  tliis  field  have  been 
very  rapid,  and  to  such  a  degree  that  while  a  number 
of  street  railways  have  been  equipped  with  tliis  style 
of  apparatus,  the  New  York,  New  Haven,  and  Hart- 
ford Railroad  has  gone  further  and  has  installed  it  for 
use  on  its  first  electric  zone,  having  Ne\v  York  as  the 
terminus  or  center.  One  of  the  latest  and  best  exem- 
plifications of  single  phase  motor  work  is  furnished  by 
the  Pittsburg  and  Butler  E  ail  way,  ■\\-ith  a  circuit  dis- 
tance of  not  less  than  40  miles,  with  lieav^-  grades  in- 
volving an  average  rise  of  8.5  per  cent  continuously  in 
lengths  of  1,100  feet,  and  with  several  7-degree  curves, 
over  which  grades  and  curves  a  schedule  speed  of  25 
miles  an  hour  is  maintained.     The  single  phase  cars  of 


this  road  are  each  provided  with  four  lOO-horsepower 
motors  of  the  compensated  type,  designed  for  using 
both  direct  and  alternating  current,  so  that  while  using 
the  direct  current  within  the  city  limits  of  Pittsburg 
and  Butler,  they  "let  themselves  out,"  so  to  speak, 
witli  the  alternating  current  on  the  intervening  stretch. 
In  these  motors  the  field  coils  are  placed  in  slots  in  the 
cylindrical  laminated  pole  structure,  and  the  compen- 
sating coils  are  distributed  over  the  total  pole  area. 
Thus  the  compensating  coils  are  in  a  position  to  neu- 
tralize effectively  the  magneto-motive  force  of  the 
armature  current,  while  the  field  coils  are  in  proper 
mechanical  position  to  allow  of  the  best  production  of 
magnetization  in  the  projecting  field  poles.  The  field 
coils  of  each  motor  are  connected  electrically  in  series, 
and  this  conni^ct  ion  is  not  changed  at  any  stage  of  the 
operation.  The  four  motors  are  operated  two  in  par- 
allel, by  two  in  series,  for  alternating  current,  while 
they  are  connected  permanently  two  in  series  for  direct 
current  operation.  Each  car  is  provided  with  a  frame- 
like skeleton  pantagraph  tj'pe  of  overhead  trolley  for 
picking  up  the  alternating  current,  and  with  two  ordi- 
nary wheel  trolleys  for  direct  current  work. 

In  main  line  operation,  such  as  that  involved  in  the 
system  of  the  New  York,  New  Haven,  and  Hartford  Kail- 
road  for  the  section  between  New  York  and  Stamford, 
Conn.,  a  much  heavier  type  of  single  phase  motor 
ecpiipment  has  been  required.  The  total  distance  is  33 
miles,  and  between  the  New  York  suburb  of  Woodlawn 
and  Stamford  the  road  is  equipped  with  single  phase 
alternating  current  locomotives  taking  current  from 
an  overhead  line.  For  this  electrification  35  loco- 
motives have  been  ordered.  Each  locomotive  is  fur- 
nished with  4  motors,  each  of  250  horsepower  nomi- 
nal capacity.  These  are  of  the  gearless  type  and  are 
wound  for  a  normal  speed  of  225  revolutions  per 
minute.  They  are  connected  permanently  in  pairs 
and  require  about  450  volts  at  the  terminals  on  alter- 
nating current  and  550  volts  on  direct  current.  The 
frame  of  each  motor  is  split  horizontally,  so  that  it 
can  be  removed  in  halves  in  order  to  give  access  to 
the  interior.  In  the  floor  of  the  cab  is  an  air  conduit, 
from  which  air  is  pumped  to  each  motor  in  such  a 
way  as  to  keep  it  clean  and  cool,  and  this  method  of 
cooling  enhances  the  capacity  of  the  motor  to  such 
an  extent  that  the  rating  at  contmuous  operation  is 
almost  as  good  as  at  the  one-hour  rating. 

On  the  direct-current  part  of  the  line  current  is 
taken  from  a  third-rail  system  with  overhead  sections 
at  short  cross-overs,  with  the  four  shoes  on  each  side  of 
the  locomotive  arranged  in  pairs  of  two  each.  These 
contact  shoes  for  direct  current  are  ingeniously  con- 
trived to  work  on  both  forms  of  third  rail,  namely,  that 
in  which  the  shoe  runs  on  top  of  the  rail  and  that  in 
which  it  makes  an  underneath  or  upward  contact. 
The  locomotive  is  also  provided  with  a  pantagi-apb 
low-tension  overhead  trollev,  and  for  connecting  with 


172 


JklANUFACTURES. 


the  alternating  current  has  two  pantagraph  type, 
high  tension  bow  trolleys.  Each  trolley  has  a  suffi- 
cient capacity  to  carry  the  total  line  current  under 
average  conditions,  but  two  are  provided  to  insure 
reserve  safety  capacity.  For  alternating  current  op- 
eration 11,000  volts  are  applied  directly  to  the  over- 
head line,  carried  by  steel  bridges  over  the  track,  and 
two  step-down  transformers  on  the  car  lower  this 
pressure  to  the  450  volts  required  for  the  operation 
of  the  motors.  Each  of  these  locomotives  handles  a 
200-ton  train  in  local  service  on  a  schedule  of  26 
miles,  with  stops  averaging  2  miles  apart,  and  in 
order  to  maintain  this  average  speed  the  maxmiura 
speed  is  about  45  miles.  One  locomotive  is  able  to 
handle  a  250-ton  train  on  through  service — that  is, 
with  infrequent  stops — while  for  heavier  trains  it  is 
the  practice  to  couple  two  locomotives  together  and 
operate  them  in  multiple. 

The  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  Railroad 
has  equipped  its  New  York  terminal  for  operation 
with  electric  motors  for  a  distance  of  not  less  than 
34  miles  out  on  the  main  line  from  the  Grand  Central 
station  to  Croton,  and  for  24  miles  out  on  the  Harlem 
division.  At  the  entrance  to  this  electric  zone  all 
steam  locomotives  are  dropped,  so  far  as  passenger 
and  mail  traffic  is  concerned,  and  these  trains  are 
handled  by  electric  locomotives  of  the  heavy  high 
speed  express  type,  and  in  the  suburban  service  by 
individual  motor  cars.  The  first  contract  was  placed 
for  not  less  than  50  electric  locomotives,  each  of 
which  is  capable  of  making  regularly  in  fortj'-four 
minutes  without  a  stop  the  trip  from  the  Grand  Cen- 
tral station  to  Croton,  a  distance  of  34  miles,  with  a 
total  train  weight  of  435  tons.  The  heaviest  of  these 
through  trains,  weigliing  875  tons,  is  drawn  by  two 
of  the  locomotives  at  a  maximum  speed  of  from  60 
to  65  miles  an  hour,  but  recently  upon  test  attaining 
over  80  miles.  The  locomotive  has,  broadly,  the 
main  lines  of  the  steam  locomotive  and  has  four 
driving  axles,  on  each  of  which  is  mounted  the  arma- 
ture of  a  direct  current  electric  motor  of  550  horse- 
power, so  that  the  total  rated  capacity  of  "the  loco- 
motive as  a  unit  Is  2,200  hors(!i)ower,  although  for 
short  periods  considerably  greater  power  may  be 
developed,  making  it  far  more  powerful  than  the 
largest  steam  locomotives  now  in  existence.  The 
weight  of  the  locomotive  is  97  tons.  It  has  eight 
driving  wheels  and  four  truck  wheels,  a  driving-wheel 
base  of  13  feet,  and  a  total  wliecl  base  of  27  feel,  the 
driving  wheels  being  44  inciics  and  the  wheels  of  the 
engine  tnick  36  inches.  The  maximum  tractive  draw- 
bar jjiill  is  34,000  pounds,  and  the  tractive  j)ull  pvv  Ion 
of  engine  weight  is  330  pounds.  The  length  over  the 
buffer  platform  is  37  feet,  the  extreme  width  10  feet, 
the  height  to  the  toj)  of  the  cab  14  fecit  1  iiiclics,  and 
thed'uiiiclerof  thedrivinguxlcs8J  indies.     The  vollagc 


of  current  supplied  is  600  volts  and  the  normal  full- 
load  cuiTent  is  3,050  amperes. 

These  motors  mark  a  distinct  advance  in  electric 
locomotive  construction  and  have  the  armature  built 
dh-ectly  upon  the  axles.  The  advantage  of  direct  ap- 
plication of  power  to  the  drivmg  axles  is  thus  secured, 
avoiding  the  losses  in  gear  and  pinion  which  are  en- 
countered in  ordinary  railway  motors  emploj^ed  in 
street  railway  work,  which  have  a  single  reduction  be- 
tween the  armature  and  the  car  axle.  There  are  only 
two  pole  pieces,  which  are  thus  practically  part  of  the 
truck  frame,  and  have  flat  vertical  faces.  There  is  no 
necessity,  therefore,  for  maintaining  a  rigid  alignment 
between  the  field  and  the  armature,  and  the  armature 
can  have  a  large  free  vertical  movement  without  danger 
of  striking  the  pole  pieces.  The  larger  part  of  the 
weight  of  the  motor,  consisting  of  its  field  structure  and 
frame,  is  carried  upon  the  journal  box  springs  outside 
of  the  driving  wheels.  The  dead  weight  on  each  driv- 
ing axle  is  practically  the  same  as  on  an  ordinary 
steam  locomotive,  and  is  said  to  be  about  10  per  cent 
less  than  that  on  the  heaviest  types,  while  in  addition 
there  is  no  unbalanced  weight  to  produce  vibration, 
which  is  injurious  to  track  and  roadbed  construction. 
The  main  frame  of  the  locomotive  is  of  cast  steel  and 
the  field  poles  and  windings  are  arranged  in  tandem,  the 
end  pole  pieces  being  cast  as  part  of  the  end  frames  and 
the  double  pole  pieces  between  the  armatures  being 
carried  by  heavy  steel  transoms  bolted  to  the  side 
frame,  and  forming  part  of  the  magnetic  circuit  as  well 
as  cross  braces  for  the  truck.  The  field  coils  are 
wound  upon  metal  spools  which  are  bolted  upon  the 
pole  pieces.  The  superstructure  to  the  motors  and 
their  truck  frame  consists  of  a  central  cab  for  the  op- 
erator or  motorman,  containing  the  multiple  unit  con- 
trol system,  engineer's  valves  for  the  air  brake  .system, 
and  the  switches  and  valves  for  sanding  the  track, 
whistling,  bell  ringing,  etc.  In  this  cab  is  also  placed 
an  electric  motor  driven  air  compressor,  which  is  auto- 
matically cut  in  and  out  of  cu"cuit  when  the  air  pres- 
sure falls  below  125  pounds  or  exceeds  135  pounds. 

Current  is  carried  from  a  third  rail  placed  alongside 
the  track  by  moans  of  multii>Ic-contact,  spring-actu- 
ated, third-rail  shoes,  the  support  of  these  shoes  being 
carried  on  channel  irons  attached  to  the  journal  box. 
Four  of  these  shoes  are  placed  on  each  side  of  the  loco- 
motive. In  the  3^ards  at  the  terminal  the  largo  num- 
ber of  switches  and  crossings  necessitates  an  overhead 
construction  in  ])lacos,  and  additional  contacts,  some- 
what after  the  trolle\'  system,  are  therefore  mounted 
on  the  top  of  the  locomotive  for  collecting  current 
when  the  locoinotivc  is  ])assing  these  points.  Another 
type  of  thini-rail  shoe,  so  hooded  and  protected  as  not 
to  bo  dangerous  to  life  nor  exposed  to  accidental  con- 
tact with  falling  metal  of  any  ivind,  lias  been  devised  by 
engineers  of  the  .system. 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


173 


For  the  enormous  suburban  trafTic  handled  over  the 
New  York  Central  lines  the  company  has  built  an 
initial  equipment  of  125  steel  motor  cars,  the  suburban 
traffic  being  brought  into  the  Grand  Central  station  at 
one  level  and  the  heavy  traffic  with  the  electric  loco- 
motives at  another  level.  These  cars  are  made  up 
into  trains  of  the  motor  cars  and  trail  cars,  as  are  those 
on  the  New  York  Subway  and  on  the  modem  electric 
elevated  roads  of  New  York,  Chicago,  Boston,  etc. 
Dimng  the  period  of  initial  operation  under  the  elec- 
trical regime  these  cars  are  coupled  up  for  part  of  theh- 
run  for  haulage  behind  steam  locomotives.  The 
motor  equipment  of  these  125  motor  cars  comprises  two 
motors  for  each  car.  These  machines  are  rated  at  200 
horsepower  each  and  both  motors  are  mounted  on  the 


same  truck.  They  are  operated  at  a  potential  of  650 
volts,  although  this  can  be  carried  up  to  750  volts. 
The  motor  tnicks  are  all  steel,  with  .36-inch  wheels  on 
the  motor  trucks  and  33-inch  wheels  on  the  trailer 
trucks.  The  total  weight  of  the  motor  car  loaded  is 
111,560  pounds,  and  the  weight  of  the  motor  per  truck 
is  12,400  pounds.  It  may  be  of  interest  to  note  that  a 
steam  train  of  the  average  suburban  type  with  loco- 
motive and  six  loaded  cars  weighs  700,160  pounds, 
while  the  electric  train  of  equal  seating  capacity  with 
four  motor  cars  and  two  trailers  weighs  621,360  pounds, 
or  a  did'erence  of  39.4  tons  in  favor  of  the  electric 
train. 

Transformers. — Table  6   shows   the  production  of 
transformers  reported  in  1900  and  1905. 


Table  6.— TRANSFORMERS— NUMBER,  HORSEPOWER,  AND  VALUE:  1905  AND  1900. 


ST^TE 

TOTAI.. 

60  KILOWATT  AND   OVEE. 

UNDEE  50  KILOWATT. 

Number. 

Horsepower. 

Value. 

Nutaber. 

Horsepower. 

Value. 

Number.  '  Horsepower.  1        Value. 

1                         ' 

United  States,  1905 

66,698 
36, 513 

970.908 
407, 451 

S4, 468, 567 
'2,962,871 

3,387 
(?) 

504,009 

$1,176,360 

63,311 
(') 

466,899 

»,  292, 207 

WOO 

States,  1905: 

niinois .  . 

4,628 

4,313 

1,767 

55,985 

10,221 

21.190 

1.082 

938,415 

31,694 

172.460 

36, 759 

4,227,654 

25 

<3,362 

«1,556 
•502,453 

9.580 

« 
< 1,106, 780 

4,628 
4,293 

1,767 
•52,623 

10,221 

19,634 

1,082 

•  435.962 

31,094 
162. 8S0 
36  759 

Ohio     

•3, 060^874 

>  Includes  transformers  to  the  value  of  12,700,  for  which  number  and  horsepower  were  not  reported. 

3  Not  reported  separately. 

'Included  in  '*all  other  states." 

<  Includes  states  as  follows:  Illinois.  Massachusetts.  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  New  Yorl^.  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin. 

•Includes  states  as  follows:  Massachusetts,  Missouri,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania. 


The  production  of  transformers  has  nearly  doubled 
from  one  census  to  the  other,  the  value  having  risen 
from  $2,962,871  to  $4,468,567,  wliile  the  total  capacity 
has  increased  from  407,451  to  970,908  horsepower,  and 
the  number  from  36,513  to  66,698.  These  statistics  are 
eloquent  testimony  to  the  growing  use  of  alternating 
current  for  lighting  and  power  purposes,  particularly 
for  lighting  in  large  suburban  and  semirural  districts 
and  for  substation  purposes  in  the  large  railway  sys- 
tems and  in  most  of  the  large  cities.  So  far  as  lighting 
is  concerned,  the  cities  of  the  first  class  which  began 
originally  with  ligliting  systems  based  on  direct  current 
supplied  to  tlieir  customers  are  still  dependent  on  that 
type  of  current,  but  the  operating  companies  have 
adopted  generation  by  means  of  alternating  current 
dynamos,  sending  out  their  current  at  high  voltage  to 
substations  where  it  is  lowered  in  pressure  by  trans- 
formers and  converted  for  delivery  to  the  consumption 
mains.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  statistics  that  more 
than  half  the  capacity  of  the  transformers  manufac- 
tured in  the  census  year,  namely,  504,009  horsepower, 
was  comprised  in  transformers  of  50  kilowatt  capacity 
and  upward,  giving  an  average  of  nearly  150  horse- 
power. The  effect  of  size  on  price  is  seen  in  the  fact 
that  these  larger  transformers  were  returned  as  valued 
at  $1,176,360,  or  slightly  over  $2  per  horsepower,  a  low 


figure  as  compared  with  the  price  of  those  under  50  kilo- 
watt capacity.  In  this  latter  class,  of  which  there  were 
63,311,  the  total  capacity  was  reported  as  466,899 
horsepower,  valued  at  $3,292,207,  or  about  $7  per 
horsepower.  It  is  also  to  be  noticed  that  the  average 
size  of  these  smaller  transformers  was  under  10  horse- 
power. Taking  the  figures  as  a  total,  it  seems  that  the 
average  value  of  all  transformers  in  1905  was  about 
$4.50  per  horsepower;  whereas  in  the  previous  census 
year,  1900,  the  average  value  returned  for  the  total  out- 
put was  slightly  over  $7.25  per  horsepower.  This  fact 
emphasizes  the  eflect  of  the  larger  size  in  reducing  the 
cost  to  the  purchaser,  but  the  general  reduction  is  not 
so  clearly  determined,  for  the  reason  that  in  the  earlier 
census  a  difl'eientiation  into  the  two  classes  was  not 
made  between  large  and  small  transformers. 

As  already  remarked,  these  statistics  indicate  a  large 
production  and  the  important  place  filled  by  the  trans- 
former in  the  arts  of  furnishing  Ught,  power,  and  trac- 
tion. There  are  no  figures  available  for  the  production 
in  the  intervening  years  between  1900  and  1905,  and  no 
attempt  is  made  in  the  present  report  to  distinguish  be- 
tween transformers  employed  for  lighting  stations  and 
for  power  for  electric  railways,  as  manj-  of  them  serve 
both  purposes  at  the  same  time.  But  it  is  significant 
that  the  capacityof  the  output  reported  in  1905,  namely, 


174 


MANUFACTURES. 


970,908  horsepower,  was  much  larger  than  the  total 
capacity  of  the  transformers  manufactured  in  1900.  If 
those  of  larger  capacity  than  50  kilowatts  be  excluded  in 
1905 — as  that  class  would  embrace  all  of  those  devoted 
to  traction  purposes,  while  probably  none  in  the  smaller 
class  was  so  employed — it  is  to  be  noted  that  in  1905  the 
capacity  was  not  less  than  466,889  horsepower,  wliile, 
expressed  in  the  same  unit  of  power,  the  total  capacity 
of  all  transformers  five  years  before  was  only  407,451 
horsepower.  A  little  further  light  on  this  relation  as  to 
the  use  between  the  larger  and  the  smaller  transformers 
is  also  given  by  the  Census  report  of  1902  on  lighting 
plants,  where  it  is  showTi  that  the  transformers  in  sub- 
stations as  a  part  of  the  central  station  distributing 
system  had  a  total  capacity  of  419,367  horsepower,  or 
nearly  one-half  as  much  capacity  as  all  those  manufac- 
tured in  1905.  All  the  evidence,  therefore,  that  can  be 
brought  to  bear  upon  the  subject  shows  that  the  elec- 
tric lighting  art  claims  a  very  large  proportion  of  the 
transformers  manufactured,  both  as  to  capacity  and 
number. 

The  smaller  transformers  are  mainly  of  the  same 
type  as  those  which  were  included  in  the  report  of  1900 
with  improvements  rendering  them  more  strictly 
weatherproof;  wliile  in  the  larger  sizes  it  has  become 
the  practice  to  keep  them  cool  by  means  of  immersing 
the  working  parts  in  oil,  so  that  the  transformer  is  vir- 
tually an  oil  tank,  containing  the  primary  and  second- 
ary coils.  In  some  instances  the  cooling  is  also  effected 
by  means  of  air,  for  which  purpose  forced  draft  is 
occasionally  resorted  to.  The  oil  is  found  a  better 
heat  conducting  medium  than  air,  and  a  transformer 
will  show  a  much  lower  temperature  with  oil  cooling 
than  without.  Hence  its  use  is  very  general  through  a 
large  range  of  sizes. 

Owing  to  the  development  of  alternating  current 
power  transmission,  which  has  rendered  desirable  and 
necessary  a  corresponding  increase  in  both  the  kilowatt 
capacity  and  the  voltage  pressure  of  the  transformer 
units,  some  of  the  latest  transformers  are  of  sizes  that 
a  few  years  ago  would  have  been  considered  gigantic. 
These  transformers  are  used  both  for  stopping-up  the 
electromotive  force  to  a  value  suitable  for  trans- 
mission economically,  and  for  stojiping  it  down  again 
to  safe  pressures  at  the  receiving  c()nsumj)fion  ends. 
There  are  several  types  of  these  larger  transformers. 
One  tyfie.  which  may  be  presented  as  typical,  has  the 
oil  within  it  .set  into  continuous  circnhition  by  the  cool- 
ing effect  of  water  coils  placed  in  the  top  of  the  trans- 
former tank,  to  which  the  oil  transfers  the  heat  gener- 
ated in  the  trunsformer.  The  oil  rises  through  duels 
provided  in  t  he  iron  and  co[)|)er  struc-ture  of  the  trans- 
former, giving  up  il.s  heat  to  the  water  coils  and 
descending  between  the  transformer  and  the  wall  of 
the  tank.  The  entire  circuliition  of  oil  thus  effected 
secures  a  high  cooling  ellir-iency  of  the  oil  in  th(!  trans- 
former.    The  largest  units  of  this  tj'pe  built  up  to  the 


date  of  the  figures  of  this  report  were  2,670  kilowatt 
capacity  each,  transforming  25-cycle  single  phase  cur- 
rent from  10,000  or  12,000  volts  up  to  50,000  or  60,000 
volts  in  connection  with  the  utilization  of  Niagara 
Falls.  A  much  larger  type  of  transformer,  however,  is 
that  in  which  the  use  of  a  pump  and  reservoir  in  the 
oil  cu'culation  system  gives  a  better  control  of  oil  cir- 
culation in  the  transformer  so  that  the  heat,  which  can 
be  easily  held  down  to  safe  and  economical  limits  of 
temperature,  rises  for  continuous  full  load  operation; 
while  with  sufficient  capacity  in  the  oil  and  water 
pumps  such  transformers  can  carry  extreme  overloads 
in  the  hour  of  emergency.  The  oil  is  circulated  by 
pressure  and  the  water  by  suction,  so  that  any  leak 
developed  in  the  chculation  system  does  not  result  in 
the  admixture  of  the  water  and  the  oil.  The  largest 
transformers  of  this  tj^e  have  been  those  built  for  the 
Great  Northern  Power  Company  in  connection  with  the 
development  of  the  St.  Louis  river  in  the  vicinity  of 
Dulutli  and  have  a  capacity  of  not  less  than  7,500 
kilowatts  on  25-cycle  3-phasc  current,  and  can  actually 
carry  10,000  kilowatts.  In  these  huge  transformers 
the  low  tension  windings  are  adapted  for  6,600  or 
13,200  volts,  while  the  high  tension  windings  will  with- 
stand 30,000  or  60,000  volts.  These  transformers  have 
the  exterior  dimensions  as  follows:  14  feet  10  inches 
high,  14  feet  long,  and  5  feet  10  inches  wide. 

Switchhoards.~Tah\e   7    presents    the   statistics  of 
switchboards  as  reported  in  1900  and  1905. 

Table  7. — Sivilchboards  for  light  and  power — value:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

Value. 

United  States,  1905 

$3,7t><>  044 

li.UO 

1  840  tt24 

states.  1905: 

California 

27  Tin 

ir..:.ut 

Illinois 

241  -VK) 

Mnssttt*hnsetts 

4tiS  ti.Slt 

Missouri 

127,500 

New  York 

1,373  :i66 

Ohio 

54,056 
1  157  027 

Pennsylvania ..            ... 

1 I . 075 

All  other  utatcs  > 

227,532 

1  Includes  stiites  as  follows;  Connpoticut,  Delaware,  District  of  Columbia, 
Georgia.  Loiiipliina.  Maine,  Maryland,  Michiean,  Nebraska,  Now  Jersey,  North 
Carolina,  Oregon,  Hhodc  Islnnd,  Texas,  Washington,  and  West  Virginia. 

This  section  of  the  report  is  devoted  specifically  to 
switchboards  intended  for  electric  light  and  })ower  and 
electric  railway  work.  1 1  will  be  understood  that  there 
is  no  system  of  centralized  electrical  supply  to-day  that 
does  not  (Icpciid  upon  a  switchboard  for  the  manipu- 
lation iif  till'  ciiciiits  that  is,  for  the  connection  of  the 
sources  of  sui)i)ly  with  the  customer;  but  this  grou]iing 
does  not  iiK'liide  telegraphic  or  telephonic  switch- 
boards, wliiili  are  included  in  their  respective  cate- 
gories and  which  are  employed  for  the  work  of  ])lacing 
the  operators  or  the  i)ersoiis  comnumicating  in  imme- 
diate and  direct  relationship  with  each  other.     With 


ELECTKKJAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


175 


switchboards  for  liglit  and  power  tho  idlimate  con- 
sumer is  111)1  a  liictor  of  the  problem,  whereas  in  tele- 
graph and  telephone  boards  every  circuit  of  the 
individual  ojx'rator  oi'  of  the  individual  telephone 
subscriber  must  be  led  to  the  board  in  order  to  per- 
mit of  the  instantaneous  and  direct  interconnection, 
and  this  may  be  said  to  constitute  tlie  great  line  of 
differentiation. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  statistics,  the  value  of  tiie 
lighting  and  power  switchlioards  has  risen  from 
$1,846,624  in  1900  to  $3,766,044  in  1905.  In  other 
words,  the  product  has  almost  doubled  in  the  period. 
This  fact,  however,  does  not  emphasize  fully  the  im- 
portance that  the  switchboard  has  assumed  in  mod- 
ern installations,  for  tiie  reason  that  the  board  has 
ceased  to  be  a  unit  and  has  in  a  general  way  become 
subdivided,  so  that  in  large  plants  it  often  extends 
over  several  floors,  its  various  parts  and  mechanisms 
being  placed  one  above  the  otiier.  Tliis  kind  of  con- 
struction has  been  called  for  by  the  prevailing  method 
of  generating  electrical  energy  in  the  form  of  2-phase 
and  3-phase  alternating  current  for  transmission  at 
high  voltages  to  substations,  where  it  is  converted  into 
direct  current,  and  there,  tlu-ough  the  intermediary  of 
the  subswitchboards,  passes  out  to  the  consumption 
circuits.  In  the  Government  Printing  Office  at  Wash- 
ington is  an  excellent  type  of  the  old  style  of  du-ect 
current  switchboard,  built  of  Tennessee  marble  and 
having  a  total  length  of  over  83  feet.  The  new  section 
of  tliis  board,  with  a  length  of  34  feet,  consists  of  two 
generator  panels  and  seven  feeder  panels,  carrying  not 
less  than  25,000  pounds  of  copper  on  its  circuits  to 
receive  and  distribute  the  current  from  the  generators. 
This  board,  which  represents  an  exjienditure  of  several 
thousand  dollars,  is  bound  by  handsome,  heavy  copper 
molding,  with  ii-on  framework  and  angle  h-on  braces, 
cable  carriers,  etc.,  and  is  heavily  coated  with  aspiialt 
paint  for  insulation.  It  will  be  noted  that  marble  is 
used,  and  tliis,  with  slate,  is  the  prevalent  material. 
Wood,  which  was  at  one  time  universally  used  even  on 
boards  for  currents  of  high  voltage,  is  now  severely 
discriminated  against  in  the  rules  of  the  National 
Electrical  Code. 

A  recent  type  of  the  "straightaway"  switchboard 
for  alternating  current  purposes  is  furnished  in  the 
equipment  of  the  Holyoke  (Mass.)  Water  Power  Com- 
pany, where  the  long  board,  all  on  one  floor,  is  made  up 
of  12  panels,  of  which  6  are  generators,  2  are  exciters, 
3  are  feeders,  and  1  is  a  regulator,  while  3  are  left 
blank  for  extension.  The  6  panels  equipped  with  the 
apparatus  for  controlling  the  generators  are  furnished 
with  push-button  switches  for  the  control  of  the 
water-wheel  governors,  the  plant  being  di-iven  by  water 
turbines  as  well  as  by  steam  turbines.  By  means  of 
this  push-button  system  of  control  the  s^vitchboard 
attendant  is  enabled  to  raise  or  lower  the  speed  of  the 
water  wheel,  and  hence  that  of  the  alternating  gen- 


erator, which  is  to  be  thrown  into  the  sup|)ly  system  in 
parallel,  by  merely  placing  his  finger  on  one  or  both  of 
tii(!  push  buttons  and  without  removing  his  eyes  from 
tiie  synchronizing  lamp  that  indicates  the  proper  mo- 
ment for  completing  the  operation.  A  more  brilliant 
and  striking  exemplification  of  the  push-button  control 
in  switchboard  practice  is  affonied  Ijy  the  "dummy  " 
type  of  board  which  has  been  installed  in  several  plants 
and  is  to  be  found  in  some  of  the  largest  stations,  such 
as  tiiose  of  the  Manhattan  and  Interborough  Kailway 
systems  in  New  York  city.  The  switchboard  proper  is 
associated  with  a  control  board  with  which  every  alter- 
nating generator  switch,  selector  switch,  group  switch, 
and  feeder  switch  upon  the  main  floor  is  represented  by 
a  small  switch  connected  into  a  control  circuit  receiv- 
ing its  supply  of  electrical  energy  at  110  volts  from  a 
small  motor  generator  set  and  storage  battery.  The 
motors  which  actuate  the  large  oil  switches  upon  the 
main  floor  of  the  power  house  are  driven  by  this  110- 
volt  control  current,  and  thus  in  the  hands  of  the 
operator  the  control  switclies  make  or  Ijreak  the  rela- 
tively feeble  control  currents,  these  in  turn,  after  the 
manner  of  relays,  closing  or  opening  the  switches  in  the 
main  power  ch-cuits.  The  control  switches  are  gi-ouped 
upon  the  control  bench  board  in  conjunction  with 
dummy  bus  bars  and  other  connections,  so  that  the 
whole  constitutes  at  all  times  a  correct  diagram  of  ex- 
isting connections  of  the  main  power  switches.  Thus 
every  time  the  operator  changes  a  connection  by  oj)en- 
ing  or  closing  one  of  the  main  s\vitches,  he  changes  nec- 
essarily the  diagram  before  him  on  the  dummy  board 
so  that  it  represents  the  new  conditions  that  have  been 
established  in  connection  with  each  control  switch. 
Small  bull's-eye  lamps  are  used  like  signals — one  col- 
ored red  to  indicate  that  the  corresponding  main 
switch  is  closed,  and  the  other  green  to  indicate  that  it 
is  open.  These  little  lamps  are  lighted  when  the  mov- 
ing part  of  the  main  switch  reaches  approximately  the 
end  of  its  travel.  If  for  any  reason  the  movement  of 
the  control  switch  should  fail  to  actuate  the  main 
switch,  the  indicating  lamps  would  not  be  lighted. 
The  control  board  is  divided  into  two  parts;  one  for 
the  connection  of  the  alternators  to  the  bus  bars,  and 
the  other  for  the  connection  of  the  feeders  to  the  bus 
bars.  Such  arrangements  have  simplified  and  assisted 
greatly  the  work  of  the  switchboard  attendant,  but 
can  not  be  said  to  have  lessened  in  any  degree  the 
length,  or  size,  or  complications  of  the  main  switch- 
board system. 

A  good  idea  of  what  may  be  called  the  distributed 
switchboard  may  be  gained  from  the  electrical  con- 
trol equipment  installed  in  the  Waterside  stations  of 
the  New  York  Edison  Company,  where,  on  the  first 
floor  level,  adjacent  to  the  steam  turbine  room  in 
Plant  No.  2  are  located  the  exciter  units  and  associated 
controlling  apparatus,  a  booster,  a  compensator,  and 
two  end-cell  switches  for  the  storage    batteries.     On 


176 


I\IAXUFACTURES. 


the  first  mezzanine  floor  are  the  main  and  auxiliary 
bus  bars,  encased  in  compartments  of  brick  wall  and 
concrete  cement,  the  bus  having  wired  glass  doors  in 
front  and  at  the  back,  where  the  cables  are  attached 
through  disconnecting  switches.  The  second  mez- 
zanine gallery  contains  the  selector  oil  switches  by 
which  the  feeder  or  generator  cables  are  connected  to 
the  copper  bus  bars  or  "busses."  On  the  third  mez- 
zanine gallery  are  the  potential  transformers,  whose 
connections  are  brought  down  from  the  gallery  above 
through  disconnecting  switches.  On  the  fourth  mez- 
zanine floor  are  the  oil  switches,  from  which  are  led  out 
tlirough  series  transformers  the  high  tension  feeders 
to  the  underground  mains.  On  the  fifth  mezzanine 
gallery  are  placed  racks  to  carry  the  control  wires  to 
the  operating  boards.  Hence  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
switchboard  or  switching  mechanism  continues  through 
several  floors  or  tiers  of  the  building  and  presents  a 
front  to  the  dynamo  room  far  exceeding  in  height  that 
of  an  ordinary  dwelling  house.  The  view  of  such  a 
lofty  switchboard  as  seen  in  the  Waterside  Plant  No.  1 


is  indeed  most  impressive,  and  gives  a  vivid  idea  of 
the  enormous  equipment  and  expense  necessary  for 
merely  handling  the  currents  generated  in  such  enor- 
mous volume  by  the  large  power  houses. 

At  one  time  the  switchboard  industry  was  carried 
on  by  a  large  number  of  manufacturers  and  required 
little  else  than  skillful  working  in  liard  wood.  At  the 
present  time  switchboards,  such  as  those  described, 
with  their  huge  slabs  of  slate  or  marble,  and  their 
framework  of  copper,  iron,  and  steel,  involve  many 
problems  of  intercommunication  and  of  apparatus 
adjustment.  The  result  is  that  the  larger  electrical 
manufacturing  companies  have  virtually  taken  over 
the  construction  of  the  switchboards  for  the  plants 
wliich  they  equip,  and  have  made  a  business  also  of 
supplying  many  of  the  indicating  and  recording  instru- 
ments placed  upon  the  front  of  the  boards. 

Batteries. — Table  8  presents  statistics  of  storage 
and  primary  batteries,  parts,  and  supplies  for  1900 
and  1905. 


Table  8.— BATTERIES,  STORAGE  AND  PRBURY— VALUE:  1905  AND  1900. 


United  States,  1905. . . 
1900... 


states,  1905: 

litinois 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

All  other  states. 


Aggregate 
value. 


14,243,893 
3,679,045 


257,897 

259,240 

646,703 

26,982 

3,053,071 


Total 
value. 


J2, 645, 749 
2,559,601 


267,897 

(') 
304,947 

26,982 
2,055,923 


Weight  of 

plates 
(pounds). 


16,113,072 

P) 


Value. 


$1,569,371 
2,559,601 


446, 181 
P) 

691,375 

141.429 

•14.834,087 


137,643 

(') 

304,947 

18.675 

« 1,108, 106 


Parts  and 
supplies 
(value) . 


$1,076,378 


120,254 

(») 
(') 
8,307 
'947.817 


Total 
value. 


$1,598,144 
1,119,444 


259,240 
341,756 
(') 
997, 148 


Liquid.' 


Number. 


1,734,801 
708,077 


356,840 
121, 166 
(») 
■1,256,795 


Value. 


$515, 530 
'  571, 370 


259,240 
69,531 

» 186, 759 


Dry. 


Number. 


4,888,361 
1,946,688 


1,582,142 

(') 
'3,306,219 


Value. 


$513,026 
316,013 


?^ 


178,611 

(') 

•334,415 


Parts 

and 
supplies 
(value). 


$569, 588 
232,061 


(») 

(') 


93.614 
» ^75. 974 


•  Includes  128  testing  batteries  with  a  value  of  $12,715  in  1905;  and  1,200  %Tith  a  value  of  $1..'!50  in  1900. 

•  Not  reported. 

•  Not  reported  separately. 

•  Includes  batteries  to  the  value  of  $1,500  for  which  number  was  not  reported. 
»  Included  in  "  all  other  states." 

•  Includes  states  as  follows:  California,  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin. 
'  Includes  states  as  follows:  Missouri.  New  Jersey.  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania. 

•  Includes  states  as  follows:  California.  Connecticut,  Maryland,  Massachusetts.  Michigan.  Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  and  Rhode  Island. 
» Includes  states  as  follows:  California.  Connecticut.  Illinois,  New  Jersey.  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  llhode  Island,  and  Texas. 

w  Includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Mas.sachusetts,  New  jersey,  and  Pennsylvania. 


The  returns  from  manufacturers  as  to  the  produc- 
tion of  primary  and  storage  batteries,  parts,  and  sup- 
plies give  a  total  of  $4,243,893,  as  compared  with 
S3,679,045  at  the  previous  census.  Of  this  total  in 
190.5,  storage  batteries  contributed  .S2, 64.5, 749  and  |)ri- 
mary  batteries  $1,598,144.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the 
total  that  should  be  credited  to  this  field  would  be 
larger  if  it  were  po.ssible  to  include  within  it  several 
items  which  are  necessarily  thrown  into  "all  other 
products."  Both  storage  and  primary  batteries  con- 
sist of  various  elements,  wliicii  are  not  always  distin- 
guishabh^  or  .sold  together  as  a  unit  by  the  same  manu- 
facturer, and  yet  it  is  not  until  these  are  brought 
tog(!tlicr  that  a  complete  cell  is  constituted.  In  fact, 
many  of  the  parts  luid  supplies  lie  outside  (he  electrical 
field.  J'"or  example,  a  storage  bat  terycom|)lete  consists 
of  lead  plates,  the  separators  used  between  them,  the  sul- 


phuric acid  solution  into  which  the  plates  are  im- 
mersed, and  the  containing  jar  of  glass,  porcelain,  rub- 
ber, etc.  The  primary  battery  in  like  manner  consists 
of  various  elements,  such  as  the  jars,  zinc,  copper,  car- 
bon, sul])liiiric  acid,  caustic  soda,  bichromate  of  potas- 
sium, according  to  (he  nature  of  the  cell,  and  on  the 
constant  renewals  of  these  the  efiieiency  and  life  of  the 
cell  depends.  There  has  undoubtedly  been  a  very 
large  increa.se  in  the  production  and  use  of  storage  bat- 
teries since  the  census  of  1900,  but  it  is  not  revealed 
to  any  extent  by  the  relative  figures  hero  presented. 
It  is  true  that  in  the  year  1900  there  was  great  ac- 
tivity in  the  department  of  s(()rage  battery  automo- 
biles, giving  a  stimulus  to  (he  production  of  batteries 
for  tluU  purpose;  but  wliile  (lie  demand  in  (hat  field 
has  not  fulfilled  expectaf  ions  i(  has  grown  enormously 
in  other  branches  of  the  electrical  arts,  and  to  meet 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


177 


it  there  have  been  extensions  of  the  factories  devoted 
to  this  Une  of  manufacture. 

The  most  extensive  use  of  storage  batteries,  as  al- 
ready indicated,  is  in  connection  with  central  station 
lighting  plants  and  electric  railways.  In  such  a  sj's- 
teni,  for  example,  as  that  of  the  New  York  Edison 
Company  storage  batteries  are  to  be  found  not  only  at 
the  substations  but  also  at  the  generating  plant.  In 
the  new  Waterside  Station  No.  2  of  that  company 
there  are  two  large  l)atteries  installed  in  tlie  basement, 
one  of  140  cells  and  the  other  of  150  cells.  One  of 
these  is  kept  on  the  exciting  system  for  the  excitation 
of  the  alternating  current  generators  and  the  other  is 
at  all  times  available  for  the  local  distributing  system. 
In  like  manner,  for  the  work  of  the  New  York  Central 
Railroad,  the  electric  storage  battery  equipment  is  the 
largest  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  It  not  only  takes  care 
of  the  fluctuations  in  the  load,  but  is  sufficiently  large 
to  operate  the  entire  system  under  normal  conditions 
for  a  period  of  one  hour,  in  case  of  failure  of  the  gener- 
ating apparatus.  Five  of  the  batteries  have  an  output 
of  from  2,000  to  2,500  amperes  for  one  hour,  and  the 
three  others  have  outputs  of  3,000,  3,750,  and  4,020 
amperes,  respectively.  The  batteries  are  located  in 
buildings  adjoining  the  substations,  and  are  operated 
in  connection  with  the  booster  and  switching  appara- 
tus which  occupies  the  substations.  The  discharge 
from  the  battery  is  governed  by  a  carbon  regulator 
working  in  connection  with  the  exciters  and  boosters, 
the  aim  and  object  of  which  is  to  make  the  battery 
discharge  when  there  is  a  heavy  demand  for  current 
from  the  line  and  to  charge  when  the  demand  is  so 
light  that  the  generating  plant  can  economically  put 
its  surplus  into  this  reserve. 

The  use  of  large  storage  batteries,  employed  to 
improve  the  reliability  of  the  railway  sysic.ns  as  well 
as  to  reduce  the  operating  costs,  is  well  illustrated  by 
the  interurban  roads  of  Indiana  and  Oliio.  They 
have  usually  been  installed  with  enough  lead  plates 
to  meet  the  demands  of  the  load  at  the  time  of  initial 
equipment.  The  large  tanks  which  contain  the  elec- 
trolyte in  which  the  plates  are  inunersed,  the  boosters," 
and  the  other  accessories  are,  however,  often  consider- 
ably larger,  so  that  as  the  load  grows,  plates  can  be 
added  to  the  battery,  and  the  additional  work  can  be 
adequately  taken  care  of.  In  Oliio  there  are  25  such 
installations  and  at  least  16  in  Indiana,  making  a 
total  of  over  40  large  storage  battery  equipm.ents  in 
these  two  states  in  interurban  railway  work  alone. 
They  aggregate  9,376  kilowatts  at  a  one-hour  rate 
of  discharge,  and  when  increased  to  their  ultimate 
energy  capacity  will  have  an  aggregate  of  11,710 
kilowatt  hours.  The  function  of  the  battery  in  such 
work  is  indicated  by  the  example  of  the  Northern 
Ohio  Traction  and  Light  Company,  which  has  a  bat- 
tery of  195  kilowatts  initial  capacity  and  288  kilo- 
watts ultimate  capacity.    Before  the  installation  of  this 


equipment  it  was  necessaiy  at  all  times  to  operate  two 
250  kilowatt  generators  to  carrj-  the  load  and  operate 
the  cars.  After  the  battery  was  installed  it  was  found 
feasible  to  operate  the  load  a  large  part  of  the  time 
with  only  one  generator,  resulting  in  a  large  saving  of 
coal.  In  like  manner  another  batterj^  of  140  kilo- 
watts has  been  operated  on  the  Ravenna  division  to 
assist  in  maintaining  a  steady  electrical  pressure  on 
the  line,  so  that  whereas  the  electromotive  force  fonn- 
erly  fluctuated  between  100  and  500  volts,  it  is  now- 
maintained  at  a  minimum  of  400  volts  with  much 
greater  efliciency  in  the  operation  of  the  cars.  The 
Dayton  and  Northern  Traction  Company  was  a  pioneer 
in  Ohio  in  the  use  of  the  storage  battery  for  interurban 
work  and  at  two  substations  has  batteries,  each  of 
which  consists  of  260  kilowatts  capacity.  This  road 
was  especially  laid  out  with  a  view  to  the  use  of  the 
battery  as  an  auxiliary,  and  was  therefore  enabled  to 
install  smaller  generators  and  rotary  converters  than 
would  have  been  possible  had  the  battery  been  omitted. 

The  storage  batteries  mentioned  above  are  almost 
wholly  of  the  lead-lead  tj^pe  or  those  using  lead  or  lead 
compound  as  the  active  material  on  the  plates  and 
diluted  sulphuric  acid  as  the  electrolyte  in  wliich  the 
I^lates  are  dipped  or  submerged.  These  lead  bat- 
teries are  made  in  various  ways,  but  are  of  two 
generic  types,  the  Faure  and  the  Plante,  the  former 
type  predominating  as  that  in  wliich  the  slower  form- 
ing process  of  the  Plante  method  is  obviated. 

A  second  class  of  storage  battery  little  known  or 
used  is  the  copper-zinc  or  lead-zinc  t3'pe,  but  a  tliird 
class  of  which  considerable  numbers  were  made  in  the 
census  year  is  that  due  to  Edison  in  this  country  and 
Jungner  in  Sweden,  in  wliich  the  soluble  zinc  nega- 
tive of  the  lead-zinc  battery  is  replaced  by  a  grid 
containing  an  insoluble  metalhc  sponge.  Caustic 
potash  solution  is  employed  as  the  electrolyte.  Upon 
discharge  the  metallic  sponge  becomes  oxidized,  while 
the  metalhc  oxide  on  the  positive  plate  becomes  re- 
duced; on  discharging  the  original  condition  is  repro- 
duced. 

With  his  aim  directed  at  very  exacting  require- 
ments, Mr.  Edison  has  made  a  large  number  of  iron- 
nickel  cells.  The  structural  material  of  the  cell  is  steel. 
The  grids  and  cups  that  support  the  active  material, 
the  connecting  and  binding  posts,  the  spacing  washers, 
nuts,  jars,  and  cover  are  all  made  of  thin  steel.  In  fact, 
the  entire  cell  is  constructed  of  steel,  with  the  exception 
of  the  small  amount  of  hard  rubber  used  for  insulating 
purposes.  Each  piece  employed  in  the  construction 
of  the  cell  is  plated  before  using  with  a  heavy  coat 
of  nickel,  which  is  fused  to  the  steel  by  a  special  proc- 
ess, adding  to  the  durability  and  finish  of  the  cell.  The 
active  materials,  consisting  of  specially  prepared  oxides 
of  nickel  and  iron,  are  packed  into  ven,*  finely  perfo- 
rated cups  or  pockets  in  the  plates,  each  cup  or  pocket 
being  made  in  two  sections  engaging  one  within  the 


178 


MANUFACTURES. 


other.  To  preserve  contact  between  the  particles  of 
active  material  at  all  times  so  as  to  secure  the  maxi- 
mum electro-chemical  effect,  the  nickel  mass  has  been 
admixed  with  a  considerable  amount  of  graphite  in  the 
form  of  excessively  thin  flakes  and  the  iron  mass  has 
been  admixed  with  a  small  portion  of  mercury.  These 
added  materials  act  simply  as  insoluble  conductors 
between  the  active  particles.  When  filled  with  the 
active  material  these  light  cups  are  placed  in  suitable 
rectangular  openings  in  the  thin  steel  grid,  and  the 
whole  being  subjected  to  a  very  high  pressure,  the  two 
sections  of  each  cup  are  firmly  locked  together  and  are 
at  the  same  time  fastened  securely  into  the  grid,  then 
resembling  somewhat  the  panes  of  glass  in  a  small  win- 
dow or  the  slats  in  a  shutter.  The  result  of  this 
method  of  manufacture  is  a  plate  extremely  strong 
mechanically  yet  one  of  unusual  lightness.  To  the 
eye  there  is  no  difference  between  one  of  the  plates 
packed  with  nickel  oxide  and  one  built  up  with  the  iron 
oxide  cups.  In  the  ordinary  type  of  cell  there  are  24 
of  the  cups  in  each  plate,  and  the  cell  consists  of  28 
such  plates,  14  of  nickel,  connected  with  the  positive 
pole  of  the  cell,  and  14  of  iron  oxide,  connected  with 
the  negative  pole,  each  set  being  strung  on  a  connecting 
rod,  and  all  of  them  being  interlocked  in  such  a  manner 
that  each  iron  plate  has  a  nickel  plate  on  either  side  of 
it,  and  each  nickel  plate  has  two  iron  plates  as  neigh- 
bors, except  in  case  of  the  end  plates,  one  of  which  is  of 
nickel  and  the  other  of  iron.  The  outer  surfaces  of 
these  plates  are  in  juxtaposition,  with  two  sheets  of 
hard  rubber  serving  to  insulate  the  metal  plates  from 
contact  with  the  sides  of  the  containing  steel  jar.  The 
iron  and  nickel  plates  are  also  prevented,  by  separa- 
tors, from  con  ing  in  contact,  for  which  purpose  hard 
rubber  rods  have  been  used.  It  will  be  understood 
that  cells  can  be  made  with  a  lesser  or  larger  area,  this 
being  sin. ply  a  detail  of  manufacture  to  meet  the 
requirements.  The  outer  jar  is  made  of  cornigatcd 
sheet  steel,  having  pieces  of  hard  rubber  at  the  bottom 
and  ends  to  protect  it  from  contact  with  the  plates. 
The  cover  is  welded  to  the  jar,  and  on  it  are  mounted 
two  stufling  boxes  through  which  the  binding  posts, 
fastened  to  the  positive  and  negative  elements  of  the 
cell,  extend.  There  are  two  other  small  mountings  on 
the  cover.  One  is  the  separator  which  .separates  the 
spray  from  the  gases  when  the  butteiy  is  charged,  thus 
preventing  loss  of  potash  and  causing  the  gas  to  be 
inodorous.  The  other  is  the  filler,  through  which  the 
electrolyte — a  20  per  cent  solution  of  potash  can  be 
supplied  to  the  (•,(•11  and  through  which  dislillcd  water 
may  be  added  from  time  to  time  to  maintain  the  level 
of  the  electrolyte,  oirseKing  the  loss  by  evaporation 
and  overcharging.  This  filler  has  a  water-tight  cover 
held  in  place  by  a  strong  catch.  Fastened  to  this 
cover  is  a  shimII  .'ipring  wliic.h  causes  it  to  tly  open  when 
the  catch  is  released,  but  it  can  not  be  closed  again 
without  some  small  pressure  being  exerted,  nor  will  it 


stay  closed  unless  the  catch  is  securely  fastened.  When 
the  cover  is  in  place,  it  is  always  water-tight,  and  the 
chances  are  minimized  of  leaving  it  open  accidentally 
and  of  possible  spilling  of  solution  should  the  cells  be 
severely  agitated.  These  cells  are  convenient  and 
simply  assembled  into  trays  so  as  to  constitute  a  bat- 
tery, wooden  trays  being  built  to  hold  four,  five,  and 
six  cells.  The  connections  between  the  cells  are  made 
by  means  of  heavy  copper  wire,  well  nickel  plated. 
This  type  of  battery  to  the  number  of  several  thousand 
cells  was  in  use  at  the  time  of  the  collection  of  these 
figures,  but  has  been  subjected  to  various  improve- 
ments. One  of  the  great  difficulties  encountered  by 
Mr.  Edison  in  the  development  of  this  battery  was  to 
preserve  the  contact  between  the  nickel  particles  which 
alternately  expanded  and  contracted  during  the  charg- 
ing and  discharging  operations,  resulting  in  the  gradual 
deterioration  in  the  capacity  of  the  nickel  elements. 
Furthermore,  it  was  found  that  contrary  to  the  general 
expectation  graphite  was  not  absolutely  insoluble  to 
the  potash  solution  when  subjected  to  the  efi'ect  of 
electrolysis.  To  overcome  these  defects,  it  is  proposed 
to  make  the  pockets  of  the  nickel  mass  in  the  form  of 
small  perforated  steel  tubes  in  which  the  material  will 
be  packed  under  a  pressure  of  several  thousand  pounds 
per  square  inch,  and  to  substitute  for  the  graphite, 
flakes  of  cobalt  or  nickel.  In  tliis  way  expansion  of 
the  mass  is  actually  resisted  by  the  tubular  pocket  and 
consequently  the  initial  contact  is  indefinitely  pre- 
served. The  advantages  claimed  for  this  general  tyjie 
of  "oxygen  lift"  battery  are  its  greater  capacity  per 
unit  weight  and  its  longer  life,  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
objection  is  made  to  its  low  electromotive  force  of  only 
1  to  1.25  volts,  as  compared  with  the  2  volts  and  up- 
ward of  the  lead-lead  type. 

Of  late  years  there  has  been  little  change  in  the 
primary  battery  manufacturing  field,  the  reason  being 
that  such  batteries  were  not  found  suited  for  relatively 
hea\'^'  work,  and  that  in  many  instances,  as  in  tele- 
graph offices  and  telephone  exchanges,  they  have  been 
replaced  by  small  dynamo-electric  outfits,  and  by 
-storage  batteries.  One  branch,  however,  in  which 
there  has  Ixhmi  marked  activity  during  the  past  five 
years  has  been  that  of  dry  batteries.  These  are  in 
universal  use  in  connection  with  gasoline  or  hydrocar- 
bon automobiles,  and  almost  everj-  automobile  of  that 
type  carries  with  it  an  e(iuipment  of  several  dry  bat- 
teries. Th(\se,  being  under  constant  use  and  subject 
to  accidents  of  various  kinds,  are  frequently  renewed, 
with  the  result  that  the  production  has  been  very 
sharply  stinmlated  by  the  development  of  the  automo- 
bile. A  primary  type  of  battery  that  answers  many  of 
the  purposes  of  light  power,  as,  for  example,  driving  a 
fan  motor,  sup])lying  current  to  an  X-ray  outfit,  or 
operating  railway  signals,  is  the  Edison  copper  oxide, 
which,  according  to  I'rofessor  Carhart,  has  a  cajjacity 
of  work  per  unit  weight  greater  than  that  of  any  other 


ELECTRICAL  MACHLNERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


179 


battery,  either  primary  or  secondary,  hitherto  known. 
In  other  words,  2.2  pounds  of  its  own  weight  is  able 
to  furnisli  an  amount  of  electrical  enerj^y  which,  if  con- 
verted into  mechanical  energy  in  a  perfect  electric  mo- 
tor, would  be  capable  of  lifting  a  pound  weight  188,000 
feet.  In  this  battery  the  copper  oxide  employed  is 
furnished  in  the  form  of  a  comj)ressed  slab,  which  with 
the  connecting  coi)per  support  serves  also  as  the  nega- 
tive plate.  In  more  recent  cells  of  this  type  the  device 
has  been  resorted  to  of  reducing  a  superficial  film  of 
copper  on  the  oxide  slab  before  it  is  sent  from  the  fac- 
tory. This  film  of  copper  also  serves  to  reduce  the 
intenud  resistiuu;e.  The  other  element  in  the  battery 
is  zinc,  the  solution  bemg  caustic  soda. 

Prof.  F.  B.  Crocker,  in  a  paper  read  in  1888  before 
the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Kngineers  on  the 
"Possibilities  and  limitations  of  chemical  generators 
of  electricity,"  discussed  and  compared  the  various 
types  of  primary  cells  then  on  the  market,  and  said 
that  little  or  no  progress  had  been  made  for  almost  a 
half  century,  but  that  the  apparatus  was  at  fault  rather 
than  the  chemical  action.  He  has  recently  directed 
attention,  as  a  marked  advance  in  the  art,  to  the  bat- 
tery of  Mr.  F.  A.  Decker,  of  Philadelphia,  which  has 
been  developed  during  the  past  two  or  three  years,  and 
regards  it  as  removing  the  reproach  against  inventive 
ability  in  this  field .  This  cell  is  of  the  two-fluid  type, 
with  zinc  plates  immersed  in  dilute  sulphuric  acitl  and 
graphite  plates  in  a  solution  of  sodium  bichromate  and 
sulphuric  acid  commingled.  The  size  and  number  of 
plates  employed  in  each  cell  depend  upon  this  current 
required,  but  ordinarih'  there  are  only  two  or  three  flat 
zinc  plates  about  5^  inches  wide  by  QJ  inches  high,  each 
weighing  about  1  pound.  Each  zmc  plate  and  the  di- 
lute sulphuric  acid  surrounding  it  are  contained  in  a 
flat,  rectangular,  porous  cup,  made  by  two  unglazed 
earthenware  plates  with  thickened  edges  and  diagonally 
strengthened  ribs  shaped  separately  in  steel  molds. 
These  plates  are  made  extra  thick  to  prevent  warping 
in  burning,  and  to  produce  true  flat  surfaces  and 
straight  edges.  When  united  the  cup  is  ground  down 
on  each  surface  to  such  an  extent  that  the  finished 
walls  are  tliin  and  translucent.  At  the  same  time  the 
cup  is  quite  strong,  no  breakages  occurring  even  in 
automobile  service.  The  exceeding  thinness  of  the 
walls  tends  to  reduce  the  internal  resistance  to  a  mini- 
mum, anil  the  fact  that  these  walls  are  true  permits 
the  graphite  and  the  zinc  plate  to  be  placed  close 
together  with  obvious  eft'ect  in  reduction  of  resistance, 
which  by  test  is  only  0.013  ohm  for  a  cell  with  two  zinc 
and  three  graphite  plates  and  all  the  connections,  the 
resistance  of  the  plates  themselves  being  included. 
The  negative  plates  are  of  graphite,  corrugated  so  as 
to  afford  large  surface  for  the  action  of  the  depolariz- 
ing liquid,  with  stiffening  in  the  thick  edges  and  diag- 
onal ribs.  The  case  around  the  porous  cups  and  the 
graphite  plates  is  filled  mtli  the  depolarizer,  consisting 


of  a  solution  of  sodium  bichromate  mixed  with  sul- 
phuric acid.  Passing  over  minor  details  of  construc- 
tion and  finish,  it  may  be  stated  that  a  cell  of  this  type 
under  test  by  Professor  Crocker  with  two  zinc  and  three 
graphite  plates  was  dischfirged  for  a  period  of  five  and 
a  half  hours  at  24  amperes,  the  internal  potential  falling 
from  1.9  to  1.3  volts.  In  other  words,  the  cell  gave 
126  ampere  hours  at  an  average  voltage  of  1.73,  or  218 
watt  hours.  The  cell  was  then  shaken  to  stir  up  the 
li(|uid  and  gave  24  amperes  for  fifty-tlnee  minutes 
longer.  This  corresponds  to  the  conditions  that  would 
exist  in  electric  vehicles,  electric  launches,  or  in  train 
lighting.  The  total  output,  iherefore,  was  147  ampere 
hours  at  1.684  average  voltage,  or  247.55  watt  hours. 
As  the  complete  cell  weighed  16.14  pounds,  including 
all  solutions,  connections,  etc.,  the  output  was  thus 
14.7  watt  hours  per  pound  of  total  weight,  or  about 
twice  as  great  as  that  obtained  from  standard  types  of 
the  storage  battery.  The  liquid  constituted  only  about 
one-half  of  the  total  weight  of  the  batten,-,  so  that  with 
an  automobile  an  additional  quantity  of  solution  equal 
to  the  weight  of  the  battery  could  easily  be  carried  in 
tanks.  In  tliis  case  three  times  as  much  electrical 
energy  could  be  obtained  with  only  twice  the  total 
weight.  In  other  words,  the  output  would  be  22.5 
watt  hours  per  pound,  or  about  tliree  times  that  ob- 
tainable from  a  standard  storage  battery.  The  ques- 
tion of  cost  is,  however,  a  serious  one,  and  the  weight 
of  the  zmc,  sulphuric  acid,  and  sodium  bichromate  re- 
quired to  give  1  horsepower  hour  in  this  battery — 
assuming  all  materials  to  be  thrown  away  after  using — • 
would  cost  about  35  cents,  wliich  is  admitted!}'  high. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  depreciation  of  the  automobile 
storage  battery  is  very  high,  and  a  close  comparison 
would  not  be  unfavorable  to  the  primary  ty^e.  An 
advantage  also  of  this  battery,  as  compared  with  those 
of  the  Edison-Lalande  copper  oxide  type,  is  its  volt- 
age, namely,  1.9  initial  and  1.7  average,  as  compared 
with  0.667  to  0.4.  It  is  evident  from  these  statements 
that  hope  is  by  no  means  abandoned  in  the  primary 
battery  field  and  that  the  industry-  has  taken  on  a  new 
lease  of  life. 

Carbons. — Table  9  presents   statistics   for   carbons 
for  1900  and  1905. 

Table  9.—Carh<ms—value:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

Total 
value. 

Lighting 
(value). 

Brushes, 

Fumace    P»1'«T' 

'^^"'^■;cellaneous 
(value;. 

United  States,  1905 

1900 

52,710.935 
1.731,248 

$1,050,971 
1,263,732 

SI 72. 454     $1,487,510 
10,974  1        456,542 

States,  1905: 

Ohio 

2,216,639 
494,296 

875,544 
!  175, 427 

'172,454 

1,341,095 

< 146, 415 

1  Included  in  "all  other  states." 

-  Includes  states  as  follows:  Illinois,  Indiana,  New  Jersey,  Oregon,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Texas 

^  Includes  states  as  follows:  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania. 

*  Includes  states  as  follows:  Illinois,  Massachusetts,  Missouri,  New  Jersey, 
New  York,  and  Pennsylvania. 


180 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  value  of  all  classes  of  carbons  reported  in  1905 
was  82,710,935,  a  gain  of  almost  $1,000,000  over  the 
census  year  1900.  This  gaia  was  almost  wholly  in  the 
class  of  "brushes,  battery,  and  miscellaneous,"  there 
being,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  a  falling  off  of  over  8200,000 
in  the  department  of  arc  lamp  carbons,  in  which  the 
amount  was  only  $1,050,971  as  compared  with 
81,263,732  at  the  census  of  1900.  Although  the 
amount  was  small,  there  was  also  a  very  marked  gain  in 
carbons  for  electric  furnaces,  the  total  bemg  $172,454 
as  compared  with  810,974,  an  increase  of  more  than 
fourteen-fold.  Probably  no  other  department  of  elec- 
trical work  reported  quite  so  liigh  a  gam. 

The  falling  off  in  arc  lamp  carbons  is  not  at  all  due 
to  the  smaUer  production  of  arc  lamps,  as  the  number 
of  these  has  been  steadily  maintained;  but  whereas 
the  old  t}"pe  of  open  arc  lamp  requked  to  be  supplied 
daily  with  new  carbon  points,  the  modem  types  of 
inclosed  arc  lamp,  which  have  almost  entirely  replaced 
the  open  type,  wall  bum  for  a  couple  of  weeks  without 
recarboning,  the  consumption  being  so  much  less  in 
the  semivacuum  provided  by  the  mner  globe  of  the 
inclosed  lamp.  On  the  other  hand,  the  carbons  used 
in  inclosed  lamps  are  of  special  construction  and  cost 
more  than  the  grades  usually  employed  for  open 
lamps,  so  that  the  decline  in  quantitj^  has  been  to  some 
extent  made  up  by  the  increase  in  quality  and  cost. 

Moreover,  the  past  few  years  have  seen  the  intro- 
duction of  lamps  in  which  a  special  kind  of  carbon 
stick  is  necessary.  In  the  ordinary  arc  lamp  employ- 
ing plain  carbons  the  light  of  the  arc  is  a  bluish  white 
which  is  often  condemned  as  disagreeable,  and,  with 
the  object  of  securing  a  light  which  would  correspond 
more  closely  in  color  with  that  of  the  incandescent 
lamp  and  of  the  gas  flame,  resort  has  been  made  to 
what  are  known  as  impregnated  carbons,  hi  which  the 
carbon  ba.se  has  been  mixed  with  metallic  salts.  The 
result  is  that  a  large  number  of  "flaming"  or  "lumi- 
nous" arc  lamps  are  now  upon  the  market  and  can  be 
seen  on  the  streets  of  many  cities,  their  light  being  of 
a  bright  gulden  color.  It  has  been  claimed  that  such 
lamps  can  furnish  at  least  five  times  the  light  per  watt 
of  electrical  power  as  the  inclosed  arc,  but  one  of  the 
objections  has  been  that  the  carbons  have  a  tendency 
to  smoke  or  fume.  It  is  said  that  in  practice  it  has 
been  found  impossible  to  increase  the  metallic  impreg- 
nation of  carbon  for  the  flaming  arcs  above  6  per 
cent,  as  beyond  that  limit  the  light  is  no  hmger  steady. 
For  the  positive  carbon,  such  metals  as  calcium,  mag- 
nesium, barium,  etc.,  are  found  suit  able;  while  for 
the  negative  carbon,  metals  which  form  acids  are 
required,  such  as  tungsten,  chromium,  and  molybde- 
num. Suitaldo  adflitiniis  in  the  jxisitivo  carbon  also 
are  fluorspar  and  magnesia,  and  for  the  negative  car- 
bons, tungstic  acid  and  cliromium  fluoride.  The 
diameter  of  such  carbons  can  be  incrca.sed  so  as  to 


increase  the  life,  as  they  are  constructed  in  several 
zones  or  layers,  with  the  mineral  admixtures  in  varying 
proportions. 

Yet  another  variety  of  lamp  now  coming  in  of  the 
luminous  arc  type  is  the  magnetite,  to  which  reference 
has  elsewhere  been  made  under  "  arc  lamps,"  but  which 
may  be  noted  here  because  it  dispenses  entirely  with 
carbon.  The  negative  electrode  is  a  stick  of  magne- 
tite, while  the  positive  electrode  is  a  block  of  copper. 

With  regard  to  the  furnace  carbons  it  may  be  said 
that  these  are  of  considerable  size,  shape,  and  variety, 
depending  upon  the  work  required  of  them.  Refer- 
ence to  these  in  detail  can  be  found  in  the  standard 
works  on  electro -metallurgy  and  electro-chemistry, 
although  details  are  not  usually  given  of  the  exact 
method  of  use  or  the  extent  of  consumption.  Each 
year  sees  some  new  branch  of  electro-metallurgical 
work  open  up  in  which  such  carbon  electrodes  are 
used,  and  it  has  recently  been  noted,  with  regard 
to  the  production  of  pig  iron  from  electric  furnaces  in 
Canada,  that  the  consumption  of  carbon  electrodes 
per  ton  of  pig  iron  runs  between  15  and  20  pounds  to 
the  ton,  representing,  it  is  stated,  an  average  cost  or 
consumption  of  30  cents  worth  of  carbon  per  ton  of 
the  pig  metal. 

The  miscellaneous  group  of  carbons,  shoM-n  in  Table 
9,  necessarily  includes  a  large  amount  of  other  carbons 
of  special  shape  employed  for  retort  purposes,  but 
there  are  two  other  large  classes,  one  including  the 
small  carbon  buttons  and  granules  used  for  telephonic 
transmitters,  while  the  other  comprises  the  carbon 
brushes  now  used  very  largely  for  all  classes  of  dyna- 
mos and  motors  and  invariably  for  the  motors  used 
in  electric  railway  work.  Carbons  are  also  used  to 
some  extent  in  electrical  resistances,  and  these  are 
likewise  included  in  the  miscellaneous  group.  In 
other  words,  the  use  of  the  carbon  is  universal  through- 
out the  electrical  arts,  ranging  from  tiny  grains  up  to 
rods  60  inches  in  length  and  blocks  well-nigh  a  foot  in 
diameter. 

Arc  lamps  and  searchlights. — Table  10  shows  the 
number  and  value  of  open  and  inclosed  arc  lamps  for 
1900  and  1905. 

Table  lO. — Arc  lamps — number  and  value:  1905  and  1900. 


TOTAL. 

OFEN. 

INCLOSED. 

BTATK. 

Niun- 
ber. 

Value. 

Num- 
ber. 

Value. 

Num- 
ber. 

Value. 

United  States,  lOO.'i... 
1900... 

195, 157 
158, 187 

$1,574,422 
1,827,771 

1,748 
23,«.'yi 

120,  989 
270,  481 

193,409 
l.-i4,631 

$1,644,433 
1, .061, 290 

States, 1905: 

6,372 
48,0.18 
140,727 

83,008 

82,905 

1,408,389 

.a, 

>  2(1, 989 

6,372 

48,058 

•138,979 

83,068 

82,906 

All  other  ntiitog 

•1,378,400 

» Inchulod  in  "  all  otlicr  stiitca." 

1  Inrlit'lL-8  Htiiti'9  n»  folIowH:  Ctilifornla,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Massachusotta, 
Ohio,  mid  I'onnHylvMTilii. 

'  IiK-lii(J<>^  Hiiili'H  itH  f'>llnwH:  Illinois,  Mit.HHriohnNolts,  Now  Jor8oy,Now  York| 
Ohio,  Uhodo  lulund,  Wuul  Virginia,  oua  Wtocontiln. 


ELECTRICAL  MA("HL\ERY,  APPARATUS.  AND  SUPPLIES. 


181 


The  total  production  of  aro  lamps  reported  in  1905 
amounted  to  a  value  of  $1, .574,4:22,  or  S2.')3,349  less 
than  for  I'JOU.  At  tJie  same  time  the  number  showed 
a  large  increase,  rising  from  a  total  of  158,187  to 
195,157.  These  lamps  were  divided  into  two  groups, 
open  and  mclosed,  and  since  the  year  1900  a  remarkable 
change  has  taken  place  in  the  relative  importance  of 
these  two  types.  In  this  short  period  the  production 
of  open  lamps  fell  from  23,056,  worth  $276,481,  to 
1,748,  valued  at  $29,989.  This  number  would  barely 
take  care  of  renewals,  and  hence  it  may  be  said  that  the 
open  arc  lamp,  with  which  the  great  bulk  of  electric 
street  lighting  has  been  done  for  so  many  years,  is  in 
process  of  extinction  and  may  be  in  a  very  few  years 
obsolete.  This  view  is  corroborated  by  the  fact  that 
the  number  of  inclosed  lamps  made  in  one  year  has 
risen  from  134,531  m  1900  to  193,409  in  1905,  and,  as 
will  be  seen,  the  larger  number  has  brought  with  it  a 
reduction  in  cost.  The  smaller  number  in  the  year 
1900  was  valued  at  $1,551,290  as  compared  with 
$1,544,433  in  1905.  The  average  cost  per  lamp  is  thus 
reduced  from  $11.50  each  to  $8,  or  nearly  one-third. 
This  is  very  convmcing  evidence  of  the  popularity  of 
the  inclosed  arc  as  compared  with  its  predecessor. 

These  open  and  inclosed  lamps  are  of  either  the  di- 
rect or  the  alternating  current  type.  The  vogue  of  the 
inclosed  type  dates  back  to  1894,  although  experi- 
ments upon  it  began  several  years  previously.  The 
principal  element  in  its  perfection  consists  in  the  rela- 
tion of  the  inner  globe  to  the  arc,  whereby  with  a  suit- 
ably restricted  air  iolet  a  long  arc  may  be  steadily 
maintained  by  a  small  current.  In  the  ordinary  open 
arc  lamp  the  carbon  pencils,  or  sticks,  burn  away  in 
ten  or  twelve  hours,  but  in  an  inclosed  lamp  the  cored 
carbons  used  will  last  from  sixty  to  a  hundred  and 
twenty-five  hours.  The  small  umer  globe  inclosing 
them  is  of  elongated  oval  shape  and  made  of  refractory 
glass,  so  as  to  resist  successfully  the  intense  heat  of  the 
arc.  The  consumption  of  carbon  in  the  arc  in  this 
inner  globe  fills  it  with  carbon  monoxide  and  carbon 
dioxide,  and  as  the  globe  is  virtually  air  tight  the  pro- 
longation of  life  in  the  carbon  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
Httle  or  no  fresh  air  is  admitted  to  help  in  the  consump- 
tion of  carbons.  Moreover,  the  presence  of  carbon 
monoxide  and  carbon  dioxide  in  the  bulb  shortens  the 
arc  to  a  length  of  three-tenths  of  an  inch,  and  allows  a 
pressure  of  80  volts  to  be  used ;  but  although  the  pres- 
sure is  thus  increased  to  almost  twice  that  of  the  eariier 
type,  the  consumption  of  power  is  not  greater,  as  only 
half  the  current  strength  is  required.  These  lamps 
have  become  popular  with  the  public,  because  of  then- 
soft  and  steady  fight  and  brilliant  appearance,  and 
with  central  station  managers,  for  the  reason  that  as 
the  carbons  last  so  much  longer  the  lamps  need  trim- 
ming only  once  a  week  and  often  only  once  a  fortnight, 
depending  upon  the  hours  of  nightly  burning. 


The  latest  development  in  arc  fighting  involves  what 
is  practically  a  reversion  to  the  open  arc,  and  the  results 
are  so  striking  that  while  the  old  open  arc  with  its  sim- 
ple carbons  may  disappear  entirely,  the  supremacy  of 
the  inclosed  arc  is  likel}'  to  be  seriously  challenged  by 
the  flanung  or  luirunous  arc.  The  efficiency  of  light 
production  is  greater  from  incandescent  gases  than 
from  solids,  while  amorphous  carbon  such  as  that  used 
in  the  old  carl)on  points  is  inefficient  from  the  stand- 
point of  light  radiation.  Hence  if  earth  or  metal  hav- 
ing liigher  liglit  radiating  properties  can  be  combined 
with  carbon  so  as  to  become  light  giving  in  the  arc,  a 
liigli  efficiency  would  result  in  the  arc  lamp  using 
such  impregnated  carbons.  The  idea  of  introduchig 
substances  for  the  arc  of  higher  radiating  power  than 
carbon  was  patented  as  far  back  as  1876,  while  experi- 
ments on  the  subject  were  made  at  least  thirty  years 
earlier.  One  of  the  first  practical  workers  in  this  field 
in  recent  years  was  Hugo  Bremer,  of  Germany,  whose 
lamps  were  first  brouglit  to  this  country  about  four 
years  ago  and  were  employed  in  New  York  city.  The 
principal  feature  of  this  lamp  has  been  the  employ- 
ment of  a  compound  carbon,  the  arrangement  of  car- 
bons at  an  acute  angle  to  each  other,  the  use  of  a  metal 
chamber  above  the  arc  for  reflecting  the  light  down- 
ward, and  the  employment  of  a  magnetic  field  for  the 
automatic  regulation  of  the  arc.  In  this  lamp  the 
carbons  are  forwarded  or  focused  by  gravity.  When 
the  arc  lengthens  to  or  near  the  breaking  point  as  the 
"carbon"  burns  away,  and  thus  makes  it  difficult  for 
the  arc  to  sustain  itself,  an  electro-magnetically  oper- 
ated lever,  used  also  to  "strike"  the  arc  when  the  lamp 
starts  into  operation,  reestablishes  the  arc,  and  by  its 
motion  enables  the  electrode  to  feed  until  the  arc 
reaches  its  normal  length.  Both  the  electrodes  are  of 
small  diameter;  the  positive  carbon  being  about  five- 
sixteenths  inch  and  the  negative  carbon  about  one- 
quarter  inch.  The  negative  carbon  electrode  is  an 
ordinary  solid  carbon  of  the  kind  used  in  standard  arc 
lamps,  but  the  positive  electrode  is  a  cored  carbon  of 

I  special  composition — that  is,  it  contains  metallic  salts 
in  considerable  quantities,  such  as  magnesium  and 
boron.  These  two  electrodes  are  inclined  toward  each 
other  at  an  acute  angle,  and  the  points  are  surrounded 
by  a  metal  chamber  open  below,  fike  an  umbrella. 
The  magnesium  in  the  positive  carbon  makes  a  snow- 
like deposit  on  the  surface  of  this  reflector,  this  wliite 
providing  additional  highly  reflecting  surface.  The 
coating  obtained  in  this  way  adheres  to  the  metallic 
reflector  surface  to  the  thickness  of  about  one-eighth 
inch.  A  simple  arrangement  is  employed  to  obtain 
the  magnetic  field  for  the  contn)l  of  the  arc,  its  strength 
being  dependent  upon  the  current  flowing  through  the 

j  lamp,  which  gives  an  automatic  character  to  the  mag- 
netic regulation.     The  color  of  the  lisrht  is  varied  at 

,  will  by  the  use  of  proper  metallic  salts,  etc.,  and  is 


182 


MANUFACTURES. 


usually  of  a  clear  golden  hue.  The  general  principle  of 
such  lamps  is  that,  on  becommg  heated  by  the  passage 
of  current,  the  salts  which  have  been  introduced  into 
the  carbon  are  volatilized  and  rendered  incandescent. 
The  hot  gases  thus  generated  furnish  a  path  for  the 
passage  of  the  current  of  less  resistance  than  the  air. 

The  Bremer  lamp  has  also  been  made  with  carbons 
vertical  to  each  other  as  in  the  ordinary  arc  lamp. 
This  is  also  true  of  the  Blondel  arc,  in  which  only  one 
of  the  carbons  is  impregnated  with  salts  for  increasing 
the  illumination.  The  upper  carbon  is  surrounded  by 
a  reflector,  and  the  positive  lower  impregnated  carbon 
consists  of  three  parts — a  core  and  two  concentric 
layers  around  it.  The  outside  laA'er  is  pure  carbon; 
the  middle  and  thickest  layer  is  a  mixture  of  carbon 
and  salts,  such  as  those  of  calcium,  magnesium,  etc.; 
while  the  central  core  has  the  same  composition  but 
is  less  compressed.  The  object  of  this  arrangement  is 
that  the  arc  shall  always  remain  in  the  center  of  the 
carbon  and  the  carbon  shall  burn  off  uniformly.  The 
tliickness  of  the  carbon  varies  with  the  size  of  the 
lamps.  In  the  upper  carbon,  which  with  direct  current 
is  tlie  negative  one,  the  impregnation  is  very  slight, 
and  consists  almost  entirely  of  pure  carbon.  The 
vapors  from  the  salt  in  the  lower  carbon  rise  into  the 
arc  and  are  heated  to  wliite  heat  and  condensed  on  the 
reflector  at  the  top  of  the  lamp.  The  reflector  consists 
of  a  central  circular  reflecting  disk  of  insulated  mate- 
rial and  an  external  ring  of  metal.  The  Blondel 
lamps  were  first  made  for  a  current  of  5  amperes  or  3 
amperes,  but  there  is  a  later  type  wliich  consumes 
only  1  ampere.  These  lamps  burn  normally  on  50 
volt  circuits. 

The  flaming  arc  lamps  as  a  class  may  be  said  to  oper- 
ate single  on  5.5  to  65  volt  circuits,  or  two  in  series  on 
110  to  120  volt  circuits,  and  four  in  series  on  220  to 
240  volt  circuits,  on  either  direct  or  alternating  current. 
The  "carbons"  burn  from  eight  to  fifteen  hours,  and 
are  said  to  consume  0.16.3  watts  per  hemispherical  can- 
dlepower  in  lamps  of  good  efficiency.  Some  lamps 
have  been  used  in  this  country  which  employ  17-hour 
carbons,  but  it  will  be  seen  that  all  such  lamps,  like  the 
old  open  type  of  pure  carbon  arc  lamps,  are  subject  to 
the  disadvantage  of  more  frequent  trimming  than  the 
inclosed  arcs,  necessitating  the  constant  attendance 
of  linemen  and  trimmers. 

The  magnetite  arc  lamp,  like  the  ''flaming"  arc,  has 
already  gone  into  considerable  use  on  street  circuits. 
Its  n(!gative  electrode  consists  of  a  stick  of  magnetite, 
whil(!  its  positive  electrode  is  simply  a  copjjt-r  block. 
This  lam|)  burns  for  fine  liundred  and  fifty  hours,  or  as 
long  as  an  in<-l().sed  arc  lamp,  but  without  necessitating 
an  inner  globe,  while  the  production  of  ligiit  for  300 
wattsclcctrical  powerisratcd  nsc(niivnlcnt  totluit  of  the 
onlinary  arc  at  4.")0  watts,  'i'jie  objection  raised  to  tliis 
lamp,  a.s  to  the  others  of  the  flaming  arc  type,  has  been 
the  smoky  deposit.     Tlie  stMlcnu'nl  is  nnidc  i  Iml   pure 


magnetite,  while  fulfilling  the  requirements  of  a  carrier 
of  the  arc  flame,  consumes  rather  quickly,  and  it  has 
therefore  had  incorporated  with  it  small  quantities  of 
substances,  such  as  titanium  compounds,  for  increasing 
the  efficienc}^  and  steatliness  of  the  arc  and  the  life  of 
the  electrode.  In  the  manufacture  of  these  electrodes 
a  greater  density  and  longer  life  are  secured  by  partially 
reducing  the  material  to  metal.  Another  method  of 
improving  the  electrode  is  that  of  adding  a  "  restrainer" 
or  a  substance  which  reduces  the  rate  of  consumjition. 
A  simple  and  satisfactory  form  of  electrode  is  that  in 
which  the  material  is  pressed  as  impalpable  powder 
into  a  thin  iron  tube,  wliich  is  then  sealed  over  by  the 
arc.  In  the  ordinary  carbon  arc  lamp  the  light  comes 
from  the  incandescent  crater  of  the  positive  carbon  on 
direct  current  and  not  from  the  arc  flame,  whereas  in 
the  magnetite  arcs,  which  are  also  operated  on  direct 
current,  no  light  issues  from  the  terminals  but  comes 
entirely  from  the  arc  flame;  and  hence  an  arc  length 
of  from  f  to  IJ  inches  has  been  found  most  eflicient. 
The  feeding  mechanism  differs  from  the  "floating  sys- 
tem" of  the  carbon  arc  lamp  and  is  nuich  simpler, 
involving  a  feeding  device  to  maintain  constant  arc 
length.  In  the  magnetite  arc  lamp,  therefore,  when 
the  electrical  pressiu-e  is  applied  to  the  lamp,  the  arc 
is  struck,  and  the  electrodes  are  separated  to  a  definite 
distance,  say,  J  inch.  The  electrodes  are  then  locked 
in  this  position  and  remain  fixed  until,  by  the  slow 
consumption  of  the  negative  electrode,  the  arc  length 
and  thereby  the  arc  voltage  has  increased  sufficiently 
to  operate  the  feeding  mechanism,  which  resets  the  arc 
to  its  original  proper  length.  An  instance  of  work 
done  with  the  magnetite  lamp  is  afforded  by  Port- 
land, Oreg.,  where  after  trying  SOO  lamps  for  several 
months  the  installation  was  mcreased  to  1,200,  these 
lamps,  moreover,  being  operated  by  direct  current  ob- 
tained through  mercury  arc  rectifiers  to  which  alter- 
nating current  is  delivered  at  a  pressure  of  18,000 
volts.  These  rectifiers  will  be  referred  to  elsewhere. 
The  magnetite  arc  lamps  in  use  in  Portland  consume 
320  watts  in  the  lamp  in  ])laceof  500  watts  in  the  carbon 
arcs  employed  before,  and  obtain  for  364  watts  of  trans- 
mitted power  the  same  illumination  that  origimilly  re- 
quired 806  watts.  This  involves  a  saving  of  not  less 
than  1 ,768  kilowatt  h'ours  per  lamp  per  year.  The  cost 
of  attendaiu'c  on  thc^sc  lamps  has  been  a  little  less  than 
on  the  old  direct  current  o]>en  arcs  which  they  dis- 
placed, and  the  diflicultics  have  gradually  disappeared 
from  operation.  The  outages  that  were  noticed  at 
first  were  due  to  the  magnetite  sticks.  A  button  of 
hard  glazed  slag  would  form  on  the  end  of  the  stick  aiul 
act  as  an  efl'ective  insulator.  The  magnetite  elec- 
trodes were  made  by  the  process  of  packing  the  nnig- 
nelile  powder  or  conipoiiiul  into  an  iron  slieath  or  cyl- 
iiidcr,  as  notfd  above.  'I'liis  was  done  at  first  by  hand, 
wiili  the  rrsnll  thai  il  was  uneven,  and  the  slag  formed 
whin    Ihc   slicks   were    ])ack('d    loo   flriidy.     Machine 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


183 


packing:  has,  however,  been  adopted  and  this  difficulty- 
has  practically  been  eliminated. 

One  further  innovation  in  arc  lamp  practice  is  the 
introduction  of  lamps  in  which  snuiller  carbons  are 
used,  the  lamps  having  been  tried  with  success  in  Chi- 
cago. It  is  claimed  that  there  is  a  marked  increase  in 
the  amount  of  light  obtained  from  a  given  quantity  of 
power  as  well  as  a  wliiter  light.  The  light  is  steadier, 
as  the  arc  can  not  wander  so  easily  around  the  crater. 
The  size  of  the  carbon  adopted  is  y\  inch.  On  a  8.5- 
ampere  lamp  the  use  of  ^V-incii  carbons,  as  compared 
with  the  usual  ^-inch  carbons,  gives  a  consumption  of  2.2 
watts  per  candle,  as  against  3.4  watts  with  the  ^-inch 
carbons,  or  an  increase  of  50  per  cent  in  light.  It  is 
necessary  to  change  the  lamps  slightly  to  use  the 
smaller  carbons,  and  tliis  is  done  in  the  local  company's 
repair  department.  The  gain  in  steadiness  and  effi- 
ciency is  found  to  be  of  much  importance,  especially  in 
meeting  the  competition  of  gas  arc  lamps.  The  company 
is  now  obtaining  a  life  of  about  one  hundred  hours 
from  the  ^^^-inch  carbons.  The  smaller  carbons  do  not 
blacken  the  inner  globe  as  mucli  as  the  larger  carbons. 
With  large  carbons  it  was  necessary,  in  order  to  secure 
good  efficiency,  to  clean  the  inner  globes  every  seventy 
hours,  or  once  between  each  trimming.  It  is  now 
unnecessary  to  clean  between  trimmings.  The  in- 
crease of  efficiency  by  tlie  use  of  smaller  carbons,  as 
well  as  the  greater  steadiness  and  improved  color  of  the 
fight,  due  to  tlie  fact  that  there  is  not  such  a  prepon- 
derance of  violet  rays,  are  matters  upon  wMch  labo- 
ratory tests  are  hardly  necessary,  as  they  are  apparent 
even  to  the  casual  observer.  Before  ^^V-inch  carbons 
were  made  tlie  company's  standard,  the  matter  was 
exhaustively  tested.  Some  alternating  current  arc 
lamps  have  also  been  equipped  and  put  in  service  with 
"Tf-inch  carbons,  with  great  improvement  in  the  illu- 
mination. Small  arc  lamps  of  this  general  type  have 
also  been  tried  in  Germany,  within  the  past  year,  with 
the  object  of  closing  the  gap  between  the  standard  arc 
and  the  ordinary  incandescent. 

In  the  group  of  arc  lamps  must  be  included  search- 
lights and  projectors.  Table  11  shows  statistics  of  this 
type  of  lighting  devices  for  1900  and  1905. 


Table  11. — SearcMighU  and  projectors — number  and  value:  1905 
and  I'JOO. 


STATE. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States,  1905. . 

1,024 
8,283 

$114,795 
225,635 

1900 

States, 1905: 

Ciilifornia 

490 

1,0.50 

a84 

16  147 

47,207 
51,381 

All  other  states  ' 

'  Includes  states  as  follows:  Colorado,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Michigan,  New 
Jersey,  Oliio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin. 

According  to  the  tal)le  the  number  had  decreased  77 
per  cent,  v/hile  the  value  had  decrea.sed  about  one-half. 
On  the  face  of  it  there  would  appear  to  be  a  serious 
decline  in  this  class  of  production  since  the  year  1900, 
but  there  are  some  reasons  which  would  indicate  the 
existence  of  conditions  of  a  nature  more  satisfactory 
to  the  manufacturers.  As  will  be  seen,  the  average 
cost  per  searchlight  had  risen  in  the  period  from  S27  to 
$60,  but  this  is  in  reality  due  to  an  increase  in  the  size 
and  capacity  of  the  searclilight.  It  is  now  some  years 
since  searchlights  were  found  a  desirable  and  necessary 
adjunct  on  board  steamships  of  all  .sizes,  with  the  re- 
sult that  practically  all  vessels  of  American  register 
have  been  equipped  with  them.  The  field  of  consump- 
tion having  been  thus  filled  up,  practically  the  only 
market  that  is  left  is  the  annual  accessions  to  the  mer- 
chant marine,  and  it  will  be  seen  that  1,924  searchlights 
would  probably  take  care  of  all  the  additions  to  the 
steamsliip  fleets  of  the  United  States.  The  merchant 
marine  and  the  additions  to  the  Navy  are  practically 
the  only  outlets  for  the  manufacturers  of  searchlights, 
and  the  figures  quoted  indicate  that  the  market  has 
been  well  taken  care  of,  the  other  searchlights  not 
accounted  for  thus  being  required  cliiefly  for  renewals 
or  for  ships  not  previously  equipped.  This  group 
would  also  include  probably  some  larger  focusing  lamps 
of  the  kind  used  for  theatrical  purposes;  but  these 
again  have  not  been  treated  separately  and  are  very 
often  merely  large  arc  lamps  of  the  ordinary  type. 

Incandescent  lam'ps. — Table  12  shows  the  number  and 
value  of  incandescent,  and  decorative  and  miniature 
lamps,  etc.,  for  1900  and  1905. 

Table  12.— INCANDESCENT,  AND  DECORATIVE  AND  MINIATURE  L.4MPS,  ETC.— NUMBER  AND  VALUE:  1905  AND  1900. 


United  States,  1905. 
1900. 


States.  1905: 

Illinois 

Massachusetts. . 

Missouri 

New  Jersey 

New  Yorli 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania  — 
All  other  states. 


Aggregate 
value. 


$6,953,205 
3,515,118 


92,500 

898.000 

340, S41 

10,235 

239, 810 

1,591.438 

29,417 

3, 744, 964 


INCANDESCENT  LAMPS. 


Total 
value. 


$6,308,299 
3, 442, 183 


(') 

898,000 

346,841 

(') 

(') 

1, 591, 438 

29,417 

3, 442, 603 


16  candlepower. 


Below  16  candlepower. 


Number.         Value 


83,333,285 
21,191,131 


7,694,243 
20, 498, 570 

33,915,818 

365. 503 

2  20, 859, 151 


$4,608,084 
2,910,023 


Number.         Value. 


19,779,834 
2,900,817 


(') 

834,675 
346,841 

(') 

^^) 
1,076,057 

27.790 

«  2, 322, 721 


5') 

t') 
7,901,719 
(') 
« 11,878, 115 


$1,132,011 
308,626 


0) 
(■) 
(■) 
(■) 
(■) 

303, 168 
(') 
•828,843 


Above  hi  candle- 
power. 


Number.      Value. 


9,598,439 
1,222,250 


384,423 

(') 

(>) 

(') 
4,436,415 

17,819 


$568,204 
223,534 


(') 
63,325 

i 

212,213 
1,627 


•4,759,782  I  <291,039 


D  E  C  O  B  A  T I  VE  AND 
MINIATURE  UIMPS, 
X-RAY  BUI.BS.  VAC- 
UUM TUBES.  ETC. 


Number. 


Value. 


1,584,495  ;  $644,906 
397,432    72,935 


601,010 


32,461 
654,972 

('^ 

(') 

'296,052 


92,500 


10.235 
239,810 
(') 
0) 
» 302, 361 


1  Included  in  "  all  other  states." 

>  Includes  states  as  follows:  California,  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Kentucl!:y,  Maine,  Micliigan,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Oregon,  and  Texas. 

*  Includes  states  as  follows:  California.  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Massachusetts.  Michigan.  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  New  Yorli,  and  Pennsylvania. 

*  Includes  states  as  follows:  California,  Colorado.  Connecticut,  Illinois.  KentuclcV,  Michigan,  Missouri.  Xew  .lersey,  and  New  York. 

*  Includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut,  Iowa.  Massachusetts,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  and  Rhode  Island. 


4.52.54— MFC,   1905— IT  4— O.S- 


-1-t 


184 


MANUFACTURES. 


One  of  the  largest  specialized  departments  of  elec- 
trical production  is  that  of  incandescent  lighting. 
The  gain  in  this  branch  since  the  year  1900  has  been 
quite  remarkable,  the  total  value  rising  from  S3, 515, 118 
to  S6,953,205,  so  that  the  amount  has  almost  doubled 
in  the  period.  The  principal  gain  as  to  quantity  and 
value  has  notably  been  in  16-candlepower  lamps, 
wliich  remain  the  standard,  although  there  are  indi- 
cations that  it  is  likely  to  be  raised,  owing  to  the 
competition  of  gas  of  higher  candlepower  than  was 
common  when  the  incandescent  lamp  was  introduced. 
The  number  of  incandescent  lamps  of  16  candlepower 
has  risen  from  21,191,131  to  83,333,285,  and  the  value 
has  nearly  doubled,  but  it  will  be  seen  from  the  table 
that  there  has  been  a  remarkable  reduction  in  value 
per  lamp,  so  that  these  lamps  reach  the  consumer  at 
a  retail  price  proportionately  reduced.  Lamps  below 
16  candlepower  in  illuminating  capacity  are  used  to 
an  increasing  extent  for  various  purposes,  and  the 
number  mcreased  from  2,906,817  to  19,779,834,  or 
more  than  fivefold.  The  value  rose  from  $308,626 
to  $1,132,011.  In  like  manner  there  was  a  remark- 
able increase  in  the  number  and  value  of  the  lamps 
above  16  candlepower,  these  being  principally  32  and 
50  candlepower.  The  number  increased  from  1,222,250 
to  9,598,439,  the  gain  being  almost  sevenfold.  The 
increase  in  decorative  and  miniature  lamps,  etc.,  is 
not  so  great  as  might  have  been  expected  from 
the  prevalence  of  street  signs,  but  the  increase  was 
from  397,432  to  1,584,495,  with  a  correspondingly 
large  increase  in  the  value.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  a 
large  proportion  of  lamps  below  16  candlepower  arc 
employed  for  decorative  and  sign  purposes.  It  is 
only  in  the  group  of  decorative  and  miniature  lamps 
that  an  increase  in  price  per  unit  is  shown,  but  this 
is  due  to  the  attempts  to  place  at  the  disposal  of  the 
public  very  small  lamps  of  ingenious  design  and  con- 
struction for  special  effects.  In  reality,  the  product 
throughout  the  gi-oup  as  a  whole  shows  a  remarkable 
reduction  in  cost,  the  more  noteworthy  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  during  the  j)ast  live  j-ears  nearly  fifty  manu- 
facturers have  allied  themselves  under  the  protection 
of  certain  parents,  standardizing  their  methods  of 
production  and  quality  of  ()Ut[)ut.  This  combination 
does  not  constitute  a  monopoly,  as  there  are  also  a 
large  number  of  independent  manufacturers. 

The  importance  of  the  incandescent  lamp  in  the 
field  of  electrical  industry  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that, 
as  shown  by  the  statistics  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Census 
in  the  Report  on  Central  Electric  Light  and  Power 
Stations,  out  of  a  total  of  3,620  private  and  municipal 
stations  enumerated  in  1902  no  fewer  than  3,484  were 
engaged  in  commercial  or  other  private  incandescent 
lighting,  while  606  private  and  municipal  plants  re- 
ported that  they  were  engaged  exclusively  in  the  Inisi- 
ness  of  incandescent  lighting.  Further  evidence  as 
to  the  importance  of  the  incandescent  lamj)  wa-s  given 


by  the  fact  that  of  the  total  income  of  all  stations 
of  §85,700,605  more  than  half— $44,657,102— was 
derived  from  incandescent  service.  It  is  true  that 
during  recent  years  the  supply  of  electrical  energy  for 
motive-power  purposes  from  central  stations  has  gained 
rapidly,  but  in  view  of  the  enormous  increase  in  the 
production  of  incandescent  lamps  it  would  appear 
that  the  proportion  of  income  from  light  thus  exhibited 
has  at  least  been  maintamed,  and  when  compared 
with  the  income  from  arc  lighting  may  be  said  to  have 
increased.  In  view  of  these  points,  it  will  be  readily 
understood  that  among  manufacturers  as  well  as 
among  central  station  managers  and  the  owners  of 
isolated  plants  there  has  been  seen  an  extraordinary 
demand  for  improvements  in  the  manufacture  of 
incandescent  lamps,  resulting  in  the  last  five  years  in  an 
outburst  of  research  and  invention  in  this  field  that 
changed  its  aspect  entirely.  The  use  of  the  electric 
street  sign  has  also  had  a  very  marked  eifect  on  the 
production  of  incandescent  lamps,  and  the  result  of  an 
inquiry  made  by  one  of  the  central  station  companies 
during  the  past  year  shows  from  the  data  furnished  by 
1,188  central  station  companies  that  no  fewer  than 
75,000  electric  street  signs  were  in  use  in  the  United 
States,  yielding  an  income  of  over  $4,000,000  a  year 
from  power  consumption. 

Before  noticing  the  more  radical  innovations  in  the 
art  of  incandescent  lamp  manufacture  it  is  well  to  put 
on  record  the  improvements  which  have  come  from 
the  perfection  of  familiar  processes,  and  have  gradually 
reduced  the  selling  price  of  the  lamp  of  the  carbon 
filament  t\'pe  to  a  point  where  practically  ten  lamps 
are  sold  for  a  dollar  instead  of  one.  The  carbon  fila- 
ment lamp,  when  introduced,  contained  about  thirty 
times  as  much  platinum  in  the  leading-in  wires  to 
which  the  carbon  strip  is  attached  as  does  the  lamp  of 
the  present  day.  The  exhausting  of  air  from  the  lamp 
by  mercury  pumps  in  order  to  create  a  high  vacuum 
now  recpiires  but  a  single  minute,  where  half  an  hour 
was  necessarj'  ten  years  ago,  and  from  four  to  five 
hours  at  the  beginning  of  the  art.  As  a  matter  of  fact 
twenty-live  years  ago  the  mere  cost  of  exhausting  a 
lamp  was  greater  than  the  whole  cost  of  the  lamp  at 
the  present  time.  All  the  glass  blowing  operations  on 
the  bulb  have  been  changed  from  hand  work  with  ex- 
pensive skilled  labor  to  machine  work  that  a  tyro  can 
regulate,  and  the  labor  cost  of  the  glass  processes  is 
barely  10  per  cent  of  what  it  was  in  1882.  All  the 
lamps  sent  out  are  tested  by  photometric  jirocess,  but 
to-day  that  incidental  work  costs  but  one-tenth  of 
what  it  did  formerly.  The  first  successful  lamps  were 
based  upon  carbon  filaments  made  from  jiaper  and 
bamboo,  but  at  a  very  early  stage  cellulose  material 
was  employed,  and  it  has  now  come  into  universal  use. 
Such  lamps,  of  a  sfiindaiil  in-candlepower  ca])acity, 
re(|uirc  but  50  watts  of  electrical  power  for  their  full 
efficiency,  so  that  the  current  consumption  has  also 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


185 


been  cut  in  two.  It  is  estimated  that  in  the  first  quar- 
ter of  a  century  250,000,000  incandescent  lamps  of 
carbon  filament  type  were  produced,  or  at  the  aver- 
age rate  of  10,000,000  a  year;  but,  as  the  figures 
already  quoted  indicate,  the  total  number  is  now  over 
100,000,000  a  year. 

It  is  probable  that  for  some  time  to  come  lamps  of 
the  carbon  filament  type  will  continue  to  be  manufac- 
tured in  large  quantities,  but  even  in  these  important 
improvements  have  recently  been  made,  the  object 
being  to  secure  high  candlepower  with  less  consump- 
tion of  current.  The  principal  lamp  of  this  modified 
character  has  what  is  known  as  the  "metallized"  car- 
bon filament,  which  is  rated  at  2.5  watts  per  candle- 
power,  as  compared  with  the  plain  carbon  filament 
type,  whose  standard  consumption  has  been  3.10  watts 
per  candlepower.  The  new  filament  is  obtained  by 
applying  an  additional  process  to  the  ordinary  carbon 
filament,  the  treatment  including  heating  in  an  elec- 
tric furnace  to  a  temperature  of  from  3,000°  to  3,700° 
C,  tliis  firing  being  performed  both  before  and  after 
treatment.  The  additional  processes  result  in  the  pro- 
duction of  an  exceedingly  pure  form  of  carbon,  having 
greater  density  and  considerably  less  specific  resistance 
than  the  older  filament,  while  the  temperature  coeffi- 
cient is  changed  from  negative  to  positive.  For  this 
latter  reason  the  term  "metallized"  has  been  employed 
to  describe  the  new  filament,  although  it  contains  no 
metal.  These  lamps  are  now  generally  available  in  all 
the  standard  sizes  and  have  immediately  become 
popular. 

A  far  more  important  and  radical  advance  is  that 
which  has  been  made  in  the  production  of  incandes- 
cent lamps  with  metallic  filaments  in  place  of  carbon. 
Some  of  the  very  earliest  worK  in  the  subdivision  of 
electrical  current  for  lighting  purposes  was  done  with 
filaments  of  a  metallic  character,  such  as  platinum,  but 
these  were  foimd  at  the  time  insufficient  to  serve  as  the 
basis  of  a  commercial  art,  although  hope  in  that  direc- 
tion was  not  entirely  abandoned.  Experiment  has 
been  maintained  for  many  years,  and  the  first  success 
is  due,  as  in  so  many  other  fields  of  chemical  and  metal- 
lurgical research,  to  the  perseverance  of  German  sci- 
entists. Several  years  ago,  with  the  fundamental 
principle  as  a  starting  point,  that  the  visible  part  of 
radiation  from  an  incandescent  lamp  filament  increases 
progressively  with  the  temperature  of  the  filament, 
elaborate  laboratory  experiments  were  begun  in  Ger- 
many to  discover  a  metal  that  would  withstand  a 
much  higher  temperature  than  the  carbon  lamp  fila- 
ment can  endure  economically.  The  result  of  a  long 
series  of  tests  was  to  determine  the  selection  of  tan- 
talimi,  which  in  a  pure  state  was  foimd  to  yield  very 
satisfactory  results. 

The  chemical  properties  of  tantalimi  are  very  re- 
markable. When  cold,  the  material  strongly  resists 
chemical  agents;  it  is  not  attacked  by  boiling  hydro- 


chloric acid,  nitric  acid,  or  sulphuric  acid,  and  it  is  also 
indifferent  to  alkaline  solutions;  it  is  attacked  solely 
by  hydrofluoric  acid.  Heated  in  the  siir,  it  assumes  a 
yellow  tint  at  about  400°  C.  hke  steel,  and  also  like 
steel  the  tint  changes  to  dark  blue  when  the  tantalum 
is  exposed  for  some  time  to  500°  C.  Thin  wires  of  it 
when  ignited  bum  with  low  intensity  and  without  any 
noticeable  flame.  It  greedily  absorbs  hydrogen  as 
well  as  nitrogen,  even  at  a  low  red  heat,  forming  with 
them  combinations  of  a  metallic  appearance,  but 
rather  brittle.  It  combines  with  carbon  very  easily, 
forming  several  carbides  which,  as  far  as  they  are  at 
present  known,  are  all  of  metallic  appearance,  but  very 
hard  and  brittle.  When  in  the  form  of  powder,  still 
containing,  as  previously  stated,  oxide  and  hydrogen, 
the  specific  gravity  is  about  14;  when  purified  by  fu- 
sion and  drawn  into  wire,  it  has  a  specific  gravity  of 
16.8.  It  is  somewhat  darker  than  platinum  and  is 
about  as  hard  as  mild  steel,  but  shows  greater  tensile 
strength.  It  is  malleable,  although  the  effect  of  ham- 
mering is  relatively  small,  so  that  the  operation  must 
be  long  and  severe  to  extend  the  metal  into  a  sheet.  It 
can  be  rolled  as  well  as  drawn  into  very  fine  wire.  Its 
tensile  strength  as  a  wire  is  remarkably  high  and 
amoimts  to  133,000  pounds  per  square  inch.  Tlie 
electrical  resistance  of  the  material  at  indoor  tem- 
perature is  0.165  ohm  for  a  length  of  1  meter  and  a 
section  of  1  square  millimeter;  the  temperature  coeffi- 
cient is  positive  and  has  a  value  of  0.30  between  0°  and 
100°  C.  At  the  temperature  assumed  by  the  incan- 
descent filament  in  the  lamp  under  a  load  of  1.5  watts 
per  candlepower,  the  resistance  rises  to  0.830  ohm  for 
a  length  of  1  meter  and  a  section  of  1  square  millime- 
ter. The  Siemens-Halske  Company  in  Germany  has 
taken  out  about  200  patents  on  the  tantalum  lamp, 
comprising  about  1,000  claims.  Experiments  ■n-ith 
many  hundreds  of  the  tantalum  lamps  gave  a  useful 
life  of  four  himdred  to  six  hundred  hours,  during 
which  it  consumed  about  1.5  watts  per  candlepower. 
Useful  life  is  defined  as  the  time  at  the  end  of  which  the 
lamp  has  lost  20  per  cent  of  its  "light  power."  The 
candlepower  increases  during  the  first  one  hundred 
hours,  whereby  the  specific  power  consumption  de- 
creases to  about  1.3  watts  per  candle.  The  latter  then 
increases,  and  at  the  end  of  the  useful  life  the  lamp  con- 
sumes 1.8  to  2  watts  per  candle.  The  lamp,  however, 
continues  to  burn  for  one  thoiisand  or  one  thousand  five 
hundred  hours.  It  is  foimd  to  lurn  much  better  on  di- 
rect than  on  alternating  current,  as  the  latter  appears 
to  disintegrate  the  filament  rapidly;  and  in  the  United 
States  it  is  now  being  used  only  on  direct  current  cir- 
cuits. The  price  to  the  retail  purchaser  of  a  22-candle- 
power  tantalum  lamp,  consuming  44  watts  of  electrical 
power,  is  60  cents;  and  the  New  York  Edison  Com- 
pany, which  supphes  new  lamps  free  to  its  customers, 
makes  a  charge  of  35  cents  for  this  lamp.  This  prac- 
tice may  be  taken  as  an  index  of  the  general  practice 


186 


MANUFACTURES. 


of  the  central  station  companies  in  introducing  the  new 
illuniinant.  The  makers  in  Germany  have  produced 
and  placed  on  the  market  a  2.2  watt  lamp  for  pres- 
sures of  50,  55,  60,  65,  75,  100,  and  110  volts,  whose 
useful  life  is  quoted  as  being  from  eight  hundred  to  one 
thousand  hours,  with  the  total  life  often  reaching  one 
thousand  five  hundred  or  two  thousand  hours. 

Another  lamp  of  the  metallic  filament  type  is  the 
osmium,  which  has  been  introduced  to  some  extent  in 
Europe  but  is  not  yet  widely  known  in  the  United 
States.  The  crude  material  is  very  finely  divided 
osmium — one  of  the  rare  metals — which  is  mixed  with 
binding  substances  so  as  to  form  a  thick,  tough  paste, 
which  is  forced  under  very  high  pressure  through  a  die. 
A  thread  is  thus  obtained,  which  is  formed  into  loops. 
The  threads  are  then  dried  and  heated  in  a  vacuum  in 
order  to  carbonize  the  binding  material,  and  they  are 
next  subjected  to  the  processes  of  formation.  The 
threads,  which  at  this  stage  consist  of  porous,  rough 
osmium  with  a  high  content  of  carbon,  are  heated  for 
a  long  time  by  means  of  electric  current,  being  brought 
gradually  through  higher  and  higher  temperatures  to 
white  heat  in  an  atmosphere  containing  a  great  deal  of 
steam  and  various  quantities  of  reduced  gases.  In  this 
manner  the  filament  becomes  pure  porous  osmium  of  a 
far  greater  density  than  the  original  rough  thread. 
During  the  use  of  the  lamp  the  osmium  surface  be- 
comes gradually  smoother  and  smoother,  which  ac- 
counts for  the  increase  in  the  light  given  out  by  the 
lamp  in  the  first  few  hours  of  use.  The  filament,  which 
has  an  approximate  length  of  15  inches,  is  divided  into 
three  separate  loops  connected  in  series  by  moans  ( f 
two  loops  of  platinum  wire,  the  middle  of  each  of  which 
is  fused,  by  means  of  a  glass  bead,  to  the  top  of  the 
stem  carrying  the  two  leading-in  wires.  Each  fila- 
ment is  anchored  in  order  to  prevent  the  loops  from 
touching  the  dome  of  the  bulb,  and  the  anchor  device 
consists  of  a  small  glass  rod  to  the  end  of  which  is  at- 
tached a  turn  of  small  wire  or  white  refractory  metal. 
The  filament  is  anchored  not  at  its  extremity  but 
somewhat  above  the  turn  of  the  loop.  The  lamps  can 
be  burned  only  in  a  vertical  downward  position.  The 
consumption  is  1.5  watts  per  candlcpower,  and  the 
standard  type  is  a  50-volt  25-candlepower  lamp,  guar- 
anteed at  tliat  consumption  of  electrical  power.  Tlie 
useful  life  of  the  lamp  is  given  as  about  two  thousand 
hours,  but  some  have  been  burned  five  thousand 
hours.  The  osmium  lamp  is  somewhat  more  fragile 
than  the  ordinary  carbon  filament  lamp  if  exposed  to 
hard  knocks,  but  it  .seems  able  to  withstand  a  great 
deal  of  vibration,  a.s  in  train  lighting,  for  wliicli  it  has 
proved  satisfactory  iu  connection  with  storage  battery 
equipments.  Its  low  voltage  has  also  made  it  desirable 
for  mine  safety  lamp  imrpo.scs. 

Anotlicrlanipof  this  diaracterisone  in  which  the  fila- 
ment is  made  from  a  metal  alloy  of  which  tlie  rare  metal 
zirconium  is  a  component.     Lamps  of  this  kind  require 


only  a  small  pressure,  such  as  2  or  4  volts,  and  hence, 
like  the  osmium,  are  available  more  particularly  in  con- 
nection with  storage  batteries.  Tests  on  these  lamps 
show  that  2-candlepower  lamps  at  4  volts  give  a  con- 
sumption of  0.92  watt  per  candlepower,  whereas  the  or- 
dinaiy  carbon  filament  lamp  of  the  same  low  candle- 
power  consumes  3.8  watts.  The  lamp  is  expensive  in 
first  cost,  but,  as  ■wall  be  seen,  the  cost  of  operation  is 
low,  and  a  more  recent  lamp  of  this  type  is  reported  to 
have  a  consumption  of  1.2  watts  per  candlepower  ■with 
a  life  of  five  hundred  hours,  but  needs  careful  handling 
and  is  commercial  only  on  low  voltages. 

The  latest  development  in  metallic  filaments  for  in- 
candescent lamps  relates  to  the  work  on  tungsten,  con- 
ducted principally  abroad,  although  in  the  last  three 
or  four  years  a  large  amount  of  research  and  investi- 
gation has  gone  on  in  the  United  States  also.  The 
merit  of  the  tungsten  lamp  consists  in  the  fact  that  it 
consumes  only  between  1  and  1.25  watts  of  electrical 
power  per  candlepower,  as  compared  with  the  3.10  of 
the  ordmary  carbon  filament  type,  2.5  of  metallized  fila- 
ment, and  the  2  watts  of  the  tantalum  lamp.  Wliile 
tungsten  is  considered  one  of  the  rare  elements,  its 
compoimds  are  already  of  considerable  use.  Sodium 
timgstate  is  employed  in  impregnating  fibers  to  make 
them  fireproof,  and  as  a  mordant  in  dyeing.  Tung- 
sten bronzes  are  employed  largely  as  bronze  powders 
and  pigments.  The  chief  employment  of  tungsten  in 
recent  years,  however,  has  been  for  high-s2:)eod  tool 
steels  and  for  ordinary  steel  in  armor  plates  and  large 
guns.  A  few  years  ago  very  little  was  produced  in 
this  country,  but  the  quantity  of  tungsten  concentrates 
reported  for  the  year  1905  was  803  tons.  The  tung- 
sten concentrates  valued  formerly  at  $2  or  $3  per  unit 
are  now  worth  at  least  ^6  per  unit,  the  unit  moaning  1 
per  cent  of  a  ton.  It  will  be  obvious,  therefore,  that 
tungsten  is  a  rare  element,  although  not  in  the  same 
sense  as  osmium  or  platinum.  Like  most  metals  pro- 
posed for  incandescent  lamp  filaments,  tungsten  has 
a  lower  electric  resistivity  than  carbon,  and  for  this 
reason  the  manufacture  of  high  voltage  tungsten  lamps 
is  a  more  diliicult  process  than  is  the  production  oi  car- 
bon lamps  for  the  same  voltages — say,  the  standard, 
110.  In  the  main,  however,  these  difficulties  in  the 
manufacture  of  tungsten  lamps  have  been  successfully 
overcome,  as  the  lamps  arc  now  on  the  market  in  both 
Europe  and  the  United  States. 

The  fundamental  value  of  timgsten  foi'  lamp  fila- 
ments lies  essentinlly  in  its  enormously  high  ])oint  of 
melting  or  volatilization.  In  this  respect  it  perhaps 
re.semt)les  carbon  and  the  nonmetallic  elements.  In 
the  common  use  of  the  word  "metal,"  ])ure  tungsten  is 
virluaily  unknown.  If  has  not  yet,  for  instance,  been 
reduced  to  ingot  fnriii  from  which  anything  coidd  be 
hammered,  or  cut,  or  drawn.  Hence,  so  far  as  is 
known,  a  filament  of  wire  such  as  is  used  in  the  tan- 
talum lamp, for  example,  cannot  be  paralleled  or  dupli- 


ELECTTUCAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


187 


cated  from  tungsten,  so  that  the  filaments  now  in  use 
in  tun<z;stcn  hiinps  have  to  be  obtained  by  what  may  be 
called  roundabout  methods,  and  when  completed  are 
like  carbon  filaments,  aggregations  of  amorphous 
structures  or  of  iiifiiiitosimal  crystals.  Three  different 
processes  are  in  use  for  making  tungsten  filaments. 

The  first  process  is  based  on  the  effort  to  coat  a  car- 
bon filament  with  tungsten  and  results  in  the  simul- 
taneous dissolution  of  the  carbon  filament,  and  its 
replacement  by  finely  divided  tungsten,  which  is 
strengthened  by  a  process  akin  to  "flashing,"  or,  in 
other  words,  the  heating  up  of  the  filament  in  the  vapor 
of  a  tungsten  compound.  The  other  two  processes 
start  with  very  luiely  divided  tungsten,  worked  up 
into  a  paste,  from  which  the  filaments  are  formed. 
Further  treatment  is  then  given  by  firing.  The  earlier 
processes  dealt  with  a  paste  made  of  what  may  be 
called  precipitated  tungsten.  The  later  process  is 
based  on  so-called  colloidal  metal,  which  presents  the 
advantage  of  almost  infinitely  fine  subdivisions.  The 
result  is  of  the  same  nature,  whether  the  filament  is  pre- 
pared by  the  "substitution"  process,  the  paste  process, 
or  the  colloidal  process — namely,  an  extremely  fine 
thread  1  or  2  mils  in  diameter,  of  compactly  ag- 
gregated pure  or  nearly  pure  tungsten.  These  fila- 
ments are  dense  and  of  smooth  and  uniform  appear- 
ance, but  thus  far  appear  to  be  quite  brittle,  as  might 
be  anticipated  from  their  structure.  The  elimination 
of  this  tenderness  is  one  of  the  problems  of  the  future 
for  this  new  lamp.  These  lamps  have  an  advantage 
over  the  tantalum  in  the  fact  that  they  can  be  burned 
equally  well  on  both  alternating  and  direct  current ;  but 
like  the  tantalum,  the  tungsten  lamp  is  best  burned  m 
a  vertical  downward  position,  although  in  this  respect 
it  more  nearly  resembles  the  osmium.  The  lamps  that 
have  been  introduced  conmaercially  are  rated  at  25 
candlepower,  consuming  1  watt  per  candlepower  and 
are  given  a  life  of  not  less  than  one  thousand  five 
hundred  hours.  A  standard  lamp  introduced  ta 
Europe  and  already  known  in  the  United  States  con- 
sumes 40  watts  and  has  three  filament  loops  with  a 
total  length  of  filament  of  17  inches. 

The  statistics  of  decorative  or  miniature  lamps,  etc., 
include  also  vacuum  tubes,  vacuum  and  vapor  lamps, 
and  X-ray  bulbs,  which  are  not  enumerated  separately. 
The  vacuum  tubes  and  lamps  are  used  for  lighting  and 
for  photographic  purposes.  The  X-ray  is  now  em- 
ployed almost  exclusively  for  surgical  investigations, 
chiefly  those  by  which  the  interior  of  the  human  body 
can  be  inspected,  and  broken  bones,  foreign  substances, 
etc.,  be  located.  The  vacuum  tubes  consist  principally 
of  those  based  upon  the  utilization  of  the  vapor  of 
mercury.  This  type  has  been  upon  the  market  since 
1903  and  has  come  into  extensive  use.  The  words 
"vacuum  tube"  are  employed  generically  to  distin- 
guish the  exhausted  bulbs  or  lamps  which  contain  no 
filaments,  but  which  have  in  them  gases  other  than  air 


or  such  metals  as  mercury,  which  will  when  vaporized 
"carry  the  arc,"  so  to  speak,  and  will  thus  maintain 
illumination.  In  the  leading  lamp  of  this  type  the 
liglit  giving  element  is  a  gaseous  vapor  of  mercury 
inclosed  in  a  hermetically  sealed  glass  tube,  varying  in 
length  from  17  to  45  inches,  and  about  1  inch  in 
diameter.  This  tube  is  suspended  from  the  ceiling  and 
is  mounted  on  a  tilting  arm,  suspended  from  a  pendant 
canopy  which  contains  the  regulating  mechanism. 
When  the  current  is  turned  on  the  mercury  becomes 
vaporized,  thus  maintaining  the  circuit  throughout  the 
length  of  the  tube,  which  becomes  wholly  luminous. 
The  complete  lamp  outfit  may  be  said  to  comprise  the 
exhausted  glass  vacuum  tube,  the  holder  and  reflector, 
and  the  auxiliaries. 

The  tubes  intended  to  operate  on  direct  current  have 
a  positive  electrode  of  iron  at  one  end  and  a  negative 
electrode  of  metallic  mercury  in  a  bulbous  cup  at  the 
other  end.  The  tubes  for  alternating  current  lamps 
have  two  positive  electrodes  of  iron  at  one  end  and  a 
negative  electrode  of  mercury  at  the  other  end.  The 
alternating  current  enters  the  vacuum  by  the  positive 
electrode  and  leaves  the  tube  by  the  negative  electrode. 
These  alternating  current  lamps  operate  in  reality  as 
a  converter,  in  application  of  the  principle  of  negative 
electrode  resistance,  which  will  be  referred  to  later. 
In  all  types  of  the  tube  the  terminal  connections  to 
the  sources  of  electrical  supply  reach  the  electrode 
through  platinum  wires.  The  lamps  are  set  in  oper- 
ation by  tilting  them  for  an  instant,  either  mechanic- 
ally, by  pulling  a  small  chain  attached  to  the  upper 
end,  or  automatically,  by  means  of  a  small  magnetic 
attachment.  This  tipping  of  the  higher  end  of  the 
tube  causes  the  mercury  to  flow  from  one  end  to  the 
other  in  a  small  stream,  which  bridges  the  vacuum  in 
the  tube  momentarily,  thus  closing  the  circuit  through 
the  tube,  and  the  resulting  arc  of  current  vaporizes 
some  of  the  mercury.  The  subsequent  steady  flow  of 
electrical  current  in  the  vacimm,  after  the  return  of  the 
lamp  to  the  normal  position  at  a  shght  angle,  increases 
the  vapor  pressure  and  excites  it  to  a  high  degree  of 
lununous  incandescence.  The  holder  or  fixture 
bracket  for  the  tube  consists  of  a  lamp  rod  with 
clamps,  from  wliich  the  tube  can  be  easily  removed 
or  inserted,  and  the  suspension  bar  himg  close  to  a 
light  colored  ceiling  without  reflectors,  or  else  equipped 
with  flat  or  curved  reflectors  of  different  styles.  The 
standard  flat  reflectors,  6  inches  wide,  are  used  gen- 
erally where  the  lamps  are  hung  at  some  distance 
from  the  roof  or  ceiling.  The  faces  are  white  enam- 
eled so  as  to  increase  the  diffusion  of  light,  while  the 
reflector  tops  and  holders  are  finished  in  a  lustrous 
black.  The  auxiliary  consists  of  two  or  three  coils 
of  resistance  wire,  an  inductance  coil,  and  a  ballast 
bulb  intended  to  correct  abnormal  voltage  variations 
on  the  line,  all  being  connected  in  series  with  the 
tube.     This  auxiliary  mechanism  is  placed  within  a 


188 


MANUFACTURES. 


email  canopy,  heat  insulated  from  the  ceiling  by  an 
asbestos  shield,  and  fastened  to  the  ceiling  on  a  jjlate 
attachment  having  a  claw  foot  into  which  the  susj^en- 
sion  bar  is  secured. 

The  standard  type  of  lamp  of  700  candlepower  for 
direct  current  is  55  inches  long,  with  a  length  of  45 
inches  of  light-giving  tube.  It  is  operated  at  3* 
amperes  and  consumes  385  watts  when  installed 
single  on  110  Tolt  circuits,  or  0.55  watt  per  candle- 
power. 

The  direct  current  lamp  is  made  in  two  sizes — one 
24  inches  long,  17^  inches  of  tube,  giving  260  candle- 
power;  and  the  other  27^  inches  over-all  length,  \vith 
20^  inches  of  tube,  giving  300  candlepower. 

The  alternating  current  lamp  of  425  candlepower 
is  34  inches  long,  ^vith  a  28-inch  tube,  and  is  designed 
to  operate  on  all  single  phase  circuits  of  a  frequency 
of  60  cycles  or  more.  It  consumes  275  watts,  or  0.64 
watt  per  candlepower.  These  tubes  appear  to  have 
a  long  life,  ranging  in  many  cases  over  ten  thousand 
hours,  although  they  become  somewhat  blackened 
with  long  service. 

The  absence  of  red  rays  in  the  mercury  vapor  lamp 
renders  it  undesirable  or  inapplicable  for  every  pur- 
pose, but  it  is  found  particularly  useful  in  industrial 
and  other  plants,  and  it  may  be  noted  that  all  the 
United  States  Government  currency  and  internal 
revenue  stamps  are  printed  under  its  light  in  the 
Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing  at  Washingtcm, 
where  the  nature  of  the  presswork  requires  a  high 
quality  of  widely  diffused  light.  Another  typical 
instance  of  its  use  is  in  the  New  York  Times  building, 
where  no  fewer  than  42  of  these  tubes  are  employed, 
of  which  26  are  in  the  press  and  stereotyping  rooms, 
lighting  an  area  of  1,700  square  feet.  Mr.  Peter 
Cooper-Hewitt,  who  is  to  be  credited  with  the  develop- 
ment of  this  lamp,  has  improved  the  color  of  the  light 
by  the  addition  of  the  vapors  of  lithium,  potassium, 
and  rubidium,  which  will,  however,  attack  the  tube 
if  made  of  quartz.  Other  attempts  in  the  direction 
of  changing  the  color  of  the  light  involve  the  intro- 
duction of  inert  gases,  such  as  neon,  nitrogen,  or 
argon.  Means  adopted,  external  to  the  lamp  itself,  to 
supply  the  deficiency  of  red  rays  have  met  with  no 
marked  success.  In  the  meantime  the  lamp,  during 
the  past  two  or  three  years,  has  become  so  widely  used 
as  no  longer  to  excite  comment,  and  the  prejudice  or 
objection  to  the  color  has  died  out  so  far  as  any  indus- 
trial work  is  concerned. 

There  are  one  or  two  other  systems  of  mercury  vapor 
lamps,  including  those  in  which  incandescent  lamps 
have  been  associated  with  the  tube,  so  as  to  secure  an 
agreeable  blend  of  the  two  lights.  A  more  distinctive 
variation,  liowever,  is  found  in  the  Moore  syslcm, 
which  IS  based  upon  con-sideruble  Icngtlis  of  tube, 
ranging  as  high  as  200  feet  all  in  one  stretch,  giving  an 
unbroken  band  or  cornice  of  light  around  the  room  or 


space  thus  illuminated.  These  long  tubes  are  made 
on  the  premises  of  the  customer  by  sealing  hermet- 
ically together  tubes  that  come  in  lengths  of  8  feet  6 
inches,  a  new  portable  gas  fire  having  been  worked 
out  for  this  purpose.  The  lamp  is  of  the  alternating 
current  type,  the  electrodes  reversing  their  sign  at 
each  alternation,  necessitating  high  voltage  to  be  ap- 
plied at  the  terminals  in  order  that  the  intervals 
between  the  successive  impulses  will  not  be  apparent 
to  the  eye,  which  would  otherwise  be  disagreeably 
affected  by  the  unsteadiness  or  fluctuations  of  the  light. 
All  the  distinctly  electrical  apparatus  is  placed  in  a 
single  steel  case  or  box,  from  which  the  tubes  extend 
for  illummating  purposes.  A  low-potential  alternat- 
ing current  circuit  supplies  the  apparatus  with  elec- 
trical energy  at  60  cycles,  and  the  tube  contains  a 
nonmetallic  gas  or  vapor  under  very  small  pressure. 
The  terminal  of  the  tube  within  the  box  contains  at 
each  end  carbon  internal  electrodes.  Within  the  box 
also  is  the  step-up  transformer,  to  the  low-potential 
coil  of  which  current  is  supplied,  the  high-potential  ter- 
minals being  attached  directly  to  the  tube  electrodes. 
Hence  the  only  wires  extending  from  or  into  the  box  are 
the  ordinary  low-potential  service  wires.  Some  of 
these  tubes  are  150  to  200  feet  in  length  with  a  diam- 
eter of  If  inches,  operating  at  a  brilliance  of  4.2  candle- 
power  per  foot  of  tube.  The  efficiency  varies  with  the 
length  of  the  tube,  and  an  actual  total  candlepower  for 
one  instance  is  claimed  of  2,200  with  a  total  consump- 
tion of  3,300  watts.  The  tube,  in  addition  to  being  oper- 
ated in  continuous  lengths — as,  for  example,  around 
the  four  sides  of  a  room  or  of  a  long  passageway — can 
be  bent  back  and  forth  into  frames  for  photographic 
purposes  or  can  be  made  to  follow  the  irregular  out- 
line of  a  building  or  portico,  and  can  even  be  twisted 
so  as  to  form  letters  and  spell  words.  In  this  last  form 
it  lends  itself  admirably  to  advertising  purposes.  The 
color  of  the  light  is  excellent,  and  for  the  illumination 
of  large  areas  such  tubes  appear  to  have  a  promising 
future,  although  apparently  they  can  not  be  used  eco- 
nomically in  small  units  or  short  lengths.  An  effect- 
ive illustration  of  their  employment  is  furnished  in  one 
of  the  largest  department  stores  in  New  York  city, 
where  two  tubes  of  154  feet  each,  attaciied  to  the  ceil- 
ing of  a  basement  floor,  have  disj)laced  nine  arc  lamps 
and  give  effective  and  agreeable  illumination  over 
goods  of  a  very  varied  nature. 

In  passing,  a  most  ingenious  and  important  utiliza- 
tion of  the  mercury  bulb  or  vacuiun  tube  must  be 
noticed  in  respect  to  its  use  as  a  converter,  transform- 
ing alternating  to  direct  current  in  places  where  only 
the  former  is  available  and  only  the  latter  is  desired, 
The  possibility  of  conversion  of  alternating  current 
into  direct  current  in  tliis  mniuier  depends  upon  the 
laws  which  underlie;  the  familiar  starling  character- 
istics of  the  mercury  vapor  lamps.  In  the  lamp  tiie 
reluctance  to  start  was  in  some  respects  an  obstacle, 


ELECTT^irAL  MACITTXERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


189 


while  in  the  converter  the  whole  function  depends 
upon  this  resistance;  and  the  invention  was  an  ex- 
tremely ingenious  means  of  rendering  useful  what  was 
otherwise  a  troublesome  characteristic.  Various  types  . 
of  this  apparatus  are  now  largely  used,  princii)aily  for 
the  charging  of  storage  batteries  from  an  alternating 
current  circuit,  and  but  for  the  existence  of  this  device 
the  batteries  which  can  be  charged  only  with  direct 
current  would  require  stej)-down  transformers  and 
rotary  converters.  In  other  words,  they  would  need 
costly  miniature  reproductions  of  the  substations  famil- 
iar in  electric  railway  and  central  station  lighting. 

The  whole  transformation  of  current  for  a  set  of 
automobile  storage  batteries  takes  place  in  a  vacuum 
glass  bulb  resembling  a  very  large  pear,  in  the  standard 
outfit  about  9  inches  in  diameter.  This  glass  globe  has 
two  or  more  positive  electrodes  of  iron  at  the  top,  by 
which  the  alternating  current  enters  the  vacuum.  At 
the  bottom  of  the  globe  is  a  small  pool  of  mercury  con- 
stituting the  negative  electrode  through  which  the  cur- 
rent takes  a  continuous  or  direct  outward  flow  to  the 
batteries  or  other  devices.  Through  the  action  of  the 
negative  electrode  resistance,  the  positive  electrodes 
pass  current  only  into  the  bulb,  and  oppose  any  flow  of 
the  current  frona  it.  The  current  can  therefore  flow  in 
one  direction  only — tlixough  the  pool  of  mercury  at  the 
base  of  it — so  that  the  impulses,  waves,  or  fluctuations 
of  alternating  current  are  diverted  from  the  alternating 
circuit  and  leave  the  vacuum  in  the  form  of  the  desired 
positive  or  direct  current.  The  starting  resistance  of 
the  negative  mercury  electrode  is  overcome  by  tilting 
the  converter  bulb  until  the  mercury  connects  with  the 
mercury  of  a  small  supplementary  electrode,  and  cur- 
rent passes  between  the  two.  This  tilting  is  accom- 
plished automatically  when  the  alternating  current  and 
direct  current  switch  and  the  converter  switches  on  the 
panel  board  in  front  of  the  globe  are  thrown  in,  and  is 
repeated  automatically  upon  the  resumption  of  the 
flow  of  line  current  after  interruption  from  any  cause, 
so  that  an  excellent  protection  is  afforded  against  re- 
versal of  current.  The  efficiency  of  such  apparatus  is 
said  to  be  not  less  than  80  per  cent  in  supplying  current 
at  115  volts  to  a  set  of  from  20  to  44  cells  of  storage 
battery,  and  the  whole  converter  equipment  occupies  a 
space  of  but  15  by  22  by  26  inches.  Such  an  equip- 
ment has  a  minimum  operating  current  of  about  6 
amperes  and  a  maximum  capacity  of  30  amperes  in 
continuous  running,  giving  direct  current  voltage  of 
from  50  to  115  volts.  It  may  be  noted  that  a  certain 
amount  of  voltage  is  absorbed  in  the  converter  bulb 
itself,  namely,  15  volts,  which  is  practicallj'  independ- 
ent of  the  volume  of  current  flowing  and  which  appears 
as  heat  and  a  slight  quantity  of  light  within  the  bulb 
and  wlxich  is  dissipated  into  the  air  through  the  glass. 

A  type  of  lamp  that  belongs  in  neither  the  arc  nor  the 
incandescent  field,  but  which  is  also  included  in  the 
statistical  group  of  decoiative  and  miniatiu'e  lamps. 


etc.,  in  Table  12,  is  the  Nernst,  which  has  come  into 
widespread  use  since  the  date  of  the  last  report,  and  ia 
now  in  operation  in  connection  with  hundreds  of  cen- 
tral stations  and  isolated  plants  in  the  United  States. 
This  lamp,  which  owes  its  origin  to  a  German  scientist, 
has  as  its  light-giving  member  a  glower,  which  al- 
though not  brought  to  incandescence  in  a  vacuum,  as 
is  the  filament  in  the  ordinary  incandescent  lamp,  at 
the  same  time  does  not  burn  away  as  does  the  carbon 
in  the  various  forms  of  arc  lamp.  The  glower  is  made 
by  passing  through  a  die  a  dough  comy)osed  of  tlie 
oxides  of  rare  eartlis,  mixed  together  with  a  suitable 
binding  material.  A  porcelain-like  thread  or  string  is 
thus  obtained  which  is  cut,  after  drying,  into  short, 
convenient  lengths  and  is  then  baked.  Platinum  ter- 
minals are  attached  to  these  glowers,  which  are  then 
ready  for  insertion  in  the  lamp.  The  terminal  connec- 
tions between  the  glowers  and  the  leading-in  wires,  as 
made  by  Doctor  Nernst,  consist  of  a  few  turns  of 
platinum  wire  around  the  end  of  each  glower,  the  con- 
volutions being  finally  pasted  with  cement.  A  later 
form  of  successful  terminal  is  that  in  which  little  beads 
of  platinum  are  embedded  in  the  glower  ends,  to  which 
the  leading-in  wires  are  subsequently  attached  in  such 
a  manner  that  any  shrinkage  of  the  glower  material 
results  in  a  firmer  contact  with  the  platinum.  The 
peculiar  feature  of  glowers  is  that  when  cold  they  are 
insulators,  but  they  become  conductors  when  hot,  so 
thit  they  must  be  heated  before  they  will  pass  elec- 
trical energy  sufficiently  well  to  maintain  themselves  at 
a  light-emitting  temperature.  Moreover,  as  the  glower 
is  an  oxide,  incapable  of  further  oxidization,  it  is  oper- 
ative in  the  open  air  or  within  loosely  closed  globes, 
and  being,  moreover,  capable  of  withstanding  a  much 
higher  temperature  than  is  the  filament  of  the  ordi- 
nary incandescent  lamp  it  admits  of  great  economy  in 
operation,  wliile  furnishing  a  light  of  remarkably  supe- 
rior white  quality  and  color.  The  glower  in  a  standard 
220-volt  Nernst  lamp  is  1  inch  long  by  ^V  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Hence  it  is  in  sharp  contrast  to  the  ordinary 
carbon  filament  as  to  length  and  thickness.  It  is 
obvious  that  as  the  glower  is  a  nonconductor  when 
cold  it  requires  some  form  of  heater  to  bring  it  up 
to  a  conducting  temperature,  so  that  current  can 
flow  through  it  and  cause  incandescence.  The  glower 
becomes  a  good  conductor  at  about  600°  to  700°  C. 
Various  forms  of  heaters  have  been  made  to  work  auto- 
maticallj-,  as  the  earlier  forms  of  lamps  in  which  the 
heating  was  done  by  hand  were  far  too  slow  and  cum- 
brous for  connnercial  practice.  The  heaters  in  com- 
"  mon  use  consist  of  thin  porcelain  supports  mounted 
with  fine  platinum  wire,  which  in  turn  is  held  in  place 
and  protected  from  the  intense  heat  of  the  glower  by  a 
refractory  paste. 

Associated  with  the  heater  is  a  cut-out,  which  dis- 
connects the  heater  from  the  circuits  as  soon  as  the 
glower  lights  up,  which  takes  several  seconds.     The 


190 


MANUFACTURES. 


cut-out  comprises  a  small  coil,  an  armature,  and  con- 
tact, the  coil  being  heat  proof  and  embedded  in  cement, 
while  the  contact  is  nonoxidizable,  being  of  silver.  The 
heater  circuit  is  normally  kept  closed  by  the  force  of 
t^ravity,  as  the  lamps  are  operated  in  the  downward 
position,  although  a  successful  form  of  universal  cut- 
out is  available  which  tn-III  operate  with  the  lamp  in  any 
position.  The  mode  of  operation  of  the  lamp  is  there- 
fore the  admission  of  current  to  the  heater,  making  it 
white  hot,  whereupon  its  proximity  to  the  glower  causes 
the  latter  to  become  a  conductor  through  which  the 
current  then  passes.  When  the  current  through  the 
glower  has  reached  the  predetermined  proper  amount, 
the  cut-out  coil  becomes  energized  by  the  glower  cur- 
rent passing  through  it,  and  the  arm  of  the  cut-out 
which  had  hitherto  closed  the  heater  circuit  is  attracted 
and  opens  the  heater  circuit,  so  that  only  the  glower  is 
left  in  operation. 

Another  part  of  the  lamp  is  its  ballast,  or  steadying 
resistance,  of  fine  iron  wire.  The  conductivity  of  the 
glower  increases  with  the  temperature,  so  that  if  used 
directly  on  a  constant  potential  circuit  this  tempera- 
ture would  continue  to  rise,  and  very  soon  the  increas- 
ing amomit  of  current  flowing  would  destroy  the 
glower.  Hence  the  steadying  of  the  current  is  accom- 
plished by  this  ballast  of  iron  wire,  which  possesses  the 
property  of  increasing  its  resistance  with  great  rapidity 
on  reaching  the  critical  temperature,  and  operates  to 
prevent  short  circuiting,  or  "  flashing  out."  Thus  with 
a  10  per  cent  rise  in  current,  the  increase  of  resistance 
in  the  ballast  is  150  per  cent,  so  that  the  glower  is  thus 
protected  through  a  wide  range  of  supply  voltages. 
This  iron  wire  is  guarded  from  the  air  to  prevent  its 
oxidation  and  the  rapid  change  of  temperature,  and  is 
therefore  mounted  in  a  little  glass  bulb  filled  with  hy- 
drogen, which  is  an  inert  gas  and  conducts  the  heat 
from  the  ballast  to  the  walls  of  the  bulb  better  than 
other  gases.  These  diminutive  working  parts  are  all 
mounted  in  the  lamp  bodj'  in  a  suitable  manner.  The 
glower  and  its  heater  of  course  project  into  the  sur- 
rounding glass  globe,  while  the  other  parts  are  inclosed 
in  a  canopy  from  which  the  globe  depends.  The 
main  features  are  alike  in  all  the  lamps,  and  various 
sizes,  or  degrees  of  illumination,  are  obtained  by 
assembling  one  or  more  standard  glowers  with  their 
auxiliaries  within  the  canopy  and  globe.  Hence  the 
smaller  lamps  are  burned  with  but  a  single  glower, 
while  in  the  larger  type  as  many  as  six  glowers  are 
employed.  The  perishable  parts,  such  as  glowers, 
heaters, and  ballasts,  are  easilyrcncwed, being  mounted 
in  removable  pieces  called  tlio  "h(jldcr,"  which  may  be 
pushed  into  place  or  taken  out  like  an  incandescent 
lamp  with  regard  to  its  socket.  The  lamps  arc  burned 
usually  on  altertniting  current  at  a  frccjuency  of  60 
cycles  and  preferably  at  220  volts,  tho.se  in  use  in  this 
country  having  a  range  of  ii.so  on  any  frc(|Uf'ncy  of  from 
26  to  1 33  cycles.     The  lamps  are  made  for  both  110  and 


220  volts,  and  one  glower  lamp  at  110  volts  has  a  con- 
sumption of  44  watts  of  electrical  power.  The  6-glower 
lamp  at  110  volts  has  a  consumption  of  556  watts  and 
at  200  volts  a  consumption  of  528  watts. 

A  development  of  interest  during  the  past  year  in 
connection  with  the  Nernst  lamp  has  been  the  making 
of  a  series  lamp  of  moderate  candlepower  for  street 
illumination,  thus  allo^^'ing  the  lamp  to  be  used  in 
places  where  a  fairly  large  number  of  small  units  is 
required.  The  outfit  consists  of  a  single  glower  lamp 
connected  with  a  series  transformer,  the  primary  coil 
of  which  is  adapted  for  a  circuit  carrying  6.6  or  7.5 
amperes  of  constant  alternating  current.  Hence  the 
lamp  may  be  used  on  any  of  the  constant  current  series 
systems,  and  the  ordinary  50-light  "tub"  transformer 
will  energize  about  200  lamps  of  this  new  type.  The 
glower  and  heater  in  this  particular  form  of  lamp  are 
mounted  in  a  vertical  position  on  a  porcelain  base,  and 
the  heater  is  made  in  the  form  of  a  helix  around  the 
glower.  Another  exemplification  of  the  use  of  the 
lamp  is  afforded  by  the  huge  new  terminal  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  in  New  York  city,  for  which  this  type 
of  lamp  has  been  adopted,  and  for  which  no  fewer  than 
20,0p0  glower  units  will  be  required. 

LigTiting  fixtures. — Table  13  presents  statistics  of 
electric  light  fixtures  for  1900  and  1905. 

Table  13. — Electric  light  fixtures — value:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

Total 
value. 

Fixtures 
(value) . 

Lamp 
sockets, 
recepta- 
cles, 
bases,  etc. 
(value). 

United  States,  1905 

1900 

$5,305,466 
4,344,599 

$3,294,606 
3, 750, 670 

$2,010,860 
593,929 

States.  1905: 

California 

447,109 

1,094,785 

639,405 

7,000 

l,06;i,945 

150, 5(X) 

406,610 

896,112 

447,109 

397,498 

639, 405 

7,  (XX) 

1,06:!,  i)45 

l,'>(),.'iOO 

406,610 

s 182, 539 

1,297,287 
(') 

(') 

Pennsvlvania 

(') 

•713,673 

'Included  In  '  all  other  states." 

'Includes  states  as  follows:  Colorado,  Delaware,  Massachusetts,  Mtssourl, 
New  .Icrscy.  Oregon,  Hhoihi  Island,  and  Texas. 

3  Jneludes  states  as  follows:  Illinois,  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Ohio,  Penn- 
sylvania, Rhode  Island,  and  Texas. 

A  considerable  increase  is  shown  in  the  value  of 
electric  light  fixtures  of  all  kinds  reported  in  1905,  the 
amount  being  $5,3()5,lt)(i,  as  coinjiarcd  with  $4,344,599 
in  the  year  lUOO.  The  increase  is  accounted  for  to  a 
great  extent  by  the  larger  manufacture  of  sockets 
and  ba.ses  incidental  to  incandescent  lainjis,  for  which 
an  increase  of  23.S.6  per  cent  was  shown  for  the  period, 
but  the  bulk  of  the  amount  is,  as  before,  represented 
by  the  fixtures  tlicm.sclves.  It  will  have  been  gathered 
from  the  preceding  data  as  to  the  development  of  elec- 
tric Iniiips  of  new  forms  and  characteristics,  that  there 
has  been  a  coiisidcTabhi  development  also  in  the  fix- 
tures to  hold  these  lamps,  none  of  these  newer  fixtures 
being  known  or  included  in  the  statistics  at  the  time 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


191 


I 


I 


of  the  previous  census.  The  Moore  vacuum  tube,  the 
Hewitt  and  Steinmetz  mercury  vapor  lamps,  and  tlic 
Nernst  lamps  all  reciuire  special  fixtures  of  their  own 
for  tlicir  most  efficient  use,  and  even  some  of  the  new 
forms  of  incandescent  lamps  have  had  special  fixtures 
carefully  desip;ned  for  them,  in  order  to  secure  the  best 
results  in  dill'usion  and  distribution  of  light.  For 
example,  the  new  metallic  filament  lamps  are  associ- 
ated with  fixtures  and  special  types  of  holophane  reflec- 
tors, which  are  harmonized  in  their  relationsMp  to  the 
lamp  and  to  each  other,  with  a  great  gain  in  efficiency 
of  illumination  and  of  general  artistic  efi'ect.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  whole  art  of  fixture  designing  and 
construction  has  undergone  a  very  marked  change  and  i 
improvement  during  the  last  few  years,  on  account  of 
the  coming  into  existence  of  the  distinctively  new 
branch  of  illuminating  engineering,  which  is  already  so 
well  recognized  that  it  is  represented  by  a  national 
society  with  upward  of  500  members.  It  has  been  esti- 
mated that  the  yearly  expenditure  for  lighting  in  the 
United  States  is  well  above  $200,000,000,  of  wliich  at 
least  $20,000,000  is  wasted  on  account  of  the  use  of 
improper  fixtures,  shades,  reflectors,  etc.,  and  the  aim 
of  these  specialists  in  illumination  is  to  work  in  close 
relationship  with  the  architect,  the  decorator,  and  the 
designer  of  gas  and  electric  fixtures. 

The  modern  art  of  illumination  may  be  said  to  have 
broken  away  entirely  from  the  standard  and  stereo- 
typed bracket  and  chandelier  associated  with  the  use 
of  gas.  The  adoption  of  electricity,  with  its  greater 
flexibihty  of  application,  has  permitted  the  use  of  many 
methods  quite  impossible  ■with  other  illuminants.  It 
is  obvious,  even  to  the  casual  observer,  that  a  great 
deal  of  modern  lighting  within  doors  is  done  without 
fixtures  and  is  in  the  nature  of  overhead  or  cove  light- 
ing, where  the  lamps  are  concealed  within  a  hollow  cor- 
nice ;  or  else  the  lamps  shed  their  light  through  a  trans- 
parent ceiling  so  that  there  is  a  general  diffusion  with- 
out any  small  individual  illuminant  being  presented  to 
distract  or  annoy  the  eye  and  with  a  general  absence  of 
glare.  This  method  of  diffusing  hght  has  become  very 
popular  for  large  spaces.  At  the  same  time  the  elec- 
trical fixtiu-es  must  always  have  a  conspicuous  place 
in  the  art  of  illumination,  and  these  are  made  in  greater 
quantity  than  ever,  while  increasing  attention  is  paid 
to  their  finish  and  artistic  design. 

It  is  said  that  the  first  incandescent  electric  light 
fixture  was  made  as  early  as  1842  by  Mr.  William 
Pearce,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  for  Mr.  George  Peabody,  the 
banker  and  philantliropist,  who  was  assisting  in  his 
electrical  experiments  an  unfortunate  young  inventor 
named  Starr,  who  anticipated  much  of  the  practical 
development  of  electrical  illumination  that  did  not 
come  until  nearly  forty  years  later.  It  is  said  that  this 
pioneer  fixture  had  no  fewer  than  26  Uttle  lamps  set  in 


sockets,  fashioned  like  ears  of  corn,  symbolizing  the 
then  26  states  of  the  Union.  The  bulbs  were  of  molded 
glass  to  imitate  kernels,  and  the  socket  had  leaves  of 
sheet  brass  hammered  into  the  likeness  of  cornshucks. 
Thus  early  it  will  be  .seen  that  the  artistic  value  and 
adaptability  of  incandescent  lamps  was  appreciated. 
The  range  of  electric  light  fixtures  is  to-day  so  infi- 
nite that  it  is  impossible  to  enumerate  them  all  or  to 
do  more  than  characterize  them.  A  good  example  is 
afforded  by  any  new  edifice,  and  for  such  purpose  the 
new  Federal  building  in  Chicago  will  serve,  the  equip- 
ment there  being  of  unusual  size,  providing  for  some 
15,000  lamps.  The  first  installation  co'ntained  over 
10,000  lamps  of  16  caiuilepower,  while  the  later  devel- 
opment of  studies  with  regard  to  the  fixtures  and  the 
use  of  cove  and  concealed  lighting  has  rendered  possi- 
ble the  employment  of  lamps  of  4,  8,  and  10  candle- 
power,  so  that  the  present  installation  is  the  equiva- 
lent of  15,000  lamps  of  8  candlepower.  In  order  to 
perniit  the  use  of  these  lamps  no  fewer  than  2,970  out- 
lets in  the  building  were  furnished  with  electrical  fix- 
tures, which  have  been  installed  at  an  expense  of  about 
$50,000.  In  the  main  rotunda  900  lamps  of  various 
powers  are  employed,  many  of  them  in  fixtures  carry- 
ing a  holophane  globe,  placed  around  galleries  and  cor- 
ridors, and  with  16-globe  electroliers,  wliich  are  hung  at 
the  first  floor  level,  and  at  the  face  of  the  rotunda  floor 
level  100  feet  higher.  The  brackets  or  electrical  fix- 
tures for  this  purpose  cost  $400  each,  and  are  con- 
structed of  cast  brass,  weighing  750  pounds  each.  The 
globes,  30  inches  in  diameter,  are  of  leaded  white 
groimd  glass  illuminated  with  12  ruby-colored  8-candie- 
power  lamps  inside  and  with  a  row  of  eighteen  8-candle- 
power  white  frosted  lamps  around  the  equator.  The 
main  vestibules,  which  are  finished  in  granite,  have  12 
large  fixtures  of  architectural  design  and  generous  pro- 
portions of  the  bracket  type,  each  carrying  a  sand- 
blasted globe  which  contains  six  16-candlepower  lamps. 
The  stairways  are  further  illuminated  with  massive 
newel  post  stands,  while  in  the  corridors  and  rooms  are 
stalactite  fixtures  and  a  variety  of  other  wall  brackets 
and  ceihng  clusters  harmonizing  with  the  general 
treatment  of  the  building. 

Special  treatment  of  this  character  will,  in  fact,  be 
found  in  every  large  new  building  now  erected,  and  in 
some  instances  the  purpose  of  the  building  calls  for 
novel  fixtures,  as,  for  example,  those  installed  in  the 
main  dining  room  of  a  large  new  hotel  in  New  York, 
where  the  fountains  that  play  during  mealtime  are  in 
the  nature  of  electric  fixtures  with  the  lamps  shining 
up  from  the  base  through  the  water. 

Telephone  apparatus. — Table  14  shows  the  number 
and  value  of  telephones  and  telephone  apparatus  ar.d 
supplies  for  1905. 


192 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  14.— TELEPHONES  AND  TELEPHONE  APPARATUS— NLTVIBER  AND  VALUE:  1905. 


Total 
value. 


United  States...  $15,863,698 


Conneccicut 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Maryland 

Massachusetts.. 

Missouri 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania... 

'Wisconsin 

All  other  states. 


129,215 

8,357,521 

490, 157 

50,900 

264,487 

148.258 

56; 873 

4,165,6.'>3 

736, 463 

221,203 

130,515 

1,112,453 


TELEPHONES. 


Transmitters. 


Receivers. 


Complete  sets  of 
instruments,  not 
included  in 
transm  i  1 1  ers 
and  receivers. 


Number. 


850,815 


Value. 


Number. 


$S24,204 


831,195 


Value. 


8696,113 


Number. 


Value. 


887,447  ;  $6,483,418 


INTEBIOR  SYS- 
TEMS COMPLETE 

\V1TH0UT 
INSTRUMENTS. 


(') 

87,688 

649,627 
29,000 

2,930 

(') 
'81,570 


140,099 


(') 
572.  .365 
32..5.T0 
2,930 

•  76,260 


141,935 


C) 
127,037 


(') 

554,935 

23,200 

"111,125 


(') 
457,970 
23,850 

<'^ 

(■) 

•87,250 


(') 

0) 

588,750 

3,942,-343 

34,370 

334. 170 

2,400 

33,600 

5,860 

53,520 

15.532 

148,258 

(') 

C) 

104, ISO 

982,834 

39,362 

382,275 

18.210 

172,295 

10,218 

130,515 

< 68, 565 

•303,608 

Num- 
ber. 


4,560 


3,410 


(i) 


209 

85 


5  856 


Value. 


568,826 


31,390 


5,305 
6,500 
(>) 


'25,631 


CENTRAL 
SWITCUBOAEDS. 


Num- 
ber. 


4,283 


(') 

2,199 

328 

(■) 

C) 

(') 


776 
203 

?'> 
(') 
8  777 


Value. 


$5,154,447 


(') 
3,144,595 
105,387 


1,695,709 
122,500 
(') 
C) 
8  86,256 


PRIVATE  EX- 
CHANGE BOARDS. 


Num- 
ber. 


3,917 


0) 
1,153 


2,194 
'570 


Value. 


$504,795 


Telephone 

parts  and 

supplifs 

(valuoj. 


(') 

179,031 

(') 


W 

(') 
331,042 

(') 

0) 

(') 
'54,722 


$2,  on,  895 


129,215 
793,026 

50,IK10 

17,300 
210, 967 
C) 

56,873 
120,428 
168,788 

45,978 
(') 
•478,720 


1  Included  In  "all  other  states." 

2  Includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut,  Georgia, Indiana,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Michigan.  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  and  Wisconsin. 

•  Includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut,  Georgia,  Indiana,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Mich  gan.  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin. 
<  Includes  states  as  follows:  California,  Cormecticut,  Georgia.  M'chigan,  New  Jersey,  and  South  Carolina. 

'  Includes  states  as  follows:  Georgia,  Maryland,  Massachusetts.  Missouri,  and  Pennsylvania. 

•  Includes  etates  as  follows:  Cal'fomia,  Connecticut,  Georgia,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Missouri,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  and  Wisconsin. 
'  Includes  states  as  follows:  California,  Connecticut,  Georgia,  Indiana,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina,  and  Wisconsin. 

•  Includes  states  as  follows;  Alabama,  California,  Colorado,  Georgia,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Oregon,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  and  Wisconsin. 


The  total  value  of  telephonic  apparatus  manufac- 
tured, as  reported  at  the  census  of  1905,  had  a  value  of 
$15,863,698,  as  compared  with  $10,512,412  for  the  cen- 
sus of  1900.  These  figures  do  not  reveal  all  the  facts,  for 
during  the  period  covered  no  greater  activity  was 
shown  in  any  department  of  electrical  application  than 
in  telephony.  A  very  large  proportion  of  other  elec- 
trical apparatus,  including  dynamos,  motors,  motor- 
generator  sets,  insulated  wires  and  cables,  conduits, 
etc.,  were  required  for  the  equipment  of  tele5)hone 
exchanges  and  in  connecting  the  stations  of  individual 
telejjhone  subscribers,  and  only  an  analysis  of  the 
product  for  these  other  fields,  and  an  apportionment  to 
the  various  branches  of  electricity,  would  bring  out 
the  high  relative  importance  of  telephonic  develop- 
ment. As  in  the  earlier  figures  of  telephone  manufac- 
ture, the  value  of  jjroducts  roughly  divided  itself  in 
halves  between  the  receiving  and  transmitting  instru- 
ments, and  the  switchboards. 

The  value  returned  for  the  4,283  central  switch- 
boards was  $5,154,447,  to  which  should  be  added  the 
3,917  private  exchange  boards  of  a  value  of  $564,795, 
making  a  total  of  $5,719,242.  To  this  .should  be  added 
a  large  proportion  of  the  value  of  $2,071,895  reported 
for  telephonic  parts  and  supplies.  The  subscribers' 
apparatus  used  in  connection  with  these  exchange 
boards  and  smaller  equipments  was  reported  as  hav- 
ing a  value  of  $8,003,735,  of  which  $6,483,418  was 
represented  by  com[)lete  sets  of  transmitters  and 
receivers.  It  will  be  noticed  that  individual  trans- 
mitters and  receivers,  manufactured  but  not  assem- 
bled into  complete  sets,  very  nearly  balanced  each 
other,  as  might  have  been  exj)octed,  there  being  few 
uses  for  a  tcloiihono  receiver  when  not  associated  with  a 
transmitter,  an<l  vice  versa.     It  will  be  oljserved  also 


that  the  equipment  within  the  central  station  exchange 
was  broadly  equivalent  in  value  to  that  employed  in 
the  exterior  equipment  at  the  subscribers'  stations, 
which  according  to  this  table  would  show  a  gross  in- 
crease of  about  1,700,000  subscribers  during  the  year 
1905.  This  sweeping  assumption  would  not,  how- 
ever, be  justified,  for  the  reason  that  a  great  deal  of 
apjjaratus  is  destroyed  each  year  or  becomes  obso- 
lete, so  that  the  new  simply  replaces  the  old  in  a  great 
many  instances.  No  large  fire  occurred  in  any  com- 
munity— as  at  Baltimore  or  San  Francisco — in  which 
telephonic  apparatus  was  destroyed  in  considerable 
quantities  at  the  subscribers'  stations;  but  even  this 
diminution  of  apparatus  already  in  use  is  perhaps  not 
equal  to  that  which  is  caused  by  the  abolition  of  the 
older  magneto-calling  method  and  its  substitution  by 
the  central  energy  system;  it  being  necessary  in  the 
former  case  to  signal  the  exchange  by  the  manipula- 
tion of  a  little  crank  on  the  telephone  set,  while  in  the 
central  energy  or  common  battery  system  all  that  is 
necessar}'  is  to  remove  the  receiver  from  the  hook  on 
the  transmitter  stand. 

All  the  telephone  exchange  service  of  the  countrA-  is 
furnished  by  the  Bell  system  and  by  that  which  bears 
the  general  name  of  "Independent."  The  exchanges 
connected  with  the  network  of  the  American  Tele])hone 
and  Telegra])h  Company  during  1905  reported  an  in- 
crease in  the  j)eriod  of  441,734  stations.  If  it  is  to  be 
allowed  that  the  new  connections  to  the  independent 
systems  proportionately  ecpial  this,  it  will  follow  that 
new  etpiipment  was  called  for  by  these  subscribers  to 
the  amount  of  about  800,000  sets,  which  would  indi- 
cate that  about  half  llu^  new  ai>i)aratus  manufactured 
goes  to  replace  that  which  has  been  worn  out,  destroyed, 
or  become  obsolete.     A  certain  amount,  however,  of 


ELECTKK'AL  MACHINE11Y,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


193 


the  telephonic  apparatus  made  in  the  United  States  is 
exported;  but  the  statistics  of  the  manufactured 
exports  do  not  give  these  figures  in  detail.  A  certain 
number  of  stations  also  are  fitted  up  in  connection 
with  interior  systems,  but  these  in  the  aggregate  are 
insignificant  as  compared  with  the  central  exchanges, 
for,  while  no  fewer  than  4,560  interior  systems  were 
returned,  their  value  was  only  $68,826,  from  which  it 
is  evident  that  the  number  of  stations  connected — as, 
for  example,  on  the  different  floors  of  a  factory — 
would  number  but  a  few  thousand  at  the  most.  It 
has  been  claimed  that  in  recent  years  the  number  of 
independent  telephone  stations  has  increased  more 
rapidly  than  the  number  of  the  Bell  stations;  but 
there  are  no  exact  data  on  the  subject  and  the  last 
figures  available,  namely,  those  of  the  Census  report 
for  1902,  gave  a  total  of  1,317,178  Bell  stations  and 
998,119  independent  stations.  There  has  been  an 
enormous  development  of  telephony  in  the  great  cities 
during  the  past  five  years,  but  at  the  same  time  one 
of  the  great  features  of  telephonic  increase  has  been 
the  utilization  of  the  telephone  in  niral  districts,  so 
that  to-day  no  agricultural  section  of  the  country  is 
without  its  vOlage  exchange  and  its  farmers'  lines. 

The  vital  importance  of  the  telephone  system  to  the 
business  and  social  life  of  the  twentieth  century  may 
be  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  1905  the  Bell  system 
alone  reported  4,532  exchanges  in  operation,  6,043,518 
miles  of  wire  in  exchange  and  toll  service,  and  74,718 
employees,  with  total  exchange  connections  for  the 
year  of  4,360,996,000,  or  an  average  of  nearly  14,000,- 
000  per  day.  Even  if  the  number  of  connections 
through  the  independent  exchanges  and  networks 
should  not  equal  this,  it  will  be  readily  seen  that  an 
enormous  amount  of  traffic  in  the  nature  of  business, 
social,  and  family  intercourse  was  transacted  with  the 
aid  of  the  telephone,  and  indeed  it  would  be  impossible 
to  imagine  the  conduct  of  American  life  upon  its  present 
basis  without  the  telephone. 

Ilhnois  is  the  great  center  of  the  telephonic  manu- 
facturing industry  in  the  United  States,  both  as  to 
number  of  factories  and  as  to  output.  As  shown  in  I 
Table  14,  this  state  accounts  for  more  than  half  of  the 
total  value  of  product.  It  reports,  for  example, 
588,750  complete  sets  of  instruments,  at  a  value  of 
$3,942,343;  2,199  central  switchboards,  valued  at 
$3,144,595;  1,153  private  exchange  boards,  at  a  value 
of  $179,031;  and  telephone  parts  and  supplies,  to  the 
value  of  $793,026.  The  product  in  New  York  state 
was  also  quite  large,  although  far  below  the  aggregate 
in  Illinois;  the  value  reported  for  104,180  complete 
sets  of  instruments  being  $982,834,  and  $1,695,709  for 
776  central  switchboards.  It  also  had  the  largest  pro- 
portion of  the  private  exchange  boards,  numbering 
2,194  and  valued  at  $331,042.  Both  in  Indiana  and 
Ohio  there  was  a  fairly  large  production  of  apjmratus, 
Indiana  reporting  34,370  complete  sets  of  instruments. 


valued  at  $334,170,  and  328  central  switchboards, 
valued  at  $105,387.  The  product  in  Oliio  was  about 
the  same  in  quantity  and  amount,  namely,  39,362  com- 
plete sets  of  instruments,  valued  at  $382,275,  and  203 
central  switchboards,  valued  at  $122,500.  Michigan 
and  Massachusetts  came  next  to  Illinois  in  the  manu- 
facture of  miscellaneous  telephone  parts  and  supplies, 
the  output  in  Massachu.setts  being  $210,967,  while  that 
of  Michigan  can  not  be  shown  separately.  The  product 
in  the  factories  devoted  to  telephone  parts  and  sup- 
plies is  somewhat  analogous  to  that  in  the  bicycle  and 
automobile  field,  these  smaller  factories  chiefly  making 
pieces  which  afterwards  would  be  assembled  into  com- 
pleted apparatus  in  the  larger  factories. 

The  telephone  switchboards  enumerated  in  this 
report  are  of  two  main  classes — manual  and  auto- 
matic— wliich  subdivide  themselves  into  a  great  many 
varieties.  The  manual  switchboard  is  that  in  which 
the  connections  between  the  subscribers  are  made 
at  the  central  exchange  by  operators,  who  connect 
the  lines  of  the  different  subscribers  at  the  board 
by  means  of  plugs  joined  by  flexible  conductors,  all 
such  connections  being  made  in  accordance  with 
requests  received  over  the  line  from  the  calling  sub- 
scribers. These  manual  boards  constitute  a  very 
large  proportion  of  the  boards  included  in  the  present 
statistics.  There  were  in  1902  no  fewer  than  10,842 
manual  boards  in  use,  and  while  no  detailed  figures  are 
given,  it  is  the  fact  that  nearly  all  of  the  central 
switchboards  and  the  private  exchange  boards  made 
in  the  census  year  were  also  of  the  manual  variety. 
This  condition  is  likely  from  all  appearances  to  con- 
tinue for  many  years,  although  the  automatic  method 
has  of  late  exhibited  a  rapid  increase.  During  the  past 
year  fewer  of  the  manual  boards  constructed  were  of 
the  magneto  type — in  which  each  subscriber's  substa- 
tion has  a  small  battery  to  energize  its  transmitter,  and 
a  tiny  magneto-generator  in  the  bell  box,  by  revolving 
the  handle  of  which  the  subscriber  signals  the  central 
exchange.  For  all  large  boards  of  the  manual  type,  as 
well  as  for  a  growing  number  of  the  smaller  ones,  the 
common  battery  system  is  in  increasing  favor,  and  in 
1905  no  new  large  exchange  equipment  in  the  United 
States  can  be  named  which  was  not  of  the  latter  tA-pe. 
In  the  common  batter\"  system,  aside  from  the  concen- 
tration of  the  source  of  all  the  electrical  energy  for  the 
system  at  the  central  office  there  is  another  general 
feature  wliich  distinguishes  it  sharply  from  the  older 
magneto-system.  The  signals  on  magneto-switch- 
boards are  of  the  electro-magnetic  drop  character, 
which  operates  in  such  a  manner  that  when  the  current 
comes  in  from  the  subscriber's  fine,  the  drop  or  shutter 
corresponding  to  his  line  and  carrying  a  number  is 
di'opped  or  otherwise  moved,  thus  exposing  the  figitres 
of  the  drop  to  the  operator,  who  thereupon  ascertains 
the  wishes  of  the  subscriber  and  connects  liim  with  the 
required  circuit.     The  visual  drop  has  long  been  con- 


194 


MANUFACTURES. 


sidered  inadequate  to  the  needs  of  modern  telephony, 
because  the  operator  often  fails  to  notice  the  falling 
shutter,  and  also  because  the  shutter  mechanism  re- 
quires relatively  so  much  space.  In  all  the  new  large 
boards  associated  vrith  the  common  battery  practice 
the  lamp  signals  are  used,  consisting  of  a  verA'  small 
incandescent  lamp  which  flashes  into  visibihty  the 
moment  the  subscriber  removes  his  receiver  fi-om  the 
instrument  at  his  office.  Wlien  several  thousand  sub- 
scribers have  to  be  represented  and  interconnected  in 
the  limited  space  of  a  multiple  switchboard,  the  advan- 
tages of  such  signals  are  apparent,  as  they  are  ex- 
tremely compact  and  hence  economize  space;  having 
no  working  parts,  they  can  be  placed  in  any  position 
vertically,  horizontally,  or  at  any  angle;  moreover, 
they  are  automatic  in  action,  so  that  the  signal  disap- 
pears immediateh'  when  the  energizing  current  is  cut 
off.  They  also  give  a  much  more  positive  and  atten- 
tion compelling  signal  than  any  other  form  of  indicator 
that  has  yet  been  tried  in  telephone  practice.  To  quote 
the  language  of  Mr.  Herbert  Laws  Webb: 

These  various  qualities  enable  several  radical  improvements  to  be 
made.  The  signals  are  placed  immediately  adjacent  to  the  jacks 
or  cords  they  control,  which,  in  large  switchboards,  is  impossible 
with  electro-magnetic  indicators;  the  line  lamp  is  immediately 
above  or  bolow  its  corresponding  answering  jack  and  the  supervisory 
lamps  are  in  line  with  the  connecting  cord.s  and  close  to  them. 
With  this  arrangement  the  operator  loses  no  time  and  has  to  exert  no 
brain  power  in  tracing  the  relation  between  the  signal  and  its  corre- 
sponding jack  or  cord.  The  difference  in  effect  between  the  modern 
arrangement  of  directly  associating  the  signals  with  their  correspond- 
ing jacks  and  cords  and  the  old  arrangement  of  placing  the  signals 
in  a  separate  part  of  the  board  from  that  occupied  by  the  jacks  and 
cords  is  something  akin  to  the  difference  between  a  telegram  in  plain 
language  and  one  in  code.  In  the  one  case  the  meaning  of  the  sijinal 
flashes  instantly  to  the  brain  of  the  operator,  and  in  the  other  case  a 
certain  effort,  and  a  certain  interval  of  time,  are  required  for  trans- 
lating the  meaning  of  the  signal.  The  automatic  working  of  lamp 
signab  is  of  much  wider  range  than  that  of  electro-magnetic  signals. 
We  had  self-effacing,  or  automatically  restored  indicators  before 
lamp  signals  were  introduced.  But  the  self-restoring  indicator  had 
but  two  positions — only  two  words  in  its  vocabulary,  so  to  speak. 
The  lamp  signal  has  several;  it  may  be  alight  or  out,  corresponding 
lii  the  down  and  up  positions  of  tlie  indicator,  but  it  may  also  fla.sh, 
and  it  may  be  made  to  fla.«h  at  different  rales  of  speed,  easily  recog- 
nizable. Therefore,  apart  altngeiher  from  the  fact  that  it  is  much 
more  easy  to  apply  to  lamps  di.><tinctive  marks  indicating  different 
classes  of  serviie  than  it  is  to  apply  such  marks  to  indicators,  the 
lamp  signal  is  able  to  convey  a  greater  number  of  meanings  as  a 
working  .tignal  than  an  indicator.  Finally,  the  more  assertive  and 
positive  signal  given  by  a  lamp  as  compared  with  an  indicator  ia  duo 
to  a  simple  physical  fact — the  great  sensitiveness  of  the  eye  to  light. 
The  glowing  of  a  lamp  signal  instantly  attracts  attention,  no  matter 
at  what  angle  the  lamp  may  be  relative  to  the  eye,  and  in  many 
cases  lh<'  lamp  is  seen  inslanlaneoiisly  where  a  fallen  drop  would  he 
unnoticed  for  several  seconrls.  The  lamp  is  seen  out  of  the  corner  of 
the  eye,  so  to  sjieak,  wlienjis  an  indirator  must  be  more  directly  in 
the  range  of  vision. 

Mfiilion  litis  also  been  iiiiide  of  the  fact  that  in  I  lie 
tflcphoiie  switcliboani  of  llic  modern  comiiion  battery 
type  thfi  distribiilml  l)attery,  ho  to  speak,  that  was  for- 
merly Kiciileil  in  iiiiliviiliiiil  (('Ms  at  every  subscriber's 


station  is  now  all  centralized  at  headquarters,  where 
it  is  far  more  available  for  inspection,  renewal,  mainte- 
nance, and  continuous  operation.  The  primary  bat- 
teries that  were  formerly  in  use,  scattered  widely  over 
a  large  territory,  were  subject  to  all  kinds  of  accidents 
and  interruptions  from  freezing,  spilling  of  acids,  cor- 
rosion, breakage  of  jars,  etc.;  whereas  to-day  the  idle 
capital  represented  alike  by  the  local  battery  and  the 
magneto-generator  with  its  incidental  expenses,  is  done 
away  with,  and  a  large  source  of  electrical  energy  is 
substituted,  which  stands  ready  at  the  central  office  to 
be  drawn  upon  freely  at  any  instant  by  any  subscriber. 

The  work  of  the  common  battery  office  is  performed 
with  the  aid  of  the  storage  battery,  and  tlie  majority 
of  such  installations  are  operated  at  a  potential  of  24 
volts,  requiring  a  minimum  battery  of  12  cells.  In 
most  instances  a  duplicate  of  adequate  capacity  is  in- 
stalled and  is  associated  with  more  than  one  method 
of  generating,  so  that  the  services  may  be  rendered 
free  from  all  danger  or  possibility  of  interruption.  It 
is  stated  that  owing  to  the  lessening  of  labor  the  oper- 
ator, by  these  modern  methods  of  signaling  in  common 
battery  systems,  can  handle  with  success  an  average  of 
about  twice  as  many  subscribers  as  with  the  old  system. 
Another  feature  of  this  work  has  been  the  division  of 
an  exchange  into  virtually  two  sections  to  facihtate 
the  transfer  of  communication  at  junctions  from  one 
circtiit  to  another,  the  existence  of  stipervisory  lamps 
on  the  board  enabling  the  incoming  checking  operators 
to  signal  back  automatically  to  the  answering  oper- 
ators whether  the  lines  wanted  are  engaged  or  disen- 
gaged or  out  of  order — the  aim  of  this  being  to  lessen 
the  amount  of  trouble  due  to  "line  busy"  or  "en- 
gaged" difficulties  that  were  the  btigbear  of  all  ex- 
changes and  the  annoyance  of  all  subscribers. 

There  is  necessarily  a  great  deal  of  complexity  still 
about  the  modern  common  battery  switchboard,  btit 
some  of  the  gains  result  ing  from  its  use  are  indicated  in 
the  striking  statement  that  in  a  large  exchange  a  room 
which  formerly  contained  a  magneto -switchboard 
etjuipment  for  5,200  subscribers'  lines,  now  contains  a 
switchboard  equipment  of  modern  apparattis  with  lamp 
signals,  which  has  a  capacity  of  9,600  lines.  Moreover, 
the  gain  in  lime,  due  to  the  sliortening  up  of  the  period 
necessary  for  connect  ing  ami  discoimect  ing  subscribers, 
adds  greatly  to  the  traffic-carrying  capacity  of  equal 
plants  under  the  two  systems. 

The  other  general  class  of  switcliboards  included  in 
this  report  is  the  automatic,  in  which  all  manuid  oper- 
ations, wliether  of  the  magneto-exchange  or  the  com- 
mon battery  system,  arc  dispensed  with,  and  all  the 
(iperations  of  connecting  and  discomiecting  are  per- 
formed by  atitoiuatic  u)echanisms  at  the  central  sta- 
tion .set  into  motion  by  the  subscriber  himself.  The 
subscriber's  station  consists  of  the  ti.suai  telephone 
transmitter,  receiver,  battery,  bells,  induction  coil,  etc., 
\villi  the  ndditioii  of  a  call  dial  placed  just  below  the 


ELECTRK^AL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


195 


transmitter,  on  the  periphery  of  which  are  ten  num- 
bered finger  holes,  carrying  llic  muuerals  1,  2,  3,  4,  T),  0, 
7,  8,  9,  antl  0.  When  the  subscriljcr  wi.slies  to  call  a 
number,  he  takes  the  receiver  down  and  moves  the 
dial  aroimd  successively  slep  by  stcj)  to  llie  S("i)iirate 
numerals  constituting  the  number,  when  having  com- 
pleted the  number  he  presses  a  button  beneath  the  dial 
and  rings  at  once  the  bell  of  the  other  subscriber  called. 
If  the  line  requii-ed  is  free,  the  connection  is  comi)leted. 
If  the  line  required  hap])cns  to  be  busj^  a  buzzing 
sound  in  the  receiver  of  the  calling  subscriber  informs 
him  that  such  is  the  case,  whereupon  he  waits  until  the 
other  line  is  clear.  This  step-by-step  mechanism  is 
simple  and  ingenious  and  works  satisfactorily.  For 
exchange  purposes  of  the  automatic  system  two  classes 
of  switches  are  employed.  One  set  is  known  as  the 
"selectors,"  of  which  there  is  one  for  each  telephone 
connected  with  the  central  exchange;  and  the  other 
is  spoken  of  as  "connectors,"  of  which  there  are  ten 
for  every  one  hundred  selectors,  and  which  are  in 
gi-oups,  each  capable  of  connecting  a  hundred  tele- 
phones. The  selector  connects  its  calling  telephone 
with  the  connector  in  the  proper  group,  which  in  turn 
connects  with  the  requhed  telephone  in  the  group  to 
wliich  the  connector  belongs.  This  is  employed  in  the 
case  of  exchanges  of  1,000-line  capacity  or  less.  In 
larger  exchanges  a  second  auxiliary  selector  is  em- 
ployed, in  the  nature  of  an  intermediate  switch,  which 
divides  the  work  of  selection  with  the  first  selector 
and  therefore  facilitates  the  w'ork.  These  automatic 
switches  at  the  exchange  are  mounted  on  steel  shelves, 
25  to  the  shelf,  each  board  carrying  four  shelves  of  the 
first  selectors  and  one  shelf  of  the  connector  switches. 
This  typical  arrangement  for  central  exchanges  of 
1,000  lines  is  modified  in  larger  exchanges  up  to  say 
10,000  lines,  where  the  board  is  made  up  of  six  shelves, 
four  caiTying  the  fu'st  selectors,  one  carrying  second 
selectors,  and  one  carrying  the  connector  switches. 
The  floor  space  occupied  by  such  a  condensed  switch- 
board is  11  feet  6  inches  by  12  inches  in  depth,  and 
these  boards  or  exchanges  can  be  readily  increased  by 
simply  adding  new  sections  with  the  desired  number 
of  switches  mounted  thereon,  without  the  disturbance 
of  the  board  or  the  exchange  aheady  at  work. 

The  system  of  trunking  cables  is  similar  to  that  in 
manual  practice,  and  the  selection  of  the  trunlv  is 
automatically  accomplished  by  means  of  the  "wiping 
fingers"  on  the  shaft  of  the  selector  switches,  wliich 
pass  over  all  the  busy  contacts  and  stop  at  the  first 
idle  point.  The  electrical  equipment  in  the  operation 
of  the  system  follows  generally  the  lines  of  the  stand- 
ard manual  exchange,  and  consists  of  a  52-volt  storage 
battery  for  furnishing  current;  and  there  are,  as  usual, 
cross-connecting  boards  or  distributing  racks,  equipped 
with  heat  coils  and  carbon  lightnmg  arresters;  a  ring- 
ing machine,   with   "busy  back"  and  "howler"    at- 


tachments; a  "telltale"  board  for  the  location  of  trou- 
ble; and  the  usual  accessories  of  a  small  power  plant. 

The  telephone  switchboard  is  an  exception  to  many 
ofber  forms  of  construction,  in  that  the  cost  per  unit 
increases  at  a  greater  ratio  than  that  of  the  mere  phys- 
ical enlargement  of  the  board  and  of  the  system.  The 
cost  of  a  switchboard,  in  fact,  ranges  from  S500  to 
$1,000  per  squan^  foot,  varying  according  to  the  num- 
ber of  wires  accommodated,  while  the  life  of  the  board 
is  comparatively  short.  The  system  in  New  York 
city,  for  example,  has  practically  been  rebuilt  three 
times  in  sixteen  years,  owing  to  the  radical  improve- 
ments made  in  switchboard  systems  and  in  the  trunk- 
Lug  cables,  each  time  involving  the  abandonment  of  the 
then  existing  plant.  Some  of  these  exchanges  have, 
in  fact,  been  rebuilt  three  times  in  a  httle  over  ten  years, 
showing  an  actual  depreciation  of  25  per  cent  per  an- 
num, although  the  old  plant  was  not  plnsically  unserv- 
iceable. In  a  small  switchboard  with  sections  or  places 
for  two  operators,  there  would  be  two  sets  of  circuit 
branches  and  sockets  for  each  telepihone  line,  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  operator  can  make  connect'on  by  plug- 
ging into  them.  In  a  large  switchboard,  however, 
with  places  for  50  operators  there  must  be  50  sets  of 
such  connections  for  each  telephone  line — the  number 
of  this  class  of  connections  multiplying  twenty-five 
times  for  each  telephone,  in  order  to  enable  each  oper- 
ator to  reach  all  the  subscribers  who  are  connected  into 
that  central  switchboard.  The  difference  in  cost  of 
manufacture  is  immediately  brought  out  by  noting  the 
material  thus  entering  into  the  composition  of  a  small 
switchboard  of  600  telephones  and  one  for  10,000  tele- 
phones, the  individual  items  and  details  in  each  being 
alike  and  of  the  same  cost .  In  the  smaller  switchboard 
there  are  only  43,000  soldered  connections  for  the  cir- 
cuits, or  about  72  to  each  telephone.  In  the  larger 
switchboards,  how-ever,  there  are  no  fewer  than 
2,500,000  soldered  connections,  or  250  to  each  tele- 
phone. In  the  smaller  board  there  is  the  quantityof 
220  miles  of  wire  cu'cuit,  or  about  one-third  of  a  mile  to 
each  telephone.  This  in  itself  is  very  often  as  much 
wire  inside  the  exchange  for  the  subscriber  as  there  is 
outside  connecting  his  station  \vith  the  exchange.  In 
the  larger  switchboard,  however,  there  are  no  less  than 
10,000  miles  of  wire,  or  at  least  1  mile  to  each  telephone. 
The  other  details  follow  in  similar  proportion,  so  that 
the  whole  expense  per  telephone  is  vastly  greater  in  the 
larger  boards,  no  matter  what  refinements  or  econo- 
mies are  introduced  in  the  process  of  manufacture. 
Hence,  as  an  actual  fact,  the  cost  of  the  largest  boards 
will  sometimes  reach  as  much  as  SI, 200  per  foot  of 
length,  while  one-third  of  the  gross  revenue  of  a  tele- 
phone company  is  necessary  to  maintain  such  a  board 
and  the  plant  in  good  order  without  any  reference  to 
the  cost  of  operation  or  of  extensions. 

As  the  statistics  show%  no  fewer  than  3,917  private 


196 


MANUFACTURES. 


exchange  boards  were  built  during  1905.  No  such 
boards  were  enumerated  separately  at  the  census  of 
1900,  although  a  number  of  them  were  in  use,  and  it  is 
I)robable  that  boards  of  this  type  were  included  in  the 
class  of  "interior  systems"  at  that  census,  as  the  dis- 
tinction between  these  two  classes  of  boards  had  not 
been  clearly  defined  at  that  time.  On  June  1,  1905, 
there  were  as  many  as  6,637  private  branch  exchanges 
in  Manhattan  and  the  Bronx  boroughs  of  New  York 
city,  with  17,704  central  office  lines  furnishing  ser\ace 
for  67,176  stations.  The  installations  of  this  character 
var}"  from  those  with  one  or  two  lines  or  stations  up  to 
such  large  systems  as  that  in  a  leading  hotel  with  1,200 
telephones,  or  in  a  large  dry  goods  store  with  2,000. 
These  private  exchange  boards  are  manufactured  for 
many  special  uses  and  the  advantages  of  their  employ- 
ment have  been  so  great  that  the  number  of  operators 
employed  on  the  private  exchange  boards  in  New  York 
city  alone  is  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the  oper- 
ators in  the  central  exchanges  there.  This  concentra- 
tion of  lines  from  the  individual  telephones  in  business 
establishments  to  a  single  desk,  where  the  desired  inte- 
rior and  exterior  connections  can  be  made,  has  in  real- 
ity done  much  to  limit  the  size  of  the  central  switch- 
boards themselves,  as  it  is  obvious  that  if  every  circuit 
were  brought  out  to  a  central  exchange,  the  boards 
would  be  of  even  more  unwieldy  proportions  tlian  thej 
are  now,  while  the  outlook  for  the  future  woidd  involve 
problems  in  switcliboard  construction  with  which  no 
known  resources  of  the  art  could  grapi)le. 

Including  the  separate  transmitters  and  receivers, 
it  would  appear  that  a  total  of  about  1,700,000  com- 
plete sets  of  telephonic  substation  instruments — that 
is,  each  set  comprising  a  receiver  and  a  transmitter — 
were  manufactured  in  1905,  giving  an  average  value 
of  about  $4.75  for  each  set,  the  total  value  being  in 
excess  of  S8, 000,000.  The  transmitters  and  receivers 
are  of  a  great  many  diflorent  styles  of  construction, 
but  all  of  them  are  essentially  of  the  same  natiue  in 
the  two  classes  of  apparatus,  the  differences  being 
mainly  such  as  might  be  expected  where  a  number  of 
manufacturers  are  endeavoring  to  give  individuality 
to  their  products.  All  the  transmitters  now  manufac- 
tured in  the  United  States  are  of  the  microphone  type, 
including  the  single  contact,  the  multiple  contact  elec- 
trode, and  the  granular  carbon  varieties. 

The  prevailing  theory  as  to  the  action  in  the  trans- 
mitter is  that  as  the  pressure  between  the  carbon  elec- 
trodes or  particles  increases,  the  area  of  the  contact 
increases  so  that  it  becomes  denser,  and  is  a  better 
conductor.  In  the  single-contact  transmitters  the 
resistance  of  the  circuit  is  varied  between  two  points 
forming  a  suigle  contact.  In  the  nudtiple  electrode 
transmitter  a  number  of  pieces  of  (;arl)on  points,  blocks, 
or  liidls  arc  brought  iulo  contact.  Several  such  truiis- 
mitters  were  at  one  time  in  u.se,  particularly  for  the 
purpose  of  long-distance  work  where  a  heavier  volume 


of  current  was  deemed  necessary.  However,  few,  if 
any,  of  these  are  now  made,  the  prevalent  and  predomi- 
nant type  bemg  that  of  the  granular  carbon.  In  tliis 
class  of  apparatus  carbon  particles  are  used,  as  prac- 
tically all  forms  of  tliis  are  variations  of  the  original 
White  "sohd  back."  The  carbon  particles  now  most 
favored  are  made  from  anthracite  coal,  the  minute 
pieces  of  wliich  are  higldj^  polished  and  are  selected 
according  to  their  degree  of  hardness.  These  particles 
are  sifted  through  sieves  having  about  50  to  55  meshes 
per  inch,  and  the  average  size  of  these  particles  is  from 
0.020  to  0.022  inch  along  the  direction  of  the  greatest 
dimension,  although  some  particles  in  use  are  consid- 
erably larger.  Great  pains  are  taken  to  secure  particles 
of  a  uniform  grade,  as  in  tliis  way  the  effect  of  "pack- 
ing" is  greatly  reduced.  Unless  these  particles  are  of 
uniform  size  they  naturally  have  a  tendency  to  pack 
or  to  settle  down  into  a  compact  mass,  and  the  more 
solidified  the  carbon  becomes  the  less  readily  can  the 
current  flowing  in  the  transmitter  circuit  be  made  to 
fluctuate,  accordmg  to  the  variations  of  the  diaplu-agm 
caused  by  the  sotmd  waves  du'ected  against  it  by  the 
voice.  These  granules  of  carbon  are  inclosed  in  a  shell 
or  casing  between  a  fi-ont  and  back  electrode  of  carlxm. 
The  vibration  of  the  diaphragm,  being  commimicated 
directly  to  the  front  electrode,  varies  the  pressiu-e  and 
distance  between  it  and  the  back  electrode.  The 
movement  of  the  diaphi-agm  is  in  some  of  these  instru- 
ments dampened  by  springs  wliich  prevent  too  gi-eat 
amplitude  of  its  vibration.  The  carbon  working  parts 
are  inclosed  ia  cups  of  brass,  aluminum,  etc.  This 
again  is  usually  inclosed  in  an  outer  receptacle  or  two- 
piece  cup  of  metal,  the  two  parts  being  permanently 
riveted  or  secured  together  so  that  the  working  parts 
can  not  be  tampered  with.  A  hard  rubber  flaring 
mnutlipiece  is  placed  in  fi-ont-  of  the  speaking  orifice  of 
the  transmitter,  and  the  back  is  mounted  upon  a  stand 
with  swivel  to  permit  its  biding  raised  or  lowered  in  ad- 
justment to  the  mouth  of  the  sjieaker.  The  transmit- 
ter and  the  receiver  are  mounted  together,  either  as 
desk  sets  or  as  wall  sets.  In  the  wall  set  the  induction 
coil  which  is  emploj^ed  in  the  transmitter  circuit  ia 
often  placed  in  the  base  of  the  arm  carrying  the  trans- 
mitter itself.  It  is  also  sometimes  mounted  upon  the 
bncklxinrd  of  the  telephone  box.  The  ba.se  and  arm 
are  made  of  cast  iron  joined  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
permit  of  considerable  vertical  movement  of  the  trans- 
mit ter,  so  as  to  accomiuiKiate  it  to  the  height  of  the 
different  speakers. 

The  induction  coils  are  constructed  and  mounted 
in  various  manners  by  diflVrent  manufacturers.  In 
one  approved  type  the  core  consists  of  a  small  bundle  of 
fine  Swedish  iron  wire.  Tlie  primary  is  mounted  over 
this,  consisting  of  three  layers  of  cotton  covered  wire. 
The  secondary  coil  is  mounted  in  two  sections,  bare 
wire  being  employed  and  the  adjacent  convolutions 
being  kept  apart  by  means  of  a  luie  thread  of  silk 


ELECTRICAL  MACIILNKRY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


197 


wound  alongside  and  parallel  with  tho  wire.  Between 
each  la5'er  of  wire  a  layer  of  paper  is  inserted  in  the 
process  of  manufacturing,  so  as  to  make  the  insulation 
complete.  The  macliinery  for  the  manufacture  of  coils 
in  this  manner  is  so  ingenious  that  several  coils  can  be 
wound  simultaneously,  the  layers  of  paper  being  intro- 
duced automatically  between  each  layer  of  the  winding 
without  any  stoppage  of  the  machinery,  which  is  op- 
erated at  very  high  speed.  The  use  of  the  bare  wire 
tends  to  cheapen  the  process  of  manufacture,  as  com- 
pared with  the  use  of  insulated  wire.  After  the  sec- 
ondary windings  have  been  finished  the  outside  of  the 
whole  coil  is  usually  covered  with  black  cloth  or  other 
waterproof  material,  or  else  shellacked  or  varnished. 
The  terminals  of  the  coils  are  brought  out  to  chps  on 
the  base,  so  as  to  serve  as  binding  posts  for  connecting 
into  the  circuit,  and  they  are  numbered  or  lettered  for 
purposes  of  identification  in  subsequent  use.  To  give 
an  idea  of  the  amount  of  wire  employed  in  each  little 
coil,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  the  winding  of  such 
coils  for  local  battery  use  consists  generally  of  about 
150  turns  of  No.  22  wire  for  the  primary  and  6  layers 
of  6,000  turns  of  No.  36  wire  for  the  secondary.  It  is 
by  means  of  these  induction  coils  that  the  feeble  cur- 
rents set  up  by  the  voice  are  so  intensified  that  they 
are  enabled  to  traverse  long  distances  and  overcome 
the  resistance  of  many  miles  of  transmission  line  with- 
out such  loss  as  would  impair  them  or  render  the 
undulatory  current  incapable  of  repeating  successfully 
the  operation  in  the  receiver  at  the  distant  end. 

Telephonic  receivers  as  a  general  thing  have  varied 
little  in  outward  appearance  in  several  years,  and  some 
forms  go  back  with  little  change  to  the  original  "butter 
stamp"  adopted  in  the  earhest  years  of  the  art.  The 
receivers  as  now  made  consist  essentially  of  an  inclosed 
shell  of  hard  rubber  witliin  wliich  is  a  magnet,  at  the 
diaphragm  end  of  wliich  is  a  coil  of  fine  wire,  this  solen- 
oid consisting  of  very  fine  silk  insulated  copper  wire 
wound  on  a  spool.  At  one  time  most  of  the  receivers 
employed  in  the  United  States  were  of  the  single  pole 
magnet  tj^pe,  but  the  great  majority  are  now  of  what 
is  known  as  the  bipolar  type,  the  diaphragm  end  of  the 
magnet  carrying  two  solenoids  instead  of  one,  with  the 
object  of  securing  greater  sensitiveness.  In  all  the  ear- 
lier instruments,  and  in  many  of  those  still  in  use,  the 
binding  posts  of  the  receiver  were  exposed  and  exterior 
to  the  hard  rubber  shell,  but  in  a  great  many  of  the  in- 
struments now  the  posts  and  connecting  cords  are  car- 
ried within  the  shell,  so  that  they  are  not  so  liable  to 
work  loose,  and  thus  avoid  the  Habihty  of  dangerous 
contact  on  the  part  of  the  user  should  the  incoming 
line  be  suddenly  charged  with  "sneak"  currents  from 
railway  or  lighting  circuits  or  from  hghtning.  The 
troubles  in  the  earher  type  of  receivers  froni  the  un- 
equal expansion  between  the  metal  and  the  rubber 
parts  are  now  hardly  ever  encountered,  owing  to  the 
improvements  in  manufacture.     The  diaphragm  of  the 


receivers  consists  usually  of  very  thin  sheet  metal  vi- 
brating in  front  of  the  magnets,  and  the  diaphragms 
are  either  tinned  or  lacquered  on  the  sides  exposed  to 
the  breath  to  prevent  corrosion  from  the  moisture  con- 
densing on  them. 

For  the  use  of  all  who  must  listen  to  the  receiver  con- 
tinuously, as  do  the  operators  in  the  central  exchanges, 
special  receivers  are  made  up  in  what  is  known  as 
"watch  case"  or  "head"  form  to  be  held  to  the  ear  by 
a  flexible  headband.  Here  the  permanent  magnets  in 
front  of  which  the  diaphragm  vibrates  are  of  the  ring 
type,  being  closed  magnets,  so  as  to  produce  poles  on 
the  opposite  sides  of  their  circumference.  Fa.stened  to 
the  compound  ring  magnet  are  circular  pole  pieces 
which  carry  the  electro-magnetic  coils.  The  face  of 
these  pole  pieces  is  closely  adjacent  to  the  diaplu-agm, 
as  in  the  ordinary  butter  stamp  receiver.  The  work- 
ing parts  are  mounted  in  a  hard  rubber  cap  or  shell  and 
the  diaphragm  is  clamped  between  the  front  face  of  the 
cup  and  the  flattened  ear  piece,  while  the  binding  posts 
to  which  the  terminals  of  the  cord  are  attached  are 
usually  carried  within  the  shell.  Some  forms  of  the 
watch  case  receiver  are  made  up  also  for  various  uses 
where  the  employment  of  the  longer  receiver  would  be 
inconvenient. 

It  has  already  been  noted  that  a  considerable  pro- 
portion of  the  manufactures  in  the  telephone  class 
were  of  parts  and  supplies,  the  total  amounting  to 
$2,071,895.  This  classification  embraces  a  wade  va- 
riety of  parts,  the  chief  items  being  the  signaling  appa- 
ratus in  magneto-telephone  sets  and  the  line  protec- 
tors, fuses,  etc.  Each  magneto  substation  carries  a 
pair  of  small  gongs,  between  which  swings  a  striker, 
forming  part  of  an  electro-magnetic  system,  so  that 
the  movements  of  the  striker  cause  the  bell  to  ring. 
The  magneto  generator  included  in  the  set  is  in  reality 
a  tiny  alternating  current  dynamo  which  is  operated  by 
hand,  so  that  when  the  crank  is  turned  its  armature  is 
revolved  rapidly  and  an  alternating  current  is  sent  out 
over  the  line  circuit  to  the  central  office  to  throw  the 
subscriber's  numbered  drop  on  the  switchboard.  The 
substation  is  safeguarded  against  abnormal  current  by 
means  of  a  protector  placed  on  the  backboard  of  the 
telephone  set,  a  common  form  being  a  spark  gap  which 
consists  of  a  pair  of  carbon  plates,  one  of  which  is 
grounded,  while  the  other  is  connected  to  the  line,  the 
plates  being  separated  by  a  thin  perforated  mica 
washer.  T  his  is  usually  associated  with  a  fuse  or  heat 
coil  of  fine  fusible  wire,  which  sometimes  takes  the 
shape  of  a  ttibular  fuse,  the  wire  being  inclosed  in  a 
hermetically  sealed  small  tube,  which  protects  the  fuse 
from  the  air  and  enables  it  to  operate  more  uniformly. 
The  tubular  fuses  are,  however,  used  more  particu- 
larly in  connection  with  the  protection  of  switch- 
boards, being  mounted  in  sets  or  gangs  ready  for 
insertion  on  the  distributing  board  at  the  central 
exchange.     In  the  present  report  fuses  and  hghtning 


198 


MANUFACTURES. 


arresters  are  as  a  class  brought  to  account  under  a  sepa- 
rate heading,  and  it  is  hkelj-  that  many  intended  for 
telephonic  use  are  there  enumerated  rather  than  as 
telephonic  parts  and  supphes. 

It  will  be  readily  understood  that  quite  outside  of 
the  main  switchboards  and  the  apparatus  in  vise  at  the 
subscribers'  stations  there  is  a  large  amount  of  miscel- 
laneous apparatus  which  is  included  in  "telephonic 
parts  and  supplies,"  and  some  of  which  even  falls  into 
other  classes  of  manufacture.  Each  exchange,  for  ex- 
ample, in  addition  to  its  local  and  toll-Une  boards,  is 
equipped  with  mtermediate  distributing  frames  or 
boards  equipped  with  connectors  to  which  the  outside 
circuits  are  brought,  so  that  they  may  be  readily  con- 
nected to  or  disconnected  from  the  circuits  wathin  the 
exchange.  In  the  case  of  the  common  battery  sj's- 
tems  there  are  also  relay  frames  equipped  with  mount- 
ing strips  for  insulating  individually  each  set  of  line 
relays,  these  being  encased  in  dust  proof  caps  or 
jackets.  A  central  exchange  is  also  provided  with 
desks  for  the  chief  operator  and  the  monitors  and  wire 
chiefs,  each  of  these  desks  being  thorotighly  equipjied 
for  the  supervision  of  the  work  within  the  exchange  bj- 
the  superintending  force  or  for  testing  apparatus  or 
lines  immediately  when  any  trouble  arises  on  the  cir- 
cuits. The  details  that  must  be  supplied  in  connec- 
tion with  ordinary  interior  telephone  systems,  inter- 
commimicating  systems,  or  those  for  simple  intercom- 
mimication,  are  numerous  also. 

For  many  years  past  it  has  been  the  custom  to  em- 
ploy the  telephone  for  the  transmission  of  music,  ser- 
mons, speeches,  etc.,  sensitive  transmitters  for  this 
purpose  being  placed  in  the  vicinity  of  the  stage,  the 
pulpit,  or  the  musical  performers.  Separate  com- 
pani  's  have  been  organized  for  business  of  this  cliar- 
acter,  while  in  Budapest,  Hungary,  a  news  system  has 
been  associated  with  such  work.  A  more  radical  inno- 
vation or  employment  of  the  telephone  owes  its  origin 
to  Dr.  Thaddeus  CahiU,  of  Holyoke,  Mass.,  who  lias 
developed  witiiin  the  last  few  years  a  most  original 
and  iiigcnjous  system  of  music  production,  and  its  dis- 
tribution, by  means  of  electrical  currents  over  the  tele- 
phone circuits.  The  principle  of  the  invention  is  that 
each  current  of  electricity  from  an  alternating  current 
dynamo  has  its  own  spcdlic  predetermined  rate  of  vi- 
bration or  frequency  in  the  circuit,  and  that  this  cur- 
rent when  brought  to  a  tel(j)h<>ne  is  there  heard  as  a 
musical  note.  Middle  C  string  on  the  piano,  for  ex- 
ample, has  2.56  vibrations  per  second,  and  in  like  man- 
ner the  vibrations  of  current  produced  by  the  dynamo 
designed  for  that  purpo.se  number  2.56,  and  are  heard  as 
the  same  note  in  the  telephone.  The  inventor  has  de- 
signed, therefore,  and  placed  together  on  a  common 
fihaft  14.5  .small  alternating  current  dynamos,  each 
with  its  characteristic  current  vibration,  and  these  cur- 
rents led  to  a  keyboard  can  be  manijjulatcd  there  by 
the  performer  who,  with  the  aid  of  the  various  trans- 


formers, or  "tone  mixers,"  is  enabled  to  give  a  musical 
performance  based  wholly  upon  the  current  of  these 
dynamos  instead  of  upon  the  vibrations  due  to  the  use 
of  reeds,  strings,  or  pipes.  The  keyboard  is  operated 
by  the  performers  just  as  is  that  of  the  piano  or  organ, 
or  can  be  associated  with  a  mechanical  attachment,  as 
in  the  pianola.  The  performers,  having  control  of  the 
dynamos,  give  not  only  the  fundamental  notes,  but 
also  the  overtones  or  harmonics  by  compounding  the 
various  vibrations  in  such  a  manner  as  to  play  any 
chosen  piece  of  music,  and  can  also  stamp  on  the 
sounds  the  quahty  of  those  from  various  musical 
instruments,  such  as  the  organ,  violin,  flute,  etc. 
The  plant  where  these  electrical  vibrations  are  gen- 
erated can  be  connected  with  a  large  number  of  tele- 
phone receivers  in  different  parts  of  a  city,  and  hence 
the  same  music  can  be  heard,  simultaneously,  at  points 
miles  apart.  The  electrical  vibrations,  with  negligilile 
loss  in  transmission,  become  music  as  soon  as  heard  in 
the  recei\'iug  telephone,  to  which  is  attached  a  mega- 
phone horn  in  order  to  intensify  the  sound  and  enable 
it  to  be  heard  by  several  persons  at  once.  It  will  be 
understood  that  these  currents  usually  produce  music 
only  in  the  telephone  receiver,  but  they  can  also  be 
made  audible  as  music  in  the  "  flame  "  of  an  electric 
arc  lamp. 

The  telephone  receivers  and  the  horns  attached  can 
be  exposed  in  full  view  of  the  audience,  but  are  prefer- 
ably inclosed  or  concealed  in  baskets  of  ilowers,  divans, 
ornamental  urns,  newel  posts,  etc.,  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  room  in  which  the  music  is  to  be  ren- 
dered. Each  receiving  telephone  recjuires  a  surpris- 
ingly small  quantity  of  current  for  the  delivery  of 
nnisic  and  a  score  of  them  will  take  no  more  tluin  an 
ordinary  incandescent  lamp.  The  lirst  comniercial 
plant  installed  in  New  York  city  driven  by  a  motor  of 
200  horsepower  has  an  estimated  capacity  of  from 
15,000  to  20,000  subscribers,  each  fiu-nishcd  with  a 
telej)hone  that  can  be  heard  by  a  large  audience.  The 
music  has  been  transmitted  from  flH>  original  plant  at 
lioiyoke,  Mass.,  as  far  as  Springllcld,  Mass.,  and  New 
Plaven,  Conn.,  with  success,  but  it  is  intended  that 
each  "central"  shall  be  restricted  to  local  delivery  of 
its  music.  In  addition  to  the  large  sets  of  apparatus 
for  central  station  music  purposes,  the  owners  of  the 
patents  are  manufacturing  smaller  isolated  plants 
intended  for  se]>anite  use,  and  giving  music,  as  de- 
sired by  the  individual  performer,  in  exactly  the  same 
manner  ns  an  isolated  light  and  power  i)]aiit. 

An  ingenious  piece  of  apparatus  which  has  been 
introduced  within  the  past  year  or  two  for  use  in  con- 
nection with  the  telephone  is  the  Poulsen  telegraphone, 
the  ohject  of  which  is  (o  furnish  a  record  of  the  speech 
received  over  the  telephone.  Dispute  often  arises  as 
to  the  exact  nature  of  telephone  conversations,  and 
litigations  have  arisen  on  account  of  the  discrepancy 
between  the  alleged  statements  of  the  interlocutors. 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


199 


In  the  telegraphone  tlie  piincijjlo  employed  is  that  of 
recording  upon  a  narrow  traveling  steel  strip,  or  line 
wire,  the  message  or  speech  as  received.  As  now 
manufactured  and  actually  in  use,  the  telegraphone 
embodies  two  large  spools  mounted  on  top  of  a  small 
box  which  is  equipped  with  an  ordinary  telephone 
transmitter  and  a  pair  of  telephone  receivers.  From 
one  spool  to  the  other,  standing  6  inches  apart,  runs 
a  steel  wire  yj^  inch  in  diameter.  Standing  between 
the  spools,  on  a  vertical  support  or  arm,  are  two  small 
electro-magnets  facing  each  other,  about  iV  inch  a])art. 
When  the  conversation  is  going  on,  the  magnets  are 
switched  into  circuit,  the  wire  is  set  in  motion  between 
the  two  spools,  nmning  fTom  one  to  the  other,  and  the 
vibrations  of  the  voice  as  received  from  the  distant 
transmitter  are  communicated  electrically  to  the  mag- 
net coils.  As  the  wire  travels  between  the  magnets  it 
becomes  magnetized  with  an  intensity  and  a  polarity 
corresponding  to  the  strength  of  the  particular  sound 
vibrations,  which  correspond  to  the  waves  of  electric 
current  at  that  instant.  When  the  conversation  is 
finished,  and  the  record  is  therefore  complete,  the 
spools  are  reversed  and  the  wire  reeled  back.  When 
it  is  required  to  listen  to  the  conversation  or  to  the 
message  which  has  been  taken  by  the  telegraphone 
during  a  man's  absence  from  his  office,  the  receiver  is 
put  into  circuit  with  the  magnets  and  the  wire  is  once 
more  reeled  off  from  one  spool  to  the  other.  The 
magnets  and  the  magnetic  wire  now  act  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  coils  are  electrified,  strongly  or  weakly, 
just  as  they  were  under  the  influence  of  the  original 
undulatory  waves  of  current  created  by  the  voice 
vibrations.  In  tliis  manner  the  varying  vibrations 
stamped  magnetically  on  the  traveling  wire  are  com- 
municated by  it  to  the  receiver  and  the  conversation 
or  message  is  reproduced  by  the  receiver.  The  wire 
travels  at  the  rate  of  about  10  feet  per  second.  In 
addition  to  serving  as  a  record  for  telephonic  messages, 
the  telegraphone  is  made  to  do  also  the  work  of  a 
phonograph  for  receiving  dictation;  the  wire  with,  the 
dictation  being  run  through  again  afterwards  by  the 
typewriter,  who  places  the  receiver  to  her  ear  for  the 
purpose.  In  this  manner  a  large  amount  of  dictation 
or  correspondence  is  provided  for,  as  there  are  about 
2  miles  of  wire  on  each  spool.  Another  feature  of  the 
apparatus  is  that  the  reversal  of  the  apparatus  so  as 
to  secure  the  record  cleans  the  steel  wire  of  the  record 
it  has  received.  The  passing  of  the  wire  before  the 
electro-magnets  "wipes  off,"  so  to  speak,  the  mag- 
netic impression  which  the  wire  had  received  origi- 
nally. The  whole  apparatus  has  been  developed  into 
simple,  compact  form,  and  while  not  yet  in  extensive 
use,  must  be  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  resources  of 
the  telephonic  art  available  at  the  time  of  the  present 
report. 

During  the  past  year  or  two  submarine  signaling 
based  upon  the  use  of  the  telephone  has  been  introduced 


and  a  mnnlicr  of  light-houses  and  steamships  have 
been  equij)ped  with  the  system,  which  is  of  American 
origin,  owing  its  perfection  to  Prof.  Elisha  Gray  and 
Ml-.  Arthur  Mundy,  of  Boston.  The  principle  em- 
bodied is  found  in  the  fact  that  sound  vibrations 
travel  very  easily  in  straight  lines  in  the  water — at 
about  four  times  the  speed  that  they  do  in  air — 
and  can  be  heard  at  a  considerable  distance  if  there  is 
apparatus  upon  which  the  vibrations  can  impinge. 

In  the  submarine  telephone  signaling  apparatus 
now  manufactured,  a  small  tank  is  attached  to  the 
inner  side  of  the  skin  of  the  vessel.  Tliis  tank  is  filled 
with  a  chemical  solution,  denser  than  water,  and  con- 
tains a  microphone.  A  sound  reaching  the  ship's 
side  through  the  water,  passes  into  the  solution  in 
the  iron  tank  and  the  vibrations  impinge  upon  the  sen- 
sitive microphone,  acting  as  do  the  corresponding 
vibrations  of  the  voice  in  the  transmitter  system  of 
a  talking  circuit;  from  there  the  currents  are  carried 
to  the  receiving  station  in  the  pilot  house,  or  other 
appropriate  place,  such  as  the  ship's  bridge,  and  are 
there  heard  by  the  telephone  receiver.  The  receiving 
box  is  equipped  with  two  telephone  receivers  instead 
of  one.  By  liolding  first  one  receiver  and  then  the 
other  to  his  ear,  the  pilot,  or  navigating  officer,  can 
tell  on  wliich  side  of  liis  vessel  the  submarine  bell  is 
located  that  is  giving  notice  of  danger,  for  the  reason 
that  the  sound  vibration  travels  in  straight  lines  and 
therefore  the  direction  can  be  very  accurately  deter- 
mined. The  same  method  applies  to  the  indication 
of  the  location  of  two  steamships  during  a  fog,  as 
both  can  tell  the  direction  of  travel  and  thus  modify 
their  course  to  prevent  accident.  In  a  report  to  the 
United  States  Navy  Department,  Lieutenant-Com- 
mander Walling  has  stated  that  the  direction  of  a 
submarine  beU  can  thus  be  determined  by  the  tele- 
phone within  one-eighth  of  a  point  on  the  mariner's 
compass.  More  definite  data  as  to  the  commercial 
use  of  the  invention  are  afforded  by  the  fact  that  the 
signals  of  Nantucket,  Fire  Island,  and  Sandy  Hook 
lights  and  hght-ships  have  been  picked  up  by  ap- 
proaching steamers  from  Europe  at  distances  of  4 
miles,  the  beU  code  numbers  being  known  to  the 
officers  of  the  vessels.  A  great  deal  of  work  was  done 
vidth  the  system  during  the  year  1904-5,  and  at  the 
time  of  the  preparation  of  this  report  19  hght-ships 
on  the  Atlantic  coast,  about  125  steamships,  and  '2 
American  battle  ships  had  submarine  signal  equip- 
ments. This  American  invention  has  also  been  in- 
troduced abroad  and  placed  upon  EngUsh,  French, 
German,  and  Dutch  fight-ships. 

A  composite  form  of  apparatus  has  recently  been 
introduced,  called  the  "telegraphone."  It  will  be 
noticed  that  this  name  is  somewhat  confusing,  as  it 
has  already  been  adopted  for  the  Poulsen  recording 
telephone  apparatus    previously  described.     This  in- 


strument is  in  aU  outward  appearance  similar  tc  the 


4.52.54— Mi--i;  UI05— I'T  4—08- 


-1.5 


200 


MANUFACTURES. 


ordinary  telephone,  but  it  is  not  intended  for  tele- 
phonic use  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word.  Through 
an  adjustment  of  the  railway  telegraph  circuits  the 
apparatus  can  be  attached  to  regular  telegraph  ^vires 
in  such  a  manner  that  conversation,  as  well  as  the 
transmission  of  signals,  can  be  carried  on  without  in- 
terference by  the  calling  devices  with  the  ilorse  rela3-s. 
The  raihoad  telegraph  apparatus  can  thus  render 
double  service;  as  the  composite  set  avoids  the  cost 
of  stringing  an  overhead  circuit  which  is  necessary 
when  separate  telephones  are  used  by  the  railroads. 
It  is  stated  that  several  hundred  complete  sets  of 
this  apparatus  were  manufactured  during  1904.  It 
should  also  be  pointed  out  that  simultaneous  teleg- 
raphy and  telephony  over  the  same  circuit  has  long 
been  practiced  in  tliis  country  and  in  Europe,  with 
methods  and  apparatus  that  are  described  in  all  the 
standard  books  dealing  with  the  transmission  of 
intelligence.  The  use  of  the  telephone  principle 
in  railwa}"  telegraph  signaling  was  also  adopted  by 
Mr.  Edison  several  years  ago  in  his  well  known 
"phonoplex." 

Telegraph  apparatus. — Table  15  shows  the  produc- 
tion of  telegraph  instruments,  switchboards,  and  parts 
and  supplies,  reported  in  1900  and  1005. 

Table  15. — Telegraph  apparatus — number  and  valxie:  1905  and 
1900. 


Total 
value. 


United  States,  1905. .  $1,111,194] 
1900..    1,642,266! 


States,  1005: 

New  York 

All  other  states. 


INTELLIGENCE 

(KEY,  SOUNDER 

ETC.). 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


76,826'S187,744 
199,4101354,212 


412,106, 
699,088i; 


24,756 
«  62, 070 


96,339 
'91,405 


Police, 

fire, 
district, 

and 
miscel- 
laneous 
(value). 


S592,070 
1,231,167 


145,438 
•446,6.32 


Wire- 
less 
tele- 
graph 
appa- 
ratus 
(value). 


tl 14,050 


8,500 
< 105, 550 


Switch- 
board.s, 
and 
parts 
and 
sup- 
pi  PR 
(value). 


$217,330 
5C,S87 


161,829 
'55,501 


'  Includes  Instruments  to  the  value  of  $5,300,  for  which  number  was  not  re- 
ported. 

'  Includes  states  as  follows:  niinois,  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  and  Oregon. 

•Includes  states  as  follows:  Illinois,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Ohio,  and 
Wisconsin. 

<  Inchidca  states  as  follows:  California,  Colorado,  District  of  Columbia,  and 
Massachusetts. 

'Includes  .states  as  follows:  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Missouri,  Nebraska, 
New  Jersey,  and  Wisconsin. 

It  will  be  noticed  tliat  there  is  an  appiircnt  falling 
ofT  of  at  least  half  a  iiiiliion  dollars  in  the  value  of 
telegraphic  apparatus  for  1905  as  compared  with  1900; 
the  value  in  tlie  earlier  year  being  .$1,642,206,  \vhc"cas 
the  last  census  year  it  was  reported  as  only  .$1,1 11,194. 
This  dofliiK!  was  perhaps  more  apparent  than  real,  as 
in  recent  years  the  larg(!r  telegraph  systems  liave  sliown 
an  iiicreii.sing  di.spo.sition  to  make  and  repair  iheir  own 
apparatus  ratlier  than  to  purchase  it  from  manufac- 
turers in  the  open  market.  It  is  obvions  that  through- 
out the  country  the  mere  wear  and  tear  on  npj)aratiis 
sending  and  receiving  a  hundred  million  messages  a 
year,  would  require  considerable  outlay  for  renewals, 
even  if  no  new  ollices  were  equipped.     As  a  matter  of 


fact,  a  large  number  of  new  telegraph  offices  of  an  ex- 
tensive character  have  been  equipped  in  recent  years, 
calling  for  apparatus  in  quantities  at  least  equal  to 
those  required  at  earlier  periods  in  the  art.  To  take 
a  t}-pical  case,  the  Western  Union  telegraph  sj'stem 
reported  for  the  year  1904  the  equipment  of  338  new 
oftices  and  no  fewer  than  356  in  the  year  1905,  while 
during  the  two  years  referred  to  large  offices  were  re- 
modeled or  reequipped  at  such  important  centers  as 
Boston,  Pliiladelpliia,  Cincinnati,  Cleveland,  and  St. 
Louis.  Moreover,  in  the  year  1904  dynamo  current 
was  substituted  for  chemical  cell  main  batteries  in 
fifteen  important  centers  of  the  same  corporation,  in- 
volving in  the  change  extensive  renewal,  adjustment, 
and  rearrangement  of  apparatus. 

The  newer  apparatus  in  the  telegraphic  field' includes 
that  employed  for  what  may  be  called  liigh-speed 
printing  purposes,  intended  to  supplement  or  supersede 
the  work  of  the  manual  operators  who  still  transmit 
with  the  lever  key  the  great  bulk  of  American  messages. 
The  quantity  of  apparatus  of  tliis  "macliine"  character 
manufactured  is  still  quite  small,  but  it  would  seem 
that  the  inventions  in  this  field  must  result  in  making 
machine  telegraphs  play  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  tele- 
grapliic  art.  It  has  been  said  by  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent managers  in  the  telegraphic  field  that  the  advances 
in  the  direction  of  developing  and  perfecting  printmg 
telegraph  systems,  adapted  to  all  the  requirements  of 
modern  service,  leave  no  doubt  as  to  the  employment 
of  such  systems  in  the  domain  of  commercial  telegra- 
phy. The  most  conspicuous  systems  of  this  charac- 
ter utilized  to  any  degree  in  the  United  States  are 
those  of  Buckingham,  Rowland,  Murray,  and  Delany. 

In  the  Rowland  system  the  basic  principle  is  the 
employment  of  alternating  current,  which,  dominant 
in  the  domain  of  light  and  power,  is  ideal  also  for  the 
long  distance  transmission  of  intelligence.  In  order  to 
transmit  the  signal,  however,  the  alternating  current  is 
modified.  For  each  signal  the  base,  so  to  speak,  is  a 
block  of  alternating  current,  consisting  of  11  half 
waves  which  are  modified  by  the  reversal  of  any  two. 
In  other  words,  tiie  sending  of  signals  is  actually  accom- 
plished, not  by  supplying  the  line  with  current  at  the 
moiuoiit  tlie  signal  is  being  transmitted,  as  in  ordinary 
telegra])!iic  met  hods,  but  by  cutting  out  certain  of  the 
alternating  current  waves.  Hence  one  or  more  of  the 
signals  can  he  made  to  consist  of  a  combination  of  sup- 
pressed hair  waves,  the  signals  so  jiroduced  being  then 
translated  automatically  into  printed  characters.  In 
this  niiinncr,  iiiid  by  grouping  the  waves  so  as  to  permit 
of  entirely  diirci'cul  and  iiuioiiendent  signals  being  sent 
from  four  typewriter  keyboards,  each  of  tlu>  lour 
transmit (ing  o|){'nitiirs  employed  can  cut  out  four 
dilFerciit  wave  combiiuitions  and  thus  send  as  many 
different  signals  over  the  line  in  a  single  second.  l''orty 
words  per  luinule  is  given  ns  a  fnlr  rale,  of  speed  for  a 
practiced  operat(ir  with  this  system,  and  as  the  system 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


201 


can  be  dujilcxed ,  ci;;lit  limes  that  number,  or  320  words 
in  all,  can  be  sent  over  a  teieji^raph  wire  and  printed  in 
one  minute.  The  late  Prof.  II.  A.  Rowland  developed 
his  system  so  that  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  figures, 
and  some  extra  signs  are  printed  automatically  in  such 
a  maimer  that  each  operator,  by  writing  on  the  ordi- 
nary typewriter  keyboard,  prints  on  a  page  8  inches 
wide  at  the  other  end  of  the  line  over  which  he  is  send- 
ing. These  pages  of  printed  matter  have  the  general 
appearance  of  an  ordinary  sheet  of  typewTitten  matter, 
with  the  letters  and  figures  appearing  in  clean  cut  block 
type. 

In  the  Murray  printing  telegraph  system  the  type- 
writer is  again  employed— the  messages  being  me- 
chanically both  transmitted  and  recorded  with  it. 
Perforated  paper  tape  is  first  prepared  by  means  of  a 
keyboard  mechanism,  the  punches  corresponding  with 
letters  and  figures,  and  the  tape  is  then  pa.ssed  through 
a  Wheatstone  transmitter,  wliich,  at  a  liigh  rate  of 
speed  and  operating  automatically,  sends  out  the  sig- 
naling currents  to  the  distant  receiving  station.  These 
currents  are  utilized  not  to  actuate  the  printing  mech- 
anism directly,  as  in  the  case  of  the  other  printing 
telegraph  systems,  but  to  produce  a  second  perforating 
tape  at  the  receiving  end — this  tape  controlUng  mechan- 
ically a  typewriter  in  the  same  manner  as  the  perfo- 
rated rolls  of  music  operate  mechanical  pianos  or 
organs.  The  Murray  system  affords  a  high  rate  of 
transmission  on  the  wire  and  a  high  rate  per  operator, 
but  is  subject  to  the  criticism  that  both  the  sending  and 
the  receiving  stations  employ  a  perforated  tape,  wliich 
in  actual  practice  involves  delay,  especially  in  the  case 
of  errors  or  damaged  tape.  A  maximum  theoretical 
speed  for  the  Murray  apparatus  working  simplex  is 
given  of  96  words  per  minute  and  a  practical  speed  of 
120  messages  of  30  words  each  per  hour.  Working 
duplex  this  system  is  credited  with  a  theoretical  speed 
of  ]  92  words  ]3er  minute  and  240  messages  per  hour. 

The  Buckingham  system  is  the  first  really  rapid  long 
distance  page  printing  telegraph  that  has  ever  been 
introduced  successfully,  and  it  has  been  in  use  for  a 
considerable  period  of  time  on  some  of  the  longest  cir- 
cuits in  the  United  States.  The  distinguishing  fea- 
tures of  the  invention  consist  again  of  a  typewriter 
perforating  apparatus  for  preparing  the  paper  tape  for 
transmission  purposes,  and  the  printing  mechanism  at 
the  receiving  end  of  the  line.  The  perforated  paper 
tape  is  run  through  the  Wheatstone  transmitter,  which 
forwards  the  signals  automatically  to  the  distant  re- 
ceiving station;  there  thej^'  are  received  upon  a  Wheat- 
stone relay  and  thence  repeated  into  the  local  circuit 
mechanisms;  these  are  of  a  novel  and  ingenious  char- 
acter, and  so  operate  that  the  current  distributing  ap- 
paratus and  the  type  wheels  print  messages  upon  reg- 
ular telegraph  blanks.  These  blanks  encircle  a  tube, 
and  when  the  printing  of  a  message  begins,  one  of  them 
is  slid  edgewise  upon  a  brass  tube  wliich  serves  as  a  sup- 


port. When  the  blank  has  been  printed,  it  is  slipped 
off  quickly  to  one  side  and  a  fresh  Vjlank  takes  its  place. 
The  message  when  thus  printed  is  spread  out  by  cut- 
ting it  open,  when  it  can  be  forwarded  immediately  to 
the  addressee.  The  four-type  wheels  in  the  Bucking- 
ham system  carry  32  characters,  inclusive  of  the  letters 
of  the  alphabet  and  punctuation  marks,  this  special 
alphabet  having  been  devised  by  Mr.  Buckingham  as 
adapted  to  the  system.  It  is  subject  to  the  general 
objection  of  requiring  a  preliminary  perforated  tape, 
but  on  the  other  hand  the  messages  received  are 
printed  ready  for  delivery,  a  notable  point  in  total 
speed  of  transmission.  In  messages  over  Western 
Union  circuits  between  New  York,  Chicago,  or  Buffalo, 
during  six  or  seven  years  of  operation,  a  working  ca- 
pacity of  200  messages  per  hour  operating  duplex  has 
been  noted.  A  modification  of  this  system  has  been 
introduced  in  the  Barclay  method,  which  embodies  a 
form  of  electrical  t3rpewriter  of  great  sensibility  and 
rapidity  in  action,  and  a  comparatively  simple  printing 
mechanism  so  devised  as  to  meet  more  fully  the  service 
requirements,  and  aiming  at  the  same  time  to  improve 
the  legibility  and  general  appearance  of  the  printed 
message  as  sent  out  to  the  public.  It  is  said  that  with 
the  Barclay  system  a  speed  of  at  least  100  words  per 
minute  has  been  secured. 

The  Delany  rapid  telegraph  system  includes  a  perfo- 
rator machine  wliich  may  be  operated  by  the  ordinary 
Morse  key  at  the  highest  speed  of  expert  operators. 
With  two  such  machines  an  automatic  transmitter 
may  be  fed  with  perforated  tape,  and  messages  sent 
over  the  line  at  a  rate  up  to  the  highest  ability  of 
the  typewriter  operator  receiving  at  the  distant  end. 
Thus,  with  two  perforating  operators  working  at  20 
words  per  minute,  the  automatic  transmitter  will  de- 
liver 40  words  per  mmute  in  improved  Morse  to  the 
receiving  operator,  so  that  the  capacity  of  the  circuit 
may  be  doubled,  and  a  duplex  become  equal  to  quad- 
ruplex  in  output  wdth  six  operators  as  against  eight. 
The  quadruplex  wire  may  also  be  made  to  carry  double 
the  number  of  messages  with  twelve  men  doing  the 
work  of  sixteen.  The  speed  is  limited  onh'  by  the 
impulse-conveying  efficiency  of  wires,  or  the  delivery 
of  unpulses  of  sufficient  power  to  make  a  mark  with 
iron  recording  ^vire  on  the  chemical  tape  by  electro- 
chemical action,  permitting  of  ready  transcription  by 
the  receiving  operator,  who  has  to  translate  the  marks 
on  the  tape.  The  perforated  message  is  made  up  en- 
tirely of  dots,  all  impulses  having  the  same  time  value, 
and  each  succeeding  one  being  of  opposite  polarity  to 
the  one  before  it.  The  time  between  the  positive 
marking  impulses  and  the  negative,  cutting  off,  or 
spacing  impulses  determines  whether  the  character  is  a 
dot  or  a  dash  in  the  Morse  alphabet.  As  a  matter  of 
fact  the  perforator  can  be  worked  by  an  ordinary  key- 
board transmitter,  so  that  any  tj'pewriter  can  perfo- 
rate the  sending  tape  without  even  knowing  the  Morse 


202 


MANUFACTURES. 


alphabet.  The  receivmg  machmery  is  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  transmitting  operator,  so  that  it  may  be 
stopped  at  any  iastant.  The  chemical  receiving  tape 
is  only  shghtly  damp  and  is  wound  up  on  wheels  as  it 
passes  through  the  machine.  It  is  not  handled  by 
anybody,  being  drawn  in  short  lengths  in  front  of  the 
typewriter  as  the  transcription  is  effected  by  means  of  a 
mechanical  contrivance  which  is  under  the  control  of 
the  typewriter's  foot.  It  is  stated  that  the  transmit- 
ting apparatus  is  capable  of  running  up  to  a  speed  of 
10,000  words  per  minute,  and  that  8,000  words,  or  2,500 
impulses,  a  second  have  been  recorded  over  an  artificial 
cn-cuit. 

A  great  deal  of  time  and  attention  has  been  devoted 
by  inventors  to  the  development  of  writing  telegraph 
systems,  and  considerable  ingenuity  has  been  displaj-ed 
in  their  manufacture.  One  sj-stem  is  in  use  in  the 
United  States  at  the  time  of  tliis  report  and  is  being 
continuously  developed.  It  depends,  broadly,  upon 
the  principles  of  the  parallclogi-am  of  forces,  so  that  by 
compounding  the  movements  of  a  point  in  two  direc- 
tions, one  at  an  angle  to  the  other,  the  actual  path  de- 
scribed by  the  point  is  the  result  of  the  two  separate 
movements.  In  the  telautograph,  as  thus  worked  out, 
the  receiving  pen  operates  under  the  variations  of  the 
magnetism  of  two  electro-magnetic  systems  at  right 
angles  to  each  other,  and  reproduces  with  very  close 
approximation  the  handwriting  of  the  operator  at  the 
transmitting  end  in  accordance  with  the  motion  of  his 
pen  or  stylus.  At  the  transmitting  end  a  pencil  is  at- 
tached by  rods  to  two  lever  arms  which  carry  contact 
rollers  at  their  ends,  these  rollers  bearing  against  the 
surface  of  current  carrying  resistances  coimected  with 
the  sources  of  direct  current  supply.  Hence  the  writ- 
ing currents  pass  through  the  resistances  to  the  rollers 
and  thence  to  the  line  wires,  so  that  as  the  stylus  is 
moving  in  the  act  of  writing  the  relation  or  position  of 
the  rollers  in  respect  to  the  rheostats  is  constantly 
changing,  and  hence  currents  of  varjing  strength  are 
let  through.  Satisfactory  operation  is  obtained  with 
currents  of  a  pressure  from  SO  to  250  volts,  and  the 
ordinary  11 5- volt  current  from  incandescent  lighting 
circuits  is  quite  suitable.  A  master  switch  at  the 
transmitter  makes  the  necessary  changes  in  the  cir- 
cuits and  cuts  out  the  mechanism  when  it  is  not  in  use. 
There  is  also  a  device  for  shifting  the  transmitter  paper 
a  distance  of  one  line  of  ordinary  writing,  just  as  the 
paper  is  carried  forward  on  a  typewriter  frame.  The 
writing  .space  is  about  2  inches  long  and  5  inches  wide, 
and  allows  for  four  or  five  lines  of  writing,  ^^^len  the 
sheet  lias  been  filled  up,  fresh  paper  is  readily  brought 
into  position  at  the  transmitter  and  with  equal  ease  at 
the  receiver.  At  the  receiving  end  the  apparatus  for 
nut  oMiatic  writing  is  highly  ingenious,  ])nrticnlarly  with 
regard  to  the  supplying  of  ink  and  securing  an  easy, 
smooth  movement  of  I  lie  transcribing  pen.  This  ap- 
paratus has  been  inlroduced  in  the  United  States  coast 


defence  service  for  sending  ballistic  data  from  position- 
finding  stations  to  the  gunners.  A  special  type  of  the 
telautograph  has  been  manufactured  for  and  adopted 
by  the  United  States  Signal  Corps  for  fire-control  com- 
munication. Commercial  service  is  represented  more 
specifically  by  its  employment  in  hotels  and  clubs, 
communicating  between  restaiu'ant  and  kitchen,  for 
example. 

Wireless  telegraphy,  since  the  last  report  on  "'ectrical 
manufacturing  was  made,  has  entered  into  such  a 
sphere  of  importance  and  usefulness,  both  in  peace  and 
M-ar,  that  its  treatment  has  already  become  the  subject 
of  national  and  international  control.  Inventors  in 
this  field  have  been  numerous,  not  only  on  both  sides 
of  the  Atlantic  but  in  South  America  and  Japan,  and 
the  amount  of  wireless  telegraph  business  now  trans- 
acted is  quite  large,  thousands  of  messages  being  daily 
transmitted  through  the  ether,  chiefly  between  ships 
and  shore,  but  also  between  stations  upon  land.  All  of 
these  wireless  telegraph  stations  depend  upon  wire 
towers  or  antennae,  carried  high  in  the  air  in  order  to 
give  off  to,  and  to  receive  from,  the  ether  the  electrical 
impulses  impressed  upon  it  by  the  transmitting  system. 
The  wireless  telegraph  stations  along  seacoasts  or  on 
shipboard  already  number  several  himdred,  and  every 
navy  and  important  line  of  commercial  steamships  has 
its  complete  sj'stem  of  wireless  telegraph  apparatus. 
The  introduction  of  the  system  has  already  been  car- 
ried so  far  that  it  has  been  put  on  board  some  of  the 
larger  boats  of  the  American  fishing  fleets.  The  whole 
coast  line  of  Europe  is  dotted  with  wireless  telegraph 
stations,  and  a  chain  of  stations  also  extends  along  con- 
siderable portions  of  the  American  coast  as  well  as  up 
the  St.  Lawrence  river.  The  equipment  of  these  sys- 
tems with  towers  and  high  tension  generating  appa- 
ratus has  developed  a  new  field  of  manufacture,  but 
only  the  figures  of  specific  telegraph  apparatus  are  em- 
braced in  the  values  given  in  tliis  report  under  "  teleg- 
raphy," including  the  special  transmitters,  receivers, 
coherers,  keys,  and  other  features.  The  generating 
])lants  for  stations  of  high  power  with  a  "striking" 
railius  of  hundreds  of  miles  are  now  equipped  with 
alternating  current  generators  and  transformers  of  con- 
siderable horsepower.  The  distance  of  the  message 
bears  a  fair  ratio  to  the  amount  of  electrical  energy 
employed  in  sending  out  the  high  frequency  impulses 
to  the  atmosphere. 

The  leading  systems  of  the  apparatus  in  use  in  the 
United  States  are  the  Marconi,  the  Slaby-Arco,  (he 
Braun,  and  one  or  two  others  of  Ein-opean  origin;  but 
there  are  several  highly  ingenious  and  successful 
American  systems,  notably  those  of  Fessenden,  De 
Forest,  Massie,  and  Stone,  all  of  which  have  been  ])ut 
into  commercial  operation.  A  principal  clement  in 
the  wireless  telegraph  systems  is  the  device  for  inter- 
cepling  the  etheric  impulses  so  as  to  convert  them  into 
signals.     A  leading  tyj)c  of  coherer  apparatus  consists 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


203 


of  a  small  ix'iifil-like  gltiss  tube  filled  with  metallic 
filings,  which  are  caused  to  cohere  by  the  incoming 
impulses  and  which  are  usually  made  to  decohere  by 
means  of  a  tapper  in  the  local  circuit.  This  little  tube 
receives  the  successive  impulses  and  records  thcni  with 
auxiliary  appliances,  or  renders  them  audible  in  a  tele- 
phone receiv(!r.  The  coherer  by  its  variations  operates 
a  very  sensitive  relay,  with  an  ink-recording  device,  by 
means  of  which  the  message  is  registered  in  the  Morse 
alphabet.  Some  of  the  coherer  systems  are  automatic 
in  their  operation.  The  rate  of  signaling  with  the 
filings  coherer  is  comparatively  slow,  being  limited  to 
about  ten  or  fifteen  words  per  minute,  on  account  of 
the  sluggishness  and  mechanical  inertia  of  the  various 
parts.  The  distance  of  operation  with  tliis  coherer 
also  seems  to  be  somewhat  limited.  A  typical  auto- 
coherer  system  is  that  which  has  a  telephone  receiver 
in  circuit,  the  variations  of  the  current  producing  sound 
in  the  telephone  receiver  of  long  or  short  variation, 
corresponding  to  dots  and  dashes  of  the  telegrapliic 
alphabet. 

Another  form  of  autocoherer,  or  detector,  is  that 
devised  by  Marconi,  based  upon  the  principle  that 
electrical  oscillations  aft'ect  the  magnetic  changes  in 
iron,  enabling  them  to  occur  more  rapidly.  An  end- 
less belt  of  thin  wire  about  12  inches  long  revolves  on  a 
pulley  operated  by  clockwork,  and  passes  through  a 
spool  on  which  are  wound  two  coils  of  fijie  wire.  The 
outer  wrapping  or  coil  is  part  of  a  circuit  in  which  is 
included  a  telephone  receiver,  while  the  inner  coil  of 
wire  is  connected  in  series  with  the  vertical  wire  tower 
or  antennae.  Two  horseshoe  magnets  having  their 
like  poles  adjacent  to  each  other  are  placed  in  proximity 
to  these  coils,  and  wliile  normally  the  changes  of  the 
magnetism  in  the  traveling  wire  in  proximity  to  the 
magnets  are  not  sufficiently  rapid  to  set  up  currents  in 
the  coil,  the  conditions  are  different  when  rapid  elec- 
trical oscillations  occur  in  the  inner  coil,  these  beinc 
accompanied  by  correspondingly  rapid  momentary 
changes  in  the  magnets  of  the  traveling  core  or  wrap- 
ping of  thin  wire.  The  consequently  rapid  variation 
of  the  magnetic  lines,  or  field  of  force,  in  the  traveling 
wire  set  up  momentary  currents  that  are  detected  or 
heard  as  sound  in  the  telephone  receiver.  It  appears 
that  a  speed  of  25  or  30  words  a  minute  can  be  ob- 
tained in  practice  with  the  detector,  thus  doubling  the 
rapidity  obtainable  with  the  filings  coherer. 

Another  form  of  receiving  apparatus  is  the  Fessenden 
detector,  wliich  consists  of  a  small  insulating  vessel, 
wherein  is  placed  a  weak  solution  of  nitric  acid.  Down 
into  this  solution  penetrates  for  a  short  distance  a  very 
fine  platinum  wire,  and  another  platinum  wire  enters 
the  acid  from  the  bottom  of  the  vessel.  Tliis  device, 
or  detector,  wlfich  is  called  a  liquid  barretter,  is  con- 
nected for  receiving  between  the  vertical  wires,  or 
antennae,  and  the  ground.  The  principle  embodied  is 
that  all  the  resistance  in  the  conducting  medium  is  con- 


centrated within  a  short  distance  of  the  point  where 
the  fine  platinum  wire  enters  the  acid.  Hence  all  the 
temperature  effects  are  local  or  take  j)lace  inside  a 
hemisphere  of  comparatively  small  radius.  The  heat- 
ing effect  of  the  small  battery  in  the  shunt  circuit  nor- 
mally increases  the  resistance  of  that  circuit,  but  the 
resistance  is  broken  down  by  the  incoming  electrical 
oscillations,  and  the  variations  of  the  current  strength 
due  thereto  are  recognized,  in  the  telephone  receiver 
employed,  as  dots  and  dashes.  According  to  Mr. 
I'^'essenden,  the  action  of  this  detector  is  not  electro- 
lytic, but  thermic.  Apparatus  of  a  similar  character 
for  wave  detection  has  been  employed  in  the  De  Forest 
system,  the  detector  being  a  very  fine  wire  extending 
into  the  liquid  contained  in  a  small  cup,  with  another 
wire  running  through  the  base  of  the  cup.  The  liquid 
in  the  cup  is  a  slightly  acidulated  solution.  The  prin- 
ciple, according  to  Doctor  De  Forest,  being  that  the 
action  is  electrolytic,  the  current  from  the  small  battery 
sets  up  a  further  electromotive  force  of  polarization 
which  the  arriving  oscillations  disturb,  thus  securing 
the  desired  audible  result  in  the  telephone  receiver. 

A  more  recent  and  highly  ingenious  form  of  appa- 
ratus of  De  Forest  invention  is  that  known  as  the 
"audion."  This  receiver  for  wireless  telegraphy  con- 
sists of  a  low  voltage  incandescent  lamp  with  carbon 
filament,  connected  to  a  source  of  current  consistmg  of 
a  battery  of  dry  cells  and  a  rheostat  for  varying  the 
current  at  will.  Witliin  the  bulb  of  the  lamp  are 
placed  two  platinum  wings,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
filament.  A  second  set  of  dry  cells  is  connected  be- 
tween the  positive  end  of  the  filament  and  the  plati- 
num, the  latter  being  connected  to  the  positive  pole  of 
the  batter}'.  When  electrification  is  produced  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  incandescent  filament,  a  positive 
leakage  discharge  current  will  pass  from  the  platinum 
wings  through  the  attenuated  gas  in  the  bulb  to  the 
filament,  and  the  conductivity  of  the  gas  between  the 
wings  and  the  filament  increases  rapidly  with  the  in- 
crease of  the  heating  current  tlu-ough  the  filament. 
When  the  audion  is  connected,  either  inductively  or 
conductively,  in  an  oscillation  circuit  of  a  wireless  tele- 
graph receiver,  it  forms  an  extremely  sensitive  detec- 
tor of  ether  or  Hertzian  waves,  giving  responses  or  in- 
dications in  the  telephone  receiver  several  times  louder 
than  any  other  known  form  of  wireless  receiver  sub- 
ject to  the  same  impulses.  It  is  stated  that  the  device 
is  extremely  selective  in  its  behavior  mth  reference  to 
waves  of  different  lengths,  and  can  be  closely  timed 
with  the  syntonizer.  By  regulating  the  heating  cur- 
rent— the  potential  between  the  wings  and  the  fila- 
ment, or  the  distance  between  these — the  audion  is 
made  to  a  great  extent  selective  for  itself  to  the  re- 
ceived impulses.  It  gives  no  evidence  of  fatigue  imder 
any  conditions  of  use,  requiring  no  adjustment  in  the 
receiver,  and  needing  no  protection  from  the  violent 
impulses  of  the  transmitter  at  its  own  station,  as  com- 


204 


MANUFACTURES. 


pared  with  the  sensitiveness  of  the  receivers  of  the 
electrolytic  type,  which  are  said  to  be  completely  upset 
by  one  such  violent  impulse  unless  protected  by  a 
shunting  switch. 

As  will  be  noticed  from  Table  15,  a  large  proportion 
of  telegraphic  apparatus  in  1905^in  fact,  one-half, 
$592,070 — is  comprised  under  the  head  of  "police,  fire 
district,  and  miscellaneous."  The  miscellaneous  tele- 
graphs in  this  group  are  not  numerous,  but  the  other 
three  classes  are  important  and  are  in  constant  de- 
mand. During  recent  years  there  has  not  been  much 
change  in  any  of  them,  except  in  the  association  w  ith 
the  older  forms  of  telephony,  which  is  under  trial  in 
various  cities  for  fire  and  police  purposes.  The  dis- 
trict messenger  box  is  still  to  be  found  in  most  large 
modem  buildings,  but  no  essential  change  has  been 
made  in  its  mechanism  or  in  the  variety  of  the  calls 
that  may  be  effected  through  it.  Here  again  the  tele- 
phone has  had  some  influence,  and  in  more  than  one 
modern  form  of  district  messenger  box  an  attempt  has 
been  made  to  add  the  telephone  to  the  apparatus  as  a 
means  of  increasing  its  efficiency.  The  general  sub- 
ject of  municipal  telegraphs,  including  fire  and  police 
systems,  will  be  found  treated  in  great  detail  in  the  spe- 
cial report  issued  by  the  Bureau  of  the  Census,  entitled 
"Telephones  and  Telegraphs:  1902." 

Insulated  wires  and  cables. — Table  16  gives  the  value 
of  insulated  wires  and  cables  manufactured  as  reported 
in  1900  and  1905. 

Table  16. — Insulated  wires  and  cables — value:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

Value. 

United  States,  1M5 

$.14,519,099 

1900 

Btates.  1005: 

nnnnf>pt.lnnt . 

2,156,369 
3,600,313 
1  001  522 

Illlnnin 

MfLf)Wu^1iM»>t.t(; 

8,234  SS5 

NewYork 

Pftnnsvlvnnia          

2  SK,^>  0.'j2 

All  other  states' 

541,197 

'Inclti'lcs  states  as  follows:  California,  Indiana,  New  Hampstaln*,  Ohio, 
Oregon,  nnd  Wi.scf.nsln. 

A  total  value  of  .S34,51 9,699  was  returned  for  the 
production  of  insulated  wires  and  cal)les  by  61  facto- 
ries during  the  census  year  1905.  The  industry  was 
well  distributed  throughout  the  country,  being  carried 
on  in  13  different  states.  The  chief  center  of  the  in- 
dustry is  New  York,  which,  with  12  factories,  reported 
an  output  valued  at  .$10,911,897;  New  Jersey  follows, 
with  7  fur-torios  and  an  output  valued  at  $8,234,885; 
and  Itliodo  Island  is  third  with  an  output  valued  at 
$5,122,404.  As  will  be  noted  these  3  Eastern  states 
accounted  for  con.sideralily  more  than  half  of  the  total 
output,  and  if  the  product  of  Connecticut,  .52,156,369, 
be  added,  it  will  bo  .seen  that  these  4  Eastern  states 
accounted  for  more  than  five-sevenths  of  the  whole  out- 
put of  the  country.     The  two  other  states  conspicuous 


in  this  line  of  work  were  Illinois  and  Pennsylvania, 
the  former  with  an  output  of  S3, 666,313,  and  the  lat- 
ter with  an  output  of  $2,885,052.  The  enthe  produc- 
tion of  the  country  is  reported  by  value  only,  the 
sizes  of  wire  being  so  numerous  and  the  complexities 
of  their  manufactm-e  into  cables  being  so  intricate 
that  no  definite  figures  could  possibly  be  secui-ed  as  to 
the  length  in  feet  or  the  quantity  in  pounds.  Every 
branch  of  electrical  industry  requires  large  amoimts 
of  insulated  wh-es  and  cables.  Every  telegraph  office 
and  telephone  exchange  employs  large  quantities  of 
such  wh-es  and  cables.  Every  house  or  factory  or 
office  building  wired  for  electric  lighting  and  power 
receives  and  distributes  its  cm'rent  through  insulated 
conductors.  Every  motor  car  is  heavily  cabled, 
while  every  dynamo  and  motor  is  built  up  with  insu- 
lated wii'es  and  cables.  Some  idea  of  the  consump- 
tion of  tills  class  of  material  in  one  field  alone  may  be 
formed  from  the  fact  that  at  the  close  of  the  year 
1905  the  companies  constituting  the  Bell  telephone 
system  had  in  u.se  not  less  than  320,000,000  pounds 
of  copper  wire,  which  would  represent  a  value  of  cop- 
per alone  of  about  $60,000,000.  Tliis  copper  is  largely 
made  up  into  cables  of  a  permanent  type,  carried  upon 
no  fewer  than  8,000,000  poles,  and  tlurough  95,000,000 
duct  feet  of  underground  conduit.  An  equally  impres- 
sive idea  of  the  consumption  of  cable  is  afl'orded  by 
the  fact  that  the  electric  zone  of  the  New  York  Cen- 
tral and  Hudson  River  Railroad  has  in  its  transmis- 
sion circuits  1,500,000  pounds  of  copper  in  cables, 
and  for  the  transmission  and  subsequent  distribution 
fi-om  the  substations  a  total  weight  of  3,000,000 
poimds  of  cable,  a  large  proportion  of  which  is  heavily 
insulated.  In  this  electric  zone  there  are  16  miles  of 
cable  conduit,  97  miles  of  cable  in  the  conduits,  344 
miles  of  cable  upon  poles,  3  cable  towers,  and  383 
sphciag  chambers,  where  the  short  lengths  of  cable  are 
united  and  made  continuous  tlu-oughout  the  sj-stem. 
Another  striking  fact  is  tliat  a  single  telephone  switch- 
board of  the  large  modern  type  contains  as  much  as 
10,000  miles  of  insulated  wire. 

Underground  cables  in  the  field  of  electric  lighting 
and  power  work  are  manuf actm-ed  in  three  main  classes : 
High  tension,  multiple,  or  single  conchictor  cables  of 
relatively  small  current  carrying  capacity,  for  opera- 
tion under  working  pressures  of  from  2,500  to  25,000 
volts;  low  tension  single  conductor  cables  of  large 
ciurent  carrying  capacity,  operating  under  electric 
motive  force  of  about  650  volts  or  less;  and  retui-n 
cables  of  large  cmrent  carrying  capacity,  but  operating 
only  under  a  pressure  corresponding  to  the  voltage 
"di'op"  in  the  return  feeders.  The  third  class  has 
hitherto  received  little  attention,  and,  in  fact,  bare  cop- 
per cable  has  generally  been  installed,  but  the  de.sir- 
abiUty  of  the  use  of  insulated  cables  of  this  class  Jias 
been  approved  and  recognized  in  the  last  few  years. 
High  tension  cables  of  the  first  class  have  developed 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


205 


from  the  stage  where  merely  rubber  was  used  for  insu- 
lation up  to  the  time  of  the  present  report,  when  rub- 
ber, varnished  cambric,  saturated  tape,  and  paper 
insulation  have  all  been  brought  to  a  liigh  state  of 
perfection  for  this  work.  Rubber  is  used  only  where 
local  conditions  seem  to  demand  an  insulation  that  is 
impervious  to  moistiu-e,  so  that  in  case  the  outer  pro- 
tected lead  sheath  should  be  punctured  the  cable 
itself  need  not  necessarily  fail.  The  superintendent 
of  motive  power  of  the  Intei-borough  Rapid  Transit 
Company,  of  New  York  city,  points  out  that  where 
cables  have  to  be  installed  in  conduits  that  are  vmder 
water  part  of  the  time  or  on  the  beds  of  rivers, 
etc.,  the  extra  investment  for  the  more  costly  rubber 
insulation  is  justified,  since  in  case  of  a  leak  in  a 
submarine  or  submerged  cable  lead  sheath  it  usually 
becomes  a  total  loss  if  insulated  with  paper  or  non- 
moisture  proof  material,  whereas  good  rubber  lasts 
indefinitely  under  water.  For  pressures  above  22,000 
volts  some  form  of  varnished  cambric  or  impiegnated 
cloth  is  preferred  in  place  of  paper,  owing  to  its  higher 
resistance  to  puncture  for  a  given  thickness.  Con- 
servative practice  in  cable  manufacture  with  paper 
insulation  for  standard  working  pressm-e  of  3,000 
volts  requires  on  a  cable  ranging  from  No.  000  to 
300,000  cucular  mils  a  paper  insulation  thickness  of 
/j  inch,  with  s\  inch  tliicloiess  of  lead  in  a  single  con- 
ductor cable  up  to  ^\  inch  in  a  three-conductor  cable. 
In  heavier  cables  with  paper  insulation,  as,  for  exam- 
ple, 1,250,000  to  2,000,000  cii'cular  mils,  with  the  same 
working  pi'essm-e  of  3,000  volts,  good  practice  requires 
an  insidation  of  paper  of  5%  inch,  with  ^\  inch  thick- 
ness of  lead  in  the  outer  sheath. 

As  already  noted,  a  very  large  amount  of  insulated 
cable  manufactured  is  employed  in  telephonic  work. 
The  conductors  in  most  telephone  cables  are  Nos.  19, 
20,  or  22  B.  &  S.  gauge  copper  wire.  The  single  wires 
are  first  insulated  with  paper  wrapped  spirally  on  the 
wire,  providing  in  good  insulations  four  thicknesses 
of  paper  between  the  wire  and  the  outside  of  the  insu- 
lation. It  is  so  arranged  that  in  doing  this  work  one 
of  each  pair  of  wires  receives  two  wrappings  of  gray 
paper,  or  two  wrappings  of  red  paper,  or  some  other 
contrasting  color,  so  that  when  the  wires  are  twisted 
together  into  pairs  each  has  its  distinctive  color.  It 
can  be  readily  understood  that  this  means  of  identifica- 
tion facilitates  the  work  when  the  cable  is  put  into  use. 
After  the  wires  have  been  twisted  in  pairs  they  are  laid 
up  in  a  coring  machine  consisting  of  a  series  of  drums 
and  spindles,  revolved  in  such  a  manner  that  at  the  end 
of  the  operation  a  cable  core  has  been  built  up  which 
has  its  alternate  la^'ers  of  wire  put  together  in  the  same 
direction  and  the  intermediate  layers  put  on  in  the 
opposite  direction,  the  object  being  to  secure  a  non- 
inductive  core.  After  this  core  has  been  made,  it  is 
given  a  wrapping  of  heavy  manila  paper  and  is  then 
dried  very  carefully  in  ovens,  in  order  to  secure  high 


in.sulation  and  low  electrostatic  capacity  in  the  finished 
cables.  The  next  process  is  that  of  encasing  the  core 
in  a  lead  sheath.  Melted  lead  is  put  into  lead  presses, 
allowed  to  cool,  and  subjected  to  enormous  pressure. 
It  assumes  a  plastic  state  and  is  squeezed  out  around 
the  cable  core,  where  it  assumes  a  sohd  state  and  forms 
a  continuous  unbroken  sheath  upon  the  cable.  The 
lengths  of  cable  are  then  tested  and  are  ready  for  ship- 
ment on  drums  to  the  point  of  use.  The  great  advan- 
tage of  paper  insulated  cable  is  that  its  low  electro- 
static capacity  makes  it  much  less  expensive  than 
other  types.  The  rubber  cable  requires  three  times 
as  much  copper  conductor  as  the  paper  cable,  hence 
as  the  capacity  increases  with  larger  conductors  the 
rubber  insulation  becomes  more  expensive  than  paper, 
on  the  basis  that  rubber  cable  has  about  three  times 
the  electrostatic  capacity  of  paper  cable.  The  object 
of  making  the  telephone  cables  in  twisted  pairs  is  to 
avoid  cross-talk  induction,  and  the  length  of  the  twist 
varies  from  3  to  6  inches. 

Several  years  ago  a  type  of  telephone  cable  embody- 
ing most  of  the  essential  requirements  mentioned  above 
was  developed  for  the  American  Bell  Telephone  sys- 
tem.    This  "conference  specification"  was  as  follows: 

Size*.— Number  of  pairs,  25,  30,  50,  60, 100, 120. 

Conductors. — Copper  19  B.  &  S.  gauge,  conductivity  98  per  cent 
of  pure  copper. 

Insulation. — Dry  paper. 

Conductor  arrangement. — ^Twisted  pairs,  length  of  twist  not  over 
3  inches. 

Core. — Laid  up  in  successive  reversed  layers,  with  a  lay  of  at  least 
one  turn  in  2  feet. 

Seal. — The  end  of  each  length  sealed  with  insulating  material  for 
at  least  2  feet . 

Sheath. — The  cores  to  be  inclosed  in  a  lead  pipe  J  inch  thick,  hav- 
ing at  least  2.9  per  cent  of  tin. 

Electrostatic  capacity. — Shall  not  average  more  than  0.080  micro- 
farads per  mil. 

Insulation. — One  hundred  megohms  per  mil. 

Guarantee. — Capacity  shall  not  increase,  nor  insulation  decrease, 
for  five  years. 

There  have  been  some  modifications  suggested  by 
experience  during  the  past  few  years;  but  the  chief  one, 
perhaps,  is  that  which  has  carried  the  sizes  of  cable 
from  120  pairs  up  to  200  and  even  400  pairs,  the  econ- 
omy of  the  larger  cable  being  considerable.  A  further 
modification  in  telephone  cable  is  due  to  Dr.  M.  I. 
Pupin,  who  has  introduced  a  method  of  locating  induc- 
tance coils  in  telephone  cables  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
assist  the  voice  ciu-rents  and  prevent  the  deformation 
of  the  waves  upon  which  accurate  transmission 
depends.  If  the  electrical  waves  have  a  length  of  15 
miles,  and  these  balancing  inductance  coils  are  placed 
at  such  a  distance,  the  current  wall  be  assisted  by  them 
in  its  travel  and  the  waves  will  retain  their  proper 
shape,  enabling  the  receiver  to  give  forth  the  trans- 
mitted speech  or  sound  with  a  minimum  loss  of  volume 
or  quahty.  Pupin  cables  have  already  come  into 
extensive  use  and,  it  is  understood,  have  been  installed 


206 


MANUFACTURES. 


for  service  between  sxich  points  as  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  enabling  the  circuits  to  be  placed  under- 
ground the  entire  distance. 

While  reference  has  been  made  above  to  india  rubber 
as  a  substance  that  may  be  said  to  come  ia  physical 
competition  with  paper  in  the  manufacture  of  insu- 
lated wires  and  cables,  it  should  be  added  that  gutta- 
percha also  is  in  use  to  a  considerable  extent  as  a  gum 
of  the  highest  insulating  cjuality  and  as  one  which  is 
suitable  for  such  work  virtually  without  any  prepara- 
tion beyond  that  which  is  necessary  in  purifying  it 
from  foreign  materials.  Gutta-percha  has  long  been 
regarded  as  the  standard  insulation  for  submarine 
cables,  but,  as  until  recent  years  very  little  submarine 
cable  was  manufactured  in  this  country,  gutta-percha 
cable  was  not  regarded  as  a  typical  American  electrical 
product.  Within  the  last  decade,  and  particularly 
within  the  last  five  years,  these  conditions  have 
changed.  As  late  as  the  time  of  the  Spanish-American 
War  a  deep-sea  cable  had  never  been  manufactured  in 
the  United  States,  prominent  as  was  the  association  of 
this  country  with  the  very  first  cable  enterprises  to 
span  the  Atlantic  ocean.  Through  the  insistence  of 
Gen.  A.  W.  Greely,  Chief  Signal  Officer,  U.  S.  A.,  and 
his  faith  in  the  abDity  of  American  manufacturers,  the 
first  cable  was  made  and  laid  for  war  purposes  by  Col. 
James  Allen  of  the  United  States  Signal  Corps,  at  Guan- 
tanamo,  Cuba.  Over  this  cable  all  the  war  news  was 
flashed  directly  to  Washington  from  the  seal  of  opera- 
tions, and  the  final  victor}'  at  Santiago  was  reported  to 
the  White  House  within  an  hour  of  its  occurrence. 

Another  important  enterprise  and  development  in 
this  direction  occurred  a  few  years  later,  when  in 
1902-.3  an  American  company  manufactured  and  laid 
for  the  Mexican  Government  .500  miles  of  rubber  sub- 
marine cable  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  This  cable  is 
500  miles  long,  weighing  1,300  tons,  with  a  deep-sea 
diameter  of  1  inch  and  a  shore-end  diameter  of  twice 
that  size.  This  cable  after  manufacture  was  loaded  in 
four  tanks  in  the  cable  ship  and  was  laid  successfully, 
since  which  time  it  has  been  in  continuous  service. 

The  most  extensive  and  interesting  achievement  of 
American  manufacturers  in  thi.s  field  associated  with 
the  United  States  Signal  Corps  has  been  the  creation 
of  a  new  system  of  over  2,000  miles  of  American-made 
cal)le  for  the  Philippine  Islands.  This  system  places 
Manila  in  immediate  communication  with  the  most 
distant  islands  of  the  archipelago  and  renders  feasible 
the  swift  administration  of  civil  and  military  affairs 
from  the  seat  of  government.  A  correspondmg  sys- 
tem of  equal  magnitufle  laid  with  seamless  rubl)er 
cable  of  Ainericiin  manufacture  Ls  that  which  has  been 
created  by  the  United  Stales  Signal  Corps  in  Alaska, 
where  the  network  in  1904  included  2,079  miles  of 
cable. 

Conduits. — Table  17  shows  the  value  of  electric  con- 
duits reported  in  1900  and  1905. 


Table  17. — Electric  coTiduits — value:  1905  and  1900. 


Total 

(value). 

Interior 
(value). 

Under- 
ground 
(value). 

United  States,  1905  

S2.416.24.i 
l.UOIi.  103 

■$2,153,069 
(») 

•■  $203, 176 

1900 

(») 

'  Includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut.  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire, 
New  Jersey,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania. 

>  Includes  states  as  follows;  California,  Connecticut,  Indiana,  and  New  York. 
*Not  reported  separately. 

Unless  wires  are  carried  overhead  upon  poles  in  the 
form  of  single  conductors  or  cables,  they  are  now 
almost  invariably  installed  in  conduits  underground, 
or  in  interior  conduits  if  used  within  the  buildings. 
The  present  report  gives  a  total  of  $2,416,245  for 
both  classes  of  electrical  conduit,  divided  into  two 
quite  unequal  portions,  namely,  $2,153,069  for  the 
interior  class  of  work  and  $263,176  for  imdergrovmd 
conduits.  No  division  was  made  of  this  product  into 
the  two  classes  in  the  census  of  1900,  when  the  total 
reported  was  $1,066,163.  On  the  other  hand,  no 
attempt  has  been  made  this  time  to  secure  any  record 
as  to  the  mileage  of  duct  feet  or  of  the  straight  con- 
duit. In  the  census  of  1900  only  about  half  the 
amount  reported  was  accompanied  by  statistics  from 
establislunents  able  to  report  quantities,  and  the  data 
proved  so  inconclusive  as  to  render  it  inadvisable 
to  make  a  further  attempt  to  determine  quantities; 
although  this  data  would  be  relatively  easy  to  obtain 
in  connection  with  interior  conduits,  as  compared  with 
those  for  underground  work,  the  latter  being  often  of 
a  multiple  character.  Hence  a  linear  foot  of  conduit 
may  comprise  anywhere  from  2  or  4  to  12  or  20,  or 
even  more,  feet  of  duct. 

In  1905  the  production  of  ulterior  conduit  was 
reported  from  10  establishments  and  of  underground 
from  5,  located  in  8  states.  The  statistics  in  detaO  by 
states  can  not  be  shown  separately  without  disclosing 
individual  operations.  The  chief  centers  of  conduit 
production  were,  in  the  order  named,  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey,  New  York,  and  Massachusetts,  these  4 
states  producing  $2,298,090  of  the  $2,416,245  for  the 
entire  country.  The  product  elsewhere  throughout  the 
country  was  negligible.  So  far  as  underground  conduit 
is  concerned,  it  is  not  to  be  understood  that  this 
embraces  all  the  conduit  employed  during  the  year  in 
this  class  of  electrical  cdnstruction,  as  material  is  often 
used  or  is  made  up  on  the  si)ot  which  docs  not  come 
into  any  regular  manufacturing  category. 

Reference  has  l)cen  ninde  to  the  statistics  of  terra 
cotta  and  fire  clay  coiuluits  and  ekn'tric  porcelain 
supplies,  included  as  part  of  the  industries  of  that 
chinnclcr  and  reported  sei)arntely.  These  are  not 
includctl  in  the  figures  of  Table  17  in  any  manner.  Aa 
already  mtiinated,  however,  the  total  for  interior  con- 
duits may  he  taken  as  representing  the  full  factory 
value  of  the  jjroduct,  as  "interior"  condviit,  so  called, 
is  made  specifically  for  such  use.     At  the  same  time  it 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


207 


is  not  unusual  to  employ  an  unlincd  or  uninsuliited 
bare  iron  pipe  of  merchant  size  for  some  classes  of  inte- 
rior work,  and  this  pipe,  not  being  made  exclusively 
for  intt'rior  electrical  purpo.ses,  is  of  course  not  regarded 
as  coming  within  that  branch  of  manufacture.  The 
rules  of  the  national  electrical  code  provi<l('  tliat  such 
unlined  pipe  can  be  used  for  wires  and  cables  having 
a  heavy  braid  on  the  outer  covering.  Pipe  of  this 
character,  as  will  be  readily  understood,  can  also  be 
safely  employed  for  runs  of  telegraph  and  telephone  or 
annunciator  circuit  not  exposed  to  any  danger  of  cross 
connection  or  short  circuit  with  other  wires  carrying 
heavier  currents  for  light  and  power. 

The  interior  conduit  included  in  the  present  statis- 
tics consists  generally  of  two  classes — msulated  metal, 
such  as  iron  and  steel  pipe,  which  has  a  coat  of  some 
enameling  and  insulating  substance,  and  conduits 
woven  of  textile  fabrics  and  impregnated  with  insulat- 
ing compounds.  In  insulated  metal  conduits  the 
enamel  or  protective  lining  is  firmly  attached  to  the 
pipe  so  as  to  form  an  integral  part  of  the  surface,  and 
does  not  break  or  crack  when  a  length,  at  a  temperature 
of  212°  F.,  is  uniformly  bent  to  an  angle  of  90°  with  a 
curve  radius  of  15  inches  in  pipe  of  1  inch  or  less  and 
a  radius  of  fifteen  times  the  diameter  of  the  pipe  for 
larger  sizes.  This  insulated  lining  is  at  least  ^V  u^ch 
in  thickness,  does  not  soften  so  as  to  flow  at  tempera- 
tures below  212°,  and  is  sufficiently  resisting  to  other 
tests  to  make  it  thoroughly  satisfactory  for  protective 
insulation  in  the  walls  of  buildings  or  for  placing  in 
elevator  shafts  and  other  exposed  places.  A  great  deal 
of  ingenuity  has  also  been  devoted  to  the  subject  of 
conduits  of  textile  fabrics,  and  these  without  protec- 
tion, or  with  a  metallic  sheath,  constitute  a  very  large 
proportion  of  the  interior  work  now  done  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  now  the  practice  to  install  the  entire  con- 
duit system  of  a  new  building  in  advance  of  wiring,  as 
the  building  itself  progresses,  and  it  is  virtually  com- 
pleted before  a  single  wire  or  cable  is  drawn  in,  the  ends 
of  the  conduit  runs  being  brought  out  at  each  floor  or 
room  so  as  to  connect  with  the  junction  boxes,  panel 
switchboards,  and  the  service  wires  to  the  consumption 
devices,  such  as  lamps,  motors,  heaters,  etc.  Some  of 
the  wiring  is  still  done  in  wooden  or  metal  moldings, 
but  this  of  course  is  no  part  of  the  conduit  system, 
which  is  now  regarded  as  essentially  an  integral  part  of 
a  new  building,  as  the  water  or  gas  pipes. 

Annunciators  and  clocls. — Table  18  gives  the  number 
and  value  of  armunciators  for  1900  and  1905. 

Table  18. — Anmmciators — number  and  value :  1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States,  1905 

lliOO 

93,140 
57,022 

J185.870 
1224,885 

States,  1905: 

New  York 

22,019 
22,220 
48,901 

61,959 
40, 824 
83,087 

Pennsylvania 

All  nt-hpp  stf^tp-*  2 

*  Includes  annunciators  to  the  value  of  $25,320.  for  which  number  was  not 
reported. 

-  Includes  stat-.^s  as  follows;  California,  Connecticut,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Massa- 
chusetts, Michigan,  Xebrasta,  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Oregon,  and  Texas. 


The  value  of  electric  annunciators  reported  during 
t:xe  census  year  1905  was  .1185,870,  as  compared  with 
$224,885  five  years  earlier.  As  in  so  many  other  de- 
partments of  electrical  manufacture,  the  decrease  of 
value  is  due  rather  to  simplification  and  cheapening  of 
the  processes  of  manufacture  than  to  a  falling  olf  in 
the  demand.  During  the  year  no  fewer  than  93,140 
annunciators  were  made.  A  very  large  number  of  the 
small  annunciators  were  made  for  installation  in  modem 
dwellings,  few  houses  of  any  pretensions  being  con- 
sidered complete  without  an  annunciator  system  con- 
necting the  sleeping  apartments,  servants'  quarters, 
sitting  rooms,  dining  room,  etc.  The  bulk  of  the  appa- 
ratus was  produced  in  5  states,  in  the  order  named — 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  Mas- 
sachusetts. The  value  in  these  5  states  aggregated 
$173,085,  or  93.1  per  cent  of  the  total  for  the  United 
States. 

The  principal  development  in  this  department  has 
been  in  the  substitution  of  lamp  signal  annunciators 
for  the  earlier  needle  type.  In  the  new  lamp  annun- 
ciator, instead  of  needles  or  drops  operated  by  magnets, 
the  indications  are  furnished  by  small  telephone  switch- 
board incandescent  lamps,  which  are  connected  to  the 
various  push  buttons  located  at  the  point  of  call.  In 
series  with  these  lamps  and  buttons  are  lamp  relays 
that  are  energized  when  the  push  button  is  pressed,  and 
that  keep  the  lamp  illuminated  until  the  call  has  been 
answered  and  the  lamp  has  been  cut  off  by  means  of 
a  short-circuiting  button  or  a  number  of  buttons  on  the 
annunciator.  Some  of  these  new  annunciators  have  a 
button  to  short-circuit  the  relays  in  this  manner  at  the 
bottom  of  every  colunm  of  lamps,  and  the  arrange- 
ment gives  satisfactory  results.  In  connection  with 
tliis  system  there  is  furnished  on  each  annimciator 
either  a  smgle  stroke  bell  or  a  buzzer,  so  that  when  the 
bell  is  used  and  the  push  button  is  actuated  by  the  per- 
son making  the  call,  one  stroke  is  given  on  the  bell, 
while  when  the  buzzer  is  used  the  indication  is  given 
for  just  the  length  of  time  that  the  push  button  at 
the  point  of  call  remains  in  circuit  imder  momentary 
pressure  of  the  finger.  These  anmmciators  have  the 
advantage  of  taking  up  less  space  than  the  needle  type, 
and,  as  they  are  connected  into  the  electric  lighting 
system  of  the  building,  they  avoid  the  necessity  of  a 
separate  equipment  of  batteries  for  their  operation. 

A  typical  installation  of  this  character  is  that  wliich 
was  furnished  to  a  hotel  in  New  York  city.  In  each 
room  is  installed  a  special  push  button  having  a  relay 
adjustment  just  beliind  it,  so  that  when  the  button  is 
pushed  it  is  locked  in  by  the  relay  and  a  lamp  on  the 
annimciator  board  is  hghted  at  the  same  time  that  a 
single-stroke  bell  is  operated.  This  button  is  kept 
locked  until  the  lamp  circuit  is  broken,  whereupon 
it  is  released,  making  a  slight  chck,  notifying  the  guest 
that  his  call  is  receiving  attention.  Another  feature  of 
annunciator  construction  is  that  the  lamps  themselves 
are  mounted  in  brass  cylinders  which  are  movable, 


208 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  motion  being  controlled  by  a  spring.  These  are 
used  to  break  the  circuit,  so  that  by  pushing  on  the 
glass  bull's-eye  in  front  of  the  lamp  the  hght  is  ex- 
tinsruished.  There  are  two  such  annunciators  on  each 
floor,  one  being  placed  in  the  service  room  for  service 
calls  and  the  other  in  the  haU  or  corridor  for  the  maids' 
calls. 

At  another  hotel  in  New  York  city  an  annun- 
ciator of  the  lamp  type  has  been  installed  with  450 
indicating  lamps.  The  resetting  mechanism  to  this 
annimciator  is  in  the  form  of  a  button  at  the  foot  of 
each  vertical  column.  This  has  given  very  satisfactory 
service  in  rapidly  clearing  out  indications  that  have 
been  noted  and  in  lessening  the  cost  of  the  individual 
resetting  type,  while  eliminating  the  locking  button  in 
the  guest's  room.  A  further  refinement  of  the  system 
is  that  which  furnishes  means  for  ascertaining  the 
room  in  which  the  chambermaid  is  temporarily  en- 
gaged, and  consists,  in  brief,  of  an  electric  lamp  bulb 
which  is  carried  about  by  the  maid  and  is  inserted  by 
her  into  a  socket  as  she  enters  the  room,  these  sock- 
ets being  provided  along  the  corridor,  one  near  every 
door.  The  insertion  of  the  bulb  into  the  socket  hghts 
it  up  and  at  the  same  time  closes  the  circuit  on  a  cor- 
responding lamp  on  the  annunciator  in  the  main  offices. 
Thus  the  location  of  the  maid  is  indicated  at  each  in- 
stant and  at  each  room,  both  in  the  office  and  along  the 
corridor,  the  process  being  repeated  as  the  lamp  is  re- 
moved from  the  socket  at  one  door  and  inserted  at  the 
next. 

Table  19  shows  the  number  and  value  of  electric 
clocks  and  time  mechanisms  returned  at  the  censuses 
of  1900  and  1905. 

Table  19. — Electric  clocks  and  time  mechanisms — number  and  value: 
1905  and  1900. 


BTATE. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States,  1905 

33, 145 
9,180 

1373,926 
1132,149 

1900 

States,  1905: 

Illinois 

14, 195 

1.799 

17,151 

89,222 
91,875 
102,829 

Massachusetts , 

All  other  states' 

>  Includes  clocks  and  time  mechanisms  to  the  value  of  $110,  <or  which  number 
wunot  reported. 

•  Incluiies  states  as  follows;  Colorado,  Cormcctlout,  Maryland,  Missouri,  Ne- 
braska, New  Jersey,  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania. 

The  output  of  electric  clocks  and  time  mechanisms 
at  the  time  of  the  census  of  1905  was  reported  as  hav- 
ing a  value  of  $373,926,  as  compared  with  $132,149  in 
1900.  There  was  not  only  this  marked  increase  in 
value  but  there  was  a  corresponding  increase  in  the 
number  of  pieces,  9,180  being  reported  in  the  earlier 
year  and  33,145  in  1905.  The  production  of  this  ap- 
paratus was  carried  on  cliiefly  in  the  states  of  New 
York,  Massachusetts,  Illinois,  and  Connecticut,  in  the 
order  namfd,  these  states  producing  82.2  per  cent  of 
the  total  valiK;  for  all  states.  There  was  also  a  fairly 
large  output   in   Pcrmsylvania,   Ohio,   and   Missouri. 


The  distribution  of  time  by  means  of  electric  clocks  is  a 
relatively  small  industry  without  a  widespread  de- 
mand; but  during  recent  years  there  has  grown  up  a 
market  for  time  mechanisms  whose  object  it  is  to  con- 
trol the  use  of  electric  hght  and  power.  It  may  be 
desired,  for  example,  to  have  electric  lamps  within  a 
store  burning  for  a  period  after  the  store  has  closed; 
or  to  keep  the  arc  lamps  burning  outside  a  store  or 
place  of  amusement  up  to  a  certain  hour.  For  these  and 
kindred  pm'poses  the  time  mechanism  is  inserted  into 
the  circuit  and  disconnects  the  lamps,  motors,  or  con- 
sumption devices  at  the  predetermined  hour.  In  this 
manner  the  services  of  a  lamp  trimmer  or  attendant 
are  dispensed  with  and  the  actual  time  of  the  use  is 
known.  There  are  several  devices  of  this  character. 
In  a  recent  one,  which  may  be  taken  as  typical,  the 
time  switch  has  for  its  opening  and  closing  devices  a 
powerful  spring-driven  mechanism  which  tends  at  all 
times  to  revolve  a  disk  carrying  a  crank  which  oper- 
ates a  loosely  jointed  connecting  rod.  This  rod  serves 
to  open  or  close  the  switch  with  a  snap-break  move- 
ment. The  motion  of  the  driving  disk  is  arrested  by 
means  of  a  spring-controlled  lever,  wliich  is  removed 
from  contact  with  a  lug  on  the  disk  by  means  of  a  ham- 
mer blow  imparted  by  springs.  The  device  is  pro- 
vided with  two  hammers,  one  for  opening  and  one  for 
closing  the  switch.  The  movement  of  each  of  these 
hammers  is  governed  by  disks  driven  at  the  rate  of  one 
revolution  during  each  twenty-four  hours.  Each  disk 
carries  a  pin  so  placed  as  to  raise  a  steel  pin  on  the  cor- 
responding hammer,  thus  allowing  or  causing  the  ham- 
mer to  strike  vnth  a  quick  snap  movement  at  the  set 
hour  for  which  the  disk  is  adjusted.  The  two  disks  are 
independently  adjustable,  so  that  the  switch  can  be  set 
to  open  and  to  close  at  any  time  desired.  Tliis  time 
mechanism  is  inclosed  complete  in  an  hon  case  ready 
for  installation.  It  will  be  understood  that  there  are 
various  other  time  mechanisms  of  the  same  general 
character  for  registering  the  hour,  such  as  watchmen's 
clocks,  and  the  conveyance  of  information  to  a  central 
point  as  to  the  increase  or  lessening  of  heat  and  pres- 
sure or  the  height  of  liquids  in  receptacles  at  certain 
hours. 

Rheostats  arid  resistances. — Table  20  shows  the  num- 
ber and  value  of  rheostats  and  resistances  for  1905. 

Table  20. — Rheostats  and  resistances — number  aTid  valv£:  1905. 


STATE. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States 

76,096 

1932,926 

OftlUomla..A 

New  York 

267 
21,206 
64,233 

3,066 
230,015 
608,054 

All  other  states! 

'IneliKlns  Htates  iin  (ollnws:  Colorado,  Connwllcnit,  Illinois.  Inillnna,  Iowa, 
MassiU'hUHi'ltH.  Mlchli^iin,  Minnesota,  Now  Ilampshlro,  Now  Jersey,  Ohio,  I'onn- 
sylvanla,  WeHt  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin. 

In  the  Census  report  of  1900  all  the  kindred  ap[)a- 
ratus  in  the  group  of  rheostats  and  resistances,  electric 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


209 


heating  and  cooking  apparatus,  electric  welding  appli- 
ances, etc.,  was  massed  together,  and  a  total  value  of 
$1,186,878  was  reported.  In  the  present  report  it  was 
felt  that  the  increase  in  the  production  and  use  of 
apparatus  for  heating,  cooking,  and  welding  warranted 
an  effort  to  separate  that  class  from  ordinary  rheostats 
and  resistances,  and  the  residt  is  that  these  data  are 
now  presented  apart.  The  returns  show  a  total  for  the 
United  States  of  $932,925  as  the  value  of  75,695  pieces 
of  rheostats  and  resistances  which  were  produced  in  39 
establishments.  By  far  the  largest  proportion  of  this 
apparatus  was  produced  in  the  state  of  Wisconsin,  with 
New  York  in  the  second  rank;  these  2  states  accounting 
in  value  for  more  than  three-quarters  of  the  total 
product.  This  ap])aratus  is  a  necessary  adjunct  to  the 
use  of  heavy  current  for  lighting  and  power  purposes, 
and  large  numbers  are  particidarly  called  for  in  con- 
nection with  the  starting  and  regidation  of  electric 
motors,  electric  elevators,  etc.  Many  of  the  smaller 
enameled  resistances,  however,  have  been  introduced 
for  use  in  connection  with  the  most  delicate  electrical 
iostruments  and  ai'e  now  manufactured  for  em]/loy- 
ment  as  balance  coils  in  telegraph  service,  and  as  shunt- 
ing and  ringing  resistances  in  telephone  circuits  and 
relay  signals.  They  are  also  to  be  found  in  use  as 
resistances  for  locomotive  electric  headlights,  for  the 
control  of  phonogi-aphs,  for  small  dental  furnaces,  etc. 

The  general  principle  adopted  in  the  manufactm-e  of 
all  such  apparatus  is  the  embedding  of  fine  wire  offering 
high  resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  current,  in  such  in- 
sulating material  as  will  also  serve  to  take  up  and  dissi- 
pate quickly  the  generated  heat  due  to  the  interception 
of  the  flow  of  current  by  the  high  resistance  wire.  An 
idea  of  the  difficulties  encoimtered  in  such  work  is 
afforded  by  the  requirement  of  the  United  States  Navy 
Department  that  starting  resistances,  for  use  on  ship- 
board, must  be  capable  when  called  on  of  carrjdng  50 
per  cent  overload  of  ciurent  for  one  minute  and  100 
per  cent  overload  for  twenty  seconds.  All  resistances 
and  all  insulation  used  on  them  and  their  coimecting 
wires  must  be  noncombustible,  and  all  connecting  wires 
must  be  capable  of  carrying  full-load  current  contin- 
uously without  becoming  dangerously  hot.  The 
method  of  mounting  and  insulating  the  resistances  has 
to  be  such  that  the  result  of  a  biu-n-out  would  be  prac- 
tically the  same  in  neghgible  effect  as  would  occui"  with 
an  entirely  inclosed  resistance.  In  general,  the  evil 
effect  of  heating  must  be  minimized,  both  as  regards 
the  apparatus  protected  and  in  respect  to  any  danger 
of  conflagration  from  the  concentration  of  so  much 
heat  at  a  given  point.  An  extensive  use  of  rheostats 
and  resistances  is  made  in  connection  with  storage 
battery  equipments  for  general  purposes  and  more 
recently  in  connection  with  public  garages,  or  plants 
for  automobile  i^harging. 

Quite  a  distinct  class  of  apparatus  in  this  line  is  that 
employed    on    lighting    circuits,    especially    those    in 


theaters,  where  the  increase  or  decrease  in  the  volume 
of  light,  changes  in  colors,  and  many  other  effects  are 
obtained  by  the  use  of  "dimmer"  resistances,  which 
interrupt  momentarily  and  partially  the  flow  of  cur- 
rent from  the  dynamos  to  the  lamps  or  other  illumi- 
nating devices.  Very  few  theaters  of  any  pretensions 
can  now  be  found  in  the  United  States  without  electric 
hgliting,  and  wherever  this  is  installed  "dimmers"  will 
also  be  found  in  operation.  Some  idea  of  the  extent 
to  which  they  are  employed  may  be  formed  from  the 
fact  that  a  theater  in  Chicago  has  a  dimmer  bank  of 
20  plates,  with  a  total  capacity  sufficient  for  810  lamps. 
A  theater  in  Boston  has  66  plates,  with  a  total  capacity 
sufficient  for  2,670  lamps;  one  in  New  York  has  no 
fewer  than  124  dimmers;  and  another,  a  dinmner  board 
of  50  plates,  with  a  total  capacity  sufficient  for  2,400 
lamps.  One  of  the  most  interesting  and  capacious 
theater  dimmers  was  that  installed  during  the  census 
year  at  Oakland,  Cal.,  said  to  be  the  most  compact 
apparatus  of  its  kind,  having  a  capacity  sufficient  to 
handle  3,000  lamps,  that  is,  36  dimmers,  each  caring 
for  from  75  to  90  lamps,  and  taking  up  a  space  of  only 
5  feet  9  inches  in  width  by  6  feet  in  height,  and  18 
inches  in  depth.  This  dimmer  is  worked  independent 
of  any  switchboard  and  is  made  with  as  many  as  60 
to  250  steps,  all  parts  being  brought  within  reach  of 
the  hand  and  all  wires  and  connections  being  within 
sight  of  the  operator.  Moreover,  being  mounted 
upon  rollers,  it  can  be  moved  around  to  any  part  of 
the  stage  by  one  man.  The  usual  construction  of 
theater  di:nmers,  as  indeed  of  resistances  and  rheo- 
stats in  general,  is  to  build  them  up  in  circular  plate 
form,  the  wire  of  metallic  alloy,  which  does  not  rust 
or  fluctuate  in  its  resistance,  being  embedded  in  the 
insulating  material  within  the  iron  sheU  of  the  plate. 
When  used  with  stationar}'  electric  motors,  such  re- 
sistances are  placed  on  the  side  of  the  motor  or  ma- 
chine or  its  base,  or  at  some  adjacent  point,  stands 
and  boxes  being  manufactured  for  such  purposes.  In 
theater  dimmers  the  resistances  are  usually  mounted 
edge^\^se  in  banks,  standing  up  somewhat  as  dishes 
on  a  dresser.  The  contact  fingers  move  over  the  face 
of  the  plates  or  disks  so  as  to  cut  in  or  out  more  or 
less  of  the  resistance.  A  certain  space  is  allowed 
between  the  disks  for  effective  coohng,  affording  facili- 
ties also  for  insertion  or  removal  of  any  single  plate. 
These  mechanisms  are  made  to  work  singly  or  to  oper- 
ate with  interlocking  gears. 

In  some  forms  of  apparatus  for  power  purposes  the 
starting  and  regulating  rheostats  for  the  motor  are 
associated  in  one  piece  of  apparatus.  Such  appa- 
ratus consists  typically  of  a  motor  starter  with  a  series 
of  field  buttons,  controlled  by  a  field  resistance  lever 
mounted  on  the  same  hub  post  as  the  starter  lever 
and  cooperating  therewith.  The  motor  is  started 
and  brought  up  to  speed  by  moving  the  starter  handle, 
wliich  is  also  attached  to  the  field  regulator.     They 


210 


MANUFACTURES. 


thus  move  as  one  piece,  and  during  the  operation  of 
starting  the  field  resistance  is  short-circuited  by  an 
auxihary  contact  mounted  on  the  starter  lever  and 
by  a  curved  sector  located  just  below  the  armature 
contacts.     "\Mien  the  two  levers  have  been  moved  to 
the  position  in  which  all  resistance  is  cut  out  of  the 
armature  circuits,  a  magnetic  keeper  on  the  starter 
lever  is  attracted  by  the  retaining  magnet  and   the 
lever  is  thus  held  in  position.     At  this  moment  .the 
auxiliary   contact   has   left   the   curved   sector,    thus 
throwing    the    short-circuit    off    the    field    resistance. 
The  field  lever  is  now  free  to  move  over  the  field 
rheostat  buttons  on  the  face  of  the  plate  or  disk,  at 
the  will  of  the  operator,  and  can  be  left  at  any  deter- 
mined point,  thus  regulating  the  speed  of  the  motor 
as  desired.     If  the  retaining  magnet  is  deenergized, 
either  by  failure  of  voltage  or  by  the  operation  of  the 
overload — release  devices  which  protect  the  apparatus 
and  motor — the  starter  lever  is  released  and  returns  to 
the  original  starting  position,  carrying  with  it  the  field 
rheostat  lever.     This  compact  and  handy  type  of  appa- 
ratus is  used  where  it  can  be  placed  within  reach  of 
the  machine  attendant,  and  is  usually  mounted  on  the 
machine  tool,  whose  driving  motor  it  is  intended  to 
control.     A  further  development  of  the  disk  rheostats 
has  been  their  connection,  on  dynamo  switchboards 
and  d;\Tiamo  testmg  boards,  with  a  plunger  or  guide 
brought  out  to  the  front  of  the  board  so  as  to  operate 
one  or  more  of  the  plates  and  dispense  with  the  former 
arrangement    employmg    concentric   shafts    or    gear 
wheels. 

Heating  apparatus. — Table  21  shows  the  number 
and  value  of  electric  heating,  cooking,  and  welding 
apparatus  reported  in  190.1. 

Table  31. — Electric    heating,   cooking,    and  welding    apparatus — 
number  and  value:  1905. 


Number. 


Value. 


United  States 57,33fi  ]       l.195,827 

Ulchican 14,630  |  76,402 

New  York 5.043  160,963 

AU  other  Btfi  tea  ■ 37,663  '         158,465 

>  Includes  states  as  1oU3wb:  CaUfornla,  Illinois,  Maryland,  Massachusetts, 
and  Pennsylvania. 

The  production  of  apparatus  in  the  United  States  for 
electric  heating,  cooking,  and  welding  bids  fair  to  be- 
coino  one  of  the  largest  departments  in  this  fiehl  of 
intiiistry.  For  while  the  present  oiitj)ut  is  relatively 
small,  the  ramifications  of  the  electric  heating  art  are 
most  nmncrous,  and  nearly  every  week  sees  a  new  ap- 
plication that  had  not  previously  been  attempted  or 
expected.  According  to  the  figures  of  the  present  cen- 
sus, no  fewer  than  l.'j  establishments  were  engaged  in 
the  maniifurtiire  of  tliese  appliances,  of  which  57,:{.'3G 
were  reported  as  having  a  total  value  of  IB39.'i,827. 
This  api)aratu.s  wa.s  produced  almost  entirely  in  3  states, 


New  York  leading,  followed  closely  by  Massachusetts, 
wliile  Jlichigan  produced  about  half  as  much  as  either 
of  them.     Very  few  pieces  of  this  apparatus  were  made 
elsewhere.     The  increased  use  of  electric  stoves,  chaf- 
ing dishes,  grills,  etc.,  flatirons  and  curling  irons,  solder- 
ing, seahng,  and  branding  devices  is  largely  due  to  the 
growing  appreciation  on  the  part  of  central  station 
companies  of  the  opportunities  thus  afforded  them  for 
the  sale  of  energy  in  the  daytime  when  the  load  upon 
the  generating  plant  is  lighter  than  at  night.     An  idea 
of  the  extent  to  wliich  such  a  development  is  going  on 
is  afforded  by  the  fact  that  the  report  of  the  special 
committee  on  electric  heating  of  the  National  Electric 
Light  Association  at  Denver,  in  1905,  showed  that  out 
of  480  central  station  companies  to  which  inquiries 
were  addressed  no  fewer  than  112  reported   heating 
and  cooking  apparatus  installed  on  their  circuits.    With 
average  prices  of  electricity  applied  to  apparatus  here 
enumerated,  it  would  appear  that  a  small  one-hole 
electric  cooking  stove,  costing  about  $4,  can  be  oper- 
ated for  half  an  hotu-  for  4  cents.     An  electric  flatiron 
heater  costs  2  cents  to  operate  for  fifteen  minutes.     A 
water  heater  costs  5  cents  an  hour;  an  electric  waffle 
iron,  5  cents  for  half  an  hour;  a  curling  iron  for  the 
hair,  jV  cent  for  half  an  hour.     This  scale  of  cost  does 
not  compare  favorably  Avith  gas  or  coal  ranges  on  a 
basis  of  steady  use;  but  the  great  advantages  are  that 
the  electric  current  is  immediately  available,  has  pecul- 
iar advantages  in  the  summer  time,  and  is  particularly 
ap})licable  in  places  where  fuel  devices  can  not  be  per- 
mitted.    Of  late  there  has  been  a  marked  tendency  in 
hirge  hotels  and  in  clubs  toward  the  introduction  of 
electric  grills  in  the  cafe  or  restaurant,  where  the  heat 
given  out  by  an  open  grill  is  objectionable,  and  where 
a  large  number  of  chops,  steaks,  and  other  viands  are 
required   simultaneously  and  with   expedition.     One 
of  the  largest  of  such  appliances  is  capable  of  cooking 
over  a  hundred  chops  and  steaks  at  the  same  time, 
each  in   its   individual   compartment.     The  piece  to 
be  cooked  is   inserted    between  the  walls  of  a  small 
compartment    lined  with    electric    resistances,  which, 
being  brought  rapidly  to  a  white  heat,  cook  expedi- 
tiously and  economically  while  preserving  the  juices 
and  subjecting  every  part  to  the  same   temperature. 
The  whole   a])]iaratus  takes  far   less   space   than   an 
open  grill  arid  is  so  inclosed  lliat  the  heat  is  confined  to 
do  its  work  without  radiating  freely  to  the  outer  atmos- 
phere; and  to  the  casual  eve  the  apparatus  has  ratlier 
the  aspect  of  a  refrigerator  or  a  bank  of  letter  bo.xes 
tluin  a  inige  stove. 

An  effective  illiistnilinn  of  th(>  range  of  such  a])j)a- 
ratus  in  variety  and  iitilily  is  Mll'ordcii  by  many  an 
.\inerican  home,  an<l  one  may  he  inslanc(>d.  All  (lie 
apparatus  tiius  ein|)loyod  is  in  regular  inanuracture,  so 
lliat.,  provided  electric  energy  is  available,  it  can  be 
installed  anywhere.     For  example,  the  living  room  has 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES'. 


211 


an  electric  radiator  for  modium  warming  purposes  and 
an  oloctric  cigar  lighter  placed  on  the  chimney  mantel. 
A  spacious  veranda  around  the  entire  front  of  the 
house  inclosed  by  glass  is  also  heated  when  desired  by 
a  luminous  electric  radiator.  In  the  sewin']:  room  is 
an  electric  pressing  iron.  In  one  of  the  sleeping  rooms 
are  an  electric  radiator  and  electric  heating  pads, 
which  can  be  .slipped  between  the  bedclothes  or  placed 
upon  the  body,  and  an  electric  flatiron.  The  bath- 
room is  fitted  up  with  a  small  luminous  radiator  for 
warmth  and  a  water  heater  for  shaving.  The  laundry 
is  equipped  with  electric  flatirons,  wash  boilers,  and 
emergency  boiler  heater.  In  a  number  of  rooms  the 
branch  lighting  circuits  are  tapped  for  the  insertion  of 
a  wall  receptacle,  to  which  many  of  these  devices  can  be 
temporarily  attached,  so  that  their  use  is  not  limited 
to  any  particular  room  or  part  of  the  house.  In  the 
kitchen  no  coal  or  gas  is  used,  but  everything  is  cooked 
by  electricity.  The  cooldng  and  baking  outfit,  which 
has  been  in  use  for  over  two  years,  consists  of  an  elec- 
tric oven,  a  cereal  cooker,  frjing  pans,  vegetable  boilers, 
small  disk  stoves,  gridirons,  and  meat  broilers.  This 
outfit  has  been  operated  since  its  introduction,  and  for 
two  consecutive  Clu-istmas  dinners  the  electric  oven 
has  been  employed  with  highly  satisfactory  results,  in- 
cluding the  cooldng  of  a  14-pound  turkey.  The  elec- 
tric gridiron  is  9  by  12  inches  and  is  hot  enough  to  fry 
cakes  in  two  minutes.  The  cereal  cooker  is  a  combi- 
nation device.  In  getting  breakfast  ready  it  is  first 
used  in  heating  water  for  the  coffee  and  it  is  then  used 
as  a  cereal  cooker,  and  when  the  cereal  is  ready  the  in- 
terior dish  is  removed  and  eggs  are  boiled  or  steamed, 
using  the  boiling  water  then  available.  Later  on  po- 
tatoes are  steamed,  either  for  breakfast  or  for  later 
meals.  The  frjdng  pan  and  vegetable  boiler  are  used 
frequently,  particularly  the  pan,  which  is  well  heated 
in  about  a  minute  and  is  used  principally  in  preparing 
bacon  and  eggs.  For  the  washing  of  the  dishes  and 
utensils,  particularly  during  the  summer  months,  all 
the  water  is  obtained  by  means  of  the  emergency  boiler 
heater,  there  being  a  receptacle  near  the  sink  for  this 
purpose,  and  almost  a  momentary  use  of  the  current 
furnishes  water  adequate  to  the  cleansing  out  of  all  the 
cooldng  utensils.  The  question  naturally  arises  as  to 
the  cost  involved  in  utihzing  apparatus  of  this  charac- 
ter, and  it  may  be  noted  that  twenty-four  consecutive 
monthly  bills  for  electricity  during  the  two  years  show 
that  the  amounts  range  generally  from  S3. 40  to  $9.90, 
the  average  being  $6.62  per  month.  This,  however, 
includes  the  energy  consiuned  for  lighting;  the  bills 
for  illumination  previously  being  about  $35  per  year. 
Upon  the  installation  of  the  heating  and  cooking  appa- 
ratus, being  largely  a  day  load,  the  local  public  service 
corporation  made  a  special  rate  of  5  cents  per  kilowatt 
hour.  The  price  of  apparatus  may  be  arrived  at  from 
the  statement   that  for  a  small  family  it   would  cost 


about  $30  and  for  a  large  family  about  .560  for  the 
special  equipment,  this  comparing  favorabh-  with  large 
size  ranges  or  combination  coal  and  gas  stoves. 

Perhaps  the  best  exemplification  of  electric  heating 
for  industrial  work  is  afforded  by  the  equipment  of 
the  Government  Printing  Office  in  Washington.  This 
office  was  equipped  in  1904  with  the  largest  electric 
heating  system  of  the  kind  applied  to  such  work,  since 
when  other  devices  have  been  added.  The  use  of 
electric  heat  in  the  Office  falls  broadly  into  two  groups 
or  classes,  one  of  these  embracing  and  including  ma- 
trix drjdng  tables,  wax  stamping  table,  wax-melting 
kettles,  case-warming  cabinets,  tool  heaters,  ".sweat- 
ing-on"  machines,  wax  knives,  and  soldering-iron 
heaters.  The  other  class,  in  the  binding  room,  in- 
cludes embossing  and  stamping  heads,  glue-heater 
equipments,  glue-cooking  pots,  shaping  machines  for 
book  covers,  fitters,  tool  heaters,  pamphlet-covering 
machines,  sealing-wax  molders,  and  other  devices.  The 
equipment  of  these  electric  heating  appliances  in  the 
Office  supplants  steam  and  gas  in  all  processes,  except 
the  stereotype  melting  pots,  which  are  heated  by  gas. 

The  statistics  of  electric-welding  apparatus  arc  in- 
cluded in  this  section,  but  are  not  brought  to  account 
separately.  Apparatus  of  this  kind  is  in  general  use 
in  the  United  States,  and  more  particularly  in  coimec- 
tion  mth  the  welding  of  lengths  of  ^vire  and  cable  in 
insulated  wire  factories  and  in  bicycle  and  automobile 
shops.  During  the  past  ten  years  the  employment  of 
a  number  of  complex  metal  parts  in  the  construction 
of  bicycles,  and  more  lately  of  automobiles,  has 
opened  up  a  new  field  for  the  use  of  electric-welding 
apparatus.  At  the  time  of  the  Report  on  Electrical 
Manufactures  in  1900  the  rims  of  the  steel  supports 
for  the  rubber  tires  were  the  only  parts  then  treated 
by  this  process.  Since  that  time  the  extension  of  the 
art  has  made  the  appUcation  of  electric  welding  em- 
brace a  much  wider  range,  and  it  is  stated  that  an 
ordinary  automobile  may  now  have  as  many  as  from 
four  to  twenty  different  parts  that  have  been  united 
in  electric-welding  apparatus.  The  process  employed 
is  usually  that  of  bringing  the  two  abutting  pieces  of 
the  metal  to  a  melting  temperatm-e  secured  by  pass- 
ing a  definite  and  heavy  ciurent  tlu-ough  them  for  a 
short  period  when  pressed  together,  and  thus  closing 
the  circuit.  This  welding  is  as  effective,  economical, 
and  durable  as  can  be  secured  in  any  other  way,  with 
a  restriction  of  the  heat  required  to  the  exact  point 
of  juncture.  This  method  is  stiff  employed,  or  has 
been  until  a  quite  recent  date,  in  the  welding  of 
street-car  rails  in  situ,  and  elaborate  sets  of  appa- 
ratus mounted  in  cars  have  been  devised  for  such 
purposes. 

Fuses  and  lighining  arresters. — Table  22  presents 
statistics  concerning  fuses  and  Ughtning  arresters  re- 
ported m  1900  and  1905. 


212 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  22. — Fuses  and  lightning  arresters — nximher  and  value:  1905 
ami  1900. 


STATE. 

Total 
value. 

FDSES. 

LIGHTNINO 
AEHESTERS. 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States,  1905.... 
1900.... 

$1,453,203 
5'J5,497 

21,675,765 

$868,079 

1,324.523 

$587,124 

States,  1905: 

Illinois    ..        

207,639 
119,071 
236,939 
62,550 
829,104 

2,098,183 
1,682.832 

11,960.685 
1,487,500 

'4,446,565 

38,230 
119.071 
236,939 

62,550 
'411,289 

470.601 
(') 
(') 

< 853, 922 

159,309 

Sfa^';;ichusetts  ... 

<417  815 

New  Vork         

AH  other  states 

*  Not  repoi^ed  separately. 

>  Included  in  "  all  other  states." 

'  Includes  states  as  follows:  California.  Connecticut,  Georgia,  Indiana,  Mis- 
souri. Ohio,  Oregon.  Pennsylvania,  and  Texas. 

^  Includes  states  as  follows:  Colorado.  Indiana,  Iowa,  Massachusetts.  Mis- 
souri, Nebraska,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Oliio,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carohna, 
and  Wisconsin. 

The  value  of  fuses  and  lightning  arresters  reported 
in  190.5  was  .$1,455,203,  sho\ving  a  marked  increase 
over  the  previous  report,  when  it  was  returned  as 
$595,497.  This  increase  is  due  largely,  if  not  wholly, 
to  the  general  increase  in  electrical  application  and 
also  to  the  recognition  of  the  fact  that  it  is  a  poUcy 
of  economy  to  protect  all  classes  of  apparatus 
against  lightning  strokes,  dangerous  sneak  currents, 
or  sudden  increases  of  the  electrical  energy  flowing 
through  the  circuit.  The  lightning  alrester  equip- 
ment of  a  telephone  exchange  is  an  important  and 
extensive  part  of  the  equipment,  but  it  is  probable 
that  in  many  cases  it  has  been  included  under  the 
head  of  telephonic  apparatus  noted  elsewhere,  such 
arresters  being  made  in  certain  types  exclusively  for 
telephonic  work.  There  is,  however,  a  very  large 
field  of  application  left,  particularly  in  electric  light, 
power,  and  traction,  for  which  the  insurance  require- 
ments are  necessarily  severe  and  exacting.  The  gen- 
eral type  of  fuse  in  the  United  States  to-day  is  that 
which  is  known  as  "inclosed,"  the  flash  or  action  of 
the  current  discharge  which  opens  the  circuit  taking 
place  within  a  small  chamber,  hke  a  cartridge  shell. 
The  tube  is  usually  made  of  fiber,  and  contains  a  fusi- 
ble strip  surrounded  by  a  filling  material  which  com- 
bines with  the  material  at  the  moment  of  "blowing" 
and  thus  absorbs  or  smothers  the  arc.  These  fu.ses 
are  mounted  on  small  stands  or  in  boxes,  according 
to  their  specific  use,  and  are  so  arranged  as  to  be 
readily  or  even  automatically  renewed  or  replaced 
after  the  protective  action  has  occurred.  In  comiec- 
tion  with  street  railway  work  these  fuses  are  em- 
ployed in  fuse  boxes  and  often  in  conjunction  with 
circuit  breakers,  so  that  the  heavier  short  circuits  can 
be  guarded  against  without  damaging  result  to  the 
apparatus  or  the  persons  in  the  vicinity. 

Many  f ii.scs  are  (Miiploj'cd  of  the  metal  strip  type,  fus- 
ing metal  of  a  special  compo.sition  being  cut  into  strips, 
or  wire,  and  hclil  in  the  circuit  bi^twcMMi  binding  posts, 
so  that  any  undue  surjjlii.sugc  of  electrical  current  will 
cause  it  to  melt,  and  thus  instantaneously  open  the  cir- 
cuit.    These  principles  and  appliances  are  employed  in 


various  ways,  but,  as  noted,  the  particular  form  de- 
pends upon  the  use  to  which  it  is  put  and  upon  the  vol- 
ume of  current  against  wliich  the  apparatus  must  be 
guarded.  The  national  electrical  code  on  the  subject 
of  the  use  of  fuses  makes  the  following  provision,  wliich 
Mill  illustrate  in  a  general  way  the  application  of  these 
devices : 

An  approved  cut-out  (fuse')  should  be  provided  on  service  directly 
in.'iide  the  building.  C'are  should  be  taken  to  bring  service  in  at 
point  suitable  for  safe  and  convenient  location  of  cut-out.  An  ap- 
proved main  switch  should  be  provided  as  near  as  possible  to  where 
seivice  enters,  and  be  within  easy  reach  of  floor,  so  arranged  ihat  the 
entire  equipment,  including  meter,  can  be  disconnected  when  nec- 
essary. This  switch  should  be  protected  by  the  main  fuses.  A  sep- 
arate branch  cut-out  should  be  provided  for  each  660  watts,  i.  e.,  the 
equivalent  of  about  11  or  12  sixteen  candlepower  lamps  or  1  arc 
lamp.  It  is  always  good  practice  to  have  cut-outs  assembled  in 
groups,  depending  somewhat  on  the  nature  of  the  building,  and 
placed  in  approved  cabinets  lined  with  slate,  marble,  or  J-inch 
asbesto.s. 

Lightning  arresters  are  of  various  construction.  In 
one  well-known  type  a  magazine  of  fusible  lightning 
arresters  is  provided  so  that  they  can  become  operative 
successively,  one  fuse  providing  for  each  lightning  dis- 
charge. The  arrester  consists  of  two  pieces  of  soft 
brass  wire  wrapped  at  their  inner  ends  to  form  a  dis- 
charge gap  and  inclosed  hermetically  in  a  small  glass 
tube.  One  end  of  each  fuse,  or  arrester,  rests  upon  a 
common  ground  terminal,  and  the  other  is  connected  to 
the  line  terminal  through  a  small  carbon  ball  operated 
by  gravity.  In  another  type  the  arresters  are  com- 
posed of  a  series  of  special  carbonized  rings  placed  al- 
ternately in  series  M-ith  mica  rings  on  an  insulated  tube, 
supported  by  two  circular  saw-toothed  metal  caps  or 
brackets  secured  to  the  iitsulated  base.  The  carbon- 
ized rings,  by  their  composition  and  shape,  afl'ord  an 
inner  as  well  as  an  outer  discharge  circuit  for  the  static 
charges,  but  will  not  permit  arcs  to  form,  nor  a  dynamo 
current  to  precede  or  follow.  These  arresters  have  no 
moving  parts.  Another  form  m  general  use  is  of  the 
circiut  breaker  type,  in  wMch  the  air  gap  is  fixed  and 
the  circtiit  is  opened  by  the  discharge  in  an  mclosod 
chamber.  Tliis  allows  the  use  of  a  small  air  gap  while 
providing  an  easy  path  to  earth  for  the  discharge.  A 
resistance  is  u.sod  in  scries  with  the  arrester  coil  to  limit 
the  cmront  fiow  and  m  shunt  to  provide  a  noninductive 
path  around  the  coil  for  the  discharge.  The  parts  are 
mounted  on  the  base  in  such  a  manner  as  to  avoid 
breakdown  between  parts  of  opposite  potential  on  the 
surface.  One  type  of  lightning  arrester  manufactured 
in  the  United  States  has  no  air  gap,  its  essential  i)art  be- 
ing a  specially  constructed  rod  of  very  high  ohmic  but 
noninductive  resistance,  placed  between  the  line  and 
the  ground,  allowing  a  constant  flow  of  current  to  es- 
cape tlirough  it  to  the  ground,  although  to  a  very  small 
degree.  The  inclosed  circuit  form  of  construction, 
wliile  providing  a  ])iit,h  (luit  will  tak*^  care  of  a  little 
static  (iiscliargc  and  a  heavier  lightning  discharge,  as 
compared  witli  nii  arrcstiT  w  il  li  an  air  gap,  has  the  ad- 
vantage of  being  nonarcing  and  of  having  no  moving 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


2L3 


parts.  The  fact  that  the  current  is  in  constant  flow- 
through  tho  arrester  affords  an  additional  assurance 
that  tlie  lightning  will  follow  that  path.  Anotlier  type 
of  lightning  arrester  wliich  is  installed  in  the  power 
house,  on  poles  carrj-ing  feeder  lines,  or  on  street  rail- 
way cars,  consists  of  two  round  terminals  wliicli  form  an 
ad j  ustable  spark  gap,  a  noninductive  resistance,  and  a 
magnetic;  blow-out  coil,  all  inclosed  in  a  porcelain  box. 
The  choke  coils  are  interposed  between  the  points  where 
the  arrester  is  connected  to  the  circuit  and  the  gener- 
ator and  motor  to  Ix;  protected.  The  spark  gap  termi- 
nals are  mounted  on  the  under  side  of  the  cover  of  the 
porcelain  box,  rendering  them  readily  accessible  for 
cleansing  and  inspection.  For  outdoor  service  the 
arrester  is  inclosed  in  a  substantial  wooden  box.  In 
electric  railway  work  anotlier  form  of  lightning  arrester 
in  general  use  employs  choke  coils  to  flatten  out  the 
potential  wave,  wliile  the  arrester  associated  with  it 
affords  an  easy  path  to  the  groimd,  and  prevents  the 
line  current  from  following  the  discharge. 

Included  in  the  total  for  fuses  of  Table  22  is  a  large 
value,  amounting  to  something  over  $300,000,  reported 
by  several  establishments,  representing  electric  fuses  or 
exploders  that  are  employed  for  setting  off  djTiamite 
and  other  explosive  charges,  submarine  mines,  etc. 
The  entire  amount  for  1  state  represents  fuses  of  this 


character.  It  will,  of  course,  be  understood  that  these 
fuses  are  of  a  somewhat  difi'erent  nature  from  those 
which  are  employed  to  open  the  circuit,  rendering 
innocuous  an  abnormal  flow  of  current  or  a  lightning 
discharge.  Electric  fuses  of  the  explosive  or  detonator 
character  are  operated  either  by  means  of  direct  spark 
from  a  small  magneto-machine  or  by  the  incandescence 
of  a  thin  wire  placed  in  the  circuit.  This  wire  usually 
receives  its  current  from  a  small  battery  upon  which 
the  circuit  can  be  closed  when  it  is  desired  to  cause  the 
exj)losion  at  tiic  point  in  the  circuit  where  the  fuse  and 
the  explosive  charge  have  been  inserted.  These  two 
classes  of  fuses  are  known  as  high  tension  magneto,  or 
low  tension  battery.  Fulminate  of  mercury  is  em- 
ployed frequently  for  such  electric  fuses,  and  it  is  a 
common  practice  to  place  a  number  of  them  in  circuit 
at  the  same  time,  so  that  in  minmg  and  blasting  opera- 
tions several  can  be  exploded  simultaneously  at  differ- 
ent points.  A  fuller  account  of  such  apparatus  was 
given  in  the  chapter  on  electricity  in  mining  contrib- 
uted by  the  present  writer  to  the  special  report,  issued 
by  the  Bureau  of  the  Census,  on  Mines  and  Quarries, 
1902,  pages  151  and  152. 

Electric  measuring  instruments. — Table  23  shows  the 
number  and  value  of  electric  measuring  instruments 
reported  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905. 


Table  23.— ELECTRIC  MEASURING  INSTRUMENTS— NUMBER  AND  VALUE:  1905  AND  1900. 


STATE. 

Total  value. 

CENTRAL   STATION 
iJ>PARATUS. 

METERS  FOE  CONSUMEES' 
CIRCUITS. 

TESTING  AND  SCIEN- 
TIFIC. 

Nvimber. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States,  1905 

85,004,763 
1,842,135 

22,090 

8418,998 

336,929 
(•) 

83,585,080 

^r 

81,000,685 

1900  

States,  1905: 

9,050 

187,469 

56,535 

4,751,709 

712 

^1^433 
•19,945 

9,050 
(4 

15,854 
•394,094 

(») 

8 

%179 

3,386 

•38,502 

m 

187,469 

40,681 

•772,535 

Massachusetts 

New  York 

All  ot^p^  stfitp'' 

'336,929 

•3,685,080 

'  Not  reported  separately. 

•  Included  in  "  all  other  states." 

•  Includes  states  as  follows:  California,  Connecticut,  Indiana,  Massachusetts,  Missouri,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin. 
<  Includes  states  as  follows:  Illinois,  Indiana,  Massachusetts,  Minnesota,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania. 

» Includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Missouri,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersev,  Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania. 


The  production  of  electric  measurmg  instruments 
for  1905  shows  a  large  increase  over  1900,  the  gain 
bemgfrom  $1,842,135  to  $5,004,763,  or  171.7  per  cent. 
Tliis  gratifying  increase  may  be  due  in  part  to  the  fact 
that  a  number  of  instruments  included  in  the  previous 
report  in  "all  other  products"  have  been  here  sepa- 
rated more  distinctly  from  the  general  output  of  con- 
cerns making  more  than  one  class  of  apparatus.  The 
fact  remains,  however,  that  the  past  five  years  have 
seen  in  every  department  of  electricity  an  adoption  of 
methods  for  indicating  the  value  and  total  quantity  of 
electrical  energy  generated  and  distributed.  No  cen- 
tral station  or  isolated  plant  can  be  found  without  its 
measuring  instruments.  This  is  equally  true  of  elec- 
tric railway  work,  while  in  the  field  of  telegraphy  and 
telephony  the  employment  of  such  instruments  is  con- 
Bidered  vitally  essential  to  the  proper  conduct  of  the 


business.  In  the  field  of  electric  light  and  power  the 
earlier  practice  of  selling  energy  or  light  at  a  flat  rate 
is  disappearing  rapidly;  even  in  small  towns  and  vil- 
lages it  has  become  the  practice  to  supply  the  con- 
sumer with  a  meter  indicating  his  consumption  of  elec- 
tricity, upon  whose  readings  the  bills  are  based. 

At  the  census  of  1900  no  attempt  was  made  to  dis- 
tinguish between  the  three  main  groups  of  electrical 
measuring  instruments,  namely,  those  for  central  sta- 
tions, those  for  the  consumers'  circuits,  and  those  in- 
tended for  testing  and  scientific  purposes.  In  the 
present  returns  figures  have  been  obtained  and  are 
presented  in  the  separate  groups,  thus  giving  an  idea 
of  the  relative  importance  of  these  branches  of  indus- 
try. It  would  appear  that  19  concerns  were  engaged 
m  the  production  of  central  station  apparatus,  14  in 
that  for  metering  on  consumption  circuits,  and  28  in 


214 


MANUFACTURES. 


instruments  for  testing  and  scientific  purposes.  Of  tlie 
central  station  apparatus,  the  value  reported  was 
S418,99S  and  the  number  of  instruments  was  22,090. 
By  far  the  larger  proportion  of  these  in  number  and 
value  was  made  in  New  Jersey,  the  states  next  iu 
importance  according  to  value  being  Pennsylvania  and 
Massachusetts.  To  measure  at  the  consumer's  end  of 
the  hne  the  output  indicated  by  the  central  station 
instnmients,  there  were  made  336,929  meters,  having 
a  total  value  of  $3,-585,080,  or  an  average  value  of 
about  $10.50.  The  production  of  this  apparatus  was 
distributed  widely  and  was  participated  in  by  several 
states,  but  owing  to  the  smaU  number  of  plants  in  each 
state  the  statistics  can  not  be  shown  separately. 
Massachusetts,  however,  was  the  leading  state,  being 
followed  by  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Indiana,  and 
niinois,  in  the  order  named,  these  5  states  accounting 
for  over  nine-tenths  of  the  entire  output.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  while  these  meters  are  being  installed  through- 
out the  country,  the  larger  cities  are  the  cliief  centers 
of  their  use.  New  York,  for  example,  with  over  50,000 
customers  for  central  station  supply,  requires  at  least 
that  number  of  meters.  The  central  station  indicat- 
ing apparatus  is  practically  uniform  throughout  the 
countrj',  the  leadmg  tj'pes  being  voltmeters,  ammeters, 
wattmeters,  and  watt-hour  meters;  but  with  regard  to 
consumers'  meters,  although  one  or  two  types  are  pre- 
dominant, greater  variety  prevails,  depending  some- 
what upon  the  system  adopted  by  the  local  company 
in  charging  for  its  service.  A  great  many  of  the  earlier 
meters  were  of  the  chemical  type,  but  these  have  dis- 
appeared except  where  the  expansion  of  a  liquid  by 
heat  is  emploj'cd  to  give  an  indication  of  the  amount  of 
current  that  has  been  required  at  different  times  and 
seasons,  the  charge  being  adjusted  thereto  on  a  sUding 
scale. 

The  testing  and  scientific  apparatus  is  a  very  large 
group  and  includes  numerous  types  and  hundreds  of 
varieties,  employed  not  only  in  practical  work,  but  in 
laboratories  and  in  physical  and  scientific  research. 
At  one  time  practically  the  whole  of  tins  apparatus 
was  imported  from  Europe,  but,  as  will  be  noted,  to- 
day there  are  more  factories  maldng  it  than  are  en- 
gaged in  the  production  of  meters  of  a  more  strictly 
commercial  nature — an  interesting  and  encouraging 
evidence  of  the  growing  skill  of  American  manufac- 
turers in  a  peculiarly  fine  and  exacting  mdustry.  It 
is  also  worthy  of  note  that  instruments  in  all  these 
three  general  groups  are  exported  in  increasing  quan- 
tities and  can  be  found  in  use  throughout  the  world. 
During  the  year  1905,  58,007  instnmients  for  testing 
and  scienlific  purf)oses  were  made,  having  a  value  of 
$1,000,(385.  "^I'lic  chief  center  of  their  production  was 
New  Jersey,  and  tlirough  the  commanding  genius  and 
inventive  ability  of  one  man  that  state  is  indeed  one  of 
the  leaders  in  all  tlirco  classes  of  products  shown  in 
Table  2.'j.  The  other  states  giving  special  attention  to 
this  particular  group  of  apparatus  were  Massachusetts, 
Pennsylvania,  Connecticut,  and  New  York. 


The  class  of  apparatus  of  most  direct  interest  to  the 
public  is  that  which  determines  the  amount  of  its  con- 
sumption of  energy  for  light  and  power.  The  watt- 
hour  meter  is  one  of  the  best  known  types  of  this  and 
embodies  a  motor  device  of  smiple  construction  and  of 
minute  form.  It  consists  essentially  of  two  coarse 
wire  coUs  placed  in  series  with  the  circuit  whose  con- 
sumption is  to  be  measured,  and  a  fine  wire  coil  con- 
nected in  shunt  around  the  circuit.  The  passage  of 
electricity  tlu-ough  the  coarse  wire  coils  creates  the 
field  of  magnetic  force  which  causes  the  fine  wire  coil 
to  revolve.  This  shunt  fine  wire  coil  is  supported  in 
jeweled  bearings,  and  its  rate  of  rotation  is  proportional 
to  the  current  in  the  circuit.  A  copper  or  aluminum 
disk  is  mounted  on  the  same  shaft  as  the  shunt  coil 
and  rotates  between  the  poles  or  arms  of  a  permanent 
magnet.  The  current  produced  m  the  disk  acts  as  a 
drag  upon  it,  the  drag  being  adjusted  or  calculated  to 
give  a  speed  proportional  to  the  electrical  energy  sup- 
plied to  the  consumer.  The  number  of  revolutions  is 
recorded  by  a  clockwork  escapement  connected  with 
small  dials  visible  at  the  top  of  the  meter  case,  and  at 
any  time  the  customer  or  the  meter  inspector  can  take 
a  reading  of  the  record  of  kilowatt  hours  that  have 
been  furni-^hcd. 

A  great  deal  of  ingenuity  in  devising  and  in  produc- 
ing these  small  meters  has  been  exercised,  and  the 
delicacy  of  operation  involved  has  given  employment 
to  a  large  number  of  women,  all  the  parts  being  of 
dehcate  construction,  involving  deftness  of  touch  in 
their  treatment  and  assembling.  The  relation  of  one 
industry  to  another  is  indicated  b}'  the  large  demand 
made  in  these  instruments  for  jewels,  such  as  Eastern 
sapphires,  out  of  which  the  bearings  are  made,  wliile 
the  finest  steel  piano  wire,  about  0.03  inch  in  diam- 
eter, is  employed  for  the  pivots.  A  further  develop- 
ment of  such  meters  has  been  in  the  prepa^onent  class, 
in  wliich  the  insertion  of  a  coin,  closing  the  circuit, 
permits  the  use  of  a  certain  predetermined  amount  of 
energy.  Those  meters,  developed  originally  in  Europe, 
are  now  being  used  and  manufactured  in  this  country 
also. 

Circuit  fittings. — Table  24  gives  the  statistics  of  pro- 
duction and  value  of  circuit  fittings  at  the  census  of 
1905. 

Table  24. — Circuit  fillings  of  all  kinds — number  and  valne:  1905. 


STATE. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States 

6,820,312 

S3, 625,446 

fln.ono 

1,036,220 

6,840 

1,026,878 

4,064,371 

22.411 

New  York 

2,41)3,242 
24,841 

Ohio 

C('>2,0>J2 

-\II  other  states' 

322  SCO 

'  Includes Bttttes OS  follows;  California,  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Illl- 
uoIh,  Indlniiu,  Mlchlgnii,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  New  Jersey,  Oregon,  and  Virginia. 

A  classification  which  did  not  appear  in  the  report  of 
1900  is  that  of  "circuit  (It tings  of  all  kinds."  These 
were  included  in  the  last  cc^nsus  under  the  general 


ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


215 


heading  of  "all  other  products,"  ])ut,  as  will  be  seen, 
they  now  constitute  quite  an  important  class,  6,820,3 12 
items  being  roturnod,  having  a  value  of  $3,525,446. 
The  general  and  increasing  utility  of  electricity  for  a 
variety  of  purposes  too  numerous  to  specify  has  neces- 
sitated the  invention  and  manufacture  of  appliances 
to  wliich  tlio  general  name  "circuit  fittings"  has  been 
given,  to  designate  that  which  is  not  part  of  the  appli- 
ance itself,  or  part  of  the  generating  plant,  or  part  of 
the  distributing  circuits  and  pole  lines,  but  wliich  at 
the  same  time  is  required  in  order  to  enable  contractors 
and  the  public  to  install  such  apparatus  advanta- 
geously. There  are  endless  varieties  of  brackets,  arms, 
reflectors,  keys,  connectors,  insulating  devices,  stands, 
supports,  receptacles,  rosettes,  bell  switches,  etc.; 
these  multiply  daily,  each  new  branch  of  industry 
bringing  with  it  novel  requirements.  There  were  in 
the  United  States  45  establishments  engaged  in  this 
branch  of  work,  chiefly  in  the  states  of  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Connecticut.  By  far  the  largest 
output  was  that  of  New  York  state,  where  12  estab- 
lishments reported  a  product  of  1,035,220  pieces,  hav- 
ing a  value  of  $2,493,242.  In  Pennsylvania  there 
were  9  establishments  reporting  1,025,875  pieces,  with 
a  value  of  .1662,092.  The  figures  for  Connecticut  can 
not  be  shown  separately. 

All  other-  products.— Table  25  shows,  for  1900  and 
1905,  the  value  of  all  other  electrical  machinery,  ap- 
paratus, and  supplies  not  included  in  the  preceding 
tables. 

Table  25. — All  other  products — value:  1905  and  1900. 


United  states,  1905 

1900... 


States,  1905: 

California 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts.. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania... 

Rhode  Island 

Tennessee 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states. 


$26,634.9i;3  $1,451,337  $678,077  $1,036,962 
14,783,005     1,129,891        (>)      j        (') 


Total 
value. 


Electric 
switches, 
signals, 

and 
attach- 
ments 
(value). 


Mag- 
neto 
igni- 
tion 
appa- 
ratus. 
Includ- 
ing 
spark 
coils 
(value) 


Electro- 
thera- 
peutic 
appa- 
ratus 

(value). 


$23,468,587 
13,653,114 


143, 

509. 

435. 

,694, 

723, 

13, 

32. 

i,817, 

123, 

219, 

6."). 

32. 

.,287. 

i,  322, 

1,063, 

1,932, 

89. 

07, 

251, 

,751, 


« 


m 


003 
926 
341 

579 
000 
•WO 
128 
160 
087 
090 
050 
464 
006 
181 
187 
790 
433 
396! 
007i|' 1,451, 337 


m 

m 


■('■)■ 


m 


159,610 


166, 670 
47,710 


(') 
224,739 
56,022 


< 33, 326 


(») 


1,600 


502,880 
15,285 


(») 
34,997 

W 
(=) 
(') 
(») 
(=) 
306, 768 
2,200 
80,681 
(») 


(') 
»  85, 551 


All  other 
products, 

not 
specified 
(value). 


134,675 

569.003 

435, 926 

1,191,461 

548,084 

13,000 

32,400 

4,625,461 

75,450 

219,087 

05,090 

32,650 

1,287,464 

5,791,159 

4,004,959 

3,851,506 

89.790 

67, 433 

251,396 

« 181, 393 


^Not  reported  separately. 

^Included  in  ■' all  other  states." 

■  Includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut,  Kentucky,  Massachusetts,  Minne- 
sota, Missouri,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania. 

'  Includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut,  Georgia,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

^  Includes  states  as  follows:  Colorado,  Connecticut.  Georgia,  Iowa,  Louisiana. 
Maryland.  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  New  Jersey,  Rhode  Isl,and, 
and  Wisconsin. 

6  Includes  states  as  follows:  Colorado.  Georgia,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentuckv, 
Louisiana,  New  Hampshire,  North  Carolina,  Oregon,  Texas,  Virginia,  and 
Washington. 


One  of  the  largest  groups  included  in  tliis  report  13 
that  shown  in  Table  25,  for  which  a  total  of  $26,634,963 
was  retuj-ned  for  1905,  as  compared  with  $14,783,005 
in  the  preceding  Census  report.  This  may  seem 
a  large  aggregate,  deserving  of  finer  and  more  in- 
structive subdivi.sion,  but  as  a  matter  of  fact  it  is 
made  up  of  a  large  number  of  individual  items,  few 
of  which  are  relatively  important.  The  three  groups 
embraced  in  the  1905  total  which  were  enumerated 
separately  are  "electric  switches,  signals,  and  attach- 
ments," valued  at  $1,451,337;  "magneto  ignition  appa- 
ratus, including  spark  coils,"  valued  at  $678,077; 
and  "electro  -  therapeutic  apparatus,"  valued  at 
$1,036,962.  The  electric  switches  and  signals  are  in 
themselves  auxiliary  portions  of  what  may  be  said  to 
constitute  telegraph  systems  for  conveying  intelli- 
gence as  to  the  movements  of  trains,  cars,  elevators, 
and  other  transportation  mechani.sms.  These  sys- 
tems are,  as  is  well  understood,  elaborate  combina- 
tions of  electrical  and  mechanical  parts. 

The  rapid  development  of  the  hydrocarbon  automo- 
bile has  created  an  enormous  demand  for  ignition  appa- 
ratus, the  spark  from  wliich  fires  the  explosive  mixture 
of  the  air  and  gasoline  vapor  in  the  carburetter.  The 
general  principle  is  that  when  the  piston  is  at  the  top  of 
its  stroke  the  mixture  of  vapor  and  air  is  ignited  by  the 
electrical  discharge  in  it,  and  the  violent  explosion  or 
expansion  drives  the  piston  down  with  great  force, 
thus  imparting  motion  to  the  reciprocating  and  revolv- 
ing parts  of  the  propulsive  mechanism.  Various 
methods  of  ignition  are  employed,  based  upon  the 
electric  principle.  In  what  is  known  as  the  low- 
tension  system,  the  car,  wliile  running,  supplies  its 
own  electric  sparking  current  from  a  small  magneto, 
the  moving  part  of  which,  in  some  forms,  receives  its 
oscillating  action  from  a  cam  on  the  half-time  shaft. 
These  oscillations  produce  an  intermittent  current  in 
the  wire  of  the  magneto-armature,  which  in  turn 
causes  a  spark  in  the  cj^linder  of  the  carburetter. 
The  liigh-tension  ignition  SA'stem  is  that  which  employs 
primary  or  storage  batteries,  the  current  from  which 
is  sent  tlirough  an  induction  coil,  therebj'  nducing  or 
creating  a  liigh  frequency  current.  A  commutating 
device,  making  and  breaking  contact,  produces  a 
high-tension  spark  within  the  combustion  chamber  at 
the  right  moment  once  during  every  four  revolutions 
of  the  fly  wheel,  and  the  device  is  so  arranged  that  the 
time  of  the  sjjark  can  be  varied  by  the  chauffeur,  who 
thus  is  able  to  cause  the  explosion  to  take  place  at  an 
earlier  and  later  point  in  the  explosive  stroke  in  the 
carburetter,  this  being  known  as  advancing  or  retard- 
ing the  spark.  For  the  provision  of  a  proper  spark  in 
the  carburetter  cyUnder,  the  leading-in  wires  run  to 
what  is  known  as  a  sparking  plug,  which  is  a  small 
metal  device  screwed  into  the  top  of  the  combustion 
chamber  and  containing  a  core  of  mica  or  porcelain 
through  wliich  the  wire  is  led  to  a  platinum  point 
fixed  in  close  proximity  to  another  platimmi  point 


45254— MFG  1905— IT  4—08- 


-16 


216 


IVIANUFACTURES. 


which  is  connected  directly  with  the  metal  of  the  auto- 
mobile motor  and  car,  so  as  to  complete  the  circuit. 
The  ignition  spark  jumps  across  the  gap  between  these 
two  phitinum  points.  It  is  in  these  classes  of  appa- 
ratus that  the  magneto  ignition  devices  and  spark 
coils  are  employed,  so  that  wliile  the  hydrocarbon 
automobile  has  proved  a  most  serious  rival  with  the 
electric  vehicle  it  is  to-day  wholly  dependent  upon 
electricity  for  its  ability  to  operate.  No  gasoline 
automobile  of  the  modern  type  is  complete  that  does 
not  employ  in  the  energization  of  its  mechanism  some 
of  the  devices  included  in  this  category. 

The  group  of  electro-therapeutic  apparatus,  valued 
at  81,036,962,  was  produced  by  no  fewer  than  66  estab- 
lishments, chiefly  in  Ilhnois  and  New  York.  A  great 
deal  of  this  apparatus  is  still  imported  from  Europe, 
chiefly  from  French  and  German  sources,  but  in  gen- 
eral the  j\jnerican  medical  practitioner  has  been  more 
ready  than  those  of  the  Old  World  to  adopt  electricity 
for  surgical  and  curative  purposes,  and  the  advance 
in  tills  country  from  both  the  teclmical  and  tlie  indus- 
trial standpoint  has  been  correspondingly  rapid.  A 
large  number  of  medical  men  may  be  said  to  employ 
electricity  solely  in  their  work,  and  there  are  numer- 
ous chnics  where  electricity  is  the  sole  subject  dealt 
with.  Some  of  the  equipments  of  leading  men  in 
this  field  are  of  the  most  elaborate  and  costly  char- 
acter, arranged  in  numerous  separate  compartments 
each  fitted  up  with  its  specific  or  distinctive  devices 
for  X-ray  work,  electric  light  baths,  charged  liquid 
batlis,  the  application  of  frictional  or  static  elec- 
tricity, and  tlie  treatment  of  disease  where  the  direct 
internal  or  external  application  of  current  is  deemed 
necessary.  An  idea  of  the  importance  now  attached 
to  this  whole  class  of  work  may  be  formed  from  the 
fact  that  one  of  the  sections  of  the  International  Elec- 
trical Congress  held  at  St.  Louis  in  1904  was  devoted 
to  electro-therapeutics,  while  the  transactions  of  the 
section  constituted  a  large  part  of  the  report  subse- 
quently issued.  Incidental  to  the  work  of  this  sec- 
tion was  that  in  otlicr  branches  of  an  allied  character, 
such  as  the  puriiication  of  water  by  electrical  appli- 
ances and  current,  the  study  of  microbes,  treatment 
by  phototherapy,  and  the  efl"ect  of  fluorescence  in 
human  organisms.  •  The  development  of  this  whole 
field  has  indeed  brought  with  it  the  requirement  for 
a  classification  and  nomenclature  of  the  principles, 
plumoMictiii,  ami  a[)[)aratus  that  have  become  recog- 
nized during  the  past  few  years. 

leaving  aside  the  three  classes  which  have  just  been 
referred  to  above,  there  remains  a  total  of  "all  other 
products,  not  specified,"  amounting  to  $23,468,587. 
This  was  manufactured  by  no  fewer  than  376  estab- 


lishments. This  large  number  is  in  itself  an  evidence 
of  the  miscellaneous  character  of  these  factories  and 
their  products,  and  gives  an  average  value  of  over 
$60,000  per  establishment.  It  must  not  be  under- 
stood that  these  376  establishments  were  engaged 
exclusively  in  the  production  of  tlus  miscellaneous 
class  of  products,  for  the  majority  of  them  produced 
other  specified  electrical  products,  wliich  have  been 
included  in  their  respective  groups  in  the  foregoing 
tables.  The  states  contributing  cliiofly  were  New 
York,  with  93  establishments,  whose  product  was 
valued  at  $5,791,159;  Massachusetts,  33,  with  product 
of  $4,625,461;  Ohio,  45,  with  product  of  $4,004,959; 
Pennsylvania,  37,  with  product  of  $3,851,506;  New 
Jersey,  21,  ^vith  product  of  $1,287,464;  Illinois,  34, 
with  product  of  $1,191,461;  Connecticut,  15,  with 
product  of  $569,003;  and  Indiana,  8,  with  product 
of  $548,684.  It  will  be  observed  from  the  table  that 
these  products  were  fairly  well  distributed  tlirough 
no  fewer  than  12  states  in  which  the  production 
exceeded  $100,000,  and  that  there  were  scattered 
estabUshments  in  others  with  a  production  aggregat- 
ing several  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars. 

In  many  cases,  especially  of  the  larger  companies, 
the  schedules  did  not  show  the  nature  of  the  "all 
other  products,  not  specified."  Enough  were  specified, 
however,  to  give  a  fair  idea  of  the  character  of  products 
which  make  up  the  aggregate.  They  may  be  rougldy 
grouped  and  enumerated  as  follows:  Street  railway 
supplies  other  than  car  equipment,  to  the  value  of 
$3,115,100,  which  includes  such  products  as  rail  bonds 
and  bonding  tubes,  line  material,  trolley-wire  hangers, 
brackets  and  insulators,  trolley  gears  and  pinions, 
trolley  wheels,  contact  alloys,  etc.  It  is  possible  that 
one  or  two  of  these  products  are  not  strictly  electrical 
in  their  nature,  but  they  seem  to  be  exclusively  elec- 
trical in  destination  and  use,  and  could  hardly  be 
included  in  any  other  industry.  Another  large  class 
is  that  of  machinery,  tools,  etc.,  to  the  value  of 
$1,948,953.  This  group  includes  small  electric  engines 
orlocomotiv(!s,  elevators  exclusive  of  motors,  macliinery 
for  making  incandescent  lamps,  magnetic  ore  separa- 
tors, small  electric  pumps,  electric  disinfecting  machines 
such  as  those  which  generate  ozone  by  sparking,  coal 
mining  and  cutting  macliinery,  tlrills,  tools,  etc.  A 
smaller  group  of  somewhat  similar  nature  consists  of 
dynamo  and  motor  parts  and  sujiplies,  including 
armatures  and  iield  coils,  pole  j)icces,  etc.,  to  a  value 
of  $283,224.  In  the  same  general  group  might  be 
placed  special  controllers  for  dynamos,  motors,  and 
elevators  to  the  value  of  $290,053,  while  it  would  not 
be  an  improper  stretch  of  tliis  wide  classification  also 
to  include  in  it  electrical  novelties  and  toys,  aimiunt- 


ELECTRICAL  I\L\CHL\ERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 


217 


ing  to  tlio  respectable  value  of  $424,202.  The  mechan- 
ical toys  of  the  present  time  are  largely  electrical  in 
their  nature,  consisting  of  little  dynamos  and  motors, 
electric  railways,  trolley  cars,  electric  laimches,  port- 
able lamps,  and  kindred  devices.  Insulating  mate- 
rials were  specified  to  the  value  of  $760,543,  embrac- 
ing materials  of  rubber,  cloth,  paper,  compound, 
rubber  substitute,  etc. 

A  large  variety  of  apparatus  was  reported  as  elec- 
trical household  goods  to  the  value  of  $213,039.  This 
total  is  made  up  of  such  items  as  bells  and  push-button 
apphances,  electric  speaking  tubes,  electric  door  and 
mail  box  openers,  electric  filters,  acousticons  (for 
intensif\'ing  telephone  transmission),  and  other  miscel- 
laneous appliances  of  the  most  heterogeneous  char- 
acter, and  far  too  numerous  to  give  even  brief  mention. 
A  total  of  $203,659  was  returned  for  electric  signs.  It 
is  possible  that  some  of  the  incandescent  and  minia- 
ture lamps  are  included  in  this  total  and  to  that  extent 
involve  duplication  of  the  value  reported  under  the 
heading  of  electric  lamps.  But  the  bulk  of  this  item 
is  made  up  of  the  framework  of  such  signs  or  of  the 
individual  metal  letters  constituting  them.  This  is  a 
growing  industry,  but  outside  of  the  framework  or 
background  for  the  signs  it  consists  largely  in  the  assem- 
bling of  other  material  from  which  the  sign  is  built  up, 
such  as  lamps,  switches,  insulators,  wires,  and  cables. 
It  is  the  almost  universal  practice  to-day  to  employ 
carbon  for  the  brushes  making  contact  with  the  com- 
mutators of  djmamos  and  motors,  but  other  brushes 
are  still  in  use  to  some  extent,  made  of  strip  copper, 
wire  gauze,  and  kindred  material,  and  for  these  a 
value  was  returned  of  $84,283.  There  were  also  other 
miscellaneous  products  named,  to  the  value  of  $610,902, 
embracing  such  items  as  electrical  lining  and  attach- 
ments for  wooden  cabinets,  safes,  and  vaults,  for 
burglar  protection,  detailed  parts  for  arc  lamps,  and 
jewels  for  electrical  instrument  purposes,  etc. 

Custom  work  and  repairing. — Table  26  shows  the 
amount  reported  for  custom  work  and  repairing  at 
the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905. 


Table  26. — Amount  received  for  custom  worJc  and  repairing:  1905 
and  1900. 


STATE. 

Value. 

United  States,  1905 

$2,798,922 
2,063,736 

1900 

States,  1905: 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Kentucky 

Maryland 

Massacliusetts. 

Micliigan 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

New  Jersey 

New  Yorlc 

Ohio. 


Pennsylvania 

Rliode"  Island 

Wisconsin 

AU  other  states  ' 


89,5.58 

8,350 

12,301 

261,696 

65,211 

8,450 

11,250 

116,737 

8,869 

37,400 

100,941 

146,619 

,234,460 

335,251 

204,634 

41,444 

58,970 

56,781 


1  Includes  states  as  follows:  Delaware,  Georgia,  Iowa,  Louisiana,  Mamc,  Ne- 
braska, New  Hampshire,  North  Carolina,  Oregon,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Virginlfif 
and  Washington. 

The  amount  shown  for  1905,  $2,798,922,  was  r&- 
ported  by  331  establishments.  These  figures  call  for 
little  comment,  as  it  is  a  well  understood  fact  that  in 
the  large  majority  of  cases  every  factory  has  more 
or  less  work  of  this  character,  where  the  apparatus  or 
parts  of  it  are  retirrned  occasionally  for  repair  or 
renewal,  or  where  the  production  of  individual  pieces 
of  apparatus  is  undertaken  wliich  does  not  fall  within 
the  ordinary  line  of  manufacture.  At  one  time  this 
repair  class  of  work  constituted  a  large  and  profit- 
able branch  of  employment  for  the  limited  number 
of  electrical  factories  then  in  existence,  but  at  the  pres- 
ent all  the  larger  electric  lighting  and  power  central 
stations,  the  electric  traction  systems,  the  telegraph 
systems,  and  the  telephone  exchanges  have  their  own 
repair  shops,  and  forces  of  men  whose  work  is  executed 
on  the  spot,  not  only  because  it  is  more  economical 
to  do  this,  but  because  the  apparatus  is  required 
promptly  in  the  work. 

Table  27  is  a  detailed  summary  of  the  general  statis- 
tics of  the  784  estabhsliments  classified  as  electrical  ma- 
cliinery,  apparatus,  and  suppUes,  by  states,  for  1905. 


218 


IVIANUFACTURES. 

Table  27.— ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND 


28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
3'J 

40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
SO 
51 

62 
53 
64 
66 
66 
67 
68 
69 
60 
61 
62 
63 

M 

6C 
67 


United 
States. 


784 


Number  ol  estabUshments 

Capital: 

Total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Casb  and  sundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc. : 

Total  number 

Total  salaries ■ 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. ; 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men — 

Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  numlaer  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed'  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages $31,841,521 

Men  16  years  and  over- 
Average  number 48. 97G 

Wages ^    $28,316,772 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number - . . 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during 
each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over- 
January  

Februa  ry 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  10  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

March .*• 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Children  under  16  years— 

Jantlary , 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

A  ugust 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses: 

Total 

Kent  of  works 

Taxes 

Ilent  of  ofllces.  Interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not 
hitherto  Included. 

Contract  work 

Uatorials  uw^d: 

Aggregate  cost 

Pnnclpal  materials — 

Total  cost 

Purchoscd  In  raw  state 

Turcbascd  In  partially  manufactured  form 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  boat.... 

Mill  supplies 

All  rithf-r  materials 

Freight 

Value  of  products,  Including  amount  received  foroustom  work  and  repairing 

'  Includesestabllshmeritsdislrlliutod  as  follows:  Dclaware.l;  District  of  Columbia,  2; 
Carolina,  1;  Teoncssco,  2;  Virginia,  2;  Washington,  1;  West  Virginia,  1. 


$174,066,026 

$8,157,833 

S19,902,3» 

$28,787,956 

3117,217,878 

400 

10.619 
$11,090,885 

793 
$2, 104, 554 

9.826 
$8,986,331 

8.140 
$8,058,540 

1,686 
5927,791 

78,360 
51.890 
60,466 


10,902 
$3,410,081 

588 
$114,068 


50,438 
49, 337 
49, 171 
49, 161 
48,740 
48.787 
48, 735 
48, 065 
48, 168 
48. 602 
49.074 
49, 434 

11,143 
11,094 
10. 984 
10, 943 
10,791 
10,689 
10,362 
10,  598 

lo.ia: 

11.059 
11,273 
11,251 

COO 
640 
6.19 
529 
661 
649 
867 
602 
629 
628 
651 
641 

$17,948,708 
$789,349 
$545, 488 

$16,347,461 

$260,  410 

$66,830,926 

$48,  .390, 836 

$1,665,695 

$4fl,72.M41 

$1,503,111 

$479,001 

$62:1,394 

$15, 210,  DIM 

$62:),  71»1 

9140,809,369 


Califor- 
nia. 


Colorado. 


24 

$716, 440 
$10,253 
$23,787 
$111,170 
$571,230 


sii; 


112 

,836 


17 
$27,037 

95 

$85,799 

87 
$81,989 

8 
$3,810 

540 

310 

403 

$244, 123 

364 
$232, 164 

32 
$10,483 


$1,476 


368 
383 
327 
332 
300 
308 
357 
388 
389 
401 
412 
403 

33 
33 
33 
31 
31 
31 
31 
31 
31 
33 
33 
33 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
6 
0 
8 
8 
7 
7 

$74,. 523 

$18,034 

$2, 280 

i 49, 859 

$4,350 

$434,241 

$385, 107 
$2,245 
$382, 862 
$;i,04S 
$7,410 
$1,807 
$28, 037 
$8,K:i2 
$1,004,284 


$141,800 
S5.500 
$7,000 
$65,  300 
$64,000 
1 

14 

$18,450 

5 
$6,900 

9 
$11,550 

8 
$11,300 

1 
$250 

123 

71 

89 

$54,574 

48 
$37,074 

41 

$17,500 


Connect- 
icut. 


$10,900 

$2, 940 

$966 

$6,795 

$200 

$65, 4.S0 

$51,676 


$.51,. 575 

$1K)5 

$2, 440 

$180 

$I0,:I70 

$10 

$178,7.50 


32 

$4, 183. 535 
$138,315 
$596, 007 
$568, 868 

$2,880,285 
10 

225 
$278,011 

37 
$117,182 

188 
$160,829 

143 
$141, 322 

45 
$19,  507 

1,991 

1,408 

1,707 

$724,426 

1,197 
$593, 872 

403 
$112,210 

107 
$18,3.14 


1,204 
1,216 
1,230 
1,203 
1,219 
1,232 
1,231 
1,138 
1,185 
1,164 
1,166 
1,176 

397 
396 
414 
403 
390 
376 
381 
403 
410 
420 
420 
426 

99 
108 
114 
88 
86 
80 
92 
110 
122 
119 
135 
131 

$431,226 
$20.  .560 
$10,142 

$400,524 


$2,754,122 

$2, 499, 907 

$45,316 

$2,4.54,.5iil 

$:||,414 

$12,0t>0 

$l(i,009 

$172,851 

$21,881 

$4, 939,  .831 


104 

$21,644,783 
$1,808,263 
$2,758,715 
$5, 254, 379 

$11,823,426 
46 

1,631 

$1,406,868 

109 
$280, 117 

1,522 
$1,126,751 

1,189 
$936, 459 

333 

$190,292 

7,380 

5,419 

6,131 

$3,203,435 

4,941 
$2,780,370 

1,186 
$422, 187 


5,028 
5,223 
5,101 
6,220 
5,286 
6,272 
4,806 
4,777 
4,677 
4,637 
4,563 
4,702 

1,232 
1,181 
1,110 
1,136 
1,164 
1,207 
1,202 
1,260 
1, 179 
1,18:! 
1,162 
1,216 

3 
3 
4 
4 
5 
6 
5 
6 
3 
3 
3 
3 

$1,969,790 

$181,608 

$99,895 

$1,549,153 

$139, 134 

$7,049,446 

$7,013,141 

$20 

$7,oi;i,  121 

$1.52,922 

$6I,0;(8 

$.18,228 

$:I39, 246 

$■14,871 

$16,7(K),027 


Indiana. 


Ken- 
tucky. 


34 

$3,174,505 
$118,774 
$386, 453 
$858, 380 

$1,810,898 
13 

384 

$382, 421 

40 
$92,216 

;i44 
$290,205 

263 
$245,404 

81 
$44,801 

1,822 

1,198 

1,416 

$663,834 

1,232 
$615,925 

184 
$47,909 


$203,701 
$5, 754 
$25,443 
$37,906 
$134,598 
1 

9 
$8,348 

5 
$4,200 

4 
$4,148 

3 

$3,784 

1 
$364 

111 

51 

73 

$34, 518 

60 
$31,273 

13 
$3,245 


1,243 

63 

1,309 

54 

1,261 

64 

1,201 

54 

1,217 

69 

1,228 

63 

1,253 

64 

1,234 

65 

1,214 

58 

1,192 

64 

1,206 

66 

1,226 

66 

178 

4 

176 

3 

185 

3 

179 

21 

188 

12 

189 

2 

liW 

1 

193 

8 

191 

6 

184 

34 

183 

35 

172 

27 

$4.59, 061 

$14,033 

$7,888 

$13,095 

$;123 

$435,458 

$10,  710 

$2,020 

$;i,ooo 

$1,066,634 

$84,  •106 

$890,992 

$63,020 

$16,415 

$87 4., 577 

$03,020 

$■19,  .W 

$748 

$9,310 

$720 

$S. 439 

$1.S3 

$1IH>.  ,'kl6 

$18,  .8:15 

$1,774 

$!MKI 

$2.8.57.174 

$169, 788 

aoorglu,2i  lowa,2;  Louisiana,  2;  Maliiu,  2;  Nebraska,  2;  UreKun,2;  tiuuth 


ELE(T1{I('AJ>  MACHINERY,  APPAliATU.S,  AND  SUPPLIES. 

SUPPLIES— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


219 


Mary- 
land. 

Massachu- 
setts. 

Michi- 
gan. 

Minne- 
sota. 

Mlssoiiii. 

Now 
Hamp- 
sljre. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Rhode 
Island. 

Texas. 

Wisconsin. 

-Ml  other 
statcs.i 

6 

$191,315 

«4.(,000 

S.)2, 009 

$83,146 

0 

23 

$26,248 

7 
$16,280 

16 

$10,968 

13 
$9,816 

3 

$1,162 

180 
139 

161 
$65,813 

139 
$62, 198 

14 

$2,600 

8 
$1,015 

140 

140 
148 
148 
148 
145 
149 
122 
126 
126 
138 
138 

15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
16 
16 
11 
11 
11 
14 
14 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

$20,679 

$1,685 

$737 

$18, 157 

$200 

$92,600 

$67,611 

72 

S12,7.-!5.427 
S„45,UUO 
$1,874,094 
$2, 603, 557 
$7,911,876 
37 

871 
$962,660 

07 
$187,270 

804 
$775,380 

633 
$688,024 

171 

$87,356 

10,540 

7,277 

8,798 

$5,003,190 

7,107 
$4,437,918 

1,499 
$521, 185 

192 
$44,087 

7,928 
6,007 
6, 035 
6,727 
6,773 
6,931 
7,018 
7,103 
7,lo0 
7,2)S6 
7,474 
7,592 

1,694 
1,476 
1,402 
1,402 
1,  408 
1,454 
l,4ti2 
1,470 
1,470 
1,610 
l,.i44 
1,510 

241 
103 
107 
171 
175 
174 
174 
189 
203 
212 
215 
220 

$1,448,091 
$05, 160 
$07, 135 

$1,289,810 

$26,980 

$7,324,167 

$4,540,404 

$246, 527 

$4,294,877 

$268,882 

$67,674 

$62,300 

$2,308,094 

$76,813 

$16,882,216 

14 

$113,732 

SI,3(K) 

$0,o(Kl 

$81,847 

$324,085 

8 

60 
$68,688 

14 
$23,615 

40 
$36,073 

29 
$27,278 

17 
$7,796 

677 

418 

629 

$176,817 

372 

$148,862 

143 
$25,306 

14 
$2,599 

328 
334 
304 
410 
419 
432 
414 
404 
389 
322 
321 
327 

111 

113 
120 
174 
179 
181 
109 
Wl 
105 
110 
111 
111 

11 
11 
13 
18 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
12 
11 
12 

$97,031 

$10,310 

S2,201 

$84,620 

16 

$389,211 

$14,000 

$29, 000 

$125,0.58 

$220, 553 

11 

32 
$36,900 

18 
$27,000 

14 
$8,900 

7 
$6,340 

7 
$3,620 

202 

146 

170 

$103,016 

168 
$102,040 

2 
$976 

20 

$1,644,031 

$04,350 

S97, 623 

$437,071 

$1,044,487 

5 

183 
$193,244 

26 
$60,740 

1.17 
$132,504 

120 
$113,639 

37 
$18,865 

968 

643 

796 

$411,804 

646 
$327,999 

239 
$81,565 

10 
$2,240 

484 
501 
522 
546 
573 
604 
598 
555 
625 
542 
554 
648 

242 

235 
236 
241 
221 
210 
217 
257 
249 
244 
258 
258 

10 
10 
10 

9 
10 
12 
12 
10 
10 

9 
10 

8 

$227,048 

$23, 401 

$7,154 

$196,493 

5 

$162,486 

$0, 038 

$3,082 

$,W,015 

$103,361 

3 

14 
$12,359 

4 

$2,900 

10 
$9,459 

8 

$8,845 

2 

$614 

128 

64 

83 

$32,224 

44 
$22,235 

39 
$9,989 

42 

$18,4.57,821 

$09.S,.551 

$2,4.'i8, 106 

$.i,4.HU,  171 

$11,811,933 

11 

1,012 
$1,002,693 

49 
$214,629 

963 
$788,064 

808 
$698,363 

165 
$89,701 

7,586 

5,339 

6,268 

$2,894,139 

3,833 
$2,203,102 

2,363 
$676,246 

82 
$14,791 

3,894 
4,111 
4,107 
4,006 
3,930 
3,9.59 
3,855 
3,601 
3,586 
3,611 
3,652 
3,784 

2,264 
2,008 
2, 051 
2,590 
2,425 
2,296 
2,287 
2,183 
2,120 
2,202 
2,307 
2,297 

77 
84 
86 
82 
90 
76 
80 
83 
81 
80 
84 
82 

$1,681,626 
830,736 
S38, 491 

$1,610,448 

$1,860 

$6,872,638 

$6,660,986 

$633,469 

$5,017,617 

$137,029 

$19,096 

$106, 636 

$992, 560 

$06,442 

$13,803,476 

175 

$30,643,167 
$1,699,054 
$4,025,852 
$4,702,014 

$19,616,047 
96 

1,068 
$1,730,441 

143 
$316,731 

1,625 
$1,414,710 

1,327 
$1,303,569 

198 
$111,141 

26,246 

14,614 

10,301 

$9,286,912 

14, 405 
$8,700,862 

1,854 
$678,405 

42 
$7,645 

14,241 
14, 348 
14,299 
14,285 
14,024 
14,080 
14, 5:!0 
14,482 
14,576 
14,752 
14.731 
14,506 

1,817 
1,753 
1,7.51 
1,729 
1,732 
1,745 
1,806 
1,775 
1,899 
2,088 
2,075 
2,078 

43 
41 

45 
39 
43 
43 
40 
40 
43 
45 
42 
40 

$3,263,960 
$166,311 
$149,240 

$2,924,023 

$25,376 

$17,846,213 

$11,939,895 

$811,518 

$11,128,377 

$424,520 

$205,401 

$97,982 

$4,991,767 

$186,658 

$35,348,276 

92 

$10,408,184 

$23.5.. -09 

$1,291,827 

$2,893,023 

$6,987,705 

50 

1,023 
$1,079,006 

lOO 
$253,222 

923 
$825,784 

655 
$690, 651 

268 
$136, 133 

6,375 

3,985 

5,114 

$2,268,497 

3,747 
$1,874,381 

1,3.52 
$391,776 

15 
$2,340 

3,7.36 
3,725 
3,792 
3,715 
3,670 
3,768 
3,768 
3,725 
3,832 
3,840 
3,710 
3,677 

1,578 
1,535 
1,431 
1,372 
1,344 
1,341 
977 
1,2.58 
1,292 
1,348 
1,374 
1,374 

14 
13 
10 
11 
15 
13 
15 
17 
20 
16 
18 
18 

$1,685,514 

$126, 178 

$73, 194 

$1,426,642 

$69,500 

$4,699,140 

$2,767,217 

80 

$.58,  .39.3,  Oil 
$2,O74,0(J« 
$4,419,040 
$6,455,045 

$45,843,720 
60 

2,746 
$3,089,635 

79 
$297,304 

2,667 
$2,792,231 

2,408 
$2,626,675 

2.59 
$166,656 

10,832 

8, 437 

9,404 

$5,299,668 

8,262 
$4,909,121 

1,069 
$376,709 

83 
$14,838 

9,104 
8,050 
8,409 
8,440 
8,236 
8,001 
8,063 
7,753 
7,726 
7,950 
8,221 
8,416 

1,059 
1,054 
1,043 
1,048 
1,082 
1,076 
1,063 
l,0(iO 
l,OtiO 
1,0,S7 
1.104 
1,087 

68 
68 
70 
67 
82 
90 
93 
92 
90 
92 
95 
89 

$5,580,353 
$89,106 
$56,194 

$5,431,612 

$3,441 

$11,365,212 

56,637,141 

$7,347 

$6,629,794 

$167, 150 

$20,368 

$197,947 

$4,233,726 

$108,880 

$26,257,569 

11 

$3,608,034 

$tW,832 

$<ai,I88 

$779,401 

$2,138,663 

3 

119 
$163,090 

16 
$52,071 

103 
$101,025 

77 
$87,037 

26 
$13,988 

1,631 

1,201 

1,409 

$557,065 

1,002 
$442,441 

398 
$112,524 

9 
$2,100 

971 

9:,8 

970 

978 

1,043 

1,015 

919 

9.i3 

1,011 

1,013 

1,O.SO 

1,103 

370 
308 
380 
383 
388 
417 
403 
356 
378 
406 
404 
403 

7 
7 
9 
10 
9 
8 
8 
7 
11 
11 
11 
10 

$201,343 
$22,344 
$10,355 

$168,644 

3 

r,8oo 

23 

$0,329,351 

$225,  HX) 

$553,273 

$1,052,8.56 

$4,497,422 

14 

396 
$401,644 

37 
$97,040 

359 
$353,604 

300 
$329, 183 

53 
$24,421 

1,463 

982 

1,204 

$672,812 

1,140 
$655,891 

59 
$15,844 

5 
$1,077 

1,089 
1,166 
1,260 
1,244 
1,208 
1,097 
l,OhO 
1,093 
1,083 
1,084 
1,126 
1,170 

50 
65 
53 
58 
58 
52 
55 
60 
CO 
66 
70 
71 

5 
10 
10 
8 
8 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
3 

r58,306 

$9,801 

$10,811 

$737,435 

$269 

$1,020,369 

$804,106 

22 

$617,692 

$23,874 

$81,749 

$10.5,966 

$346,103 

19 

97 

$89,487 

20 
$30,200 

77 
$69,287 

66 
$60,962 

21 
$8,325 

£42 

287 

398 

$140,206 

366 
$134,604 

22 
$4,363 

10 
*1,238 

3m 

370 
376 
373 
362 
352 
346 
369 
374 
400 
366 
344 

23 
■       22 
23 
21 
19 
17 
21 
21 
24 
28 
25 
20 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
13 
15 
15 
11 
11 
10 
10 

$78,983 
$5,743 
$1,738 

$71,002 

$,500 

$357,708 
$327,113 

I 

2 

3 

4 

$3,000 

$4,800 

6 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

in 

11 

1? 

13 

14 

1f> 

in 

17 

23 

11 

13 

$4,450 

13 
$4,460 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 

74 

25 

77 

170 
170 
105 
109 
170 
172 
102 
108 
109 
107 
109 
165 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

66 
61 
46 
38 
37 
39 
42 
46 
43 
44 
46 
41 

29 

24 
27 
39 
41 
46 

% 
41 
48 
43 
37 

11 
11 
15 
15 
15 
17 
12 
18 
11 
8 
11 
12 

2S 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 

40 

41 

4? 

43 

44 

46 

46 

47 

48 

49 

.50 

61 

a? 

•» 

,54 

65 

flA 

57 

S8 

m 

an 

61 

6? 

53 

$.30, 146 
S5, 164 
SI, 160 

$23,822 

$14,496 

$2,080 

$348 

$12,068 

$1,710 

$1,400 

$30 

$280 

64 
65 
66 
67 

RS 

$294,374 
$269,100 

$186,561 
$172,075 

$605,424 

$601,219 

$3,800 

$497, 419 

$10,048 

$13, 721 

$4,943 

$71, 181 

55,312 

$1,740,683 

$88,388 
$79,804 

$4,017,178 

$3,839,104 

$.38 

$3,839,066 

$13,039 

$8,072 

$8,267 

$98,801 

$49,895 

$5,435,474 

$11,635 
$1,420 

69 

70 

71 

$57,611 

$786 

$1,617 

$490 

$32, 147 

$50 

$224,869 

$269, lOO 
$3,838 
$4,487 
$1, 170 
$6,052 
$9, 727 

$702, 102 

$172,076 
$3,970 
$2,230 
$646 
$5,S40 
$1,900 

$423,933 

$79,804 

$722 

$1,672 

$983 

$4,038 

$1, 169 

$149,871 

$2,767,217 
$178,254 
$27,098 
$57,762 
$1,637,799 
$31,020 
$11,019,236 

$1,420 

$804,105 
$62,847 
$8,655 
$18,611 
$130,983 
$6,168 
$3,194,132 

$327,113 

.  $3,407 

$5,832 

$997 

$17,855 

$2,504 

r  54, 725 

72 

73 

$190 

$25 

$10,000 

74 
75 
76 
77 

$23,055 

78 

» Exclusive  of  electnca]  machinery ,  apparatus,  and  supplies,  valued  at  $18,742,033,  made  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 
Thisvalue  was  distrilMited  as  follows:  California,  $81,600;  Connecticut,  $591,094;  Illinois,  $1,056,263;  Indiana.  S252.20S;  Maryland,  $400;  Massachusetts,  $14,900;  Michi- 
gan. S217. 131;  Missouri.  $205,745;  New  Hampshire,  $2S,1S5;  New  Jersev,  $5,130,814;  New  York,  $5,494,909;  Ohio,  $1,557,000";  Pennsylvania,  $2,683,549;  Rhode  Island, 
$339,000;  Te.\as,  $32,750;  Wisconsin,  $599,000;  "all  other  states,"  $456,159. 


220 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  27.— ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND 


United 
States. 

Caliioi- 
oia. 

Colorado. 

Connect- 
icut. 

Illinois. 

Indiaon. 

Ken- 
tucky. 

79 
80 

81 
82 

83 
84 

Power. 

710 
145,816 

395 
77,009 

111 
2,940 

52 
l,15t. 

7 
26 

6,141 

40,440 

50 

2,331 
21,313 

2,883 
4,868 

22 
278 

2 
70 

5 
51 

7 
70 

31 
2,748 

17 

1,806 

4 
13 

3 
180 

1 
1 

16 
243 

91 
10,646 

20 
4,615 

3 
64 



33 

4,879 

20 
2,720 

12 
112 

1 
20 

1 
280 

o 

115 

wned— 
Engines- 
Steam— 

Gas  or  gasoline- 

1 
3 

85 
86 

87 
88 

SO 

Water  wheels— 

Water  motors— 

Electric  motors— 

1,220 
4,393 

165 
1,837 

59 
120 

90 
91 

ented— 

Electric  motors— 

47 
157 

13 
67 

24 
315 
190 
112 

19 

1,195 

379 

3 

30 
190 

8 
45 

95 

5 

I 


ELECTRIC ;AL  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPLIES. 

SUPPLIES— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905— Coatinued. 


221 


Mnry- 
laua. 

Massachu- 
setts. 

Michi- 
gan. 

Minne- 
sota. 

Missouri. 

New 
Hamp- 
shire. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsyl- 
vania.     . 

Rhode 
Island. 

Texas. 

Wisconsin. 

Another 
states. 

6 
329 

I 
CO 

1 

15 

4 
200 

69 
15,795 

37 
7,822 

in 

151 

0 
145 

1 
10 

1,245 
0,454 

13 
401 

3 
225 

3 
20 

11 
140 

1 
15 

1 
15 

18 
826 

3 

287 

3 
24 

5 
172 

1 

4 

1 
3 

1 

42 
8,008 

40 
6,547 

3 
44 

29 
397 

ir* 

40,811 

52 

21,021 

20 
129 

1 

18 

SO 
9,405 

43 
6,596 

15 
490 

0 
75 

70 
43,828 

120 
23,040 

20 
1,097 

10 
3,317 

3 
15 

22 
3,372 

16 
1,925 

20 

496 

4 
215 

1 
6 

79 
80 

81 

1,920 

87 

8 
104 

1 
20 

83 

84 

85 

ICO 

RA 

5 
15 

1 
2 

1                      1 

87 
88 

89 
00 

:;::;:::;::::::::::::::::::"  ■•■•i 

22 

290 

1,401 

40 

43 
311 
208 

1,400 

fi.'->2 

807 

14,590 

10 

67 
4,350 

135 

14 

190 
1,199 

2 
6 

7,752              2.267 

94 

91 

92 

93 
94 
85 

31 
64 

100 

1, 127 

80 

lOS 

25 
134 

...  . 

35 
110 



136 
498 

2 
55 
10 
13 

1,419 

11,333 

558 

4,009 

104 
791 
ISO 
89 

8 

177 
1  126 

4 
15 

13 
124 

77 

265 

5 

2 

15 

::::::::::;::::::::: 

210 

302 



METAL  WORKING   MACHINERY 


(223) 


METAL  WORKING  MACHINERY. 


By  Fred  J.  Miller,  Expert  Special  Agent. 


The  present  report  on  metal  working  machinery  em- 
braces statistics  relating  to  the  manufacture  of  power 
o])erated  niacliines  for  worldng  metals,  including  also 
the  parts  and  small  tools  necessary  for  the  operation 
of  the  same.  The  term  "metal  working  macliinery" 
does  not  include  maclunes  or  tools  for  use  in  the  hand 
trades,  such  as  pluml)crs'  and  tinsmiths'  tools  and 
watchmakers'  lathes  and  tools,  or  rolling  mill  ma-' 
chmery,  cranes,  hoists,  etc. 

The  statistics  presented  at  the  census  of  1905  relate 
only  to  products,  and  no  figures  are  given,  as  in  the 
1900  report,  for  capital,  salaried  employees,  salaries, 
wage-earners,  wages,  miscellaneous  expenses,  and  cost 
of  materials  used.  The  manufacture  of  metal  working 
machinery  is  so  closely  connected  with  the  manufac- 
ture of  foundry  and  machine  shop  products  that  it  was 
found  impracticable  in  1905  to  separate  the  statistics 
concerning  the  manufacture  of  metal  working  ma- 
cliinery, except  for  products.  Moreover,  the  statistics 
for  1905  are  more  comprehensive  than  those  for  1900, 
it  being  the  endeavor  in  the  former  to  include  returns 
for  all  establishments  in  wMch  metal  worldng  ma- 
chinery, including  machine  tools,  is  manufactured 
either  as  the  principal  or  as  a  minor  product;  whereas 
the  statistics  for  1900  are  confined  to  establishments  in 
which  metal  worldng  machinery  alone  was  the  princi- 
pal product. 

Wliile  the  total  production  of  metal  working  ma- 
chmery  reported  at  the  census  of  1905  shows  an  in- 
crease as  compared  with  that  for  the  census  of  1900,  it 
must  be  taken  into  consideration  that  the  statistics 
include  small  machine  tools,  such  as  chucks,  bits,  dies, 
etc.,  and  all  working  and  interchangeable  parts  manu- 
factured for  metal  working  machines,  which  constitute 
a  large  proportion  of  the  total  product.  These  tools 
and  parts  were  doubtless  included  to  a  greater  extent 
in  1905  than  in  1900,  inasmuch  as  in  1905  there  was  a 
specific  request  made  on  the  schedule  calluig  for  the 
value  of  the  same  manufactured  during  the  census 
year;  wliereas  no  separate  statistics  are  available  for 
small  tools  for  metal  working  machines  manufactm-ed 
in  1900,  except  under  the  general  heading  of  "all  other 
metal  workhig  machinery,"  and  the  large  increase  this 
item  sliows  in  1905  in  comparison  with  1900  is  due  to 


some  extent  to  a  more  complete  canvass  of  the  manu- 
facture of  this  class  of  products. 

In  1900  the  statistics  chronicled  a  period  of  great 
activity  in  the  iron  and  steel  industries  and  incidentally 
in  the  manufacture  of  metal  working  machinery. 
There  was,  however,  a  serious  depression  in  business 
conditions  in  1903,  especially  in  all  branches  of  the 
iron  and  steel  mdustry,  and  altliough  an  improvement 
was  noticeable  toward  the  middle  of  1904,  the  effect 
upon  the  returns  for  the  manufacture  of  metal  working 
macliinery  for  that  year  was  not  marked.^ 

With  these  explanations  the  statistics  of  metal  work- 
ing machinery  production  in  the  United  States  are 
presented  in  20  tables,  which  illustrate  the  industry 
as  reported  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905.  Table  1 
presents  the  value  of  products  by  selected  states,  with 
the  proportion  the  value  for  each  state  forms  of  the 
total  for  the  United  States  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and 
1905,  and  also  the  per  cent  of  increase  during  the  five- 
year  period. 

Table  1. — Metul  trorhing  machinery — value  of  products,  by  states, 
uith  pel-  cent  of  total  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


1905 

1900 

Per  cent 
of  in- 
creaae. 

STATE. 

Value. 

Per  cent 
oi  total 
value. 

Value. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
value. 

United  StJitcs... 

$32,408,766 

100.0 

S24,737,904 

loao 

3L0 

3,965,742 
2,015,201 
4,819,687 
1,406,005 
3.287,004 
8,197,637 
3,00,5,278 
1,915,052 
8  3,797,100 

12.2 

6.2 
14  9 

4.3 
10.2 
25  3 

9.3 

59 
11.7 
1 

3,162,003 
1,133,589 
2,844,319 
1,297.401 
1,754,024 
7,213,1.57 
3, 324, 570 
1,449,891 
•2,558,350 

12.8 
46 

ILS 
52 
7.1 

2912 

ia4 

5.9 

las 

2i4 

Illinois 

77.8 

Massachusetts 

69.4 
&4 

New  York 

87.3 

Ohio                 

lae 

>9l6 

32.1 

All  other  states 

4a4 

1  Decrease. 

2  Includes  the  valur*  of  products  of  establishments  located  in  Arkansas, 
California,  Colorado,  Delaware.  Georgia.  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas.  Kentucky, 
Maine.  Maryland.  Michigan.  Minnesotji,  Missouri,  Nebraska.  New  Hampshire, 
North  Carolina,  North  Dakota,  Oregon,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Vermont,  Washing- 
ton, and  Wisconsin. 

'  Includes  the  value  of  products  of  estabUshments  located  in  California, 
Delaware,  Georgia,  Indiana,  Iowa.  Kentucky.  Maine,  Maryland.  Michigan.  Min- 
nesota, Missouri,  New  Hampshire,  North  Carolina,  Or^on,  Vermont,  Wash- 
ington, and  Wisconsin. 

The  greatest  production  of  metal  worldng  machin- 
ery at  the  census  of  1905  was  reported  for  Ohio,  which 
state  was  also  first  in  1900.     The  value  of  products  for 

1  Statistics  of  the  American  Iron  Trade  for  1904. 

(225) 


226 


MANUFACTURES. 


Ohio  formed  over  25  per  cent  of  the  total  vahie  for  the 
United  States,  and  was  greater  than  the  combined 
value  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsj-lvania. 
In  Ohio  this  industry  is  concentrated  to  a  large  degree 
in  Cincinnati  and  Cleveland,  these  two  cities  together 
reporting  72.5  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  metal 
working  machinery  produced  in  the  state  in  1905,  or 
1S.3  per  cent  of  the  total  for  the  United  States.  Cin- 
cinnati was  the  leading  city  in  the  country  in  this 
industry  at  both  censuses,  and  reported  products 
valued  "at  .?3,200,8S9  in  1905,  while  Cleveland  ranked 
second  in  the  industry-  at  the  last  census,  with  products 
valued  at  ,S2,740,618.  Other  cities  in  Ohio  wliich  are 
prominent  in  the  manufacture  are  Hamilton,  Toledo, 
Canton,  Alhance,  Springfield,  and  Warren,  in  the  order 
named. 

The  state  showing  the  greatest  absolute  increase  in 
the  manufacture  of  metal  working  machinery  in  1905 
was  Massachusetts,  the  fourth  state  in  rank  in  1900, 
advancing  to  second  place  in  1905.  The  increase, 
however,  was  largely  for  "all  other  metal  working 
machinery,"  which  was  more  fully  reported  at  the 
census  of  1905  than  at  1900.  Worcester,  the  leading 
city  in  this  industry  in  Massachusetts,  reported  a  value 
of  metal  working  machinery  amounting  to  $1,079,772. 
There  are  also  a  number  of  large  establishments  in 
Worcester  county,  the  products  of  which,  if  added  to 
those  for  the  city  proper,  would  make  the  immediate 
locality  one  of  the  most  important  centers  of  this  in- 
dustry in  the  United  States.  New  Bedford  and  Green- 
field are  also  prominent  in  the  manufacture  of  metal 
working  machinerj^  and  tools. 

Connecticut  was  the  third  state  in  the  metal  working 
machinery  industry  in  both  1905  and  1900.  The  lead- 
ing city  in  Connecticut  was  Hartford,  the  sixth  city  in 
the  United  States  in  this  industry,  and  Waterbury, 
Bridgeport,  New  Haven,  and  Torrington  also  reported 
a  large  production.  New  York  state  has  advanced 
from  fifth  place  in  1900  to  fourth  in  1905,  reporting  an 
absolute  increase  in  the  value  of  metal  working  ma- 
chinery manufactured,  second  only  to  that  for  Massa- 
chusetts. New  York  city,  the  third  city  in  the  United 
States  in  this  industry,  reported  61.3  i)er  cent  of  the 
total  production  for  the  state,  the  bulk  of  tliis  manu- 
facture being  in  Brooklyn  borough.  The  cities  of 
Rochester  and  Bufl'alo  also  reported  a  large  production 
of  metal  working  macliincry. 

One  of  the  noticeable  features  of  the  statistics  is 
the  fact  that  Penn.sylvania,  the  second  state  in  the 
manufacture  of  metal  working  machinery  in  1900, 
ranked  only  fifth  in  1905,  a  slight  decrease  being  shown 
in  the  value  of  products  reported  for  this  state.  The 
greater  part  of  thi.s  decrease  was  in  I'liiiadclpliia,  which 
however,  retained  fourth  rank  among  the  cities  of  the 
United  Slates  in  1905,  with  products  valued  at 
$1,0<)8,90«. 


Illinois  reported  a  large  increase  in  the  manufacture 
of  metal  working  nuicliinery,  advancing  from  eighth 
rank  in  1900  to  sixth  in  1905,  Chicago  and  Koclvford 
reporting  the  principal  production  for  the  state.  Rhode 
Island  was  seventh  among  the  states  in  the  metal 
working  macliinery  industry  in  1905.  Of  the  total 
value  for  the  state,  86.2  per  cent  was  reported  for 
Providence,  the  fifth  city  of  the  United  States  in  this 
industry.  New  Jersey  was  the  eighth  state  in  the 
manufacture  of  metal  working  machinery  in  the  United 
States,  with  Plainfield  and  Newark  as  the  principal 
centers.  Micliigan,  the  ninth  state  in  rank  in  1905, 
shows  a  larger  per  cent  of  increase  than  any  other  state, 
the  gain  being  due  largely  to  the  establishment  of  a 
large  plant  in  Detroit  in  1902.  The  production  re- 
ported for  Delaware,  the  tenth  state  in  rank,  was  en- 
tirely for  the  city  of  Wilmington.  The  states  of  Wis- 
consin, Vermont,  Indiana,  New  Hampshire,  and  Mis- 
souri ranked  eleventh,  twelfth,  thirteenth,  fourteenth, 
and  lifteenth,  respectively,  in  the  production  of  metal 
working  machinery  in  the  United  States  as  reported  at 
the  census  of  1905. 

Table  2  shows  for  each  fiscal  year  between  1899 
and  1905  the  exports  of  iron  and  steel  manufactures, 
and  machinery  of  all  kinds,  including  metal  worldng 
machinerj'  in  comparison  with  the  imports  of  iron  and 
steel  manufactures  and  machinery  of  all  classes. 

Table  3. — Exports  and  imports  of  iron  and  steel  manufaciurei  and 
total  machinery,  and  exports  of  metal  v:orking  machinery:  1900  to 
1904.^ 


1904. 
1903. 
1902. 
1901. 
1900. 


Iron  ftnd  steel 
manufac- 
tures. 


^lILnls-sn 


lU.ai'.i,  .i.'U 
121,913,548 


Machinery. 


Total,  all 
classes. 


550.230,291 
50,  yss.  600 
47,591,534 
49, 814, 489 
65,486,495 


Motrtl  work- 
ing machin- 
ery. 


$3,716,709 
2,826,111 
2,977,290 
4,054,313 
7,193,390 


Iron  and  stoel 
manufac- 
tures. 


Machinery, 
all  classes. 


$27,02S.312 
51.C17.312 
27,l.'-0.247 
17,874,7S9 
20.478,728 


{3,184.968 
4,085,825 
3,646,572 
3,324.765 
3,669,096 


i"Commerce  and  Nnvipation  oJ  the  United  States,"  Bureau  ot  Statistics, 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor. 

As  file  foreign  trade  in  iron  and  steel  manufactures 
and  machinery  may  be  taken  as  an  index  of  the  condi- 
tions ])rovailiiig  in  tbo  various  brandies  of  tiiat  indus- 
trjr,  Table  2  sliows  clearly  flie  fact  tiiat  tiie  manufac- 
ture i>r  met  a!  working  macliinery  was  depressed  during 
the  five-year  i)eri()d.  In  tiie  lai)le  it  is  seen  (bat  (lie 
exi>orts  of  iron  and  steel  manufacture  and  macliinery, 
including  metal  working  machinery,  decreased  steadily 
j^ear  by  year  from  1900  to  1903,  inclusive.  In  tbe 
same  period  tbe  im])orts  advanced  largely,  the  value  of 
iron  and  steel  manufactures  imported  being  over  twice 
as  large  in  1 903  a.s  in  1900.  On  the  otiier  hand,  in  1904, 
when  business  conditions  in  this  ccniiitry  were  improv- 


METAL  WORKING  MAC^HINERY. 


227 


ing  in  the  iron  and  sfc  1  induslry,  there  was  a  consider- 
able increase  in  expinl  *  of  iron  and  steel  nianiif  act  lire 
and  machinery,  mcludiuf^  metal  working  maciiinery, 
and  a  marked  decrease  in  imports,  indicating  that  the 
production  at  liome  had  increased  and  was  supplyinf:: 
the  domestic  trade  mon^  conij)letely  tlian  fcr  several 
years  previous.  Nevertheless,  the  exports  in  1004 
show  a  considerable  decrease  as  compared  with  tlie 
exports  for  1  ()()(). 

Table  3  shows  the  values  reported  for  the  several 
classes  of  metal  worl-ang  machinery,  with  the  per  cent 
the  value  for  each  forms  of  the  total  value;  also,  the  per 
cent  of  increase  during  the  five-year  period. 

Table  3. — Metal  working  machinery — value  of  products  by  class  of 
machines,  inith  per  cent  each  class  is  of  the  total  and  per  cent  of  in- 
crease: 1905  and  1000. 


CLASS   or   IHCIUNE. 


1905 


Value. 


Per 

'cent  of 
total 


Total $32,408,766  j  100.0 


Hammers — steam,  power,  and 
drop 

Forging  machines,  including  bolt 
headers , 

Stamping,  flanging,  and  forming 
macliines 

Punching  and  shearing  machines 

Bending  and  straicrhtemng  rolls. 

Riveting  machines 

Lathes: 

Hand 

Engine 

Turret,  Including  all  auto- 
matic or  senuautoniatic 
lathes  for  making  dupli- 
cate pieces 

Boring  and  turning  mills  or  ver- 
tical lathes 

Boring  and  drilling  machinery, 
including  all  machines  using 
drills  or  boring  bars 

Planers,  including  plate  edge 
planers 

Slottersand  shapers 

Milling  machines,  including  all 
machines  using  a  milling  cutter 

Sawing  machines 

Grinding  and  polishing  machin- 
ery, including  all  machines  us- 
ing abrasive  cutters 

Bolt,  nut,  and  pipe  threading 
and  tapi>ing  machines 

Pneumatic  hand  machines 

All  other  metal  working  ma- 
chine ry 


832,698 

437,097 

2,003,861 

1,425,510 

190,678 

238,829 

190,576 
3,523,470 


2,210,814 
913,695 

2,369,712 

1,551,616 
845,860 

2,476,626 
165,428 

1,310,903 

899,197 
1,732,107 

9,090,189 


2.6 

1.4 

6.2 
4.4 
0.6 
0.7 

0.6 
10.9 


6.8 
2.8 

7.3 

4.8 
2.6 

7.6 
0.6 

4.0 

2.8 
6.3 

2S.1 


1900 


Value. 


$24,737,904     100.0 


Per 

cent  of 
total. 


671,287 

424,774 

1,180,960 

1,219,605 

202,230 

139,295 

306,081 
4,451,867 


2,449,121 
1,123,314 

2,779,983 

1,808,955 
1,136,350 

2,171,966 
222,563 

880,965 

698,362 
143,325 

2,726,901 


2.7 

1.7 

4.8 
4.9 
0.8 
0.6 

1.2 
18.0 


9.9 
4.6 

11.2 

7.3 
4.6 

8.8 
0.9 

3.6 

2.8 
0.6 

11.0 


Per 
cent 
of  in- 
crease. 


31.0 

24.0 

2.9 

69.7 
16.9 
15.8 
71.5 

137.7 
120.9 


19.7 
118.7 

114.8 

114.2 
125.6 

14  0 
125.7 

48.8 

28.8 
1,108.5 


1  Decrease. 

Table  3  shows  a  number  of  decreases  in  several  im- 
portant items,  and  if  it  were  not  for  the  marlced  increase 
in  the  value  of  "all  other  metal  working  machinery" 
the  total  value  for  1905  would  show  only  a  small  in- 
crease over  1900.  As  stated  above,  the  increase  in  this 
class  of  product  is  due  very  largely  to  the  greater  com- 
prehensiveness of  the  figures  for  1905. 

As  shown  in  Table  3,  lathes  were  the  principal  class 
of  metal  working  machinery  manufactured  in  both 
1905  and  1900.  The  combined  value  of  this  class 
amounted  to  18.3  per  cent  of  the  total  value  m  1905 
and  29.1  per  cent  of  the  total  in  1900.  More  than  one- 
half  of  the  total  value  reported  for  lathes  was  for  engine 
lathes  and  over  one-tliird  for  turret  lathes,  which  in- 
cludes the  automatic  and  semiautomatic  types,  while  n 


comparativeh'  small  proportion  of  the  value  was  for 
hand  lathes. 

Table  4  shows  the  number  and  value  of  lathes  man- 
ufactured by  selected  states  for  the  cen.suses  of  1900 
and  1905. 

T.\iiLE  4. — Production  of  lathes,  including  automatic,  hand,  engine, 

turret,  and  seiiriautontatic,  by  states:  I'JO.'i  and  I'JOO. 


1S05 


1900 


Numljcr. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States 

14  486     X.n  VXi  fUVI 

19,721 

$7,207,069 

' 

Connecticut 

1.326 

1.061 

4,690 

.523 

4,6.39 

122 

610 

319 

148 

1,048 

700.785 
84.313 
aWi,  946 
164,852 
2,  .'•.71,883 
129.112 
414.156 
321.765 
193.386 
487,612 

2,108 

1,590 

4,534 

2,067 

6,121 

293 

702 

367 

238 

1,695 

1,030.314 
173  071 

Illinois 

Massachusetts 

New  York 

1,348,168 
224,504 

2,624,064 
358,759 
333,836 
284,411 
23B.542 
590,400 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Vermont 

All  other  states 

Over  one-half  of  the  total  number  of  lathes  manufac- 
tured m  1905  were  engine  lathes,  7,676  in  all;  3,912 
were  hand  lathes;  and  2,898  turret  lathes.  The  num- 
ber of  engine  lathes  manufactured  in  1900  was  12,089; 
of  hand  lathes,  3,945;  and  of  turret  lathes,  3,687.  It 
is  thus  seen  that  there  was  a  decrease  for  each  class,  the 
greater  part  of  the  decrease  being  for  engine  lathes. 

As  seen  m  Talkie  4,  Ohio  was  first  in  the  manufacture 
of  lathes,  reporting  32  per  cent  of  the  total  number 
manufactured  at  the  census  of  1905  and  43.4  percent 
of  the  total  value.  This  state  also  predominated  in 
1900,  when  the  number  reported  formed  31  per  cent  of 
the  total  for  the  United  States,  and  the  value,  36.4  per 
cent  of  the  total.  Massachusetts  was  second  in  value 
of  lathes  manufactured  in  both  1900  and  1905,  and 
although  there  was  an  increase  in  the  number  of  such 
machines  manufactured  in  that  state,  the  value  re- 
ported decreased  slightly.  The  third  state  in  rank  in 
this  production  was  Connecticut,  where  a  considerable 
increase  was  shown  in  value  reported  of  the  lathes 
manufactured. 

The  class  of  metal  working  machinery  second  in 
value  of  products  in  1905  was  milling  machines. 

Table  5  shows,  by  selected  states,  the  number  and 
value  of  milling  machines  manufactured  in  1900  and 
1905. 

Table  5. — Production,  of  milling  machines,  including  all  machines 
using  a  milling  cutter,  by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


1905 


Number.      Value. 


United  States. 

Connecticut 

Massichusetts 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

Pmnsylvani'i 

Rhode  Island 

All  other  states 


4.032  !  t2, 476, 626 


1900 


Number.      Value 


4,119       J2. 171, 966 


557 

218,451 

431 

745 

376,222 

437 

71 

115,722 

155 

443 

116,840 

783 

856 

529.157 

1,060 

50 

110,282 

79 

889 

586.203 

698 

421 

423,689 

476 

141.402 
317.818 
167,510 
297.621 
438.725 
110.005 
445. 342 
252.943 


228 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  5  shows  that  in  spite  of  a  slight  decrease  in  the 
number  of  nulling  machines  manufactured  in  1905  as 
compared  with  1900,  there  was  an  increase  in  the  value 
of  such  machines  as  reported  at  the  two  censuses.. 
Rhode  Island,  Ohio,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut, 
in  the  order  named,  were  the  leading  states,  and  each 
shows  an  increase  in  the  value  of  this  class  of  products. 

The  class  of  metal  working  machinery,  which  was 
third  in  value  of  products,  was  boring  and  drilling  ma- 
chines, including  all  machines  using  drills  or  boring 
bars. 

Table  6  shows  by  states  the  number  and  value  of 
this  class  of  machinery  manufactured  in  1900  and  1905. 

Table  G. — Production  of  boring  and  drilling  machinery,  by  states: 
1905  and  1900. 


United  states 

Connecticut 

Illinois 

Massachusetts 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

All  other  states 


Number.      Value. 


1900 


Number.      Value, 


As  showTi  in  Table  7,  more  than  one-half  of  the  total 
value  of  stamping,  flanging,  and  forming  machines 
manufactured  in  1905  was  reported  for  New  York, 
which  state  was  first  also  in  1900.  A  considerable  in- 
crease is  shown  also  for  Illinois,  which  state  advanced 
to  second  place  in  1905, superseding  Comiecticut,  which 
held  that  rank  in  1900.  Ohio,  which  was  prominent  in 
the  manufacture  of  other  kinds  of  metal  working  ma- 
chinery, ranked  third  in  the  value  of  stamping,  flang- 
ing, and  forming  machines;  while  Connecticut,  second 
in  1900,  is  now  fourth  in  rank  in  this  manufacture. 

The  most  marked  increase  sho%vn  for  any  class  of 
metal  working  machinery  was  for  pneumatic  hand 
machines,  the  manufacture  of  which  was  of  little 
importance  in  1900,  but  was  of  such  prominence  in 
1905  as  to  be  entitled  to  fifth  rank  in  the  industry. 

Table  8  shows  the  number  and  value  of  this  class 
of  machines,  as  reported  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and 
1905. 


23,579  $2,369,712 


764 
14,281 

2,837 
103 
653 

3,097 
522 
130 

1,192 


22,890     $2,779,983    '    T.\BLE  S. — Production  of  pneumatic  hand  machines:  1905  and  1900. 


153,809 

1,093 

334,614 

2,936 

257,024 

7,383 

110,504 

149 

50,112 

1,792 

905,680 

7,847 

317,304 

458 

65,518 

128 

175, 147 

1,104 

166,786 
145,083 
489, 504 
132, 193 

83,308 

1,120,286 

397, 455 

75, 135 
170, 233 


The  term  "bormg  and  drilling  machinery"  includes 
all  metal  working  machines  using  drills  or  boring  bars. 
As  shown  in  Table  6,  there  was  an  increase  in  the  num- 
ber of  boring  and  drilling  machines  for  metal  working 
manufactured  in  1905  as  compared  with  1900,  b.ut 
the  value  of  this  class  of  products  was  somewhat  less 
at  the  later  census. 

Ohio,  which  was  the  leading  state  at  both  censuses, 
shows  a  decrease  both  in  number  and  value  of  boring 
and  drilling  machines,  while  Illinois,  the  second  state 
in  rank,  shows  a  considerable  increase,  advancing  from 
fifth  place  in  1900.  Pennsylvania  was  third  in  both 
1900  and  1905,  while  Massachusetts,  which  was  second 
in  1900,  dropped  to  fourth  place  in  1905. 

Table  7  shows,  by  states,  the  number  and  value  of 
stamping,  flanging,  and  forming  machines  for  plate  and 
sheet  metal,  manufactured  at  the  censuses  of  1900  anil 
1905. 

Table  7. — Production  of  stamping,  flanging,  and  forming  machines 
for  plate  and  thecl  metal,  by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


Census. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States 

1905 
1900 

19,297 
6,751 

$1,732,107 
143,325 

The  enormous  advance  in  the  manufacture  of  pneu- 
matic hand  machines  is  indicated  in  Table  8,  the  num- 
ber of  such  machines  manufactured  having  increased 
12,546,  or  almost  twofold,  and  the  value,  $1,588,782, 
or  over  elevenfold.  The  principal  increase  is  shown  for 
Michigan  and  Ohio,  the  statistics  for  which  states  are 
not  presented  separately,  to  avoid  the  possibility  of 
disclosing  individual  operations.  The  increasing  use 
of  pneumatic  hand  machines  is  described  fully  in  a 
later  section  of  this  report. 

The  type  of  metal  working  machiner\^  next  in  rank 
in  1905,  according  to  value  of  products  reported,  was 
planers,  including  plate  edge  planers. 

Table  9  shows,  by  states,  the  number  and  value  of 
planers  manufaclured  at  the  last  two  censuses. 

Table  9. — Prodiiclion  of  planers,  including  plate  edge  planers,  hy 
states:  1905  and  1900. 


1006 

lono 

Number. 

Valup. 

Number. 

Value. 

UnllH  Stalci 

8,2.15 

$2,003,861 

7,896 

$1,180,060 

711 

1,460 
145 

4,487 
713 

713 

149,703 
284, 4.13 
01,078 
1,067,508 
239,086 
211,454 

646 
1,206 

190 
2,362 
1,709 
1,778 

216,728 

122,210 
77,329 
641,226 

Nfw  Jnrsoy 

Nflw  York 

Ohio 

67,022 
166,816 

All  other  fitat«a 

STATE. 

100& 

1900 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States 

1,100 

$1, ,551, 616 

1,643 

11.8n8.fl.'U 

41 
267 
385 

63 
354 

25, 2W 
243,140 

466, s;w 

252,  740 
563,041 

00 
368 
646 
188 
281 

52,782 
262, 100 

691.362 

Peiinsylvaniii 

248,  S12 

553,  S99 

The  decrease  shown  in  Table  9  in  the  manufacture 
of  this  class  of  metal  working  machinery  is  largely  for 
Oliio,  whicli  was  llie  principal  state  in  this  jiroduction 
in  both  1900  and  1905.     rcnnsylvania  and  Massachu- 


METAL  WORKING  MACHINERY. 


229 


setts  were  second  and  third,  respectively,  in  rank,  the 
former  state  siiowing;  a  sliglit  increase  in  1905  over  the 
value  reported  in  19UU. 

The  production  of  punching  and  shearing  machines 
is  shown,  by  states  in  Table  10,  for  1900  and  1905. 

Tadi.k    10. — Production  of   punchinrj  and  shearing  machines,   by 
states:  19U5  and  WOO. 


1905 

1900 

Numl-er. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States 

4,328 

$1,425,510 

.?,269 

$1,219,605 

Connecticut  

127 
602 
113 
106 
577 
851 
330 
106 
007 
849 

36,017 
142.  .526 

37,075 
9,153 

69,677 
294.  .521 
312,405 

79.207 

82.302 
302,507 

1,156 
134 
132 
45 
432 
861 
395 
82 
2S8 

1,744 

149. 400 

IlUnoia   

68,771 

Massachusetts 

7,008 

18,000 

New  Jersey 

82,242 

154,773 

Oliio     

319,690 

44,499 

31,700 

All  other  states     ; 

343,522 

Ohio,  New  York,  and  Illinois,  in  the  order  named, 
were  the  three  Iptiding  states  in  the  value  of  this  pro- 
duction in  1905;  in  1900  the  first  two  held  the  same 
piositions,  while  Illinois  ranked  fifth.  The  first  named 
shows  a  slight  decrease  in  value  of  products,  while  the 
other  two  states  show  large  increases. 

Table  11  shows  by  states  the  number  and  value  of 
grinding  and  polishing  machines  manufactured  at  the 
last  two  censuses. 

Table   11. — Production  of  grinding  and   polishing  machinery,  by 
states:  1905  and  1900. 


1905 

1900 

Number. 

Value. 

Nimiber. 

Value. 

United  States 

19,193 

$1,310,903 

10,014 

$880,965 

Connecticut 

Illinois 

Massachusetts 

537 
109 

1,981 
983 
232 

4,880 

1,273 
362 

2,897 
948 

4,991 

126,296 

5,584 

225,258 

82,963 

13,325 

70,732 

114,840 

267,213 

343,334 

32,  .532 

28,826 

722 

1,963 

1,798 

301 

50 

1,353 

295 

797 

1,808 

219 

648 

77,442 
92,464 
124, 447 
11,568 

New  Jersey 

6,601 
64,604 
17, 126 
143,468 
266,804 
48,410 
38,031 

Ohio 

Wisconsin 

The  term  "grinding  and  polishing"  includes  all 
metal  working  machines  using  an  abrasive  cutter. 
This  branch  of  the  metal  working  machiner}'  industry 
increased  largely  at  the  census  of  1905  compared 
with  that  of  1900,  the  increase  in  the  number  of 
grinding  and  polishing  machines  manufactured  being 
91.7  per  cent  and  in  the  value  48.8  per  cent.  The 
leading  state  in  the  value  of  these  products,  both  in 


1900  and  1905,  was  Rhode  Island,  with  Pennsylvania 
second. 

Table  12  shows,  by  states,  the  number  and  value  of 
boring  and  turning  mills  or  vertical  lathes  for  1900 
and  1905. 

Table   12. — Production  of  boring  and   turning  mUls  or  verltcal 
lathes,  by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

IMS 

1900 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States 

611 

$913,695 

534 

$1,123,314 

15 

99 
117 
380 

24,805 

248.807 
182.  (XX) 
457,483 

54 
140 

14 
.128 

177,089 
412,800 
23,985 
509,440 

Ohio 

Pennsylvaniii                  .       .  . 

There  was  an  increase  in  the  number  of  boring  and 
turning  mills  n^anufactured,  but  a  decrease  in  value 
reported  in  1905  as  compared  with  1900.  Ohio  was 
the  principal  state  in  the  value  of  this  production  in 
1905  as  well  as  in  1900,  despite  a  large  decrease.  Con- 
necticut, the  second  state  in  rank,  is  not  shown  sepa- 
rately, as  to  do  so  would  disclose  individual  operations. 
The  production  for  Pennsylvania,  the  third  state  in 
rank  in  1905,  increased  considerably.  Delaware,  the 
fourth  state  in  this  manufacture,  is  included  with  "  all 
other  states." 

Table  13  shows  the  number  and  value  of  bolt,  nut, 
and  pipe  threading  and  tapping  machines  for  1900  and 
1905. 

Table  13. — Production  of  bolt,  nut,  and  pipe  threading  and  tapping 
machines,  by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


1905 

1900 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  State.s 

2,687 

$899,197 

2,088 

$6dS,362 

Connecticut       

943 
203 
&55 
238 
448 

209,137 
128,030 
246,  .598 
109,343 
206,089 

62 
259 
975 
266 
526 

19,002 

128,709 

Ohio                 

363,896 

97,034 

\U  other  states          

89,721 

An  increase  is  shown  in  the  total  number  and  value 
of  bolt,  nut,  and  pipe  threading  and  tapping  machines 
reported  at  the  census  of  1905,  as  compared  with  1900; 
but  in  Ohio,  the  principal  state  in  this  manufacture,  a 
decrease  is  noted.  Connecticut,  however,  shows  marked 
increases,  which,  wath  the  increases  reported  for  the 
other  states,  was  sufficient  to  cause  the  totals  for  the 
United  States  to  show  a  gain. 

The  production  of  slotters  and  shapers  is  shown,  by 
states,  in  Table  14  for  1900  and  1905. 


230 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  14. — Production  of  slotters  and  shapcrs.  hy  states:  1905  and 

1900. 


1905 

i9on 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

2,012 

$845,860 

3,070 

SI, 136,350 

167 
124 
108 
64 
1,060 
109 
380 

61,877 
33,575 
66,487 
13,518 
331,. 569 
197.826 
141,008 

4.57 
238 
159 
334 
1,354 
ll.i 
419 

149,664 

79,050 

59,2.50 

78,165 

421,229 

177.732 

All  other  states        

171,260 

The  production  of  slotters  and  shapers  shows  a  de- 
crease during  the  period  reported,  both  in  the  num- 
ber and  the  value  of  machines  manufactured.  The 
principal  state  in  the  value  of  these  products  at  both 
censuses  was  Ohio,  with  Pennsylvania  second  in  rank. 
This  branch  of  the  metal  working  machinery  industry 
is  concentrated  largely  in  these  two  states,  the  value  of 
their  combined  products  representing  52.7  per  cent  of 
the  total  for  these  manufactures  in  1900  and  62. G  per 
cent  in  1905. 

Table  15  shows  the  number  and  value  of  hammers — 
steam,  power,  and  drop — for  1900  and  1905. 

Table  15. — Production  of  hammers — steam,,  ■power,  and  drop — hy 
states:  1905  and  1900. 


19U5 

190U 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States         

1,934 

t832,698 

857 

$671,287 

131 
208 
17.'; 

39 
378 

36 
205 
762 

114,277 
53,000 
20,700 
11,730 

238,642 
63,300 

232,24a 
98,800 

140 
24 
25 
18 

233 
58 

225 

134 

115,559 
45, 446 

lUinoia  

2,300 

New  Jersey 

4,200 

109,968 

Ohio 

63,. M2 

300,021 
40,241 

An  increase  is  shown  in  Table  15,  both  in  the  number 
and  value  of  hammers — steam,  power,  and  drop — re- 
ported in  1905,  as  compared  with  1900.  Tlie  three 
leading  states  in  this  manufacture — New  York,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  Connecticut — together  n^ported  70.3  ])er 
cent  of  the  production  in  1!)()5  and  7<S..'5  jier  cent  in 
l!)f)0.  In  1905  New  York  ranked  first,  liaxiiig  ad- 
vanced from  tliird  jilace  in  lOOO,  and  siiowing  an  in- 
crease in  tiie  value  of  pniduct  idu  nf  117  |>('r  cent. 
Pennsylvania,  first  in  rank  in  value  of  ])r<>(lucts  in 
19()(),occu.ies  second  rank  in  1905  with  a  considcrahly 
refluced  production,  and  Connecticut,  altliough  hold- 
ing second  place  as  in  1900,  shows  a  slightly  dimin- 
ished value  of  products  in  1905. 

The  next  class  of  metal  working  machines  is  bolt 
heafiers  and  other  macliines  for  forging  liot  metal  with 
flies  and  with  [iressurc.  Tliis  manufacture  is  shown  in 
Table  IG  for  the  last  two  censuses. 


Table  1G. — Production  of  forging  machines,  hy  states:  1905  and  1900. 


1905 

1900 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

390 

$437,097 

821 

$424,774 

195 
195 

305,397 
131,700 

230 
591 

290,300 

All  other  states     

134, 474 

The  term  "forging  machines"  includes  bolt  headers 
and  all  other  macliines  for  forging  hot  metal  with  dies 
and  with  pressure.  A  slight  increase  is  noticeable  in 
the  value  of  this  class  of  macliinery  manufactured  at 
the  census  of  1905  as  compared  with  1900,  but  the 
number  of  machines  is  considerably  less.  This  branch 
of  the  industry  is  concentrated  to  a  large  degree  in 
Ohio,  and  although  these  machines  are  reported  as 
manufactured  in  a  number  of  other  states  the  statis- 
tics can  not  be  shown  separately. 

Riveting  machines  are  considered  as  a  class  of  metal 
working  machinery,  and  the  production  as  reported  at 
the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905  is  shown  by  states  in 
Table  17. 

Table  17  .—Production  of  riveting  machines,  by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


lOUd 

1900 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States 

645 

$238,829 

202 

$139  295 

Connecticut 

257 
133 

36 
148 

71 

100,657 

63,172 

9,525 

42,980 

22,495 

76 
25 
6 
81 
14 

20  728 

13, 200 

Ohio            

300 

102, 370 

All  other  states 

2,697 

The  manufacture  of  riveting  machines  in  the  United 
States,  though  of  small  extent,  increased  materially 
during  the  five-year  period  re]iorted.  In  1905  Con- 
necticut reported  the  principal  jiroduction,  sujierseding 
Pennsylvania,  which  was  the  leading  state  in  1900. 

In  Table  18  the  number  and  value  of  bending  and 
straightening  rolls  manufactured  in  1900  and  1905  is 
shown  by  states. 

Table  18. — Production  of  bending  and  straightening  rolls,  hy  stales: 
1905  and  1900. 


l»0o 

IIIUU 

Number. 

Value. 

Numlinr. 

Value. 

United  Slates 

174 

$100,578 

914 

$202, 230 

Ohio 

71 
1« 
87 

81,527 

7,217 

101,834 

66 

16 

833 

73..^S2 

I'rnnsvlvtinla 

31,,S.I,S 

96,950 

This  type  of  metal  working  machinery  shows  a  con- 
siderable decrease  in  number  of  machines  reported  and 
only  a  .small  decrease  in  the  total  \nlue  of  the  same  in 


METAL  WORKING  MACHINERY. 


231 


1905  as  compared  with  1900.  Ohio,  the  leading  state 
in  this  manufacture,  sliows  an  increa.se  in  the  value  of 
production,  wliile  a  decided  decrease  is  shown  for 
Pennsylvania. 

The  statistics  for  sawing  machines,  a  class  of  metal 
working  machinery  which  also  shows  a  decrease  in  the 
five-year  period  fi-om  1900  to  1905,  are  presented  by 
states  in  Table  19. 

Table  19. — Production  of  sawing  machines,  by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


19D5 

1900 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

United  States 

2,806 

$165,428 

2,846 

$222,563 

Connecticut 

49 

701 

101 

209 

1,746 

1.830 
17,1180 
23,648 
77,220 
45,050 

277 

1,99,S 

10 

193 

362 

11,947 

77,310 

Ohio        

2,303 

99,953 

All  othei  states 

31,050 

The  leading  state  in  this  manufacture,  both  in  1900 
and  1905,  was  Pennsylvania;  Ohio  was  second  in  im- 
portance in  1905,  superseding  Illinois,  which  was  sec- 
ond in  1900. 

There  are  numerous  metal  working  machines  not 
specially  classified  wliich  are  included  under  the  gen- 
eral head  of  "all  other  metal  working  machinery,"  and 
this  item  is  seen  from  Table  3  to  form  28.1  per  cent  of 
the  total  for  1905.  It  may  be  that  certain  machines 
have  inadvertently  been  included  under  tliis  heading 
which  by  a  strict  rulin,g  might  properly  belong  under 
some  of  the  itemized  classifications,  it  being  very  diffi- 
cult for  certain  manufacturers  to  accurately  divide 
their  product  under  the  specific  headings  as  required 
by  the  schedule.  There  is  also  included  under  this  gen- 
eral head  small  tools,  such  as  chucks,  bits,  and  dies, 
which  make  up  more  than  half  of  the  total  value  re- 
ported; precision  tools  and  maclfines;  and  duplicate 
parts,  which  are  made  to  replace  the  wear  on  metal 
machinery  already  in  use.  This  latter  is  a  considerable 
item,  inasmuch  as  most  of  the  macliinery  in  use  to-day 
is  standardized;  that  is,  the  parts  are  made  largely  to 
be  interchangeable,  and  if  a  portion  of  the  machine 
becomes  worn  or  unserviceable  it  is  not  necessary  to 
buy  an  entire  new  machine  or  to  have  a  part  made 
to  order,  as  the  manufacturer  stands  ready  to  furnish 
duplicate  parts  without  delay. 

Table  20  distributes  the  total  value  for  "all  other 
metal  working  machinery"  among  these  several  speci- 
fied items  for  1905,  no  separate  report  having  been 
made  for  the  same  in  1900. 

45254— MFC,  1905— PT  4— OS 17 


Table   20. — Production  of  "all  other  metal  working  machinery,'* 
by  slates:  1905. 


United  states 59,090,189 


Total. 


Connecticut 

Illinois 

Massacbusetts.. 

Michigan 

Missouri 

New  York 

Pennsylvania. . . 
Rhode  Island... 
All  other  states . 


1,84.5,650 

651,609 

2,646,919 

221,703 

115,391 

1,036,397 

392,793 

419,037 

1,760,690 

Small  tools 
for  metal 
working 
mac  blues. 


$4,693,186 


906,486 
254,672 
1,687,999 
106,833 
59,098 
405,O!»l 
275,024 
129,572 
968,413 


Precision 
tools  and 
macbinea. 


$995,430 


34,295 

21,727 

687,915 


5,2.56 

3,075 

187,276 

55,886 


All  Other 

metal 
working 
machines 
and  dupli- 
cate parts. 


$3,401,573 


9(J4,8«9 
37.5,210 
371,005 
114,870 
56,295 
62»),»50 
114,694 
102,189 
736,391 


As  seen  in  Table  20,  Massachusetts  was  the  principal 
state  in  the  manufacture  of  small  tools  for  metal  work- 
ing machines  and  also  in  precision  tools  and  macliines, 
with  Connecticut  second  in  rank  in  the  former  and 
Rhode  Island  in  the  latter  manufacture.  Connecticut 
leads  in  the  manufacture  of  duplicate  parts  and  all 
other  metal  workuig  machines,  mth  New  York  second 
and  Illinois  third,  wliile  Massachusetts  Ls  fourth  in  rank. 

The  total  value  of  small  tools  for  metal  working 
machines  manufactured  in  the  United  States  in  1905 
was  $4,693,186,  which  was  14.5  per  cent  of  the  total 
for  all  classes  of  metal  working  machines.  It  was 
intended  that  only  tools  for  use  in  power  driven  ma- 
chinery were  to  be  reported  under  this  head,  but  it  is 
possible  that  some  hand  tools  have  been  included. 
However,  as  there  may  be  some  manufacture  of  this 
class  of  apparatus  not  reported,  it  is  believed  that  the 
value  presented  is  a  fairly  accurate  report  of  this  im- 
portant branch  of  metal  working  machinery  manu- 
facture. 

The  value  of  duplicate  parts  and  metal  working 
machinery,  not  specified,  as  reported  at  the  census  of 
1905,  amounted  to  10.5  per  cent  of  the  total  for  all 
classes  of  metal  working  macliinery. 

The  following  is  a  synopsis  of  the  development  of 
the  metal  working  machinery  industry  from,  a  tech- 
nical standpoint: 

DEVELOPMENT   OF  THE   DvDUSTET. 

Foreign  use  of  American  tools. — American  made 
metal  worldug  machinery  is  found  in  almost  every  por- 
tion of  the  civilized  world.  Some  of  the  best  automo- 
bile factories  of  France,  watch  factories  of  Switzerland, 
small  arms  factories  in  Berlin,  Germany  and  Liege, 
Belgium,  and  bicycle  factories  in  Coventry,  England, 


232 


AL4XUFACTURES. 


are  equipped  with  American  built  machinery.  It  is 
largely  through  the  use  of  highly  specialized  machin- 
ery that  American  manufacturers  are  able  to  compete 
with  the  products  of  European  shops.  Whatever  the 
cause  underlying  the  superiority  of  American  machin- 
ery, whether  higher  grade  labor,  the  great  incentive 
for  workingmen  to  improve  the  machines  they  use,  or 
because  many  mechanics  have  become  manufacturers, 
or  for  all  these  reasons  combined,  the  fact  stands  out 
that  American  tools  are  used  extensively  in  foreign 
countries  and  that  their  effectiveness  is  recognized 
everywhere. 

One  of  the  greatest  obstacles  to  the  growth  of  the  for- 
eign trade  of  the  United  States  in  metal  working  ma- 
chinery has  been  the  difficulty  of  adjusting  American 
tools  to  European  shop  methods,  or  of  educating  the 
European  mechanic  in  the  use  of  American  tools.  The 
influence  of  one  upon  the  other  is  seen  in  the  modifica- 
tion of  American  macliinery  to  meet  European  ideas 
and  the  gradual  change  in  European  shop  methods  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  American  macliines  and 
tools.  An  evidence  of  the  close  touch  into  wliich  the 
machine  and  tool  makers  of  the  old  and  new  worlds 
have  been  brought  is  found  in  the  fact  that  an  Ameri- 
can technical  journal,  covering  the  field  of  machine 
tool  construction,  has  5,000  subscribers  in  Europe  and 
is  the  medium  for  a  constant  exchange  of  ideas  between 
the  manufacturers  and  mechanicians  of  both  hemi- 
spheres. 

Specialization  in  manufacture. — One  of  the  most 
striking  features  of  the  development  of  the  metal 
working  machinery  industry  is  the  specialization  in 
manufacture  that  has  taken  place  in  recent  years. 
This  specialization  has  gone  on  to  such  an  extent  that 
there  is  not  a  single  establishment  in  the  United  States 
in  which  a  complete  line  of  metal  worldng  machinery 
is  constructed. 

In  tliis  practice  of  confining  an  establishment  to  the 
manufacture  of  one  class  or  a  few  distinct  classes  of 
macliines,  American  builders  have  pursued  a  policy 
quite  different  from  that  of  foreign  builders,  who 
usually  are  ready  to  undertake  the  manufacture  of 
any  machinery  required  by  a  customer.  The  tend- 
ency in  the  United  States  is  toward  a  still  greater 
specialization,  and  there  is  some  indication  of  a  dis- 
position on  the  part  of  Britisli  and  continental  tool 
builders  to  adopt  the  same  plan. 

The  progre.ssivenes3  of  American  manufacturers  is 
shown  also  in  tlicir  readiness  and  ability  to  manufac- 
ture special  machinery  for  use  in  a  new  maclunc  build- 
ing industry.  This  was  true  of  the  bicycle  industry 
and  is  now  true  of  the  aiifomobile  industry. 

I/itjh  Kpreil  fiU'cl. — Tlie  invf-ntion  of  high  speed  steel 
has  liad  a  marked  effect  upon  the  development  of  the 
metal  working  macliinery  industry.  The  first  of  these 
steels  was  invented  by  Messrs.  F.  W.  Taylor  and 
Maunscl  White,  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  some  time  previous 


to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900.  At  that  exposition 
they  exhibited  tools  made  of  this  steel,  in  use  in  a 
heavy  and  poweifid  lathe,  taking  heavy  cuts  at  un- 
heard of  speeds — 80,  90,  or  100  feet  per  minute, 
instead  of  the  IS  to  22  feet  per  minute  that  previously 
had  been  the  maximum  for  heavy  cuts  in  hard  ma- 
terial. Such  work  attracted  a  great  deal  of  atten- 
tion, not  onh'  among  builders  of  machinery,  a  con- 
siderable part  of  whose  work  consists  in  taking  heavy 
cuts  from  imperfectly  shaped  castings  or  forgings,  but 
also  among  steelmakers,  a  large  number  of  whom, 
recognizing  the  importance  of  such  steel,  have  under- 
taken to  manufacture  it. 

Although  it  is  true  that  high  speed  steel  is  not 
stronger  and  will  not  take  a  heavier  cut  than  the 
carbon  steel  previously  used,  if  indeed  so  heavy,  the 
fact  that  it  will  take  a  cut  nearly  as  heavy  at  a  very 
much  higher  speed  has  led  to  important  modifications 
of  certain  metal  working  machines,  especially  lathes  for 
heavy  work. 

One  modification  has  been  the  redesigning  of  the 
di-iving  mechanism  of  the  lathe  to  make  it  capable  of 
enduring  for  a  reasonable  time  the  stress  of  the  greatly 
increased  speeds.  The  belts  and  gears  by  means  of 
wliich  the  power  was  commonly  conveyed  were  so 
changed  as  to  give  the  same  torque,  or  driving  force, 
with  greatly  increased  speeds. 

Another  important  modification  has  resulted  from 
the  fact  that  systematic  tests  made  to  show  just  how 
fast  a  heavy  cut  could  be  taken  have  led  to  a  change 
of  ideas  as  to  what  constitutes  a  heavy  cut,  and  to  a 
demand  on  the  part  of  machine  tool  users  for  macliines 
that  will  not  only  endure  the  higher  speeds  called  for 
by  the  new  steels  but  will  also  carry  heavier  cuts  than 
were  formerly  thought  to  be  practicable. 

The  use  ol  high  speed  steel  has  resulted  in  a  con- 
siderable reduction  of  the  cost  of  certain  kinds  of 
work  in  macliinc  construction,  especially  the  removal 
of  surplus  metal  from  forgings  and  castings  of  iron 
and  steel.  This  has  led  to  some  misunderstanding  as 
to  the  total  net  effect  of  the  use  of  high  speed  steel, 
the  fact  having  often  been  overlooked  that  in  the  con- 
struction of  many  kinds  of  machinery,  the  chief  item 
of  expense  is  not  the  cost  of  taking  such  heavy  cuts  as 
may  be  required  but  the  cost  of  the  finisliing  jirocesses 
which  involve  the  taking  of  light  cuts,  careful  gauging, 
grinding,  hand  scraping,  and  other  operations  that 
must  bo  performed  with  care  by  skilled  men.  The 
cost  of  the  finishing  processes  has  been  reduced  but  lit  tie 
by  the  use  of  high  si)eed  steels,  and  as  in  many  cases  t  hey 
constitute  the  principal  item  of  cost,  high  speed  steel  has 
affected  tlie  cost  of  ])rodiu'ing  tlic  finer  grades  of  ma- 
chines much  less  tluui  miglit  have  been  expected. 

S-peed  adjustment. — The  use  of  high  speed  steels  has 
led  also  to  a  miiclu'loserscrnliny  of  (he  spends  and  feeds, 
or  in  other  wniiis,  the  rate  of  cutting  and  the  thick- 
ness of  the  cliiii  I  liken  in  cutting  metals,  and  thus  has 


mj:tal  woKKLXd  MA(  iii.\];in'. 


233 


stimuliitpil  fjroafly  the  development  of  speed  chang- 
ing devices.  Until  a  few  years  ago  the  stepped  or 
so-called  cone  pulley,  with  one  change  by  gearing,  was 
practically  the  only  device  employed  for  altering  the 
speed  of  a  macliine  tool  to  adapt  the  speed  to  the  re- 
quirements of  the  work  in  hand.  Within  the  past 
five  years,  however,  there  has  come  the  development 
and  application  of  many  new  devices  for  this  purpose, 
by  means  of  which  the  operator,  by  merely  slxifting  a 
lever,  alters  the  speed  without  having  to  stop  the 
macliine  to  shift  the  dri\4ng  belt  from  one  to  another 
position  upon  the  pulleys,  and  without  changing  the 
speed  of  the  driving  belt  itself.  The  belt  is  thus 
enabled,  by  its  constant  speed,  to  deliver  energy  to 
the  macliine  at  a  uniform  rate;  a  thing  which  it  can 
not  do  when  running  upon  cone  pulleys,  and  which  it 
is  important  that  it  should  be  able  to  do.  An  illus- 
tration of  a  lathe  arranged  for  driving  by  a  constant 
speed  belt  is  sho\vn  on  plate  facing  page  14. 

Some  of  the  geared  heads  developed  b}'  the  improve- 
ment of  speed  changing  devices  are  capable  of  impart- 
ing to  the  work  not  only  a  great  total  range  of  speeds, 
but  the  changes  from  a  given  rate  to  the  next  higher 
or  the  next  lower  are  by  much  finer  gradations;  as  a 
result  there  is  a  smaller  loss  of  efficiency  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  available  rate  of  speed  nearest  to  that  which 
would  be  exactly  right  for  the  work  in  hand  is  too  high 
or  too  low.  The  ideal  toward  which  designers  are 
striving  is  an  arrangement  that,  for  anj^  given  piece  of 
work  within  the  capacity  of  the  lathe  or  other  tool,  will 
give  the  exact  speed  for  that  work. 

Electricity  also  has  played  an  important  part  in  the 
development  of  speed  changing  devices.  Many  ma- 
chine tools  are  now  driven  by  direct  connected  motors. 
In  some  instances  the  motors  are  incorporated  as  an  inte- 
gral part  of  the  design,  in  others  they  appear  rather 
as  an  attachment  to  the  machine,  Which  can  with  little 
alteration  be  driven  either  hj  a  belt  from  shafting  in 
the  ordinary  way  or  by  a  motor.  The  motors  them- 
selves are  often  arranged  to  run  at  varying  speeds, 
though  seldom  with  sufficient  variation  to  cover  the 
whole  range  required,  the  remaining  speeds  being 
obtained  by  the  use  of  gears  manipulated  by  shifting 
levers.  By  means  of  resistance  boxes  or  of  motors 
constructed  so  as  to  run  at  different  speeds  without  the 
use  of  such  boxes,  together  with  gear  devices,  great 
ranges  of  speed,  changing  by  small  gradations,  have 
been  attained. 

An  illustration  of  a  lathe  driven  by  an  electric  motor 
is  shown  on  plate  facing  page  14. 

The  front  and  rear  views  of  a  lathe  having  these 
modern  driving  arrangements  are  shown  in  the  pre- 
ceding illustrations;  the  lathe  in  each  case  being  essen- 
tially the  same  but  arranged  for  belt  driving  in  one  case 
and  for  motor  drive  in  the  other.  Of  the  four  uprights 
and  bearings  on  the  headstock,  only  the  two  outside  or 
end  ones  support  the  spindle,  the  inner  ones  supporting 


only  a  sleeve  to  which  the  power  is  applied  for  driving, 
and  which  is  bored  through  somewhat  larger  than  the 
spindle  so  that  there  is  no  bearing  of  the  one  upon  the 
other.  The  speed  of  the  first  motion  shaft  is  constant 
and  from  it  the  varying  speeds  rerpiired  for  the  work 
are  obtained  by  the  various  gears  shown,  different  com- 
biiuitions  of  which  are  obtained  by  means  of  clutches. 

Portable  tools. — The  tendency  to  do  things  on  an 
increasinglj'  larger  scale  in  all  branches  of  industry  has 
had  a  marked  effect  upon  the  machine  tool  industry, 
in  that  it  has  caused  machine  tools  to  be  built  larger, 
and  has  also  given  rise  to  the  invention  and  adoption 
of  smaller  or  portable  tools. 

Machine  tools  of  large  size  are  constructed  to  perform 
such  work  as  is  required  at  the  time  they  are  made. 
Since  the  cost  of  such  tools  is  high,  and  their  mainte- 
nance constitutes  a  large  item  of  expense,  the  work  they 
are  called  upon  to  do  grows  constantly  larger.  Never- 
theless it  has  been  found  that  certain  classes  of  macliine 
tools  can  not  be  built  larger  to  advantage,  since  many 
castings  which  were  formerly  handled  within  the  ma- 
chines are  now  of  such  great  size  and  weight  as  to  make 
this  method  of  machining  them  practically  impossible. 

To  meet  this  condition  a  cla.ss  of  machine  tools  has 
been  evolved  which  is  designated  as  "portable;"  these 
tools  are  portable  in  the  sense  that  traveling  cranes 
may  pick  them  up  and  carry  them  where  wanted. 
Such  tools,  instead  of  being  constructed  of  such  size 
and  power  as  to  enable  them  to  take  large  castings 
within  themselves,  are  designed  only  to  hold,  direct, 
and  drive  the  cutting  tools  needed  for  the  various 
operations  to  be  performed,  the  pieces  operated  upon 
being  held  stationary  upon  the  floor  plates. 

Attached  or  incorporated  electric  motors  are  em- 
ployed usually  for  driving  these  portable  tools.  This 
enables  them  to  be  conveniently  driven  in  any  position 
in  which  it  may  be  necessary  to  i)lace  them.  It  is  now 
common  to  see  a  number  of  such  portable  tools  work- 
ing simultaneously  upon  one  casting,  so  that  boring, 
drilling,  slotting,  milling,  key  seating  and  other  opera- 
tions may  all  be  done  at  one  time,  each  independent 
of  the  others. 

One  of  the  latest  and  most  interesting  features  of 
such  work  is  the  practice  of  setting  in  position  both  the 
work  and  the  tools  by  means  of  a  transit,  much  like 
that  employed  by  civil  engineers  in  surveying,  but 
made  with  considerably  greater  refinement.  This 
enables  the  attainment  of  the  degree  of  accuracy  re- 
quired where  allowable  limits  of  error  are  usually  stated 
in  thousandths  of  an  inch.  These  refinements  have  in 
turn  raised  the  standard  of  accuracy  so  that  in  large 
electric  generators  and  similar  heavy  work  a  degree  of 
accuracy  is  now  easily  attained  that  would  have  been 
impracticable  a  few  years  ago. 

Automatics. — A  class  of  machines  originally  de- 
signed for  making  screws,  but  more  recently  employed 
also  in  making  numerous  small  parts  of  machines  and 


234 


MANUFACTURES. 


other  articles,  and  kno^vn  to  the  trade  as  "automatics," 
has  been  developed  considerably  during  the  period 
covered  by  this  report. 

Only  a  few  years  ago  automatic  machines  were  made 
to  handle  stock  only  up  to  about  1  inch  in  diameter, 
and  an  "automatic"  that  could  handle  inch  stock  was 
looked  upon  as  a  large  machine  of  its  class.  At  first 
they  were  used  almost  exclusively  for  making  the 
screws,  hence  the  name  "automatic  screw  machines." 
They  are  now  made  to  handle  steel  bars  up  to  6  inches 
in  diameter  and  are  used  for  an  almost  endless  variety 
of  small  parts.  A  more  appropriate  name  for  such 
machines,  therefore,would  be  "  automatic  turret  lathes," 
as  their  present  function  is  not  merely  to  make  screws, 
but  also  to  do  lathe  work. 

An  important  addition  to  the  automatic  screw  ma- 
chines is  the  "magazine"  attached  to  them,  by  means 
of  which  castings  or  small  forgings  are  fed  successively 
to  the  machines.  At  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900  an 
American  tool  builder  exlubited  a  screw  machine  thus 
equipped  which  did  all  the  machming  operations  upon 
the  handwheel  of  a  sewing  machine,  and  required  no 
attention  whatever  except  to  keep  the  magazine  sup- 
plied with  castings  and  the  various  cutting  tools  sharp 
and  properly  adjusted. 

The  variety  of  automatics  knowTi  as  the  "multiple- 
spindle  automatic"  in  particular  has  been  develo])ed 
greatly.  In  this  machine  there  may  be  as  many  as  live 
spindles,  each  holding  and  driving  a  separate  bar  of 
stock,  to  which  the  cutting  tools  are  presented  simul- 
taneou.sly  for  action.  This  means  that  a  screw  or  other 
article  recjuiring  as  many  as  live  distmct  operations  to 
complete  it  may  be  made  on  this  machine  in  the  time 
required  for  performing  the  longest  operation,  because 
the  tools  used  for  performing  the  four  shorter  opera- 
tions complete  these  before  the  operation  requiring  the 
longest  time  is  comjileted.  In  some  cases  the  appar- 
ently impossible  task  of  reducing  this  time  can  be  ac- 
complished, as,  for  instance,  where  the  time  required  for 
the  longest  operation  is  considerably  greater  than  tliat 
required  for  any  other,  and  the  total  nunil)cr  of  ojjcra- 
tions  to  be  performed  is  at  least  one  less  than  the  num- 
ber of  spindles  in  the  mnrhinc.  In  such  a  case  tlie 
principal  operation  is  divided  between  two  s])indles, 
each  performing  one-half,  so  that  tlie  total  time  re- 
cpiired  for  coiii])l('ting  the  jjiece  is  reduced  to  tliat  of 
tlie  next  shorter  oj)eration,  and  thus  the  cajjucit}'  of 
the  machine  is  increased  greatly. 

A  multif)le-s])iiui!o  machine  is  shown  on  tlic  plate 
facing  page  10,  the  four  work-holding  sjiindles  being 
seen  at  the  left  and  the  tool-holding  spindles  in  line 
willi  tliem  nt  the  right.  In  tliis  nuichine  tlie  work- 
liolding  sjiindles  iiiaj^  either  rotate  or  remain  station- 
ary during  a  given  operation  and  the  tool-holding  spin- 
dles may  do  the  same.  This  fact  is  taken  Mdvaiitnge  of 
in  arranging  the  various  cutting  speeds  rctinired.  A 
speed  may  be  tlml   due  to  the  rotation  of  the  work- 


holding  spindle  alone,  to  that  of  the  tool-holding  s])indle 
alone,  or  it  maybe  the  sum  of  or  the  difference  between 
the  two. 

In  threading  work  the  operation  of  this  machine  dif- 
fers from  that  of  all  others  in  tliat  the  work  is  held  sta- 
tionary during  this  process,  and  that  all  the  chips  are 
carried  away  by  the  oil  being  forced  through  the  die- 
holding  spindle,  which  is  hollow,  and  tlu-ough  the  die. 
When  the  tlu'ead  is  completed,  no  change  takes  place 
in  the  rotation  of  the  die-holdmg  spindle,  but  the  work- 
holding  spmdie  commences  to  rotate  at  higlier  speed  in 
the  same  direction,  and  thus  runs  the  die  off  without 
reversing  the  rotary  motion. 

In  another  machine  of  the  automatic  class,  which  is 
still  in  the  process  of  development,  compressed  air  is 
used  for  moving  the  various  parts  of  the  machine  in 
order  to  present  the  tools  consecutively  to  the  work  and 
for  the  motions  necessary  for  the  cutting  operations. 
The  extreme  lightness  of  air  as  compared  with  the 
mechanisms  ordinarily  employed  for  this  purpose  en- 
ables the  motions  usually  designated  as  "idle  motions" 
(to  distinguish  them  fi'om  the  motions  used  in  actual 
cuttmg)  to  be  made  much  more  quickly  than  is  other- 
wise possible,  and  thus  the  time  consumed  in  the  with- 
drawal of  one  tool  and  the  presentation  of  another  is 
reduced  greatly. 

Such  improvements  as  these  do  not,  however,  mate- 
rially reduce  the  labor  cost  of  producing  the  work,  be- 
cause they  do  not  affect  the  relatively  small  proportion 
of  the  work  done  by  the  operator.  They  reduce  the 
cost  only  by  giving  a  greater  product  with  a  given  in- 
vestment in  machiner}'  and  tool  ecjuipmcnt  and  witliin 
a  given  area  of  shop  floor  occupied.  This  reduction 
forms,  however,  in  many  cases  a  considerable  pro])or- 
tion  of  the  original  total  cost. 

Compressed  air  seems  likely  to  be  used  more  exten- 
sively as  machine  tools  are  developed.  The  facility 
and  rapidity  ^\ith  which  it  can  be  convej'cd  and  its 
small  mass  makes  it  well  adapted  for  use  in  metal 
working  mucliinery.  In  fact,  its  extreme  rapidity 
neetls  checking  in  some  instances  where  uniformity  of 
motion  is  required  under  varying  resistance,  and  this 
check  is  applied  l)y  the  use  of  a  body  of  water  or  oil, 
whicii  is  forced  Viy  the  air  ])ressure  through  a  restricted 
but  usually  adjustable  o])ening  and  in  turn  acts  upon 
the  mechanism  to  be  moved.  The  liquid,  ])y  resisting 
sudden  changes  in  its  rate  of  flow,  regulates  the  speed 
of  the  motion. 

The  increasuig  use  of  automatic  niacliine  tools  has 
led  to  the  regular  manufacture  of  automatic  screw 
machin(>s  large  enough  to  take  bars  of  steel  through 
their  siiindles  uj)  to  G  inches  diameter  and  to  make 
parts  of  machines  from  such  bars.  An  illustration  of 
such  a  machine  is  .shown  on  tlie  plate  facing  ]>nge  1(5. 

The  bars  of  stock,  which  maj'^  be  the  diameter  named 
above  and  10  feet  in  length  and  weighing  about  1,(100 
pounds,  jiass  through  tlie  spindle  seen  at  the  left, 
which   is  driven   by  incased  gears  that  in   turn   are 


MULTIPLE-SPINDLE   AUTOMATIC  SCREW  MACHINE. 


AUTOMATIC   SCREW   MACHINE   FOR  WORKING   BARS  6   INCHES  IN   DIAMETER. 


METAT.  ^^■()KKING  MACHINERY. 


235 


driven  by  pinions  upon  the  shaft  at  the  roar,  on 
wliicli  tlie  j)ulh'y.s  arc  to  he  seen.  The  turret  in  this 
type  of  machine  has  a  horizontal  axis,  which  is  suf- 
ficiently ofl'set  from  that  of  the  spindle  to  bring  the 
various  culling  tools  successively  into  line  with  the 
S])in(lle  for  action.  On  the  cross  slide  tools  having  a 
width  up  to  7  inches  can  be  used  for  forming  work, 
and  the  machine  handles  the  6-inch  bars  of  steel 
entirely  automatically  with  as  much  certainty  and  as 
little  trouble  as  the  smaller  and  more  common  sizes 
handle  half-inch  bars.  The  pipe  connection  at  the 
extreme  right  is  for  forcing  oil  through  the  cutting 
tools,  and  the  arrangement  is  such  that  only  the  tool 
which  is  in  line  with  the  spindle — i.  e.,  in  position  for 
working — gets  a  sui)ply  of  oil.  The  various  levers 
seen  are  only  for  manipulating  the  machine  at  start- 
ing or  in  "setting  up,"  its  action  being  entirely  auto- 
matic after  it  is  started. 

An  automatic  screw  machine  in  which  there  is  a 
partial  application  of  compressed  air  for  effecting  the  re- 
quired movements  is  shown  on  the  plate  facing  page  18. 

The  machine  shown  is  equipped  with  a  horizontal 
disk,  which  is  placed  above  the  turret  and  performs 
the  function  of  a  magazine.  The  machine  is  shown 
as  arranged  for  drilling,  chamfering,  and  tapping  brass 
nuts  for  a  1-inch  standard  pipe  thread,  and  all  that  is 
necessary  is  to  place  the  blanks  in  the  shallow  recesses 
upon  the  surface  of  the  disk.  The  machine  presents 
them  successively  in  position  to  be  gripped  by  a  ver- 
tically moving  mechanism,  which,  taking  one  blank 
at  a  time,  carries  it  down  to  a  position  in  front  of 
the  chuck,  from  which  it  is  placed  within  the  chuck 
jaws.  The  chuck  is  then  closed  by  air  pressure,  the 
various  operations  completed,  and  the  finished  nut 
ejected.  The  illustration  gives  a  rear  view  of  the 
machine,  which  shows  the  working  parts  better  than 
a  fi'ont  view. 

Some  little  adaptation  of  the  turret  mechanism 
usually  has  to  be  made  for  different  pieces,  and  in 
the  case  of  such  a  piece  as  a  handwheel  for  a  sewing 
machine  the  magazine  is  attached  to  the  head  stock 
mstead  of  the  tiu'ret,  and  the  wheels  move  by  gravity 
one  after  the  other  into  position  to  be  gripped  by 
the  device  which  carries  them  in  front  of  the  chuck. 
By  some  such  means  almost  any  casting  or  forging 
required  in  numljers  sufficient  to  justify  the  outlay 
for  tools  and  appliances  can  be  finished  without  ,other 
manual  labor  than  that  required  to  place  it  in  the 
magazme. 

An  "automatic"  of  a  diiTerent  type  is  shown  on  the 
plate  facing  page  18.  This  machine  is  intended  for  bars  | 
of  stock  up  to  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  | 
will  feed  this  stock  forward  toward  the  tools  any  re- 
quired distance  up  to  4  inches  at  a  single  movement. 
The  machine  is  remarkable  for  its  compactness,  and 
its  motions  are  made  with  great  rapidity. 


In  general  design  it  is  a  radical  departure  from  the 
earli('r  machine  shown  in  the  special  report  made  at 
the  census  of  1880.  The  turret  has  a  horizontal  in- 
stead of  a  vertical  axis,  and  this  axis  lies  at  right 
angles  to  the  axis  of  the  spindle,  thus  bringing  the 
turret  nearer  the  operator  for  convenience  in  "setting 
up,"  and  affording  plenty  of  clear  space  for  the  tools. 

The  various  motions  are  derived  from  cams  wliich 
are  placed  uj)on  two  shafts  running  lengthwise  to  the 
bed.  These  shafts  run  comparatively  fast,  so  that 
quick  motions  of  the  various  tools  are  secured  with 
very  moderate  angles  of  action  upon  the  cams.  The 
same  illustration  would  answer  for  a  number  of  simi- 
lar machines  of  different  sizes.  Hardened  steel  parts 
are  used  freely  to  enable  the  machine  to  withstand 
the  shocks  incident  to  great  rapidity  of  motion,  and 
its  freedom  from  noise  is  remarkable. 

Nev)  grinding  process. — The  process  of  grinding, 
which  was  formerly  applied  only  to  the  work  of  finish- 
ing true  and  to  size  such  parts  of  machines  and  tools  as 
were  made  of  steel  so  hardened  as  to  make  cutting  tools 
unavailable,  has  of  recent  years  been  developed  and 
applied  much  more  widely  than  before.  It  is  now 
used  for  finishing  to  size  many  cylindrical  parts  of 
machines  formerly  fmished  by  the  much  less  certain 
and  precise  method  of  turning  in  a  lathe. 

Marvelous  results  in  grinding  have  been  obtained  by 
applying  great  power  to  driving  a  relatively  large  and 
heavy  abrasive  wheel  which  at  ever\'  turn  is  made  to 
sweep  over  the  work  the  full  width  of  the  wheel.  For 
instance,  in  refinishing  locomotive  piston  rods  that 
have  become  badly  worn  or  scored,  a  special  grinding 
machme  of  this  kind  has  been  invented  which  does  the 
work  more  quickly  and  with  much  greater  precision  than 
is  possible  by  the  older  methods.  In  fuiishing  auto- 
mobile crank  shafts,  work  which  is  tedious  by  ordinary 
methods,  this  process  of  grinding  has  proven  remark- 
ably efficient. 

Interchangeable  tools. — As  a  result  of  the  specializa- 
tion in  machine  tool  manufacturing,  many  American 
tools  are  now  made  wholly  or  in  part  upon  the  inter- 
changeable plan.  The  extent  to  which  this  plan  is 
used  in  a  given  shop  dej^ends  mainly  upon  the  number 
of  identical  machines  to  be  built.  Most  machine  tool 
establishments  have  long  made  certain  parts  of  their 
machines  upon  the  interchangeable  system.  Screws, 
bolts,  change  gears,  and  other  things,  component 
parts  of  engine  lathes  and  used  in  numbers  much 
larser  than  the  number  of  lathes  built,  have  usuallv 
been  made  in  large  quantities  "for  stock."  Such 
parts  can  be  made  upon  the  interchangeable  plan  with 
sufficient  accuracy,  by  means  of  special  tools  and 
gauges  which  cost  little,  if  any,  more  than  .such  tools  as 
would  be  required  to  make  similar  parts  without  regard 
to  interchangeability.     For  other  parts  of  the  lath?, 


236 


^LINUFACTURES. 


however,  the  tool  equipment  required  for  interchange- 
able manufacture  is  more  elaborate.  Such  tools  have 
been  made  and  used  onlj-  as  the  number  of  identical 
lathes  to  be  manufactured  in  a  given  shop  has  in- 
creased to  a  point  justifying  the  expense. 

This  fact  has  led  to  a  great  difference  in  practice  be- 
tween different  shops;  those  building  many  lathes  hav- 
ing carried  the  prmciple  of  interchangeable  manufac- 
tv^e  very  far,  wliile  others  have  applied  it  to  only  a 
limited  extent.  Naturally  also  the  size  of  the  lathes 
built  in  a  shop  has  considerable  influence,  because  for 
large  lathes,  built  in  small  numbers  and  for  which  the 
tools  and  fixtui'es  are  much  more  costly,  a  point  is  soon 


reached  at  which  the  proportionate  cost  for  tools  which 
must  be  charged  to  each  lathe  becomes  prohibitive. 
The  development  of  the  industry  which  has  been 
going  on  has,  however,  led  to  an  increasing  application 
of  the  principle  of  interchangeable  manufacture  to  the 
production  of  metal  working  machinery,  and  this  is 
one  of  the  most  prominent,  important,  and  interesting 
features  of  the  business  as  now  carried  on.  Even  some 
of  the  larger  machines  which,  a  few  years  ago  were 
built  one  at  a  time  and  only  upon  orders,  are  now 
manufactured  in  considerable  numbers  by  the  aid  of 
special  tools  and  fixtures  and  with  many  if  not  all  of 
then-  parts  interchangeable. 


AUTOMATIC   SCREW   MACHINE  WITH   MAGAZINE  ATTACHMENT 


AUTOMATIC   SCREW   MACHINE. 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS. 
ATTACHMENTS.  AND  MATERIALS 


(237) 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS, 
AND  MATERIALS. 


By  William  F.  Worcester. 


The  census  of  ISfiO  was  the  first  to  accord  special 
treatment  to  the  manufacture  of  musical  instruments. 
Subsequently  no  special  report  upon  the  industry  was 
prepared  until  the  census  of  1900,  when  a  report  en- 
titled "Musical  Instruments  and  Materials"  was  pub- 
lished. From  the  census  of  ISSO  to  that  of  1900,  in- 
clusive, the  establishments  manufacturing  this  class  of 
products  were  classified,  according  to  the  product  of 
principal  value,  as  follows:  "Musical  instruments  and 
materials,  not  specified;"  "musical  instruments,  or- 
gans and  materials;"  and  "musical  instruments,  pi- 
anos, and  materials." 

The  manufacture  of  materials  for  organs  and  pianos 
conducted  apart  from  the  establishments  producing 
the  fiiiished  articles  is  now  a  well  defined  branch  of  the 
industry,  and  accordingly,  at  the  census  of  1905  estab- 


lishments manufacturing  materials  for  organ  and 
piano  makers  were  classified  as  "musical  instruments, 
organ  and  piano  materials,"  instead  of  being  merged 
with  the  manufacture  of  organs  and  pianos,  as  indi- 
cated above.  The  classifications  "musical  instru- 
ments, organs,"  and  "musical  instruments,  pianos," 
of  the  census  of  1905,  therefore,  are  not  comparable 
with  the  classifications  of  previous  censuses  covering 
the  same  products,  since  the  latter  include  also  the 
production  of  piano  and  organ  materials. 

THE    COMBINED    INDUSTRY. 

In  Table  1  is  presented  a  combined  comparative  sum- 
mary showing  the  progress  of  the  industry  from  a 
statistical  standpoint  since  1860. 


Table  1.— MUSICAL    INSTRUMENTS, 


ATTACHMENTS,    AND    MATERIALS— COMPARATIVE 
CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1860  TO  1905. 


SUMMARY,    WITH   PER 


Number  of  establislimeiit s 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.,  nural^er. 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

W  ages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


19051 


623 

$72,225,379 

2.947 

83,979,696 

3.5,220 

$19,689,146 

33, 212 

819,115,547 

1,424 

$454, 447 

684 

$119,152 

$7,504,994 

529,116,566 

$69,574,340 


19002 


619 

$47,706,582 

1, 676 

$2,166,371 

23, 714 

$12,774,902 

22,398 

$12,447,965 

7S1 

$219, 417 

535 

$107,520 

$3,783,714 

$18,576,022 

$44,418,978 


1S90 


674 

$29, 650, 489 

< 1,333 

<  $1,657, 735 

18,096 

$11,648,648 

17, 661 

$11,499,617 

3,i2 

$134,034 

83 

814,997 

82,394,316 

814,436,163 

836,868,169 


1880 


814,446 

W 

(') 

11, 

$7,098: 

10, 

« 

(») 

(') 
(») 
88,361, 
$19,254, 


350 

794 
925 

175 

250 


1870 


337 

$9,554,761 

(') 

C) 

7,167 

$5,107,291 

7,001 


(?) 


$4,834,552 
813,905,908 


1S60 


223 

$4,431,900 

(») 

W 

4,461 

$2,378,520 

(») 

w 


$2,144,298 

$6,548,432 


Fmt  CENT  OF  IXCEEASE. 


1900 

to 

1905 


LO 
51.4 
75.8 
S4.6 
4a5 
54.1 
4a3 

sae 

82.3 

107.1 

9.2 

las 

99.9 
56.7 
56.6 


1890 

to 
1900 


»a2 

60.9 
23.8 
30.1 
31.0 
9.7 
26.8 

a2 

121.9 

6a7 

5416 
6ia9 
3&0 
2a7 

2as 


1880 

to 
1890 


57.1 
105.2 


59.4 
64.1 
6L7 


lOLl 
'>66.'8' 


72.7 
9L5 


1870 

to 

1880 


27.3 
5L2 


39.0 
56i0 


155.1 


73.0 
3a5 


1860 
to 

i8:o 


5L1 
115l6 


f5ft7 
114.7 


123.5 
112.4 


1  Exclusive  of  the  statistics  of  3  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufactiu-e  of  products  other  than  musical  instruments,  attachments,  and  materials. 
These  establishments  made  musical  instruments  to  the  value  of  869,114. 

2  The  totals  do  not  agree  with  those  published  in  the  general  tables  at  the  Twelfth  Census  because  of  a  reclassification. 
8  Decrease. 

*  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members,  with  their  salaries;  number  only  reported  in  1900  and  1905,  but  not  included  in  this  tabic. 

*  Not  reported  separately. 
'  Not  reported. 


It  is  apparent  from  the  table  that  as  early  as  1S60 
the  industry  had  assumed  proportions  of  some  im- 
portance. At  that  time  there  were  223  establish- 
ments which  produced  musical  instruments  to  the 
value  of  .16,548,432.     Since  that  date  the  figures  in 


each  census  have  exceeded  those  of  preceding  decades 
for  every  item,  with  the  exception  of  the  number  of 
establishments  and  the  number  of  children  employed. 
At  the  census  of  1900  the  number  of  establishments 
decreased  for   the   first    time.      This   decrease  is  in 

(239) 


240 


MANUFACTURES. 


line  -with  the  concentration  movement  wMcli  has 
characterized  so  many  of  the  industries  in  the  United 
States  during  the  past  fifteen  years.  As  a  result  of 
the  movement  in  this  indiistry,  the  table  shows 
that  since  1890  the  operations  of  the  average 
establishment  have  practically  doubled. 

A  notable  feature   of  the   table  is   the  increase  in 
the  industry  since   1900.     The    absolute  increase  of 


$25,155,362  in  the  value  of  products  for  the  five  years 
is  greater  by  far  than  the  absolute  increase  for  anj^  of 
the  ten-year  periods  shown,  over  three  times  as  large 
as  that  of  the  decade  preceding,  and  about  equal  to 
that  of  the  twenty  years  from  1880  to  1900. 

In  Table  2  the  aggregate  for  the  different  statistical 
items  at  the  census  of  1905  are  distributed  by  indus- 
tries. 


Table  2.— 3IUSICAL    INSTRUMENTS,    ATTACHMENTS,  AND    MATERIALS— SUMMARY,  BY   INDUSTRIES,  WITH   PER 

CENT   OF   TOTAL:     1905. 


Total. 

Pianos. 

Per  cent 
oi  total. 

Organs. 

Per  cent 
ol  total. 

Piano  and 

organ 
materials. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

Instruments 
and  materi- 
als not 
specified. 

Per  cent 
ol  total. 

C25 
172,225,379 
2,947 
$3,979,696 
35,220 
$19,089,146 
$7,504,994 
$29,116,566 
$69,574,340 

249 

$49,649,135 

2,068 

$2,846,685 

21,002 

$12,170,251 

$5,532,420 

$19,687,770 

$46, 922,  471 

39.9 
68.7 
70.2 
71.5 
59.6 
61.8 
73.1 
67.3 
67.  4 

94 

$7,203,878 

323 

$372,302 

3,623 

$2, 034,  559 

$818,270 

$2,068,038 

$6,041,844 

15.0 
10.0 
11.0 
9.4 
10.3 
10.3 
10.8 
7.1 
8.7 

101 

$11, 628, 897 

331 

$508,883 

8, 456 

$4,322,208 

$787,  475 

$0, 330, 219 

$13,128,315 

16.1 
16.1 
11.2 
12.8 
24.0 
22.0 
10.4 
21.7 
18.9 

181 

$3,743,469 

225 

$251,766 

2,139 

$1,162,008 

$426,  823 

$1,129,939 

$3,481,710 

29.0 

Capital                                           

5.2 

Sa^ried  offlciais  clerks  etc    number        

7.6 

6.3 

6.1 

6.9 

5.7 

3.9 

6.0 

The  statistics  reveal  at  a  glance  the  overwhelming 
importance  of  the  piano  industry  when  compared  with 
the  others  which  compose  the  combined  industry. 
To  the  manufacture  of  pianos,  piano  players,  and  at- 
tachments were  assignable  68.7  per  cent  of  the  aggi'e- 
gate  capital  and  67.4  per  cent  of  the  aggregate  value 
of  products  of  the  combined  industries  at  the  census 
of  1905.  Next  in  importance  was  the  manufacture  of 
piano  and  organ  materials,  ^\  hich  in  value  of  products 
considerably  exceeded  the  value  of  the  combined  out- 
put of  the  two  remaining  industries.  In  connection 
with  this  branch  it  should  be  noted  here  that,  theoret- 
ically at  least,  the  entire  value  of  product  of  the  indus- 
try is  duplicated  in  the  combined  aggregate.  The 
products  of  the  establishments  comprising  the  classi- 
fication must  pass  through  the  organ  or  piano  factory, 
where  they  are  incorporated  witli  other  materials  to 
form  the  final  products,  and  thus  their  value  is  included 
twice  in  the  aggregate  value  for  the  four  industries. 
Necessarily,  then,  as  the  specialization  in  tiie  manufac- 
ture of  pianos  and  organs  increases  and  the  final 
producers  of  the  instruments  become  more  and  more 
assemblers  of  parts  rather  than  manufacturers,  the 
duplication  in  the  products  of  the  combined  industries 
will  become  greater.  Since  the  manufacture  of  piano 
and  organ  {)artshas  not  beensegi'egated  previous  to  the 
present  ceasus,  it  is  impo.ssible  to  draw  any  inference 
from  tlic  table  concerning  the  growth  of  this  tendencj' 
toward  H|)Cciulization  in  the  manufacture  of  these 
instruments.  Significant  and  interesting  conclusions 
concerning  the  growth  may  bo  drawn  from  subse- 
quent cen.suses,  however,  in  case  the  values  retiu-ned 
for  the  products  of  tlie  classification  "  musical  instru- 
ments, j)iano  and  organ  materials"  constitute  increas- 
ing [iro[)orti()ns  of  tlic  values  reported  for  the  products 
of  the  combined  industry. 


Many  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  man- 
ufactiu"e  of  pianos  produce  also  some  organs,  while 
others,  whose  principal  products  are  organs,  manu- 
factiu-e  a  limited  number  of  pianos.  Smce  the  estab- 
lishments are  classified  according  to  the  product  of 
greatest  value,  it  is  impossible  to  avoid  some  inter- 
mingling of  products.  Thus  the  value  of  products  for 
the  classification  "musical  instruments,  pianos,"  will 
include  the  value  of  some  organs,  and  the  value  of 
products  of  "musical  instruments,  organs,"  will  in- 
clude the  value  of  the  pianos  produced  as  products  of 
secondary  value  by  the  establishment  in  this  classifi- 
cation. 

Table  3  indicates  the  extent  of  the  intermingling  of 
products  at  the  census  of  1905,  showing  in  detail  the 
kind,  number,  and  value  of  the  pianos  and  organs 
produced  by  the  establishments  in  the  two  industries. 

Table  3. — Musical  instruments,  pianos  and  organs — products  of 
each  industry,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  value:  1905. 


Aggregate  value 

$52,904,316 

Pionos,  total  value 

$43,602,056 

Upricht— 

Number 

261,9.57 

$37,397,074 

Granil— 

Numljer 

7,372 

$3,CC1,423 

Oilier  vuriotlos,  In- 

clii^IiiiK       street 

ami  sfU-pliiyliig, 
pliivnrs,  anil  at- 

tachinonts  

$2,442,988 

Organs,  total  value 

$6,625,319 

Rccl- 

Ntiniltor 

113,006 

V  aluu 

14,102,063 

Plpo-- 

NiiiMlior.. , 

(Kll 

$1,989,979 

OtluT  viirl(itloM,  In- 

rlii'ilMK       Hlroot 

anil  wit-nliiylng. 

All  other  produclB 

$473,287 

$2,830,941 

Total. 


Pianos. 


$40,922,471 
$42,874,396 

2.W,20-1 
$37,116,608 

7,372 
$3,061,423 


$1,668,493 

43,028 
$1,489,802 

76 
$124,730 


$63,(),'i5 
$2,379,683 


Per 
cent  ol 
total. 


88.0 
98.6 


99.3 
89.2 


100. 0 
100.0 


86.8 
26.2 


38.1 
36.8 


8.3 
6.3 


11.4 
83.9 


Organs. 


$0,041,844 
$027,000 

1,763 
$281,006 


$346,064 
$4,966,826 

70,037 
$2,072,261 

820 
$1,806,243 


$419,332 
$467,368 


Per 
cent  ol 
total. 


11.4 
1.4 


0.7 
0.8 


14.2 
74.8 


61.9 
64.2 


01.7 
93.7 


88.6 
16.1 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATERIALS. 


241 


The  table  shows  that  while  only  1.4  per  cent  of  the 
total  value  of  the  output  of  pianos  of  all  kinds  was 
reported  by  establishments  primarily  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  organs,  practically  a  quarter,  25.2  per 
cent,  of  the  value  of  all  the  organs  prockiced  during  the 
census  year  resulted  from  the  operations  of  piano  fac- 
tories. Tiie  value  of  organs  built  in  piano  factories, 
however,  formed  only  3.6  per  cent  of  tlic  aggi5'gate 
value  of  the  products  of  these  factories.  It  is  in  the 
manufacture  of  reed  organs  that  the  encroachment  of 
the  piano  factories  upon  the  field  of  organ  manufactur- 


ers is  most  noticeable,  43,028  of  this  variety  of  organs, 
or  38.1  per  cent  of  the  total  production,  having  been 
produced  during  the  census  year  by  piano  manu- 
facturers. 

In  Table  4  the  aggregate  of  the  combined  indus- 
tries in  11  selected  states  that  were  large  producers 
of  musical  instruments  at  the  census  of  1905  is  shown 
for  the  censuses  from  1880  to  1905.  The  remain- 
ing states  which  produced  musical  instruments  at 
each  census  period  are  combined  to  form  "all  other 
states." 


Table  4.— MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATERIALS— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  SELECTED 

STATES:  1880  TO  1905. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

SALARIED  OFFICIALS,    [ 
CLEKKS,  ETC.             j 

WAGE-EAKNEES  AND 
WAGES. 

Miscella- 
neous ex- 
penses. 

Cost  of  ma- 
terials used. 

Value  ol 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

products. 

1905 

1900 
IS'JO 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
ISWO 
1890 
ISSO 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1S90 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1.S90 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1.S90 
ISSO 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1.S90 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1S90 
1880 

1905 
1900 
1S90 
1880 

11905 
»1900 
M890 
<1880 

625 
619 
674 
429 

872,225,379 
47,706,582 
29,650,489 
14,446,765 

2,947 

1,676 

.     1, 332 

83,979,696 
2,156,371  1 
1,657,735 

35,220 
23.714 
18.096 
11,350 

J19,689,146 
12,774,902 
11,648.648 
7, 098;  794 

17,564,994 
3,783,714 
2,394,316 

J29, 116,566 
18,576,022 
14,436,163 
8,361,227 

$69,574,340 

44,418,978 
30,868,169 
19,254,739 

15 
15 
27 
12 

20 
17 
14 
11 

84 
?2 
39 
23 

19 
11 
12 
12 

77 
95 
12.5 
86 

20 
16 
11 
5 

9 
15 
23 
20 

24 
28 
14 
11 

aiG 

193 
211 
150 

33 
34 
27 
14 

45 
51 
75 
29 

63 
72 
96 
56 

360,279 
96,295 

152,360 
59,550 

5,230,996 

3,588,630 

1,960,030 

745,000 

17,111.229 

ll.olb.lbl 

3,849,718 

281,450 

3,0J2.068 

1,032,274 

402, 743 

162,850 

8,449,498 
7, 343, 625 
6,158,495 
3,277,266 

2,441,878 

1,265,090 

699,418 

141,000 

99,534 
80.775 
87,161 
93,450 

2,838,074 

2,516,771 

160, 152 

390,222 

22, 247,, '524 
14,  313,  495 
11.091,456 
7,132,345 

3,401,418 

1,499,872 

502.623 

113,300 

2,501,421 

1,828.126 

1,259,429 

387,650 

4,451,460 
2,625.468 
3,326.904 
1,662,682 

19 
2 

27 

.     18.630 

2,240 

25,915 

110 
48 
57 
37 

2,585 

1,864 

1,128 

846 

7,999 

5,100 

2,031 

375 

1,670 
656 
261 
291 

4,307 
3,423 
4,077 
3,074 

1,178 
793 
582 
170 

89 
60 
61 
42 

1,866 

1,503 

<            184 

.       451 

'      10,082 
7,244 
7,142 
4,508 

2,229 
811 
312 

1            168 

1,149 
859 
694 
374 

2,056 
1,347 
1,567 
1,014 

89.216 
34;  535 
48,676 
27,085 

1,338,150 
889,973 
647,762 
404,294 

4,233.273 

2,608.062 

1,083.179 

217,909 

776.106 
351,008 
131,873 
136,350 

2,565.769 
2.037,153 
2,726,247 
1,790,548 

585.612 

393. 4S1 

311.842 

67,050 

60,414 
37.076 
39.883 
22,448 

970. 310 
725,822 
108, 189 
179,300 

6,175.848 
4.200.754 
5.025.059 
3, 485, 407 

1,215,695 
377,341 
172,229 
66,175 

603.180 
492.005 
451,790 
201,954 

1,075,573 
627.692 
902,019 
500,274 

32,525 

8,093 

28,917 

71,281 
26,465 
58,240 
45,875 

2,403,548 

1,571,674 

1,094,745 

644,144 

5,604,685 

3,490,343 

1,539,782 

336,178 

1,060,584 
402.295 
142.531 
120,400 

3,207,222 
2,476.904 
3,119.160 
2,173,011 

785,537 
480,431 
354.805 
84,677 

44,180 
29,264 
26,212 
22,685 

1,191.027 
927.770 
l.i2, 1S5 
231,768 

11,253,410 
6,8<JS.284 
6,160.196 
3,861,225 

1,638,037 

731,568 

224,741 

66,125 

703. 153 
674.  (W 
567. 65S 
193,720 

1,153,902 
896.387 
995,848 
581,419 

216,204 

111,923 
231,349 
113, 100 

127 
84 
51 

240, 826 
145,707 
74,048 

429,706 
171,527 
77,916 

5,279,085 

3,399.768 

2,125,460 

.  1,231,520 

780 
413 
116 

937,522 
506, 178 
110, 316 

1,624,734 
971,603 
227,478 

13,997,728 

8,070.838 

3,7S0.29» 

694,975 

220 
82 
29 

231,311 
59.351 
21,920 

297,061 
97,884 
39,959 

2,7.31.156 

1,019.535 
479.014 
324,300 

299 
212 
271 

438,245 
329,533 
361,788 

901,529 
541.389 
727,141 

8,538.073 

6.640.790 
8.071.362 
5,056.399 

98 
64 
32 

123,583 
69,931 
40,070 

317.979 
130,280 
66,145 

2,108,139 

1,217.552 
963,123 
207,679 

Missouri       

13 
5 

28 

13,330 
4.100 
19,775 

10,267 
7.748 
9,042 

161,614 

98.171 

116,505 

75,050 

148 
105 
24 

163,314 
83,650 
18,602 

293.066 

248. 774 

47,799 

2,981,022 

2,211.699 
382.574 
510,000 

New  York 

875 
481 
449 

1,316,882 
68S.l.'i5 
643, 325 

2,519.690 

1,194  288 

685,269 

24.277,927 

15.509.839 
15.713.919 
8,842,249 

■     120 
58 
50 

154,312 
64.022 

51,8?7 

406,678 
133.978 
47,034 

3,714,255 

1,521,079 
592.885 
166,940 

Pennsylvania 

95 
78 
114 

113,842 
99,326 
113,895 

211,125 
117.875 
163,057 

1,961,872 

1,709.197 

1,581.624 

502,735 

All  other  states 

i            1S3 
92 
141 

227,899 
104, 198 
176,254 

520,634 
160,275 
274.559 

3,607,265 

2.308.587 
2,824.055 
1,5-29,742 

>  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  3:  Delaware,  1:  Georgia.  1:  Iowa.  3:  Kansas.  2:  Kentuckv.  7:  Louisiana,  2:  Maine,  2;  Maryland,  11; 
Minnesota,  9;  Nebr,iska,  2:  New  Hampshire,  4:  Oregon,  1;  Rhode  Island,  1;  Vermont,  3;  Virginia,  1;  Washington,  3;  West  \  irginia,  1;  Wisconsin,  6. 

•  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  foUows:  Colorado,  4;  Iowa.  7:  Kentuckv,  8:  Louisisina,  1:  Maine,  1:  Maryland.  11:  Minnesota,  12:  Nebraska,  2;  New 
Hampshire,  6;  Oregon,  1:  Rhode  Island,  3:  Teimessee,  1:  Texas,  3:  Vermont.  3:  Virginia,  1:  Washington,  1:  Wisconsin,  7.  .,       ,      ^     ,.    ... 

>  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  foUows;  Arkansas.  1:  Georgia,  7:  Iowa,  1:  Kansas,  2;  Kentucky,  11;  Lomsiana.6:  Mame.  4;  Mar\-laiid,  16:  Mmnesota,  8; 
Nebraska.  1:  New  Hampshire,  7;  North  Carolina,  1;  Rhode  Island.  4:  South  Carolina.  1;  Tennessee.  1;  Texas,  7:  Vermont,  5;  Virginia,  3;  JNis^orsin,  10. 

« Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Delaware,!;  District  of  Columbia,  1;  Georgia,  1;  Iowa,  1:   Kansas,  1;  Kentucky,  BT  Maine,  5;  Maryland,  13; 
Mlnnesota,6;  New  Hampshire,  8;  North  Carolina,  1;  Rhode  Island,  1;  Tennessee,  2;  Texas,  1;  Vermont,  3;  Vligina,  1;  W  isconsin,  4. 


242 


MAXUFACTURES. 


Througliout  the  twenty-five  years  covered  by  the 
table  the  state  of  New  York  has  been  the  leader  in  the 
production  of  musical  instruments,  and  at  the  end  of 
the  period  produced  instruments,  materials,  etc.,  valued 
at  nearly  t^dce  that  of  the  output  of  the  state  second 
in  importance,  Ilhnois.  The  progress  of  the  latter  state 
in  the  industry,  however,  has  been  remarkable.  At  the 
census  of  18S0  the  manufacturers  of  musical  instru- 
ments in  Illinois  produced  an  output  valued  at  only 
S694,975  and  twenty-five  years  later  an  output  valued 
atS13,997,728,or  anincrease  in  value  of  nearly  nineteen- 
fold  diu-ing  the  period.  At  the  census  of  1880  Massa- 
chusetts was  a  fairly  close  second  in  the  industry,  but 
since  that  date  has  made  comparatively  sUght  gains, 
with  the  result  that  by  1900  the  state  was  supplanted 
by  Ilhnois,  dropping  to  third  place,  wliich  position  the 
state  maintained  at  the  census  of  1905.  At  the  census 
of  1905  Oliio  ranked  fourth  in  the  value  of  products, 
with  an  output  valued  at  §3,714,255,  which  repre- 
sented an  increase  of  more  than  twenty-one  fold  over 
the  value  reported  in  1880. 

The  development  of  the  export  and  import  trade  in 
musical  instrmnents  is  compared  in  Table  5  vdth  the 
growth  in  the  industry  in  the  United  States  as  meas- 
ured by  the  value  of  the  products  reported  at  each 
census  from  1870  to  1905. 

Table  5. —  Musical  instruments,  attachments,  and  materials — vahu; 
of  exports  and  imports  compared  with  value  of  domestic  production: 
1870  to  1905. 


Value  of 

domestic 

production. 

EXPOKTS.' 

IMPORTS.! 

CENSUS. 

1 

Value. 

Pcropnt 
of  do- 
mp.«tic 

produc- 
tion. 

Value. 

Per  cent 
oJ  do- 
mestic 
produc- 
tion. 

piipi 

109,574,340 

'44,ol4,4U3 

3G.SliS.169 

19,2.M,739 

13.905,908 

'$3,230,982 

1,958,779 

1, 105, 134 

811,177 

267,400 

4.6 
4.4 
3.0 
4.2 
1.9 

«tl,  360,285 

1,090,541 

1,703.129 

917.778 

M,  050, 218 

2.0 
2.4 
4.6 
4.8 
7.6 

1  Burnau  of  Stutlstirs.  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor, "  Commerce  and 
Navigation  of  the  I'liit^-'l  States." 

'  Fisealyenrending.lune:iO,  1904. 

>  Includes  products  valued  at  895.4&'i  not  included  in  the  general  tables. 

*  Figures  aro  for  1872.  the  flrst  year  musical  instruments  were  reported  sepa- 
rately. 

The  percentages  in  llic  table  siioulil  not  bo  consid- 
ered without  some  important  reservations,  'i'lic  fact 
that  there  are  largo  duplications  of  value,  as  set  forth 
in  the  disciis.sion  of  Table  2,  in  tlic  census  totals  forbids 
the  use  of  the  percentages  except  as  an  indication  of 
genera!  tondoncies.  An  additinnal  reason  for  care  in 
tills  respocl  is  the  fact  that  tlio,  figures  for  exports  and 
imports  cover  fiscal  years,  whereas  census  values  cover 
calendar  years,  with  the  exception  of  1900,  when  the 
census  year  ended  May  31.  Tlio  table  indicates,  then, 
that  while  the  ratios  of  the  value  of  itnports  of  musical 
instninient.s  to  the  value  of  such  products  manufac- 
tured in  the  United  States  have  steadily  docrea.sed  for 
the  consus  years  since  1870,  the  corresponding  ratios  of 


the  value  of  exports  of  the  same  nature  have  increased 
for  this  period.  The  value  of  products  manufactured 
increased  foui-fold,  the  value  of  exports  elevenfold, 
wliile  the  value  of  imports  increased  only  30.1  per  cent. 
At  the  census  of  1870  foreign  manufactiu'ers  sold  to 
tliis  country  musical  instruments  valued  at  nearly  four 
times  as  much  as  the  manufacturers  of  these  products 
in  the  United  States  sliipped  to  foreign  countries,  but 
at  the  census  of  1905  this  condition  was  reversed  and 
the  value  of  exports  was  over  twice  as  great  as  the  value 
of  imports  of  musical  instruments. 

Foreign  markets  are  being  more  and  more  closely 
studied  by  musical  instrument  manufacturers,  espe- 
cially by  piano  and  organ  makers.  ^Vhen  an  instru- 
ment is  designed  to  be  shipped  to  some  portion  of  the 
tropics,  the  woodwork  is  coated  with  a  moisture-resist- 
ing varnish,  veneer  is  avoided,  all  glued  work  is  reen- 
forced,  felt  parts  are  dipped  in  a  poison  solution  to 
prevent  ravages  of  insects,  and  other  precautions  tend- 
ing to  the  preservation  of  the  instruments  are  taken. 

Undoubtedly  the  exports  of  musical  instruments 
would  be  much  greater  were  it  not  that  piano  and 
organ  manufacturers  have  in  some  instances  found  it 
more  advantageous  to  establish  branch  factories 
abroad,  to  carry  out  the  ideas  and  methods  of  Amer- 
ican production  gauged  to  suit  the  requirements  of 
the  foreign  trade,  thus  saving  duties  and  obtaining 
the  advantage  of  less  expensive  labor. 

In  the  sections  which  follow,  statistics  of  capital, 
labor,  materials,  etc.,  are  omitted,  the  foregoing  tables 
in  this  section  presenting  the  essential  details  concern- 
ing these  particulars.  Moreover,  the  detailed  sum- 
maries at  the  close  of  this  report  present  the  statistics 
for  each  industry  in  as  refined  a  form  as  the  statistical 
returns  for  the  manufactiu'e  of  musical  instruments 
allow. 

The  following  pages  show  the  production  of  the  vari- 
ous musical  instruments,  attachments,  and  materials, 
by  kind  and  value,  in  as  great  detail  in  each  case  as 
conditions  permit,  and  indicate  the  distribution  of  the 
production  among  the  states,  together  with  the  prin- 
cipal centers  of  each  industry  witliin  the  states.  In 
addition,  matter  descriptive  of  the  difforont  varieties 
of  instruments  and  of  the  latest  forms  wliich  have 
appeared  is  included. 

riA.xos. 

The  statistics  in  this  section  include  the  manufac- 
ture of  (inislKMJ  |)iunos  of  all  kinds,  also  sell'-plnying 
and  street  pianos,  cabinet  j)iano  players,  and  piano 
playing  attachiuonts.  The  nianufacturo  of  piano  ma- 
terials, apart  from  factories  roj)orting  the  liiiishcd  in- 
struments, having  gi'own  to  be  a  considerable  indus- 
try in  itself,  is  presented  .separately  in  a  later  section. 

The  ])iiino  iiuniiii'iictiirer  gonoially  buys  certain  por- 
tions (if  his  iiisti'miionts  ready  made,  inasmuch  as  fac- 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MA^n<:iUALS. 


243 


tories  equipped  for  manufacturing  certain  parts  can 
generally  make  them  more  economically  than  a  jiiMiio 
factory.  Some  makers,  however,  nianui'acture  tlic 
principal  parts  of  theii-  pianos,  even  selecting  the  wood 
that  enters  into  the  construction  of  the  instrument. 
In  com]>iling  statistics  relating  to  the  industry  it  lias 
been  impossible  for  the  Census  Office  to  recognize  any 
distinction  of  this  kind. 

Table  6  presents  a  comparative  summary  of  t  he- 
value  of  the  different  varieties  of  pianos  manufac- 
tured in  the  United  States  as  reported  at  the  censuses 
of  1900  and  1905,  showing  the  percentage  each  class  is 
of  the  total  value  and  the  per  cent  of  increase  during 
the  five-year  period. 

Table  6. — I'ianos,  mcluding  piano  players  and  attachments — hind 
and  value,  with  pei'  cent  of  total  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and 
1900. 


1»05 

19001 

Eiin). 

\  alue. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Value. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Per  cent 
of  in- 
crease. 

Total 

2  543,527,543 

100.0 

$27,692,160 

100.0 

57.2 

Upright  pianos  .  - . 

37,397,074 

3,001,423 

12,150 

2,450,296 

85.9 
8.4 

S.7 

25,294,297 

1,701,420 

28,950 

607,493 

91.4 
6.1 
0.1 

2.4 

47  9 

Grand  pianos 

115.2 
*5S  0 

Sell-playiug  and  strrpt 
pianos,  piano  players, 
and  attaolunents 

268.0 

1  Kepresents  value  of  pianos,  etc.,  reportpd  by  all  classes  of  establishments. 

2  Includes  piano  players  valued  at  S25,4s.s,  made  by  establishments  engaged 
primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  piano  and  organ  materials. 

^  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 
« Decrease. 

At  the  census  of  1905,  compared  with  that  of  1900, 
the  proportion  which  the  value  of  ujH'ight  pianos 
formed  of  the  value  of  all  products  shown  in  the  table 
decreased,  while  the  proportions  which  the  value  of 
grand  pianos  and  the  group  of  instruments  including 
sell-playing  and  street  pianos,  piano  players,  and  at- 
tachments, formed  of  the  total  value  increased.  This 
was  due  to  the  rapid  increase  in  the  value  of  grand 
pianos  and  the  last-named  group,  wliich  increased  at  a 
much  greater  rate  than  the  value  of  upright  pianos. 

Grand  pianos  were  manufactured  in  1905  to  a  value 
of  $3,661,423,  or  8.4  per  cent  of  the  total  value  re- 
ported for  all  products  and  attachments,  and  an  in- 
crease of  115.2  per  cent  over  the  value  reported  in 
1900,  which  constituted  6.1  per  cent  of  the  total  value 
for  all  classes  of  pianos,  players,  and  attachments. 
Piano  players  and  attachments  show  the  remarkable 
increase  of  268  per  cent  in  value  of  product  reported. 
The  growing  importance  of  this  class  of  products  has 
been  a  feature  of  the  piano  industry  dm'ing  the  past 
five  j-ears,  and  the  manufactm-e  of  the  group  of  instru- 
ments composing  it  has  been  accorded  separate  treat- 
ment in  another  section  of  this  report. 

Excluding  the  product  of  square  pianos,  piano  play- 
ers and  attachments.  Table  7  shows  the  number  and 


value  of  upright  and  grand  pianos  manufactured  in 
selected  states  in  1905  in  comparison  with  the  census  of 
1900,  together  with  the  percentage  the  value  of  product 
n-ported  for  each  state  is  of  the  United  States  total. 

T.vBi.B  7. — Pianos,  upright  and  grand — number  and  value,  with  per 
cent  of  total  value,  by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


Cen- 
sus. 

UPRIGHT  PIANOS. 

GEAND  PIANOS. 

STATE. 

Number. 

Value. 

Num- 
ber. 

Value. 

Amount. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Amount. 

Per 
cent 

of 
total. 

United  States. 

1905 
1 1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

=  1905 
'1900 

251,9.57  l$.'?7.397,074 
160,780  j  25,294,297 

100.0 
100.0 

7,372 
4,251 

»3, 661, 423 
1,701,420 

100.0 
100.0 

Cormecticut 

Illinois        

9,152 
7,259 

73,874 
46,024 

20,907 
15,872 

96,985 
69, 191 

11,119 
8,096 

39,  .SCO 
19,744 

1,210.092 
941,344 

9,605,681 
5,043,287 

4,022,237 
3,177,217 

14,505,035 
10,876,742 

1,782,910 
1,150,293 

6,271,119 
3,505,414 

3.2 
3.7 

25.7 
22.3 

10.7 
12.  G 

38.8 
43.0 

4.8 
4.5 

16.  S 
13.9 

19 
10 

238 
110 

2,159 
9S7 

3,541 
2,581 

160 
166 

1,255 
447 

7,425 
3,650 

81,711 
48,460 

1,107,596 
389,443 

1,865,194 
962,865 

72,700 
63,775 

526,797 
233,225 

0.2 
0.2 

2  2 

Massachusetts 

New  York 

Ohio 

2.9 

30.3 
22.9 

50.9 
56.6 

2  0 

All  other  states. . . 

3.7 

14.4 
13.7 

•  Represents  number  and  value  of  pianos  reported  by  all  classes  of  establish- 
ments. 

-  Includes  states  as  follows:  California,  Colorado,  Indiana.  Kentucky, Louisi- 
ana, Maine,  Maryland,  Miebigan.  Minnesota,  Missouri.  Nebraska,  New  Hamp- 
shire. New  Jersey,  Pennsvlvania,  West  Virginia,  Wisconsin. 

-t Includes  states  as  follows:  California.  Colorado.  Indiana.  Kentucky,  Maine, 
Maryland,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  New  Hampshire,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  Vermont. 

Table  7  shows  that  85,171  more  upright  pianos  and 
3,121  more  grand  pianos  were  manufactured  in  the 
United  States  during  the  j^ear  ending  December  31, 
1904,  than  during  the  year  covered  by  the  census  of 
1900.  At  the  census  of  1905,  estabhslmients  located 
in  the  state  of  New  York  reported  the  manufacture 
of  96,985  upright  pianos,  or  more  than  one-third  of 
the  entire  number  reported  for  the  United  States. 
New  York  city  is  the  principal  center  in  the  United 
States  for  the  manufacture  of  pianos;  82.532  uprights 
and  nearly  all  the  grands  reported  for  the  entire  state 
were  manufactured  in  that  city,  the  aggregate  product 
being  greater  than  that  reported  for  any  state  other 
than  New  York. 

At  both  censuses  shown  in  the  table,  Illinois  ranked 
second  in  the  production  of  upright  pianos.  Chicago 
is  the  great  center  of  the  industry  in  this  state,  and  at 
the  census  of  1905,  42,933  upright  pianos  were  reported 
by  manufacturers  at  Chicago. 

In  the  manufacture  of  upright  pianos  Massachusetts 
ranks  as  the  third  state,  with  a  production  valued  at 
$4,022,237,  an  increase  of  26.6  per  cent  over  the  value 
reported  for  1900.  Boston,  the  third  city  in  the 
United  States  in  the  piano  industry,  reported  the  man- 
ufacture of  12,989  uprights  and  grands  during  1904, 
to  a  total  value  of  83,266,177.  Cambridge,  Mass., 
also  manufactured  pianos  to  a  considerable  extent. 


244 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  concentration  of  the  manufacture  of  upright 
pianos  in  the  3  leading  states  is  marked,  but  the  table 
indicates  a  slight  decline  in  this  respect.  At  the 
census  of  1900,  77.9  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of 
upright  pianos  produced  were  manufactured  in  these 
3  states,  but  by  1905  this  proportion  had  decreased  to 
75.2  per  cent.  In  the  manufacture  of  grand  pianos 
New  York  and  Massachusetts  produced  79.5  per  cent 
of  the  total  number  reported  at  the  census  of  1900. 
The  ascendancy  of  these  2  states  in  the  manufacture 
of  this  variety  of  pianos  has  increased,  since  in  1905 
the  proportion  increased  to  81.2  per  cent. 

In  1900  there  were  manufactured  in  the  United 
States  101  square  pianos,  valued  at  $28,950.  In  1905, 
as  far  as  manufacturing  was  concerned,  the  square 
piano  was  practically  obsolete.  There  were,  however, 
43  square  pianos  made  in  the  United  States  during 
the  censiis  year,  by  3  companies  upon  special  order, 
with  a  total  value  of  .S12,150. 

The  grand  is  conceded  to  be  the  superior  instru- 
ment as  regards  tonal  quality  and  musical  results,  but 
the  upright  is  the  more  popular  type,  in  that  it  occu- 
pies less  space  and  is  not  as  expensive  as  the  grand. 
The  apparent  difference  between  the  two  is  the  hori- 
zontal position  of  the  frame,  sounding  board,  and 
strings  of  the  former,  as  compared  with  the  vertical 
construction  of  the  latter,  but  the  essential  and  most 
important  differences  are  the  greater  length  of  strings, 
larger  sounding  board,  and  action  method  of  the  grand 
piano  in  comparison  with  that  of  the  upright  instru- 
ment. Piano  manufacture  has  become  standardized  to 
a  great  extent,  the  same  stjle  piano  of  different  factories 
usually  possessing  but  few  distinguishing  outer  char- 
acteristics other  than  the  name  on  the  fall  board. 
Although  practically  si:;  ilar  in  design,  there  is,  how- 
ever, a  great  difference  between  the  high  grade  pianos 
and  those  of  a  lower  grade.  Tliis  difrorence  is  not 
only  in  the  quality  of  materials  and  workmanship, 
but  in  the  tonal  results  obtained  through  the  expert 
assembling  and  regulating  of  the  various  parts  into 
the  perfect  instrument.  The  best  manufacturers 
thoroughly  inspect  every  piano  before  it  is  allowed 
to  leave  the  shop.  This  painstaking  care  and  stead- 
fast regard  for  the  quality  of  each  instniment  bus 
come  to  be  recognized  and  appreciated,  not  only  by 
dealers  and  agents,  but  by  the  purchasing  pn})lic. 

There  are  many  dealers  in  n.usical  instiunicnts  that 
have  pianos  made  for  them  under  contract  with  nuinw- 
facturcrs  who  turn  out  what  is  known  by  the  trade  iis 
the  stencil  piaiif),  any  name  desired  being  j)lace(l  on 
the  plate,  the  dealer  generally  a.ssun.ing  (lie  rcsiinn- 
sibiiity  for  the  qualities  of  the  piano. 

In  recording  the  various  slejjs  in  ihe  nianiifaclnrc 
of  a  high  grade  piano  the  .selection  and  seasoning  of  the 
various  kinds  of  wood  is  the  first  and  one  of  the  most 
inijxirtant.  Only  those  grains  and  textures  are  tised 
which  have  been  found  to  po.ssess  the  resonant  quality 
necessarj'   for  the  production   of   the   ricsired    tones. 


The  wood  used  is  almost  entirely  of  American  growth, 
the  only  notable  exceptions  being  the  expensive  ve- 
neers for  the  case  and  the  ebony  for  the  black  keys. 
The  seasoning  of  this  lumber  requires  several  years, 
as  the  condition  of  the  wood  is  a  very  important  con- 
sideration in  obtaining  the  best  results. 

Tliis  seasoned  wood  is  sawed  into  widths,  and  the 
parts  are  usually  made  of  a  number  of  these  widths 
fitted  and  glued  together  in  order  to  withstand  the 
influence  of  atmospheric  changes,  to  obtain  the  best 
tonal  results,  and  to  add  to  the  strength.  Very  few 
metal  bolts  or  screws  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
a  piano,  even  the  timbers  of  the  framework  being 
glued  together  under  heavy  pressure.  It  is  found  that 
better  restdts  are  thus  obtained,  as  the  glue  properly 
applied  makes  a  permanent  joint,  whereas  bolts  or 
screws  are  liable  to  work  loose  in  their  fittings. 

The  heavy  wooden  framework  of  a  grand  piano  and 
that  of  an  upright  are  necessarily  different  in  form  and 
construction,  but  the  princiiales  used  are  the  same,  for 
the  solid,  massive  construction  of  the  frame  must 
assist  the  metal  plate  in  bearing  the  strain  of  the 
strings. 

The  plate  is  a  casting  of  metal,  principally  iron,  and 
is  made  to  fit  over  the  frame.  This  portion  of  the 
piano  is  very  generally  manufactured  by  foundry  and 
machine  shops  which  make  a  specialty  of  piano  plates 
and  ])iano  hardware.  The  smoothing  down,  machine 
drilling,  and  finally  the  bronzing  and  japanning  of  the 
plate  are  the  important  operations  in  the  preparation 
of  this  casting  for  use  in  the  pianos. 

The  spruce  pine  used  in  the  sounding  board  is  the 
subject  of  most  careful  selection,  and  the  building  of 
this  sliglitly  convex  and  highly  sensitive  wooden  sur- 
face and  the  arrangement  of  the  bridges  may  be  con- 
sidered among  the  delicate  features  of  piano  manu- 
facture. 

The  sound  production  is  caused  by  string  vibration, 
and  the  wire  used,  necessarily  of  great  elasticity  and 
of  liiglicst  grade,  is  in  some  instances  purchased  abroad. 
Tiie  laying  out  of  the  scale,  arranging  the  length  and 
weight  of  wire  according  to  absolute  rule,  reqtiires 
expert  abiiily  as  well  as  genius.  The  action,  or  strik- 
ing niechiinisni,  the  cMrefnll}'  balanced  key,  the  felt 
covered  hammers  and  dampers,  anil  many  other  deli- 
cately a<ijuste(l  parts  include  numerous  jicrfected  con- 
trivances. Toning  or  voicing  lh(>  jjiano  to  ])roduce  the 
tone  shadings  reiiuiicd  is  doiH>  by  softening  the  felt 
of  the  hanuuers  witii  needles. 

T\w  .selling  up  or  assembling  of  Ihe  inslrumeni,  and 
the  regulating  of  ihe  many  parts  to  maUe  a  harmo- 
nious whole  is  the  ne.xt  step  in  jiiano  inamifaci ure. 
Tiie  sounding  board  and  jjhite  are  attached  to  the 
framework,  the  wires  are  properly  strung  and  chii^ped 
or  tuned  in  a  preliniirniry  maimer,  the  keyhoiird  and 
action  are  then  .set  in  and  adjustecl,  the  liiml  tuning 
of  the  strings  is  gone  over  by  expeils,  and  I  he  com- 
bined results  cnrefullv  tested. 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATERIALS. 


245 


Great  care  is  expended  in  the  finish  of  the  case,  inas- 
much as  tlie  instrument  i.s  dcsip^nod  to  ploase  the  eye 
as  well  as  the  car.  It  is  varnislied,  sandj):ipered,  and 
rubbed  until  a  highly  polished  surface  is  obtained. 
Foreign  taste  prefers  the  dull  ilnish,  and  by  many  this 
is  considered  more  artistic. 

ORG.4.XS. 

This  instrument  is  of  two  principal  types,  the  reed 
organ,  or  melodeon,  and  the  pipe  organ,  the  former 
type  being  a  free  reed  instrument  in  which  musical 
tones  are  produced  by  tliin  tongues  of  brass  or  steel 
set  in  vibration  by  currents  of  air,  while  the  latter 
instrument  has  a  scries  of  pipc-s  of  different  materials, 
size,  and  construction,  in  wliich  columns  of  comi^ressed 
air  are  caused  to  vibrate,  producing  tones  of  great 
purity  and  volume.  The  ordinary  reed  organ  is  small 
and  comparatively  inexpensive,  while  the  pipe  organ 
is  a  much  larger  instrument  and  considerably  different 
in  structure,  and  capable  of  far  greater  volume  and 
variation  in  character  of  tone. 

The  organ  produces  a  sustained  tone  which  endures 
as  long  as  the  air  passage  leading  to  the  particular 
reed  or  pipe,  controlled  by  the  depression  of  a  key,  is 
kept  open,  admitting  a  current  of  air;  whereas  the 
tone  of  a  piano  continues  only  during  the  natural 
vibration  of  the  string.  The  forms  and  measurements 
of  the  keyboards  of  both  styles  of  organs  and  the  piano 
conform  to  the  same  standard,  and  the  music  is  for 
the  most  part  interchangeable. 

In  playing  the  reed  organ  the  feet  are  generally  used 
to  operate  the  bellows,  while  with  the  pipe  organ,  which 
is  always  provided  with  hand,  mechanical,  or  other 
blowing  apparatus,  the  feet  are  used  to  manipulate  a 
pedal  clavier  arranged  to  command  certain  pipes  and 
combinations  in  the  same  manner  as  the  manual  cla- 
viers are  arranged  to  command  the  other  pipes  and 
combinations. 

Statistics  concerning  the  value  of  reed  organs,  pipe 
organs,  and  street  and  sclf-pla3"ing  organs  manufac- 
tured during  1900  and  1904  are  shown  in  Table  8, 
together  with  the  per  cent  each  class  is  of  the  total 
valuation  and  the  per  cent  of  increase  during  the  five- 
year  period. 

Table  8. — Organs — Hnd  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  total  and  per 
cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


I90S 

1900"             1 

Per  cent 
of  in- 
crease. 

KIND. 

Value. 

Per 
cent  of 
total. 

Value. 

Per 
cent  of 
total. 

Total 

s  $6,774,433 

100.0 

$5,689,033 

100.0 

4,212,953 
2,088,193 

473,287 

62.2 
30.8 

7.0 

4,088,073 
1,188,696 

412,264 

71.9 
20.9 

7.2 

Pipe  organs     

Street    and    self-playing 
organs,  and  other  va- 

14  S 

*  Represents  value  of  organs  reported  by  all  classes  of  establishments. 

3  Includes  reed  and  pipe  organs  valued  at  $149,114  made  by  establistiments 
engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products:  of  this  value,  $69,114 
represents  organs  made  in  establishments  oUier  than  musical  instruments, 
attachments,  and  materials. 


The  principal  feature  of  the  table  is  the  increase 
since  1900  in  the  value  of  pipe  organs  manufactured. 
Tliis  increase,  however,  was  not  sufficient  to  place  the 
manufacture  of  pipe  organs  on  the  same  plane  of  im- 
I)()rtance  as  that  of  reed  organs,  which  dominated  the 
indu.stry  at  both  censu.scs,  although  to  a  decreasing 
extent. 

Statistics  regarding  the  number  and  value  of  reed 
organs  for  the  United  States  and  selected  states  are 
given  in  Table  9,  for  the  censuses  of  1900  and  190.5. 

T.\BLE  9. — Reed  organs— number  and  valite,  vnlh  per  cent  of  total 
value,  by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


Census.    Number. 


United  States 1905    !     ill4, 

1900    I      "107, 


Illinois I    1905    I 

:    1900 

Indiana 1905 

1900 

Massachusetts |    1905 

I    1900 

Michigan 1905 

1900 


Ohio... 


1905 
1900 


Pennsylvania 1905 

1900 


All  other  states 


3  1905 
•I'jOO 


53, 

3, 
3, 


2,0 
3,3 

12.3 
9,6 

1,9 
1,6 

5.7 
6,2 

31, 
29, 


Amount. 

Per  cent 
o{  total. 

»4, 212. 953 
> 4, 088. 073 

100.0 
100.0 

503 
660 


J 


,787.220 
,715,876 

145, 476 
173,339 

150,883 
190,582 

511.009 
397, 198 

94,577 

98, 572 

242,059 
275,438 

,281.729 
,237,068 


42.4 
42.0 


3.5 
4.2 


3.6 

4.7 


12.1 
9.7 


2.3 
2.4 


3.7 
6.7 


30.4 
30.3 


Hncludes  1.610  reed  organs,  valued  at  $50,900.  reported  by  establisliments 
engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  products  other  than  musical  instru- 
ments, attachments,  and  materials. 

2  Represents  number  and  value  of  reed  organs  reported  by  all  classes  of  estab- 
Uslunents. 

includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  Minnesota, 
New  Jersey,  Oregon,  Vermont,  West  Virginia. 

'  Includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut,  Maryland,  Minnesota,  New  Jersey, 
New  York,  Vermont,  Virginia. 

The  table  shows  a  marked  localization  of  the  indus- 
try in  Illinois,  the  value  of  the  reed  organs  manufac- 
tured in  this  state  at  the  census  of  1905  constituting 
42.4  per  cent  of  the  aggregate  value  reported  for  the 
entire  United  States.  In  Illinois  the  industry  is  local- 
ized principally  in  Chicago,  which  produced  .37,622  reed 
organs,  or  65.8  per  cent  of  the  number  manufactured 
in  the  state  at  the  census  of  1905.  Evidently  the 
middle  West  is  the  principal  seat  of  the  production  of 
reed  organs,  for  Michigan,  Indiana,  and  Ohio  also  re- 
ported a  large  production  of  these  instruments,  the 
combined  value  of  the  products  of  the  4  states  at  the 
census  of  1905  constituting  60.2  percent  of  the  value 
of  the  total  production  for  the  United  States.  In 
botli  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania  the  production 
of  reed  organs  is  declining. 

The  American  reed  organ,  Avith  perhaps  a  single  ex- 
ception, is  a  suction  instrument,  while  the  harmonium, 
or  European  style  of  reed  organ,  operates  wi;h  air  pres- 
sure. About  1635,  a  harmonium  maker  in  Paris  in- 
vented the  suction  instalment,  but  the  first  of  this 
class  of  organs  manufactured  in  the  United  States  was 
made  in  Boston.     These  have  since  become  known  as 


246 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  American  reed,  or  cabinet,  organs,  althongli  at 
first  designated  as  melodeons.  Eapid  progress  has 
been  made  in  the  construction  of  the  American  reed 
organ,  and  it  is  to-day  recognized  as  a  special  type  of 
instniment,  all  organs  of  tliis  kuid  now  built  or  used 
abroad  being  designated  "American  organs." 

Each  reed  organ  possesses  a  series  of  stops  control- 
ling individual  sets  of  reeds,  and  these  stops,  when 
drawn,  cause  the  chfferent  combinations  of  tones  de- 
sired. When  the  stops  are  drawn,  the  pressure  on 
the  key  opens  a  pallet  or  valve  permitting  the  passage 
of  air  through  the  reed  cell,  causmg  the  reed  to  vibrate 
and  produce  its  characteristic  note.  The  reeds  are  vi- 
bratory tongues  of  brass  or  steel  riveted  upon  perfo- 
rated metallic  plates,  and  placed  in  separate  wooden 
cells  made  on  the  edges  of  what  is  called  the  reed  board, 
which  latter  rests  upon  the  top  of  the  wind  chest  di- 
rectly under  the  keys.  There  may  be  more  than  one 
set  of  reeds,  and  in  that  case  one  is  placed  in  front  of 
the  other  on  the  reed  board,  or  if  more  than  two,  they 
are  placed  one  over  the  other.  The  air  pressure  is 
ordinarily  produced  by  a  pair  of  exhausters,  operated 
by  the  foot  pedals,  which  exhaust  the  air  from  a  reser- 
voir under  a  spring  tension  passage  communicating 
between  this  reservoir  and  the  air  chambers  of  the 
instrument  containing  the  valve  mechanism. 

In  addition  to  the  keys,  stops,  and  pedals,  there  are 
one  or  sometimes  two  knee  swells  or  divided  couplers, 
as  they  are  sometimes  called,  whereby  reeds  an  octave 
above  or  below  the  keyboard  center  are  caused  to  sound 
in  addition  to  the  reeds  directly  connected  A\-ith  the  de- 
pressed keys.  Thus  in  operating  an  organ  various  stops 
and  devices  are  used  to  increase  or  diminish  quantity 
and  to  vary  the  character  of  the  tone,  inasmuch  as 
no  control  is  possible  from  the  pressure  on  the  keys 
other  than  to  open  the  passage  of  air  to  certain  reeds. 

The  timbre,  or  cjuahty,  of  the  tone  is  regulated  by 
tiie  opening  in  which  the  reed  vibrates  and  by  the  size 
and  form  of  the  charmel  above  the  reed  and  its  pallet 
hole  through  which  the  air  passes,  straining  duo  to 
excessive  or  uneven  operation  of  the  foot  pedal  being 
obviated  by  a  discharge  pallet  acting  as  a  safety 
valve.  The  voicing  and  tuning  are  ver\-  important 
operations,  the  latter  being  oijtained  by  filing  or  scrap- 
ing the  tongue  of  the  reed  and  the  former  by  t^visting 
tlie  tongue  into  certain  curves  wluch  determine  the 
<|uaiity  of  tone.  The  reed  organ  seldom  gets  out  of 
tune,  inasmuch  as  it  is  not  susceptible  to  changes  in 
temperature  and  atmospheric  conditions. 

Tlie  manufacture  of  the  reed  organ,  like  that  of 
other  musical  instruments,  is  largely  the  result  of 
experience  and  development.  Probably  the  manip- 
ulation of  the  tongue  of  the  reed  to  a  projjcr  size  and 
curve  and  the  determining  of  the  size  of  the  reed  cells, 
etc.,  and  the  length  and  size  of  the  rjualifying  ceils, 
when  .such  are  used,  are  the  most  delicate  of  the  intri- 
cate operations  involved  in  its  niiinnfnctiirc. 


The  vocalion  is  a  reed  organ  approaching  somewhat 
a  pipe  organ  in  its  characteristic  tone  quality.  Voca- 
lion instruments  are  largely  used  in  churches,  and 
usually  have  a  pedal  base  and  often  two  manual 
claviers,  or  keyboards,  conforming  in  appearance  to 
the  pipe  organ.  The  difference  between  the  ordmaiy 
reed  organ  and  the  vocalion  is  that  in  the  latter  the 
air  current  passes  thi-ough  qualif^-ing  cells  and  tubes 
before  or  after  reaclmig  the  reeds. 

There  have  also  been  manufactured  a  combination 
pipe  and  reed  organ,  desk  and  reed  organ,  and  other 
somewhat  unusual  compoimd  forms  of  the  msti-u- 
ment.  Almost  all  the  materials  used  in  reed  organ 
construction  are  strictly  American  products,  'wath  the 
exception  of  iA'ory  and  ebony.  Very  httle  ivory  is 
now  used  on  the  keyboard  of  reed  organs,  celluloid 
bemg  substituted  in  its  place,  while  a  stained  wood  is 
generally  used  instead  of  ebony  for  the  black  kejs. 
Very  little  expensive  veneer  is  used  on  these  instru- 
ments, unless  by  special  order,  as  it  greatly  increases 
the  cost  of  the  instniment.  Unlike  the  average 
jiiauo  manufacturer,  organ  makers  usually  manufac- 
ture all  parts  of  their  instrument  with  the  exception 
of  reeds  and  keys,  the  making  of  which  is  really  a 
separate  industry. 

Statistics  of  pipe  organ  production  in  this  section  do 
not  include  mstruments  fitted  with  devices  for  auto- 
matic playing,  inasmuch  as  these  will  be  mcluded 
under  the  head  of  self-playing  instruments.  Table  10 
presents  the  number  and  value  of  pipe  organs  built 
m  selected  states,  and  shows  the  per  cent  the  value  of 
products  for  each  state  is  of  the  total  value  reported 
for  the  United  States  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905. 

The  number  of  pipe  organs  maniifactiu'cd  is  not 
great,  but  as  a  rule  they  are  large  and  comparatively 
expensive.  The  table  indicates  that  their  production 
is  not  centered  to  a  very  marked  degree  in  any  one 
slate.  The  value  of  the  organs  produced  in  Massachu- 
setts at  the  census  of  1905  formed  24.9  per  cent  of  the 
total  value  for  \ho  United  States,  but  both  Illinois  and 
Ohio  contributed  largely  to  the  total,  and  the  numer- 
ical output  in  the  case  of  Ohio  equaled  and  in  the 
case  of  Illinois  exceeded  that  of  the  leading  state. 
The  average  value  of  the  organs  built  by  Massachu- 
setts makers  was,  therefore,  considerably  larger  than 
that  of  the  organs  manufactured  in  either  Illinois  or 
Ohio.  Boston  is  one  of  the  chief  centers  for  the  numu- 
facture  of  liigh-grade  pipe  organs,  60  of  these  instru- 
ments having  been  built  in  this  city  during  1904, 
with  a  value  of  $.'313,220,  a  greater  valuation  than 
was  reported  by  any  state  in  the  United  States 
other  than  Massachusetts.  Pipe  organs  were  also 
made  in  Springfield,  Waltham,  and  Candjridge,  Mass- 
achusetts. 

In  Illinois,  Chicago  reported  about  two-thirds  of 
the  total  value  of  i)i])e  organs  maiuifactured  in  this 
state,  while  in  Ohio,  which  has  advanced  rapidly  in 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATERIALS. 


247 


this  manufacture,  Pomeroy,  Alliance,  and  Cleveland 
produce  the  greater  part  of  the  pipe  organs  manufac- 
tui'od  in  tlio  state,  Vermont,  Pennsylvania,  Mary- 
land, New  York,  and  Comiecticut  are  the  next  5 
states,  ranked  according  to  value  of  pipe  organs  built 
during  1904.  Neither  Vermont  nor  Connecticut  can 
be  sliown  in  the  table,  as  to  do  so  would  reveal  indi- 
vidual operations. 

Table  10. — Pipe  organs — number  and  value,  with  "per  cent  of  total 
value,  by  states:  1905  and  I'JOO. 


Census. 

Number. 

VALUE. 

STATE. 

Amount. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

United  States  .      .             .      . 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

n905 
•1900 

'936 
2  572 

>S2,0&S,193 
2  1,188,696 

100.0 

100.0 

Illinois 

165 
87 

79 
50 

137 
137 

58 
73 

137 
23 

87 
80 

22 

8 

251 
.     IH 

310,323 
105, 157 

166, 186 
80,035 

520,,S87 
365,510 

133.471 
216, 120 

251,486 
34,250 

175,555 
150,990 

45,214 
15,475 

485,071 
221, 159 

14.9 

Maryland 

8.8 

ao 

6.7 
24.9 

30.8 
6.4 

Ohio           

IS.  3 
12  0 

2.9 

,S.  4 

12.7 
2.2 

All  other  states 

1.3 
23  2 

18.0 

'Includes  35  pipe  organs,  valued  at  S98.214,  made  by  establishments  engaged 
primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products.  Of  this  value,  818,214  represents 
pipe  organs  made  by  establishments  other  than  musical  instruments,  attach- 
ments, and  materials. 

-  Represents  number  and  value  of  pipe  organs  reported  by  all  classes  of 
establishments. 

a  Includes  states  as  follows:  California,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Indiana, 
Iowa,  Kentuclcy,  Maine,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  Rhode 
Island,  Vermont. 

<  Includes  states  as  follows:  California.  Colorado,  Connecticut,  District  of 
Columbia,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kentucl^,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  New 
Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  Rhode  Island,  Texas. 

The  pipe  organ  is  often  spoken  of  as  being  the  largest, 
most  expensive,  and  most  perfect  of  all  musical  instru- 
ments, and  the  methods  of  its  manufacture  are  of  con- 
siderable interest.  Almost  every  pipe  organ  is  practi- 
cally built  to  order  to  accord  with  the  architecture  or 
acoustic  qualities  of  the  room  or  auditorium  in  which 
it  is  designed  to  be  placed.  The  ornamental  work  of 
the  pipe  organ  is  sometimes  put  in  by  the  building 
contractors,  who  are  in  no  way  identified  with  the 
organ  builders. 

One  complete  stop  of  one  rank  of  pipes  in  the 
modern  organ  consists  of  61  notes  for  the  manual 
clavier  and  32  for  the  pedal  clavier,  and  there  are  as 
many  stops  as  may  be  desired  accorchng  to  the  size 
and  cost  of  the  organ;  in  some  instances  there  are  100 
or  more.  These  pipes  are  made  of  wood  or  metal,  the 
wood  being  carefully  selected  of  various  growths,  and 
the  metals,  chiefly  zinc,  tin,  and  k^ad,  being  used  in  alloys 
accordmg  to  the  diiferent  qualities  of  tone  desired. 
The  arranging  of"  the  shape  and  size  of  the  pipes  is  an 
operation  in  which  experience  and  knowledge  on  the 

45254— .MFG  U»05— PT  4— OS 18 


part  of  the  builder  are  necessary  to  the  manufacture  of 
a  successful  instrument.  The  voicing  and  tuning  of 
these  pipes  are  invariably  done  before  tliey  are  set  up 
in  the  organ,  and  this  operation  is  of  great  delicacy. 
Final  tuning  and  regulating  are  done  after  the  pipes 
are  placed  in  the  finished  instrument. 

The  bellows  of  a  pipe  organ  must  be  of  exactly  suf- 
ficient capacity  to  feed  all  the  pipes,  and  therefore 
varies  in  construction  according  to  the  size  of  the 
organ.  The  operation  of  the  bellows  may  be  by  hand, 
by  hydraulic  power,  or  by  electricity,  in  wliich  latter 
instance  a  current  of  from  100  to  200  volts  in  strength 
is  necessarj'.  There  is  an  electric  fan  feeder  recently 
patented  which  is  said  to  be  very  successful  in  opera- 
tion and  which  takes  up  much  less  room  than  the  ordi- 
nary class  of  feeders,  but  the  ordinary  compound 
bellows  is  used  in  the  majority  of  organs,  and  almost 
altogether  in  those  built  in  1904.  The  air  does  not 
pass  directly  to  the  pipes,  but  is  generally  led  first  into 
a  regulator  bellows,  which  makes  the  pressure  more 
even  and  regular  in  strength,  after  which  it  is  conveyed 
to  the  wmd  chest,  and  is  then  caused  to  pass  into  the 
pipes  by  the  opening  of  valves  controlled  by  the  key  or 
playing  mechanism. 

The  tracker  organ,  in  which  the  pallets  or  valves 
leading  from  the  wind  chest  to  the  pipes  are  opened 
direct  from  the  keys  by  means  of  trackers  or  levers, 
has  been  largely  superseded  by  the  more  modem 
pneumatic  and  electric  action,  although  there  are 
many  of  the  older  style  still  in  use,  and  some  builders 
stUl  make  small  tracker  organs.  During  1904  the 
principal  pipe  organ  action  used  was  of  the  tubular 
pneumatic  type,  in  which  the  depression  of  the  keys 
opens  certain  valves,  causing  air  pressure  to  open 
larger  valves,  admitting  the  air  from  the  wind  chest 
to  the  pipes. 

Probably  the  most  recent  development  in  pipe 
organ  construction  is  the  electric  action,  which  is 
operated  either  b}'  a  storage  battery  or  b}'  a  small 
generator  connected  with  the  bellows  motive  power. 
Depression  of  a  key  causes  electrical  contact,  allowing 
the  current  to  pass  through  a  magnet  in  the  wind 
chest  or  pallet  box,  which  magnet  operates  a  primary 
valve  connected  with  a  larger  valve,  which,  being 
open,  aUows  passage  of  air,  thereby  causing  the  pipe 
to  speak.  Each  key  of  both  manual  and  pedal  claviers 
is  fitted  with  this  arrangement  of  magnet,  air  cells, 
valves,  etc.,  and  the  action  is  simultaneous  with  the 
pressure  on  the  key  or  pedal.  The  use  of  electricity  in 
the  action  mechanism  allows  the  instrument  to  be 
phiyed  with  an  even  and  light  pressure  on  the  keys, 
whereas,  in  the  older  style  tracker  organ,  to  operate 
some  combinations  required  considerable  strength. 
Another  advantage  in  an  electrically  operated  organ 
is  that  the  key  case,  or  console,  may  be  placed  at  any 
distance  from  the  organ  proper,  inasmuch  as  the  power 
is  transmitted  by  wires  to  the  valve  mechanism  con- 


248 


MANUFACTURES. 


nected  with  the  pipes.  Tliis  arrangement  is  also  pos- 
sible in  the  exclusive  tubular  pneumatic  organ,  al- 
though the  distance  capable  of  being  covered  is 
necessarily  somewhat  limited. 

SELF-PLATIXG   AXD    STREET    PIAXOS    AND    ORGANS,    AND 
PIANO    PLAYERS    AND    ATTACHMENTS. 

The  statistics  concerning  the  kind  and  value  of  seU- 
plaA-ing  and  street  pianos  and  organs,  cabinet  piano 
players,  and  plaj-ing  attachments,  presented  in  preced- 
ing sections  in  connection  with  the  manufacture  of 
pianos  and  organs,  are  shown  in  greater  detail  in  the 
three  tables  following.  Table  11  is  a  comparative 
summary  showing  the  value  reported  for  each  class 
during  1900  and  1905,  with  the  per  cent  of  increase 
during  the  five-year  period  and  the  per  cent  each  class 
is  of  the  total  value. 

Table  11. — Self-playing  and  street  pianos  and  organs,  and  piano 
players  and  attachments — kind  and  value,  with  per  cent  of  total  and 
per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


1905 

1900 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

KEvD. 

Value. 

Per 
cent  of 
total. 

Value. 

Per 

cent  of 
total. 

'12,929,583 

100.0 

$953,772 

100.0 

207.2 

Piano    Dlavers    and    piano 

playinK  attachments 

Sell-pIaying  pianos  and  or- 

2,029,754 

849, K13 
50,016 

69.3 

29.0 
1.7 

607,873 

317.5f.9 
28,330 

63.7 

33.3 
3.0 

233.9 

167.6 

Street  pianos  and  organs 

76.5 

'  Includes  piano  players  valued  at  $25,488  made  by  establishments  engaged 
primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  piano  and  organ  materials. 

Large  increases  are  sho^vn  for  each  group  of  prod- 
ucts, but  the  leading  feature  of  the  table  is  the  increase 
since  1900  of  233.9  per  cent  in  the  manufacture  of 
piano  players  and  attachments,  wliich  indicates  the 
growing  popularit}'  of  automatic  piano  phiying. 

Table  12  presents  the  number  and  value  of  piano 
players  and  piano  playing  attachments  manufactured 
in  the  United  States  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and  lit05 
and  the  per  cent  each  class  is  of  the  total  value  at 
both  censuses. 

Table  12. — Piano  players  and  piano  playing  attachments — num- 
ber and  value,  with  per  cent  of  total  value:  1006  and  1900. 


Consul. 

Nombor. 

viatT*. 

KIN-D. 

Amount. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

Total 

lOO.'i 
1900 

1005 
1000 

190.'. 
lOOO 

'20,0.14 
«fi.  1,',8 

'12,029,764 
*  007, 873 

100  0 

100.0 

PlAno  players 

17.IV.2 
G,23e 

2,082 
022  ' 

1,876,974 
S20, 139 

162,780 
87,734 

02  fi 

85,6 
7.S 

14.4 

1  IncliKloii  2i1  piano  players,  valued  at  I2.'>.4R8,  made  hv  ostnhlliihraontson- 
fafod  prliniirllv  In  the  miiiiiifiiitiirn  ol  piano  and  organ  mal'Tlnln. 

'  Kf-pn-Hfiiis  nuiiii)er  find  vtilui;  of  |iliiri«i  playcfH  and  piano  playing  attach- 
manti  n'pnrud  by  all  irla.<i8V9  of  oslabllslimenti. 


According  to  the  census  designation,  the  piano 
player  is  a  separate  cabinet  instrument  which  must  be 
attached  to  a  piano  to  be  used.  The  value  of  product 
reported  for  this  class  of  automatic  players  in  1S05, 
as  compared  with  1900,  increased  260.9  per  cent. 
Connecticut  ranks  first  in  the  manufacture  of  these 
instruments,  with  Meriden  as  the  center,  while  New 
Jersey,  Michigan,  New  York,  and  Illinois  are  respec- 
tively the  second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  states  in 
order  of  principal  production. 

Piano  playing  attachments,  or  interior  players,  as 
they  are  sometimes  called,  were  manufactured  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  at  the  census  of  1905,  when  a  product 
valued  at  $152,780  was  reported,  an  increase  of  74.1 
per  cent  over  the  $87,734  reported  in  1900.  The  state 
of  New  Jersey  reports  the  principal  production  of 
interior  players,  with  New  York  and  Connecticut  sec- 
ond and  third  in  rank.  The  piano  playing  attach- 
ments thus  reported  do  not  include  the  entire  product, 
inasmuch  as  there  were  manufactured  2,569  self-play- 
ing pianos  and  organs,  as  shown  in  Table  13,  the  value 
of  which  includes  the  value  of  the  self-playing  mech- 
anism contained  in  the  instrument. 

Table  13  presents  the  mmiber  and  value  of  self- 
playing  pianos  and  organs  manufactured  in  the  United 
States  as  reported  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905, 
with  the  per  cent  each  is  of  the  total  value  reported  at 
each  census. 

Table  13. — Self-playing  pianos  and  organs — number  and  value, 
with  per  cent  of  total  value:  1905  and  1900. 


Total 

Self-playing  pianos 
Self-plajrlng  organs 


Census. 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


Number. 


2,569 
1,962 


701 
1,738 


.Ajnount. 


$849,813 
317, 569 


417,382 
44, 745 

432, 431 
272, 824 


Per  cent 
of  total. 


100.0 
100.0 


49.1 
14.1 


60.9 
85.9 


The  great  advance  in  the  last  five  years  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  pianos  containing  self-playing  mechanism 
is  shown  by  <lio  fact  that  the  value  of  those  instru- 
ments incrcii.'icd  from  $44,745  to  $417,382,  or  832.8 
per  cent,  during  the  period.  New  York  state  leads  in 
this  manufacture,  reporting  1,506  self-playing  jiianos, 
valued  at  $314,082,  or  75.4  per  cent  of  the  total  value 
of  products.  New  Jersey,  Missouri,  Connecticut,  and 
Illinois  also  report  the  manufacture  of  self-playing 
pianos,  ranked  in  the  order  named.  The  total  iiuiii- 
bor  of  piano  players,  piano  playing  attachments,  and 
self-])layiiig  pianos  shown  by  Tables  12  and  13  was 
22,502,  comimred  with  0,382  reported  in  1900,  which 
comparison  indicates  the  increased  vise  of  all  kinds  of 
piano  playing  mechanism,  and  doubtless  another  cen- 
sus will  show  a  still  greater  advance,  inasniucli  aa 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATERIALS. 


249 


public  attention  is  being  turned  in  this  (Jircclion  \>y 
the  satisfactory  results  obtained  by  these  (ksvices. 

The  value  of  the  self-playing  organs  manufactured 
increased  during  the  five  years,  but  the  number  de- 
creased. This  decrease  in  niuiiber  is  explained  by  the 
fact  that  these  instruments  are  now  largely  of  the  pi|)e 
organ  variety,  which  arc  more  expensive  than  reed 
organs,  the  latter  not  being  fitted  with  playing  mech- 
anism to  as  great  an  extent  as  in  1900,  attention  Ijc- 
ing  directed  more  to  piano  playing  devices.  In  the 
manufacture  of  self-playing  organs  New  Jersey  ranks 
first,  Massachusetts  second,  and  New  York  third,  while 
8  other  states  also  show  a  product  of  tliis  style  of 
musical  instruments. 

Piano  players  and  playing  attachments  are  becom- 
ing quite  numerous,  and  many  ingenious  devices  have 
been  invented.  The  cabinet  player,  with  felt  plungers 
to  strike  the  keys  of  the  ordinary  piano,  was  the  first 
to  be  generally  used  and  is  still  very  popular,  espe- 
cially for  use  in  playing  a  grand  piano.  Most  of  the 
instruments  and  attachments  are  now  operated  pri- 
marily by  pneumatic  pressure  or  suction,  or  by  a  com- 
bination of  pneumatic  and  electric  action.  The  air, 
passing  through  the  holes  of  the  perforated  music 
paper  running  over  corresponding  holes  in  a  tracker 
board,  is  communicated,  usually  by  means  of  rubber 
tubes,  to  the  playing  mechanism.  There  are,  how- 
ever, ingenious  electric  devices  for  automatic  piano 
playing  which  have  been  prominently  displayed  and 
are  now  being  manufactured,  but  during  the  year  1904 
the  action  used  in  playing  mechanism  was  principally 
pneumatic. 

The  organ  lends  itself  more  readily  to  automatic 
playing  because  of  its  valvular  arrangement,  the  quan- 
tity and  quality  of  tone  being  controlled  by  stops  and 
knee  swells,  rather  than  by  the  strength  and  character 
of  stroke,  as  in  piano  playing.  The  wind  motor  fur- 
nishing pneumatic  pressure  or  suction  may  be  oper- 
ated by  electricity,  an  ordinary  storage  battery  being 
generally  used  to  furnish  the  current  required,  which 
is  not  more  than  from  4  to  8  volts  in  strength.  In  a 
self -playing  organ  the  automatic  mechanism,  by  means 
of  this  pneumatic  action,  controls  the  organ  action  in 
technically  the  same  manner  that  it  would  if  played 
by  hand,  except  that  the  air  control  does  not  operate 
the  keys  but  is  taken  directly  to  the  valves  which 
ordinarily  would  be  controlled  by  the  keys.  It  is 
claimed  that  there  are  no  effects  possible  to  organ 
playing  by  hand  which  may  not  be  obtained  by  self- 
plaj'ing  mechanism  under  expert  guidance,  and  it  may 
readily  be  seen  that  orchestral  arrangements  too  com- 
plex for  one  organist  can  be  executed  by  the  playing 
attachment. 

The  piano  case  containing  a  playing  attachment  is 
so  constructed  that  when  closed  up  it.  is  an  ordinary 


piano  which  can  be  played  by  hmid.  If  it  is  desired  to 
use  the  instrument  automatically,  a  j)anel  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  case  may  be  opened  and  a  roll  of  music 
fitted  in  and  attached  to  run  over  the  tracker  board 
and  wind  on  a  receiving  spool.  By  letting  down  a 
hinged  panel  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  instrument, 
the  pedal  arrangement  is  disclosed  by  means  of  Avhich 
wind  ]K)wer  may  be  provided  to  operate  the  bellows 
furnishing  pneumatic  power  to  the  playing  mechan- 
ism. Thus  the  upright  piano  is  in  this  combination 
instrument  capable  of  being  operated  either  by  hand 
or  l)y  automatic  action. 

Elxpression  is  jmt  into  the  automatically  played 
music  by  means  of  levers,  and  accellerando  and  ritar- 
dando  as  well  as  forte  and  pianissimo  effects  are  thus 
obtainable,  and  modern  devices  enable  individual 
notes  or  a  certain  air  to  be  made  prominent  with  the 
accompaniment  subdued.  This  ability  to  bring  out  a 
theme  or  melody  is  a  new  power  wliich  has  been  given 
the  automatic  instrument. 

An  electric  playing  mechanism  using  about  one- 
third  the  power  of  a  small  incandescent  lamp  has  been 
recently  put  on  the  market,  but  none  was  reported  as 
manufactured  during  1904,  except  in  experimental 
work.  This  apparatus  does  away  with  the  necessity 
of  pumping  a  bellows,  and  is  considered  successful 
not  only  in  convenience  and  correct  operation  but  the 
claim  is  also  made  that  music  played  by  this  attach- 
ment may  be  transposed  to  a  higher  or  lower  key  by  a 
simple  mechanical  arrangement.  This  plaj-er  was 
exhibited  by  the  United  States  Patent  Office  at 
St.  Louis  in  1904  and  at  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Exposi- 
tion at  Portland  in  190.5. 

The  perforated  music  for  automatic  attachments  and 
players,  whether  cabinet  or  interior,  pneumatic  or 
electric,  is  becoming  standardized  to  a  great  extent 
and  the  same  music  generally  may  be  used  with  any 
style  of  player.  There  are,  however,  music  arrange- 
ments in  two  sizes,  taking  in  a  range  of  six  and  one- 
half  to  seven  and  one-third  octaves.  There  is  an 
expensive  attachment  which  marks  tliis  music  paper 
from  the  actual  plaj^ing  on  a  piano,  but  more  accurate 
and  satisfactory  results  are  obtained  by  marking  the 
music  from  the  original  score  by  hand,  on  a  master  roll 
which  is  proof  read,  tested,  and  corrected. 

Expression  marks  are  decided  by  interpretation 
experts  and  on  important  selections  the  composer's 
ideas  are  obtained  wherever  possible.  The  music  is 
then  cut  automatically,  15  rolls  at  a  time,  from  the 
perfect  master  roll  and  the  expression  and  other  marks 
are  put  on  from  a  cardboard  pattern.  Extensive 
classification  has  l)een  made  of  the  many  selections  and 
arrangements  in  perforated  music,  and  circulating  libra- 
ries and  educational  departments  in  the  principal 
cities  have  catalogues  of  roll  music  listed  in  grades. 


250 


MANUFACTURES. 


PIANO    AND    ORGAN   MATERIALS. 

The  value  of  piano  and  organ  materials  is  shown 
separately  for  the  first  time  at  this  census.  These 
statistics  do  not  include  the  total  value  of  these  prod- 
ucts, for  only  those  factories  which  manufacture  parts 
and  materials  are  inchided,  the  parts  made  by  fac- 
tories manufacturing  the  fim"shed  instrument  being 
included  with  pianos  and  organs. 

It  is  probably  true  that  this  first  presentation  of 
the  subject  may  not  include  certain  piano  parts  made 
by  estabhshments  primarily  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  other  products,  and  tliis  fact  should  be  taken 
into  consideration  in  the  examination  of  the  figures. 
Certain  foundry  and  macliine  shops  may  have  cast 
piano  plates  or  other  piano  hardware  which  are  not 
specified  separatel}^  from  the  other  products  of  the 
establishment,  or  furniture  manufacturers  may  have 
made  cases  or  piano  stock  to  some  extent  not  specific- 
ally mentioned  in  tlieir  reports,  and  such  partial  prod- 
ucts would  not  be  included  in  the  value  reported  for 
piano  and  organ  parts  and  nuiterials. 

Table  14  is  a  sumniar)-  for  the  United  States  and 
selected  states  showing  the  value  of  piano  materials 
and  parts,  and  all  other  products  including  organ 
materials  and  parts,  and  piano  and  organ  materials 
and  parts,  not  specified,  and  other  products  of  a  mis- 
cellaneous nature. 

Table    14. — Fiano  and  orrjnn  materials — value   of  products,   by 
states:  1905. 


All  other 

products. 

including 

organ  ma- 

I'iano ma- 

terials and 

STATE. 

Total. 

terials  and 

parts,  and 

parts. 

piano  and 
or^an  mate- 
rials and 
parts,  not 
specified. 

United  States 

"513,128,315 

$11,397,907 

»J1,730,408 

Connecticut 

Illinois 

Massachusetts... 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

All  other  states'. 


2,.'i97,822 
!)flX,2:iO 

2,lta,3»3 
2SX.(I59 

5,22(i,»47 

1,412,839 
638,116 


1,053,286 
655,911 

1,874,014 
285,559 

5,142,812 

1,295,905 
490,420 


744,536 
342,328 
291, 379 
.3,400 
84, 135 
116,934 
147,696 


'In  addition,  piano  and  organ  materials  and  parts  to  a  value  of  t.')72,686, 
anfinlshed  pianos  to  a  valine  oi  %n<.iM7.  and  iinllni.shr'd  orKans  to  a  vnliin  of 
11.02,(121  were  made  !)>'  estatiiishmr'nts  eiiKap'd  pritiiarilv  in  the  manufacture 
of  piano.'!  and  organs;  and  piano  inatoriais  to  a  value  ol  $2«l,OI6  were  made  Ijy 
imtalilislimr'nts  engag<'d  primarily  In  the  manufacture  of  musical  instruments 
and  mat'^riiil.t,  not  sfM-cihed. 

■  Inrhi'li's  organ  materials  and  parts  to  a  value  of  $.'WI.373,  and  piano  and 
organ  miit.' rials  and  parts,  not  sixfined.  amounling  to  Sli47,lil2. 

'  Includes  .ttates  as  follows:  California,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Now  Hampshire, 
rennsvivania.  Vermont. 

The  product  of  establishments  manufactuiiiig  |)iaiio 
and  organ  material.s  and  parts  in  the  United  States  is 
divided  ill  the  following  j)n)|(ortioMs:  Piano  niiid'iiai.s 
and  i)Mrt.s,  SO.O  percent;  organ  matcriiiis  and  ])nrts, 
4.4  per  cent;  piano  iind  organ  materials  mid  purls,  not 
sperificd.  I.!)  per  cent;  and  nil  oilier  iirodiids,  ;;..s  per 


cent.  The  principal  item  of  this  manufacture  is  there^ 
fore  piano  materials  and  parts.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
that  the  value  reported  under  tliis  head  is  26.2  per  cent 
of  the  total  value  of  pianos  manufactured  in  the  United 
States  during  1904.  Tins  indicates  the  tendency  to 
specialization  in  the  manufacture  of  piano  materials 
and  parts. 

As  Xew  York  predominates  in  the  piano  industry,  it 
is  natural  that  this  state  should  also  lead  in  the  manu- 
facture of  piano  materials  and  parts.  The  chief  center 
is  New  York  city,  where  piano  materials  and  parts 
were  manufactured  in  1904  to  a  value  of  $3,491,493, 
\\  hich  amount  is  nearly  one-third  of  the  United  States 
total  for  this  class  of  products.  This  amount  includes 
the  product  of  two  supply  factories  on  Long  Island, 
where  piano  parts  are  manufactured,  and  eventually 
transferred  to  another  factory  belonging  to  the  same 
establishment,  to  be  assembled.  Tonawanda,  Roches- 
ter, Dolgeville,  Castleton,  Brockport,  and  St.  Johnsville 
and  other  towns  in  New  York  also  report  a  considerable 
product  of  piano  materials  and  parts.  Massachusetts 
ranks  second  in  tliis  industrj^,  the  chief  cities  being 
Cambridge  and  Leominster.  The  third  state  in  rank 
is  Connecticut,  where  Ivoryton  reports  the  principal 
jjroduction,  with  Stamford  second.  In  Ohio,  the 
fourth  state  in  this  industry,  the  localities  of  chief  pro- 
duction are  Springfield  and  Cincimiati.  Clucago,  111., 
Lisbon,  N.  H.,  and  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  are  also  im- 
portant centers. 

Organ  materials  and  parts  are  manufactured  to 
only  a  small  extent  separate  fi-om  the  fiiushed  instru- 
ment. Tlie  principal  localities  for  tlus  production  are 
Worcester,  Reading,  and  Westfield,  in  Massachus(>tts; 
Chicago,  in  Illinois;  Ivoryton,  Mansfield,  and  Deep 
River,  in  Connecticut;  and  Alliance,  in  Ohio.  At  the 
census  of  1905  the  total  value  of  the  product  for  the 
United  States  amounted  to  but  $581,373.  The  large 
item  in  Connecticut  for  all  other  products,  including 
piano  and  organ  materials,  not  specified,  as  shown  in 
Table  14,  is  largely  for  piano  and  organ  keyboards. 

Tal)le  15  jjicsents  statistics  concerning  the  value  of 
specific  piano  materials  and  parts  manufactured  in  the 
United  States,  showing  the  per  cent  each  item  is  of 
the  total  reported  for  this  class  of  products. 

Taui.e  15. — Piano  inalcrials  and  parts — distribution  of  value,  by 
kind:  1905. 


KINU. 

Vaiuo. 

Tor  cent 
of  total. 

Total 

$11,397,907 

100.0 

3,439,394 
2,7.32,493 
2,(148,795 
2,U23,(i40 
447,347 

706,232 

30.2 

('ases  and  piano  stock 

24.0 

Ivory  and  keys.  Including  keylioa 

ds 

18.0 

17.7 

Sounding  bojirds  and  bridges 

I'lnno  miiterliils  and  parts,  not  spr-cifle* 
litilly  manufaetun-d  plnno.s  for  wlilch 

,  Incli 
a  sepa 

lil'iig 
ratu 

par- 
dlvi- 

3.9 

6.3 

MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATi:PJALS. 


251 


The  table  shows  that  the  manufacture  of  actions  and 
action  parts  forms  the  most  important  branch  of  tlic 
production  of  piano  materials  and  parts.  New  York 
state  reports  the  manufacture  of  piano  actions  and 
action  parts  to  a  value  of  $2,160,614,  which  is  62.8  per 
cent  of  the  total  value  reported  for  the  entire  Unit(!d 
States.  Of  tin's  amount  New  York  city  claims  a  value 
of  $1,714,419,  and  a  considerable  product  is  also  re- 
ported for  Castleton,  St.  Johnsville,  and  Nassau,  and 
other  localities  in  New  York  state.  Outside  of  New 
York  state  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Ivory  ton.  Conn.,  and 
Cliicago,  111.,  are  the  chief  centers  for  the  manufacture 
of  actions,  and  there  are  establishments  also  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  Fort  Lee,  N.  J.,  Rockford,  111.,  and 
Boston,  Mass. 

Piano  cases,  frames,  backs,  and  legs,  including  ribs, 
trusses,  and  trimmings,  are  manufactured  to  a  value  of 
$2,732,493,  and  of  this  amount  $1,022,877  was  for  New 
York  state,  chiefly  in  New  York  city,  Rochester,  Brock- 
port,  Cortland,  and  Dolgeville,  in  the  order  named. 
Leominster,  Arlington,  and  Westfield  are  the  centers 
in  Massachusetts,  the  second  state  in  tliis  manufactizre. 

The  principal  locality  in  the  United  States  for  the 
manufacture  of  piano  ivory  and  keys,  including  key- 
boards, is  Ivoryton,  Conn.,  while  Tonawanda,  N.  Y., 
and  Cambridge,  Mass.,  are  respectively  second  and 
third. 

Piano  plates  are  manufactured  very  largely  in  Spring- 
field, Ohio,   New  Yoi'k,  N.  Y.,  Stamford,  Conn.,  and 


are  also  reported  in  Chicago,  111.,  as  well  as  in  a  num- 
ber of  other  citi(!s  in  lesser  values. 

Sounding  boards  and  bridges  are  reported  chiefly  by 
establishments  located  in  Lisbon,  N.  H.,  and  Dolge- 
ville, N.  Y.,  although  several  other  localities  reported 
considerable  product. 

Table  16  presents  the  kind  and  value  of  organ 
materials  and  parts  manufactured  by  factories  not 
reporting  the  finished  instrument. 

Table  1 6.— Organ  materials  and  parts — distribution  of  value,  by 

kind:  1905. 


Value. 


Per  cent 
of  total. 


Total $581,373 

Pipes,  reeds,  and  reed  hoards ^  366, 137 

Ivory  and  kej's,  including  stops,  knobs,  couplers,  tremolos, 

etc 185,680 

0  rgan  materials  and  parts  not  specifled ,  29, 556 


31.9 
S.1 


The  principal  organ  parts  which  are  reported  as 
manufactured  separate  from  the  finished  instrument 
are  pipes,  reeds,  and  reed  boards.  Chicago  reported 
the  principal  manufacture  of  reeds  and  reed  boards, 
with  Worcester,  Mass.,  second,  while  Reading,  Mass., 
reported  organ  pipes  to  a  considerable  extent. 

Tables  17,  18,  19,  and  20,  which  follow,  present 
detailed  statistics,  by  states,  for  each  of  the  four 
industries  embraced  in  the  group  of  musical  instru- 
ments, attachments,  and  materials. 


252 


MANIIFACTITRES. 

Table  17.— MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  PIANOS- 


United  States. 

California. 

Connecticut. 

Illinois. 

1 

Number  of  establishments 

249 

$49,649,135 
83.083.605 
55.375,990 
53.032,643 

$38,156,897 
137 

2,068 
52,846,085 

297 
51,020,923 

1,771 
51,825.762 

1.498 
$1,690,475 

273 
5135,287 

24. 249 

18.018 

21.002 

$12,170,251 

20.253 
511,956,149 

469 
5156,912 

280 
$57,190 

19,591 

19.732 
20.000 
20.007 
19.980 
19.81)0 
19, 107 
l'.i..i42 
20.431 
21.221 
21,700 
21,805 

457 
491 
607 
514 
604 
489 
410 
421 
437 
449 
4«5 
484 

2.59 
268 
670 
286 
284 
285 
269 
293 
285 
2.S5 
288 
288 

$5.  .''>32.  420 
$409,576 
$192,092 

$4,575,963 

$294, 189 

$19.  .587, 770 

$l(i,.s08..W3 

1.104.  217 

541., S90 

$1  hi.. 124 

$2.22(;.lin7 

$S2. X73 

6 
$65,770 
58.000 
$4,800 
54,852 
$48,118 
4 

3 
$2,675 

1 
$375 

2 
52,300 

2 
$2,300 

8 

$3,049,225 

551.702 

$386,617 

5189,029 

$2,421,877 

36 

514.908,172 

5700.209 

51.820.096 

5712,443 

$11,009,424 

9 

645 
5761, 417 

67 
5213,  543 

578 
$647,874 

492 
5502,982 

86 
$44, 892 

6.913 
5.654 

0.208 
$3,279,418 

5,944 
$3,200,770 

136 
$40,564 

188 
$38,084 

5,554 
5.677 
5.761 
6,837 
6,767 
6,867 
6,865 
6.933 
6.125 
0.241 
6,321 
6,380 

128 
132 
132 
134 
133 
127 
128 
144 
141 
145 
140 
148 

178 
186 
174 
190 
189 
190 
181 
198 
188 
191 
195 
196 

$1,404,899 
5.15.  .534 
S.58.747 

$1,278,695 

$71,923 

$4.  M'}..  165 

$3. 722.  348 

$92,306 

$8,799 

$20. 428 

$031,405 

$21,879 

? 

3 
4 

5 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

A 

7 

8 

.Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

68 
$121,722 

15 
$47,605 

53 

$74, 117 

43 
$69,317 

10 
$4,800 

1,347 

950 

1,169 

$648,684 

1,057 
$610,928 

90 
$31,589 

22 
$6,167 

1,025 
1.092 
1.094 
1,098 
1,122 
1,112 
940 
1,II.V2 
1,053 
1,032 
1,034 
1,030 

70 
89 
103 
105 
106 
104 
80 
82 
87 
SS 
84 
S5 

20 
21 
33 
32 
32 
31 
15 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 

$241.4,SO 

$15,493 

59,473 

$216,614 

9 

Total  sa la ries 

10 

Officers  of  corporations- 

11 

Salaries 

1' 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc.— 

Total  numl  ler 

n 

Total  salaries 

14 

Men— 

Number 

15 

Salaries 

16 

Women — 

17 

Sal.aries               .                          .          ...                   

18 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  niunber  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year  

28 

21 

17 

514,669 

17 
$14,669 

19 

W 

?1 

r> 

Men  16  years  and  over-* 

\verage  number  

23 

?4 

Women  16  years  and  over- 

25 

26 

Children  under  16  years- 

27 

28 

Average  number  oJ  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each 
month: 
Men  16  years  and  over — 

14 
13 
14 
16 
12 
12 
14 
15 
16 
27 
26 
25 

?<) 

30 

31 

3? 

May 

33 

June 

34 

July 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

Women  16  years  and  over- 

41 

V 

43 

April 

44 

May  

45 

46 

July 

47 

August 

.Septeml>cr 

fictoljer 

48 

49 

fiO 

61 

5'' 

Chil'lrcn  under  16  years- 

1? 

54 

March  

V\ 

April 

66 

May 

67 

68 

Julv 

F/l 

no 

I'ieptemlHir 

61 

Octolwr 

67 

Novemljcr 

6t 

64 

$4.2(iO 

$1.0S0 

$265 

$1,971 

$3.50 

$1(>.0I6 

$11,971 

$175 

$229 

$6 

$3,316 

$320 

65 

Kent  of  works 

66 

67 

68 

K"nt  ot  olTiees.  interest,  Insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hith- 
erto included. 

m 

Materials  u.Hed.  total  cost  

$976.  .515 

$709,  '-I 

$■.".'.308 

$1,170 

$2. 849 

$225,018 

$7,695 

70 

71 

Fuel 

77 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

71 

Mill  illplilleH 

74 

75 

All  oilur  materials 

Krelghl 

I  Includes  estalilinhments  dlstrilmtcd  as  follows:  Colorsdo,  1;  Keatuck}',  3;  Loultiaiui,  1;  Muiuo,  1;  Maryland,  \;  Miouciiutu,  i,  Uliitiuuri,  i;  Kebiusku,  1;  New 
Banipsliiro,  2;  West  Virginia,  1;  WiKOnsIn,  1. 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATERIALS. 


253 


DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


Indiana. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

• 

All  other  states.' 

8 

21 

7 

8 

104 

14 

17 

20 

1 

12,519,979 

$5,749,266 

$1,190,809 

$1,368,220 

$16,.'M4,3r2 

$1,631,907 

$1,498,348 

$2, 103, 129 

2 

$31,52G 

$51S,.i65 

$.(4,770 

$74,«10 

$1,361,975 

$71,908 

$1.2.646 

81fr2.304 

3 

$41S,490 

$4:«.667 

$133. 186 

$177.3)SO 

$1.3S0.229 

$198,049 

$.'01,104 

$2.'3..372 

4 

$-2s7,618 

$;«0,954 

$46,768 

$347,661 

$713,984 

$!S4,838 

$<«,892 

$133,004 

6 

»1,7S2,345 

1 

$4,447,080 
7 

$976,085 
S 

$769,179 
4 

$12,048,124 
79 

$1,177,112 
2 

$1,173,704 
11 

$1,703,849 
15 

6 
7 

175 

210 

31 

63 

671 

66 

55 

91 

8 

{182,021 

$308,025 

$52,500 

$65,011 

$1,030,747 

$94,777 

176,455 

$151,335 

S 

20 

36 

5 

3 

111 

21 

7 

11 

10 

153,440 

$156,978 

$21,000 

$12,700 

$409, 138 

$49,384 

$16,600 

$40,100 

11 

155 

174 

26 

50 

5C.0 

45 

48 

80 

12 

tl2S,581 

$151,047 

$31,500 

$52,311 

$621,609 

$45,393 

$S9,85S 

»111,175 

13 

125 

134 

19 

43 

498 

34 

38 

70 

14 

$115,229 

$132,323 

$28,180 

$47,814 

$587,795 

$41,593 

$56,491 

$106,451 

15 

30 

40 

7 

7 

62 

11 

10 

10 

16 

$13,352 

$18,724 

$3,320 

$4,497 

$33,814 

$3,800 

$3,364 

14,724 

17 

1,407 

2,403 

504 

933 

8,044 

934 

791 

945 

18 

938 

1,794 

454 

-  619 

5.433 

784 

S93 

778 

19 

1,190 

2,156 

487 

821 

6,466 

845 

703 

874 

20 

$614,673 

$1,374,562 

$251,968 

$455,373 

$4,188,926 

$473,511 

$367,937 

$500,530 

21 

1,150 

2,114 

482 

742 

6,389 

831 

675 

852 

22 

$599,673 

$1,359,368 

$250,468 

$425,733 

$4,166,617 

$469, 121 

$361,560 

$497,242 

23 

46 

39 

S 

73 

65 

9 

4 

2 

24 

$15,000 

$14,635 

$1,500 

$28,600 

$20,315 

$3,365 

$864 

$480 

25 

3 
$559 

6 
$1,040 

769 

12 
$1,994 

S 
»1,025 

814 

24 
$5,513 

20 
«2,808 

859 

28 

37 

1,073 

2,099 

476 

6,246 

662 

28 

1,086 

2,063 

481 

768 

6.221 

807 

668 

856 

29 

1,095 

2.122 

475 

765 

6.3.38 

792 

687 

857 

30 

1,079 

2,071 

474 

772 

6,353 

806 

691 

870 

31 

1,088 

2,109 

476 

769 

6.240 

826 

720 

851 

32 

1,084 

2,074 

475 

761 

6.155 

829 

685 

806 

33 

1,103 

2,027 

4S3 

602 

5.809 

802 

683 

779 

34 

1,052 

1,960 

479 

696 

6.015 

822 

677 

841 

35 

1,195 

2,117 

486 

693 

6,354 

850 

680 

862 

36 

1,274 

2,233 

491 

717 

6,823 

863 

641 

879 

37 

1,340 

2,258 

489 

784 

7,050 

871 

643 

8S4 

38 

1,331 

2,235 

499 

808 

7,064 

890 

663 

880 

39 

SI 

45 

5 

$2 

62 

8 

4 

2 

40 

51 

40 

5 

93 

66 

9 

4 

2 

41 

46 

41 

5 

100 

66 

8 

4 

2 

42 

47 

41 

5 

102 

66 

8 

4 

2 

43 

45 

41 

5 

94 

66 

8 

4 

2 

44 

43 

41 

5 

89 

63 

9 

4 

2 

45 

40 

34 

5 

46 

64 

7 

4 

2 

46 

41 

24 

5 

46 

64 

9 

4 

2 

47 

43 

37 

5 

44 

64 

10 

4 

2 

48 

47 

39 

5 

46 

65 

11 

4 

2 

49 

48 

43 

5 

62 

66 

11 

4 

2 

50 

SO 

42 

S 

72 

£6 

10 

4 

2 

51 

2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 
$611,104 

7 
6 
6 
5 
S 
6 
6 
6 
6 
7 
6 
6 
$60,925 

13 

12 
12 
13 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
11 
11 
$2,122,342 

4 
4 
4 
4 
S 
5 
5 
5 
6 
6 
6 
6 
r260,461 

19 

19 
19 
19 
20 
20 
30 
29 
29 
28 
28 
28 
$143,476 

16 
18 
19 
20 
18 
18 
17 
24 
25 
22 
22 
21 
$324,973 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

$26i,'759' 

$%,'735" 

64 

$480 

$.18,696 

$16,037 

$285,994 

$21,193 

S7..151 

$6,918 

65 

$7,996 

S3S,4S0 

i.8,'369' 

$5,213 

$48,565 

$7, 119 

$2,048 

$9,417 

66 

$156,783 

$454,247 

$88,366 

$39,67S 

$1,666,959 

$230,238 

$133,877 

$308,638 

67 

$36,500 
$861,763 

$62,681 
$1,851,940 

$120,824 
$8,461,342 

$1,911 

$98<,  814 

68 

iisi.'sM' 

$53.5.'926' 

$479.'469' 

$53i.'566' 

69 

$789,450 

$1,536,167 

$310,015 

$501,835 

$7,488,004 

$881,743 

$421,251 

$495,9.34 

70 

$32,814 

$38,614 

S6. 107 

84. 852 

$62. 192 

$14. 198 

$12,296 

$11.3.55 

71 

$1,210 
54,020 

S.-i60 
$4.. 125 

$11,647 
$3,019 

$14,706 
$12,985 

$1,415 
$2,210 

$160 
$1,258 

$2,200 
$1,240 

72 

$4,985 

73 

$260,725 

$57,. 584 

$11.0.50 

$864,. 577 

$84,726 

$37,713 

$15,514 

74 

$75 

$11,204 

$2,729 

$3,517 

$18,878 

$4,522 

»6,73X 

S5.323 

7S 

254 


.AIAXUFACTURES. 

Table  17.— MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  PIANOS- 


i«. 

United  States.     I 

California 

Connecticut. 

Illinois. 

76 
77 

Value  of  products,  including  amount  received  for  custom  work  and  repairing  . . 
Power: 

t4«,922,471 

176  1 
19,280 

154 

15,906 

11 
210 

8 
'             279 

3 
21 

140 
1,813 

106 
764 

281 
70 

144,146 

2 
13 

S2, 684, 973 

8 
1,043 

11 
845 

$11,332,507 

32 
fi,7b4 

28 
4,590 

78 

7<1 

Owned — 

Engines- 
Steam— 

Viimher 

80 

81 

Gas  and  gasolini^- 
Niimher 

82 

Horsepower 

f» 

Water  wheels— 

Vitmher 

2 
50 

1 
75 

84 

8.'< 

Water  motors — 

Number 

86 

Horsepower 

87 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

11 
100 

8 

48 

48 
G94 

24 

287 

118 
10 

88 

8<l 

Rented- 

Electric  motors- 

2 
13 

qn 

91 

Other  kind,  horsepower 

92 

Fiimishprf  tn  other  pstflblishmpnts,  hnr-jepowpr 

MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATEPJALS. 

DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905— Cnlimud. 


255 


Indiana. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio.            1      Pennsylvania. 

Ali  other  states. 

J2, 216, 804 

6 
2,332 

11 
2,135 

1 
87 

55,312,244 

17 
1,825 

15 
1,470 

SI,  016, 824 

6 
617 

S 
515 

$1,188,051 
1,308 

6 
985 

$17,954,219 

64 
3,871 

SO 
3,335 

6 
68 

3 

105 

$905,097 

13 

968 

8 
810 

1 
25 

$1,303,029 

14 
509 

11 
420 

2 
28 

1 
15 

$1,904,577 

10 
1,130 

9 
801 

1 
8 

76 

77 
78 

79 
80 

81 

S? 

1 
34 

SI 

84 

2 
13 

36 
275 

6 
23 

10 

1 
8 

19 
293 

4 
12 
8 

Ki 

86 

5 
100 

18 
321 

1 
2 

1 
3 

29 
225 
135 

40 

2 
27 

5 
19 

87 

ffl 

2 
2 

25 
133 

Rft 

90 

10 

91 

20 

9? 



256  MANUFACTURES. 

Table  18.— MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ORGANS— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


clerks, 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  offlcials.  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  nimiher 

Total  salaries 

OllictTS  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General    superintendents,    managers, 
etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women- 
Number 

Sala  ries 

Wage-earners,  including  pipceworkers,  and  total  wages; 
Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during 

the  year 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the 

year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  10  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

Average  numl>er 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  piecework- 
ers, employed  during  each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over — 

January 

Februa  ry 

March 

April 

May : 

June 

July » 

August 

September 

Octolwr 

November 

Decemlwr 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

S<:ptembcr 

Octol)er 

N  ovcmbor 

D('CenilM?r 

Children  imder  10  years — 

January , 

Kebruary 

March , 

April , 

May 

June 

July 

Augu.it , 

Septemljer , 

Octotjcr , 

November 

r>eceml>er 

Mlsei'Uuneou.i  cxp<"nsc8,  total 

Hrnt  of  works 

Tn  les 

Rent  of  oflleen.  Interest,  Insurance,  and  all  other 

nundry  expenses  not  hitherto  included 

f'finlrnci  work 

Mat'TiulH  nw-d,  total  cost 

Principal  inateriuls 

Fuel 

Kent  fif  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Freight 


United 
States. 


94 

$7,203,878 
S293, 428 
S758. 104 
$663.  S52 

C5, 4SS,  494 
87 

323 
$372,362 

51 
$119,996 


272 
$252,366 

206 
$218,  .138 

66 
$33,828 


4,111 

3,112 

3,623 

$2,034,559 

3,503 
$1,993,647 

108 
$38,998 

12 
$1,914 


3,532 
3,524 
3,472 
3,505 
3,452 
3,412 
3,439 
3,. 507 
3,517 
3,535 
3,569 
3,672 

103 
108 
110 
106 
104 
107 
104 
110 
112 
113 
113 
106 

9 
9 
12 
12 
12 
12 
14 
14 
12 
13 
12 
13 
$818,276 
$54,524 
$20,815 

$724,899 

$18,038 

^2,068,638 

51,544,558 

$6(1,784 

$9,970 

$in,9H7 

$4115.497 

$30,832 


Connect- 
icut. 


3 

$157,292 
$15,500 
$28,700 
$1S, 156 
$94,936 
4 

14 

$13,801 

2 
$3,600 


12 
$10,201 

7 
$6,586 

5 
$3,615 


115 

94 

106 

$67,067 

100 
$64,753 

5 
$2, 106 

1 

$208 


100 
99 

101 
103 
106 
106 
107 
99 
98 
95 
94 
92 

6 
4 
4 
4 
5 
S 
5 
6 
5 
5 


1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

$28,597 

$1,640 

$534 

$26,423 


$54,945 

$.13,S1I9 

$1.7.19 

»600 

$228 

$16,379 

$2,100 


Illinois. 


13 

$1,026,052 

$44,250 

S134.434 

SilS,  799 

$748,569 


53 

$69,512 

15 
$31,900 

38 
S37, 612 

27 
$30,928 

11 
$6,684 


570 

474 

508 

$314,230 

499 
$311,714 

6 
$2,016 

3 

$500 


511 

622 
486 
484 
485 
492 
496 
497 
497 
503 
508 
607 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
0 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 


1 
1 
2 
2 
3 
3 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
$6,5,515 
$4,(X)7 
$2,787 

$67,258 

tl,4IV3 

$,flW,115 

$281 ,  103 

$12,4,56 

$4,435 

$1,761 

$65,561 

$2,799 


Indiana. 


4 
$97,311 
$16,500 
$26,500 
$21,668 
532, 643 


S 

$5,300 

1 

$2,600 


4 

$2,700 


3 

$2,400 


1 
$300 


66 

29 

41 

$15,132 

41 
$15, 132 


Massa- 
chusetts. 


$7,274 

$72 
$266 

$3,:B6 

$.'1,61)0 

$21,797 

$19,024 

$1,676 

$.'J0 

$45 

$4.'i0 

$553 


10 
$823, 737 
S18, 700 
$53,233 
879, 823 
$671,981 
6 

42 
$56,223 

9 
$22,460 


33 
$33,763 


$26,944 

11 
$6, 819 


C83 

484 

552 

$365, 194 

529 
$356,768 

21 
$8, 114 

2 
$312 


582 
507 
500 
495 
461 
415 
508 
564 
583 
579 
679 
676 

20 
21 
20 
20 
21 
20 
22 
21 
22 
22 
22 
21 

2 
2 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
2 
1 
2 
$130,153 
$22,260 
$3,172 

$104,215 

$.'i(X> 

$21.S,723 

$169,916 

$8,614 

$516 

$1 ,045 

$;iK,:i27 
»:i05 


Michigan. 


$1,025,429 

$14,519 

$79, 242 

$94. 463 

$837,205 

4 

51 
$57,051 

5 
$16,400 


46 
$41,651 

43 
$40,599 

3 
$1,052 


279 

462 

$229, 659 

435 
$220,531 

27 
$9, 128 


386 
446 
457 
4.58 
448 
471 
434 
428 
4.'i0 
4.33 
429 
400 

21 
27 
30 
27 
23 
28 
27 
29 
29 
30 
29 
24 


New 
York. 


Ohio. 


14 

$178,788 

518.600 

528.400 

$27,230 

$104, 558 

17 

7 
$8,730 


7 
$8,730 

7 
$8,730 


137 


102 
$71,437 

100 
$70,937 

2 
$500 


114 

100 
95 
99 
94 
93 
101 
106 
108 
100 
94 
96 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 


7 

5317,232 

514,800 

S36, 351 

$17,255 

$248,826 

6 

19 
$17,360 

4 
$3,744 


15 
$13, 616 

9 

$10,786 


$2,830 


179 

205 

$108,975 

188 
$103, 663 

17 
$0,312 


201 
202 
203 
203 
202 
186 
182 
189 
152 
156 
188 
192 

18 
18 
18 
17 
16 
15 
15 
16 
17 
18 
18 
IS 


$200,102 
$4,71X) 
$5,576 

$189,820 


$310. 4.55 

$211,431 

$7,798 


$180 
$79,244 
$11,802 


$20,974 

$6,2:13 

$734 

$13.7.87 

$221) 

$tB,MS 

$■19,954 

$1,179 

$1,224 

S:i34 

$9,697 

$l.4:in 


$23,062 
$7a) 
$626 

$20,1.86 

$l,.''i()0 

$104,070 

$:I9.I6S 

$1,420 

$4.S0 

$:16» 

$61,119 

$1,514 


Pennsyl-    All  other 
vania.       states.' 


11 

57&S.fll2 
55(1,  .00 
S.8S,  606 
537,882 

5611,424 
9 

27 

$27, 178 

5 
$12,967 


22 

$14,211 

17 
$12, 168 

5 
$2,043 


343 

262 

305 

$157, 423 

300 
$156, 663 

2 
$378 

3 

$382 


313 

308 
314 
319 
314 
303 
277 
279 
285 
291 
296 
301 


2 
2 

2 

2 
3 
3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

3 

3 

S 

3 

$37,585 

$1,,522 

$1,264 

$29,924 

$4,.S75 

$166,2,S8 

$135,6,'-,2 

$5,875 


29 

$2,790,025 
$100,459 
$282,638 
526S,  .576 

$2,138,352 
32 

105 
$117,207 

10 
$27,325 


95 

$89,882 

71 

$79,397 

24 
tlO,48S 

1,457 

1,223 

1,342 

$705, 442 

1,311 
$693, 486 

28 
$11,444 


$l,49li 

$22,  an 
$1,2:11 


3 

$512 


1,272 
1,291 
1,271 
1,301 
1,299 
1,303 
1,294 
l.;!04 
1,327 
1,347 
1,349 
1,374 

2S 

28 
28 
28 
29 
29 
25 
28 
29 
28 
28 
28 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
$105,014 
$13,334 
$5,856 

$279,944 
$5,880 

$760,427 

$1)04,411 

$26,028 

$2,665 

$5,539 

$112,686 
$9,098 


•  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Cnllfomla,  4;  Delaware,  1;  Iowa,  1,  Kansas,  2;  Kentucky,  3;  Maine,  1;  Maryland,  4;  Minnesota,  2;  MlS8auil,2; 
Now  Jersey,  3;  Uhode  island,  l;  Veriiiout,  2;  Virginia,  1;  Wisconsin,  2. 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATERIALS. 

Table  18.— MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ORGANS— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905— Continued. 


257 


United 
States. 

Connect- 
icut. 

lUinois. 

Indiana. 

Massa 
chusetts. 

Michigan. 

New 
York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsyl- 
vania. 

All  other 
states. 

Valu(!  of  products,  including  amount  received  forcus- 

$6,041,844 

73 
4,454 

40 
3,145 

IS 
266 

3 
235 

2 

11 

44 

369 
6 

35 
200 
222 

12 

$190,040 

3 

100 

1 
60 

1 
12 

$992,612 

12 
998 

6 
335 

1 
10 

1 
200 

$53,191 

3 
114 

3 
110 

$800,991 

10 
403 

5 

295 

2 
20 

2 
35 

1 
1 

15 
37 

$824,777 

3 

518 

5 

600 

$208,338 

7 
94 

$300,270 

6 
154 

2 

eo 

4 

77 

$453,513 

7 
399 

5 
365 

2 
20 

$2,212,112 

Fowit: 

Number  of  nstablisbnients  reporting 

22 

Total  horsepower 

1,674 

Owned— 
Engines— 
Steam- 

14 

1,430 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

3 
38 

5 

89 

Wat  IT  wheels- 

Water  motors- 

1 

10 

1 

4 

Electric  motors- 
Number          .                  

a 

202 
6 

12 
83 
162 

9 
18 

Ifi 

108 

Eented— 

Electric  motors- 

6 
13 
25 

1 
4 

5 
36 
20 

2 
17 

9 

47 

15 
12 

Furnished  to  other  establishments,  horsepower 

258 


MAXUFACTURES. 


Table  19.— MFSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  PIANO  AND  ORGAN  MATERIALS— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:   1905. 


United  States. 

Connecti- 
cut. 

Illinois. 

Massachu- 
setts. 

Michigan. 

New  Jer- 
sey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

All  other 
states.' 

101 

$11,628,897 
$1,159,848 
$1,858,768 
SI. 766, 829 
$6,843,452 
79 

331 

5508. 8S3 

SO 
$215,521 

251 
$293,362 

224 
$279,060 

27 
$14,302 

9,368 

7,280 

8.456 

$4,322,268 

7,566 
$4,075,807 

656 
$197,925 

234 
$48,536 

7,572 
7,743 
7,598 
7,516 
7,379 
7,271 
7.282 
7,402 
7,548 
7,772 
7,792 
7,917 

705 
662 
647 
625 
612 
600 
650 
651 
611 
681 
711 
717 

226 
236 
234 
237 
239 
222 
>23 
228 
241 
230 
251 
241 
$787,475 
$79,623 
$58,200 

$620,999 

$28,653 

$6,330,219 

$5,li0l,467 

$949,0.13 

$4,M2.414 

$142.(1.10 

$:W,  276 

i\:,.WA 

$464, rai 

$68,091 

6 

$2,019,779 

$83,900 

$193, 147 

$196,656 

$1,546,076 

2 

44 
$104,303 

12 
$59,300 

32 
$45,003 

28 
$42,283 

$2,720 

1,452 

1,062 

1,308 

$621,003 

1,152 
$575,366 

151 
$44,188 

5 
$1,449 

1,237 
1,171 
1,112 
1.088 
1,061 
1,077 
1,155 
1,184 
1,1S2 
1,184 
1,193 
1,180 

166 
140 
133 
131 
129 
122 
176 
173 
126 
174 
172 
170 

4 

1 

6 
5 
6 
6 
6 
6 
5 
$1SD,363 

7 

$536,456 

$59,335 

$58,301 

$120,936 

$297,884 

2 

41 
$55,094 

8 
$11,636 

33 

$43,458 

31 
$41,980 

2 
$1,478 

829 

662 

732 

$338,021 

594 
$300,789 

138 
$37,232 

24 

$1,733,215 
$120,050 
S2S0.510 
$236. 647 

$1,096,008 
24 

40 
$64,301 

14 
$33,360 

26 
$30,941 

22 
$29,047 

4 
$1,894 

1,571 

1,374 

1.4(i3 

$748,501 

1,198 
$668, 782 

224 
$71,920 

41 
$7,799 

1.108 
1,1S7 
1,199 
1.211 
1, 194 
1.1. W 
1.162 
1,192 
1.194 
l,2:i2 
1.216 
1,232 

238 
228 
221 
224 
212 
214 
210 
219 
216 
23:1 
237 
23(i 

37 
39 
41 

m 

44 
43 

41 

40 

41 

3,5 

45 

46 

$138,429 

$11,165 

$10,272 

$110,992 

3 

$147,846 

$7, 191 

$57,000 

$32,036 

$51,619 

5 

2 

$3,600 

6 
$153,897 
So.  .500 
$31,302 
$43,705 
$73,390 
2 

12 
$12,115 

6 
$5,730 

6 
$6,385 

5 
$6,350 

1 
$35 

349 

251 

289 

$104,798 

252 
$90,754 

15 
$5,835 

22 
,     $8,209 

290 
285 
262 
244 
247 
240 
222 
231 
239 
238 
251 
275 

15 
15 
15 
14 
15 
15 
14 
15 
15 
15 
16 
16 

27 
27 
25 
24 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
19 
21 
21 
$21.2:i(l 
$5..'itW 
$594 

$15,068 

42 

$5,339,886 

S794,689 

$1,033,046 

$835,622 

$2,676,529 

37 

148 

$216,846 

30 
$86,315 

118 
$130,531 

105 
$123,297 

13 

$7,234 

3,303 

2,666 

3,046 

$1,664,577 

2.759 
$1,596,613 

121 
$36,885 

166 
$31,079 

2,771 
2,775 
2,705 
2,729 
2,704 
2.672 
2.689 
2,684 
2,750 
2,840 
2.848 
2,941 

120 
120 
122 
114 
115 
123 
125 
116 
121 
123 
126 
127 

158 
166 
164 
167 
169 
1.53 
157 
163 
175 
171 
ISO 
U>9 
$267,241 
$44.  (KK 
$24,8,".(1 

$181,001 

$17.:i76 

$2,425,  i:t5 

$2. 1.W.794 

$2:18.571 

$1,92(1,223 

$38,648 

$22,810 

$7,542 

$182.. v.i:- 

$14. 749 

5 

$1,407,418 

$75,923 

$155,000 

$243,262 

$933,233 

2 

31 

$38,264 

5 
$11,900 

26 
$26,364 

24 
$25,523 

2 

$841 

1,336 

888 

1.160 

$622,550 

1,154 
$621,387 

6 
$1,163 

g 

$290,400 

Land                                  

$13,260 

$50,462 

$57,965 

Cash  and  sundries .                   

$168,713 

5 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Toffll  Tiiimbpr 

13 

$14,360 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Viimher 

5 

$7,280 

General    superintendents,   managers,   clerks, 
etc.— 

2 
$3,600 

2 

$3,600 

8 

Total  salaries 

$7,080 

Men— 

ViiTTihpr 

7 

Salaries 

$6,980 

Women — 

1 

Salaries  ...   . 

$100 

Greatest  number  emploj-ed  at  any  one  time  during 

129 

98 

120 

$54,910 

120 
$54,910 

399 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  dining 

279 

Averflgp  number              

338 

Total  wages .  . 

$167,908 

Men  16  years  and  over— 

Avprflgp  nnmhpr 

337 

$167,206 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
Avprflgp  niimher 

1 

$702 

Children  under  16  years — 
Avprfl^^e  niiTTihpr 

Average   numl^r  of  wage-earners,    including  piece- 
workers, employed  during  each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over- 

634 
619 
626 
597 
.i71 
559 
561 
560 
585 
605 
605 
606 

165 
158 
155 
141 
135 
120 
119 
120 
125 
125 
143 
150 

126 
126 
126 
127 
127 
129 
126 
126 
114 
114 
100 
99 

941 

1,211 
1,195 
1,175 
1,142 
1,117 
1,057 
1,104 
1,148 
1,226 
1.258 
1,274 

375 

369 

March 

373 

345 

May 

333 

June 

318 

July 

310 

August 

321 

336 

October 

333 

November 

321 

310 

Women  16  years  and  over- 

1 

February  

1 

March 

1 

April 

1 

May 

5 
5 
5 

7 
7 
10 
10 
17 

1 

1 

July 

1 

August 

1 

1 

Octolx-r 

1 

1 

J 

Children  under  16  years— 

January 

March 

April 

May ":::;::::::::::::::: 

July 



August 

BepU'mljor 

T)<«emlM'r 

lilfleeilaneouH  fxp«^nfles,  total 

$37,686 
$2,960 
$2,5.58 

$31,992 

$167 

$526,457 

$400,077 

$9,683 

$1,020 

$610 

$8,053 

$112,096 
$13, 1.53 
$8,329 

$00,614 

"'irM.iah' 

$4.S5,0(» 

$41,747 

$1,740 
$2,612 

$32,030 

$8,369 

$145,249 

$5,745 

$1,370,263 

$1,226,  .385 

$710,482 

$515,903 

$36,383 

Kent  ot  ofTlw^s,  Interest,  Insurance,  and  all  other 
sundry  oxp<'nHcs  not  hitherto  Included 

Con  tract  work 

$5,365 

$1,043,2S3 
$951,002 

$.58, 665 
$50,419 

$121,346 
$106,976 

$252, 736 

Frinr-ipal  inat^-rlals,  total  cost 

$222,745 

I'urcha.Hed  In  raw  state 

I'urchaaiid  In  partially  manufactured  form 

Fuel 

$400,077 

$15,803 

$I.2.W 

$1,044 

$105,820 
$2,463 

$95I,CK)2 

$1S.(KI0 

»3. 19(1 

»2.2.W 

tw.  :i2i 

$8,512 

$50. 419 
$3,565 

$106,976 
$10,106 

$:m 

$663 

$3,111 

$100 

$4,S5,069 

$17.6:19 

$8,920 
$1,040 
$13,667 
$6,000 

$222,746 
$1,8.S6 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

$1.£06 
ri44 

Mill  supplies 

$2,092 
$89,433 
$16,970 

«4NI 

$l'i(KI 
$3,600 

All  other  mat<;rlalB 

$9  147 

Freight 

$16,607 

ilnoludea  utabllahmcnta  diatrlbulcd  as  follow*:  California,  2;  Indiana,  2;  New  Uampshirc,  2;  I'ennsylvanla,  1;  Vermont,  1. 


MITSTCAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  IMATERIALS. 


259 


Table   19.— MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  PIANO  AND  ORGAN  MATERIALS-DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES: 

1905 — Continued. 


United  States. 

Connecti- 
cut. 

Illinois. 

Massachu- 
setts. 

Michigan. 

New  Jer- 
sey. 

Now  York. 

Ohio. 

All  other 

states. 

Value  of  products,  ineliiding  amount  received  forcus- 

$13,128,315 

80 
9,553 

69 
6,649 

S 
259 

11 

288 

2 
33 

48 
971 

69 
968 
385 
113 

$2,397,82? 

6 
1,441 

16 
1,028 

$998,239 

0 
1,443 

5 
720 

82,105,393 

21 
1,500 

11 
1,276 

1 
10 

2 

47 

1 
10 

6 
35 

2 

6 

116 

70 

$142,626 

3 
293 

3 

285 

$288,959 

6 
413 

7 
405 

$5,220,947 

34 
2,637 

21 

2,065 

3 
34 

2 
41 

$1,412,839 

4 
1,171 

2 
375 

3 
210 

$495,490 

Powor: 

6 

655 

Owned^ 
Engines- 
Steam— 

4 

495 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

1 

S 

WntiT  wheels— 

5 
130 

1 
23 

15 

260 

1 

40 

1 



30 

■Water  motors— 

]  lorsopower 

Electric  motors— 

20 
500 

8 

168 

25 

10 

2 
30 

17 
239 
228 

31 

4 
140 

31 

446 

1 

6 

Rented— 

Electric  motors — 

11 

119 

8 

8 
2 

Furnished  to  other  establishments,  horsepower 

260 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  20.— MUSIQ-^L  INSTRTUrEXTS  AND  MATERIALS, 


United  States. 

Calilomia. 

Connecticut. 

lUinois. 

Indiana. 

1 

181 

$3,743.4(.9 

§97,402 

S31S. 408 

S693. 193 

S2, 634, 466 

190 

225 
$251,766 

43 
S73,S07 

182 
§177,959 

128 
$156, 167 

54 
$21,792 

2, 593 

1,584 

2,139 

$1,162,068 

1,890 
§1,089,944 

191 
$60,612 

58 
ill,  512 

1,937 
1,946 
1,933 
1,680 
1,783 
1,792 
1,800 
1,816 
1,958 
1.971 
2,023 
2,035 

184 
1S5 
186 
186 
186 
189 
188 
18S 
1SI6 
199 
204 
201 

51 
00 
61 
56 
65 
55 
54 
56 
63 
61 
63 
01 

$426,823 
$74,903 
$12,554 

$338,324 

$1,042 

$1,129,939 

$795,116 

$8,  4115 

$786,711 

$22,801 

$18,907 

$S.ni9 

$275.  .109 

?9. 7S7 

3 

S9.010 
$3,000 
S1,5(.W 
S470 
$4,040 
4 

3 

$4,700 

S50 

$250 

$1,500 

$2,900 

3 

1 
$1,000 

28 
$640,549 
$16,250 
$43,700 
S129,969 
$450, 030 
27 

41 
$51,499 

11 
$18,529 

30 
$32,970 

28 
$31,930 

2 
$1,040 

590 

171 

491 

$301,604 

472 
$297,404 

4 

$1,314 

15 

$2,886 

487 
494 
SOS 

26;i 

420 
4,S9 
480 
443 
516 
4S9 
525 
650 

4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

17 

17 

U 

14 

15 

15 

13 

13 

10 

14 

15 

12 

$.'50,634 

$20,289 

$2,874 

$33,3.50 

$115 

$206,'.i.|S 

$l.s.',,(;,v.s 

S2.0(H1 

$1,'«.  (WS 

$0,0119 

$2, 929 

$K.->7 

$9, 276 

$2,129 

5 

$445, 374 
$13,800 
$44,550 
$58,609 

$328,415 
3 

39 

$42,790 

3 

$1,248 

36 
$41,542 

14 
$33,050 

22 
$8,492 

328 

290 

283 

$125,047 

252 
$115,710 

31 
$9,337 

? 

ft 

Land  

4 

A 

t> 

Cash  and  "sundries .- 

7 

Proprietors  and  firm  members... 

8 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

ft 

Total  salaries     

in 

Officers  of  corporations— 

Xumber 

n 

1? 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Totiil  niiTTiher 

1 

$1,000 

1 

$1,000 

13 

14 

Men- 

Iji 

Salaries 

If) 

Women- 

17 

Salaries 

18 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Grea.test  number  employed  at  anr  one  time  during  the  vear 

5 
4 

5 
$2,850 

5 
$2,850 

3 

2 

2 

$1,390 

2 
$1,390 

iq 

?n 

?i 

Total  wages      

r;! 

Men  16  years  and  over- 
Average  nmnber 

?,■? 

7A 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

?n 

?fi 

Children  under  16  years — 

Average  number 

W 

Wages 

?S 

Average  niunber  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over — 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
S 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
6 

220 
225 
225 
235 
247 
251 
258 
261 
279 
271 
275 
277 

27 
28 
30 
28 
29 
31 
SI 
29 
33 
34 
30 
36 

?q 

sn 

March 

31 

3? 

Mav 

33 

34 

Jiilv i.    ... 

35 

3fi 

37 

38 

3fl 

December 

40 

Women  16  years  and  over- 

41 

4? 

March 

43 

44 

Mav 

1 

45 

4A 

Juiv 

47 

48 

September 

49 

October 

50 

51 

I)ir*-inber 

5? 

Cbildn'ii  under  10  years — 

January " 

53 

February 

54 

March 

55 

April 

5A 

May 



57 

Juno 

58 

JlllV 

50 

A  ngiist 



m 

SepU'ni  ber 

M 

Octolw;  r 

6? 

R3 

Dwember 

R4 

$689 
$354 

$77 
$258 

S260 
$146 

$ll.i 

$85, 795 

$420 

$2, 170 

$83,110 

$95 

$87,  050 

$OS,922 

8040 

$68,282 

$3, 7S7 

SI. 80 

$1,923 

$12,8:i0 

$14 

R5 

M) 

67 

Rent  of  nfflccs,  interest,  Insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto 

Incliidorl. 
Contract  work 

m 

$2, 170 
$1,499 

SI.  825 
$1,764 

70 

71 

7? 

$1,499 

$1,704 
$21 
$40 

73 

Fuel 

74 

75 

Mill  Huppllea 

70 

All  fithf-r  materials 

$621 
.?.'.0 

n 

Freight 

I  Includes  eBtabllahments  diiitributod  aa  follows:  Colorado,  2;  Georgia,  1;  Iowa,  2;  Kcntiiikj^  1;  Louisiiina,  1;  Nebraska,  ij  Oregon,  1. 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATERIALS. 

NOT  SPECIFIED-DETAILED  SUirMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


261 


Marj'land 


3 

$9,375 


$2,0,10 

$7,325 

4 


Massachu- 
setts. 


Michigan. 


Minnesota.  '  Missouri. 


$1,320 

2 
$1,320 


$S60 
$450 


S410 


$030 

S019 

SI 

Sr.lS 

S.il 

S7."i 

So 

$1.5,5 

$25 


22 

$143,280 

S',128 

$3,07.5 

$40,712 

$9S,,5li5 

21 

7 
$9,690 

a 

$8,500 

2 
$1, 19b 


$1, 19ii 

157 

120 

13fi 

$77,512 

120 
$72,711 

15 
$4,593 

1 
S20S 


129 
129 
124 
115 
112 
112 
113 
114 
113 
122 
IM 
127 

17 
17 
15 
14 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
16 
18 
18 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

$21,843 

$8, 438 

$486 

$12,592 

$327 

S93.276 

$78. 481 

S2,97B 

$75,505 

$2,320 

$1,375 

$277 

$10,607 

$156 


7 

$77, 794 

$3, 100 

$6,  435 

$12,224 

$56,035 

9 

14 

$10,432 


$2,400  I. 

12 
$8,032 

7 
$0,294 


$1,738 

1.35 

71) 

109 

$49,075 

105 
$47,975 

4 

$1,100 


106 
102 
106 
102 
104 
95 
83 
89 
102 
127 
123 
121 

4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 


$11,459 

$1,768 

$759 

$8,932 


$35,097 
$26,244 

'$20,244' 

$920 

$1,2.57 

S.526 

S4,90S 

$1,182 


4 

$5,100 


$1,7.50 

$3,350 

4 

1 
$250 


1 
$250 


1 
$250 


1 

4 

$2,300 

4 

$2,300 


$733 
$417 
$16 
$300 


$881 
$545 

'$54.5' 

815 

$106 


5 
$23,  .334 
$3,875 
$8,  .575 
$3,584 
$7,300 
3 

2 

$1,050 


$1,050 

1 
$900 

1 
$150 

27 
24 

25 
$14,338 


$14, 338 


$3,908 

$1, 104 

$9S 

$2,706 


New  Jersey. 


$215 


$13,082 
$11,950 

iii.'oso' 

$349 
S60 
$110 
$524 
$S9 


$892, 134 
$29, 234 
$144,819 
$148,459 
$569,622 


55 
$62,330 

6 
$13,000 

49 

$49,330 

39 
$45,246 

10 
$4,084 

623 

382 

465 

$251,385 

327 
$211,827 

109 
$34. 168 

29 
$5,390 


378 
375 
341 
355 
297 
241 
278 
313 
335 
341 
343 
327 

109 
108 
109 
110 
109 
110 
108 
109 
110 
109 
110 
107 

20 
27 
28 
29 
29 
28 
27 
29 
32 
32 
33 
34 

$89,618 
$1,056 
$3,884 

$84,678 


New  York. 


$317.  &52 

$119,  481 
?50 

$119.  431 
S4..S.5.S 
.S2.  720 
S2.340 

$180.5.53 
$1,900 


56 

$1,224,.5:« 

$13,065 

825,800 

$231,997 

$953,676 

62 

49 
$60,559 

13 
$25,230 

36 
$35,329 

30 
$32,637 

6 
$2,692 

345 

380 

468 

$250,908 

432 

$238,636 

26 
$9,736 

10 
$2,536 


434 
438 
445 
435 
425 
426 
409 
417 
4.32 
435 
443 
445 

21 
22 
22 
24 
25 
25 
26 
27 
30 
30 
30 
30 

10 
10 
10 
10 


10 
10 
11 
11 
11 
11 
$109,133 

$29. 487 
81,243 

$77,898 

8505 
$303,115 
$241,698 

$2.  ass 

$239,310 
$2. 221 
$8,706 
81.643 
$45,012 
$2,935 


Ohio. 


7 
$44,861 


$16,248 

$28,538 

4 

4 
$3,911 

2 
$2, 400 


$1,511 

1 
$1,140 

1 
8371 

21 

16 

19 

$10,659 

17 
$10,295 


$364 


Pennsylva- 
nia. 


$11,059 

S2. 177 

8103 

$8,779 


$12,818 

$9,360 

$.300 

$9,066 

8390 

$2,80 

$.54 

$1,500 

$1,228 


Washington 


16 

$180,783 

$8,500 

$23,200 

$.35,031 

$114,0.52 

23 

10 
$7,009 

ll 
$2,500  ' 

9  i 
$5,109 

5 
$3,600 

4 
81,509 

131 

107 

120 
$65,206 

117 
$64,714 


3 

$492 


117 
117 
117 
117 
117 
117 
117 
117 
117 
118 
116 
117 


3 

5 
3 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

$29,045 

86.325 

$398 

$22,322 


843, 497 
$40,313 

'$46,'3i3' 

$1,651 

$990 

$2,81 
$183 
$79 


3 

$1,450 


$C00 

$8.50 

3 


Wisconsin. 


1 
1 

1 
$1,000 

1 

$1,000 


$577 

$424 

$23 

$130  I 


$383 
$225 

8.50 
$175 

$38 


3 

$5,430 

$500 

$270 

$3,100 

$1,560 

3 


AH  other 
states.' 


2 

2 

2 

$1,440 

2 
$1,440 


$755 
$340 
$55 

$360 


$1,276 
$700 


$700 
SIC 
$€0 


$120 


$500 


9 
$35,757 
$5,100 
$16, 159 
$6,890 
$7,608 
10 

2 
$640 


2 
$640 

1 
$120 

1 
$520 

8 

6 

7 

$6,028 

7 
$6,028 


$4,449 

$1,708 

$363 

$2,378 


$9,133 
$7,621 


$7,621 

$95 

$129 

$3 

$1,285 


8 
0 

10 
11 

12 
13 

11 

15 

16 
17 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 

24 
25 

26 
27 


28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 

40 
41 
42 
43 

44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 

52 
S3 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
S9 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 


262 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  20.— MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS  AND  MATERIALS,  NOT 


78 


81 


Value  of  products,  including  amount  received  for  custom  work  and  repairing 
Power: 

Number  of  establisliments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned — 
Engines- 
Steam— 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors- 
Number  

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented — 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Other  kind,  horsepower 


United  States. 


t3, 481,710 

92 
1,031 


24 
766 

15 
109 

S 
12S 

2 
28 

2 


61 
336 
262 


California. 


S8,14S 


Connecticut. 


$6,250 

2 
3 


lUinoif. 


1074,370 


18 
255 


1 

150 


Indiana. 


$351,832 


4 
125 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATERIALS. 

SPECIFIEB-DETAILIID  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905— Continued. 


263 


Maryland. 

Massachu- 
setts. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

Missouri. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylva- 
nia. 

Washington. 

Wisconsin. 

All  other 

states. 

$7,110 

1 
2 

$259,445 

10 
197 

2 
60 

$123,912 

4 

70 

1 
35 

$9,125 

2 
U 

$47,744 

7 

1 
5' 

$862,886 

5 
373 

8 
305 

$888,423 

27 
430 

78 

5 
34 

$30,049 

3 

75 

1 
35 

1 
20 



$173,215 

10 
61 

3 
33 

1 

10 

$4,247 

$6,200 

2 
2 

$28,757 

2 
20 

78 

79 

8ft 

m 

1 

R? 

1 
£ 

84 

4 

90 

1 
25 

1 
3 

87 
88 

89 

90 

'**■ 

2 

14 

109 
207 

1 
2 

9 

10 
31 

S 
35 

2 
11 

1 
2 

2 
43 

2 

17 

5 
16 
2 

2 

2 

1 
15 

92 

45254— MFG  1905— PT  4—08- 


-19 


264 


MANUFACTURES. 


PHONOGRAPHS  AND  GRAPHOPHONES. 


Statistics  concerning  the  manufacture  of  phono- 
graphs, graphophones,  and  supphes  were  presented  in 
1900  in  connection  with  the  special  report  on  elec- 
trical apparatus  and  supplies/  inasmuch  as  this  appa- 
ratus was  invented  and  largely  perfected  by  electri- 
cians, or  those  particidarly  interested  in  electricity. 
The  only  portion  of  the  instrument,  however,  that  is 
ever  electrical  in  operation  is  the  motor,  which  is 
sometimes  arranged  for  attachment  to  the  incandes- 
cent light  wire  or  has  a  storage  battery  attachment, 
the  ciu-rent  thus  obtained  furnishing  the  power. 

For  the  reason,  therefore,  that  this  class  of  instru- 
ments may  not  properly  be  considered  as  electrical 
ajjparatus  and  as  it  is  now  considerably  used  in  repro- 
ducing music  and  its  introduction  to  the  public  is 
largely  through  the  medium  of  music  dealers,  the 
statistics  are  presented  with  the  report  on  the  manu- 
facture of  musical  instruments  and  materials.  The 
figures  given  are  not  included  with  the  combined  sta- 
tistics on  musical  instrument  manufacture,  but  are 
presented  in  separate  form  and  include  not  only  the 
manufacture  of  the  finished  instrument  but  also 
phonograph  and  graphophone  supplies  and  disk  and 
cylinder  records,  when  the  same  were  manufactm-ed 
by  establishments  classified  under  this  head. 

Table  21  is  a  comparative  summary  of  statistics  for 
the  United  States,  showing  the  per  cent  of  increase 
during  the  five-year  period,  1900  and  1905. 

Table   21. — Phonographs    and    graphophones — comparative    sum- 
mary, with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Niiraber  of  establishmentB 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.,  number 

Salaries 

Wage-*!ampr8,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products , 


i»n.^ 


"  1 

(8,740,618 

537 

S666. 489  I 

3.397  I 

$1,683,903 

3,02.'; 

$1,504,625 

364 

$117,859 

8 

$1,419 

$1.0.'i3,762 

$4,161,136 

$10,237,075 


11 

$3,348,282 

144 

$179,145 

1,2(17 

$608, 490 

1.114 

$565,076 

146 

$42,914 

7 

$W0 

$215,401 

$827,. 529 

$2,246,274 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


27.3 
161.0 
272.  9 
272.0 
168. 1 
176.7 
171.5 
176.9 
149.3 
174.6 

14.3 
18.3.8 
667.8 
402.8 
355.7 


There  was  an  increase  of  but  3  establishments  in 
the  five  years  intervening  Ix'twcen  the  two  censuses, 
anfl,  as  these  3  estahlislunents  reported  a  very  small 
product,  the  large  iiicrea.se  in  production  has  occurred 
without  any  corresponding  increase  in  the  number 
of  establishments  reporting.  This  concentration  of 
manufacture,  in  a  few  large  companies  is  due  to  the 
possession  of  patents  which  enables  them  to  retain 
thr-  riglits  to  sole  j)rodiicti(in. 

Table  2\  shows  that  in  muu  tiie  cuiiiliil  invested 
was  49.1  per  cent  larger  than  the  value  of  [nodiicts 
reported,  wliilc  in  1905  the  value  of  products  was  con- 

'Twelflh  CenBUB,  ManufacturcB,  Part  IV,  page  181. 


siderably  larger,  being  17.1  per  cent  more  than  the 
capital.  This  results  naturally  from  the  fact  that  at 
the  last  census  the  industry  was  in  its  infancy,  and 
costly  experiments  were  constantly  being  made  which 
required  the  expenditure  of  large  sums  of  money  with, 
in  some  instances,  comparatively  little  return.  Ex- 
periments are  still  being  made  and  expensive  labora- 
tories are  maintained  in  the  principal  factories,  where 
new  materials  are  tested  and  other  improvements  are 
designed  and  worked  out  by  experts;  but  in  tho  main 
the  production  of  phonographs  and  graphophones  is 
past  the  experimental  stage  and  their  commercial 
position  is  assured.  Thus  at  the  census  of  1905  the 
productive  power  of  the  capital  invested  was  utilized 
much  more  completely  than  in  1900,  and  the  altera- 
tion in  the  relation  of  capital  to  products  at  the  two 
periods  resulted. 

The  item  of  miscellaneous  expense  is  apparently  a 
very  important  factor  in  the  cost  of  production  of 
phonographs  and  graphophones.  At  the  census  of 
1905  the  amount  expended  for  this  item  nearly  equaled 
the  expenditure  for  labor.  Tliis  is  due  to  the  cost  of 
extensive  advertising  and  the  large  amounts  expended 
to  secure  records  of  famous  bands  and  professional 
soloists,  items  which  are  included  in  the  total  of  mis- 
cellaneous expense. 

The  principal  centers  of  the  industry  are  Camden 
and  Orange,  N.  J.;  Bridgeport,  Conn.;  Toledo,  Oliio; 
and  New  York  city. 

Table  22  is  a  summary  of  products  of  establish- 
ments manufacturing  phonographs,  graphophones, 
disk  or  cylinder  records,  and  photiograph  and  grapho- 
phone supplies,  as  reported  at  the  censuses  of  1900 
and  1905,  showing  the  per  cent  each  item  is  of  the 
total  for  each  census  and  also  the  per  cent  of  increase 
during  the  five-year  period. 

Table  U-. — I'honoymplis  inul  gruiihopkones — products,  bij  kind  and 
value,  with  per  cent  of  total  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


1906 

1900 

Per 

KIND. 

Value. 

Per 
cent  of 
total. 

Value. 

Per 
cent  of 
total. 

cent  of 

in- 
crea.se. 

Total 

$10,237,075 

100.0 

$2,246,274 

100.0 

355.7 

PhonoKrai)hs    unci     grapho- 

2,906.343 
4,678,547 
2,692,186 

29.0 
45.7 
25.3 

1 

!  1,240,503 
639, 370 
466,401 

.5.5. 2 
24.0 
20.8 

139.1 

Dink  ami  ryliiHicr  records 

Ail  other  products 

767.  4 
455.8 

Tlic  Idtiil  Millie  nf  |)li(ini)graphs  and  graphojilioiies 
maiiiifnctured  in  1905  was  i)ut  29  ])cr  cent  of  the  total 
prodiiet    rei)i>rlc(l    for    the    indiislrv    lit    that    census, 

while   the    \iili f    disk  iind    cylinder   records  nianu- 

factiired  represented  15.7  jx'r  ceiil  of  t  h(>  saine  total. 
In  1900  th(^  pro])orti()ns  wen>  reversed,  the  viiliie 
of  finished  instruments  nuunifactured  amounting  to 
55.2  per  cent    "f  the  totiil,  iind   the  vnhi(>  re])orted  for 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ATTACHMENTS,  AND  MATERIALS. 


265 


disk  and  cylinder  records  to  Tmt  24  per  cent  of  the 
total.  Tliis  chancre  in  the  relative  importance  of  the 
two  branches  of  the  industry  was  not  due  to  any  fall- 
in<^  off  in  the  production  of  phonoijraphs  and  grapho- 
phones,  wliich  increased  largiily  during  the  live  years, 
but  to  the  far  greater  increase  in  the  production  of 
disk  and  cylinder  records.  As  the  machines  themselves 
become  more  widely  distributed,  the  manufacture  of 
disk  and  cylinder  records  is  sure  to  continue  to  increase 
at  the  same  extraordinary  rate.  Every  phonograph 
and  graphophone  sold  creates  a  demand  for  records 
that  results  in  sales  which  ordinarily  far  exceed  in 
value  the  initial  cost  of  the  machine  itself. 

The  value  reported  for  tliis  industry  includes  in 
some  instances  a  product  which  can  not  be  classed 
under  either  the  finished  instrument  or  disk  and  cylin- 
der records.  For  instance,  a  large  establishment  in 
Philadelpliia  reports  the  exclusive  manufacture  of 
talking  machine  supplies,  the  value  of  which  is  included 
in  Table  22  imder  the  head  of  "all  other  products," 
and  items  of  this  nature  are  probably  duplicated  to  a 
certain  extent  in  the  values  reported  for  phonographs 
and  graphophones  by  establishments  manufacturing 
the  finished  product.  In  these  latter  establishments, 
under  the  heading  materials  used,  there  is  reported  a 
large  expenditure  for  materials  such  as  horns,  cyUn- 
der  cases,  etc.,  which  are  reported  as  finished  products 
of  plants  producing  such  supplies,  and  thus  their 
values  are  included  twice  in  the  aggregate  for  the  in- 
dustry. It  is  impossible  to  measure  the  extent  of  tliis 
duplication,  but  its  presence  should  be  noted  when 
the  value  reported  for  the  industry  is  under  consider- 
ation. 

In  addition  to  phonograph  and  graphophone  sup- 
plies there  is  also  included  in  "all  other  products"  a 
number  of  miscellaneous  articles  not  related  to  the 
industry — for  instance,  billiard  balls  and  game  markers, 
composition  novelties,  electrical  specialties,  numbering 
machines,  etc. — reported  by  establishments  whose 
principal  product  is  phonographs,  graphophones, 
records,  and  supplies.  This  value,  however,  is  of 
little  consequence  in  comparison  with  the  grand  total. 

The  history  of  the  phonograph  and  graphophone  can 
be  found  in  the  special  report  on  electrical  apparatus 
and  supplies,'  and  therefore  minute  details  will  not 
be  given  in  this  report.     Briefly  stated,  the  princi- 

'Twelfth  Census,  Manufactures,  Part  IV,  page  181. 


pal  features  of  the  instrument  are  the  motor,  the  re- 
cording and  reproducing  mechanism,  and  the  record, 
which  is  Hat  or  cylindrical  according  to  the  type  of 
machine. 

Electricity  is  sometimes  used  as  motive  power, 
especially  for  ollice  dictation  instruments,  but  the 
large  majority  of  phonographs  and  graphophones 
manufactured  are  operated  by  clockwork  with  a  tan- 
dem spring  wind.  The  motor  is  arranged  to  turn  the 
mandrel  holding  the  record,  and  there  is  a  delicately 
adjusted  "governor"  arranged  to  regulate  the  speed, 
thus  retarding  or  accelerating  the  action  as  required. 

In  making  a  record  the  sound  waves  received  in  the 
horn  of  the  instniment  and  transmitted  through  the 
sound  passage,  agitate  the  sensitive  mica  or  glass 
diaphragm,  which  is  about  one  one-hundred  and  fif- 
tieth of  an  inch  in  thickness  and  from  an  inch  and 
one-fourth  to  2  inches  in  diameter.  A  small  cutting 
chisel  or  point  is  attached  to  the  diapliragm  for  the 
purpose  of  recording  these  vibrations  on  a  blank 
wax  record.  This  original  or  master  record  is  then 
electrotyped  for  permanent  use  and  duplicate  rec- 
ords are  made  from  an  exact  gold-plated  copper  mold 
negative. 

The  reproduction  of  sound  from  records  is  practically 
a  reversal  of  the  process  of  making.  The  reproducer 
point  for  use  on  cylinder  records  is  a  sapphire  ball,  and 
the  sound  markings  are  in  the  form  of  engravings  about 
one  one-thousandth  of  an  inch  in  depth;  whereas  in  a 
disk  machine  a  metal  reproduction  needle  is  used  and 
the  markings  are  dehcate  zigzag  lines  about  100  to  the 
inch.  The  stjdus,  resting  on  a  revolving  cylinder 
record,  is  moved  rapidly  up  and  down,  agitating  a 
horizontal  diaphragm,  while  the  needle  of  a  disk 
machine  is  moved  from  left  to  right  and  vice  versa, 
agitating  a  diaphragm  attached  to  the  needle  obliquely 
with  the  record.  This  vibration  produces  the  sound 
passage — sound  waves  which  are  practically  identical 
with  those  originally  communicated  to  the  master 
record.  The  size  and  construction  of  the  horn  are  im- 
portant to  successful  results,  inasmuch  as  it  prevents 
the  sound  waves  from  becoming  scattered.  In  com- 
mercial use,  in  teaching  languages,  and  in  all  instances 
where  there  is  but  one  listener,  tubes  are  used  in  place 
of  the  horn. 

Table  23  is  a  detailed  summary  for  this  industry  at 
the  census  of  1905. 


266  ■  MANUFACTURES. 

Table  23.— PHONOGRAPHS  AND  GRAPHOPHONES— DETAILED  STBIMARY,  BY  STATES: 


1905. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members , 

Salaried  oiEcials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Xumber , 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers, 
clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries , 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and 
total  wages: 
Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one 

time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed  at   any   one 

time  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years- 
Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including 
pieceworkers,  employed    during    each 
month: 
Men  16  years  and  over- 
January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

March 

April , 

May 

June 

July 


United 
States. 


14 

$8,740,618 

5260,000 

$563,779 

S1,361,S45 

J8, 555, 294 

6 

537 
S666, 4S9 

32 
$218,329 


505 
$448, 160 

427 
$411,216 

78 
$36,944 


4,189 

2,547 

3,397 

$1,683,903 

3,025 
$1,564,625 

364 

$117,859 


$1,419 


3,180 
3,354 
3,258 
3.151 

2,782 
2,617 
2,617 
2,746 
2,997 
3,208 
3,229 
3,161 

375 
441 
421 
365 
331 
302 
302 


New  Jer- 


$3,574,316 
SI30.000 
5345,264 
$755. 784 

$2,343,268 


283 
5318,924 

13 
$88,818 

270 
5230, 106 

231 
5212,308 

39 
$17,798 


2,204 

1,601 

1,967 

$959, 104 

1,710 
5876,185 

251 
$82,050 


1,754 
1,737 
1,618 
1,658 
1,626 
1,622 
1,654 
1,721 
1,782 
1,829 
1,824 
1,795 

263 
269 
244 
240 
240 
235 
238 


All  other 
states. 1 


10 

$5,166,302 

5130.000 

S21S.515 

5605,761 

$4,212,026 

6 

254 

$347,565 

19 
$129,511 


235 
$218,054 

196 
$198,908 

39 
$19,146 


946 

1,430 

$724,799 

1,315 
$688,440 

113 
$35,809 


2 
$550 


1,426 

1,617 
1,640 
1,493 
1,256 
995 
963 
1,025 
1,215 
1,379 
1,405 
1,366 

112 
172 
177 
125 
91 
67 
64 


United 
States. 


Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including 
pieceworkers,  employed  during   each 
month — Continued. 
Women  lb  years  and  over — Continued. 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Children  under  16  years — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

J  ime 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Taxes 

Rent  of  ofTices,  interest,  insurance,  and 
all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto 

included 

Contract  work 

Materials  used,  aggregate  cost ^  54,161,136 

Principal  materials,  total  cost I  $2,795,443 

"   ■    ■       ■  ■  $2,965 


$1,653,762 
$23,089 
$7,948 


$1,618,485 
54,240 


Purchased  in  raw  state 
Purchased    in    partially   manufac- 
tured form 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Freight 

Value  of  products,  including  amount  re- 
ceived for  customwork  and  repairing 510,237,075 

Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting. . . 

Total  horsepower 

Owned — 

Engines — 
Steam — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented — 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Other  kind.  hor.sepower 

Furnished    to    other    establishments 
horsepower 


52,792,478 
$29,520 
$22,341 
$61,433 

$1,142,379 
$110,020 


.  13 
2,812 


9 
1,905 

2 
9 

14 

290 

2 


10 


New  Jer- 
sey. 


244 
255 
258 
262 
264 


7 

7 

6 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

$1,302,425 

$8,892 

53,578 


$1,289,365 

5590 

52,370.202 

51,169.735 

52,965 

51,166,770 
516, 461 
516,411 
534,316 

$1,045,560 
$87,719 

$5,931,835 

4 
1,782 


7 
1,075 


8 
200 


6 
107 
400 


All  other 
states. 


64 

ss 

155 
150 
91 


2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

5351,337 

$14, 197 

$4,370 


5329,120 

53.650 

51,790.934 

$1,625,708 


51.625,708 
513,059 
$5,930 
527,117 
596,819 
$22,301 

$4,305,240 

9 
1,030 


2 

830 


6 

90 


6 
74 
25 


>  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Connecticut,  4;  Illinois,  1;  New  York,  2;  Ohio,  1;  Pennsylvania,  2. 


AUTOMOBILES 


(267} 


AUTOMOBILES. 


By  George  E.  Oller. 


In  five  years  the  manufacture  of  automobiles  in  the 
United  States  has  grown  from  an  industry  so  unim- 
portant that  it  was  not  reported  separately  at  the  cen- 
sus of  1900  to  one  with  prijducts  valued  at  $26,645,- 
064  at  the  census  of  1905,  which  covered  the  calendar 
year  1904.  This  remarkable  growth  is  not,  like  that 
of  the  bicycle,  based  on  a  fad,  and  so  liable  to  as  sud- 
den a  decline.  Unlike  the  bicycle,  the  automobile  is 
not  essentially  a  new  vehicle,  but  merely  a  carriage  or 
truck  with  a  new  means  of  propulsion,  possessing  many 
advantages  over  a  vehicle  drawn  by  horses.  As  a 
means  of  amusement  its  popularity  may  fluctuate  or 
decline,  but  its  practical  value  has  been  so  thoroughly 
demonstrated  that  its  use  will  doubtless  become  more 
general  each  succeeding  year,  until  it  is  displaced  by 
some  vehicle  as  much  its  superior  as  the  automobile  is 
the  superior  of  the  horse  and  wagon. 

In  this  report  the  industry  is  first  taken  up  statis- 
tically, and  most  of  this  statistical  discussion  has  to 
do  only  with  the  figures  for  establishments  manufac- 
turing automobiles  as  a  principal  product.  At  the  end 
of  tlus  presentation  there  are  briefly  taken  up,  in  the 
order  named,  automobiles  as  a  minor  product;  the 
closely  allied  industries,  "automobile  bodies  and  parts" 
and  "rubber  and  elastic  goods;"  and  exports  and  im- 
ports of  automobiles.  A  detailed  summary  of  the  in- 
dustry closes  the  report.  Under  the  historical  and 
descriptive  section  which  follows  the  statistical  dis- 
cussion the  development  of  the  modern  automobile, 
motors,  frame,  wheels,  and  body  are  taken  up  in  the 
order  named. 

At  the  census  of  1905,  for  the  first  time,  the  manu- 
facture of  automobiles  was  returned  as  a  separate  indus- 
try^ At  preceding  censuses  the  statistics  for  the  in- 
dustry were  included  under  those  for  carriages  and 
wagons.  However,  the  figures  for  1900  of  establish- 
ments engaged  exclusively  in  the  manufacture  of  auto- 
mobiles, or  with  a  preponderating  automobile  product, 
have  been  separated  from  the  reports  for  the  carriage 
and  wagon  industry,  and  are  presented  in  Tables  1  and 
2  for  purposes  of  comparison. 

Table  1  is  a  comparative  summarj'  of  the  statistics 
of  the  industry  for  1900  and  1905. 


T.\Bi,E   1. — Comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905 

and  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number. 
Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over. . . 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


1905  I 


1900 


121 

$20,555,247 

954 

$1,076,425 

10,239 

$6,178,9.50 

10. 196 

$6,167,345 

U 

$3,689 

32 

$7,916 

$3,946,369 

$11,6,58,138 

$20,645,064 


57 
$5,768,857 

268 

$294, 770 

2.241 

$l,320.t>'>8 

2,231 

$1,317,715 

4 

$977 

6 

$1,966 

$281,129 

$1,804,287 

$4,748,011 


Percent 
of  in- 
crease. 


112  3 
256i3 
256.0 
285.2 
358l9 
387.9 
357.0 

3fiao 

175.0 
262  7 
433.3 
302.6 
,303.8 
546.1 
46L2 


^  Exclusive  of  the  statistics  of  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manu- 
facture of  other  products  and  which  manufactured  automobiles  to  the  value  of 
$879,305. 

At  the  census  of  1905  compared  with  that  of  1900 
the  number  of  establishments  increased  64 ;  the  capital, 
$14,7S6,.390;  the  number  of  salaried  officials,  686;  the 
average  number  of  wage-earners,  7,998;  the  cost  of 
materials,  $9,853,851;  and  the  total  value  of  products, 
$21,897,05.3. 

The  relatively  small  increase  in  number  of  estabfish- 
ments  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  majority  reported  in 
1900  were  engaged  largely  in  experimental  work,  with 
little  capital  invested,  and  emploj'iug  few  workmen. 
Growth  has  been  along  the  line  of  extending  the  ca- 
pacity of  the  old  plants,  or  abandoning  them  for  new 
and  much  larger  ones,  rather  than  in  increasing  the 
number  of  establishments. 

Table  2  shows  the  items  of  miscellaneous  expenses 
for  1900  and  1905. 

T.vBLE  2. — Miscellaneotis  expenses:  1905  and  1900. 


1903 

1900 

Total 

$3,946,360 

$281,129 

Rent  of  works .,..,...,.,., 

88,497 

77,625 

2,745,601 

1,034,646 

40  133 

10,228 

228,548 

4,220 

Contract  work 

Although  the  extension  of  the  industry  has  largely 
added  to  the  amount  expended  for  contract  work,  the 

(269) 


270 


MANUFACTURES. 


largest  part  of  tie  increase  in  miscellaneous  expenses 
is  due  to  the  cost  of  advertising,  outside  office  ex- 
penses, etc. 

The  relatively  small  increase  in  rent  of  works  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  many  companies  are  now  housed  in 


new,  commodious  quarters  of  their  own,  whereas  in 
1900  they  occupied  small  rented  quarters. 

Table  3  is  a  comparative  summary  of  the  statistics 
for  the  manufacture  of  automobiles,  by  states,  for  1900 
and  1905. 


Table  3.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905  AND  1900. 


United  States . 

Calilornla' 

Cosnecticut  * 

Ulinois 

Indiana ' 

Maryland' 

Massachusetts 

Michigani 

Nnr  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania • 

Wisconsin' 

All  otlier  states 


Census. 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1905 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


il905 
1900 


Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


CapitaL 


121 
57 


120,555,247 
5,768,857 


22 


48,802 

3,712,922 

378, 536 
974,894 

1,140,509 

81,600 

1,623,857 
475, 512 

3,765,240 

310,261 
762,500 

3, 172, 531 
638,653 

3,544,162 
68,500 

1,452,963 
297,100 

1,240,006 

165,458 
2, 470, 198 


SALABIED  OFFICIALS, 

CLERKS,  ETC. 


Num- 
ber. 


954 

268 


15 
36 

94 

8 

98 
18 

151 

22 
35 

200 
S6 

172 
7 

65 
16 


Salaries. 


»1, 076, 425 

294, 770 


4,800 

86,372 

26,180 
27,523 

74,293 

7,900 

115,832 
24, 157 

188,452 

13,662 
53,808 

202,869 
56,632 

218,950 
5,405 

78,681 
17,629 

64,180 

12,154 
101,716 


WAGE-EAKNERS  AND  WAGES. 


Total. 


Average 
number. 


10,239 
2,241 


14 

1,065 

146 
303 

789 

26 

952 
303 

2,123 

60 
201 


2,277 
86 


£66 
60 


620 


103 
974 


Wages. 


$6, 178, 
1,320, 


10, 

783, 

lOO, 
217, 

482, 

16, 

696, 
188,  < 

870,1 

40,: 

143,1 

1,095,' 
166,1 

1,368,1 

51,1 


352, 
43, 


299, 624 


78, 
493, 


Men  16  years  and 
over. 


Average 
number. 


10, 196 
2,231 


14 

1,057 

146 
299 

784 

26 

944 
303 

2,122 

59 
201 

1,618 
283 

2,272 


566 
60 


511 


103 
973 


Wages. 


167,345 
317,715 


10, 124 

781,604 

100,433 
215,949 

480,450 

16, 325 

594, 082 
188,098 

970, 770 

40,248 
143,840 

,094,120 
164,882 

,367,160 
51,826 

362,482 
43,247 

297,518 

78,348 
493,648 


Women  16  years 
and  over. 


Average 
number. 


Wages. 


$3,689 
977 


1,326 


300 
126 


288 

867 

1,660 


Children  under 
16  years. 


Average 
number. 


32 


Wages. 


$7,916 
1,966 


2,389 


1,664 
416 


1,896 


48 


1,062 
313 


2,100 


Miscella- 
Census.'     ncous 
expenses. 


United  States.. 


Callfomla>  ... 
Connecticut  > . 
Illlnola 


Indiana' 

Maryland  ■ 

Massachusetts  . 


Michigan'.. 
N»w  Jersey  . 


N»w  York.. 
OUo 

Pumaylvanln 


Wisconsin  > 

All  other  states . 


1905 
1900 

1906 

1905 

19a-> 
1900 

1906 

1900 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1WI5 
lUOO 

1905 

•1906 
•1900 


$3,946,369 
281,129 


Cost  of 

materials 

used. 


PRODUCTS. 


Aggregate 
value. 


$11,658,138 
1,804,287 


$26,646,064 
•4,748,011 


10,139 

406, 851 

01,721 
bTi,  027 

230,220 

3,346 

228,504 
47,094 

1,433,167 

40,450 
30,800 

605,776 
19,710 

677,374 
13,918 

61,795 
32,707 

163,996 
10,362 
71,868 


12,863 
1,163,072 

104,  .190 

291,653 

811,823 

30,882 

1,047.488 

300,045 

2,872,055 

43,906 
175,608 

1,764,567 
172,073 

2,298,661 
60,344 

601, 4.W 
31,080 

845,346 

91,946 
736, 193 


36,380 

2,644,334 

.127,710 
74?,  777 

1,595,302 

64,700 

2,160,455 
769,397 

6,876,708 

118,753 
478,680 

3,791,966 
466,911 

6,788,663 
145,000 

1, 22.^078 
98,884 

1,875,259 

203,906 
1,087,662 


Automobiles. 


Total. 


Num- 
ber. 


21,692 
3,723 


$23,761,234 
4,643,108 


Value. 


13,606 

1,958,682 

262,691 
747,777 

1,428,463 

66,600 

2,062,043 
767,242 

6,662,804 

71,400 
423,660 

3,071,093 
374,947 

6,107,360 
145,000 

1,134.776 
06,400 

1,866,694 

160,722 
1,977,692 


Gasoline. 


Num- 
ber. 


12 


$19,666, 

m 

13, 

1, 125, 

60, 


606 
1,766 


9,114 
6 


1,496 
1,811 


966 


2,388 
106 


Value. 


1,034, 
1,662, 


519 


943 


6,637, 
12, 


2,169, 
3,853, 


1,116,176 


1,853, 
131, 


Electric. 


Num- 
ber. 


1,425 

(•) 


319 
139 


424 


307 
200 


Value. 


$2,496,256 


steam. 


Num- 
ber. 


1,668 
(«) 


747,420 
206,891 


391,444 


15,400 
25,900 


802,000 
196,000 


18,600 
3,600 


127 


600 


30 

6 

797 


Value. 


$1,688,038 

(«) 


86,399 


2,600 


390,000 


33,000 

10,000 

1,147,739 


19,400 


$2,042,777 
126,079 


All  other 
products. 


Value. 


1,761 
331,263 
23,290 


114,963 

2,700 

78.907 
12, 1,W 

276,680 

36,050 
5,980 

494, 008 
66,644 

664,642 


at,  183 
29,484 

16,080 

31,360 
0,121 


Amount 
received 
for  cus- 
tom work 
and  re- 
pairing. 


$861,053 
73,824 

21,013 

364,399 

41,729 


51,876 
6,600 

28,606 

6 

47,224 

11,303 
49,160 

226,266 
14,320 

36,661 


7,719 
3,000 

2,486 

31,884 

840 


'Ko  ftfltabllshmontfl  reported  In  1900. 
•Iniludii'l  III  ■ull  otliiT  Hliili'S"  in  HKX). 

•  No  f'»t(ili|nhm'>nt,n  rcportcl  In  UK),',. 

•  Im<|ii>I('<  I  HiiiMi'.liiniMilii 'llBlrlbutcd  as  follows:  Kansas,  1;  Maine,!;  Minnesota,!;  Missouri,!;  Now  TTampshIre,  1;  Rhode  Island,  2. 

•  I  iir  lu'lr-v  iiliiblinhmonls  distributed  as  follows:  Connwtlcut,  2;  Indiana,!;  Maine,  2;  Missouri,!;  Now  Uampshire,  1;  Wisconsin,!. 
'Not  reported  separately. 


AUTOMOBILES. 


271 


Table  3  shows  that  the  manufacture  of  automobiles 
was  carried  on  in  13  states  in  1900,  and  in  17  in  1905. 
At  the  census  of  1905  Michigan,  with  22  establish- 
ments, ranked  first.  New  York  stood  second,  with  21, 
and  Ohio  third,  with  14.  Massachusetts,  with  11 
establishments;  Illinois  and  Indiana,  with  8  each; 
Connecticut,  with  7;  California,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Wisconsin,  with  6  each;  and  New  Jersey,  with  5, 
followed  in  the  order  named. 

Michigan,  from  which  state  no  establishments  were 
reported  in  1900,  held  first  rank  in  capital  invested  in 
1905,  the  amount  being  13,765,240.  Connecticut,  with 
$3,712,922,  dropped  from  first  place  in  1900  to  second 
in  1905.  Ohio,  with  an  increase  of  .$3,475,662,  more 
than  fiftyfold,  advanced  from  eighth  rank  to  third; 
Massachusetts,  with  an  increase  of  $1,148,345,  from 
fifth  to  fourth;  and  Pennsylvania,  with  an  increase  of 
$1,155,863,  nearly  fourfold,  from  sixth  to  fifth.  Wis- 
consin, with  $1,240,006,  and  Indiana,  with  $1,140,509, 
both  of  which  reported  but  1  establishment  in  1900, 
ranked  sixth  and  seventh,  respectively,  in  1905.  With 
the  enormous  general  increase  in  the  industry,  it  is  sur- 
prising to  note  the  following  decreases:  Illinois  fell  from 
second  to  eighth  place,  reporting  a  decrease  of  $596,358, 
or  61.2  per  cent;  and  New  Jersey,  from  third  to  ninth 
place,  with  a  decrease  of  $452,239,  or  59.3  per  cent. 
Maryland  reported  $81,600  capital  in  1900  and  none  at 
all  in  1905.  In  1900  Connecticut  was  the  only  state 
that  reported  a  total  capital  in  excess  of  $1,000,000, 
while  there  were  8  states  in  this  class  in  1905. 

From  Table  3  it  is  evident  that  the  average  capital 
per  establishment  increased  materially  between  1900 
and  1905.  For  the  entire  country  the  advance  was 
from  $101,208  in  1900  to  $169,878  in  1905,  an  increase 
of  $68,670,  or  67.9  per  cent. 

The  number  of  wage-earners  increased  from  2,241 
in  1900  to  10,239  in  1905.  At  the  census  of  1900  Con- 
necticut ranked  first  both  in  number  of  wage-earners 
and  total  wages  paid.  In  number  of  wage-earners 
Illinois  and  Massachusetts  followed,  each  having  303. 
In  wages  paid  Illinois  stood  second,  with  $217,603, 
and  Massachusetts  third,  with  $188,098.  New  York 
stood  fourth  both  in  number  of  wage-earners  and  in 
wages  paid,  and  New  Jersey  fifth.  These  5  states 
reported  a  total  of  1,990  wage-earners,  receiving 
$1,168,331  in  wages,  88. S  and  88.5  per  cent,  respec- 
tively, of  the  totals  for  the  country. 

In  number  of  wage-earners  in  1905  Ohio  stood  first, 
with  2,277,  an  increase  of  2,191.  Michigan  followed, 
with  2,123.  New  York,  with  1,624,  an  increase  of 
1,336,  advanced  from  fourth  to  third  in  rank.  Con- 
necticut, with  1,065,  fell  from  first  to  fourth  place. 
Massachusetts,  though  reporting  an  increase  of  649, 
fell  from  second  to  fifth  place.  Indiana,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Wisconsin  followed  in  the  order  named.  In 
amount  of  wages  paid  in  1905  the  states  ranked  in  the 


same  order  with  a  single  exception.  New  York  exchang- 
ing places  with  Micliigan. 

The  inconsiderable  number  of  women  and  children 
employed  is  noteworthy.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  labor  requires  physical  strength  and  a  high  degree 
of  mechanical  skill.  In  1900  only  4  women  were 
employed  in  the  entire  United  States,  3  of  whom  were 
reported  by  New  York.  In  1905  the  number  had 
increased  to  only  11.  In  1900  only  6  children  were 
employed,  and  in  1905  but  32. 

From  Table  3  it  will  be  observed  that  the  relation  of 
the  cost  of  materials  to  the  value  of  product  is  prac- 
tically constant,  at  least  to  the  extent  that  the  states 
occupy  the  same  rank,  whether  arranged  according  to 
the  cost  of  materials  or  according  to  value  of  product. 
This  is  true  for  both  1900  and  1905.  At  the  census  of 
1905  Michigan  had  advanced  to  first  rank  in  these  two 
respects.  Ohio  had  risen  from  sixth  to  second  place, 
with  an  increase  of  $2,238,307  in  cost  of  materials, 
and  an  increase  of  $5,643,563  in  value  of  products. 
New  York  advanced  from  fifth  to  third  place,  with  an 
increase  of  $1,591,594  in  cost  of  materials  and  $3,336,- 
045  in  value  of  products.  Connecticut  fell  from  frnst 
to  fourth  place,  though  showing  an  increase  of  $464,800 
in  cost  of  materials  and  $752,492  in  value  of  products; 
and  Massachusetts  from  second  to  fifth,  though  show- 
ing an  increase  of  $740,843  in  cost  of  materials  and 
$1,391,058  in  value  of  products.  Wisconsin  occupied 
sixth  place  in  1905  and  Indiana  seventh. 

In  an  industry  characterized  by  such  marked 
increases,  the  decreases  reported  in  nearly  ever}-  item 
for  the  3  states,  Illinois,,  Maryland,  and  New  Jersey, 
are  notable.  The  largely  experimental  stage  of  the 
industry  and  local  conditions,  such  as  the  removal  of 
factories,  are  responsible  for  the  decreases. 

In  1900  ''all  other  products"  included  for  the  most 
part  horse-drawn  vehicles  manufactured  in  connection 
with  automobiles,  while  at  the  census  of  1905  the 
item  represented  entirety  gas  engines,  batteries,  parts, 
and  finishings,  manufactured  in  excess  of  the  number 
required  for  the  automobiles  turned  out.  Comparison 
is  therefore  impracticable.  It  is  of  interest,  however, 
to  note  the  gradual  change  in  certain  establishments 
to  meet  the  new  conditions.  The  change  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  "all  other  products"  indicates  the  aban- 
donment in  certain  plants  of  the  manufacture  of 
horse-drawn  vehicles  in  favor  of  the  automobile. 
This  item  for  1905  shows  the  extent  to  which  the 
manufacture  of  parts  overreached  the  production  of 
the  finished  automobile. 

The  amount  received  for  custom  work  and  repairing 
increased  from  $73,824  in  1900  to  $851,053  at  the 
census  of  1905.  These  amounts  represent  repair  work 
almost  exclusively,  and  show  the  extent  to  which  the 
manufactories  are  called  upon  to  do  this  class  of  work, 
which  is  largely  on  velucles  of  their  own  make.     Tliis 


272 


MAXUFACTURES. 


does  not  represent  the  full  extent  of  the  repairing, 
however,  as  much  of  this  class  of  work  is  done  at  the 
local  garage  in  which  the  macliine  is  housed. 

At  the  census  of  1900  only  the  total  number  and 
value  of  automobiles  were  reported,  regardless  of  the 
kind  of  power  used.  For  the  entire  United  States 
there  were  reported  3,723,  valued  at  $4,548,108,  an 
average  value  of  SI, 222.  Of  the  various  states,  Mas- 
sachusetts produced  the  greatest  number  of  vehicles, 
the  average  value  being  .$669.  Connecticut  ranked  sec- 
ond in  the  number  turned  out,  the  average  value  being 
S2,114.  Illinois  ranked  third,  with  an  average  value 
of  .$1,133;  New  York,  fourth,  with  an  average  value  of 
$720;  and  New  Jersey,  fifth,  with  an  average  value 

of  $1,988. 

At  the   census   of    1905    21,692   automobiles   were 

manufactured,  valued  at  $23,751,234,  having  an  aver- 
age value  of  $1,095.  Of  this  number,  18,699,  or  86.2 
per  cent,  were  propelled  by  gasolme;  1,425,  or  6.6  per 
cent,  by  electricity;  and  1,568,  or  7.2  per  cent,  by 
steam.  The  average  prices  per  vehicle  were  $1,046 
for  the  gasoline,  $1,752  for  the  electric,  and  $1,077 
for  the  steam.  Michigan  held  to  fu'st  rank  in  respect 
to  the  number  turned  out.  Only  one-tenth  of  1 
per  cent  were  electric  and  the  remainder  gasoline. 
The  total  average  price  was  $718.     Ohio  advanced 


from  sixth  place  in  1900  to  second  in  1905,  with  an 
average  value  of  $1,S51  at  the  later  census.  Of  this 
state's  output,  64.5  per  cent  were  gasoline;  7.1  per 
cent  electric;  and  28.4  per  cent  steam.  Wisconsin 
ranked  tliird  with  2,390  veliicles,  only  2  of  wliich  were 
electric  and  the  rest  gasoline.  The  average  value  was 
only  $777,  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  were  mostly 
runabouts.  Massachusetts,  first  in  1900  in  the  num- 
ber of  macliines  turned  out,  dropped  to  fourth  place 
in  1905.  Of  the  total,  25.4  per  cent  were  steam  and 
the  remainder  gasoline.  The  total  average  value  was 
$868.  New  York  fell  from  fourth  to  fifth  place.  Of 
the  1,808  vehicles  made  in  the  year  covered  by  the 
census,  82.7  per  cent  were  gasoline ;  17  per  cent  electric; 
and  only  three-tenths  of  1  per  cent  steam.  However, 
on  account  of  the  large  average  value  of  all  machines, 
$1,699,  New  York  ranked  third  in  value  of  product. 
These  5  states  taking  precedence  as  to  the  number  of 
automobiles  manufactured,  reported  in  1905  a  total 
of  18,496  vehicles,  or  85.3  per  cent  of  the  total  for  the 
country,  having  a  value  of  $18,730,894,  or  78.9  per 
cent  of  the  total  value  of  all  machines  manufactured 
in  the  United  States. 

Table  4  shows  the  chief  classes  of  automobiles  man- 
ufactured, with  their  number  and  value,  and  distri- 
bution, by  kind  of  power  used. 


Table  4.— NUMBER  AND  VALUE  OF  AUTOMOBILES,  BY  CLASS  AND  KIND  OF  POWER  USED:  1905. 


CLASa. 

TOTAL. 

GASOLINE. 

ELECTRIC. 

STEAM. 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Aeerceat6 

21,692 

$23,751,234 

18,699 

{19,566,941 

1,425 

$2,496,255 

1,568 

$1,688,038 

Touring  car* 

7,220 

12,131 

520 

160 

251 

221 

66 

49 

54 

13 

1,007 

11,781,521 

8,831.504 

614. 104 

491.490 

4.55.4.57 

229.872 

77,740 

69,450 

47, 140 

25,800 

1,127,156 

6,444 
10.999 
206 
.55 
140 
131 

10,  .576, 023 
7,976,821 
29S.5.50 
50. 390 
215,897 
108,810 

39 

4.55 

209 

105 

109 

45 

06 

1 

53 

13 

330 

55.038 

4.53. 304 

255.217 

441.100 

235,5(i0 

57.200 

77,740 

1,200 

46,640 

25,800 

847,456 

737 
677 
105 

1.150.460 

Runabout  *......                             

401  379 

Stanhope 

(0. 337 

Delivery,  hpavy  .               

Delivery,  light 

2 
45 

4.(KX) 

Surrey 

63.862 

Victoria 

Phaeton t 

48 

1 

68,250 
500 

Doctor's  wagon  or  car 

All  other  varieties ., .• 

675 

271,700 

2 

8.000 

'  Does  not  Includp 729  runabouts,  valued  at  $43S..590,  and  210  touring  cars,  valuod  at  S204.934.nianufaotiiroda3  a  minor  product  in  establi.shiupnts  principally  engaged 
in  other  lines  o(  manufacture.  In  addition  199  automobiles,  valued  at  $235,675,  manufactured  in  earrijigo  and  wagon  factories,  are  not  included  in  this  tabic,  because 
the  classes  and  power  were  not  reported. 


Table  4  shows  that  12,131,  or  55.9  per  cent,  of  the 
total  number  of  automobiles  manufactured  in  the 
United  States  were  runabouts.  Of  these,  90.7  ])er  cent 
were  gasoline;  3.7  per  cent  electric;  and  5.6  per  ('ont, 
steam.  Less  in  number,  though  greater  in  aggregate 
value,  were  the  touring  cars,  constituting  33.3  per  cent 
of  the  total  vehicles  turned  out.  Of  this  class,  89.3 
per  cent  were  propelled  by  gasoline,  10.2  per  cent  by 
steiiii),  and  only  five-tenths  of  1  percent  by  eleclricity. 
Stuidiopes  were  fourtli  in  point  of  number,  of  which 
39.6  per  cent  were  gasoline,  40.2  per  cent  electric,  and 
20.2  per  cent  steam.  Light  and  heavy  delivery  wag- 
ons ranked  next,  of  wliich  47.1  per  cent  were  gasoline, 


52.1  per  cent  electric,  and  five-tenths  of  1  per  cent 
steam.  The  figures  for  delivery  wagons  indicate  that 
electricity  is  the  preferred  motive  power  for  the  heavi- 
est vehicles. 

Under  "otlier  varieties"  are  classed  broughams, 
laiulaulets,  omnibuses,  sight-seeing  coaches,  buck- 
boards,  etc. 

Michigan  produced  6,432  runabouts,  having  an  aver- 
age value  of  $(').'51.  'IMiese  runabouts  constituted  70.5 
per  cent  of  all  automobiles  manufactured  in  the  state 
and  53  per  cent  of  the  total  runabouts  manufactured  in 
the  United  States.  All  hut  11  were  propelled  by  gaso- 
line.   Michigan  also  ranked  lust  in  touring  cars,  report- 


AUTOMOBILES. 


273 


ing  2,561,  or  35.5  per  cent,  of  all  of  this  class  of  automo- 
biles iiianufacturcd  in  the  country.  Their  average 
value  was  $938. 

Ohio  produced  186  ninabouts,  valued  at  an  average 
of  $670;  2,521  touring  cars,  valued  at  an  average  of 
$1,971;  and  100  electric  stanhopes,  valued  at  an  aver- 
age of  $1,000.  This  state  turned  out  34.9  per  cent  of 
all  the  touring  cars  nuide  in  the  country.  Michigan 
and  Ohio  together  turned  out  70.4  per  cent  of  all  such 
vehicles  manufactured  in  the  United  States. 

Of  the  2,390  vehicles  made  in  Wisconsin,  2,358  were 
runabouts,  averaging  $775  in  value.  Among  the  auto- 
mol)iles  nuuuifactured  in  Massachusetts  there  were 
1,153  runabouts,  valued  at  $70S  apiece;  361  touring 
cars,  valued  at  $1,918  apiece;  105  surreys,  valued  at 
$1,046  apiece;  and  73  light  delivery  wagons,  valued  at 
$2,255  apiece.  The  greater  number  of  machines  manu- 
factured in  New  York  consisted  of  runabouts,  having 
an  average  value  of  $1,075.  The  397  touring  cars 
turned  out  had  an  average  value  of  $2,509. 

Table  5  gives  the  average  value  of  the  difl'erent  classes 
and  kinds  of  automobiles  manufactured. 

Table  5. — Average  value  of  automobiles,  by  class  and  kind  of  power 
used:  1905. 


Aggregate 

Touring  ear 

Runabout 

Stanhope 

Delivery,  heavy 

Delivery,  light 

Surrey 

Victoria 

Phaeton 

Doctor's  wagon  or  car 
Station  wagon  or  car  . 
All  other  varieties 


All      i 
kinds  of 
power. 


J1,09S 


1,632 
728 
1,181 
3,072 
1.815 
1,040 
1.178 
1,417 
873 
1,215 
1,119 


Gaso- 
line. 


Electric. '   steam. 


$1,046        SI, 752 


$1,077 


1,641 
725 

1,449 
916 

1,542 
831 


1,422 
500 


403 


1,411 
996 
1,221 
4,201 
2,161 
1,271 
1,178 
1,200 
8S0 
1.215 
2,568 


1,561 
593 
575 


2.000 
1.419 


A  noticeable  feature  of  Table  5  is  the  varUcion  indi- 
cated in  the  average  values  of  the  same  class  of 
machine  when  efpiipped  with  dill'erent  kinds  of  propel- 
ling power.  Where  the  power  is  difl'erent  in  vehicles 
of  the  same  class,  the  structure  is  entirely  changed. 

The  average  values  given  are  based  on  the  prices  at 
the  factory  and  in  no  case  represent  the  average  selling 
prices  to  the  consumer.  In  the  5  leading  states  the  av- 
erage value  of  runabouts  varied  as  follows:  Michigan, 
.$631;  Ohio,  $670;  Wisconsin,  $775;  Massachusetts, 
$708;  and  New  York,  $1,075.  The  average  value  of 
touring  cars  varied  still  more:  Michigan,  $938;  Ohio, 
$1,971;  Mas.sachusetts,  $1,918;  and  New  York,  $2,509. 

In  order  to  show  the  remarkable  changes  in  the 
relative  positions  of  the  leading  states  in  this  industry. 
Table  6  is  presented,  showing  their  rank  with  respect 
to  the  principal  items  of  in(|uirj'  for  1900  and  1905. 

The  states  selected  for  this  table  are  the  7  leading 
states  in  value  of  products  in  1905.  The  same  rank 
in  any  item  of  inquirj'  was  retained  at  the  two  cen- 
suses in  only  five  cases.  Michigan  made  the  most 
marked  advance,  from  no  standing  at  all  in  the 
industrj^  in  1900  to  first  in  most  respects  at  the  cen- 
sus of  1905.  Connecticut,  first  in  most  respects  in 
1900,  dropped  from  one  to  three  points  in  all  items  of 
inquiry.  Oliio  advanced  from  two  to  five  points  in 
every  item.  New  York  retained  about  the  same  rela- 
tive position  at  both  censuses,  having  varied  none  at 
all  in  respect  to  two  of  the  six  items  and  not  more  than 
two  points  in  any  of  the  others.  In  the  amount  of  capi- 
tal the  rank  of  Massachusetts  remained  unchanged, 
but  this  state  fell  from  two  to  three  points  in  each  of  the 
other  items.  Indiana  advanced  from  one  to  four  points 
in  every  item.  In  the  number  of  establishments  the  rank 
of  Wisconsin  remained  the  same,  but  this  state  advanced 
from  two  to  five  points  in  each  of  the  other  items. 


T.^BLE  G.— R.\XK  OF  LE.\DING  STATES  WITH  RESPECT  TO  PRINCIPAL  ITEMS  OF  INQUIRY:  1905  AND  1900. 


NUMBER  OF  ES- 

CAPITAL. 

WAOE-EAKNERS   AND  WAGES. 

COST  OF  MATE- 

VALUE OF  PSOD- 

STATE. 

TABLISHMENTS. 

Average  number. 

Wages. 

RIALS  CSED. 

UCTS. 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

Miphigftn  ,     ,     ,                                      ,           , 

1 
3 
2 
6 
4 
7 
S 

(') 
5 
1 
6 
2 
7 
7 

1 
3 
4 
2 
5 
7 
8 

8 
4 
1 
5 
9 
11 

2 
1 
3 
4 
5 
8 
6 

(■) 
5 
3 
1 
2 
10 
7 

3 

1 
2 
4 
5 
8 
6 

(■) 
6 
4 
1 
3 
11 
10 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

6 

Ohio 

1               2 

;          3 

4 
5 
6 
7 

''    6 
5 
1 
2 
U 
9 

New  York 

Connecticut 

Massachusett  s 

Wisconsin     . .        

9 

iNo  establishments  reported  in  1900. 


274 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  7  presents  statistics  of  the  mamifacture  of  automobiles  at  the  census  of  1905  in  cities  having  in  1900 
a  population  of  over  20,000. 

Table  7.— SUMIVIARY  FOR  CITIES  HAVING  A  POPULATION  IN  1900  OF  AT  LEAST  20,000:  1905. 


Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
Ush- 
ments. 


Total , 

Buffalo,  N.  Y..... 

Chicago,  111 

Cleveland,  Ohio.. 

Detroit.  Mich 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Kalamazoo,  Mich. 
New  York,  N.  Y.. 

Beading,  Pa 

AJi  other  cities'.. 


86 


Capital. 


$16,340,573 


790.853 
370. 886 
653.837 
9.S2,949 
810,160 
96.471 
357.064 
367,694 
904.659 


SAI.AEIED  OFFICIALS, 
CLEKKS,  ETC. 


Number.     Salaries. 


739    $859,302 


53 

15 
127 
106 

62 
9 

54 

19 
294 


WAGE-EARNERS  AND 
WAOES. 


Average 

number. 


Wages. 


8,081        $4,961,205 


70,859 

625 

26.  ISO 

145 

IT.--..  749 

1,605 

132.006 

1,564 

56. 177 

447 

7,S2S 

48 

63.086 

430 

11,968 

164 

315,449 

3,153 

389.505 

99.433 

868,399 

733.012 

277.844 

28,019 

418.581 

91,428 

2,054,984 


Miscella- 
neous 
expenses. 


$3,389,442 


Cost  ol 

materials 

used. 


$9,044,119 


Value  ot 
products. 


$21,075,073 


179, 
61, 

589, 
1,287, 

134, 
10, 

242, 
19, 

863, 


579.604 

103,740 

1,880.108 

2,199.277 

553.973 

29,564 

672.080 

132,617 

2,893,156 


>  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1;  Boston,  Mass.,  1:  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  1:  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1:  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  1:  Hart- 
ford. Conn.,  1;  Hoboken,  N.  J,,  1;  Holyoke.  Mass.,  1:  Jackson,  Mich.,  1;  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  1:  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  2:  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  1;  Newark,  N.  J.,  1:  New 
Britain,  Conn.,  1;  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1;  Oshkosh,  Wis.,  1:  Passaic,  N.  J.,  1;  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1;  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  1;  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  1:  Pro\'idence,  R.  I.,  2; 
Racine,  Wis.,  1;  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  1:  St.  Louis.  Mo.,  1;  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  2;  San  Jose,  Cal.,  2;  Springfield,  Mass.,  1;  Springfield,  Ohio,  1;  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  1; 
Taunton,  Mass.,1;  Toledo,  Ohio,  2:  Topeka,  Kans.,  1;  Utica,  N.  Y.,  1,  Waltham,  Mass.,  1. 


Of  the  total  number  of  establishments  in  the  United 
States  Table  7  shows  that  86,  or  71.1  per  cent,  were 
located  in  cities  of  over  20,000  population.  Of  the 
totals  for  the  country  the  capital  invested  in  these 
establishments  was  79.5  per  cent;  the  number  of 
salaried  officials,  etc.,  77.5  per  cent;  the  salaries  paid, 
79.8  per  cent;  the  number  of  wage-earners,  78.9  per 
cent;  the  wages  paid,  80.3  per  cent;  miscellaneous 
expenses,  85.9  per  cent;  cost  of  materials  used,  77.6 
per  cent;  and  the  value  of  products,  79.1  per  cent. 
The  average  capital,  cost  of  materials,  and  value  of 
products,  for  the  establishments  located  in  the  cities 
included  in  this  table  was  .1190,007,  8105,164,  and 
8245,059,  respectively,  as  compared  with  $120,419, 
$74,686,  and  .$159,14.3  for  all  automobile  works  located 
in  the  smaller  cities,  villages,  and  rural  districts. 

The  prominence  which  Michigan  holds  in  tliis  in- 
dustry' is  due,  in  large  measure,  to  the  establishments 
located  in  Detroit.  The  capital  invested  in  this  city 
alone  was  14.5  per  cent  of  the  total  for  the  United 
States;  and  the  value  of  products  20.2  per  cent  of 
the  total.  The  average  capital  invested  per  estab- 
lishment in  Detroit  was  $248,579,  and  the  average 
value  of  products  $448,518,  compared  with  $379,120 
and  $608,140,  the  respective  averages  for  establish- 
ments located  in  Cleveland,  the  second  city  in  rank 
as  to  value  of  products.  These  two  cities  together 
were  credited  with  more  than  onc-tliird  the  total  value 
()f  j)roclurts  for  tlie  entire  country. 

Contrasted  with  the  coni])actncss  of  tlic  industry 
shown  in  the  four  leading  centers — Detroit,  Cleve- 
land, BufTiilo,  and  New  '^'ork — is  its  wide  disj)orsion 
among  the  :n  cities  included  in  "ail  other  cities." 
These  scattered  plants  were  located  in  13  different 
states,  ns  follows:  Six  plants  in  0  difreront  cities  of 
Mus.sachu.setts;  5  in  a  like  number  of  cities  of  New 
York;  5  in  3  cities  of  California;  4  in  4  cities  of  Con- 


necticut; 4  in  3  cities  of  Wisconsin;  3  in  3  cities  of 
New  Jersey;  3  in  2  cities  of  Ohio;  2  in  2  cities  in  each 
of  the  states  of  Michigan  and  Pennsylvania;  2  in  1 
city  of  Rhode  Island;  and  1  in  each  of  the  states  of 
Kansas,  Minnesota,  and  Missouri. 

Table  8  is  a  comparative  summary  of  the  motive 
power  used  in  1900  and  1905. 

Table  8. — Power — comparative  summary:  1905  and  1900. 


1906 


Numl>er  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned: 

Engines- 
Steam — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  or  gasoline — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors — 

Numiier 

Horsepower 

Rented: 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Other  kind,  hor.senower 

Furnished  to  other  establishments,  horsepower 


113 
10,484 


53 
5,565 


59 
1.149 


96 
2,86(1 


64 
792 
78 
25 


1900 


£1 
3,601 


33 
2,610 

13 

130 

2 
75 

32 
437 


13 

164 

185 

7 


A  noteworthy  fact  shown  by  Table  8  is  the  marked 
increase  in  the  average  power  used  per  (>stal)lisliment 
in  1905  over  1900.  The  113  plants  reporting  in  1905 
used  an  average  of  92.8  horsepower  per  establishment, 
Hii  iiur(';isc  of  22.2  horsepower  over  the  average  for 
1!H)().  Ill  addilion  to  the  increased  horsepower  used, 
there  was  scarcely  an  establishnuMil  which  had  been  in 
existence  fur  three  or  four  years  that  had  not  been 
enlarged. 

ATJTOMOnil.ES    AS    A    MINOR    PHODUCT. 

'I'lie  foregoing  statistics  pertain  entirely  to  estab- 
lishments engaged  pruuarily  in  the  production  of  au- 


AUTOMOBILES. 


275 


tomobiles,  and  therefore  do  not  include  47  establish- 
ments cni^agod  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products,  but  which  durinn;  the  census  year  1905 
turned  out  1,138  automobiles,  valued  at  $879,205. 
This  amount  has  been  includod  in  the  value  of  products 
of  the  several  industries  to  which  these  plants  belong. 
In  24  establishments  classified  under  "carriages  and 
wagons,"  199  automobiles,  valued  at  $235,075,  were 
produced.  In  the  industry  "bicycles  and  tricycles" 
6  establishments  turned  out  470  automobiles,  valued 
at  $314,554.  Of  these,  360  were  runabouts  and  110 
touring  cars.  In  "  foundry  and  machine  shop  prod- 
ucts" 13  establishments  turned  out  228  automobiles, 
valued  at  $190,700  and  made  up  of  192  runabouts  and 
36  touring  cars.  Four  cstablislunents,  2  classified  as 
"shipbuildmg,  wooden,  mcluding  boat  building,"  1  as 
"sewing  machines  and  attachments,"  and  1  as  "car- 
riage and  wagon  materials,"  reported  241  automo- 
biles, valued  at  $138,276,  manufactured  as  a  minor 
product.  Of  these  machines,  177  were  runabouts  and 
64  touring  cars.  All  these  automobiles  were  pro- 
pelled by  gasoline,  with  the  possible  exception  of  those 
manufactured  in  carriage  and  wagon  factories,  for 
which  the  power  was  not  reported. 

ALLIED    INDUSTRIES. 

Aufomohile  iodies  and  parts. — In  considering  the 
increase  of  the  industry,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
the  entire  work  of  manufacturing  was  not  performed 
at  the  automobile  factory.  Certain  parts  were  manu- 
factured in  establishments  making  a  specialty  of  the 
component  parts  of  the  automobile,  such  as  bodies, 
wheels,  motors,  lamps,  and  various  articles  of  hard- 
ware. While  some  of  the  larger  plants  turn  out  all 
the  parts,  the  smaller  establishments,  and  by  far  the 
greater  number,  do  not,  but  purchase  more  or  less 
material  in  fully  or  partially  manufactured  form.  In 
fact,  there  is  a  strong  tendency  in  this  dnection,  es- 
pecially in  the  separate  manufacture  of  the  body  of  the 
automobile,  as  distinguished  from  the  chassis  or  run- 
ning gear.  The  Census  classification  for  such  establish- 
ments is  "automobile  bodies  and  parts."  Although 
they  enter  into  the  statistics  of  the  automobile  industry 
proper  only  to  the  extent  that  their  products  constitute 
a  portion  of  the  cost  of  materials  and  miscellaneous 
expenses,  they  are  really  an  integral  part  of  that  indus- 
try. In  1900  there  was  no  separate  classification  of 
"automobile  bodies  and  parts,"  therefore  the  general 
statistics  for  this  mdustry  are  available  only  for  the 
census  of  1905. 


A  combination  of  the  statistics  for  automobiles  given 
in  Table  1 ,  and  the  figures  given  above  for  automobile 
bodies  and  parts,  is  exhibited  in  Table  9. 

Table  9. — Summary — automobiles  and  automobile  bodies  and 
parts:  1905. 


Number  of  establishments 

CupitaK 

Saliiried  oHicials,  clerks,  etc 

Salaries 

Average  number  of  wage-earners 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


Total. 


178 

123,083,8(30 

1,181 

$1,257,259 

12,049 

$7,158,958 

$4,260,154 

$13, 151,3(3o 

$30,033,536 


Automo- 
biles. 


121 
$20,555,247 
954 
$1,076,425 
10, 239 
$6,178,950 
$3,940,369 
$11,658,138 
$26,045,064 


Automobile 

bodies  and 

parts. 


57 

$2,528,613 

227 

$180,834 

1,810 

$980,003 

$319, 785 

$1,493,227 

$3, 388, 472 


Ruhher  and  elastic  goods. — .Another  industry  wliich 
enters  largely  into  automobile  construction  is  the 
manufacture  of  rubber  and  elastic  goods.  A  leading 
product  of  this  industry  is  rubber  tires,  which  form 
a  very  necessary  element  in  automobile  construction. 
The  magnitude  of  the  "rubber  and  elastic  goods" 
industry  in  the  United  States,  as  well  as  its  growth 
since  1900,  is  shown  in  Table  10. 

Table  lO. — Rubber  and  elastic  goods — comparative  summary: 
1905  and  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital  invested 

Average  number  of  wage-earners 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


1905 


1900 


224 
$46,297,537 
21,184 
$9,412,368 
$6,516,272 
$38,912,226 
$02,995,909 


261 
$39,302,353 
20,404 
$8,081,803 
$2,805,200 
$33,482,314 
$52,621,830 


Table  10  shows  that  during  the  five-year  period  there 
was  an  increase  of  $10,374,079  in  the  value  of  products 
of  the  rubber  industry.  A  large  part  of  this  increase 
was  caused  not  onty  by  the  enormous  quantity  of  rub- 
ber used  in  the  equipment  of  automobiles,  but  in  the 
manufacture  of  various  articles  made  necessary  by 
their  extensive  use.  Of  the  total  increase,  88,633,499, 
or  83.2  per  cent,  was  reported  by  the  single  state  of 
Ohio.  Some  establishments  there  located  have  doubled 
their  product  between  1900  and  1905,  which  is  largely, 
and  in  some  cases  entirely,  through  the  increasing 
demand  for  automobile  tii-es. 

IMPORTS   AND   EXPORTS. 

Table  1 1  shows  the  value  of  exports  of  automobiles 
and  automobile  parts  from  the  United  States  to  foreign 
countries  for  each  year  since  they  have  been  separately 
reported. 


276 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  11. —  Value  of  exports  of  automobiles  and  automobile  parts, 
for  years  ending  June  SO:  1902  to  1905.' 


EXPOETED  TO— 

1»05 

1904 

1903 

1902 

$2,481,243 

$1,895,605 

$1,207,065 

$948,528 

3,428,411 

1,020,681 

853,437 

796, 108 

26,051 

38.220 

8.922 

252,742 

154. 141 

520 

159.396 

14.690 

9.245 

3.784 

4,973 

59,243 
13,308 

15,184 

3,500 
22,971 
11.549 
92, 576 
97,303 

1,850 

3,670 

6,431 

98,029 

30,798 

13, 106 

7.797 

9.905 

59.051 

24. 491 

10,567 

11.909 

10, 794 

1.904 

240 

64,981 
9,861 
17,820 

8,200 
10, 11)4 

2,500 
12,904 

2.200 

5.285 

Russia  on  Baltic  and  White 

813 

875 

1,506 

1.023 

1  697 

54,640 

5,951 

607,401 

682,609 

9,625 

5.440 

649, 641 

498,799 

1,226 

3.660 

670,811 

180,487 

671,553 

77,801 

775 
330,952 

1,500 

441,425 

136,586 

37,439 

Nova  Scotia,  New  Bruns- 
wick, etc 

Quebec,    Ontario,    Mani- 
toba, etc 

18.647 

408,544 
14,234 

7,300 

1,810 

16,359 

308,720 
5,873 

997 

38 

2,916 

130,515 
3.155 

2,025 

21 

1,500 
31,111 

4,828 

^pwfftnndlflnH        

600 

125 

1,0JU 

65 

119,986 

112,088 

21 

38 

Salvador 

113,280 
52,757 

24,762 
17,093 

27,710 

11,152 

British     . . 

14,982 
96,538 
50 
88 
30 
400 

81,368 

5,758 
46,999 

4,948 
11,345 

11,152 

Dutch 

800 

Haiti 

35,106 

24,557 

15,353 

18,350 

4,010 

5,659 

983 

653 

450 

12,997 

2,346 

1,693 

954 

10,442 

6,588 
6,900 

10,203 

Brazil 

2,150 

Chile 

148 
10,921 

Ecuador 

Guiana: 

British 

Dutch 

14 
4,031 
2,629 

112,946 

Peru 

60,597 
666 

120,264 

3,000 

Asia 

38,113 

22,832 

11,091 

56,790 

5,931 

9,:)83 

20,169 

815 

13,438 

1,782 

865 

101.464 

12,389 

70,479 

.       2.648 

1,440 

2,3:)5 

780 

22,875 

5,200 

6,645 

East  Indii's: 

Briti.sh  li]<lia 

•Straits  Settlements 

Other  British 

16,032 

4,299 

Dutch 

2,544 
1,600 
13,737 

1,200 
1,176 

1 1  on};kong 

9,613 

Siam 

Turkey  in  Asia 

Oceania 

168,382 

51,103 

23  797 

British  Australasia 

98,6«2 
1,200 
1,702 

07,127 

164,130 

48,078 

9,581 

Philippine  Islands 

4,262 
69,601 

3,085 
59,308 

14,210 

Alrica 

12  6.17 

British  Africa— South 

('iinnry  Inliindfl 

54,511 

67,202 

69,048 
260 

12,637 

Freiieh  Alru'u 

1,040 

A79 

10,807 

I'nrluKiMse  Alrico 

054 
1,836 

Turkey  In  Alrica— Egypt 

I  "Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States,"  Bureau  ot  Statistics, 
Department  of  Commerce  anrl  Labor. 

Tnblo  II  shows  the  jjrowinp  favor  with  wliich 
AiiK'riciiii-Mifuio  niitoniohilfs  arc  Ijciiij;  received  in 
foreifrn  countries.     'I'lie  li^^iircsurc  also  ainpic  (ividcnco 


that  American  manufacturers  are  fully  alive  to  the 
advantage  of  extending  their  trade  abroad.  The 
number  of  cars  exported  is  not  available. 

Europe  has  afforded  the  best  market,  though  its 
percentage  of  the  total  purchases  appears  to  be  de- 
creasing. During  the  years  1902  to  1905  this  per- 
centage was  83.9,  70.7,  53.8,  and  57.6,  respectively. 
However,  the  value  of  the  exports  to  tliis  grand  divi- 
sion almost  doubled  in  the  tliree  years.  North  Amer- 
ica, whose  purchases  increased  from  $77,801  in  1902  to 
$682,609  in  1905,  nearly  eightfold,  ranked  second  as  a 
market  for  this  class  of  American  manufactures;  and 
was  followed  by  Asia,  which  showed  an  increase  from 
$22,832  in  1902  to  $120,264  in  1905,  more  than  four- 
fold. In  the  three  years  Oceania  increased  its  pur- 
chases from  $23,797  to  $101,464,  or  326.4  per  cent; 
South  America,  from  $15,353  to  .$81,368,  or  430  per 
cent;  and  Africa,  from  $12,637  to  $67,127,  or  431.2 
per  cent. 

The  great  number  of  countries  into  ■which  the 
American-made  machine  finds  its  way,  some  them- 
selves foremost  in  the  automobile  industry,  and  some 
among  the  most  remote  in  the  world,  will  be  a  source 
of  surprise  to  many  readers. 

Of  the  European  countries,  by  far  the  greatest  ex- 
portation has  been  to  the  United  Kingdom,  although 
during  the  three  years  there  has  been  a  small  decrease 
of  $64,152,  or  9.6  per  cent.  Of  the  North  American 
countries,  the  greatest  exportation  was  to  the  Domin- 
ion of  Canada,  the  purchases  of  which  showed  a  gain 
of  $403,986,  or  over  tenfold,  during  the  three  years. 
Argentina  and  Peru  in  South  America;  British  South 
Africa;  ami  British  India,  Ja}>aii,  and  the  Chinese  Em- 
pire in  Asia  proved  to  be  the  best  markets  in  their 
respective  grand  divisions. 

Table  12,  compiled  from  the  Annual  Reports  of  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  Department  of  Commerce  and 
Lal)or,  shows  the  value  of  imports  of  automol)iles  and 
automobile  parts  for  the  fiscal  years  ending  June  30, 
1901  to  1905,  together  with  the  number,  total  value, 
and  average  value  of  the  automobiles. 

Tadi.k  1  -. — Aiiloinohilcs  mid  aiitoiii(d)ilr  pnrls  imported  mid  eriUrcd 
for  consumption  during  thr  fiscal  years  ending  June  SU:  1901  to 
1905. 


Aggregate 
value. 

AUTOMOBILES. 

Auto- 

TEAR. 

Number. 

Total          Average 
value.           value. 

jJiirts, 
value. 

lilfll 

$47,471 
650. 11» 

1,009,1X11  ; 

1,446,. 103 
2,433,607 

26 
224 
317 
421 
C53 

$43,126      tl.6.''..<<. .% 

$4,34K 

1(112  

6;).0.876 

963, 998 

1,294,160 

2,297,104 

2,  .161).  98 
3,041.00 
3,0.W.  48 
3,617.77 

19, 32S 

ItNII 

45,003 

11)04 

162,143 

1U05 

130,403 

i'lidi-  1(1  the  lieginniiig  of  the  liscal  year  1901  iiii])()rts 
of  automol)ilcs  were  not  enumerated  separately. 
Since  that  time  there  has  been  a  remarkiil)lo  increase. 
Tills  constant  gain  is  due  largely  to  the  fact  that  the 


AUTOMOBILES. 


277 


majority  of  the  automobiles  imported  are  heavy,  high- 
power  tourinfi  cars,  witli  nmltipic  cylinder  motors,  in 
the  construction  of  which  f()rei<;n  makers  luivc  <;ained 
preeminence.  American  designers  have  heretofore 
directed  their  efforts  mainly  toward  the  production  of 
a  light  car  equipped  with  liorizuntal  motors,  and  in 
this  type  they  have  attained  a  higher  efficiency  than 
foreign  makers.  The  work  of  the  American  and  of 
the  foreign  manufacturers  has  thus  been  largely  along 
different  lines.  However,  the  great  advance  being 
made  by  Americans  in  the  manufacture  of  the  touring 
car  along  the  linos  laid  down  by  foreign  makers  indi- 
cates that  conditions  will  assume  a  different  aspect  in 
the  near  future. 

Not  only  the  number  and  value  of  imports  of  auto- 
mobiles have  increased  rapidly  from  year  to  year,  but 
also  the  average  value  per  machine  has  advanced 
steadily  from  $1,658..59  in  1901  to  $3,517.77  in  1905, 
an  increase  of  $1,859.18,  or  112.1  per  cent.  This 
increase  is  not  due  to  an  advance  in  the  price  of  im- 
ported vehicles,  but  to  the  importation  of  a  liigher 
grade  of  machines. 

STATISTICAL    SUMMARY. 

Detailed  statistics  for  the  industry,  as  reported  at 
the  census  of  1905,  are  shown  in  Table  13.  This 
table  presents  totals  for  each  of  the  11  states  wliich 
have  three  establishments  or  more  engaged  in  manu- 
facturing automobiles  as  a  principal  product,  and  com- 
bined totals  for  the  6  states  having  each  less  than  3 
estabUshments.  The  components  of  the  capital  are 
sho^vn,  viz,  amount  invested  in  land;  buildings;  ma- 
cliinery,  tools,  and  implements;  and  cash  on  hand  and 
sundries.  The  salaried  employees  are  classified  into 
officers  of  corporations,  and  general  superintendents, 
managers,  clerks,  etc.,  and  wage-earners — men,  women, 
and  children — with  the  different  amounts  paid  each 
class.  The  average  number  of  men  wage-earners 
employed  during  each  month  of  the  year  is  also  given. 
Miscellaneous  expenses,  the  cost  of  materials  used,  the 
value  of  products,  and  the  kind  and  amount  of  power 
used  are  shown  in  detail. 

HISTORICAL   AND   DESCRIPTIVE. 

The  modern  automohile. — The  early  experimenters  in 
motor  vehicles  were  hampered  by  the  lack  of  engines 
wliich  used  a  fuel  less  heavy  and  bulky  than  coal. 
Light  vehicle  motors  were  made  possible  by  the  suc- 
cessful production  of  liquid  or  volatile  fuels  and  the 
invention  and  perfection  of  the  gas  engine.  The  mo- 
tive power  in  these  gas  or  gasoline  engines  is  furnished 
by  a  succession  of  explosions  which  take  place  within 
the  cylinder  itself,  thereby  doing  away  with  the  cum- 
bersome boiler  and  furnace. 


In  1886  it  fell  to  the  lot  of  two  Germans,  Gottlieb 
Daimler  and  Carl  Benz,  working  independently,  to 
ap{)ly  the  gas  engine  to  road  vehicles  successfully. 
This  revolutionized  motor  vehicle  construction  and 
occasioned  its  first  great  impetus.  Daimler,  who  was 
manager  of  the  Otto  CJas  Engine  Works  at  Deutz, 
fitted  his  small  air-cooled  motor  to  a  bicycle  by  placing 
it  vertically  between  the  front  and  rear  wheels,  the 
rear  wheel  being  driven  by  means  of  a  belt.  In  1889 
he  constructed  a  two-cylinder  engine,  which  attracted 
the  attention  of  Messrs.  Panhard  and  Levassor,  of 
Paris,  who  acquired  the  necessary  rights  and  imme- 
diately began  the  construction  of  the  essentially  mod- 
ern motor  car,  the  first  of  which  was  brought  out  in 
1891. 

Carl  Benz  first  applied  his  single  horizontal  cylinder, 
water-jacketed  engine  to  a  three-wheel  carriage.  It 
was  placed  over  the  rear  axle  and  drove  a  vertical 
crank  shaft,  thus  giving  the  fly  wheel  a  horizontal 
position.  Tlus  arrangement  insured  stability  in  the 
steering  of  the  car.  The  crank  shaft  was  connected 
by  bevel  gearing  to  a  short  horizontal  shaft,  which  was 
in  turn  coupled  to  a  countershaft  by  a  belt.  The  ends 
of  this  coimtershaft  were  connected  to  the  road  wheels 
by  means  of  chains.  Benz's  engine  was  first  worked 
on  the  two-stroke  cycle,  but  in  the  subsequent  develop- 
ment of  the  machine,  in  which  he  was  assisted  by 
Roger,  of  Paris,  the  Otto  four-stroke  cycle  was  used. 

However,  it  must  be  remembered  that  during  this 
earliest  period  in  the  evolution  of  the  modern  automo- 
bile the  steam  engine  was  advancing  in  efficiency  and 
light  construction  to  a  degree  equal  to  or  greater  than 
the  gasoline  engine.  In  Europe  the  most  notable 
achievements  along  tliis  line  were  those  of  Leon  Ser- 
pollet,  a  Frenchman,  who  apphed  to  road  vehicles  his 
instantaneous  or  "flash"  generator,  invented  in  1889. 
The  principle  of  this  great  invention  consists  in  gener- 
ating steam  instantaneously  by  pumping  water  through 
flattened  tubes  of  a  very  narrow  section  kept  at  a  red 
heat  by  the  furnace.     The  fuel  used  is  vaporized  oil. 

The  earliest  attempts  by  American  inventors  to 
build  horseless  carriages  were  confined  to  steam  mo- 
tors. The  omnibus  built  in  1878  by  a  Mr.  Fawcett,  of 
Pittsburg,  employed  a  Brayton  motor  of  unknown 
design.  During  the  eighties  a  Mr.  Copeland  brought 
out  a  bicycle  equipped  with  a  steam  motor,  followed 
by  two  tricjcles  similarly  ecpiipped,  which  were  the 
predecessors  of  the  light  steam  vehicles.  However, 
Copeland  had  to  abandon  his  experiments  through 
lack  of  capital. 

The  distinction  of  early  experiments  in  this  line  is 
also  claimed  by  a  citizen  of  the  state  of  Michigan  in  the 
person  of  Mr.  R.  E.  Olds,  who  in  18S6  began  the  con- 
struction of  a  horseless  carriage.  This  vehicle,  wliich 
was  not   completed   until   the  following  year,   1SS7, 


278 


MANUFACTURES. 


was  first  fitted  with  a  steam  engine  which  was  geared 
to  the  rear  axle.  The  boHer  was  of  the  porcupine 
type  and  gasoline  was  used  as  the  fuel.  Later,  this 
machine  was  remodeled,  using  a  flash  boiler,  that 
is,  the  steam  was  generated  only  as  required  by  the 
engines.  In  1893  ^Ir.  Olds  began  building  gasoline 
motors  for  horseless  carriages  which,  since  their  per- 
fection in  1895,  have  proved  practical  and  successful. 

In  18S6  Charles  E.  Duryea  decided  that  the  gasoline 
engine  was  best  fitted  to  propel  the  horseless  carriage. 
It  was,  however,  not  until  1892  that  assisted  by 
his  brother,  J.  F.  Duryea,  he  completed  his  first 
automobile.  This  machine  proved  to  be  decidedly 
underpowered  and  built  of  too  light  materials.  Their 
next  car,  finished  in  1893,  embodied  all  the  essential 
features  of  the  modern  automobile  and  was  a  suc- 
cess. The  Duryea  Motor  Wagon  Company  was 
organized,  and  the  13  automobiles  finished  in  the 
summer  of  1896  were  the  first  manufactured  for  sale  in 
the  United  States.  The  price  of  these  vehicles,  $1,500, 
was  considered  very  high  for  an  untried  substitute  for 
the  horse  and  carriage  and  prevented  the  immediate 
acceptance  of  the  gasoline  automobile  in  America.  A 
large  majority  of  the  plants  reported  for  the  industry 
at  the  census  of  1900  commenced  operation  in  1S99, 
the  date  of  the  substantial  beginning  of  the  automobile 
movement  in  America. 

•  Steam  motors. — The  principal  parts  of  the  steam 
motor  are  the  boiler  and  engine.  Two  t^-pes  of  tubular 
boilers  are  used,  the  water  tube  and  fire  tube,  accord- 
ing to  whether  the  tubes  are  to  contain  fire  or  water. 
The  SerpoUet  boiler,  used  almost  universally  in  Euro- 
pean steam  vehicles,  is  of  the  water-tube  variety,  while 
American  builders  use  the  fire-tube  type  to  a  great 
extent.  The  common  boiler  used  in  American  steam 
machines  is  a  cylindrical  upright  steel  shell,  through 
which  pass  vertical  copper  or  steel  fire  tubes,  from  300 
to  350  in  number. 

The  invention  of  the  instantaneous  generator, 
known  by  the  name  of  the  inventor,  Leon  Scrpollet,  in 
1889,  gave  the  first  real  impulse  to  modern  steam  car- 
riage building.  It  consisted  of  a  coil  of  li-inch  lap- 
welded  steel  tubing  flattened,  in  the  earliest  ty]ie, 
until  the  bore  was  of  almost  capillary  width,  but  later 
to  a  width  of  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch.  The  coil 
was  surrounded  by  a  cast-iron  covering  to  protect  the 
steel  from  corrosion  by  heat.  The  water,  upon  being 
injected  into  the  heated  tube,  was  vaporized  almost 
instantly.  Two  coils  connected  in  .series  were  later 
used,  and  finally  a  train  of  coils  and  bent  tubing. 

The  engine  used  with  the  SerpoUet  boiler  has  four 
single-acting  cylinders  arranged  in  pairs.  Th(>y  may 
be  set  either  obliquely,  .so  as  to  make  an  angle;  of  45 
degrees  with  each  other  at  the  crank  shaft,  or  hori- 
zontally  on   opposite   sides   of   the   crank   shaft.     A 


countershaft  is  used,  parallel  to  the  rear  axle,  con- 
nected with  the  crank  shaft  by  chain,  and  to  the  driv- 
ing axle  by  gearing. 

The  engine  most  commonly  used  on  the  lighter 
vehicles  by  American  manufacturers  is  double-cyhn- 
dered,  double  acting,  and  set  vertically.  The  diameter 
of  the  cyluider  varies  from  2^  to  3  inches,  and  the 
stroke  from  3  to  3i  inches.  The  power  is  transmitted 
usually  direct  from  the  engine  shaft  to  the  rear  driving 
axle  by  chain,  but  in  a  few  cases  the  countershaft  is 
used.  The  fuel  used  is  some  form  of  mineral  oil, 
usually  gasoline,  or  alcohol,  which  is  vaporized  by  the 
use  of  special  burners.  Compressed  air,  supplied  by 
either  a  hand  pump  or  a  power  pump  operated  by  the 
moving  parts  of  the  engine,  affords  a  pressure  for 
feeding  the  oil  to  the  burners.  Automatic  feed  pumps, 
operated  by  the  engine,  supply  water  to  the  boilers. 

Petrol  motors. —  In  1882  M.  Beau  de  Rochas,  a  French 
engineer,  patented  an  mternal-combustion  engine. 
The  principles  of  this  invention  have  ever  since  afl'orded 
the  basis  for  designers  of  this  class  of  engine.  The 
simplest  form  consists  of  a  single  cylinder  closed  at  the 
top  and  open  at  the  bottom,  within  which  moves  a 
closely  fitting  piston,  connected  by  a  swinging  rod  to 
the  crank  shaft.  A  mixture  of  air  and  the  vaporized 
spirit  is  introduced  into  the  cylinder  when  the  piston 
is  at  the  top,  forming  a  cushion  between  the  fixed  top 
of  the  cylinder  and  the  movable  piston.  The  mix- 
ture is  then  ignited,  causing  an  explosion.  The  piston, 
which  is  fitted  gas  tight,  is  the  only  tiling  that  can 
give  way,  and  is  driven  to  the  bottom  of  the  cylinder, 
where  its  further  downward  movement  is  arrested  by 
the  crank.  The  impulse  of  this  explosive  stroke  is 
stored  in  a  fl}'  wheel  attached  to  the  crank  shaft,  which 
is  carried  round  again,  driving  the  piston  up. 

The  mechanism  described  is  the  two-stroke  cycle, 
sometimes  called  the  "  two-cycle  engine."  The  chief 
claim  for  this  type  of  engine  is  its  undoubted  simplicity. 
The  absence  of  valves,  gears,  cams,  and  springs  makes 
it  cheap  to  manufacture  and  repair.  Although  theo- 
retically it  would  appear  to  be  adapted  to  the  auto- 
mobile, since  the  gain  in  power  over  a  four-cycle  engine 
of  the  same  size  exceeds  60  per  cent,  it  has  thus  far 
proved  unavailable. 

The  four-cycle  engine,  more  commonly  called  the 
"Otto  cycle,"  from  Dr.  N.  A.  Otto,  the  first  to  make 
practical  use  of  it,  is  now  almost  universally  used  for 
the  automobile.  In  this  engine  there  is  only  one 
exi)losion  to  four  strokes  of  the  piston.  These  are 
termed,  respectively,  the  suction  stroke,  to  draw  into 
the  cylinder  the  mixture  of  air  and  vaporized  spirit; 
the  compression  stroke;  the  explosion  stroke,  follow- 
ing the  ignition  of  the  vapor;  iind  the  exhaust  stroke,  to 
drive  out  the  gases  of  combustion.  It  is  estimated 
that  an  engine  of  this  character  is  capable  of  1 ,200  to 
1,500  revolutions  per  minute,  while  a  two-cycle  engine 


AUTOMOBILES. 


279 


of  the  same  power  can  make  no  more  than  300  to  350 
revolutions.  The  (lcscri])tion  given  is  of  a  single-cyl- 
inder engine.  Automobiles  are  variously  equij)pcd 
with  one,  two,  four,  six,  and  eight  cylinder  motors. 
Three-cylinder  motors  have  also  been  tried  but  to  a 
very  limited  extent. 

The  other  main  parts  of  the  gasoline  motor  are  the 
carburetor  or  vaporizer,  in  which  the  liquid  hydro- 
carbon is  transformed  into  vapor,  and  the  ignition 
apparatus,  which  produces  the  spark  or  hot  surface 
essential  to  explosion.  There  are  two  general  types 
of  carburetors — surface  carburetors  that  operate  by 
evaporation,  and  float-feed  carburetors  or  sprayers. 
At  the  present  time  the  surface  carburetor  is  little 
used,  except  for  motor  cycles.  There  are  also  several 
methods  of  ignition,  among  which  may  be  mentioned 
the  gas  jet  and  hot  tube  of  the  Otto  engines,  the  hot 
head  of  the  Hornsby-Akroyd  motor,  the  hot  wall  of 
the  Diesel  motor,  and  the  electric  spark.  The  Daimler 
type  of  carriage  motor  still  retains  the  hot-tube  igni- 
tion, while  most  other  types  use  the' electric  spark. 

On  account  of  the  great  heat  developed  in  the  cyl- 
inder of  a  gasoline  motor  some  means  of  cooling  suffi- 
ciently to  avert  premature  explosion  and  permit  of 
proper  lubrication  must  be  employed.  The  two  sys- 
tems in  general  use  are  the  air  cooling,  limited  to 
engines  of  small  dimensions,  and  the  water  coohng. 

The  early  motors  were  practically  all  air  cooled. 
American  inventors  first  designed  successful  air  cooling 
systems.  The  most  successful  means  at  present  em- 
ployed to  air-cool  cylinders  is  a  rotary  fan  on  the  main 
shaft  which  creates  a  forced  draft  through  an  air 
jacket  surrounding  the  cylinder,  to  the  outside  surface 
of  which  fins  or  flanges  are  attached,  or  a  large  number 
of  brass  pins  are  secured  in  holes  on  the  outside  of  the 
cylinder's  wall.  The  water  cooling  system,  however, 
by  which  a  constant  circulation  of  water  around  the 
cylinder  is  mamtained  through  the  use  of  a  water 
jacket,  is  far  more  generally  used. 

Like  the  steam  motor,  the  gasoline  motor  transmits 
its  power  to  a  crank  shaft  from  which  it  is  conveyed 
to  the  driving  shaft  by  a  chain  or  gearing.  The  motor 
is  generally  started  by  rotating  the  crank  shaft  by  a 
lever  attached  to  one  end,  although  several  methods 
are  in  use  by  which  the  engine  is  automatically 
started. 

In  the  United  States  gasoline  has  been  used  almost 
exclusively  for  automobile  internal-combustion  motors, 
although  benzine  and  alcohol  are  most  used  in  Ger- 
many. A  law  removing  the  internal  revenue  tax  on 
denatured  alcohol  may  open  the  door  for  a  great  ad- 
vance in  the  automobile  industry  in  the  United  States 
by  substituting  alcohol  for  gasoline.  The  importance 
of  this  measure  may  be  realized  when  it  is  kijown 
that  the  supply  of  gasoline  is  limited,  as  petroleum 
yields  only  2  per  cent  of  gasoline;  whereas  the  sources 
45254— MFO  1905— PT  4—08 20 


from  which  alcohol  can  be  produced  are  inexhaustible. 
Alcohol  is  better  and  safer  than  gasoline  and  also 
free  from  unpleasant  odors.  A  recent  experiment  with 
a  six-cylinder  car  demonstrated  that  with  the  same 
amounts  of  gasohne  and  alcohol,  the  former  developed 
52  horsepower,  and  the  latter  60. 

Electric  motors. — The  electric  motor  for  use  on  the 
automobile  is  in  a  less  advanced  state  of  development 
than  either  the  steam  or  gasoline  motor.  The  only 
practical  supply  of  power  is  by  means  of  heavy  storage 
batteries  carried  on  the  car  itself.  The  full  capacity 
of  the  average  storage  battery  will  not  carry  an  auto- 
mobile more  than  40  or  50  miles.  If  the  electricity 
gives  out  at  any  place  other  than  an  electric  charging 
station,  the  macliine  is  helpless.  Electrical  engineers 
are  working  toward  a  more  satisfactory  storage  battery, 
wliich  when  perfected  will  undoubtedly  make  the  elec- 
tric automobile  the  ideal  type,  as  the  mechanism  is  the 
simplest  and  least  liable  to  get  out  of  order.  The  most 
notable  extension  of  the  use  of  electric  automobiles 
has  been  in  the  industrial  field.  During  the  past  five 
years  large  numbers  of  electric  drays,  trucks,  deUvery 
wagons,  etc.,  have  been  built. 

The  storage  battery  for  supplying  the  current,  the 
motor  for  transforming  this  current  into  mechanical 
power,  and  the  controller  for  regulating  the  speed  of 
the  motor  constitute  the  principal  equipment  of  the 
electric  automobile.  The  current  passes  from  the 
storage  battery  into  the  motor  or  reversed  dynamo, 
wliich  drives  the  rear  wheels  through  proper  gearing. 
Wlien  two  motors  are  used  no  transmission  shaft  or 
gearing  is  necessary.  A  number  of  fairly  successful 
vehicles  have  been  introduced  in  which  a  hydrocarbon 
engine  drives  a  dTOamo-electric  generator  which  in 
tui-n  furnishes  current  to  the  storage  batteries  and 
motor;  in  some  instances  the  dynamo,  being  reversible, 
is  also  made  to  play  the  part  of  a  motor. 

Frame,  wheels,  and  body. — In  making  the  frame  the 
ends  sought  by  the  automobile  manufacturer  are 
lightness  and  strength.  Steel  tubing  was  formerly 
considered  almost  essential  to  secure  this  desired 
combination,  but  experience  has  proven  that  the 
reduction  in  weight  is  more  than  oifset  by  the  greater 
complexity  of  structure,  the  present  tendency  being 
toward  the  use  of  pressed  steel. 

The  wheels  of  self-propelled  vehicles  must  possess 
great  strength  and  elasticity.  The  automobile  requires 
a  wheel  about  eighteen  tunes  as  strong  as  the  ordinary 
horse-drawn  vehicle,  since  it  carries  a  load  over  twice 
as  heavy  at  a  speed  over  three  times  as  great.  Wire 
wheels,  which  sustain  a  heavier  load  than  wooden 
wheels  in  proportion  to  their  weight,  were  fiirst  used, 
but  they  will  not  stand  so  great  a  side  thrust  and  have 
therefore  been  practically  superseded  by  the  modem 
type  of  artillery  wheel.  Strength  is  gained  by  using 
a  wheel  of  much  smaller  diameter  than  those  used  on 


280 


MANUFACTURES. 


horse-drawn  vehicles.  Heavy  tu-es  are  necessary  to 
secure  efficient  traction  and  the  elasticity  needed  to 
counteract  the  vibration  caused  by  the  machinery 
and  the  irregular  roadways. 

The  present  automobile  body  is  a  development  of 
the  ordinary  carriage  bodj^.  In  the  pioneer  days  of 
the  horseless  carriage,  makers  naturally  adopted  buggy 
and  carriage  bodies,  as  their  attention  was  devoted 
almost  exclusively  to  the  operation  of  the  engine. 
As  the  machinery  began  to  work  more  satisfactorily 
it  was  realized  that  the  carriage  body  was  in  the  way, 
and  the  designer  was  called  upon  for  a  body  more 
suitable  for  an  automobile.  As  the  carriage  builder 
was  experienced  in  body  making  and  best  ecjuipped 
for  it,  the  body  is  now  commonly  mauufactured  in  a 
separate  establishment  from  the  running  gear.  The 
development  of  the  body  has  kept  pace  with  that  of 
the  running  gear.  American  designers  have  improved 
upon  their  French  models  until  now  the  best  American 
automobile  bodies  are  unexcelled.  The  separate 
manufacture  of  body  and  running  gear  has  led  to  the 
common  custom  of  purchasing  the  chassis  from  the 
automobile  maker  and  the  body  from  some  firm 
engaged  in  that  particular  branch  of  manufacture. 

In  the  manufacture  of  automobile  bodies  hickory 
and  cypress  are  used  to  some  extent,  but  ash  from 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Indiana,  and  Ohio,  and  poplar 
from  Indian  Territory  and  Georgia  find  most  favor. 
The  ash  is  used  for  the  frame  and  the  poplar  for  the 
panels  and  the  top. 

The  horsepower  of  the  motors  used  for  commercial 
and  j)lea.sure  purposes  ranges  from  about  5  to  100. 
The  remarkable  progress  made  by  the  automobile  as 
a  purely  speed  machine  has  been  furthered  by  the 
various  tests  of  speed  and  endurance  arranged  largely 
as  a  means  of  recreation.     The  racing  car,  with  over 


100  horsepower  crowded  into  a  vehicle  weighing  2,000 
pounds,  has  attained  a  speed  of  more  than  2  miles  a 
minute  on  specially  prepared  and  peculiarly  suitable 
roads.  Even  up  steep  grades  nearly  80  miles  an  hour 
has  been  made.  In  speed  the  touring  car  holds  a 
position  next  to  the  racing  car,  as  60  miles  an  hour 
can  be  covered  with  ease. 

Though  not  yet  perfected,  the  automobile  has 
become  at  least  rehable.  Models  and  parts  are  being 
standardized,  thus  rendering  it  possible  to  replace 
broken  or  worn  out  parts  without  delay.  In  the 
United  States  many  express  and  transfer  companies, 
department  stores,  and  fire  departments  have  aban- 
doned the  horse-drawn  vehicle  for  the  automobile.  In 
New  Mexico  it  has  supplanted  the  stage  coach  be- 
tween Koswell  and  Torrance,  a  distance  of  101  miles.  It 
has  worked  a  revolution  in  Nevada,  where  the  means 
of  local  transportation  have  heretofore  been  confined 
to  the  mule.  Liverymen  acknowledge  the  passirv^  of 
the  horse  by  operating  autonioliiles  in  connection  with 
their  stables.  In  many  of  the  larger  cities  the  auto- 
mobile has  been  introduced  for  public  transportation. 
Although  it  is  as  yet  unsiuted  for  general  transporta- 
tion in  the  field,  yet  the  utility  and  advisability  of  the 
self-propelled  vehicle  for  military  purposes  have  been 
amply  demonstrated.  In  Germany  armored  auto- 
mobiles are  being  constnicted  for  use  in  the  army. 

In  the  United  States  the  use  of  automobiles  will  be 
limited  only  by  their  cost  and  the  condition  of  the 
highways.  The  cost  is  gradually  becoming  less  and 
the  automobile  itself  is  already  felt  as  a  factor  in  the 
movement  for  good  roads.' 

'  In  the  preparation  of  the  foregoing  historical  and  descriptive 
sketch  the  following  authorities  have  been  consulted :  The  ( 'omi>lete 
Motorist.  Young:  TneBookof  the  .\utonioliile,  Sloss;  Self-Propelled 
Veiiicles,  Ilomans;  Petrol  Motors  and  Motor  Cars,  W'liite;  Alodern 
Steam  Road  Wagons,  Norris;  various  pulilicatious  of  The  Motor 
Way;  artide  "Automobiles"  in  International  Encyclopedia. 


282 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  13.— AUTOMOBILES— DETAILED 


4 
6 
6 

7 

8 
9 

10 
11 

12 
13 

14 
IS 

16 
17 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 

24 
2o 

26 
27 


Number  of  establishments. 
Capital: 
Total. 


Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  andsundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members ; 

Salaried  oflSeials,  clerks,  etc.; 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Nimiber 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

.\verage  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

-Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month: » 
Men  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses: 
Total. 


Rent  of  works 

Taxes 

Rent  of  ofliccs.  Interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  included . 

Contract  work 

Materials  used: 

Total  cost 

Principal  materials 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies * 

.\  11  other  imiterials 

Freight 

Products: 

Aggregate  value 

Automobiles—  « 

Total  number 

Total  value 

Touring- 
Number - 

Value 

Runabout — 

Number '. 

Value • 

Stanhope — 

N  umber 

Value 

Delivery,  heavy — 

Number 

Value 

Delivery,  light- 
Number 

Value 

Surrey— 

Niimljcr 

Value 

Victoria— 

NumlMjr.. 

Viiluc 

Phaeton— 

NniiilHsr '. 

Value 

Doctor's  wagon  or  car— 

Numljor 

Value 


United  States. 


$20,555, 

$951, 

$2,720, 

$4,290, 

$12,691, 


$1,076; 
$2S6. 
$789, 
$703, 


14, 

6, 

10, 

$6,178, 

10, 
$6, 167, 


247 
910 
,760 
,831 
,746 
S3 

954 

425 

114 
557 

840 
868 

661 
441 

179 
i,427 

585 
333 
239 
950 

196 
345 

11 
$3,689 

32 

916 


iT, 


$3,946,369 
— ^,497 
,625 
i,601 
,646 

138 

503 
092 
3S7 
bS'J 
806 
761 


$77,1 

$2,745,6 

•  $l,034,r 

$11,658. 

S9,6Dr, 

siso, 

$36 

S133, 

Si, 609, 

$191, 


$26,645,064 


21. 
$23,751, 


7,220 
$11,781,521 


12, 
$8,831, 

$614, 

$491, 

$456, 

$229, 

$77, 

$69, 

$47, 


49 
1,460 


California. 


$48,802 

$500 

$800 

$28,800 

$18,702 

4 

3 

$4,800 


3 

$4,800 

3 
$4,800 


24 

13 

14 

$10, 124 

14 
$10,124 


20 
18 
14 
13 
13 
12 
16 
13 
13 
12 
12 
13 

$10,139 

$3,420 

$257 

$6, 462 


$12,863 
$10, 104 
SI  9',) 
$550 
$.S5 
$1,900 
$25 

$36,380 

12 
$13,606 

1 
$1,800 

6 
$5, 150 


1 

$3,000 

3 
$3,150 


1 

$.'•100 


Connecticut. 


$3,712,922 
$138,324 
$770,987 
$851,477 

$1,952,134 
4 

62 
$86,372 


t34,S00 

S3 
$51,872 

42 
$46,560 


$5,312 

1,475 

80S 

1,065 

$783,993 

1,057 
$781,604 


$2,389 


963 
1,081 
1,237 
1,258 
1,342 
1,255 
1,029 
671 
706 
1,074 
1,166 

$466,851 

$1,945 

$11,843 

$453,063 


$1,163,072 

S600,  184 

$28,328 

$640 

$8, 734 

$49S,279 

S26,907 

$2,644,334 

832 
$1,968,682 

292 
$1,008,383 

209 
$283,800 

106 
$61,637 

23 
$91,000 


38 
$45, 462 


■  Includes  oatabUibmonti  <llatrlbut9d  as  follows:  Kansas,!;  Maine,  1;  Mlimusota,  1;  Mlsnourl,  1;  New  Uampshlre.  1;  Rhode  Island,  2. 


AUTOMOinLER. 


283 


SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

FennBylvania. 

Wisconsin. 

AU  other 
states.  > 

8 

8 

U 

22 

5 

21 

14 

6 

6 

7 

I 

t378,63fi 

$1,140,509 

$1,023,857 

$3,765,240 

$310,261 

$3,172,531 

$3,544,162 

$1,452,963 

$1,240,000 

$16.5,458 

2 

12,  .500 
$.■!,  000 

$67  500 

$73  141 

$173,977 
$3(>1 ,  634 

$275,018 

883,050 

$65,000 

$67,300 

$5,000 

3 

$167,871 

$199,048 

.S;i(;9,275 

$518,9.52 

$231, 129 

$80,644 

$11,420 

4 

$209,(i,'-.4 

S309, 125 

83.52,773 

$544, 5(» 

$.51,874 

$791,534 

8751,304 

$194,204 

$161,727 

$43,799 

6 

$lC3,3t>2 

$596,013 

$998,895 

$2,685,069 

$258,387 

$1,736,704 

$2,190,856 

$962,030 

$924,335 

$105,239 

« 

4 
•        15 

4 
94 

4 

98 

9 
151 

1 
22 

7 
200 

3 
172 

8 
59 

6 
13 

7 

05 

8 

126,180 

$74,293 

$115,832 

$188,452 

$13, 662 

$202,869 

$218,950 

$78,681 

$54,180 

$12,154 

9 

8 

5 

10 

15 

2 

24 

23 

6 

2 

4 

10 

»18,S00 

$12,300 

$40,384 

$31,020 

$2,000 

$62,559 

$52,505 

$20,789 

$6,000 

$6,000 

U 

7 

89 

82 

130 

20 

176 

149 

59 

57 

9 

12 

$7,680 

$61,993 

$75,448 

$167,432 

$11,662 

$140,310 

$100,445 

$57,892 

$48,180 

$6,154 

13 

6 

68 

61 

96 

19 

138 

120 

53 

49 

6 

14 

$7,200 

$53,721 

$64,887 

$133,914 

$11,246 

$124,338 

$151,877 

$56,128 

$44, 124 

$4,646 

15 

1 

21 

21 

40 

1 

38 

29 

6 

8 

3 

Ifl 

$4S0 

$8,272 

$10,561 

$23,518 

$416 

$15,972 

$14,568 

$1,764 

$4,056 

$1,508 

17 

172 

973 

1,448 

3,064 

115 

2,4ra 

3,215 

717 

799 

115 

18 

123 

511 

495 

1,474 

57 

721 

1, 436 

377 

224 

94 

19 

Mc; 

789 

952 

2,123 

60 

1,624 

2,277 

566 

520 

103 

20 

$100,  43.! 

$482, 198 

$596,277 

$970,895 

$40,296 

$1,095,470 

$1,368,810 

$352,482 

$299,624 

$78,348 

21 

14i; 

784 

944 

2,122 

59 

1,618 

2,272 

566 

511 

103 

22 

$100, 433 

$480,  450 

$594,082 

$970,770 

$40/248 

$1,094,120 

$1,367,160 

$352, 482 

$297,518 

$78,348 

23 

3 
$1,326 

2 

$416 

750 

1 
$300 

7 
$1,895 

854 

1 
$125 

1 
$288 

5 
$1,062 

1,457 

5 

$1,6.50 

?4 



■>5 

1 
$48 

39 

9 
$2,106 

493 

■"fi 

1,726 

"n 

142 

2,215 

435 

100 

28 

143 

818 

1,042 

1,921 

41 

1,378 

2,  617 

446 

584 

102 

29 

145 

864 

1,209 

2,215 

42 

1,657 

2,704 

534 

646 

101 

m 

152 

869 

1,357 

2,661 

47 

1,831 

2,838 

602 

696 

102 

31 

154 

881 

1,187 

2,870 

49 

1,667 

2,968 

628 

754 

102 

32 

154 

895 

1,073 

2,948 

48 

1,780 

2,771 

666 

770 

103 

3X 

160 

868 

967 

2,264 

69 

1,311 

2,385 

668 

711 

107 

34 

159 

701 

802 

1,846 

85 

1,376 

1,786 

602 

374 

108 

35 

140 

642 

705 

1,737 

68 

1,446 

1,794 

547 

2S9 

103 

36 

139 

616 

646 

1,720 

71 

1,676 

1,840 

502 

228 

98 

.37 

135 

694 

667 

1,749 

76 

1,820 

1,041 

544 

259 

105 

;« 

129 

820 

759 

1,807 

73 

2,017 

1,805 

618 

328 

105 

39 

$61,721 

$230,226 

$228,604 

$1,423,167 

$40,459 

$565,776 

$677,374 

$61,795 

$163,995 

$16,362 

40 

$8,701 

$3.  .592 

$6, 397 

$12,805 

$3,776 

$36,838 

$4,281 

$2,118 

$580 

$4,044 

41 

SI,  297 

$5,547 

$9,591 

$9,365 

$950 

$7,  793 

$20,034 

$1,160 

$9, 192 

$.596 

42 

$51,723 

$221,087 

$212,016 

$370,035 

$35, 733 

$520, 895 

$652,637 

$58,517 

$154,223 

$9,210 

43 

$500 

$1,047,488 

$1,030,962 
$2,872,655 

$250 
$1,764,567 

S422 
$2,298,661 

$2,512 
$91,946 

44 

$104,390 

SSI  1.823 

$43,905 

$601,430 

$845,348 

45 

$95, 335 

$025,262 

$865,370 

$2,586,395 

$29,931 

$1,459,265 

$1,985,047 

$383,346 

$796,681 

$70,583 

46 

$1,535 

$18. 523 

$20, 573 

$21. 177 

$3,074 

$27,892 

$42,815 

$7,732 

$6,447 

$1,797 

47 

$3,380 

$1,157 

$3,420 

S3, 330 

SI.  462 

$14,486 

$3, 648 

$2,924 

$390 

48 

$135 

$20,276 

$11,988 

$.30, 517 

$612 

$5,293 

$46, 766 

87.624 

8945 

$614 

49 

$3,620 

$128,  .535 

$126,871 

$163,814 

$8,299 

$250,831 

$195, 761 

$187,314 

$27,400 

$17,182 

50 

$.385 

$18,070 

$19,266 

$07, 422 

$.527 

$6,800 

$24,614 

$12,490 

$13,875 

$1,380 

51 

$327,710 

$1,595,302 

$2,160,455 

$6,876,708 

$118,753 

$3,791,956 

$5,788,563 

$1,225,678 

$1,875,259 

$203,966 

52 

205 

1.020 

2,  .365 

9,125 

51 

1,808 

2,808 

963 

2,390 

113 

53 

$262, 691 

$1,428,463 

$2,052,943 

$6,552,804 

$71,400 

$3,071,093 

$5,197,360 

$1,134,776 

$1,856,694 

$150,722 

54 

52 

387 

361 

2,561 

3 

397 

2,521 

576 

20 

49 

55 

$75,838 

$736,869 

$692, 439 

$2, 402, 125 

$8,000 

$995,982 

$4,967,731 

$798,972 

$20,000 

$73,382 

5ti 

54 

230 

1,153 

6,432 

32 

1,082 

186 

3.30 

'                 2,358 

59 

57 

$35,800 

$173,084 

$816,844 

$4,057,439 

$34,500 

$1,163,554 

$124,629 

$247,204 

$1,826,294 

$63,200 

58 

46 
$69,097 

231 

$326, 370 

36 
$55,500 

81 
$349, 500 

77 
$191,457 

22 

$20,000 

2 
$3,500 

100 
$100,000 

1 
$5,000 

1 
$1,500 

.V) 

m 

51 
$30,390 

51 

$35,250 

.30 
$21,600 

1 
$3,000 

15 
$25, 900 

2 
$3,600 

61 



fi? 

18 
$20, 160 

24 
$28,800 

64 

$74,240 

73 

$164,600 

105 
$109,860 

1 
$2,000 

2 
$3,550 

10 
$6,800 

3 
$6,140 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

1 
$1,200 

48 
$68,250 

1 

m 

70 

53 

$46. 640 

71 

:::::::::::::::::;i ..........i ......: 

72 

3  The  average  number  of  women  16  years  and  over  and  children  under  16  years,  employed  during  each  month,  are  not  included  in  the  table,  because  of  the  small 
number  reported. 


284 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  1 3  .—AUTOMOBILES— DETAILED 


United  States. 

California. 

Connecticut. 

73 

Products— Continued. 

Automobiles— Continued. 

Station  wagon  or  car — 

XiiTnbpr        .                                              ,    .  , .                               

13 

$25,800 

1.007 

$1,127,166 

$2,042,777 

$851,053 

21,692 

18,099 

1,425 

1,508 

113 
10,484 

53 
5,565 

59 
1,149 

1 
40 

96 
2,860 

64 

792 

78 

25 

74 

75 

Other  varieties — 

164 
$468,400 
$331,253 
$354,399 

832 
386 
319 
127 

6 
1,822 

7 
1,245 

1 

3 

7fi 

77 

$1,761 
$21,013 

12 

12 

78 

Amount  received  lor  custom  worlc  and  repairing 

79 

Motive  power: 

Total  number  of  machines 

80 

Gasoline,  niunber 

81 

8? 

Rte^TTi,  niiTnlvr ,    . 

83 

Power: 

S 
32 

84 

Total  horsepower. 

85 

Owned— 
Engines — 
Steam- 

80 

Horsepower 

87 

Gas  or  gasoline- 

2 
18 

88 

89 

Water  wheels — 

90 

91 

Electric  motors — 

Number                 .                              

17 
539 

1 
15 
20 

ff' 

93 

Rented- 

3 
14 

94 

9S 

Other  kind,  horsepower 

nn 

AUTOMOBILES. 


285 


SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905— Continued. 


Illinois. 

Xndimiti. 

MtiHSiiehusotts. 

Michigan. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

Wisconsin. 

All  other 
states. 

U 
$19,800 

2 

$2,500 

$114,903 

851,876 

1,020 

595 

424 

1 

1,0.50 

4 
525 

6 
137 

2 
$6,000 

109 

$285,000 
$4«4,  fpOX 
S220. 255 

1,808 

1,496 

307 

5 

20 
1,228 

7 
575 

9 
113 

73 

74 

.52 

$80.7.511 
$23,290 
$41,729 

205 
66 
139 

673 

$269,200 
$78, 907 
$28,605 

2,  .305 
1,765 

S 
$13,300 
$83, 183 
$7,719 

963 

955 

8 

2 

$8,000 

$31,3<iO 

$21,884 

113 
105 

75 

76 

$276. 080 
$47,224 

9, 125 

9,114 

11 

$36,0.50 
$11, 303 

51 

G 

15 

30 

5 
232 

4 

165 

2 
14 

$554,042 
$36,561 

2,808 
1,811 
200 
797- 

14 
2,  .550 

U 
1,040 

4 
86 

$10,080 
$2,485 

2,390 
2,388 

2 

77 
78 

79 
80 
81 

600 

10 
016 

6 
437 

3 

41 

8 

5 
116 

82 

7 
114 

22 
1,511 

7 
758 

15 
390 

6 

668 

5 
320 

3 
103 

0 
645 

2 
50O 

7 
145 

83 
84 

R5 

Mi 

4 
36 

3 
63 

1 
4U 

87 
88 

89 

1 

90 

3 
23 

5 

55 

23 

378 

1 
10 

1 

10 

13 

122 

6 

5 

8 
266 

10 
90 
7 

17 
192 

15 

343 

5 

21 
1,307 

7 
80 
37 

6 
145 

91 

9? 

8 
53 

1 
10 

3 
20 

91 

94 

95 

I 

W 

1 

BICYCLES  AND  TRICYCLES 


(287) 


BICYCLES  AND  TRICYCLES. 


By  RoBEUT  II.  Meuki.vm. 


The  .statistics  for  tlio  101  pstal)lisliments  that  were 
engaged  primarilv  in  manufacturing  bicycles  and  tri- 
cycles at  the  censns  of  190.5,  and  those  for  similar 
establishments  for  the  censuses  of  1890  and  1900,  are 
suniinarized  in  Tal)le  1. 

Table    1. — Comparative   s>iminary,   with   percent  of  increase   and 
decrease:  1890  to  1905. 


Number  of  establislunents. 

Capital 

Salaried    officials,    clerks, 

etc..  number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average 

numljer 

Total  wages 

Men  10  years  and  over. . 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and 
over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


19051 


1900 


101  312 

$5,883,458  $29,783,059 


301 
$350, 798 


2,034 
$1,753,235 


3,319  17,525 

$1,971,403  $8,189,817 

3.298  !  10,700 

$1,964,940  I  $7,952,257 


1890 


Per 

cent 

of  de- 

I  crease, 

19  0  to 

1905. 


7 

$3,481 

14 

$2, 982 

$574.0.55 

$2,628,140 


517 
$175. 02S  1 
308  I 
$62,  5  V>  ' 
$2.2.52,604 
$16,792,051 


$5,153,240  l$31,915,908 


27 
$2,058,072 

"128 
•$123,714 

1.797 
$982,014 

1,747 
$971,539  i 

15 

$3. 729 

35 

$6. 740 

$242.  nis 

$71.S.848 

$2, 568, 326 


67.6 
80.2 

82.3 
80.0 

81.1 
75  9 
80.3 
75.3 


98.0 
95.5 
95  2 
74  5 
84  3 
83.9 


Per 

cent 
of  in- 
crease, 
1890  to 
1900. 


1,055.6 
1,347.2 

1,  489  1 
1,317.2 

875  2 
734.0 
855.9 
718.5 

3,  340  7 

4,  593.  7 
780.0 
820.  9 
830.8 

2,236.0 
1,142.7 


1  Exclusive  of  the  statistics  of  13  establishments  making  bicycles  and  tricycles, 
and  bicycle  part.s,  but  engaged  primarily  in  the  miniifaclure  of  other  proiiucts. 
The  value  of  bicycles  and  tricycles,  and  bicycle  part.s  made  in  such  estal)lish- 
ments  was  $575,959. 

2  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members  with  their  salaries;  number  only 
reported  in  1900  and  1905,  but  not  included  in  this  table. 

The  most  noticeable  feature  in  tliis  industry,  as 
shown  by  the  figures  in  Table  1,  is  its  rapid  growth 
and  decline  within  fifteen  years.  The  establishments 
engaged  primarily  in  manufacturing  bicycles  and  tri- 
cj'cles  numbered  only  27  in  1890,  while  in  1900  they 
numbered  312,  and  at  the  present  cen,sus  only  101. 
The  decrease  is  also  noticeable  in  the  average  number 
of  wage-earners  employed,  and  in  the  value  of  the 
products.  The  average  number  of  wage-earners  de- 
creased from  17,525  in  1900  to  3,319  in  1905,  which 
was  only  1,522  more  tlian  were  employed  in  1890,  and 
the  value  of  products  decreased  from  $31,915,908  in 
1900  to  $5,153,240  in  1905. 

Prior  to  the  decade  ending  in  1880,  the  manufacture 
of  bicycles  was  intermittent,  and  it  was  not  until  1890 
that  the  industry  was  of  sufficient  importance  in  the 
United  States  to  be  reported  separately.  Up  to  that 
time  the  statistics  relating  to  this  industry  were  in- 


cluded in  those  for  carriages  and  wagons.  During  the 
decade  enduig  m  1900  the  progress  made  was  most 
remarkable,  the  climax  being  reached  about  the  middle 
of  that  period. 

With  the  general  adoption  of  the  jjiieumatic  tire 
and  society's  approval  of  cycling,  came  the  prosperous 
days  of  1894  to  1896.  People  went  cycle  mad;  the 
bicycle  industry  appeared  to  be  an  Eldorado,  and 
there  was  a  rush  to  engage  in  it.  Then  followed  the 
decline  in  popularity,  with  the  resultant  dull  times 
and  failures  among  the  manufacturers.  By  1898,  how- 
ever, the  industry  was  being  conducted  upon  sound 
economic  principles. 

When  the  demand  for  bicycles  decreased  some 
manufacturers  turned  to  the  automobile,  and  many 
establishments  that  made  only  bicycles  in  1900  are 
now  devoted  primarily  to  the  manufacture  of  auto- 
mobiles, while  others  make  them  to  a  greater  or  less 
degree  in  connection  with  the  manufacture  of  bicA'cles. 
As  far  as  reported  to  this  Bureau,  the  value  of  auto- 
mobiles and  automobile  parts  reported  at  the  census 
of  1905  by  establishments  devoted  primarily  to  the 
manufacture  of  bicycles  and  tricycles  was  S345,179. 

Production. — Table  2  is  a  detailed  statement,  for  the 
ITniteil  States,  of  the  number  and  value  of  the  different 
kinds  of  products  made  in  all  establishments  making 
bicycles  and  tricycles  and  bicj'cle  parts  during  the 
census  years  1900  and  1905. 

T.\BLE  3. — Number  and  value  of  different  kinds  of  products,  includ- 
ing those  produced  as  secondary  products:  1906  and  1900. 


1905 

1900 

Number. 

Value. 

Aver- 
age 
value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Aver- 
age 
value. 

Total 

256,986 

$5,729,199 



1,208,960 

$33,469,083 

252,923 

4,077 

246,  M4 

106 

2,4c6 

4,063 

4,109,429 

142,136 

3, 594,. 504 

4,283 

368,. 506 

33,560 

296,344 

$16.25 

34.86 
14.  .59 
66.02 
154.25 
8.26 

1,182,&50 

42,929 
1,136,122 

3,o-;o 

1.59 
26,110 

23,689,437  1  4200.1 

Individual  - 

Chalnless 

Chftia 

1,9.57,329 

21,4.SS..589 

210,, 509 

32.950 

71,985 

(■) 
9,707,663 

45.59 
18.91 

57.85 

207.23 

Tricycles               .  . 

2.76 

Custom    work   and 

\U  other  products 

■1,289,866 

1 

iThis  item,  reported  under  the  classification  "bicycle  and  tricycle  repair- 
ing," amounted  to  $13.7r.(i.03.'J. 

!  Includes  value  of  automobiles  and  automobile  and  bicycle  parts,  etc. 

(289) 


290 


MANUFACTURES. 


In  addition  to  the  101  establishments  shown  in 
Table  1,  there  were  13  factories  engaged  primarily  in 
some  other  branch  of  manufacture,  which  made,  dur- 
ing the,  census  year  1905,  25,319  bicycles  and  tri- 
cycles, valued  at  §551,794;  manufactured  bicycle 
parts  to  the  value  of  $16,540;  and  did  custom  and  repair 
work  to  the  value  of  S7,625.  The  figures  for  these  13 
establishments  are  included  in  Table  2. 

The  101  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the 
manufacture  of  cycles  made  231,667  bicycles  and  tri- 
cycles, valued  at  83,591,195;  bicycle  parts,  valued  at 
S933,147;  and  did  custom  and  repair  work  to  the 
amount  of  §288,719.  The  total  value  of  all  products, 
as  shown  in  Table  2,  is  $5,729,199.  In  the  item  "all 
other  products"  is  included  $345,179,  the  value  of 
automobiles  and  automobile  parts  manufactured  by 
bicycle  and  tricycle  establishments,  while  the  value  of 
chains,  spokes,  handle  bars,  saddles,  rims,  and  other 
parts  manufactured  make  up  the  greater  part  of  the 
remaining  8944,687. 

At  the  census  of  1900  the  total  number  of  bicycles 
reported  was  1,182,850,  while  in  1905  only  252,923 
were  reported,  a  decrease  of  929,927.  It  is  probable 
this  decrease  was  much  larger  than  is  shown  in  Table  2, 
for  the  reason  that  in  1900  there  were  6,328  establish- 
ments classified  as  bicycle  and  tricycle  rejniir  shops, 
which  undouljtedlj'  manufactured  a  considerable 
number  of  bicycles.  As  detailed  reports  were  not 
received  from  these  repair  establishments,  an  estimate 
of  the  number  of  wheels  they  made  would  be  of  little 
value.  The  gross  value  of  the  product  of  these  shops 
in  1900,  however,  was  $13,766,033. 

The  average  value  of  a  chain  bicycle  was  $14.59  in 
1905  as  compared  with  $18.91  in  1900.  This  is  for  a 
"strijiped"  wheel  at  the  factory,  as  the  majority  of 
the  riiaiiufacturers  reported  stripped  and  not  com- 
pletely equipped  wheels.  This  explanation  also  ap- 
plies to  chainless  wheels,  whose  average  value  at  the 
factoiy  in  1905  was  $34.86,  while  ui  1900  it  was  $45.59. 
The  decrease  in  price  per  wheel  between  the  two  cen- 
sus periods  is  but  a  continuation  of  the  downward 
trend  which  first  began  in  1S94,  when  the  jjrice  of  a 
complete  wheel  fell  from  $150  to  $125.  In  the  Inlldw- 
ing  year  another  $25  was  deducted,  and  in  spite  of  the 
l)r(j.speroiis  season  of  1895-96  tiie  price  continued  to 
fall  until  it  readied  the  present  level  of  from  $35  to 
850  for  a  ciiairi  bicycle. 

The  only  kind  of  macliine  referred  to  in  Table  2, 
wliicli  sliows  an  increase  over  1900,  is  the  motor  cycle. 
In  1900  there  were  reported  159  motor  cycles,  valued 
at  $32,950,  wliile  at  the  i)resent  census  2,436  arc  re- 
ported, valued  at  $368,506.  The  motor  cycle  iiad 
received  .scant  attention  during  the  low  ebb  in  cycling, 
owing  to  the  general  attention  being  directed  toward 
low-priced  niaciiincy  and  tiie  apparently  large  profits 
to  be  made  in  manufacturing  automobiles.  Slowly, 
however,  the  motor  cycle  won  its  way  toward  recog- 
nition, and,  one  after  another,  the  bicycle  establish- 


ments took  up  its  manufacture.  At  the  present  cen- 
sus 28  establishments  are  making  motor  cycles. 

Most  of  the  tricycles  reported  were  children's  toys, 
wliich  accounts  for  the  low  price. 

Table  3  is  a  comparative  summary,  by  states,  of  the 
bicycle  and  tricycle  industry  for  the  censuses  of  1890, 
1900,  and  1905,  the  table  also  shows  the  increases  and 
decreases. 

Table  3. — Comparative  summary — active  establishments,  by  states, 
with  increase  and  decrease:  1S90  to  1905.^ 


CENSUS. 

Decrease, 

1900  to 

1905. 

Increase, 

lS90to 

1900. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

United  States                    .... 

101 

312 

27 

211 

285 

4 
2 
2 
13 
2 

4 

1 

24 

60 

19 

1 

1 

1 

1 

25 

11 

4 

4 

2 

5 

1 

31 

22 

47 

17 

1 

1 

1 

1 

22 

Illinois  

55 

IS 

Iowa 

1 





1 

1 

1 
S 
4 
g 
2 

1 

7 
1 

17 

7 

>4 

32 

1 

1 

4 

34 

>1 

31 

IS 

10 

4 

i 

1 

7 

66 

i' 

4 

1 

New  Hauipshiro     

1 

3 
32 

1 
3 

6 

62 

Ohio                  

34 

2 
1 
3 

32 

•  1 

Pennsylvania     

12 

1 
3 

24 
4 
23 

12 
3 

20 

21 

4 

\\  isconsin  

23 

1  Does  not  include  establishments  producing  bicycles  and  tricycles  as  seo- 
ondary  ])roducts. 
^  increase. 
^Det^rease. 

In  but  4  states  did  the  industry  show  an  increase 
in  1905  over  1900,  and  in  2  of  tliese — Mi.'^souri  and 
North  Carolina — no  establishments  were  reported 
in  1900,  wlule  in  1905  there  were  only  2  and  1,  re- 
spectively. The  other  states  showing  an  increase 
were  Colorado  and  ^linnesota,  in  which  there  were 
no  bicycle  and  tricycle  factories  in  1890.  California 
and  Maryland  had  the  same  number  of  factories  in 
1905  as  in  1900.  Iowa,  Kentucky,  Maine,  Nevada, 
and  New  Hampshire  each  having  1  establishment  in 
1900  had  no  plants  in  1905.  The  remaining  states 
which  reported  establishments  in  1900  show  a  large 
decrease  at  the  pre.sent  census.  This  is  particularly 
noticeable  in  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ma.ssachu- 
setts.  New  York,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin. 

In  1890  there  were  only  27  establishments  rejjorted 
wliich  were  distributed  among  10  states;  in  1900,  312 
establishments  were  reported  from  20  states,  and  in 
1905  there  were  101  factories  reported  from  17  states. 
Connecticut,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Massacliu.'^etts,  Michi- 
gan, New  Jersey,  New  York,  Oliio,  and  I'enn.sylvania 
have  reported  active  estal)lishments  in  this  industry 
ever  since  it  was  first  reported  separately.  Oregon 
is  the  only  stale  named  in  the  table  which  has  re- 
ported no  active  (!stal)lisiiments  since  1890. 

Of  the  101  establishments  reported  at  the  present 
census  40  reported  in    1900,  while  61  are  either  new 


BICYCLES  AND  TP.ICYCLES. 


291 


concerns  started  since  1900,  or,  in  some  cases,  possibly 
reorganizations,  under  diUcfcnt,  names,  of  iinns  active 
in  1900.  As  far  as  asccrlaiiicd  23()  of  the  bicycle  and 
tricycle  plants  which  reported  at  the  census  of  1900 
have  since  then  gone  out  of  business,  wliil(>  .36  liave 
retained    their    names,    although  they   have  ciiaiiged 


from    the    manufacture   of  bicycles   and    tricycles  to 
some  other  industry. 

Table  4  is  a  comparative  summary,  by  states,  of  the 
figures  reported  by  manufacturers  engaged  primarily 
in  the  production  of  bicycles  and  tricycles  in  1900  and 
1905. 


Table  4.— COMPARATIVE   SUMMARY,  BY   STATES:   1905  AND  1900. 


Year. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

SALARIED  OFFiriALS, ' 
CLERKS,  ETC. 

WAGE-EARNERS  AND 
WAGES. 

MiseeUa- 
neous  ex- 
penses. 

Cost  of 

materials 

used. 

Value  of 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

products. 

United  States     ...         

1905 
1900 

1H05 
1900 

1900 

1905 
1900 

1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1900 

1905 
1900 

a  1905 
»1900 

101 
312 

JS,883,468 
29,783,659 

361 
2,034 

$350,798 
1,753,235 

3,319 

17,525 

$1,971,403 

8,189,817 

$574,655 
2,252,604 

$2,628,146 
10,792,051 

$5,153,240 

31,915,903 

4 
4 

24 

13 
60 

19 

8 
25 

4 
11 

8 
4 

3 

7 

32 
66 

3 

.     34 

12 
24 

4 

3 

23 

11 

7 

13,-531 
19,254 

4,215,399 

1,029,875 
7,094,658 

2,001,560 

689,567 
2,646,498 

238,330 
757,021 

18,235 
38,205 

11,300 
204,465 

657,529 
3,326,943 

1,132,225 
4,074,576 

209,909 
1,550,957 

24,300 

31,212 
2,337,975 

1,851,745 
831,848 

2 

1,300 

10 
19 

2,lo9 

969 
4,388 

1,481 

344 

1,581 

79 
311 

11 
47 

2 
183 

410 
2,103 

446 
2,380 

94 
947 

17 

12 
1,572 

942 
357 

6,010 
11,080 

1,150,730 

593,902 
2,144,897 

613,840 

180,384 
815,028 

47,763 
141,639 

6,088 
8,440 

1,060 
71,343 

205,945 
988,052 

292,780 
1,017,001 

51,762 
431,369 

6,100 

6,925 
625,149 

578,784 
165,083 

3,029 

3,144 

323,629 

76,915 
630,442 

121,260 

110,908 
125,076 

24,567 
59,485 

3,354 
4,673 

1.458 
19,548 

83,268 
366,501 

158,556 
247,332 

30,670 
128,931 

1,309 

10,892 
170,206 

71,038 
51,008 

15,708 
25,470 

1,720,249 

512,753 
4,836,585 

1,221,786 

289,107 
1,307,900 

95,709 
34.5,725 

14,407 
30,997 

4,539 
147,317 

347,165 
1,856,065 

456,656 
2,251,-358 

130,181 
1,00-5,401 

23,195 

18.781 
1,536,592 

743,140 
423,351 

29,652 

47,670 
3,672,225 

Connecticut*  ..         .        

263 

82 
642 

123 

47 
139 

19 
53 

2 
2 

2 
24 

28 
267 

61 
209 

6 
110 

6 

3 

160 

109 
36 

251,091 

82,304 
522,477 

90,990 

45,026 
117,242 

13,225 
39,643 

1,060 
2,. •'20 

1,404 
23,457 

25,974 
216, 120 

62,296 
197,400 

3,940 
91,081 

3,600 

2.3'« 
134,007 

111,881 
57,195 

Illinois 

1,101,481 

8,900,421 
2,115,901 

Massachusetts  .                                   

5.82,047 

2,715,310 

208,384 

Minnesota 

627,658 
34,016 

New  Jersey 

66,505 
12,162 

Now  York 

295,226 
758,789 

Ohio 

3,842,020 
1,040,982 

4,099,980 
250,348 

Rhode  Island  i 

1,855,043 
43,382 

44,456 

All  other  states 

2,795,236 
1,030,923 

779,331 

1  Included  in  "all  other  states  '  in  1905. 

2  Includes  establishments  distributftd  as  follows:  Colorado,  2;  Connecticut,  2:  Indiana.  2;  Maryland.  1:  Missouri,  2;  North  Carolina.  1;  Rhode  Island,  1. 
8  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  1;  Iowa,  1;  Kentucky,  1;  Maine,!;  Maryland,  1;  Nevada,!;  New  Hampshire,  1. 


The  most  noticeable  feature  in  Table  4  is  the  decrease 
in  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Massachusetts,  New 
York,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin,  that  for 
the  last-named  state  being  most  prominent.  In  1900 
each  of  these  states  produced  bicycles  and  tricycles 
valued  at  over  $1,000,000,  while  in  1905  the  product 
of  but  2,  Illinois  and  Oliio,  was  valued  at  $1,000,000 
or  over. 

Exports. — The  value  of  bicycles  and  tricycles  and 
parts  thereof  exported  from  the  United  States  each 
year  from  1896  to  1905,  inclusive,  is  shown  in  Table  5. 

Table    5. —  Value   of  exports   of  bicycles   and   tricycles,    and  parts 
thereof:  1S96  to  1905.' 


FISCAL   YEAR. 

Exports. 

FISCAL   YEAR. 

Exports. 

1896 

$1,898,012 
7,005,323 
6,840,529 
5,753,880 
3,553,149 

1901        * 

S2  515  804 

1897 

1902... 

2,027,572 

1898 

1903 

2,132,629 
1,965,026 
1,378,428 

1899 

1904... 

1900 

1905 

'  "Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States,' 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor. 


Bureau  of  Statistics. 


The  high  tide  of  bicycle  export  from  the  United 
States  was  reached  in  1897,  when  the  American  wheel 
commanded  a  market  not  only  in  nonmanufacturing 
countries,  but  also  in  the  United  Kingdom  and 
throughout  continental  Europe.  Excepting  a  slight 
increase  in  1902  over  the  previous  year,  the  decline  in 
the  export  trade  has  kept  pace  with  the  decline  in  the 
popularity  of  the  bicycle. 

Historical  and  descriptive. — The  liistory  of  the  bicycle 
was  discussed  in  the  Report  on  Manufactures.  Twelfth 
Census,  Part  IV.  The  liistory  of  the  manufacture  of 
motor  cycles  was  not  dwelt  upon  at  that  time  but  is 
here  introduced. 

The  first  power-driven  bicj-cle  produced  in  the 
United  States  was  a  steam  "boneshaker,"  made  and 
used  in  1868  by  W.  W.  Austin,  of  Winthrop,  Mass.' 
Tliis  machine,  wliich  weighed  90  pounds,  is  said  to 
have  run  about  2,000  mUes.  The  engine  and  boiler 
were  attached  to  the  frame  just  back  of  the  rider.' 

1  The  B  leveling  World.  Vol.  XLIII,  No.  15,  Jan.  10,  1901,  page  .370. 

2  The  Bicj-eling  World,  Vol.  XLII,  Xo.  7^  Xov.  15, 1900,  page  141. 


292 


MANUFACTIJEES. 


During  1884-85  the  better  known  "Copeland  steam 
bicycle''  was  devised  by  W.  E.  and  L.  D.  Copeland,  of 
San  Francisco,  Cal.  The  wheel  used  was  of  the  regular 
"Star"  pattern,  and  the  engine  and  boiler  were 
planned  so  as  to  occupy  very  little  space  outside  the 
lines  of  the  macliine.  Tlie  engine  proper  weighed  1 
pound  and  12  ounces,  including  the  driving  pulley, 
and  the  speed  was  7  revolutions  to  1  of  the  bicycle. 
The  engine  was  capable  of  making  1,000  revolutions 
per  minute.  Enough  water  could  be  taken  into  the 
boiler  to  last  an  hour,  and  the  power  of  the  engine  was 
sufficient  to  drive  the  51-inch  wheel  about  12  miles  on 
a  floor,  or  about  1  mile  in  eight  minutes  on  the  road.^ 

So  far  as  known  nothing  else  in  the  form  of  a  motor 
cycle  was  attempted  in  this  country  during  tlie 
succeeding  ten  years.  During  the  year  1894-95, 
when  the  safety  bicycle  and  pneumatic  tires  were 
firmly  established,  E.  J.  Pennington,  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  formed  the  Motor  Cycle  Company,  and  adver- 
tised extensively  both  a  single  and  tandem  power- 
driven  machine.  Kerosene  was  the  fuel  used,  and  it 
was  claimed  that  1  gallon  would  serve  for  200  miles. 
Explosions  which  drove  the  machine  were  caused  by 
electric  ignition,  the  mere  pressure  of  an  electric  button 
on  the  handle  bar  being  sufficient  to  start  or  stop  the 
machine  and  also  to  regulate  the  speed.  While  the 
contrivance  was  most  ingenious,  it  was  in  advance  of 
the  times,  the  public  not  then  being  interested  in 
power-driven  cycles.' 

In    1884    Gottlieb    Daimler,    of   Deutz,   Germany, 

» The  Bicycling  World,  Vol.  XLI,  No.  6,  May  10,  1900,  page  157. 


produced  and  patented  a  small  gas  engine  designed 
to  nm  at  very  high  speed,  so  high  that  the  heat 
generated  by  it  was  enough  to  ignite  the  cliarges  of 
gas  furnishing  the  propelling  power.  This  engine  Mr. 
Daimler,  in  1886,  fitted  to  a  bicycle  by  placing  it 
vertically  between  the  front  and  rear  wheels,  the  rear 
wheel  being  driven  from  the  engine  by  means  of  a 
belt.  Gas  was  supplied  from  a  carburetor  in  which  an 
explosive  vapor  was  produced  by  causmg  air  to  enter 
the  licjuid  from  below.  This  engine  proved  so  satis- 
factory that  Daimler  continued  work  on  it,  and  in  1889 
constructed  a  two-cylinder  engine,  the  piston  rods  of 
wliich  were  coupled  to  a  single  crank. ^ 

From  1900  to  the  present  time  increased  attention 
has  been  given  to  motor  cycles,  with  the  result  that 
to-day  there  are  many  types  upon  the  market,  the 
majority,  if  not  all,  being  propelled  by  a  gasoline 
motor. 

Under  the  report  on  automobiles  in  this  volume  the 
sasoline  motor  has  been  so  generally  covered  that  it 
was  not  considered  necessary  to  give  this  subject  any 
further  attention  in  this  article. 

The  detailed  statistics  for  the  bicycle  and  tricycle 
industry  in  establislmients  devoted  primarily  to  their 
manufacture  are  presented  in  Table  6,  which  gives 
separate  totals  for  each  state  in  which  there  are  three 
or  more  establishments,  and  groups  the  statistics  for 
other  states  so  as  not  to  disclose  the  operations  of 
individuaf  establishments. 

*  Tile  Complete  Motorist,  page  28. 


294 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  6.— BICYCLES  AND  TRICYCLES— 


United  States. 

CaUfornia. 

Illinois.      , 

1 

TCiiTnhpr  nf  pstqhlishmpnts                                                                             , 

101 

$5,883,458 
$282,740 
51,115,039 
52,360.698 
$2,124,981 
81 

361 

$350,798 

31 

$76,216 

330 
8274,582 

275 
$251, 717 

55 
$22,865 

4,S93 

1.T4U 

3,319 

$1,971,403 

3,298 
$1,964,940 

7 
■     $3,481 

14 
$2,982 

4,075 
4,260 
4,205 
3,719 
3,676 
3,322 
2,550 
2,149 
2,309 
2.578 
3,047 
3,686 

$574,656 
$.58,453 
$29,963 

$408,044 
$78, 195 

$2,628,146 
$2,039,566 
$85,791 
$19,712 
$42.&S4 
$404,327 
$35,866 

$5,153,240 

227,504 
13,557,635 

3,675 
$118,016 

221,428 
$3,081,206 

lOfi 
$4,283 

2, 295 
$354,130 

4.  WW 

$33,  .560 

$1,273,326 

$2.'«,719 

4 
$13,531 

13 

$1,029,875 
$47,036 
$142,840 
S432, 196 
$407,803 
6 

82 
$82,304 

5 
$7,780 

77 
(74,524 

69 
$71,874 

8 
$2,650 

1,624 

371 

969 

$593,902 

968 
$593, 641 

1 
$261 

? 

Capital: 

Total 1 

3 

Land .■  .  .                                                       .  . 

4 

5 

$2,317 

$11,214 

3 

2 
$1,300 

1 
$700 

1 
$600 

1 
$600 

H 

Cash  and  sundries 

7 

Prnprietrtrs  jtnd  firm  Tnembers    .... 

8 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.; 

Total  number * 

9 

10 

Officers  of  corporations— 

11 

Salaries ..                 .  . 

1' 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

13 

Total  salaries 

14 

Men— 

It 

Sala  ries 

Ifi 

"Women — 

Number 

17 

IS 

Wage-eamers.  including  p.eceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

12 

8 

10 

$6,010 

10 
$6,010 

in 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

?n 

?i 

?0 

Men  16  years  and  over- 

?3 

?4 

Women  Iti  years  and  over — 

?.T 

?fi 

Children  under  16  years- 

77 

?8 

Average  number  of  wage-eamers,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month: " 
Januarv 

11 
11 
12 
12 
12 
11 
9 
8 
8 
8 
9 
9 

$;!,029 

Sl,(ll« 

$.')6 

$1,308 

1,4,57 

1,547 

1,498 

915 

868 

797 

566 

557 

651 

742 

875 

1,143 

$76,915 
$!  1,0,50 
$5,3,57 
$40,5t)8 

?« 

an 

March 

31 

3? 

May : 

33 

June 

34 

Julv 

35 

Aucust 

3A 

September 

37 

38 

3<» 

40 

Miscellaneous  expenses; 

Total 

41 

Rent  of  works 

4? 

43 

Rent  of  offices,  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  included 

44 

4.S 

Materials  used: 

Total  cost 

$1.5.708 
$14.:).50 
$122 
$1S6 
SllW 
$SIIO 
$150 

$29,6,52 

996 
$17, 125 

$.512,753 
S37S,  1.58 
$21,318 
SIOO 
SI  1.700 
S%,2I2 
$4,965. 

$1,161,481 

811,231 
$907,010 

1,2M 
$37,470 

78,730 
$825,012 

22 
$900 

235 
$43,628 

4A 

I'rincipal  materials 

47 

Fuel ! 

48 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

49 

.SO 

AU  other  materials 

SI 

freight 

nz 

Products: 

Aggregate  value 

M 

Bicycles- 
Total  number 

M 

Total  value 

M 

Chainless— 

M 

Value 

67 

Chain- 
Number 

990 
$15,925 

m 

m 

Tandem- 

fifl 

Value 

01 

Motor- 
Number 

6 

$1,200 

30 
$3,000 
$1,2*1 
$8,243 

02 

ra 

Trlcvclcs  - 

M 

\'ahlo 

(V, 

All  other  products 

$2;)i,52.V 
»19,918 

eo 

Amount  received  for  custom  work  and  repatrtng 

'IncludciOitabllahnUinU  distributed  OS  follows:  Colorado,  2;  Connecticut,  2;  Indiano,  2;  Maryland,  1;  Missouri,  2;  North  Caioliua,  1;  Rhode  Island,  1. 


BICYCLES  AND  TRICYCLES. 


295 


DETAILED  SUMMARY.  BY  STATES:  1905. 


Massachiisftts. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

New  Jersey. 

New  Yorlc. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

Wisconsin. 

All  Other  states.' 

8 

4 

8 

3 

32 

3 

12 

3 

11 

1 

$689,, W7 

$238,  .1.30 

$lS,2;i5 

$11,300 

$6.57,  .529 

$1,132,225 

$209,909 

131,212 

$1,851,745 

2 

$4, 400 
$10(1,247 
$.344,710 

$■'  .lOO 

$1  itOO 

$25.2.50 

$.)(),. 529 

$27,100 

$144,025 

» 

$29,189 
$48,. 334 

$2,400 
$5,700 

$81,4.59 
$277,114 

$199,1.30 
$:i95,0.5<i 

$28,701 
$46,121 

$2,225 
$10,775 

$.522,848 
$795,  .575 

4 

$2,800 

5 

$234,210 

$1.M,.K)7 

$8,235 

$8,  .500 

$273,70(i 

$.507, 510 

$107,987 

$18,212 

$389,297 

« 

0 
47 

2 
19 

7 
2 

2 
<> 

28 
28 

15 
6 

4 
3 

8 
109 

V 

61 

8 

$4.''), 021) 

$13,225 

$1,060 

$1,404 

$25,974 

$62,296 

$3,940 

$2,388 

$111,881 

V 

2 
$5,000 

17 

1 
$780 

1 

8 
$8,400 

20 

7 
$13,800 

54 

2 
$1,920 

1 

5 
$37,836 

104 

10 

11 

47 

2 

6 

12 

$4ii,020 

$8,225 

$1,060 

$624 

$17,574 

548,496 

$3,940 

$468 

$74,045 

M 

36 

12 

2 

1 

13 

40 

4 

97 

U 

$39,568 

11 

$5,458 

492 

$0,320 

5 
$1,905 

118 

$1,0C0 

$624 

$14,062 

7 
$3,512 

$42,644 

14 

$5,852 

$3,280 

$71,685 

7 
$2,360 

LI 

2 

$660 

1 

$468 

16 

17 

IS 

3 

620 

555 

1.57 

19 

1,275 

18 

213 

23 

9 

3 

192 

295 

61 

8 

.5.57 

M 

344 

79 

11 

2 

410 

446 

94 

12 

942 

20 

J180,:«4 

547,763 

$6,088 

$i,oto 

$205,945 

5292,780 

$51,762 

$6,925 

$578,784 

21 

:tx. 

79 

11 

2 

407 

446 

90 

12 

9.38 

22 

$178,030 

$47,763 

$6,088 

SI, 060 

$205,113 

$292,780 

$51,060 

$6,925 

$576,470 

23 

3 
$1,088 

6 
$1,266 

437 

3 

$2,132 

24 

15 

3 
$832 

475 

$702 
78 

1 
$182 

1,015 

26 

27 

111 

7 

2 

474 

8 

2S 

4.50 

110 

8 

2 

524 

500 

81 

9 

1,018 

21) 

401 

97 

16 

2 

547 

486 

87 

10 

1,049 

30 

X,7 

80 

15 

2 

534 

503 

102 

13 

1,186 

31 

324 

76 

14 

2 

461 

.552 

103 

17 

1,247 

:« 

277 

71 

14 

2 

353 

523 

102 

19 

1,153 

33 

244 

29 

13 

2 

3.55 

379 

93 

18 

842 

34 

257 

21 

12 

2 

284 

314 

81 

16 

597 

35 

237 

55 

11 

2 

266 

349 

72 

12 

646 

36 

238 

89 

11 

2 

312 

346 

75 

10 

745 

3V 

320 

103 

6 

2 

343 

444 

98 

6 

841 

38 

478 

106 

5 

2 

430 

482 

108 

6 

917 

39 

$110,908 

$24.  .567 

$3,354 

$1,4.58 

$83,268 

$158,  .556 

$30,670 

$10, 892 

ri,038 

40 

$2,220 

$740 

$1,768 

$570 

$10,604 

$720 

$3,740 

$844 

14.532 

41 

$.3. 064 

$918 

$1.50 

$8 

$2,644 

$3,078 

$544 

$76 

114,068 

4i 

i3;,.rM 

$22,609 

$1,311 

$880 

$69,287 

$154,758 

$26,386 

$2,975 

152,438 

43 

$70,040 
$289. 107 

$300 
$95.  709 

$125 
$14,407 

$733 
$347,165 

$6,997 
$18,781 

44 

$4,  .539 

$456,656 

$130, 181 

1743, 140 

45 

$238. 189 

$8:1.915 

$13,071 

$3,020 

$287. 932 

$328,582 

$124,418 

$17,734 

1.552, 197 

46 

$13,262 

$3,243 

$210 

$55 

$7,393 

$17,073 

$2.  714 

$.532 

119.869 

4; 

«.V20 
S,'..  MIX 

$12 
$1,487 

$336 
$25 

$6,059 
$3,795 

$10,647 
$3,384 

$503 
$195 

$20 
$425 

$1,029 
$1.5.  %1 

48 

$4 

49 

«JS.  107 

$5.  ,8.52 

$765 

$1,450 

$38. 170 

$92,286 

$500 

$1.39. 885 

.50 

$2,921 
$582,047 

$1,200 
$208,384 

$10 
$12, 162 

$3,816 
$758,789 

$6,684 
$1,040,982 

$1,851 
$250,348 

170 
$44,456 

$14,199 
$1,030,923 

51 

$34,016 

52 

13. 4.16 

8,225 

297 

398 

29.089 

36,138 

5,769 

575 

52,330 

53 

$537,403 

$186,200 

$16,737 

$5,591 

$367, 094 

$671,330 

$127, 195 

$36,930 

$685,020 

54 

495 

$18,850 

11.782 

200 
$7,000 

10 
$500 

1,726 
$54,196 

.55 

56 

8.225 

228 

398 

28,723 

35,985 

5,680 

395 

50,292 

57 

$333.  736 

$186,200 

$8,892 

$5,591 

$338,379 

$654,792 

$115,525 

$9,930 

$587,224 

58 

83 
$3,  .333 

1.096 
$181,484 

1 
$50 

.59 

60 

69 
$7,845 

165 
$21,665 

153 
$16,538 

3,038 

$26,493 

$319,335 

79 
$11, 170 

993 

$3,717 
$95,726 

180 

$27,000 

312 
143,600 

61 

62 

2 

$350 

$7,000 

63 

64 

$42,084 

$600 

$1,350 

$345,677 

$850 

$224.89; 

65 

$2,560 

$14.  ,834 

$16,679 

$5,221 

$46,018 

$23,824 

$23,710 

$6,676 

$121,006 

66 

»  The  average  number  ol  women  16  years  and  over  ami  children  under  16  years,  employed  during  each  month,  are  not  included  in  the  table  because  of  the  small  number 
reported. 


45254— MFC,  190.7— IT  4—08- 


-21 


296 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  6.— BICYCLES  AND  TRICYCLES— 


67 


Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporticg 

Total  horsepower i 

Owned— 
Engines- 
Steam — 

Xnmber 

Horsepower 

Gas  or  gasoline- 
Number  

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Rented— 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Other  kind,  horsepower 

Furnished  to  other  establishments,  horsepower 


United  States.  I     California.  Illinois 


80 
7,131 


■49 
4,906 

34 
231 


50 
1,401 


42 

336 

222 

2 


10 
2,939 


20 
2,208 


23 
705 


BICYCLES  AND  TRICYCLES. 

DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905— Continued. 


297 


Masiaohusetts. 

Micbigan. 

Minnesota. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio.          1    Pennsylvania. 

Wisconsin. 

All  other  states. 

8 

1,130 

7 
C13 

3 
14 

4 

232 

3 
224 

1 
3 

5 
11 

1 
4 

1 
4 

23 
612 

4 
882 

6 
19 

2 
36 

3 
655 

2 
229 

4 
105 

10 
128 

3 

55 

3 
IS 

3 
32 

10 
1,380 

9 

1,210 

8 
19 

67 
68 

60 

1 
3 

3 
32 

71 
72 

73 

74 

75 
76 

77 
78 
79 
80 



9 
48S 

2 
8 
10 

1 
1 

1 
3 

10 
108 

13 
213 

7 
102 

7 
49 

4 

8 

10 
38 
158 

2 

3 

U 

CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS 


(299> 


CARRIAGES    AND    WAGONS. 


This  report  embraces  estal)lishments  conducted  on 
the  factory  system  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
every  variety  of  veliicle  propelled  by  animal  power  for 
land  transportation.  It  does  not  include  statistics  for 
children's  carriages  and  sleds,  bicycles  and  tricycles, 
automobiles  and  other  horseless  conveyances — except 
when  made  as  subsidiary  products — or  for  steam  and 
street  railroad  cars. 

The  census  of  1890  was  the  first  at  wliich  establish- 
ments engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  the  factory  prod- 
uct were  segregated  from  those  engaged  chiefly  in 
custom  and  repair  work  and  shown  in  a  separate  table, 
distinct  from  the  totals  for  the  regular  classification. 

In  order  that  the  statistics  for  the  census  of  1900 
might  be  strictly  comparable  with  those  for  1890  and 
1905,  a  revision  was  made  by  which  reports  for  1,428 
estabhshments,  representing  capital  of  .S8, 31 1,953  and 
products  of  $8,302,686,  were  eliminated.  These  re- 
ports represented  practically  all  the  carriage  and 
wagon  custom  work  and  repairing  plants,  classified 
under  "carriages  and  wagons"  in  1900,  and  all  the 
plants  showing  an  entire  or  preponderating  product  of 
automobiles.  The  schedules  for  the  latter  were  sepa- 
rately compiled  to  show  elsewhere  comparative  figures 
for  the  classification  of  "automobiles,"  used  for  the 
first  time  at  the  census  of  1905. 

Table  1  is  a  comparative  summary  of  the  statistics 
for  carriages  and  wagons,  factory  product,  as  returned 
at  the  censuses  of  1890,  1900,  and  1905,  with  percent- 
ages of  increase. 

The  figures  given  for  the  census  of  1905  show  a  sub- 
stantial increase  over  those  for  1900,  with  the  single 
exception  of  number  of  establishments;  this  item  is 
diminished  by  1,248,  or  20.1  per  cent.  The  decrease 
is  due  in  part  to  the  fact  that  it  was  impossible  to 
eliminate  from  the  statistics  for  1900  all  the  reports 
for  establishments  of  the  character  excluded  from  the 
factory  census  of  1905. 

The  average  nundier  of  wage-earners  increased  only 
3.4  per  cent  from  1890  to  1900,  wliile  the  total  wages 
paid  actually  decreased  4.8  per  cent,  but  at  the  census 
of  1905  these  items  showed  increases  of  3.9  per  cent 
and  12  per  cent,  respectively.  The  cost  of  materials 
used  increased  13.9  per  cent  from  1900  to  1905,  and 


the  increase  shown  in  total  value  of  products  was  10.7 
per  cent. 

Table   1. — Comparative  summary,  with  per  rmt  of  inrrease:  1890 

to  1905. 


Number  of  establishineDts 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks. 

etc.,  number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,      average 

number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over . 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and 

over 

Wages 

Children     under     16 

years  

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses  . . . 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products,  includ- 
ing amount  received  for 
repair  work 


1905  < 


4,956 
$126,320,1304 

5,058 
(5,239,043 

60,722 
$30,878,229 

59,411 
$30,525,515 

870 

$266,674 

441 

$86,040 
$10,182,614 
$61,215,228 


1900 


6,204  4,572 

$109,875,885  $93,455,257 

4,00?  '  6,069 

$3,756,915  '$5,715,426 

58,425  56,525 

$27,578,046  $28,972,401 

57,209  55,403 

$27,264,021  $28,702,169 

840  615 

$248,071  $180,195 

376  507 

$65,954  '  $90,037 

$5,800,687  '  $5,495,271 

$53,723,311  ,  $46,022,769 


1890 


PEE  CENT  OF 
INCREASE. 


1900      1890 

to     ,     to 
1905      1900 


$125,332,976   $113,234,590   $102,680,841 


'20.1 
15.0  I 
I 
26.4 
39.5 

a9 

12  0 
3  8 
12.0 

3.6 
7.5 

17.3 
30.5 
75.5 
13.9 


10.' 


35  7 
17.6 

'34.0 
'34.3 

3  4 

'4.8 

3.3 

'SO 

36.6 
37.7 

'25.8 

'26  7 

5  6 

16.7 


10.3 


1  Exclusive  of  the  statistics  of  35  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the 
manufacture  of  other  products.  These  establishments  made  carriages  and 
wagons  to  the  value  of  $612,173. 

-  Decrease. 

3  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members  and  their  salaries:  number  only 
reported  in  19(M)  and  1905.  but  not  included  in  this  table. 


The  industry,  by  states  and  territories. — Table  2  is  a 
comparative  summary  for  the  industry,  by  states  and 
territories  and  geographic  divisions,  1900  and  1905. 

By  far  the  larger  part  of  the  carriage  and  wagon 
industr}'  was  concentrated  in  the  North  Central 
division.  At  the  census  of  1905  this  division  con- 
tained 60  per  cent  of  the  total  capital  invested,  51.5 
per  cent  of  the  wage-earners,  50.2  per  cent  of  the 
wages,  and  58  per  cent  of  the  value  of  products. 
Indiana  and  Illinois  were  the  only  states  showing 
important  increases. 

The  North  Atlantic  division  ranked  next  to  the 
North  Central,  with  26.3  per  cent  of  the  capital  for 
the  whole  country,  30.9  per  cent  of  the  wage-earners, 
33.8  per  cent  of  the  wages,  and  25.6  per  cent  of  the 
value  of  products.  Of  the  separate  states  all  reported 
a  general  decline  except  Maine,  New  York,  and 
Pennsylvania. 

(301) 


302  MANUFACTURES. 

Table  2.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES,  TERRITORIES,  AND  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:  1905  AND  1900. 


STATE  OE  TERRITORY. 


Census. 


United  states 

North  Atlantic  division. 

Maine 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

CJonnecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division. 

Delaware 

Maryland 

District  of  Columbia 

Virginia 

West  Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

North  Central  division.. 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

lowH 

Missouri 

North  Dakota  ' 

South  Dakota 

Nebraska 

Kansas , 


190S 
1900 


1905 
1900 


190S 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1906 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
190U 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1906 
1000 


190.S 
1900 


19% 
1900 


1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


4.956 
6.204 


2.022 
2.453 


154 
147 


280 
310 


96 
114 


590 

745 


200 
238 


(Ml 
740 


533 

677 


111 

109 


92 
144 


125 
1.57 


75 
104 


1.831 

2,  .371 


348 
449 


188 
262 


290 
335 


183 
247 


311 
371 


134 
170 


97 
110 


222 
346 


Capital. 


$126. 
109. 


320,604 
875.885 


258.486 
877,100 


660.764 
575. 350 


814. 372 
.049.245 


214.301 
315.663 


813. 839 
912.227 


328.684 
361.311 


087.840 
726,836 


962,721 
258,897 


545. 445 
567.883 


1,830.520 
1,109.688 


386,888 
568,229 


264,783 
397, 103 


898.874 
589,208 


50,117 
42,350 


615,715 
098,037 


313.614 
311,290 


1,010,457 
860.683 


.'j02.243 
313.698 


,508,958 
824.933 


222. 127 
130.927 


836,912 
283,824 


980, 183 
983,270 

276, 315 
664,364 

838,860 
463,226 

264,093 
876,006 

751,420 
271,091 

159.886 
822,926 

107,726 

8X8,2'25 

876,917 
937,, 171 


64, 416 
43, 7.W 


W2. 933 
12l,8,',9 


.124.  166 
173.227 


SALARIED    OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 


Number.      Salaries. 


5,058 
4,003 


1,117 
965 


120 
120 


490 
428 


310 
231 


304 
154 


3,232 
2,596 


741 
679 


796 
690 


401 
302 


614 

401 


246 
217 


175 
140 


260 
186 


S6, 239, 043 
3,756,915 


1,228,223 
917,690 


11.499 
10.100 

20,660 
22,468 

1,000 
1,275 

109,140 
89,816 

6,756 
8,612 

110,508 
66,010 

604,819 
461,819 

86,541 
68,480 

277,310 
189,020 

285,291 
123,364 


5,260 
9.506 


17.966 
11.266 


1,560 
7S0 


61,226 
30,805 


16,376 
6,676 


69,028 
19,267 


20,480 
12,060 


96,786 
31,024 


6,010 
2,100 


3,315.467 
2,4.'j3.646 


707.  4SI0 
670,637 

808,928 
i)80.862 

466,781 
317,. 505 

493.523 
,V>2, 498 

276. 3H5 
246, 400 

79,616 
49,724 

176.».'iO 
112.704 

285. 791 
207,065 


2,000 


8,823 
6,370 

9.280 
9.980 


■WAGE-EARNERS  AND 
WAGES. 


Average 
number. 


60,722 
68,425 


18.769 
18,375 


451 
331 

382 
496 

108 
186 

2,232 
2,691 

228 
290 

1,372 
1,289 

6,789 
6, 548 

1,638 
1,599 

6,669 
4,945 

5,260 
3,945 


137 
205 


774 
624 


1,046 
756 


221 
240 


1,373 

799 


346 
340 


,116 

808 


196 
131 


31,292 
31,229 


6, 768 
7,129 


7,166 
6,425 


4,186 
3.979 


4,688 
4.859 


3,506 

3,am 


872 
1,066 


1 ,  103 

1,,W4 


2, 6,16 
2,624 


22 


144 

IWi 


214 

ini 


Wages. 


J30, 878,229 
27,678,046 


10,421,971 
9,860,301 


243,578 
168,899 

229,624  I 
260,111  ' 

68,826 
91,364 

1,367.349 
1,411,282 

140,218 
170, 490 

690,185 
841,986 

3,936,924 
3,662,432 

960,903 
875.259 

2,794,365 
2,378,478 

2,065,181 
1,414,332 


68.992 
96.263 

347.236 
249.964 

25,249 
19,050 

372, 4!I0 
304,075 

113.032 
105.346 

481.628 
236.230 

118.280 
90,666 

426. 484 
256.611 

101,890 
,56, 249 

16,611,413 
14,139,433 


3, 336, 661 
3,290,196 

3.2,54.027 
2.727,020 

2,320,141 
1,954.910 

2,246,493 
2,014,892 

1,724,017 
1,(J04,743 

424,777 
4.56. 447 

.528.016 
Ii66,  450 

1,477.  .540 
1.274.012 


12,528 
1.1,5.12 

83, 1.56 
58,0,14 

ia5, 168 
67,862 


Miscellane- 
ous ex- 
penses. 


$10, 182, 
5,800, 


2,667 
1,793, 


336, 
280, 


104 
96, 


191 
139, 


603, 
346, 


489. 
209 


109, 
30 


137 
44. 


6, 181 
3, 398, 


1,481 
793 


1,173 
671 


844 
467 


933 

491 


644 
3(a 


135 
102 


424 
234 


490, 
244 


Cost  of  ma- 
terials used. 


$61,216,228 
53,723,311 


Value  of 
products,  in- 
cluding 
amount  re- 
ceived for 
repair  work. 


$125,332,976 
113.234,590 


271 

829 


12, 683, 672 
12,913,510 


392,280 
264,076 


195,851 
268, 192 


64,816 
98,442 


1,656,271 
2, 173, 458 


116,627 
186,887 


666,068 
831,970 


5,008,143 
4,888,694 


1,036,002 
1,100,936 


3,557,514 
3,100,855 


4,717,249 
2,510,719 


102,352 
101,847 


487,231 
281,761 


21,776 
16,567 


1,029,976 
591,330 


210,452 
166,703 


1,229,396 
520.814 


289,740 
20t).  414 


1,222,149 
633.931 


124. 177 
91.346 


38.740.019 
34., 572. 658 


8, 437,, 162 
8,1.53.691 


8. 598. 170 
6.957.203 


4.885.773 
4.002.145 


7,005.109 
6.  ,5,89. 442 


3. 725.  ,1.58 
3,309,7li<i 


781,727 
867, 193 


1.479,086 
1.792,935 


3,687,478 
2, 696,  ,598 


17,207 


9,903 
20,491 


113,340 

66,892 


116,724 
99,096 


32, 133, 890 
32,744,207 


937,644 
690,009 

666,944 
722, 118 

163,756 
284, 525 

4,179,724 
6.031.804 

369.870 
520,734 

1,909,483 
2,302,881 

12, 673, 148 
12,261,863 

2,813,634 
2,972,212 

8,620,787 
7,968,061 

9,303,867 
5,861,649 


228,360 
281,396 


1,143,463 
791,571 


75,265 
54,200 


1,913,630 
1,370,824 


443,291 
379,098 


2, 304,  Ota 
1,066.292 


.548.226 
414.052 


2.303.196 
1.316.997 


344. 481 
198. 219 


72,614.891 
66.174.777 


16.096.125 
15.616,926 

15.228,337 
12,601,217 

9,798,965 
8,275,ia9 

12,101,170 
11,110,836 

7,611.392 
6.839.963 

1.715..V>8 
1.930.745 

2.974.043 
3.728.027 

6.  .551, 1,10 
6,477,151 

39,289 

31,110 
48,895 

286, 984 
194,, 557 

320,  768 
242,  .532 


■  Included  In  "  nut  dlxlrlbutcd  by  stntcs  or  divisions  "  In  1006. 


CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS. 


303 


Table  2.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES,  TERRITORIES,  AND  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:  190.5  AND 

1900- ( 'dill inui-d. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

1 
Capital. 

SALARIED  OFFICUL8, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 

WAOE-EARNERS  AND 
WAGES. 

Miscellane- 
ous ex- 
penses. 

Cost  of  ma- 
terials used. 

Value  of 
products,  in- 
cluding 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

amount  re- 
ceived for 
repair  work. 

South  Central  division 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

19a5 
1900 

i9a5 

1900 

i9a5 

1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

'  1905 
M900 

294 
407 

$7,422,971 
5,138,868 

324 
219 

1330,966 
198,521 

3,951 
3,520 

$1,821,069 
1,380,097 

$625,231 
269,809 

$3,831,851 
2,687,992 

$7,854,827 

5,711,824 

102 
143 

59 
71 

23 

41 

12 
20 

40 
41 

16 

26 

8 
7 

34 

58 

271 
293 

4,225,145 
3,075,823 

1,445,3.50 
7,59,0.57 

.5.58,  IK) 
380,966 

303, 120 
91,175 

236,770 
260,012 

314,919 
160,873 

.53,990 
24,  ,500 

285,514 
386. 462 

2,387,317 
2,004,599 

163 
122 

83 
43 

28 
24 

17 
4 

U 
13 

12 
5 

1 

163,.^50 
116,915 

94,346 
44,462 

28,021 

15,985 

17,244 
3,  .500 

10,576 
8,359 

8,373 
2,300 

520 

1,812 
1,669 

917 
607 

370 
401 

171 
107 

293 
285 

134 
134 

43 

27 

211 
290 

1,425 
1.353 

800,331 
621,904 

416,682 
2,5:i,.^36 

161,3!KI 
126,917 

74,9.53 
41,897 

159,317 
119,386 

60,898 
48,847 

23,407 
9,142 

124,082 
1.58.668 

1,054,300 
791,3.59 

a54,043 
143, 7.36 

122,837 
42,0.30 

77,199 
40,417 

16,04.5 
3,132 

17,862 
12,360 

12,872 
7, 1.59 

3,149 

6a5 

21,224 
20,290 

225, 577 
129,372 

2,089,687 
1,496,001 

898, 447 
508,578 

369,470 
226,680 

%,  491 
42,804 

151,365 
128,350 

70,219 
94,495 

26,008 
10,771 

130,164 
180,313 

1,225,184 
1,035,117 

4,059,438 

Tennessee  

2,849,713 
1,774,725 

1,093,782 
720,282 

Mississippi 

544,602 
239,  .566 

123,610 
4.36,434 

Arkansas         ..             .        

359,  .506 
189.914 

197, 423 
66.921 

37,  445 

Texa.s                

9 

8 

80 
69 

8,  .536 
6,986 

77,296 
63,795 

367,. 547 

505,743 
3,381,756 

2,730,688 

Montana    .                                 .       .  .   . 

6 
7 

7 

35 
40 

4 
3 

4 

3 
4 

25 
25 

14 
19 

184 
184 

5 
3 

60,258 
63,899 

22,890 

262,888 
292,871 

61,050 
21,750 

47,350 

2,950 
■      28,674 

230,418 
97,860 

93,595 
70,451 

1,676,158 
1,358,854 

28,030 
3.265 

6 

4 

1 

9 
11 

2 

6,000 
4,080 

1,800 

8.900 
10,960 

1,920 

23 
30 

18 

177 
174 

26 
11 

22 

8 
34 

201 
132 

52 
.56 

938 
876 

25 
3 

19,900 
31, 118 

10,260 

129,557 
120,205 

19,947 
6,200 

14,848 

5,675 
13,950 

1.58.200 
88,901 

36,209 
35,286 

684,812 
470,591 

14,295 

2,524 

5,530 
5,719 

1,366 

21,262 
18.044 

1.201 
1,193 

1,257 

702 
1,.525 

21,503 
9,400 

5,940 
4,972 

169. 439 
85,896 

4,225 
272 

37,369 
32,433 

29,227 

132,648 
138,825 

27,364 
5,830 

11,438 

4,315 

21,976 

188,314 
110,219 

45,761 
43,039 

789,413 
642,130 

17.353 
3,315 

107,060 

100,  .560 
65,485 

379.368 

384,994 
65,8,50 

19,100 

4 

1,180 

40,210 

U  tab 

12.300 

Washington 

7 

12 
8 

4 

2 

47 
32 

1 

1,000 

10,768 
8,800 

1.033 
200 

48,675 
35,775 

1,800 

.53,693 
482.263 

Oregon     

283,218 
114.429 

112,699 
2,220.486 

Not  distributed  by  states  or  divisions 

1,670,729 

43.745 
11,445 

1  Included  in  "not  distributed  by  states  or  divisions'*  in  1905. 

'  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows;  Arizona,  I;  Indian  Territory,  1;  Nevada,  1;  North  Dakota,  1;  Wyoming,  1. 

"  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Indian  Territory,  1;  Nevada,  2. 


The  Southern  states,  though  still  forming  relatively 
small  proportions  of  the  total,  showed  substantial 
increases.  The  two  divisions  into  which  they  were 
grouped  were  nearly  equal  in  importance.  The  South 
Atlantic  was  in  the  lead  with  7.4  per  cent  of  the  total 
value  of  products  against  6.3  per  cent  for  the  South 
Central.  The  gain  in  the  South  Atlantic  division  was 
mainly  due  to  the  large  increase  in  North  Carolina, 
while  more  than  half  the  increase  in  the  South  Central 
division  was  credited  to  Kentucky. 

The  figures  for  the  Western  division  are  relatively 
small,  and  the  substantial  gains  in  the  various  items 
are  not  sufficient  to  cause  any  material  change  in 
the  percentages  of  the  totals  compared  with  1900. 
California,  Oregon,  Washington,  Montana,  and  New 
Mexico  show  a  gain  in  value  of  products,  the  other 
states  showing  losses. 

In  value  of  products,  Ohio  was  the  leading  state  at 


the  censuses  of  both  1900  and  190.5.  At  the  later 
census  this  value  was  12.8  per  cent  of  the  total  output, 
as  against  13.8  per  cent  of  the  total  for  1900.  Indiana, 
New  York,  Michigan,  and  Illinois  came  next,  in  the 
order  named,  at  both  censuses,  with  11.2,  10.8,  9.8, 
and  7.3  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  total  value  in 
1900;  and  12.2,  10,  9.7.  and  7.8  percent  at  the  census  of 
1905.  Relatively,  Indiana  and  Illinois  alone  advanced, 
Michigan  about  holding  its  own  and  New  York  losing 
ground. 

Five  states  showed  an  increase  of  over  .SI, 000,000 
between  1900  and  1905,  Indiana.  Illinois,  North  Caro- 
lina, Kentucky,  and  Missouri,  in  the  order  named. 
Wisconsin  reported  an  increase  of  less  than  .S700,000. 
Georgia  ranked  next  to  the  5  states  mentioned  with 
$986,199,  or  more  than  double  the  increase  for  Ohio, 
the  state  first  in  rank  according  to  total  value.  The 
percentages  of  increase  in  these  states  were  also  nota- 


304 


MANUFACTURES. 


ble— 20.3  for  Indiana,  18.4  for  Illinois,  118.3  for  North 
Carolina,  42.5  for  Kentuck}-,  19.6  for  Missouri,  and  74.9 
for  Georgia.     Ohio's  increase  was  only  3.1  per  cent. 

An  examination  of  the  figures  for  wage-earners  and 
wages  shows  that  of  the  15  leading  states,  according 
to  value  of  products,  4  reported  fewer  wage-earners 
at  the  census  of  1905  than  in  1900.  The  states  show- 
ing these  losses  were:  Iowa,  481,  or  30.4  per  cent; 
Massachusetts,  459,  or  17.1  per  cent;  Ohio,  361,  or 
5.1  per  cent;  and  Michigan,  171,  or  3.5  per  cent.  Of 
the  states  showing  gains,  Indiana  reported  the  largest, 
731,  or  11.4  per  cent,  rising  from  third  to  first  place; 
Pennsylvania  was  second  with  624,  or  12.6  per  cent; 
North  CaroUna  and  Georgia  were  next  with  574  and 
307,  or  71.8  and  38  per  cent,  respectively. 

The  industr-y  in  cities. — Of  the  total  number  of  estab- 
lishments in  the  United  States  reported  at  the  census  of 
1905  as  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  carriages  and 
wagons,  1,914,  or  38.6  per  cent,  were  located  in  195 
of  the  213  cities  having  a  population  in  1900  of  at 
least  20,000.  The  capital  invested  in  these  establish- 
ments was  .$73,925,124,  or  58.5  per  cent;  the  salaries, 
$3,143,805,  or  60  per  cent;  the  wages,  $18,466,168,  or 
59.8  per  cent;  the  cost  of  materials  used,  $33,563,701, 
or  54.8  per  cent;  and  the  value  of  products, 
$70,212,541,  or  56  per  centof  the  corresponding  totals 
for  the  United  States. 

There  are  16  cities  with  a  population  of  20,000  and 
over  in  1900,  in  each  of  wliich  carriages  and  wagons 
valued  at  more  than  .SI, 000, 000  were  manufactured 
as  reported  at  the  census  of  1905.  These  in  order 
of  rank  were:  Cincinnati,  Oliio;  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  South 
Bend,  Ind.;  New  York,  N.  Y.;  Chicago,  111.;  Ra- 
cuie,  Wis.;  Columbus,  Ohio;  Indianapolis,  Ind.; 
Philadelphia,  Pa.;  Louisville,  Ky. ;  Jackson,  Mich.; 
Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  Kalamazoo,  Midi.;  Toledo,  Ohio; 
Watertown,  N.  Y. ;  and  Detroit,  Mich.  Products  val- 
ued at  842,598,640,  or  34  j)er  cent  of  the  total,  were 
manufactured  in  these  16  cities.  There  were  also  a 
number  of  smaller  cities  in  which  a  product  in  excess 
of  $1,000,000  was  reported.  The.se  are  Flint  and 
Pontiac,  Midi. ;  Moliiic,  ill. ;  Connersviiic,  Ind. ;  Owens- 
boro,  Ky. ;  and  Stoughton,  Wis. 

Materials  used. — Table  3  gives  separately  the  cost, 
and,  for  some  items,  llic  (|uaiitity  "f  llie  principal  ma- 
terials u.scd  at  the  last  two  censuses,  togetiicr  with 
percentages  of  increa.se. 

Perhaps  the  most  striking  feature  of  the  table  is  the 
decrea.se  in  the  cost  of  iron  and  steel,  l)iit  the  extent  of 
the  decrea.se  is  more  a[)parent  than  real,  for  in  1900 
gears  were  not  reported  separately,  i)eiiig  in<iu<icd 
with  iron  and  steel.  For  1905  there  was  also  adoscr 
segregation  from  iron  and  steel,  of  carriage  iiardware, 
liini[)s,  itmi  inountings,  which  assisted  in  the  large  gain 
in  cost  for  the  latter  group  of  52.6  per  cent.  The  cost 
of  lumber,  wliidi  ranke<l  with  iron  and  sted  as  the 
most    important    material    used    in    I  he    induslry,  in- 


creased $1,650,187,  or  19  per  cent.  The  increase  of 
$558,094,  or  27  per  cent,  in  the  cost  of  rubber  tires  in- 
dicates the  steadily  increasing  demand  for  those  parts. 

T.A.BLE  3. — Materials   used,   by  kimi,  quantity,  and  cost,   with  per 
cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


1905 


Total  cost 

Lumber 

Iron  and  steel 

Carriage  hard  ware,  lamps. and  raounticgs. 

Paints,  oils,  turpentine,  and  varnish 

Enamel,  rubijer,  and  other  carriage  cloth. 

Leather 

Rubber  tires 

Carriage  bodies,  purchased: 

Number 

Cost 

Gears,  purchased: 

N  lunber 

Cost 

Wagon  bodies,  purchased: 

Number 

Cost 

Tops,  purchased: 

Number 

Cost 

Wheels,  purchased: 

Number 

Cost 

Axles  and  springs,  purchased 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

All  other  materials,  including  mill  sup- 
plies and  freight 


$61,215,228 

$10,3,38,003 
$9,854,548 
$5,219,958 
$3,900,273 

1  $3,398,921 
$3,867,480 

I  $2,626,889 

485,879 
$2,059,426 

126,082 
$562,489 

32,319 
$208,058 

22,426 
$168,922 

3,628,889 

$5,863,931 

$4,460,759 

$1,175,0.35 

$180,470 

$7,330,066 


1900 


$53,723,311 
$8,687,816 

$11,335,985 
$3,420,671 
$3,. 887, 399 
$3,061,613 
$3,443,&39 
$2,068,795 

441,396 
$1,635,661 

(') 
(.') 

24,915 
$159,766 

38,483 
$270,266 

3,594,673 

$5,205,729 

$4,400,955 

$918,810 

$83,493 

$5,142,713 


Per  cent 
of  in- 
crease. 


13.9 
19.0 
113.1 
52.6 
0  3 
11.0 
12.3 
27.0 

10.1 
25.9 


29.7 
30.2 

141.7 
137.5 

1.0 
12.6 

1.4 
27.9 
116.1 

42.5 


1  Decrease.  2  Not  reported  separately. 

Products. — Table  4  shows  separately  the  kind,  quan- 
tity, and  value  of  the  different  products  as  reported  at 
the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905,  with  percentages  of  in- 
crease. The  classification  is  based  on  the  character  of 
the  vehicle  and  its  proposed  use.  The  item  "all  other 
products"  includes  the  value  of  parts  manufactured 
other  than  those  that  were  components  of  the  finished 
vehicles;  the  value  of  all  subsidiary  products,  e.xcept 
that  of  automobiles,  which  is  given  separateh^;  and 
the  amount  received  for  repair  work. 

Tadi.i-:   4. — Products,  by  kind,  quantity,  p,ml  value,  vith  per  cent  of 
increase:  1905  and  1900. 


CENSUS. 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

1905- 

1000 

Total  value 

$125,332,976 

9.37,409 
$55,750,276 

2,711 
$1,314,952 

643,756 
$37,195,2.30 

127,456 
$2,694,560 

199 

$235,675 

$28,142,2*3 

8,676 

8,866 

389,266 

$113,2.34,590 

904,6.39 
$51,295,393 

2,218 
$1,114,090 

.570,428 
$31,fl80,7:t8 

117,006 
$2,290,903 

174 

$129,063 

$27,324,413 

12,736 

8,909 

148,168 

10.7 

Family  and  pleasure  carriages: 

Number 

3.6 

Value 

8.7 

I'ulilic  conveyances: 

Nuniltcr       ..'....                    .  . 

22.2 

18.0 

Wai;nns(liiisines9. farm,  government, 
iiuuiiejiml,  etc.): 
NunilKT          ...      .             .  .  . 

12.9 

19.7 

SlclKhs  and  sleds: 

8.0 

\'illue 

17.6 

AutiMimliileH: 

Number 

14.4 

Vain.' 

82.0 

All  otlirr  produclH 

3.0 

>31.9 

\\"aKou  bodies,  number' 

>0.6 

162.7 

1  Voltie  li!cludi«l  In  "all  other  products." 

•'  DecrcilHc. 

I'"nr    fainil\    ;iiiil    |)l<'iisiii('    ciirriiigcs   an    increase   of 
32,770,  or  3.6   |)cr  cent,   is  shown   in   niimlxT,   iind   of 


CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS. 


305 


$4,454,883,  or  8.7  per  cent,  in  value.  The  value  re- 
ported for  190.3  was  44.5  per  cent  of  the  total,  a  faUing 
off  of  eight-tenths  of  1  per  cent.  The  average  value 
was  $57  for  1900  and  $59  at  the  census  of  1905.  Wag- 
ons, which  were  the  second  largest  (^la.ss  of  products  at 
both  censuses,  increased  73,327,  or  12.9  percent  in 
mimber  and  $6,114,492,  or  19.7  per  cent,  in  value. 
The  average  value  rose  from  $54  for  1900  to  $.58  for 
1905.  The  automobiles  shown  are  the  few  that  were 
manufactured  as  a  subsidiary  product.  The  number 
of  carriage  bodies  rejMjrted  as  manufactured  for  sale 
at  the  census  of  1905  decreased  31.9  per  cent  and  the 


number  of  wagon  bodies  five-tenths  of  1  per  cent. 
The  number  of  wheels,  however,  increased  241,108,  or 
162.7  per  cent.  Deducting  the  value  of  "all  other 
products"  from  the  gross  value  for  each  of  the  two 
censuses,  as  shown  in  Table  4,  a  value  of  $97,190,693 
results  for  1905  and  .$85,910,177  for  1900.  These  fig- 
ures represent  the  value  (jf  the  finished  vehicles  re- 
ported at  the  two  censuses  and  show  an  increase  of 
$11,280,516,  or  13.1  per  cent. 

Table  5  is  a  comjiarative  summary  of  products  for 
1900  and  1905,  by  kind,  quantity,  and  value,  arranged 
by  states  and  territories. 


Table   5.— PRODUCTS,    BY    KIND,   QUANTITY,    AND  VALUE— COMPARATIVE   SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND   TERRI- 
TORIES:  1905  AND   1900. 


Census 

Total  value. 

FAMILY  AND  PLEASURE 
CARRIAGES. 

PUBLIC   CONVEY- 
ANCES. 

WAGONS    (BUSINESS, 
FARM,  ETC). 

SLEIGHS 

AND  8LED8. 

All  other 
products, 
including 
amount 
received 

STATE   OK  TEKRITOEY. 

1 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value, 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

\'alnf. 

for  repair 

work 

(value). 

United  States.. 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

(125,332,976 
113,234,590 

937,409 
904,639 

$55,750,276 
51,295,393 

2,711 
2,218 

SI,  314, 952 
1.114,090 

643,755 
570,428 

$37,195,230 
31,080,738 

127,455 
117,006 

£2,694,560 
2,290.903 

128,377,868 
27,453,466 

Alabama 

720,282 
544,602 

504 
924 

36,657 
49,513 

2 

5 

490 
1,140 

12,  .512 
9,523 

527,987 
368,115 

155,148 
125,834 

31,335 

85,133 
70,240 

1,482,848 
1,053,415 

' 

Arizona  i 

1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

40,210 

189,914 
197.423 

2,220,480 
1, 670. 729 

17 

35 

800 

2,160 
2,418 

2,300 

2,045 
55,828 

216,250 
284,073 

47 

1,625 
1,149 

3,045 
2,325 

6,575 

102,736 
71,:i55 

502,503 
311,694 

Arkansas 

CalUomia 

42 

61 

18,454 
21,040 

1               13 
1              21 

431 
501 

1905 
1900 

379.368 

384,994 

203 
153 

25,100 
22,190 

750 
1  001 

113.354 
107.550 

224,365 
142,974 

43 
22 

1,990 
1,618 

18,643 
12,016 

238,924 
253,636 

759.294 
1,019,262 

1905 
1900 

1,909,483 
2,302,881 

2,381 
2,940 

753,306 
1,013,179 

179 
170 

153,875 
115,450 

1,944 
1,427 

383 

267 

1905 
1900 

228,350 
■     281,396 

1,219 
1,150 

104,663 
138, 131 

1 
3 

200 
450 

695 

1,224 

57,312 
73,656 

3 
3 

38 
85 

66,137 
69.074 

District  of  Columbia 

1905 
1900 

75,265 
54,200 

99 

74 

22,165 
14,950 

125,810 
72,100 

53,100 
38,525 

187,121 
96,930 

293,758 
319.036 

3 

725 

Florida 

1905 
1900 

344,481 
198,219 

415 
362 

29,200 
20,074 

12 
42 

2,350 
9,115 

2,652 
1,602 

Georgia 

1905 
1900 

2,303,1% 
1,316,997 

20,919 
7,509 

1,210,122 
522,960 

39 
29 

4,825 
7,575 

18,848 
11,443 

794,491 

467,426 

1 

Illinois 

1905 
1900 

9,798,965 
8,275,639 

56,075 
50,979 

3,730,173 
3,101,224 

70 
40 

19,705 
30,640 

72,033 
56,364 

4,027,545 
3,138,928 

5,007 
1,880 

48,293 
21.330 

1,973.249 
1,983.517 

Indiana. . 

1905 
1900 

15,228,337 
12,661,217 

178,962 
141,734 

9,694,829 
6,959,897 

63 
64 

11,180 
13,605  J 

92,893 
94,224 

4,288,664 
4.359,603 

1,378 
3,834 

27.149 
52,554 

1,206,515 
1,275,558 

1905 
1900 

2,974,043 
3,728,027 

16,498 
20,593 

1,113,064 
1,423,126 

98 
80 

8,250 
28,800  1 

22,815 
31,473 

1,426,015 
1,635.798 

2,766 
4,020 

46,187 
68,247 

380.527 
572,056 

Kansas 

1905 
1900 

320,768  i 
242,532 

533 
1,001 

29,446 
66,041 

16 
26 

3,805  ! 
4,070  ! 

1,004 
995 

117,878 
58,405 

169,639 
113.716 

20 

300 

1905 
1900 

4,059,438 
2,849,713 

27,195 
11,784 

1,302,914 
654,024 

1 
25 

225  i 
2,295 

49.266 
39,362 

2,332,327 
1.661,367 

4 

87 

41 

1.188 

423,931 
530.839 

Louisiana 

1905 
1900 

436, 434 
359,506 

89 
283 

12.514 
28,205 

4 
2 

600 
800 

1,246 
1,377 

148.484 
121,046 

274,836 
209.055 

40 

400 

Maine 

1905 
1900 

937,644 
690,009 

2,802 
2.294 

272,244 
268,094 

1,764 
1.172 

154,989 
87.015 

2,802 
2,315 

117.075 
93.944 

393,336 
239.606 

3 

1,350 

Maryland   .   . 

1905 
1900 

1,143,463  i 
791,571  i 

2,945 
3,091 

291,881 
256,262 

8 
11 

2,025 
3,120 

1.849 
1.144 

225,360 
173, 187 

62 
SO 

1.909 
1.385 

622,288 
M7.617 

Massachusetts 

1905 
1900 

4.179.724 
5.031,804 

8,106 
11.883 

1,480,339 
1,886,987 

142 
310 

113,760 
210,700 

3.278 
3.944 

605,678 
623.303 

1,062 
870 

79,824 
80.206 

1,900,123 
2.230,608 

Michigan., 

1905 
1900 

12, 101, 170  1 
11,119,8.36  ; 

174,889 
193,254 

7,784,444 
7,425,754  i 

120 

116,026 

.52.273 
49.903 

2.a52.958 
2.049.460 

53,180 
51.149 

977.822 
846.765 

869,920 
797. 857 

1905 
1900 

1,715,858  : 
1,930,745 

•3.662 
6,361 

232,282  1 
349,340 

4 
12 

615 
3,322 

15.0.59 
16.924 

790.290 

82.5.777 

10.003 
7.530 

169,  MO 
137,552 

.522.841 
614.754 

Mississippi 

19a5 
1900 

1905 
1900 

239,566 
123,610 

6,551,130  i 
5,477,151 

, 

2.012 
883 

25,281 
24.621 

171,535 

45. 6M 

1.. 507.225 
1,392.102 

68.031 
68.875 

195 

74,650 
52,823 

8,650 

3.826.342 
2,797.118 

3 

58 
88 

400 ; 

4,445 
24,550 

: 

Missouri 

6 
170 

i 

1S3  j 
3.204 

1.212.965 
1,200.177 

Montana 

1905 
1900 

107,060 
100,560 

17 
10 

2.350 

i.oai 

37 

129 

9,710  \ 
19.883 

9b5  000 

i 

500 

2 

75 

79,097 

'  Included  in  "  all  other  states  "  in  1905. 


306 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table   3.— PRODUCTS,   BY  KIND,    QUANTITY.   AND   VALUE— COMPARATIVE   SUMMARY,  BY  STATES   AND   TERRI- 
TORIES: 1905  AND  1900— Continued. 


FAMILY  AND  JLEASUKE 
CAEEIAGES. 

PVBLIC  CONVEY- 
ANCES. 

WAGONS    (BUSINESS, 
FARM,  ETC.). 

SLEIGHS  AND  SLEDS. 

All  other 
products, 

STATE  OK  TEERITOET. 

Census. 

Total  value. 

amount 
received 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Jor  repair 
work 
(value). 

Nebraska 

1905 
1900 

t285,984 
194,557 

103 
449 

$18,637 
41,770 

6 
3 

$1,900 
1,150 

916 
203 

$72,644 
19,889 

I 

$60 
125 

$192,743 

131,623 

1905 
1900 

565,944 
722, 118 

1,943 
2,240 

163,657 
217,551 

•••I 

1,188 
2,394 

219,923 
288,306 

694 
924 

33,141 
37. 197 

149,223 
178, 464 

3 

600 

1905 
1900 

2.813.534 

2.972,212 

3,341 
6,944 

492. 810 
806.297 

127 
28 

2.5,365 
16,430 

5,647 
7,589 

779. 351 
800,243 

228 
600 

10,466 
11,101 

1,505,542 
1.338,141 

New  Mexico 

1905 
1900 

19ai 
1900 

65,850 
19,100 

12,573. 14S 
12,261,863 

38 

18 

42,249 
58,176 

3.500 
1.820 

4,550.893 
4,939.609 

21 

2,350 

146 

88 

19,879 
22,775 

12,480 
6,280 

2,448,670 
2, 186. 935 

47,520 
11,000 

4,462,348 
4,234,102 

New  York 

742 
650 

518,469 
489,142 

19,433 

14.500 

692,768 
412,076 

North  Carolina          .             .      

1905 
1900 

2.304,065 
1,055.292 

25,157 

9,447 

1.302.259 
498.953 

67 
26 

7.330 
4,615 

23,553 
12,316 

773,302 
362,186 

5 
13 

45  1 
748 

221  129 

188,790 

North  Dakota  1 

1900 

19a5 
1900 

39. 289 

16.096,125 
15.616,926 

60 

199,428 
213,692 

3,870 

11,373,346 
11,2,57,362 

30 

40,905 
44,315 

2,000 

2,703,566 
2,556,063 

65 

8,479 
3,555 

1,538 

52,166 
25,761 

31,881 

Ohio       ..        ..                 

217 
41 

107.141 
16.000 

1,859,906 

1,761,740 

1905 
1900 

66.921 
;f7.44.1 

65 
79 

6,430 
5,765 

1 
6 

120 
1,000 

68 
29 

8,236 
2,775 

.52, 135 

1 

10 

27,895 

1905 
1900 

114.429 
112,699 

56 
148 

.3.480 
16,904 

^\ 

2.775 
425 

142 
146 

36,655 
15,050 

16 

4 

320 
90 

72,199 

80,230 

Pennsylvania. .  . 

1905 
1900 

8,620.787 
7.958.061 

33.467 
41,400 

2,355.043 
2,816,780 

333 

141 

117,093 
27,645 

35,395 
27,138 

2,839,372 
2,161,435 

5,551 
5,509 

150,461 
118,449 

3, 168  818 

2,833,762 

Rhode  Island 

1905 
1900 

369.870 
520.734 

40 
339 

4,660 
51,385 

1 
6 

177 
tiOO 

481 
942 

59,682 
101,835 

163 
146 

5,695 
7,335 

299,656 

359,579 

South  Carolina 

1901 
1900 

548.226 
414. W>2 

7.440 
5,035 

353,569 
236,058 

2 
4 

300 

,500 

1,569 
1,804 

55,707 
65,593 

138, 66* 
111,901 

23,400 

190i 
1900 

31.119 
48. 89,5 

15 
52 

1,555 
4,255 

1 
3 

150 
1,200 

47 
70 

5,830 
8,190 

9 
12 

184 
170 

»5,080 

1901 
1900 

1.774.72.1 
1,093.782 

5, 374 
1,820 

356, 469 
162,305 

168 
124 

27.212 
17,  .530 

20,241 
11,666 

960,913 
684,693 

430, 131 

329,254 

Texas 

1901 
1900 

.367.547 
50.5,743 

lOO 
7.50 

11,425 
56,915 

718 
1,050 

76,349 
90,330 

279, 773 

22 

9,475 

349.023 

Utah 

1905 
1900 

12.300 
53. 693 

2 

57 

70 
4,170 

1 
21 

1.30 
2,250 

26 
246 

3,565 
18,060 

2 
150 

.50 
4,050 

8.485 

25. 163 

Vermont 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

163.756 
284,525 

1.913,530 
1,370,824 

169 

487 

19,366 
12,941 

14,180 
40,519 

970,502 
640,182 

652 
1,157 

19. 19.5 
9,638 

49,750 
71,867 

652.567 
364,099 

278 
772 

6 
12 

11,771 
19, 103 

90 
230 

88,055 

:::  :::::i::: 

153,036 

Virginia 

28 
39 

3,690 
11,100 

286,681 

355,213 

Washington 

1905 
1900 

482.263 
283,218 

125 
307 

13,575 
27,785 

804 
446 

159,  .505 
61,155 

501 
956 

4,22.5 

f,,om 

304,958 
186,918 

3 

1,300 

West  Virginia 

1905 
IMO 

443.291 
379,098 

1,180 
1,238 

80,560 
99,335 

3 
12 

200 
2.  .TO 

5,117 
3,702 

231.784 
150,945 

10 
22 

182 
385 

130,575 
126,133 

Wisconsin 

1905 
1900 

7,511,392 
6,839,963 

23,466 
36,323 

1,520.841 
2,022,608 

103 
101 

.39,720 
.31,900 

8.3,916 
70,210 

4,, 396. 693 
3,308,455 

15,365 
17,451 

.34.3,  .509 
325,106 

1,210,629 
1,151,894 

Wyoming' 

1900 

AS,  485 

29 

4,200 

139 

26  0.50 

35,235 

All  other  states 

M905 
M900 

4.3,745 
11,445 

26 
47 

2,660 
4,295 

170 
5 

20,  .305 
350 

1 

42 

20,738 

6,800 

I  Inrluilcd  in  "all  other  states"  In  190.5. 

'  Includes  states  as  follows:  Arizona,  Indian  Territory,  Nevada,  North  Dakota,  Wyoming. 

*  Includes  states  as  follows:  Indian  Territory,  Nevada. 

In  family  and  ploa.<<iirf  cairiai^os,  Ohio  ranked  first  .siis  of  lOO.'i,  willi  an  increase  of  .'i7,l22S,  or  20.."?  ])f'rcont, 

at  the  census  of  HiOO,  liavinj;  produced  2.'}.fl  jier  cent  in  number  and  of  $2,7l54,!).'i2,  or  'A'.). 'A  j)er  c(>nt,  in  value. 

of  the  number  and  21.9  per  cent  of  the  value  forthe  Michigan   ranked   next  to  Indiana,  with  wiiich   it 

whf)le  country'.     At  the  censu.s  of  H(0.5,  although  still  exchanfred   ])laces  durinfi  the   intercensal  ))eriod,  but, 


rankin}^  first,  the  .state  produced  only  21. .'J  jxt  cent  of 
the  number  and  20.4  per  cent  of  the  value.  There 
was  an  absolute  decline  in  number  of  ]4,2()4,  or  0.7 
per  cent,  but  an  absolute  increase  in  value  of  .?!  I  r>,UM, 
or  1  jier  cent.  Indiana  reprtrted  a  marked  f;ain,  ad- 
vancing; from  tliird  ]t\iicc  in  1000  to  second  at  the  cen- 


like  Ohio,  showed  a  decrease  in  nuiiii)er,  this  decrease 
beinj;  l.S,.'i().'5,  or  9.5  per  cent,  although  there  was  a 
f^ain  of  .?.'5.')S,()0(),  or  4.S  jier  cent,  in  value.  Approxi- 
mately three-fiftiis  of  the  nunilxT  and  one-half  of  the 
valuer  of  family  and  j)leasure  carriages  made  were 
reported  from  these  states  at  both  censuses. 


CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS. 


307 


New  York  led  in  the  nuinhor  of  pul)lio  conveyances 
manufactured,  with  27.4  j)er  cent  of  the  entire  number 
reported  at  the  census  of  1905  and  29.6  per  cent  of  that 
reported  for  1900.  The  vakie  for  1905  was  $518,469, 
or  39.4  per  cent  of  the  total.  Massachusetts  was  sec- 
ond for  1900,  but  Connecticut  took  its  place  at  the 
census  of  1905,  with  a  value  of  $153,875.  Michigan, 
which  reported  no  public  conveyances  for  1900,  re- 
ported 120,  with  a  value  of  $116,026,  at  the  census  of 
1905.     Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  showed  large  gains. 

At  each  census  the  greatest  number  of  wagons  was 
manufactured  in  Indiana — 14.4  per  cent  of  the  total 
at  the  census  of  1905  and  16.5  per  cent  at  the  census 
of  1900.  The  reduced  output  reported  for  1905  was 
due  to  a  loss  of  38.7  per  cent  in  number  of  business 
wagons  built,  which  more  than  counterbalanced  the 
increase  in  farm  wagons  and  in  government  and  mu- 
nicipal wagons.  The  state  also  held  first  rank  in  farm 
wagons,  with  15.5  per  cent  at  the  census  of  1905  and 

16.6  per  cent  for  1900. 

Wisconsin  was  second  at  both  censuses,  the  number 
reported  for  1905  being  a  gain  of  13,706,  or  19.5  per 
cent.    The  value  increased  $1 ,088,238,  or  32.9  per  cent. 

Two  other  states  that  occupied  important  positions 
in  the  manufacture  of  wagons  were  Illinois  and  Mich- 
igan. The  total  number  built  in  the  former  state 
increased  15,669,  or  27.8  per  cent;  in  the  latter  state, 
2,370,  or  4.8  per  cent.  The  increases  in  value  were 
$888,617,  or  28.3  per  cent,  in  Ilhnois,  and  $303,498,  or 
14.8  per  cent,  in  Michigan. 

At  the  census  of  1905  Michigan  ranked  first  in  the 
manufacture  of  sleighs  and  sleds,  with  an  output  of 

41.7  per  cent  of  the  total  number  and  36.3  per  cent  of 
the  total  value.  The  increase  in  number  was  2,031,  or 
4  per  cent;  and  in  value  $131,057,  or  15.5  per  cent. 
New  York  ranked  second  at  the  census  of  1905  with 
15.2  per  cent  of  the  number  and  22  per  cent  of  the 
value.  The  increase  was  4,933,  or  34  per  cent,  in 
quantity  and  $180,693,  or  43.8  per  cent,  in  value. 

Exports  and  imports. — The  value  of  exports  of  car- 
riages and  wagons,  and  parts  thereof,  and  the  value 
of  imports  entered  for  consumption  for  each  year  end- 
ing June  30,  from  1900  to  1905,  are  shown  by  the 
following  tabular  statement: 

Exports  and  imports  of  carriages  and  wagons,  and  parts  thereof:  1900 

to  1905.^ 


YEAR   EVDINO  JUNE  ,■»— 

Exports 
(value). 

Imports 
entered  for 
consump- 
tion 
(value). 

1905                             

13,320,641 
3,354,801 
3,556,925 
2,490,063 
2,790,178 
2,809,784 

S9  660 

1904 

18  337 

1903                  

26  066 

1902 

19,640 

1901 

18  523 

1900.                  

29  662 

There  was  a  loss  in  exports  from  1900  to  1902,  fol- 
lowed by  a  gain  for  1903,  when  the  niaximum  was 
reached,  yet  the  total  value  for  1905  was  $510,857  more 
than  that  for  1900,  an  increase  of  18.2  j)er  cent.  The 
pro])ortion  of  tlu;  total  output  exported  was  about  the 
same  for  1905  as  for  1900,  the  percentages  being  2.7  for 
the  former  year  and  2.5  for  the  latter,  a  very  slight 
gain. 

For  1905, 17.8  per  cent  of  the  total  exports  went  to  the 
United  Kingdom;  this  was  a  decrease  of  $231,888,  or 
28.2  per  cent  from  1900.  Tlie  decrease  in  the  exports 
to  the  other  European  countries,  however,  was  55.6 
percent.  For  1900  the  greatest  amount  exported  tothe 
North  American  continent  was  to  Mexico,  })ut  for  1905 
the  predominant  exportation  was  to  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  although  the  trade  with  Mexico  showed  a 
healthy  growth.  Argentina  afforded  the  best  South 
American  market  for  both  1900  and  1905,83.1  percent 
of  the  value  of  exports  to  South  America  for  1905  and 
76.9  per  cent  for  1900  going  to  that  countrj-.  These 
exports  to  Argentina  increased  from  $178,621  for  1900 
to  $457,587  for  1905,  a  gain  of  $278,966,  or  156.2  per 
cent.  The  East  Indies  outranked  all  other  countries 
of  Asia  for  1900  as  well  as  1905,  but  Japan  showed  the 
largest  value  for  any  single  countrj-  for  1905.  British 
Australasia  was  the  leading  countrj'  of  Oceania  in  both 
years,  and  British  Africa,  the  principal  subdivision  of 
Africa  to  which  carriages  and  wagons  were  exported. 

The  imports  are  insignificant,  and  the  decrease  since 
1900  has  been  $20,002,  or  67.4  per  cent. 

Carriage  and  wagon  materials. — In  the  report  for 
the  census  of  1900  the  statement  was  m*ade  that  in 
the  earliest  stages  of  the  carriage  and  wagon  industry 
almost  the  entire  work  of  manufacturing  was  done  at 
the  establishment,  but  that  in  1900  there  were  verj' 
few,  if  any,  manufacturers  who  produced  all  the  parts. 
The  manufacture  of  carriage  and  wagon  materials  as  a 
separate  industry  has  been  steadily  growing.  Table  6 
is  a  comparative  summary  of  the  general  statistics  for 
this  industry  at  the  censuses  of  1890,  1900,  and  1905. 

Table  6. — Carriage  and  wagon  materials — comparative  summary: 
1890  to  1905. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


190S 


632 

$26,024,053 
17,160 
$7,484,450 
$1,930,469 
$16,312,683 
$30,535,873 


1900 


588 

$19,085,775 

15,387 

$5,987,267 

$1,202,666 

$13,048,608 

$25,027,173 


18M 


539 

$13,028,161 

9,9% 

$4,366,233 

$821,743 

$7,3S7,y04 

$16,262,293 


1  Biireau  of  Statistics.  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  "  Commerce  and 
Navigation  of  the  United  States." 


Every  item  of  the  table  shows  a  substantial  increase 
at  each  census.  The  increase  in  total  wages  was 
$1,621,034,  or  37  per  cent,  from  1890  to  1900  and 
$1,497,183,  or  25  per  cent,  from  1900  to  1905.  The 
increase  in  value  of  products  was  $8,764,880,  or  53.9 
per  cent,  from  1890  to  1900  and  $5,508,700,  or  22  per 
cent,  from  1900  to  1905. 


308 


ALVNUFACTURES. 


A  comparison  of  gains  in  carriage  and  wagon  ma- 
terials from  census  to  census  with  those  shown  in 
Table  1  for  carriages  and  wagons  shows  that  the 
value  of  products  increased  more  rapidly  in  the  former 
than  in  the  latter  industry.  In  1890  the  combined 
products  were  valued  at  $118,942,634,  of  wliich  the 
value  of  carriage  and  wagon  materials  constituted  13.7 
per  cent;  for  1900  the  combined  products  were  valued 
at  .$138,261,763,  and  carriage  and  wagon  materials 
formed  18.1  per  cent  thereof,  and  for  1905  the  com- 


bined products  were  valued  at  $155,868,849,  to  which 
carriage  and  wagon  materials  contributed  19.6  per  cent. 
The  entire  product  ol  the  carriage  and  wagon  material 
factories,  however,  is  not  disposed  of  to  carriage  and 
wagon  manufacturers:  blacksmiths  and  wheelwrights 
use  a  part  of  the  products  in  their  custom  and  repair 
work. 

The  detailed  statistics  for  the  carriage  and  wagon 
industry  as  reported  at  the  census  of  1905  are  "shown, 
by  states  and  territories,  in  Table  7. 


310 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  7.— CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS— DETAILED 


10 

11 

12 
13 

14 
IS 

16 
17 

18 
19 
20 
21 


23 


24 
25 


26 

2; 


29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
.■» 
39 

40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 

*l 

4g| 
49  ' 
50 
51 

52 
S3 
64 
55 

56 

57 


«0{ 
61 

02 
63  I 
64 
6.5 


Number  of  establishments. 
Capital,  total 


United  States. 


Land. 


Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wa^es; 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

.\verage  numljer 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

.Average  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

.V  verage  number. 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

.\ verage  number 

Wages 

-Average  numl^er  of  wage^eamers,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

Octol>er 

November 

DecemlHT 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

Decern  ber 

Children  under  16  years — 

January 

February 

March 

'April 

May 

June 

July 

,\ugu»t 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Kent  of  works 

Taies. 


67  Kent  o[  offices,  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  Inoluded 

68  ]  Cnntrarl  work 

60     Materials  used,  total  cost 

70  Lumber 

71  I  ron  and  steel 

72  Carriage  harrlware.  lamps,  and  mountings 

73  PainlH.  oils,  turpentine,  and  varnish 

74  Kniinirl.  rubber,  jind  other  carriage  cloth 

75  I.eather 

76  Kubber  tires 

('arriuKe  bodies,  purchased — 

77  Niirn  ber 

78  Cost 

Gears,  ptirr:hased— 

79  Num  her 

80  Cost 

Wagon  imdtes,  purchased^ 

81  Number 

82  Cost 

Tops  purchAS«d — 

83  Numl>er 

84  Cost... 

Whr«>ls,  pnrchasfld— 

85  .Number 

86  Cost 

87  A  xles  and  springs,  purctaand 


4  956 
$126,32o!e04 
SIO.867.701 
$23, 186, 108 
$11,785,633 
$80,481,162 

6.022 

5.058 
$5,239,043 

866 
$1,598,251 

4.192 
$3. 640. 792 

3.443 
$3,306,893 

749 
$333,899 

74,698 

48,436 

60,722 

$30,878,229 

.W,  411 
$30,525,515 

870 
$266,674 

441 
$86,040 


56,908 
58,931 
62,282 
64,026 
64,022 
63,366 
60,943 
57,999 
57,403 
55,918 
55, 191 
55,943 

930 
985 
1,012 
1,005 
979 
942 
833 
746 
748 
722 
736 
802 

409 

414 

440 

450 

452 

474 

466 

474 

446 

434 

416 

417 

$10,182,614 

$1,144,392 

$703,752 

$8,150,715 

$18.1.755 

$61,215,228 

$1(I.3.)S,(K)3 

$9. 8.14.  .548 

$.'.,219.9.')S 

$.■1.91X1.273 

$3.:«IS.921 

$3,867,480 

$2.626.88t) 

485,879 
$2,059,426 

126.082 
$.562.  489 

32.319 
$208. 0.V* 

22,  4'2(1 
$UW.(I22 

3, 628, 88!) 
$S.8n3.».'<l 
14.400,759 


Alabama. 


23 

$558. 163 

$30,025 

$75, 103 

$80,952 

$372,083 

27 

28 
$28,021 

6 
$10,780 

22 
$17,241 

21 
$16,641 

1 
$600 

459 

207 

370 

$161,399 

350 
$157,828 


20 
$3,571 


303 
347 
346 
297 
274 
341 
371 
388 
386 
403 
379 
365 


18 
19 
20 
17 
13 
20 
21 
24 
24 
22 
22 
20 

$77,199 
$6. 1(10 
$3,090 

$68,009 


$,«I9.  470 

$96,076 

$61,478 

$8,373 

$;ll.2l)2 

$:t.223 

$2,6.W 

$11,350 

451 
$1,8.15 

4.58 
$2,027 

7 
170 

219 

$1,802 

6, 622 
$13,090 
$11,250 


Arkansas. 


16 
$314,919 
$37,800 
$43,804 
$42,914 
$190, 401 
15 

12 
$8,373 

1 
$900 

11 

$7,473 

9 
$6,745 

2 
$728 

170 

115 

134 

$60,898 

132 
$60,598 


2 
$300 


118 
117 
119 
124 
129 
133 
145 
150 
149 
139 
134 
127 


2 
2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

$12,872 

$1.1193 

$2,271 

$9,023 

$485 

$70,219 

$18, 139 

$15,!X)5 

$7,080 

$4. 370 

$2. 292 

$1,378 

$5,389 

26 
$101 

14 
$200 


49 

$.508 

1.507 
$3,. 121 
$2,540 


California. 


184 

$1,676,158 
$354,140 
$232, 150 
$268,598 
$821,270 
236 

47 
$48,675 

12 
$20. 794 

35 

$27,881 

28 
$25, 148 

7 
$2,733 

1,168 

810 

938 

$684,812 

932 
$683, 157 

1 
$100 

5 
$1,555 


843 

8S6 


998 

1,033 

1,044 

1,026 

970 

909 

855 

825 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

5 
4 

4 
S 


5 
5 
5 
4 

S 
$169, 439 
$.58. 3.57 
$9,7.59 
$S7,281 
$14,042 
$789,413 
$149,1.53 
$188,819 
$.59,309 
$42,317 
$17,78,1 
$12,038 
$39.  495 

203 
$3, 151 

.577 
$14,926 

176 
$3,321 

498 
$5.70(1 

22,208 
$80,741 
$77,823 


Colorado. 


35 

$262,888 

$60,800 

$57,600 

$35,965 

$108,523 

39 

9 
$8,900 

2 
$2,500 

7 
$6,400 

6 
$6,300 

1 
$100 

200 

157 

177 

$129,5.57 

171 
$128,309 


6 
$1,248 


1S5 
1S5 
165 
171 
182 
185 
183 
178 
179 
175 
167 
157 


6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

$21,262 

$8, 174 

$2.  .569 

$9,719 

$800 

$132, 648 

$20.9.15 

$:t2. 763 

$4.6,80 

$12,205 

$2, 670 

$1,545 

$7,204 

64 
$1,229 

123 
$1,392 

.50 
$095 

84 

$SI>I 

6,627 
$14,743 
$10,603 


CARHIA(iES  AM)  WA(;()NS. 


311 


SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1905. 


Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

District  of 
Columbia. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Illinoi.s. 

lli'liitiia. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

[ 

Kentucky. 

% 

21 

6 

31 

75 

290 

188 

97 

.38 

102 

1 

$2,087,840 

$264, 783 

$.50,117 

$222, 127 

$1,508,9.58 

$10,8.38,860 

$22,276,315 

83,107,725 

$.324.  IWi 

$4,225,145 

2 

$239, 055 

$46,315 

$22,500 

$.55,775 

$133,5.12 

$1,063,680 

$(i74,lHi0 

8171,276 

$:i2. 100 

$2)i(i,:i4l 

3 

$42;i,  4(iO 

$75,085 

$12,700  1 

$.38, 150 

$206,093 

$2,140,279 

$4,571,8.58 

$,3.57,  olX) 

$72,625 

$7:i5,8.35 

4 

SHIIl.  iW2 

$25,9:i0 

$0,800 

$32,7,58 

$185,897 

$97(i.613 

$1,002,747 

$241,323 

$.31,105 

$:iOI,.518 

5 

$1,22H,  l.« 

$117,45:! 

$8,117 

■$95,  444 

$983,436 

$6, 058, 282 

$15,426,750 

$2,  ,337,  .560 

$188,3:i6 

$2,901,451 

6 

108 

28 

6 

42 

91 

:«8 

198 

120 

53 

120 

7 

82 

8 

1 

9 

87 

401 

796 

175 

12 

163 

8 

$110,508 

$5,260 

$1,560 

$0,010 

$90,780 

$46(i,781 

$808,928 

$176,950 

$9,280 

$163,350 

9 

24 
$44, 497 

58 

23 
$40,842 

64 

81 
$160,670 

.320 

100 
$217,647 

696 

26 
$46,200 

149 

3 

$3,000 

9 

20 
$47,422 

143 

10 

11 

8 

1 

9 

12 

$66,011 

$5,260 

$1,560 

$6,010 

$55,944 

$.306,111 

$591,281 

$130,750 

$5,680 

$115,928 

13 

49 

8 

1 

9 

56 

258 

558 

128 

7 

118 

14 

$61,973 

$5,260 

$1,560 

$6,010 

$51,864 

$276, 724 

$529,699 

8120,211 

$4,680 

$105,568 

15 

9 
$4,038 

1,649 

8 
$4,080 

1,350 

62 
$29,387 

5,125 

138 
$61,582 

8.788 

21 
$10,539 

1,4.58 

2 
$1,000 

260 

25 
$10,  .360 

2,117 

16 

17 

186 

72 

247 

18 

1,205 
1,372 

U7 

36 

167 

863 

3,014 

5,544 

850 

184  , 

1,481 

19 

1.37 

52 

196 

1,115 

4.186 

7.156 

1,103 

214 

1,812 

20 

$690, 185 

$68,992 

$25,249 

$101,890 

$426,  484 

$2,320,141 

$3,254,027 

$,528,016 

$105. 168 

$800,  .331 

21 

1,370 

136 

51 

193 

1.094 

4.123 

6.8,54 

1,088 

212 

1,750 

22 

$689,655 

$08,885 

$24,937 

$101,418 

$421,  KM 

$2,300,365 

$3, 172. 498 

$522,  ,503 

$104,794 

$787,598 

23 

2 
$530 

5 
$2,050 

16 
$3,274 

1,035 

60 
$16,206 

13 
$3. 570 

3,787 

225 
$63,106 

77 
$18,423 

7,856 

14 
$5,213 

1 
$300 

981 

$150 

1 
$224 

183 

23 
$5,024 

39 
$7,709 

1,698 

24 

25 

1 
$107 

124 

1 
$312 

38 

3 
$472 

190 

26 

27 

1,314 

28 

1,315 

131 

39 

190 

1,029 

3,903 

7,427 

1,071 

187 

1,688 

29 

1,356 

141 

41 

192 

1,058 

4,385 

7,719 

1,140 

211 

1,771 

30 

1,419 

150 

46 

187 

1,088 

4,485 

7,633 

1,208 

231 

1,826 

31 

1,435 

152 

60 

186 

1,004 

4,507 

7,509 

1,188 

230 

1,831 

32 

1,463 

150 

67 

193 

1,031 

4,418 

7,201 

1,184 

230 

1,877 

33 

1,385 

144 

69 

196 

1,119 

4,334 

6,646 

1,170 

238 

1,791 

34 

1,327 

136 

68 

197 

1.162 

4,222 

6,171 

1,150 

234 

1,815 

35 

1,337 

132 

64 

190 

1,186 

4,036 

6,124 

1,055 

218 

1,775 

36 

1,371 

126 

45 

192 

1,146 

3,876 

6,059 

1,002 

202 

1,658 

37 

1,329 

122 

38 

200 

1,133 

3,617 

6.167 

964 

193 

1,626 

38 

1,389 

124 

37 

203 

1,137 

3,906 

6,536 

943 

187 

1,644 

39 

3 
2 
3 
2 
3 
2 
2 
1 
2 
1 

I 

4 
5 
5 
5 
3 
3 
4 
6 
7 
6 
6 
6 

14 
14 
17 
16 
10 
12 
16 
17 
18 
20 
18 
20 
$137,456 

51 
52 
56 
55 
56 
53 
52 
53 
47 
42 
43 
40 

15 
17 
17 
15 
15 
16 
15 
15 
10 
10 
5 
■6 
$844,469 

260 
271 
274 
264 
249 
244 
208 
180 
180 
176 
182 
212 

72 
76 
83 
83 
80 
78 
75 
74 
77 
75 
76 
75 
81.173.980 

13 
15 
16 
18 
18 
14 
14 
12 
12 
12 
13 
11 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
$26,290 

24 
26 
26 
28 
25 
25 
24 
23 
24 
19 
13 
19 

38 
38 
43 
44 
46 
41 
36 
36 
36 
36 
37 
37 
$354,043 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

SO 

SI 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
$4,873 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
$27,279 

52 

53 

i' 

1 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
$15,604 

54 

3S 

i' 

1 

6 
4 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

$164,042" 

$424,' 778' 

64 

S23.085 

$3,883 

$2,100 

$6,539 

$9,868 

$119,376 

$36,198 

$18,874 

$2,688 

$8,723 

65 

812.635 

$1,319 

$610 

$1,797 

$10,469 

$56,795 

$93. 138 

815,677 

$2,408 

$22,141 

66 

$64,740 

$10, 102 

$2,163 

$13, 443 

$117,119 

$659,122 

$1,039,175 

$389,062 

$21,039 

$316.. 526 

67 

S3. 582 

$200 

85,500 

$9, 176 

85,469 

$1,165 

$155 

$6.6.53 

68 

$666,068 

$102.3.52 

$2i,'776' 

$124, 177 

$i.'222.'i49' 

$4.88.5.773 

$8,598,170 

$1,479,085 

$116,724 

$2,089,687 

69 

$86,062 

$13,577 

$2,400 

$15,032 

$122,593 

$1.2.53.071 

$1,642,259 

83.57.802 

$18,222 

$648,939 

70 

$108,636 

S13.262 

$9,750 

$17,965 

$227.  410 

$1,069,724 

$1,245,521 

r233.632 

$21,6.56 

$449,247 

71 

$.50. 37.1 

$10,344 

$190 

$5,,50O 

$94,367 

$309,234 

$749,775 

8105.356 

$7,461 

$188,910 

72 

$50. 674 

S.8. 365 

$3,0(X) 

$9,7,57 

$79,468 

8274. 60S 

$484,442 

$73,296 

$9,619 

$145,451 

73 

$34.98(1 

SI 4. 258 

$435 

$3,735 

$40,270 

$2.33.085 

$521,713 

$88,178 

$5,558 

$47,236 

74 

$36,860 

$4,114 

$350 

$4,965 

$117,212 

823.5.174 

$672,989 

$113,300 

$4,455 

$54,057 

75 

$44,081 

$4,613 

$250 

$7,320 

$.30,712 

$1.53,023 

$365,381 

$31,682 

$7,097 

$128,351 

76 

936 
$12,582 

82 
$2,137 

490 
$2,177 

8.771 
$33,216 

24.465 
$118,718 

95,960 
$362,035 

12.372 
$46,514 

1                      123 
$701 

12.a39 
$43,952 

77 

78 

1,246 
$9,681 

34 

$403 

549 

$3,448 

.303 
$2,041 

13.735 
$19,773 

7,781 
$45,612 

269 
$1,940 

$984 

225 
$1,172 

79 

80 

120 
$1,050 

86 

12 
$540 

4 

6 

$27 

155 

95 
$628 

581 

249 

$3..S92 

514 

2.740 
$14.9.55 

1,880 

65 
$616 

663 

$21 
151 

69 
$637 

102 

81 

82 

3 

83 

$1,092 

$60 

$36 

$1,4.51 

$4,851 

$4,886 

$14,606 

$4,887 

$1,336 

$1,111 

84 

17.250 

8.008 

458 

13, 192 

125.862 

215,131 

495,848 

62.693 

■                   7.608 

74.977 

85 

$53,760 

$11,675 

$2,525 

$26,042 

$230,532 

$379,238 

$678,899 

$104,586 

$15.28.5 

$129,680 

86 

$47,673 

$13,773 

$850 

$11,949 

$111,609 

$248,834 

$577.2.50 

$74,317 

$13,800 

894. 199 

87 

45254— MFG  190.5— PT  4— OS 22 


312 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  7.— CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS— DETAILED 


90 
91 
92 
93 

94 
95 

96 
97 


100 
101 

102 
103 
104 
105 
106 

107 
108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
,123 
126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
131 
132 
133 
134 
135 
136 
137 
138 
139 
140 
141 
142 
143 
144 
145 
146 
147 
148 
149 
150 
151 
152 
153 
154 
155 
156 
167 
158 
159 
IfiO 
161 
162 
163 
164 
ItiS 

im 

167 
168 
Mt 
170 
171 
172 
173 
174 
175 
176 
177 
178 
179 
IW) 
181 
182 
183 
184 
185 


Materials  used— Continued. 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Freight 

Products,  total  value 

Family  and  pleasure  carriages- 
Number  

Value 

Public  conveyances — 

Number." 

Value 

Wagons  (bu-siness,  farm,  government,  municipal,  etc.) — 

Nunil:>er 

Value 

Sleighs  and  sleds — 

Number 

Value 

Automobiles — 

Number 

Value 

Parts  manufactured,  not  elsewhere  included . . . : 

All  other  products 

.\mount  received  for  repair  work 

Kind  and  quantity  of  products: 

Familv  and  pleasure  carriages,  aggregate  number 

Two-wheeled,  total  number 

Cars 

Carts 

Gigs 

Sulkies 

Tandems 

Other 

Four-wheeled,  for  one  or  two  persons,  total  number 

Buggies 

Buckboards 

Driving  wagons 

Park  wagons 

Phaetons 

Pony  wagons 

Road  wagons 

Runabouts 

Spiders 

Stanhopes 

Traps 

Other 

Four-wheeled,  for  three  or  more  persons,  total  number. 

Brakes 

Broughams 

Buckboards 

Cabriolets 

Coupes 

Landaus 

Mountain  wagons 

Park  wagons 

Phaetons 

Road  wagons 

Rockaways 

Spiders 

Surreys 

Tallyhos 

Traps 

Victorias 

Vis-a-vis 

Other 

Put)lie  conveyances,  total  number 

Cabs 

I  larks 

Hiin>oms 

II ol t-l  coaches 

o  mill  buses 

Other 

Business  wagons,  total  number 

Baggage  transfer  wagons 

Caravans 

Coal  wagons  and  cart8 

iJclivery  wagons •. 

Drays 

(Jump  dirt  wagons  and  carta 

F^xpress  wagons 

Furniture  vans 

Furniture  wagons 

Garbage  wagons  and  carts 

Handcarts 

Hearses 

Ice  wagons 

Log  wagons 

Ore  wagons 

Street  sprinklers 

Street  sweepers 

Trucks 

Other 

Wagons  'government,  municipal,  etc.), total  number 

Amlnilanceji 

Fire  |(H trol  wagons 

Ilfifte  wag'ins 

Mail  and  mall  carriers'  wagons  and  carts 

police  [,n  t  rol  wagons 

PrlNon  va ns 

Form  wagons,  total  number 

<")ne-liorse 

Twrt-iiorse 

Mountain 

Itnmp  carts  or  farm  trucks 


United  States. 


$1,175, 

S180. 

$225. 

$6,146. 

$958. 

$125,332. 

937. 
$o5,750! 

2, 

$1,314. 

643, 
$37,195, 

127, 
$2,694, 


$233, 

$708, 

$3,285, 

$24, 148, 


937. 
29, 


769, 

375, 

6, 

47. 

1, 

12, 

4, 

m, 

9, 

1, 

4, 

138, 


i:«, 

2, 


605, 
82, 

;i7(l, 
2i, 
20, 


035 
470 
667 
166 
233 
976 

409 

276 

711 
932 

755 
230 

433 
360 

199 

675 
176 
678 
429 

409 

544 

456 

743 

83 

139 

43 

80 

635 

880 

732 

,118 

93  •; 

982 
,637 
527 
813 
405 
,385 
,516 
.i04 
,230 
193 
933 
,068 
,394 
223 
480 
,4ti2 
,872 
,091 
,328 
,324 
63 
,464 
30 
,412 
.327 
71 
,496 
,711 
174 
619 
96 
352 
269 
202 
,422 
,455 
364 
,253 
,.176 
,  S.'ili 
.417 
,853 
419 
049 
348 
089 
642 
123 
644 
129 
109 
48 
40.3 
S45 
:«)8 
245 
51 
2M 
703 
55 
3 
025 
619 
441 
104 

8(;i 


Alabama. 


$4,266 
S570 
S2.D61 
S85,  574 
S32.564 
$720,282 

504 
$36,657 

2 
$490 


$.527,987 


$2,343 

$4, 576 

$148, 229 

504 
2 
2 


417 
343 


1 
'593 


21 

408 

79 

5 


Arkansas. 


11,917 
4, 473 
7,431 


82,057 

$360 

$313 

$6, 020 

$145 

$189,914 

35 
$2,045 


1,625 
$102,736 


$3,453 
$1,645 
$80,035 


Calitornia. 


$35,383 
$13,255 
$.),  145 
$32,203 
$10,845 
$2,220,486 

2,160 
$216,250 

42 

$18, 454 

3,045 
$502,503 

13 
$431 


$21,693 

$68,340 

$1,392,813 

2,160 
1,037 

21 

1,021 

2 

13 


27 
22 


8 

1 

4 

212 


120 


1,078 

31 

1,042 


470 
39 
21 
5 
17 
3 
80 
231 


7 
2 
1 
207 
3 
10 
9 


25 

2,680 

106 

1 

42 

1,470 

42 

109 

224 

11 

44 

.33 

55 

2 

30 

1 


181 

323 

13 

5 

1 

2 


.362 
62 

178 
.13 

89 


Colorado. 


$7,993 

$1,271 

$442 

$10, 192 

$1,323 

$379,368 

203 
$25, 100 


750 
$113,354 

43 
$1,990 


$6l» 

S5,360 

$232,904 

203 

.13 


144 
"49 


(16 
350 
7 
2 
229 
2 
5 


CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS. 

SUMMABY,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1905— Continued. 


313 


Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

District  of 
Columbia. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

! 

Iowa. 

1 
Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

- 

$27,610 
$1,874 
S2, 179 

$87.1)31 

$S.!)(>8 

$1,909,483 

2,381 
$7,53,30(1 

179 
$153,875 

1,944 
$224,365 

383 
$18,643 

$1,036 
$525 

$27 

$2.. 528 

SI.  11.5 

$228.  .3.50 

1,219 
$104,663 

1 

$850 
$75 
$40 

$950 

$75 

$75,265 

$2,914 
$566 
$67 

$10,077 

$1,185 

$344. 481 

415 
$29,200 

12 
$2,350 

2,652 
$125,810 

$12,391 

$3,710 

$4,376 

$60,671 

$40,092 

$2,303,196 

20,919 
$1,210,122 

39 

$4,825 

18,848 
$794,491 

$89,367 
$20,478 
$24,980 
$373.68.5 
$74,003 
$9,798,965 

.56.075 
$3,730,173 

70 
$19,705 

72,033 
$4,027,545 

5,007 
$48,293 

1 

$1,000 

$28,499 

$330,734 

$1,613,016 

56,075 

7,224 

10 

7,038 

$158,819 
$13,608 
$27,078 

$940,371 

$82,8,57 

$15,228,337 

178,962 
$9,694,829 

03 
$11,180 

92, 893 
$4,288,664 

1,378 
$27,149 

92 
$117,516 
$111,643 

$378. 862 
$598. 494 

178,962 

3,830 

'   40 

3,788 

$25,050 

$2,978 

$3,618 

$178,568 

$32,775 

$2,974,043 

16,498 
$1,113,064 

98 
$8,250 

22,815 
$1,426,015 

2,766 
$46,187 

1 

$1,300 

$40,397 

$34,065 

S3(J4.7«i5 

16,498 
37 

$4,162 
$678 
$273 

$4,557 

$9.55 

$320,768 

533 
$29,446 

16 
$3,805 

1,004 
$117,878 

$28,006 

$2,480 

$18,313 

$102,156 

$5,790 

$4,059,438 

27,195 
$1,302,914 

1 

$225 

49,260  , 
$2,332,327 

4 
$41 

88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 

94 

96 

$200 

695 
$57,312 

3 

$38  1 

99 
$22, 165 

98 
99 

100 

101 

1 

$600 

$2,832 

$21,550 

$268,776 

20,919 
2 

102 
103 

$63,564' 

$72,623 
$623,107  1 

2,381 
46 

$262" 

$1,706 
$64,229 

1,219 

$206' 

$25 
$52,875 

$2,955' 

$17,990 
$166. 176 

415 

$£88 

$9,550 

$159,501 

533 
27 

$6,  am 

$17,549 
$399,783 

27, 195 

104 
105 
106 

107 

450      iu» 

uw 

31 
14 

2 

17 

2e 

460 

IIU 

171 
4 

1 

40,702 

34,230 

286 

1,377 

92 

355 

90 

1,843 

1,.531 

13 

439 

279 

167 

8,149 

17 

62 

2 

27 

37 

164 

124 

507 

1 

306 

33 

20 

1 

112 
113 

1 

2 

143. 164 

109,890 

467 

13,767 

50 

2,845 

296 

8,893 

4,607 

75 

1.451 

152 

671 

31,968 

114 

1,399 
516 
82 
191 
25 
54 

955 
763 

376 

369 

2 

3 

20,857 

19,840 

20 

80 

•  14.031 

12.232 

5 

839 

5 

67 

8 

575 

170 

1 

114 

154 
92 

24,926 

18.052 

72 

2.614 

5 

408 

18 

2,500 

1,037 

8 

211 

115 

19 
1 
12 

8 

118 

119 

88 

3 

160 

604 

1 

30 

11 

20 

60 

7 

120 

11 
264 
17 
75 
17 
147 
936 
33 
173 

6 

146 

ie 

27 

2 

3 

4 

125 

5 
264 

15 

2.430 

6 

1 
1,819 

127 

39 

352 

128 

1 

2 

143 
200 

1 

13U 

3 

io 

1 

132 

130 

72 

73 

5 

4 

157 
2 
79 
18 

13 
15 
17 
26 

179 
25 

107 

14 

17 

15 

1 

1,756 

1 
28 

133 

134 

1.360 

404 

30 

5,045 

59 

5 

22,202 

200 
20 
25 

135 

U 

G 
101 
19 
25 

136 

9 
15 

82 

7 
4 
10 

323 
11 

138 

139 

140 

137 

35 

34 

6,343 

2 

78 

42 

2 

402 

70 

5 

19 

10 

32 

3 

1 

6,195 

159 

1 

131 

2,735 

37 

161 

766 

8 

265 
5 
72 

136 
65 
26 

1,710 
5 

89 

i,S98 

141 

2 

1 

289 
14 

22 

143 

4 

144 

145 

'\ 

2,215 
63 

325 
98 

7 
16 

47 

146 

12 

39 

1 

2 

28 
11 

35 

40 

149 

ISO 

25 
33 

6 

2 

8 

934 

145 

1 

28 

566 

32 

151 
152 

io 

28' 

12,554 
178 

1 

2,123 

16 

153 

614 

1 

97 

1,147 
27 

1,241 
39 

787 

98 

3 

34 

216 

161 

20 

66 

9 

9 

154 
155 
156 

77 
822 

48 
219 
254 

26 

16 

4 

2 
583 

6 
23 

14 

760 

80 

77 

18 

7 

6 

51 
299 
217 
9 
53 
18 
16 
13 
36 

145 
9,078 

100 
48 

173 
20 
57 

388 

154 

59 

23 

5 

6 

158 
159 
160 

13 

11 
1 
1 

3 

59 

161 
162 

0 
60 

17 

163 
164 
165 
166 

1 

2 

527 

2 

50 

151 

I 
10 
2 

18 

22 

5 

5 

5 
125 

18 
87 

17 
2 

1,177 

168 
169 

1 

1 

5 

160 

1,859 

1,999 

6 

2 

3 

1,985 

3 

i 

170 

171 

152 
35 
3 

25 

46 

339 

18 

220 

1,318 

493 

10 

1 

8 

46S 

6 

25 

127 

32 

12 

1 
70 
12 

3 

35 
39 

16 
5 

172 

173 

1 

3 
2 

5 

176 

2 

1 

i 

3 
1 

5 
9 
2 

3 
8 

177 

2 

14 
6 

9 

178 
179 
180 

i85 

56 

81 

50 
27 

i.MO 

1,095 
380 

i7,'589 

10,032 

7,501 

15 

41 

65,'345 

4,488 
51,401 
3,920 
5,536 

78,'346 

8,236 

64,453 

4,210 

1,441 

21,996 
624 

14,032 
6,044 
1,296 

08 
5 
51 

47,127 

7,477 

39,051 

341 

258 

181 
182 

10 
20 

4 

25 

2 

314 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  7.— CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS— DETAILED 


United  States. 

Aialiama. 

Arkansas. 

California. 

Colorado. 

186 

Kind  and  quantity  of  products— Continued. 

127, 455 

13 

2 

43 

67,048 

6.972 

1,438 

51,997 

199 

101 

58 

14 

1 

2 

5 

6 

12 

8,676 

8,855 

14,555 

389,266 

2,235 
68,495 

932 
44, 447 

790 
7,549 

89 
2,337 

20 
80 

359 

5,471 

47 

1,115 

7,883 

681 

217 

188 

22 

189 

11 

21 

191 

193 

195 
1% 

Pliaeton                          



197 

Delivery,  light -.        

198 

199 

200 

Parts  manufactured,  not  elsewhere  included— 

6 

94 

56 

369 

11 
321 

U 
296 

1 
5 

104 
413 
361 
769 

112 
724 

5 
43 

36 
237 

4 

22 

4 
2 

15 

3 

4 

200 

16 
84 

1 
10 

2 
8 

201 

202 

Tops 



203 

Wheels   

204 

8 
459 

7 
406 

4 
33 

205 

206 

Owned— 

Steam- 

fm 

208 

Gas  and  gasoline — 
Numlier 

209 

210 

Water  wheels— 

211 

Horsepower 

212 

Number 

?13 

?14 

Electric  motors- 

215 

Horsepower I 

216 

Other  power,  horsepower.. 

217 

Ren  ted- 

2 
20 

2 
20 

94 
420 

17 
66 

218 

219 

Other  Icind,  horsepower 

220 

Furnished  to  other  establtshmerits,  horsepower                                .                .... 

CARIUACES  AND  WAGONS. 

SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND  TERHITOIUES:  1905— Continued. 


315 


Connecticut. 

Dclawari!. 

District  (if 
Coiuniijia. 

Florida. 

(ieorgia. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

383 
77 

165 
28 

113 

3 

5,007 
18 
8 

I,:)78 

329 

1 

4 

1,044 

92 

70 

17 

2,766 

1,043 

7 

10 

1,706 

1 

4 
4 

186 



187 

188 

189 

3 

4,981 

1 
1 

190 

1 

191 

192 

193 

1 

194 

195 

1 

196 

197 

198 

5 

199 

71 
64 

3 

8 
5 

9 
104 

2 
20 

4 

34 

11 
35 
12 

2,200 

10 
169 

3 
125 

4 

14 

5 

121 

74 

606 

35 
1,251 

22 
916 

5 
29 

1 
8 

2.5 
713 
592 
746 

1.57 
5,7,52 

,52 
3,805 

48 
413 

4 
270 

,12 

196 

101 

81,020 

103 
9,708 

70 
6,050 

42 
602 

156 

973 

1,549 

58 

52 
1,513 

21 
1,170 

2,5 
177 

183 
84 

502 
277 

37 
3,255 

31 
2,586 

10 

68 

?nn 

8 
10 

80 

2 
57 

1 
2,5 

1 
25 

is 

20 

201 

70? 

13,637 

44 

903 

21 
465 

16 
145 

7 
167 

1 
3 

203 

10 
96 

3 
5.5 

4 
23 

204 
205 

206 
207 

208 
209 

210 

211 

I 
16 

19 

468 

212 

213 

11 
141 

16 
341 

116 
2,440 

1 
50 

714 

215 

216 

8 
103 
20 
10 

4 
50 

2 
7 

4 
30 

14 
117 
40 
21 

154 

916 

7 

10 

62 

604 

12 

23 
116 

3 
18 

12 
117 

2.7 
218 
219 

8 

220 

316 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  7.— CAERIAGES  AND  WAGONS— DETAILED 


69 
70 
71  I 

72 
V.l 
74 

7G  I 

77 
78 

70 
MO 

81 
«2 

83 
84 

SIS 
86 
87 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land - 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sund.ies 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Tot al  nuni tier 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations- 
Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc.— 

Total  numl)er 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-etmers,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed'  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

.\ verage  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

.\ verage  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

.\ verage  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years— 

.\ verage  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month : 
Men  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February _ 

March " 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

Novemljer 

December 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
January  ;  . . 

February , 

March , 

,\pril , 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Children  tmder  16  years— 

Januar>' 

February 

March 

ADril 

May 

June 

July 

August ; 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Taxes 

Rent  of  olTices.  Interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto 
Included. 

Con t  ract  work 

Materials  use*!,  total  cost 

Lumber ; 

I  ron  and  steel 

Carriage  hard  ware,  lam  ps,  and  mountings 

I'atntH,  oils,  turpentine,  and  varnish 

Knamel,  rubber,  and  other  carriage  cloth 

lyTather 

Rubber  t) res .- 

Carriage  bodies,  purchaaed— 

N  umber 

Cost : 

Gears,  purehosod— 

Number , 

(*OBl 

Wagon  boflles,  purchased — 

Number 

Cost 

Tops,  purchase^]— 

Number 

Cost 

Wheels,  purchased— 

Numlter 

Cost ^ 

Axles  and  springs,  purchased 


Louisiana. 


Maine. 


"- 


40 

$236, 770 

$53,610 

$44, 410 

$45. 155 

46 
11  I 

5 
S7.140 


$3, 436 

6 
$3,436 


350 

251 

293 

$159, 317 

291 
$159,011 


2 
$306 


291 
277 
285 
281 
277 
284 
289 
298 
,304 
303 
304 
299 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

$17,862 

$5,398 

$981 

$11,483 


$151,365 
$25,342 
$27,068 
$16, 173 
$10,421 
$4,044 

$:i,a74 

$4,. 133 

BB 
$429 

«8 
$1,072 

20 
$200 

1.12 

$057 

5,410 
$18,870 
$19, 126  i 


154 

$660,764 
$52, 275 

$170,800 
$92, 736 

$344,953 
181 

14 
$11,499 

5 
$6, 720 


$4, 779 

6 
$3,815 

3 
$964 

613 

376 

451 

$243, 578 

450 
$243,110 

1 

$468 


420 
431 
462 
498 
494 
485 
449 
426 
440 
437 
430 
428 


$44,061 
$7, 101 
$4,995 

$23,364 

$8,601 
$392,280 
$58,858 
$100,026 
$32,429 
$22,853 
$19,112 
$16,052 
$14,871 

.386 
$.1,918 

317 
$1,161 

170 
$l,l.''>5 

131 

$886 

111,  .'.71 
$411, 2411 


Maryland. 


Massacbu- 


Michigan. 


$103,970 

$457,921 

148 

31 
$17,966 


$6, 772 

22 
$11,194 

20 
$10,790 

2 
$404 

934 

641 

774 

$347,236 

770 
$346, 688 


4 
$548 


646 
657 
711 
809 
863 
888 
876 
844 
812 
750 
705 
679 


4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

$63,496 

$17,801 

$6,358 

$36,382 

$2,9.';5 

$4N7,2:il 
$6.'-,,!C'-, 
$8.'i,  :i(14 
$VI.  1112 
$11,647 
$27. .Ill 
$16,027 
$21,3.51 

1,.')07 
$11,170 

1,004 
$12,684 

212 
$1,034 

141 
$1,902 

16,7.17 
$48,  .'MO 
$.16,062 


280 

*  ;,S13,839 
?.W1,254 
iaM,  159 
$445, 5.15 

$2,452,891 
343 

120 
$109, 140 

17 
$32, 620 

103 
$76, 520 

70 
$64, 285 

33 
$12,235 

2,873 

1,764 

2,232 

$1,367,349 

2,211 
$1,358,979 

20 
$8,120 

1 
$250 


2,023 
2,072 
2,288 
2,548 
2,590 
2, 542 
2,313 
2. 1.14 
2,069 
1,966 
1,960 
2,027 

20 
20 
24 
24 
22 
21 
20 
17 
19 
18 
17 
18 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

$336,954 
$90,749 
$24, 865 

$203,621 

$17,719 
$1,6,10,271 
$145,432 
$2,'vS,  .105 
$160,961 
$1:12,8.13 
$1.1«,H.S1I 
$113,. 180 
$128,  .193 

2,1199 
$:I8,(I28 

n.  410 

$:m,  540 

708 
$11,286 

110 
$2,0:14 

41,457 
$130,2.12 
$113,377 


183 

$9,264,093 

S500, 475 

$1,. 182, 093 

$644. 350 

$6,737,169 

204 

514 
$493,523 

75 
$160, 196 

439 
$.133, 327 

348 
5291,983 

91 

$41,344 

6,085 

3,446 

4,688 

$2, 246,  493 

4,570 
$2,206,708 

114 
$38,425 

4 
$1,.160 


4,695 
4,924 
5,254 
5,  .154 
5,157 
4,850 
4,103 
3,858 
4,000 
4,040 
4,180 
4,425 

131 
138 
138 
135 
135 
114 
90 
84 
87 
96 
106 
114 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
4 
2 
2 
3 
4 
4 
4 

$933,855 
$18,568 
$75, 494 

$817,252 

$22,  .141  I 
$7,00,1,109 
$611.1,  S7S1 
$787,344 

$i8»,n:is 
$:i,s5,  iitw 

$4.12,0.13 
$;)26,248 
$290,  .V)2  j 

105,840 
$412,996 

14.  107  ' 
$.12,  4.19 

13,698 
$.19,931 

1,500 
$8,902 

040,0.14 
$808.2511 
$674, '228 


Minnesota. 


134 

$2,159,885 

$197,040 

$414,244 

$267, 577 

$1,281,024 

171 

74 
$79,516 

IS 
$29,700 


$49,816 

54 
$47, 446 

5 
$2,370 

1,153 

739 

872 

$424,777 


$423,977 


2 
$642 


1 

$158 


909 
914 
911 
871 
859 
874 
873 
859 
823 


832 

1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 


1 

1 

1 

$135,948 

$14, 123 

$11,551 

$108,2.10 

$2,024 
$781,727 
$:!Ofl,  .183 
$22:1,. 1.13 
$14,  .101 
$45,  495 
$1,  .188 
$11,11.19 
$10,976 

179 
$1,110 

.100 
$4,4(t8 

17 
$221 

225 

$1,951 

19,68.1 

$1.1,057 
$21,148 


CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS. 

SUMMAKY,  BY  fciTATES  AND  TERKITOKIKS:   imv^Continued. 


317 


Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

Moiittimt. 

Ncliniska. 

New  Hariip- 
shirc. 

New  Jersey. 

New  Mexico. 

New  York. 

North  Caro- 
lina. 

Ohio, 

12 
$303,120 

$36,. 574 

$30.  721 

$49, 990 

$185.  KV, 

11 

17 
$17,244 

3 

$4,500 

14 
$12,744 

14 
$12,744 

222 

$4,876,917 
$344,  262 
$6.55,  17(1 
$391,796 

$3,48.5.<'.8:! 
274 

260 
$285, 791 

77 
$113,393 

183 
$172,398 

155 
$157,301 

28 
$15,097 

3,356 

2,014 

2,636 

$1,477,540 

2,582 
$1,459,470 

47 
$16,6.54 

$1,416 

2,327 
2,499 
2,774 
2,878 
2,960 
2,982 
2,»62 
2,499 
2,501 
2,358 
2,186 
2,158 

46 
49 
50 
50 
51 
51 
49 
41 
45 
42 
44 
46 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
7 
7 
9 
9 
8 
8 

$490, 140 
$98,867 
$23,880 

$360,377 

$7,016 
$3, 587,  478 
$350, 931 
$403, 227 
8491,504 
$205,429 
$200,450 
$365,321 
$123, 436 

37,622 
$204,714 

8,100 
$91,978 

4.348 
$38,307 

416 
$3,285 

.321,951 
$394, 660 
$280,284 

6 

$60,  2.58 

89,(1110 

$3.  UKI 

$17.  422 

$30.  7.36 

8 

6 
$6,000 

2 
$2,100 

4 

$3,900 

3 

$3,600 

1 
$,-100 

30 

19 

23 

$19,900 

22 
$19,750 

17 
$202,933 
.$.55,700 
542,800 
$26,  281 
$78, 152 
22 

11 
$8,823 

1 
$1,500 

10 
$7,323 

7 
$5,903 

3 
$1,420 

191 

106 

144 

$83,155 

142 
$82,789 

39 
$814,372 
$99,460 
$209,295 
$87,2,56 
$418,361 
45 

16 
$20, 6.50 

3 
$8,000 

13 
$12,050 

10 
$11,010 

3 
$1,640 

433 
343 

382 
$229,624 

381 
$229,174 

1 
$4.50 

200 

$2,545,445 

$458,570 

$665,088 

$286,. 523 

$l,m,264 

229 

76 
$86,541 

17 
$29,646 

59 
$.56,895 

55 
$.55.  419 

.    4 

$1. 476 

1,916 

1,404 

1,638 

$960, 903 

1,634 
$960, 175 

1 
$260 

3 

$468 

1,496 
1,519 
1,601 
l,7l2 
1,712 
1,771 
1,780 
1,716 
1,665 
1,600 
1,530 
1,506 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

i 

$191,970 
829.829 
$16,844 

$136,  497 

$8,800 
$1,036,002 
$182,598 
$204,312 
$63,298 
$82. 656 
$:«.  1172 
$22,005 
$72,258 

1,678 
$5,888 

454 
$6,604 

42 
$1,405 

336 
$3. 436 

30.789 
$104,512 
$100,183 

4 
$61,0.50 
$9,0.50 
$9,  .500 
$5,500 
$37,000 
6 

2 
$1,920 

590 

$13,962,721 
$1,724,141 
$2,612,4.56 
$1,378,529 
$8, 247,  .595 
718 

490 
$604,819 

72 

$156,  .358 

418 
$448,461 

365 
$423, 476 

53 

$24,985 

8,079 
5,321 

6.789 
8;i,936.924 

6.719 
$3,918,222 

57 
$16,201 

13 
$2,501 

6,330 

6,637 
6,951 
7,  i47 
6,900 
6,880 
6,761 
6,478 
6,763 
6,577 
6,617 
6,585 

59 
62 
65 
61 
59 
59 
54 
47 
52 
49 
59 
58 

12 
12 
12 
12 

12 
15 
14 
15 
12 
14 
14 
12 
$1,313,204 

$263,014 
$90,210 

$938,079 

$21,901 
$5.00S.143 
$<a<l.  SSI 
$7(1(1. ',)17 
$554. 902 
$:»!.. 503 
$.354,611 
$315,063 
$248,923 

1.991 
$21,131 

.3.108 
$35,322 

353 
$6,928 

2.438 
$22,133 

215. 495 
$473,592 
$417,928 

125 

$2,010,457 

$95,83.5 

$263,  .575 

$195,275 

$1,455,772 

160 

64 
$59,628 

24 
$21,760 

40 

$37,868 

36 
$36,466 

4 

$1,402 

1,658 

1,178 

1,373 

$481,528 

1.292 
$466,607 

11 
$2,476 

70 
$12,445 

1,192 
1,211 
1,242 
1,292 
1,324 
1,310 
1,312 
1,327 
1,336 
1,„46 
1,327 
1,285 

13 
13 
13 
12 
11 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
ID 

63 
62 
62 
67 

74 

76 

77 

76 

77 

71 

68 

67 

$109,190 

$S,420 

$12, 192 

$86,856 

$1,722 

$1,229,396 

$145,405 

$191,:!85 

897.  .132 

$100,914 

$59,712 

$95,395 

$30,605 

7, 546 
$24,099 

7,229 
$18,918 

1,733 
$5,120 

309 
$2,338 

109.066 
$19.3.358 
$95,396 

348 
$12,980,183 
$885,  593 
$2, 130, 062 
$1,032,288 
$8,932,240 
430 

741 
$707,490 

108 
$196,462 

633 
$511,028 

484 
$449,905 

149 
$61,123 

8,865 

5,234 

6,768 

$3,335,551 

6,548 
$3,267,028 

218 
$68,067 

2 
$456 

6,394 
6,738 
7,106 
7,462 
7,529 
7,308 
6,871 
6,209 
5,906 
5,647 
5,671 
5,735 

222 
244 
254 
262 
262 
261 

183 
169 
158 
184 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

$1,481,585 
$112,329 
$75,445 

$1,278,679 

$15, 132 
$8. 437. 352 
$781,451 
$782. 9S0 
$699,211 
$.501,678 
$1120,814 
$S94,  141 
$315,  464 

147.5.!7 
$598,116 

50.018 
$116,982 

4,895 
220.688 

7,786 
$38,263 

719,553 
8966,127 
$767.  OK 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

8 
9 

10 

2 
$1,920 

2 
$1,920 

12 
13 

14 
15 

16 

17 

194 

159 

171 

$74,953 

169 
$74,693 

32 

21 

26 

$19,947 

26 
$19,947 

18 
19 

20 
21 

22 
23 

24 

25 

2 
$260 

176 
166 
167 
172 
174 
174 
172 
165 
167 
158 
164 
173 

1 
SI  50 

20 
20 
20 
21 
23 
23 
24 
24 
24 
23 
21 
21 

2 
$366 

123 

136 
142 
164 
176 
160 
159 
149 
138 
128 
113 
116 

26 

27 

377 
383 

399 
412 
415 
402 
388 
367 
358 
347 
359 
365 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

i 

1 
1 
1 

25 
27 

27 
27 
27 
23 
27 
27 
28 
28 
25 
21 

28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
3.5 
36 
37 
38 
39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 



SO 

51 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

$16,045 

$240 

$1,189 

$14,616 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

$5,530 

$1,920 

$415 

$2,795 

$400 
$37,369 
$6,200 
$7,800 
$1,860 
$2,  i.':0 

$630 

$150 

$5,392 

2 
$23 

15 
$.525 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

$24,252 
$6, 362 
$1,674 

$16,216 

52 

.53 

54 

.55 

56 

.57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

6? 

63 

$36, 146 
$2,270 
$5,514 

$27,372 

S990 

$195,851 

$.30,795 

$50,096 

S9.798 

814.470 

816.  370 

$12,316 

$4. 194 

97 
$689 

868 
$2,288 

87 
$5-29 

12 
$165 

11.230 
$24,668 
$12,652 

$1,201 

$4SS" 

$716 

$27,'3li4' 

$5,350 

$6,500 

»$2,400 

$1,230 

$700 

$1,075 

$200 

6 
$57 

30 
$300 

60 
$400 

26 
$340 

820 
$2,050 
$3,420 

64 
65 
66 
67 

68 

$96,  49i 

$24,214 

831,765 

$225 

$4,279 

$200 

$250 

$113,340 

$19,012 

$26,982 

S5,787 

813,594 

$4,853 

S2,.388 

$11,270 

13 
$621 

62 
$600 

375 
$3,000 

30 
$292 

3,060 
$8,,-»2 
$6,400 

69 
70 
71 

7.3 
74 
75 
76 

78 
79 

60 
$300 

4 
$50 

250 

$.565 

$1,635 

81 

82 

10 
$150 

692 
$2.051i 
$2,200 

83 

84 

85 
86 
87 

318 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  7.— CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS— DETAILED 


90 

91 
92 
93 

94 
95 

96 
97 

98 
99 

100 
101 

102 
103 
104 
105 
106 

107 
108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
12.5 
126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
131 
132 
133 
134 
13.5 
136 
137 
1.38 
139 
140 
141 
142 
143 
144 
145 
146 
147 
148 
149 
1.50 
151 
152 
153 
154 
IS5 
1.56 
157 
158 
ISO 
ie» 
161 
l(i2 
163 
104 
165 
166 
167 
11.8 
IfW 
170 
171 
172 
173 
174 
175 
176 
177 
17H 
17ft 
IW 
IHl 
182 
IN3 
184 
185 


Materials  used— Continued. 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

MiU  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Freight 

Produet s.  total  value 

Family  and  pleasure  carriages — 

Number 

Value 

Public  conveyances — 

Number 

Value 

Wagons  (business,  farm,  government,  municipal,  etc.) — 

Number 

Value 

Sleighs  and  sleds — 

Number 


Louisiana.       Maine.     ;  Maryland. 


So, 513 

SI,  551 

S879 

SIO. 009 

SI.  404 

S436.434 


S12,514 


4 
$600 


1.246 
S148.484 


S12,006 
$1,525 
$7.53 
$21,418 
$2,448 
$937,644 

2.802 
$272,244 


Value, 


1.764 
$154,989 


2,802 
$117,075 


Automobiles- 
Number.  . 


Value. 


21 


Parts  manufactured,  not  elsewhere  included $4,460 

-Vll  other  products $1, 183 

.\inount  received  for  repair  work $269, 193 

Kind  and  quantity  of  products: 

Family  and  pleasure  carriages,  aggregate  number 
Two-wheeled,  total  number 

Cars 

Carts 3 

Gigs I  18 

Sulkies ! 

Tandems ! 

Other I 

Four-wheeled,  for  one  or  two  persons,  total  number !  56 

Buggies 45 

Buckboards 

Driving  wagons 

Park  wagons 

Phaetons I  9 

Pony  wagons ' 

Road  wagons 

Runabouts 

Spiders 

Stanhopes 

Traps 2 

Other 

Four-wheeled,  for  three  or  more  persons,  total  number 12 

Brakes 

B  roughams 

Buckboa  rds | 

Cabriolets ; 

Coupes ' 

Landaus 4 

Mountain  wagons 

Park  wagons ' 

Phaetons 

Road  wagons 

Rockaways [ 

Spiders | 

Surreys '  6 

Tallvhos 

Traps 

Victorias 

Vis-a-vis 

Other 

Public  conveyances,  total  number. 
Cabs 


$7,010 
$11,775 
$374,551 

2. 802 
5 


Hacks 

Ilansoms 

Hotel  coaches 

Omnibuses 

Other 

Business  wagf»n«,  total  number 

Baggage  transfer  wagons 

Caravans 

Coal  wagons  and  carts 

Del  ivery  wagons , 

Drays . ". 

Dump  (11  rt  wagons  and  carts 

ExprcHH  wagons 

Furni tun-  vans 

FtirnI tun-  wagons 

rjarbage  wagons  and  carts 

Handcarts 

Hearses ? 

Ice  wagons 

Log  wagons 

Ore  wagons 

Strr-el  Hprtnklers 

Street  sweepers 

Trucks 

Other 

Wagons  (government,  municipal,  etc.),  total  number  . 

Ambulances 

Fire  pat  ml  wagons 

Hfise  wagons 

Mull  and  mall  carriers'  wagona  and  carta 

Police  fiatrol  wagons 

Prisf.n  vans 

Fann  wagons,  totiil  number 

One-lu»rse 

Twih.hor»e 

Mountain 

Dump  carta  orlarm  trucks 


36 
408 


30 
164 


30 
244 


2S1 
25 


128 


2.347 

391 

125 

1.161 

190 

56 

1 

235 

67 


57 


64 

4,50 

4 

2 

63 

12 


212 
10 


886 
10 
3 
35 

187 
39 

334 

194 


874 
174 
671 


20 


$10. 849 
$2,424 
$1,496 

$48, 724 

SI,  983 

$1,143,463 

2.945 
$291,881 


$2,025 


1.849 
$225,360 


62 
$1,909 


S4.090 

$57..57;i 

So60,619 

2,945 

117 


104 

"is 


2.366 

1.393 

27 

95 

8 

97 

3 

225 

459 

1 

26 

18 

14 

462 

24 

6 

32 


13 
10 

131 
19 
15 

148 


1,62(1 

105 

10 

66 

617 

10 

249 

147 

2 

23 

7 

22 


158 
108 
65 


1 
1 

47 

3 

3 

108 

£0 

CO 


Massachu- 
setts. 


$42. 575 
$16,914 
$:i,920 
5141,688 
$14. 184 
$4,179,724 

8,106 
$1,480,339 

142 
$113,760 

3.278 
$605,678 

1,062 
$79,824 

49 

$26. 100 

$8,401 

$132,274 

SI. 733.348 

8,106 
374 


Michigan.    Minnesota 


$113,319 

$4, 972 

$18,  757 

51,305,791 

$140,  4:i3 

$12,101,170 

174.889 
$7,784,444 

120 
S116.026 

52.273 
$2,352,958 

53,180 
$977,822 


342 

2 

25 

4 

1 
4,830 
1.263 


280 
180 

67 
303 
700 
934 

43 
655 

29 

376 

2,902 

32 
212 

10 
196 

25 

44 

64 
222 

20 

409 

432 

1 

440 


38 
32 

7 

718 

142 

1 

65 

55 


16 

5 

2,914 

58 

119 

237 

901 

28 

268 

614 

5 

81 

12 

10 

19 

54 

35 


$11,737 
S360.511 
S497.672 

174.889 

6.440 

300 

6.0a5 


85 

25 

25 

139.345 

88,107 

443 

16,414 

158 

754 

1,353 

18,755 

9,662 


2,302 

212 

1,185 

29,104 

1 

3 

76 

100 

1 


773 

460 

16 

3,010 


16,680 


,982 
120 


20,283 
272 


114 
8,661 

481 
31 

177 
22 
35 


527,385 
$2,843 
$2,606 
$37, 12-2 
$25,555 
SI. 715, 858 

3.662 
$232,282 

4 
$615 

15.059 
$790,290 

10,003 
$169,830 

3 

$1,400 

$21,470 

$64,013 

$435,958 

3,662 
504 


26 

477 

47 

13 

11 

20 

1 

2 


317 

148 

117 

2 

50 


119 


30 
133 
27 


3 
1,818 
8.360 
1,469 

2 


1 

1,406 


30,  ,521 

3.626 

26. 410 

1.50 

43(> 


1 
2.023 
1.518 

2 
464 


3 

1,135 


3 

'i,6i3 


104 


1 

853 
47 


23 

426 
119 

7 
38 

9 

'"36 


14.197 

7ill 

9.883 

3.IK)8 

515 


CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS. 


319 


SUMMARY, 

BY  ,'^T.'\TES  ANT)  TKI 

;  HI  TOR  IKS 

lild.'i     foul  It 

iu.-,l. 

Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

Montana 

Nebraska. 

New  Hamp- 
shire. 

New  Jersey. 

New  Mexico. 

$947 

$075 

$200 

$1,500 

New  York. 

$131,428 
$15, 732 
$2(1, 098 
$.534,  245 
$711.  K06 
812..573,148 

42.249 
$4,  .5.50, 893 

742 
$518. 469 

19.879 
$2,448,670 

19.433 
$592,768 

10 

$43,775 

&59.i|(l5 

$514.Kf,9 

$3,843,799 

42,249 

3,445 

1 

3. 154 

39 

238 

7 

6 

33,236 

18,542 

1,476 

809 

106 

339 

27 

5,537 

5,273 

28 

1,057 

22 

20 

5.568 

12 

196 

591 

301 

63 

70 

123 

132 

123 

601 

229 

18 

2,577 

6 

109 

104 

18 

295 

742 

11 

474 

5 

North  Caro- 
lina. 

(,l„„. 

$3,423 
$225 
$1,240 
$6,525 
$1,,595 
$239.  .566 

$43,314 
$11,510 
$i;,  401 
8337, 12li 
$35,  (101 
16,551,130 

74,6.50 
$3.826,.342 

.58 
$4. 445 

•2.5. 2K1 
$1,. 507. 225 

6 
$153 

6 

83.984 

$.37,550 

$57,712 

$1,113,719 

74,650 
73 

$1,780 
$(i90 
$195 

84, 700 

8S4S 

$107,060 

17 
$2,3,50 

$2, 734 
$1,475 
$186 
$2,  181 
$3,  7(13 
8285.984 

103 
$18,637 

6 

$1,900 

916 
$72,644 

2 

$60 

$7,866 
$1,550 
$1,105 
$4.(175 
$1,.56(1 
$565,944 

1,943 
$163,657 

$35, 390 
$5,617 
85, 0.37 

$93, 108 

S9.017 

$2, 813,. 534 

3.341 
$492,810 

127 
$25,  .365 

5.647 
$779.3.51 

228 
$10, 466 

$19,344 

$1,145 

$.3,522 

$102,892 

$42,  .516 

$2,304,065 

25, 1.57 
$1,302,259 

67 
$7,3.30 

23,. 5.53 
$773.. 302 

5 
$45 

$90,297 
$21,367 
$29,261 
$899, 0.34 
$88,446 
$16,0%.  IM 

1».428 
$11,373,.346 

217 

$107,141 

40,905 
$2. 703.. 566 

8.479 
$52,166 

16 

$16,000 

$168,205 

$217,224 

$1,4.58.477 

199.428 

4,396 

75 

3,917 

88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 

94 
95 

96 

1     "' 
98 
99 

100 
101 

102 

103 

$65,850 

38 
$3.. 500 

21 
$2,. 3.50 

146 
$12,480 

37 
$9,710 

2.012 
$171,535 

1,188 
$219,923 

694 

$33,141 

1 

$1,100 

$340 

$2.  .5.58 

$145,22.5 

1,943 

is.sis' 

$19,394 
$193,222 

25, 1.57 

.50 

1 

49 

$1,266 
$31.  LSI) 
$.35,, 585 

$545 
$36,418 
$155,780 

103 
4 

$13,911 

$195,705 

$1,295,926 

3.341 
502 

4 
379 

6 
111 

2 

$1,000 
$.5,000 
$41.. 520 

.38 

$5.. 500 

$89,. 500 

17 
5 

105 
106 

107 
108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
125 
126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
131 
132 

i:i3 

134 

ia5 

136 
137 
138 
139 

140 
141 
142 
143 
144 

65 

5 

4 

8 

404 

63,, 523 

54. 164 

25 

2,  .345 

.S9 

10 
9 

69 
29 
10 
10 

1,030 

509 

10 

316 

1,936 

1.3.57 

12 

3S 

47 

74 

16 

50 

276 

5 

IS 

33 

13 

903 

38 
16 
10 
10 
2 

24.485 

23.769 

6 

25 

5 

79 

25 

39 

506 

169.031 

129,005 

1.301 

3.780 

.593 

5.868 

2.330 

4,627 

18,863 

185 

1,976 

493 

10 

26.001 

18 

59 

853 

277 

10 

75 

228 

689 

425 

469 

383 

794 

1 

1,004 

4.264 

25 

335 

19 

459 

11.054 

19 

24 

2 
11 

1 
4 

1 

33 

65 

1 

51 

25 

1 

5 

622 

5 

46 
913 

2 

30 

15 
11 
15 
4 
9 
4 
6 
6 
10 
69 
5 
562 

3 

28 

4 

1 

42 

31 

19 

9 

31 

1 

1 

2 

4 

5 
4 

9 



50' 

7 
2 

27 



2 

8,957 

8 

100 

,501 

19.a52 

■      ( 

i 

4 

2 
51 

4.57 

47 

8 

2.651 

217 

5 

164 

2 

17 

1.870 

58 

1 

9 
6 

773 

182 
127 

21 
10 
10 

67 

147 

148 

55 

2 

79 

67 

149 
150 
151 

]59 





2 
2 

4 

27 

17 

4,529 

26 

1 

40 

4 

4 

7,988 

200 

131 

62 

12, 797 

147 

3 

2,677 

92 

5 

80 

1.278 

64 

211 

68 

6 

71 

2 

12 

57 

80 

162 

153 
154 

1,320 

7 

37 

739 
29 

965 

12 
181 

16 

260 

2 

12 

344 

1 

28 

103 
2 

1.082 
14 

156 

3 
29 

15 

287 

7 

350 

282 

2,128 

69 

417 

718 

26 

28 

4 

54 

66 
17 

1 

5 

36 

373 

3.907 

120 

2.223 

561 

81 

55 

118 

2.330 

238 

75 

18 

16 
337 

72 
287 

283 

3,655 

116 

206 

806 

40 

134 

17 

37 

255 

75 

19 

157 
158 
159 
160 

29 

91 

6 

44 

5 

1 

16'' 

4 

15 

163 

164 

53 

165 
166 
167 
168 
169 
170 

1 

2 

12 

839 

6 
13 

4 

13 
219 

21 

15 

2 

1 

4 

2 

525 

169 

31 

5 

2 

6 

10 

8 

171 

259 
209 
119 

7 

1 
3 

28 
16 
2 

25 

.50 

n 

8 

5 

1.370 

1.180 

83 

63 

1 

IS 
3 
1 

34 

22 
8 

3m 

1.792 

272 

45 

1 

98 

127 

1 

336 

3 

174 

175 

176 
177 
178 
179 

20 
85 

7 

1 

3 

1 
7 

3 

1 

692 
27 
665 

22.485 
4.52 

21.926 

I 

106 

175 

212 
95 

88 

1.087 
411 
538 

40 

6.999 
1,230 
5,647 

22.463 
10.683 
11,075 

32,645 
2.621 

28,047 

1.426 

551 

181 

35 

183 
184 

i75 

29 

iss 

5. 

122 

705 

18,5 

320 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  7.— CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS— DETAILED 


186 
187 
18S 
189 
190 
191 
192 
193 
194 
193 
196 
197 
198 
199 

200 
201 
202 
203 

204 
205 


206 
207 

206 
209 

210 
211 

212 
213 

214 
215 
2)6 


217 
2!8 
?'9 
22] 


Kind  and  quantity  of  products— Continued. 

Sleighs,  total  number 

One- seated 

Two-seated 

Speeding  or  racing 

Sleds,  horse,  including  "bobs" 

Automobiles,  total  number 

Runabout 

Touring 

Surrey 

Phaeton 

Doctor's  wagon  or  ear 

Delivery,  light 

Deliverv,  hea\-v 

Other.  .■ ". 

Parts  manufactured,  not  elsewhere  included — 

Carriage  bodies 

Wagon  bodies 

Tops 

Wheels 

Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned — 

Engines- 
Steam — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels- 
Number  

Horsepower 

Water  motors- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented— 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Other  kind,  horsepower 

Furnished  to  other  establishments,  horsepower. 


Louisiana.  < '   Maine. 


2.802 

1,112 

31)0 

211 

1.119 


Marj'land. 


93 
54 
360 

16 
220 


8 
126 


41) 

70 

2 

3,250 

57 
702 


19 

256 


30 
199 


33 

494 


26 
564 


5 
132 


Massachu- 
setts. 


1,062 
113 
49 
31 
869 
49 
22 
25 


Michigan.    Minnesota. 


53.180 
41.943 

1,972 
593 

8,672 


132 

66 
37 

112 
1,770 


33 

758 


28 
212 


58 
477 
291 


7,707 
94,306 


101 
5,796 


63 
4,661 


34 

417 


2 
123 


42 
271 
25 


10,003 
651 
149 


9,203 
3 
2 


405 

248 

16 

413 

73 
1,712 


29 
1,214 


39 


19 

138 

1 

50 


CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS. 

SUMMARY,  RY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1905— Continued. 


321 


Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

Montfum. 

Nebraska. 

New  Hamp- 
shire. 

New  Jersey. 

New  Mexico. 

N.wVnrk.         ^°^^"°- 
1 

Ohio. 

6 

1 

2 
2 

694 
351 
33 

228 

148 

29 

3 

48 

19,433 
13,780 

1,806 
291 

3,SS6 

5 
5 

8,479 

524 

3 

186 

188 

189 

5 
6 

310 

7,952 
3 

190 

19^ 

2 

193 

1 

12 

1 

194 

195 

196 

2 
2 

197 

2 

7 

667 

198 

376 
1,184 
1,707 
1,892 

103 
1.970 

33 
*       1,207 

27 
205 

9 
22 
10 
21 

10 
94 

12 

44 
289 

49 
182 

68 
1,091 

22 
597 

33 
280 

2 
20 

15 
25 

tifUl 

4,661 

115 

202 

182,438 

162 
7,375 

71 
4,614 

49 
730 

200 



27 

545  1                      318 
306                          45 



202 

8 
413 

9 
394 

1 
4 

5 

21 

29 

507 

11 
2.33 

10 
64 

10 
121 

2 
8 

1 
10 

2 
24 

2.39 
0.310 

98 
3,971 

74 
790 

23 
768 

8 
44 

4 
85 

50 
1.310 

38 
1,165 

11 
65 

1 
10 

204 
205 

206 

1 
8 

6 

38 

208 

209 

210 

211 

212 

213 

34 
385 

215 

216 

1 
15 

107 
458 
100 

1 

6 
15 

10 
56 

5 
71 

26 

188 

6 

20 

2 
24 

100 
617 
35 
22 

3 

55 
IS 
30 

154 

1,605 

41 

217 
218 
219 



7 

220 

322 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  7.— CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS— DETAILED 


Oklahoma.         Oregon. 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


Rhode 
Island. 


South 
Carolina. 


Number  of  establishments. 
Capital,  total 


Land. 


Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  andsundries 

Proprietors  and  fLrni  members 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number ■ , 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year .' 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

.\verage  number 

Total  wages 

Men  l(i  years  and  over — 

Ave'rage  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month: 
Men  10  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 


April. 
May. 


June. 
July. 


August 

September 

October 

NovemlMT 

Decemlwr 

Children  imder  16  years — 

January .* 

February 


March. 


April. 

Miiy 

June 

July 

August 

September 

(October 

November 

IJecemU-r 

Mi.Hcejlaneou.s  exp(?n8Cfl,  total. 
Kent  of  works 


Taxes . 


Rent  of  olllces,  interest,  insurance,  and  nil  other  sundry  cxponsca  not  hitherto  included 

Contract  work 

Materials  wtti-ti,  total  cost •. 

Lumber 

I  ron  (I  nd  steel 

Carriage  hardware,  lamps,  aiifl  mountings 

Paints,  oils,  turpentine,  and  \arnlHh 

Enamel,  ruliiwr,  and  other  carriage  cloth 

I^ealher 

Kubliertires 

Carriage  liwlies,  purchased— 

NnmlKT 

Tost 

GeafB,  I'urchased— 

N'umlKT 

(■out 

Wfig^>n  )>odlefl,  purchased— 

Sum  Iter , 

Co-It , 

Tops,  purchased— 

NnmU-r , 

Coul 

Whe«'ls.  purchased 

Nutnlter 

Cost 

-\  xles  and  springs,  purchased 


$53,990 

$7.02S 
S15.750 

S6.300 
824.015 

8 

1 
$520 


1 
SS20 


1 
$520 


61 

,37 

43 

$23, 407 

43 
$23,407 


$3,149 
$800 
$416 

$1,933 


$26,008 
$2,735 
$4,876 
$2,S10 
$2,220 
r!,074 
$1,I.V> 
$1,405 

64 
$376 

67 
$427 


7S 
$486 

816 
$1,777 
$1,364 


14 
S93, 595 
$3,300 
$11,489 
$22,308 
$56,498 

15 

4 
$1,033 


4 
$1,033 

3 
$818 

1 
$215 

81 

40 

52 

$36,209 

52 
$36,209 


$5,940 

$4,046 

$.365 

$1,529 


$45. 761 

$9,747 

$14,423 

$3,245 

$2,275 

$,3,'iO 

$775 

$1,207 

6 
$28 

H 
$150 


21 
$554 

796 
$3,019 
$2,  4:i8 


601 
$8,830,520 
$1,275,394 
$2,078,435 
$1,071,523 
$4. 405. 168 

758 

310 
$277,310 

48 
$73,188 

262 
$204. 122 

235 
$190,946 


$13, 176 

6, 643 

4,687 

5,569 

$2. 794.  .365 

5.488 
$2,778,910 

25 
$5,973 

56 
$9,482 


5,196 
5,323 
5,589 
5,702 
5,927 
5,962 
5.901 
5,536 
5,392 
5,175 
5,098 
5,055 

24 
26 
26 
26 
25 
26 
26 
26 
24 
25 
24 


55 

55 

55 

57 

62 

63 

58 

69 

SI 

49 

48 

,10 

$603.  4,')5 

$S4,  46S 

$36, 999 

$471,  .IN.'! 

$1(1.  .Wi 

$:i..W7.514  I 

$.';,'i0,  .1,39  I 

$617,894 

$404,:i06 

$317,882 

$223,  .106 

$11 6,, 'ISO 

$1.1-1,  ns5 

6.171 
$.10,  ,141 

2.369 
$.17,511 

1 .  418 

$24,279 

717 
$5,699  I 

143.926 
$.'!,13.0:ifl 
$:m4.312 


30 
$328, 684 
$62,000 
$66,100 
852.828 
$147,756 
33 

8 
$6,756 

1 
$1,200 


$5,556 


$5,150  i 


1 
$400 


183 

228 

$140,218 

225 
$139,263 


$955 


195 
203 
213 

247 
260 
269 
254 
239 
224 
205 
198 
193 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 


$19,086 

$6,91(i 

$1,641 

$9,  .S29 

$700 

$116,627 

$18,955 

$.38, 878 

$8,007 

$10,  .308 

$2,016 

$811 

$4, 440 


$,10 

246 
$1,798  I 

28 

$3.15 

$265  I 

2,996 
$9,268 
$6,716  I 


38 
$502,243 
$38, 410 
$53, 234 
$54,396 
$356,203 
42 

16 
$20,480 

4 

$6,300 

12 
$14,180 


3 
$1,140 

422 

301 

346 

$118,280 

329 
$115,010 

6 
$1,936 

11 
$1,334 


304 
304 
303 
308 
309 
326 
332 
348 
365 
363 
352 
334 


6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
14 
11 
11 
12 
12 
10 
12 

$28.  441 
$1,9,32 
$2,  .156 

$23,953 


$2.S9,740 
$23,9!I5 
$,^3,922 
$20,  :«4 
$14,  .102 
$14.2.12 
$29,562 
$3,757 

662 
$2, 1.15 

,158 
$1,228 

28 
$134 

221 
$1,826 

34,  ,162 
$42,013 
$23, 106 


■  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Arizona,  1;  Indian 'rcrrllory,  I;  Nevada,!;  Norlli  DiikntM.  1;  Wyoming,  1. 


CARRIAGES  AND  WACiONS. 


323 


SUMMARY,  HY  STATES  AND  TKKKITORIES:  1905-r<,ntinu«l. 


South  Dakota.      Tennessee. 


$.-)4,4l.'J 
$!P,  .WO 
$23.  (XK) 

$.'),no() 


J'i.OOO 

2 
$2,000 


20 

18 
19 

S12, 528 

19 
S12.528 


$2,010 

"'SMO' 
$l..'i70 

'jsi.stm 

$2. 80(J 

j3.nno 

S«X1 

saw 

S440 
SCiO 
$300 


$.18 

13 
$200 

120 
$300 
iiSS 


59 
1.445,3.W 
$13H, 182 
$litt,  179 
$215,784 
$899,205 
73 

83 
$94,340 

21 
$43,li0« 

62 
$50,740 

48 
$43,938 

14 
$0,802 

1,083 

790 

917 

$410,082 

904 
$414,080 

5 
$1,265 

8 
$1,337 


875 
877 
928 


900 
899 
903 
914 
944 
907 
904 

4 
5 
S 
6 
5 
5 
5 
5 
S 
5 
5 
5 

6 
6 


10 

8 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

$122,837 

$23,204 

$8,599 

$90,909 

$125 

S.S98.  447 

$227.  ,')09 

$206,  .320 

$53,098 

$55, 939 

$19. 167 

$20, 959 

$33, 649 

2,008 
$9,295 

244 

$2, 154 

3 
$100 

233 
$1,745 

50.539 

$101.  a32 

$51,294 


Texas. 


34 
$285,514 
$53,348 
$68,403 
$51,719 
$112,044 
41 


$8,. 536 


Utah. 


3 
$5,400 

6 
$3,136 

6 
$3, 136 


251 

IHO 

211 

$124,082 

211 
$124,082 


181 
185 
195 
209 
227 
229 
232 
232 
229 
215 
205 
193 


$21, 224 

$6,840 

$2, 393 

$10,091 

Sl.SHX) 

$1,30.  164 

$17,  .-.41 

$32,027 

$13. 183 

$8,  .501 

$4,  720 

$3,805 

$16, 945 

10 
$75 

168 
$1,555 

20 
$377 

86 
$9.53 

3,026 
$7, 177 
$7,276 


3 

$2,950 
$200 
$7.50 
$900 

$1,100 
4 


Vermont. 


11 

6 

8 

$5,075 

8 
$5, 675 


$702 

$222 

$18 

$212 

$2.50 

$4,315 

$7.50 

$1,8.50 

$393 

$50 

$90 

$10 

$25 


110 

$575 


10 

$65 

40 
$120 
$210 


32 

$214,301 

$23, 420 

$iw,2no 

$29,005 

S93,  nn 

40 

1 

$1,000 


1 

$1,000 


1 

$1,000 


130 

94 

108 

$58,825 

108 
$58,825 


101 
106 
115 
116 
116 
120 
112 
103 
104 
103 
102 


Virginia. 


$8,353 

$632 

$1,716 

$5, 805 

$200 

$,54,816 

$8,041 

$12,  798 

$5,604 

$6.  ,500 

$1,924 

$1,600 

$690 


$48 


15 
$.382 


36 
$340 

1,604 
$5,668 
$4,137 


\V;isliln(;(c)ii.     West  Virginia. 


92 

$1,615,715 

$1,30,560 

$244, 6:« 

$115,025 

$1,124,900 

111 

70 
$61,220 

16 
$21,100 

54 
$40, 126 

46 
$37,346 


$2,780 

1,203 

940 

1,046 

$372,490 

997 
$363,388 

2 
$750 

47 
$8,352 


916 
941 


1,016 
1,009 
1,018 
1,018 
1,046 
1,051 
1,001 
960 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

39 
39 
45 

48 

49 

55 

57 

55 

51 

46 

41 

39 

$81,938 

$8,583 

$8,568 

$64,384 

$403 

$1,029,976 

$175, 038 

$176,  213 

$123.  701 

$79. 905 

$61,905 

$85. 606 

S22, 747 

9.958 
$21,581 

2,9.53 
$12. 422 

74 
$262 

171 
$1,450 

6S.  404 

$101,020 

$65,537 


25 
$230.  418 
$.52. 8(K) 
$37.0.50 
$,'>3.0(»> 
$S0.9(W 
30 

12 
$10,768 

1 
$1,500 

11 

$9,208 

9 
$8, 548 

2 
$720 

257 

104 

201 

$158,200 

200 
$157,960 

I 
$240 


173 
175 
131 
194 
215 
214 
230 
232 
219 
199 
186 
176 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


$21,503 
$9,203  I 
$2,253 
$8,997  I 
$1,050  I 
$18.8,314 

$.33,460  I 

$62,299 
$7.  140  1 

$10,396 
S4, 124 
$2,145 
$5,094 

160 
$1,250 

44 
$300 


84 
$957 

5,790 
$21,605 
$19,478 


Wisconsin. 


34 

$313,614 

$50, 175 

$.53,004 

$:i9,7lj« 

$170, «» 

43 

18 
$16,375 

2 
$3,300 

10 
$13,075 

13 
$11,400 

3 

$1,075 

249 

190 

■221 

$113,032 

219 
$112,715 

1 
$135 

1 
$182 


214 
224 
228 
229 
224 
211 
208 
214 
219 
220 
220 
217 

3 
3 
3 
3 


1 
1 
1 
I 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

$20,826 
$1,775 
$1,521 

$17, 5.30 


$210,  4,52 

$42.  4.50 

$43.  .567 

$7,880 

SIO.  243 

$5, 024 

$4,302 

$7,521 

365 
$2,325 

139 
$1,441 

200 
$2,000 

588 
$5,743 

12,724 
$21,720 
$22,948 


All  other 
states.! 


311 

$9,751,420 
$849, 043 

$1,780,170 
$91)0,928 

$0,100,079 
387 

240 
$276,385 


$66,138 

210 
$210,247 

175 
$193, 163 

35 
$17,084 

3,955 

3,014 

3,  ,506 

$1,724,017 

3, 451 
$1,709,135 

34 
$11,278 

21 
$3,604 


3,363 
3,405 
3,543 
3,513 
3.501 
3.489 
3,490 
3,411 
3,398 
3,417 
3,431 
3,451 

35 
36 
36 
36 
36 
35 
32 
29 
31 
32 
34 
36 

20 

20 

20 

24 

22 

22 

22 

21 

20 

20 

20 

21 

$044,000 

$12. 177 

$48, 939 

S571.290 

$11,594 

$3,7-25,a58 

$1,270,721 

$9.38.  794 

$178. 337 

$227,012 

$96,160 

$134, 745 

$56,548 

3,00(i 
$20,370 

1,316 
$15,064 

139 
$1,543 

1,471 
$18,328 

91, 115 
$186, 413 
$170. 430 


.5 

$28,030 

$1,3.50 

$4,000 

$1 1 . 0.50 

$11,030 

6 

1 
$1,800 

1 
$1,800 


32 

28 

25 

$14,295 

25 
$14,293 


$4,225 

$1,.545 

S358 

$2,322 


$17,353 
$3,600 
$4,156 
$345 
$1,746 
$1,144 
$1,045 
$1.50 


34 
$1,992 


8 
9 

10 
11 

12 
13 

14 
15 

16 
17 

18 
19 

20 
21 

22 
23 

24 
2S 

26 
27 


30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 


40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 


50 
51 

52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 


5 
$35 


$.560 
S310 


79 
80 

81 
82 

83 

84 

85 
86 
87 


324 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  7.— CAKRIAGES  AND  WAGONS— DETAILED 


100 
101 

102  ' 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

lOS 

109 

110 

111 

112 

113 

114 

115 

116 

117 

118 

119 

120 

121 

122 

123 

124 

125 

12fi 

127 

128 

129 

130 

131 

132 

133 

134 

135 

136 

137 

I3S 

139 

140 

141 

142 

143 

144 

145 

146 

147 

148 

149 

ISO 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

158 

159 

160 

161 

162 

163 

164 

iK, 

16ti 

167 

168 

169 

170 

171 

172 

173 

174 

175 

176 

177 

178 

179 

INO 

■  HI 

IKi 

183 

184 

INA 


Oklahoma. 


Materials  used— Continued. 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Freight 

Products,  total  value 

Family  and  pleasure  carriages — 

Number 

Value 

Public  conveyances — 

Number 

Value 

Wagons  (business,  government,  municipal,  etc.)- 

Numljer 

Value 

Sleighs  and  sleds — 

Number '. 


Value . 


Automobiles — 
Number 


Value . 


Parts  manufactured,  not  elsewhere  included 

All  other  products 

Amount  received  for  repair  work , 

Kind  and  quantity  of  products; 

Family  and  pleasure  carriages,  aggregate  number 

Two-wheeled,  total  number 

Cars 

Carts 

Gigs 

Sulkies 

Tandems 

Other 

Four-wheeled,  for  one  or  two  persons,  total  number 

Buggies 

Buckboards 

Driving  wagons 

Park  wagons 

Phaetons 

Pony  wagons 

Road  wagons 

Runabouts 

Spiders 

Stanhopes 

Traps 

Other 

Four-wheeled,  for  three  or  more  persons,  total  number. 

Brakes 

Broughams 

Buckboards 

Cabriolets . . . ; 

CouT)es 

Landaus 

Mountain  wagons 

Park  wagons 

Phaetons 

Road  wagons 

Rockuways 

Spiders 

Surreys 

Tallyhos 

Traps 

Victf)rias 

Vis-a-vis 

Other 

Public  conveyances,  total  number 


$961 
$528 
$154 

sias 

$1,958 
$66,921 

65 
$6,430 

1 
$120 

68 
$8,236 


Cabs. 

Hacks 

Hansoms 

Hotel  coaches. 

Omnibuses 

Other. 


Busines.^  wagons,  total  number. 
Baggage  transfer  wagons 


Caravans. 


Coal  wagons  and  carts 

Deli  very  wagons 

Drays 

Dump  dirt  wagons  and  carts. 

Express  wagons 

Furniture,  vans 

Furniture  wagons 

riarbago  wagons  and  carts. . . 

Handcarts 

Hearses 


Ic(;  wagons 

Log  wagons 

O  n;  wagons 

Slroa  sprinklers 

Street  sweopors 

Trucks 

Other 

Wugon.i  (gnvemment,  municipal, etc.),  total  number. 

Aiiibulnnt-f'H 

Fire  patrol  wagons 

IIow  wlignltH 

Mall  and  mail  carflers'  wagons  and  carts 

Police  piiirol  wagcms 

I'rlNon  vans 

Farm  wiigons,  total  number 

One-horse 

Two-liorsc 

Mountain 

Dinnp  carts  or  farm  tniek«  


$200 
$1,000 
$50,935 

65 

2 


Oregon. 


Peimsyl- 
vania. 


Rhode 
Island. 


South 
Carolina. 


$2,916 
$1,104 

S190 
S3. 093 

$157 
$114,429 

56 
$3,480 

31 
$2,775 

142 
$35,655 

16 
$320 


$908 
$5,100 
$66, 191 

56 


$85,230 

$9,592 

$11,130 

$250,  488 

$41,110 

$8,620,787 

33,467 
$2,355,043 

333 
$117,093 

35,395 
$2,839,372 

5,551 
$150,461 

18 

$21,100 

$50,819 

8120,929 

$2,965,970 

33,467 
733 


$4,426 
$2,138 
$405 
$6.  413 
$1,398 
$369,870 

40 
$4,660 

1 
$177 

481 
$59,682 

163 
$5,695 


$2,768 

$2,869 

$294,019 

40 
20 


28 


129 


1 
41 

5  I 


121 

•••j' 


40 

27,919 

18,525 

1,368 

527 

26 

421 

100 

1,770 

3,499 

1 

316 

166 

1,200 

4,815 

18 

135 

50 

60 

1 

1 

15 

27 

22 

721 

830 

1 

2,050 

3 

288 

4 

2 

587 

333 

114 

115 


21 


84 
14 

6 

722 

233 

18 

488 

11,244 

271 

(>X» 

1,227 

:» 

127 

23 

378 

40 

164 

94 

8 

3 


4,945 

1,788 

.^W 

58 

12 

16 

264 

2 


13,  .til 

2.078 

6. 204 

277 

4,762 


20 


1 
396 


45 

125 

4 

,36 
136 


$4,  493 

$350 

$1,069 

$72,538 

$506 

$548,226 

7,440 
$353,569 

2 
$;)00 

1,569 
$56,707 


$2,967 
$4,557 

$131,126 

7,440 
U 


,422 

,420 

2 


108 


1 
11 

10 

1 
1 
6 

2 
2 

8 

1,461 

1,142 

247 


37 


72 


CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONR. 

SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  190.5— Cm inuwl. 


325 


South  Daltota. 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Utah. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Washington.    West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin. 

All  other 

states. 

S7:)0 

$100 
$80 

$14,982 
$1,8B2 
$,'•,,  1.53 
$52,  (KB 
$.3.';,  2.16 
$1,774,725 

5,374 
S35().  469 

168    . 

$3,844 
$2  498 

$175 

$3,2% 
$720 
$,3M 

$1,943 

$805 

$163,756 

169 
$14,180 

$10,702 
$1,270 
$2,  627 

m).  wa 

$26,  721 
$1,913,530 

19,366 
$970,502 

28    . 

$!'>,  4.54 
$:(,  805 
$498 
$4,78.5 
$4.. 524 
$482,263 

125 
$13,575 

$4,721 
$181 
$1,  187 
$9. 536 
$11,0.57 
$443,291 

1,180 
$80,550 

3 

$200 

5,117 
$231,784 

10 
$182  1 

$77, 1.55 

$-i.  (r27 

$13,672 

$2-.'2.  .571 

$94, 468 

$7.5n.;t92 

23.4t» 
$1,520,841 

103 
$39,720 

83,916 
$4,.390,ti93 

1.5.365 
$343,509 

1 

$871 
$722 
$1.'<8 
$290 
$240 
$43,745 

26 
$2,060 

88 
89 
90 
91 
92 

$414 
$8,099    . 
$1,174    . 
$367,547 

100 

$11,425 

$2 

93 

$31,119 

15 
$1,555 

1 

47 
$5,830 

9    . 
$184    . 

$12,300 

0 

$70 

1    . 

94 
95 

96 
97 

$27,212    . 

20,241 
$960,913 

718 
$76,349 

$1.'!0    . 

26 
$3.  ,565 

2 
$.50 

652 
$49,7.50 

278 
$11,771 

$166' 

$3,800 
$84,155 

169 
2 

19,195 
$652,567 

6 
$90 

1    . 

$1,8(X) 

$5,  .564 

$15. 404 

$263,913 

19,366 
32 

804 
$159,505 

501 
$4,225 

170 
$20,305 

1 
$42 

98 
99 

100 
101 

ii'.m  ' 

$60,722 
$,■566.  499 

5. 374 
16 

$i,'246' 

$16,644 
$201,889 

100 
6 

102 

$i,'(X)6' 

$14,540 
$289, 418 

125 
31 

$i2.5 

$2,100 
$128,350 

1,180 
2 

$5,382 
$:).53, 191 
$862,0.56 

23,46t; 

23 

2 

17 

2' 

2' 

17,175 

11,728 

156 

1,775 

337 

127 

47 

2,292 

348 



im'\ 

$5, 152 
$15,426 

20 

103 
104 
105 

ii'.'sob' 

$21,900 
15 

$700 

$7,785 

2 
2 

106 

107 
108 

109 

u 

12 

16 

5.032' 

4,045 
16 
14 

6 

89' 

45 

2 

2 

m 

95 
13 
12 

32 

i8,'293' 

16,588 

165 

18 

11 

307 

sm 

1            246 

29 
2 

71' 

52 
8 
3 

2 

948 

254 
558 
36 

ri 

110 
111 
112 
113 

114 
115 
116 
117 

2' 

12 
V 

118 

119 

85' 

1 
200 

588 

6 

1 

1 
2 

2 

11 

121 

2" 

25' 

9 

19 

28 
55 

122 
123 

124 

17' 

""2' 

34 

54 

3 

1,041 

3' 

io' 

3 

4 

200 

11 

807' 

i' 

2' 

.28 
27' 

i' 

i,"5fl4 

130 
4 
31 
411 
83 
81 
50 

1 
1 

6 

359 
4 

2 
6,268 
1 
6 
13 
37 

5 

366 
308 

8 
1,729 

2 

■     "2,'455 

94 

i,'244 

103 

is 

53 

2 

30 

12,910 

108 

11 

206 

5,022 

93 

120 

418 

45 

62 

2 

2,054 

5 

72 

47 

ii 

3£ 
1,321 
3.27; 

19C 

1( 
2. 

15 

io.si 

3,-» 

61,32: 
2.29 
3.40 

125 
128 
127 

i 

66 
326 

i' 

1 

io" 

25 
8 

1 

26i' 

9' 

1 

9' 

168 

isi' 

io' 

7 

2,749 

36 

5 

4' 

................ 

i 

10 

18 

io' 

5' 

3' 

23 

2' 

2' 

is' 

i 

236' 

isi" 

i' 

13 
3' 

si 

i' 

3 

3' 

508' 

32 

1 

10 

209 

117 

15 

93 

2 

3 

7 

1 

5 

128 
129 

2' 

i' 

2' 

i:::::::;:::;:;:: 

60' 

3 

130 
131 
132 

133 
134 
135 
136 
137 
138 
139 

140 
141 
142 

143 
144 
145 
146 

i 

i 

26 



550 

9 

1 

i 

26 
5 

iii 

4 

780 

17 
6 

14S 
149 
190 
151 
152 
153 
154 
155 
156 

i7' 

2 

157 

26 
1,372 
67 
63 
72 

20 

358 

12 

19 

7 
10 

9 

4 

4 
53 

440 

12 

12 

59 

22 

13 

2 

22 

2 

5 

2 

i52 

14 

5 

158 

15 

159 
160 

2 

12 

18 

\ 

161 

1 
1 

1 

162 
163 
164 

;                         23 

24 

165 

2 

2 

132 

428 

52 

5 

30 

166 

8 

40 

3 

50 
3 
1 

1 

2 

14 
300 

237 

100 
3 

1 

i 

; i 

i7,'688 

11,604 
5,524 

5M 

5 

2 

167 
168 

6 

; io 

7 
1 

; i 

; 53; 

2 

11 

2 

'. 

2 

32 

1 
1 

169 
170 
171 
172 
173 

450 

22 

8 

174 
175 

; 2 

i.'ein 

1,837 

2,498 

60 

212 

)    



.     176 

.     177 

178 

-    

22 

1 

ik 

m 


19 

2 

n 


J  ', 

.     179 

i7,'47C 

5,22s 

j" 109 

.     180 
181 
182 



55 

2                          107 

7                              2 

183 

2 

11,971 
13c 

41: 

184 

1   

; 71 

2         

1   185 

13t 

326 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  7.— CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS— DETAILED 


Oklahoma,  j      Oregon. 


Pennsyl-  Rhode 

vania.  Island. 


South 
Carolina. 


186 
187 
188 
189 
190 
191 
192 
193 
194 
19.1 
1% 
197 
19S 
199 

200 
201 
202 
203 

204 
203 


206 
207 

208 
209 

210 
211 

212 
213 

214 
215 
216 


217 
218 
219 
220 


Kind  and  quantitr  of  products— Continued. 

Sleighs,  total  number 

One-seated 

Two-seated 

Speeding  or  racing 

Sleds,  horse,  including  ''bobs" 

Automobiles 

Runabout 

Touring 

Surrey 

Phaeton 

Doctor's  wagon  or  car 

Delivery,  light 

Delivery,  heavy 

Other.' 

Parts  manufactured,  not  elsewhere  included— 

Carriage  bodies 

Wagon  bodies 

Tops 

Wlieels 

Power: 

Xuml>er  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned— 
Engines — 
Steam — 

Numt>er 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Numlier 

Horsepower 

"Water  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors- 
Number  

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented— 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Other  kind,  horsepower 

Furnished  to  other  establishments,  horsepower. 


Ifi 
1 


5,551 

3,784 

485 

219 

1.063 

18 

2 

14 


370 

619 

784 

1,293 

247 
4,908 


106 
3,079 


108 
1,242 


8 
143 


53 

325 


163 
4 


14 
158 


10 
119 

12 
662 

10 
420 


6 
208 


100 


CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS. 

SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1905— Continued. 


327 


South  Dakota. 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Utah. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Washington. 

West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin. 

AU  other 
states. 

9 
1 

2 
2 

278 
37 
10 

6 
2 
4 

.501 

10 
3 

7 

15.365 
3.084 
1,840 

10, 403 

1 

186 
187 

I 

188 
189 



8 

231 

.501 



1 

193 

195 

i 

199 

63 
37 

12 
30 
20 
10 

12 

118 

1 
35 

2 
30 

31 

■     78 
151 
766 

35 

778 

18 
491 

10 
102 

3 

117 

1 

1 

1 
3 

39 
183 

34 
116 

149 
.5,736 

73 
.3,889 

77 
601 

2 
SS 

200 

5 

6 
4 

15 

201 



.50 
100 

20 
130 

20^ 

400 

20 
1,107 

14 

918 

9 
108 

10 

3 
50 

1 
15 

1 
10 

203 

2 

23 
324 

3 
33 

9 
(18 

8 
195 

14 
3(i5 

7 
237 

7 
108 

204 

207 

1 
s 

208 

209 

210 

211 

''13 

1 
25 

70 

1,014 
25 

22 

168 

215 

216 

1 

8 

9 
51 

5 

10 
53 

3 

-28 

9 
64 

24 
130 

1 
20 

2 
25 

217 

4 
10 

219 





4.52.54— MFG  1905— IT  4—08- 


SHIPBUILDING 


(329) 


SHIPBUILDING. 


Tlic  statistics  for  shipbuilding  at  tho  census  of  l'.»U.' 


cover  the  caleiular  year 
sons  are  made  witii  th(> 
in  the  form  of  "1905,"  ' 
In  the  general  tal)les 
products  is  confined  to 
during  the  census  year, 
ical  output  and  vahu 


1004.  Fre((uently  compari- 
Twelfth  and  prior  eeasuses 
1900,"  etc. 

of   this  report  the  value  of 

the  value  of  the  work  done 

In  order  to  show  the  numer- 

of  ships  launched   during  tlie 


census  year,  detailed  tables  are  added  which  give 
the  number  of  each  class  of  vessels  launched  dur- 
ing the  j'ear  with  their  tonnage  and  contract  value. 

In  cases  where  engine  construction  and  shipbuilding 
work  were  combined  in  the  same  plant,  and  sliipbuild- 
ing  operations  were  secondarj*  to  tlie  foundry  and 
machine  shop  or  other  products  reported,  the  statistics 
relating  to  capital  invested,  labor,  cost  of  materials, 
etc.,  were  not  included  in  the  general  tables  for  the 
sliipbuilding  industry,  although  tlie  vessels  launched 


l)y  such  establishments  appear  in  cormection  with 
certain  detaileii  fables  of  this  rep<jrt.  On  the  other 
hand,  whenev'er  the  value  of  the  shipbuilding  opera- 
tions predominated,  statistics  for  such  establishments 
appear  in  tlie  following  tal)les,  products  other  than 
shipbuilding  being  (dassified  as  "all  other  products." 
Statistics  of  the  production  of  marine  engines,  marine 
boilers,  anchors,  chains,  masts,  and  other  shipljuilding 
supplies  by  establishments  not  engaged  in  sliipbuild- 
ing are  not  included  in  this  report. 

THE    COMBINED   INDUSTRY. 

Table  1  is  a  comparative  summary,  giving  the  gen- 
eral statistics  of  the  combined  industry — iron  and 
steel  shipbuilding,  and  wooden  shipbuilding— ^-exclusive, 
of  governmental  establishments,  from  18.50  to  1905, 
with  the  per  cent  of  increase  tor  eacli  census  period. 


Table  1.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  ^VITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:   1850  TO  1905. 


CENSDS. 

PER  CENT  OF  INCEEASE. 

19051 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1870 

1860 

1830 

1900 

to 
1905 

1890 

to 

1900 

1880 

to 
1890 

1870 
to 

ISSO 

1860 

to 
1870 

1850 

to 
1860 

Number  of  establislunents 

Capital 

Salaried  ofRcials,  clerks,  etc., 
number 

1,097 
$121,623,700 

2,480 

$3,339,741 

.50, 754 

$29,241,087 

49.915 

$29,067,884 

6.1 

$28, 454 

774 

$144,  749 

$5,25.5,506 

$37,463,179 

$82,769,239 

1,107 
$77,341,001 

1,405 

1,006 
$27,262,892 

M.123 

2,188 
$20, 979, 874 

(') 
(') 

21,345 
$12,713,813 
21,338 
■      (') 

964 
$11,463,076 

(') 
(') 

13,915 
$7,073,400 
13,814 
(<) 

6 

(') 

95 

(') 

$9,379,980 
$21,483,967 

675 
$5,952,665 

0) 
(') 

10,071 
$4,539,313 
10,070 
(•) 

1 
0) 

(0 

(<) 

(') 

$5,788,676 
$13,424,037 

953 
$5, 373, 139 

(') 
(<) 

12.976 
$6,055,884 
12,962 
(■) 

14 

(') 

(') 

$7,420,496 

$16,937,525 

'0.9 
57.3 

76.5 
66.4 

a6 

17.8 
9.2 

lai 

91.2 
149.1 
•22.8 
224.2 
42.6 
11.9 

ILl 

10.0 
183.7 

25.1 

6ao 

111.1 
89.8 
108.1 
88.6 
277.8 
35a  0 
475.9 
624.9 
164.6 
102.6 

9S.8 

554.0 
29.9 

127.0 
83l0 

42.8 
92.6 

»29l2 
10.8 

Salaries 

$2,007,237  |'$1, 194,870 
46, 747  ,           22, 143 

$24,824,738    S13,08:!.949 
45.711  1          21,960 

$24,622,353   813. 055. 083 

Wage-earners,  average  number. 
Total  wages 

3.7 
2.9 
2.9 

sa4 

79.7 
54.5 

38.2 
53.8 
37.2 

>22L4 
>23.0 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

»22L3 

Women  16  years  and  over. . 

34 

$11,424 

1,002 

$190,961 

$3,684,811 

9 

$2,522 

174 

$26,  344 

SI   .■592  551 

•  loao 

5oao 

■92.9 

Children  under  16  years. . . . 

7 

(<) 

(=) 

$19,736,358 

$36,800,327 

2,385.7 

'92.6 

1 

Wages 

1 . 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

::::::":      i  : 

$33,474,896   sifi  .W1  5>4fi 

•16i3 
3.4 

lia  4      Bt  n 

Value   of  products,   including 
repair  work 

$74,532,277 

$38,065,410 

7L3 

eao 

>2a7 

'  Exclusive  of  the  statistics  of  20  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products.    These  estahlishmeDts  reported  shipbuilding  prod- 
ucts to  the  value  of  $657,342. 
2  Decrease. 

5  Includes  proprietors  and  finn  members  with  their  salaries:  number  only  reported  in  1900  and  1905,  but  not  included  in  this  table. 
*  Not  reported  separately. 
"  Not  reported. 


For  the  shipbuilding  industry  the  period  covered  bj- 
the  table  is  particularly  interesting,  marking  as  it 
does  the  half  century  of  progress  during  which  the 
transition  from  wood  to  iron  ami  steel  in  the  construc- 
tion of  sliips  radically  altered  conditions  in  the  indus- 
tr\'.  In  a  limited  manner  the  table  reflects  these 
changes.  While  the  number  of  establishments  en- 
gaged in  the  construction  of  ships  did  not  increase 


materially  during  the  fift3--five  years,  the  capital 
invested  in  the  industry  increased  twenty-one  fold 
and  the  value  of  the  product  nearly  fourfold.  These 
changes  indicate  that,  as  the  construction  of  iron  and 
steel  ships  has  gro%vn  in  importance,  capital  has  become 
far  more  essential  to  the  development  of  the  industry 
than  was  the  case  when  ships  were  constructed  of 
wood  only. 

(331) 


332 


MANUFACTURES. 


Since  1900  the  number  of  shipbuilding  plants  has 
apparently  decreased,  notwathstanding  that  in  the 
other  statistical  items  of  importance  there  were  sub- 
stantial gains.  In  a  measure  this  is  explained  by  the 
fact  that  at  the  census  of  1900  a  number  of  small  boat 
builders  and  repairers  were  included  that  did  not 
prove  of  sufficient  importance  to  be  included  in  the 
factory  census  of  190.5.  The  operations  of  the  estab- 
hshments  omitted  on  tliis  account,  however,  were  in- 
considerable and  consequently  their  omission  does  not 
affect  materially  the  other  statistical  items  shown  in 
the  table.  At  the  census  of  ISSO  there  were  practically 
twice  as  many  establishments  engaged  in  the  industry  as 
at  the  census  of  1905.  Tliis  fact,  taken  in  conjunction 
with  the  increase  in  capital  and  products,  shows  the  pro- 
gressive concentration  of  shipbuilding  in  large  establish- 
ments made  necessary  bj'  the  altered  conditions  in  the 
industry,  to  which  reference  has  already  been  made. 


The  capital  invested  in  tlie  industry  increased  during 
the  3'ears  between  1900  and  190,5  at  a  far  greater  rate 
than  the  value  of  the  products.  This  condition  was 
more  marked  than  that  which  characterized  the  indus- 
tr\"  during  the  previous  intercensal  period,  and  it  is  ex- 
plained 1)}'  the  extremely  unsatisfactory  state  of  the 
shipbuilding  industry  during  1904,  which  was  espe- 
cially marked  in  the  shipbuilding  operations  on  the 
Great  Lakes.  Owing  to  this  depression  it  is  probable 
that  the  increase  in  the  capital  invested  is  a  truer 
index  to  the  progress  of  the  industry  since  1900  than 
the  value  of  t!ie  products. 

Branches  of  the  industry. — In  Table  2  are  shown 
separately  the  operations  of  private  establish- 
ments engaged  primarily  in  the  construction  of 
iron  and  steel  vessels,  and  those  building  principally 
wooden  ships  and  boats,  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and 
1905. 


Table  3.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  BRANCHES:    1905  AND  1900. 


1905 

1900 

PER  CENT  OF 
INCREASE. 

• 

Total. 

Iron  and 
steel. 

Per 
cent 
of  to- 
tal. 

Wooden. 

Per 
cent 
of  to- 
tal. 

Total. 

Iron  and 
steel. 

Per 
cent 
of  to- 
tal. 

Wooden. 

Per 
cent 
of  to- 
tal. 

Iron 
and 

steel. 

Wooden. 

Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried    oflicials,    clerks,    etc., 
number 

1,097 
$121,023,700 

2,4S0 

$3,339,741 

50,754 

$29,241,087 

$5, 255,. 506 

$37,463,179 

$82,769,239 

54 
$101,528,251 

1,770 
$2,  .544, 297 
36,742 
$20,809,908 
$3,767,620 
$27,001,824 

$58,433,314 

4.9 
83.5 

71.4 
76.2 
72.4 
71.2 
71.7 
73.7 

70.6 

1,043 
$20,095,449 

710 

$795,444 

14,012 

$8,431,179 

$1,487,886 

$9,861,355 

$24,335,925 

95.1 
16.5 

28.6 
23.8 
27.6 
28.8 
28.3 
26.3 

29.4 

1,107 
$77,341,001 

1,405 

$2,007,237 

46,747 

$24,824,738 

$3,684,811 

$33,474,896 

$74,532,277 

44 
$59,839,555 

857 
$1,411,863 
30,906 
$16,231,311 
$2,642,690 
$23,585,549 

$50,367,739 

4.0 
77.4 

61.0 
70.3 
66.1 
65.4 
71.7 
70.5 

07.6 

1,063 
$17,501,446 

548 

$595,  .374 

15,841 

$8,593,427 

$1,042,121 

$9,889,347 

$24,164,538 

96.0 
22.6 

39.0 
29.7 
33.9 
34.6 
28.3 
29.5 

32.4 

22.7 
69.7 

106.5 
80.2 
18.9 
28.2 
42.6 
17.0 

16.0 

11.9 
14.8 

29.6 

Salaries . 

33.6 

Wage-earners,  average  number. . . 

'11.5 
'1.9 

Miscellaneous  expenses .  . 

42.8 

'0.3 

Value  of  products,  including  re- 

0.7 

'  Decrease. 


The  notable  feature  of  the  table  is  the  increase  in 
the  capital  invested  in  iron  and  steel  shipbuilding. 
This  increase  amounted  to  $41,688,696,  which  was 
more  than  twice  the  amount  invested  in  wooden  ship- 
building at  the  census  of  1905.  It  is  not  surprising, 
therefore,  that  at  the  later  census  the  capital  invested 
in  the  iron  and  steel  branch  of  the  industry  consti- 
tuted 83.5  per  cent  of  the  total  capital  invested  in 
shipbuilding. 

The  division  of  the  miinljcr  of  establishments  en- 
gaged in  shipbuilding  between  the  two  branches  of 
the  industry  is  inf)re  disproportionate  than  t]w.  divi- 
sion of  capital,  the  establishments  engaged  in  wooden 
construction  work  constituting  95.1  per  cent  of  the 
total  number.  This  fact,  taken  in  conjunction  with 
the  division  of  the  capital,  indicates  clearly  tlie  dis- 
similar character  of  the  operations  of  each.  The  great 
majority  of  the  establishments  engaged  in  the  con- 
stniction  (»f  iron  and  steel  ve.s.sels  arc  of  great  size, 
re(iuiring  the  most  costly  and  extensive  equipment; 
whereas  u  large  projKirtion  of  the  estal)]ishm('nts  en- 
gaged  in   wooden   construction  work   nrr  small  yards 


which  })erform  minor  rejjairs  on  small  vessels  and  turn 
out  wooden  vessels  of  comparatively  small  tonnage. 

It  is  (>vi(lent  that  the  depression  which  character- 
ized the  industrj'  in  1904  fell  more  heavil}'  upon  the 
establishments  engaged  in  iron  and  steel  construction 
work  than  upon  those  engaged  in  wooden  construc- 
tion work.  The  following  tabular  statement,  which 
presents  the  average  capital  and  average  value  of  the 
product  per  establishment  for  Ixith  branches  of  the 
industry  at  the  last  two  censuses,  illustrates  this  fact 
more  clearlv  than  Table  2: 


AVERAGE  PER  ESTATILISHMKNT. 

1905 

1900 

Capital. 

$1,880,15.3 
19,207 

Value  of 
products. 

Capital. 

Value  of 
products. 

Iron  and  Htool 

$1,082,098 
23,333 

$1,36!1,!I(HI 
16,404 

$1,144,721 

22,732 

The  statement    shows  that  the  productivity  of  the 
capital  invested  in  I  be  average  est  iiblisliment  engaged 


SHIPBUILDIXC. 


333 


in  wooden  sliipl)uildin<j  at  the  census  of  1900,  wlu-n 
conditions  wore  fairly  normal,  continued  practically 
unaffected  bj'  the  depression  at  the  census  of  1905; 
whereas  in  the  case  of  the  average  estahlislinient  in 
the  iron  and  steel  branch  of  the  industry'  the  decline 
in  the  productivity  of  the  capital  plainly  reflects  the 
unnatural  conditions  at  the  later  census,  indicating 
that  a  large  pi'ojiortion  of  the  capital  was  idle. 

Materials  used. — Table  3  shows  the  cost  of  materials 
used  at  the  censuses  of  1890,  1900,  and  190.'),  dis- 
tributed according  to  kind. 

The  growth  in  importance  of  iron  and  steel  as  mate- 
rials in  shipbuilding  is  well  illustrated  by  the  table. 
At  the  census  of  1S90  the  cost  of  iron  and  steel  con- 
stituted a  less  important  item  in  the  expenditure  for 
materials  than  the  cost  of  lumber,  but  at  the  census 
of  1905,  the  cost  of  the  former  item  constituted  41.2 
per  cent  and  the  cost  of  the  latter  only  17.9  per  cent 
of  the  amount  paid  out  for  materials. 

The  decrease  in  wooden  shipbuilding  is  further  indi- 
cated by  the  decrease  since  1900  in  the  amount  of 
money  expended  for  cordage,  masts  and  spars,  blocks, 
oakum  and  pitch — materials  which  belong  particu- 
larly to  that  branch. 


Paiii.!:  3.  —  Materials  used,  by  kind  and  cost,  viilh  per  cent  of  total: 
1800  to  l!»0o. 


1905 

1800 

1890 

KIND. 

Amount. 

Perl 
cent  of 
total. 

Amount. 

Per 
cent  of 
total. 

Per 
.\mount.    cent  of 
total. 

Total 

$37,463,179 

100.0 

(33,474,896 

100.0 

'$16,925,109  j    100.0 

Iron  and  steel  ma- 

15,417,.'i00 
6,700,087 

4,  .'•.48, 482 

4!«,  130 

174,047 

251,671 

82,316 

9,798,946 

41.2 
17.9 

12.1 

1.3 

0.4 

0.7 
0.2 
26.2 

14,112,436 
6,224,974 

3,082,677 

531,497 

223,353 

275,236 

8.5,214 

8, 939,  .509 

42.1 
18.6 

9.2 

1.6 

0.7 

0.8 

0.3 

26.7 

4,872,074 
5,99.5,894 

2,913,a50 

309,270 

204,365 

227,994 

74,927 

2,326,729 

28.8 

Liimbcr,  aU  kinds  . . . 

Machinery  and  boil- 
ers, purchased 

Cordage — wire,    ma- 
nila,  and  hemp 

Masts  and  spars,  pur- 
chased   

a5.4 

17.2 
1.8 
1.2 

Calliinfi     materials, 

oakum,  pitch,  etc.. 

Blocks,  purchased  . . . 

.4.11  other  materials  '. 

1.4 
0.4 
13.8 

'  Includes  $403,863  reported  by  governmental  establishments. 
2  Includes  plates,  beams,  angles,  forgings, rivets. castings, nails, flpike8,boIt«, 
etc.;  pig  and  scrap  iron:  yellow  metal;  copper,  sheets  and  pipes;  and  anchors 
'  cha' 


and  chains,  purchased 
3  Includes  fittings  i 
fied:  fuel;  rent  of  power  and  heat;  mill  supplies;  and  freight 


3  Includes  fittings  and  furniture;  paints,  oils,  and  other  materials  notspeci- 

111  s 


Products. — In  Table  4  is  presented  the  value  of  prod- 
ucts distributed  by  kind  for  each  census  from  1880  to 
1905. 


Table  4.— PRODUCTS,  BY  KIND  AND  VALUE,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL:  1880  TO  1905. 


Total 

Vessels  of  5  tons  and  over: 

Iron  and  steel  construction 
Wooden  construction 

Small  boats  under  5  tons 

Repair  work 

.\ll  other  products 


1905 


Amount. 


I  Per  cent 
I  of  total. 


1900 


Per  cent 

1  of  total. 


1890 


Percent 
of  total. 


$82,769,239  I 


100.0   1     $74,532,277 


100.0  |i    $38,065,410 


1880 


Per  cent 
of  total. 


$36,800,327 


100.0 


43,395,704 
9,724,231 
3,001,292 

22,829,040 
3,818,972 


52.4 
11.8 

3.6 
27.6 

4.6 


25,454, 
10,295, 
1,968, 
23,134, 
13,678, 


34.2 

11,550,846 

30.3 

13.8 

12,933,149 

34.0 

2.6 

1,392,084 

3.7 

31.0 

10,012,389 

26.3 

18.4 

2,176,942 

5.7 

5,096, 
14,129, 

876, 
16,697, 

(■> 


293 
421 


13.  S 

38.4 

2.4 

'45.4 


1  Not  reported  separately. 


Table  4  shows  tlie  rapid  growth  in  iron  and  steel 
construction  during  the  past  twenty-five  years.  In 
marked  contrast  is  the  decrease  in  wooden  construc- 
tion during  the  period.  At  the  census  of  1880  the 
value  of  the  work  done  upon  wooden  vessels  of  5  tons 
and  over  was  nearly  three  times  as  great  as  the  value 
of  work  done  upon  iron  and  steel  vessels  of  the  same 
class,  but  a  quarter  of  a  century  later  conditions  were 
reversetl  and  the  value  of  work  done  on  vessels  con- 
structed of  iron  and  steel  was  over  four  times  that  of 
work  done  on  vessels  built  of  wood. 

The  increase  since  1900  of  .$1,032,457,  or  52.4  per 
cent,  in  the  production  of  boats  under  5  tons  is  a 
notable  feature  of  the  table.  This  increase  is  due  to 
the  demand  for  small  boats,  both  for  business  and 
pleasure,  driven  by  internal  combustion  engines,  and 
has  resulteil  naturally  from  marked  improvements  in 


engines  of  this  type  which  have  made  them  most 
adaptable  and  efficient  sources  of  power  for  the  pro- 
pulsion of  small  boats. 

The  noticeable  falling  off  in  the  value  of  "all  other 
products"  is  due  largely  to  the  increasing  tendency 
among  shipbuilders  to  eliminate  minor  products  and 
to  confine  themselves  to  the  principal  products  of 
the  industry.  Many  of  the  minor  materials  necessary 
in  ship  construction  are  now  manufactured  in  large 
cjuantities  by  establishments  specializing  in  their 
production,  and  it  is  cheaper  for  the  shipbuilder  to 
buv  them  in  the  open  market  than  to  produce  them 
himself. 

Table  5  presents  the  states  which  led  in  the  ship- 
building industry  at  the  census  of  1905,  ranked  accord- 
ing to  capital  and  value  of  products  reported  at  each 
census  during  the  past  twenty-five  years. 


334 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  5. — Rank,  accordiiig  to  capital  and  valim  of  products,  of  states 
having  products  valued  at  one  million  dollars  and  over  for  1905: 
1880  to  1905. 


BANK  ACCORDING  TO— 

STATE. 

Capital. 

Value  of  products. 

190o 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

9 

15 
11 
14 

6 
8 

I 

2 
3 

1 
10 

4 

6 

3 
12 

7 

8 

5 

4 

9 

6 

2 

11 

1 

17 

23 

5 
7 

13 
9 
8 
6 

11 
4 
1 

10 
2 
3 

12 

3 
16 
11 

5 
11 

n 

7 

16 

11 
9 
6 

12 
7 
8 
3 
5 
2 
1 

14 

12 

4 

10 
8 
9 
2 
5 
1 
3 
4 
18 
21 

13 

5 

8  1        6 

3 

7 
10 
6 
5 
2 
9 
1 
4 
13 

10 
8 
2 
7 
1 
3 
4 

18 
21 

8 

4 

Michigan 

New  Jersey 

6 
10 
1 

Ohio 

9 

2 

Virginia 

22 

Washington 

21 

Of  the  leading  states  shown  in  the  table,  New  York 
and  Pennsjdvania  appear  to  have  undergone  the  least 
marked  variations  in  rank,  and  in  both  capital  and 
value  of  product  each  has  held  the  first  rank  or  has 


been  very  close  to  the  leader  throughout  the  quarter  of 
a  centurj'.  The  leadership  of  these  two  states  has 
been  most  marked  in  the  value  of  the  product,  New 
York  having  been  first  at  three  of  the  four  censuses 
and  second  in  1900,  when  Pennsylvania  led.  The 
most  marked  progress  appears  to  have  been  made  by 
Virginia,  which  during  the  twenty-five  years  rose  from 
twenty-second  to  third  rank  in  value  of  products  and 
from  seventeenth  to  first  rank  in  capital  invested. 

The  Pacific  Coast  district  is  represented  by  California 
and  Washington,  of  which  the  former  has  held  an 
important  position  in  the  industry  throughout  the  pe- 
riod shown,  while  the  latter  is  evidently  making  rapid 
progress.  Of  the  states  on  the  Great  Lakes,  Ohio  and 
Michigan  are  the  leaders,  the  former  being  second  in 
capital  and  tenth  in  value  of  the  product  at  the  cen- 
sus of  1905. 

The  Industry  by  watershed  districts. — Table  6  shows 
the  distribution  of  the  totals  for  the  United  States, 
bv  watershed  districts,  at  the  census  of  1905. 


T.\BLE  6.— SUMMARY,  BY  WATERSHED  DISTRICTS,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL:   1905. 


Number  of  establishments , 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.,  number. 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number , 

Total  wages 

Mi.sceltaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Products,  total  value 

Ves.sels  of  :>  tons  and  over 

Small  bouts  under  5  tons 

Repair  worl» 

.\ll  other  products 


Aggregate. 


S121, 

$3. 
%29, 

ts. 

«37, 
S82, 
»53, 

S3, 
$22, 

S3, 


1,097 
623,700 

2.4S0 
339,741 
.iO,  754 
241,087 
255,506 
463, 179 
769,239 
119,935 
001,292 
829,040 
818,972 


ATLANTIC  AND  GULF. 


Total. 


717 

S80,592,683 

1,728 

$2,395,951 

37,919 

$21,179,467 

$3,870,709 

$28,535,838 

$61,019,911 

$41,327,309 

$1,654,509 

$15,287,355 

$2,750,738 


Per  cent 
of  aggre- 
gate. 


65.4 
66.3 

69.7 
71.8 
74.7 
72.4 
73.6 
76.1 
73.7 
77.8 
55.1 
67.0 
72.0 


GREAT  LAKES. 


Total. 


178 

$31,790,403 

404 

$415, 160 

5,743 

$3,221,290 

$845,717 

S:l,.'iSL'.340 

*i.  :f7i'.,;i4o 

Sl.STd,  1(14 

$832, 753 

$3,293,215 


Per  cent 
of  aggre- 
gate. 


16.2 
26.1 
16.3 
12.4 
11.3 
11.0 
16.1 

9.6 
11.3 

9.2 
27.8 
14.4 
10.0 


MISSISSIPPI   VALLEY. 


Total. 


107 

$2,019,344 

108 

$124,449 

1,010 

S946,il45 

$151,475 

S99S,  242 

$2,606,466 

$895, 537 

$311,958 

$1,168,251 

$230, 720 


Per  cent 
of  aggre- 
gate. 


9.7 
1.7 
4.3 
3.7 
3.2 
3.3 
2.9 
2.7 
3.2 
1.7 
10.4 
5.1 
6.0 


PACIFIC   COAST. 


95 

$7,231,270 
240 

$404, 191 

5,482 

$3,893,385 

$387,605 
$4, 346,  759 
$!1.765,922 
$6,026,985 

$202, 072 
$3,080,219 

$456,646 


Per  cent 
of  aggre- 
gate. 


8.7 
5.9 
9.7 
12.1 
10.8 
13.3 
7.4 
11.6 
11.8 
11.3 
6.7 
13.5 
12.0 


At  the  census  of  1905  nearly  three-fourtlis  of  the 
aggregate  value  of  the  products  of  the  sliipbuilding 
industry  was  produced  by  the  establisliments  located 
in  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  district.  The  number  of 
establishments  engaged  in  the  industry  in  the  Great 
Lakes  district  was  nearly  double  the  number  of  ship- 
biiil(Hng  plants  in  tlio  Pacific  Coast  district,  but  the 
vakie  (jf  tlie  output  of  tlie  latter  was  slightly  greater 
than  that  of  the  former  district.  In  the  Great  Lakes 
district  a  mucli  greater  number  of  small  A'essels  of  less 
than  5  tons  are  built  than  is  tlie  ca.se  in  tiie  Pacific 
Coast  district,  and  it  is  natural,  therefore,  that  tiiere 
.should  be  a  larger  niimhcr  of  small  establisliments  the 
products  of  whidi  arc;  in  no  way  comjiaraljle  from 
the  standpoint  of  value  tn  those  of  the  great  ship- 
yards on  the  western  coast,  which  in  two  ca.ses  at  least 
build  war  sliii)s  of  the  largest  size. 

It  would  appear  from  the  table  Ihiil  U>r  the  [nod- 
iicts  aggregating  ap[)roxiinately  the  same  value,  over 
four  times  as  much  capital  is  recpiired  in  the  (ireat 
Lakes  district  as  in  the  Pacific  Coast  district.     This 


is  explained  ill  part  by  the  fact  that  the  returns  of  capi- 
tal for  the  establishments  in  the  Great  Lakes  district 
includetl  numerous  dry  docks  aggregating  a  far  greater 
value  than  was  reported  for  this  item  of  fixed  capital  by 
establishments  in  the  Pacific  Coast  district,  and  in  part 
by  the  inclusion  of  a  class  of  a.s.sets  by  one  of  the  largest 
establishments  on  the  Lakes,  amounting  to  .several 
millions  of  dollars,  which  did  not  iip])ear  in  the  capital 
of  any  of  tlie  large  shipbuilding  ])huits  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.  Finally,  it  is  ])robable  that  owing  to  the  de- 
pression which  characterized  the  industry  during  the 
census  year,  a  larger  percentage  of  the  capital  em|>loyed 
in  shi]il)uil(ling  on  the  Great  Lakes  was  uniiroductive 
than  was  the  ca.se  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  where  the  con- 
struction of  Government  war  ships  formed  at  that  time 
the  greater  iiroportion  of  the  \\i>rk  |)erforme(!  liy  llie 
largest  shipbuilders  on  the  coast.  One  large  company 
on  the  Lakes  was  practically  without  construction  work 
during  August,  1904,  and  liie  entire  year  in  this  dis- 
trict u])  t"  the  (losing  immtiis  was  one  of  unusual 
dejircssioii  in  the  imhislry. 


SHIPBUILDING. 


335 


The  uiisatisfactoiy  conditions  prevailing  in  the  ship- 
building industry  on  the  Clreat  Lakes  during  the  census 
ve^r  is  further  disclosed  in  Table  7,  wliirli  coinijares 


the  returns  made  by  establishments  in  the  two  branches 
of  th(^  industry  on  the  Great  J^akes  at  the  censuses  of 

] !»()(!  and   lUOo. 


Table  7.— C0MPARATIV1-;    SUMMARY    I>'()Ji    THE  GRKAT    LAKI<:s    1)ISTJ{I('T,  BY  BRANCHES,  WITH  PER  CENT   OF 

INCREASE:   1905  AND  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

('apital 

Salaried  odiciais,  clerks,  etc.,  number. 

Salaries , 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Miscellanonus  expenses 

Cost  of  inatcrijils  used 

rrodufts.  ttitjil  value 

Vessi'ls  of .')  tons  and  over , 

Small  boats  under  5  tons 

Repair  work 

jVll  other  products 


IHON  AND  STEEL. 


1905 


n 

J28,550,593 

28(i 

1307,030 

3,910 

$2,279,704 

$017,574 

$2,653,a53 

$6,815,261 

S4,  .382.  450 

$80,000 

$2,196,987 

$155, 818 


1900 


$12,509,788 

140 

$230. 3.'iO 

(l.:iKS 

$3.  i;»,005 

$405,446 

$4,003,854 

$9,247,:)05 

$5. 183. 628 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


82,028,639 
$2,035,038 


37.  S 

12a  3 

104.3 
33.3 
>3&8 
'27.2 
52.3 
'  3.1  7 
1 26.  3 
115.5 


1905 


8.3 
'92.3 


$3,2.33, 

$108, 
1, 

$941 

$228; 

$929, 
$2..W1 

$487, 

$7.52, 
$1,096, 

$225, 


Per  cent 

of 

1  increase. 


1)4  ' 

$2,675,385 

77 

$76,(*57 

2,129 

$l,201,0<iO 

$151,020 

$%2.396 

$2.70<;,.i49 

$679,804 

$3.Vf.034  I 

$1,617,307 

$76, 404 


46.5 
20.9 
Xi.  2 
41.0 
'1.19 
'21.6 
51.  1 

':i4 

'5.4 

12a  3 

126.0 
13Z2 
194.6 


1  Decrease. 


Both  the  number  of  establishments  and  the  capi- 
tal invested  in  them  increased  during  the  intercensal 
period,  but  with  respect  to  all  the  remaining  items 
of  importance  shown  in  the  table  marked  decreases 
appear  for  both  iron  and  steel  and  wooden  shipbuild- 
ing. The  decreases  were  particularly  marked  in  the 
iron  and  steel  branch  of  the  industry,  the  value  of 
the  product  falling  off  over  one-fourth  of  the  value 
of  the  output  for  1900.  Some  idea  of  the  depression 
in  the  industry  whicli  marked  the  census  j'ear  1904 
may  be  obtained  from  the  report  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Navigation  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1904, 
from  which  it  appears  that  on  July  1,  1904,  practically 
no  construction  work  was  in  progress  in  the  lake  region. 
When  this  condition  is  contrasted  with  26  steel  ships 
with  an  aggregate  tomiage  of  103,667  tons  reported 
to  the  Commissioner  of  Navigation  as  under  construc- 
tion in  shipbuilding  plants  on  the  Great  Lakes,  July  1, 
1905,  conditions  in  the  industry  during  1904  are 
brought  plainly  into  view.  The  losses  disclosed  by 
Table  7,  then,  were  due  to  a  temporary"  derange- 
ment of  the  industry  which  unfortunately^  occurred  in 
the  census  year.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  increases 
in  the  number  of  estal)lishinents  and  capital  invested 
in  the  industry  may  properly  be  taken  to  indicate 
that  shipbuilding  on  the  Great  Lakes  is  increasing 
instead  of  decreasing. 

GOVERNMENTAL    ESTABLISHMENTS. 

Government  ntivj  yards  engaged  in  shipbuilding  and 
repair  work  during  the  census  year,  listed  in  the  order 
of  the  magnitude  of  their  operations,  were  as  follows: 

Brooklyn  navy  yard New  York.  N.  Y'. 

Boston  navy  yard Boston,  Mass.  (Charlestown). 

Navy  yard  and  station Norfolk,  Va. 

Mare  Island  navy  yard Vallejo,  Cal. 

Puget  Sound  navy  yard Bremerton,  Wash. 

League  Island  navy  yard Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Portsmouth  navy  yard Portsmouth,  N.  H.  (Kittery,  Me.). 

Navy  yard Pensacola.  Fla. 

Naval  station Port  Royal .  S.  ( '. 


Table  8  is  a  comparative  summaiy  of  the  opera- 
tions of  these  9  navy  yards  for  1905  and  the  operations 
of  the  8  yards  reported  as  engaged  in  the  industrs"  at 
the  census  for  1900. 

Table  8. — Governmental  establishments — comparative  summary ,  with 
per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.,  number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products,  including  repair  work. 


Per  cent 

1905 

1900 

of 
increase. 

9 

8 

12.5 

$56,921,404 

$54,280,511 

4.9 

567 

539 

5.2 

$699,062 

$464,997 

.50.3 

12.204 

7,684 

38.8 

$9,722,764 

$6,217,955 

.56.4 

$111,712 

$29,064 

284.4 

$6,731,931 

$3,802,345 

77.0 

$17,265,489 

$11,022,312 

36.6 

An  increasing  navy  has  compelled  the  Government 
to  equip  the  navy  yards  adequately  for  the  repair  work 
necessarily  resulting  from  the  larger  number  of  new 
vessels  now  continually  in  commission.  Li  addition 
Government  yards  are  also  undertaking  the  construc- 
tion of  the  largest  types  of  war  ships,  one  of  which  was 
completed  during  1904,  and  the  increase  in  value  of 
products  revealed  by  the  table  reflects  these  conditions. 

VESSELS    LAUNCHED,  SMALL  BOATS,   AND  REPAIR  WORK. 

In  the  ])receding  .sections  of  this  report  the  statis- 
tics presented  for  the  shipbuilding  industn,-  include 
only  tlie  value  of  work  done  during  the  census  year. 
In  the  following  tables  statistics  are  presented  con- 
cerning vessels  launched  during  the  year,  irrespective 
of  the  time  taken  in  their  construction. 

In  explanation  of  a  number  of  the  tables  which  follow, 
wherein  tonnage  is  shown,  it  should  be  said  that  gross 
and  net  tonnage  is  the  gross  and  net  load  capacity  of  a 
vessel  in  tons.  By  methods  prescribed  h\  law,  now 
practically  uniform  for  the  leading  maritime  countries, 
the  hull  of  a  vessel  is  carefully  measured  and  the  total 
capacity  in  cubic  feet  is  ascertained.     This  quantity  is 


336 


MANUFACTURES. 


then  divided  by  100,  which  gives  the  gross  tonnage  of 
the  vessel.  In  order  to  obtain  the  net  tonnage  the 
space  occupied  by  the  quarters  of  the  crew  and  officers, 
by  the  machinery — boilers,  engines,  etc. — by  the  gear 
used  in  navigation,  and  by  the  double  bottom,  when 
not  available  for  cargo,  stores,  or  fuel,  is  deducted  from 
the  total  capacity  of  the  hull  in  cubic  feet  and  the 
result  divided  by  100.  Differing  from  these  two  meas- 
ures is  the  displacement  tonnage  of  a  vessel.  Dis- 
placement tonnage  is  merely  the  weiglit  of  the  volume 
of  water  displaced,  which  is  equal  to  the  weight  of  the 
floating  vessel  and  its  load.  It  is  necessary,  therefore, 
in  referring  to  the  displacement  of  a  vessel  to  specify 
under  what  conditions,  whether  with  or  without  load, 
the  displacement  is  calculated.  The  tonnage  of  war 
vessels  of  the  United  States  Navy  is  always  given  in 
displacement  tonnage,  which  is  the  weight  of  the  vessel 
in  ordinar\-  cruising  condition.  While  gross  tonnage 
and  displacement  tonnage  are  thus  not  by  am'  means 


the  same,  it  is  necessary  to  combine  the  two  in  order 
to  obtain  a  total  which  will  approximately  represent 
the  total  tonnage  launched  during  the  year.  This 
method  has  been  followed  in  this  report  wherever 
Government  vessels  are  shown  with  merchant  vessels. 

In  the  tables  which  follow  tonnage  shown  for  1905 
is  gross  unless  otherwise  specified.  It  is  impossible  to 
indicate  for  previous  censuses  the  quantity  of  displace- 
ment tonnage  included  in  the  figures,  but  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  building  of  Government  war  ships  has 
onty  recently  become  prominent  in  the  industry,  it  is 
probable  that  for  censuses  prior  to  the  census  of  1900 
displacement  tonnage  formed  a  comparatively  small 
proportion  of  the  totals  shown  in  the  tables. 

Vessels  of  5  to7is  and  aver. — In  Table  9  is  presented 
the  number  of  iron  and  steel  vessels  and  the  number 
of  wooden  vessels  launched  hj  private  yards,  together 
with  their  tonnage  and  value,  as  reported  at  each 
census  from  1880  to  1905. 


Table  9.— XUMBER,  TONNAGE,   AND  VALUE    OF  VESSELS  OF  FIVE  TONS  AND   OVER   LAUNCHED   BY   PRIVATE 

SHIPYARDS,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1S80  TO  1905. 


CENSUS. 

PEE  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

CLASS. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1900 

to 
1905 

1890 

to 
1900 

1880 

to 
1890 

All  classes: 

12.248 

'700,852 

$73,471,026 

2,081 

687, 159 

$35.7.50.473 

1,353 

484.640 

$24,483,995 

2,415 

498,878 

$19,225,714 

8.0 

2.0 

105.5 

63.8 
41.8 
46.0 

'44.0 

>2.9 

27.4 

Iron  and  steel: 

155 

< 328, 819 

$63,682,960 

2,093 

'372,033 

$9,788,066 

134 

262,516 
$25,454,943 

1,947 

424,643 

$10,295,530 

88 

123,973 

$11,5.-10.846 

1,265 

360,667 

$12,933,149 

67 

31,347 

$5,096,293 

2,348 

467,531 

$14,129,421 

15.7 
25.3 
150.2 

7.5 

"12.4 

>4.9 

52.3 
111.8 
120.4 

.53.9 

17.7 

>20.4 

31.3 

295.5 

126.7 

Wooden: 

'  46. 1 

»22.9 

«8.5 

1  Includes  134  vessels  of  22,327  gross  tonnage,  valued  at  $463,018,  which  were  launched  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  ot  otlior  jiroducts. 

'  Decrease. 

'Includes  174..505  tons  displacement— Govenuiient  vessels. 

<  Includes  169.s<n  Kins  dis|ilaei'nietit  -Cnvernment  vessels. 

'  Includes  4,702  tons  displacement     (lovernrncnt  ves.sels. 


Comparison  of  tonnage  and  value  of  vessels  launched, 
as  reported  for  1905,  can  not  be  niiulo  with  the  statis- 
tics for  prior  censu.ses  without  iinpoi-taiit  reservations. 
As  previously  stated,  the  vahic  (§">.'!, 1 19,935)  reported 
for  1905  for  vessels  of  5  tons  and  Dvcr,  in  the  general 
tables,  represents  only  the  value  of  the  work  done 
during  the  census  year,  while  the  value  ($73,471,026) 
in  Tables  9  and  14  represents  the  total  value  or  con- 
tra(;t  price  of  the  vessels  launched  duiiiig  that  time. 
The  difference  (S20,. "Jo  1,091)  is  occasioMcd  largely  by 
the  great  amount  of  construction  work  on  war  vessels 
for  the  Government,  which  reepiired  more  than  one 
year  t<>  complete.  At  ])rior  censuses  the  value  of  the 
year's  work  was  not  reported  separately,  nnd  iilllmugh 
Government   constructinn   was    not    so   ])inMiincnt  a 


feature,  it  is  impossible  to  saj'  to  what  extent  the 
totals  at  those  censuses  are  not  strictly  comparable 
with  (hose  for  the  census  of  1905. 

Although  the  nunilierof  ships  launched  as  reported 
at  the  census  of  1905  was  less  by  167  than  the  iiunilxT 
launched  twenty-five  years  before,  yet  (he  tonnage 
increased  40.5  ])er  cent  during  th(>  i)eiiod,  and  fheavei- 
age  tonnage  of  the  vessels  launched,  50.9  per  ccnl .  In 
this  connection  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  aAcrago 
value  of  the  ve.s.sels  launched  in  IN.so  was  only  17,961, 
whereas  in  1905  the  average  was  132,683. 

Since  1900  the  increa.ses  in  (onnage  and  in  number 
have  been  sligh(  1)U(  (he  value  of  tlie  sliips  Inuiiched 
more  tlian  doublrd.  Tatjles  10  and  11  throw  some 
light  on  tlic  uniisiuil  incicasc  in  this  item. 


SHIPBUILDING. 


337 


Table  10. — Nunihcr,  lonnarie,  and  valnr  of  vfssfh  of  five  tons  and 
over  launched  during  l!)o.',  hi/  all  establishments,  classified  ac- 
cording to  service. 


Aggregate. 

Merchant 
service. 

GOVERNMENT  SERVICE. 

CLASS. 

Total. 

By  private 
shipyards. 

By  Gov- 
ernment 
ship- 
yards. 

All  clas.ses; 
Number  . . 
Tonnage.. 
Value 

12,279 

728, 104 

$79,918,035 

2,195 

526,347 

$31,172,692 

84 

1201,757 

$48,745,443 

53 

174,505 

$42,298,434 

31 

27,252 

$6,447,009 

Iron  and  steel: 

Numl)er 

Tcuiiinge 

172 

352,669 

$69,944,092. 

2,107 

375, 435 

$9,973,943 

121 

159.016 

$21,978,001 

2,074 

367,331 

S9. 194. 591 

51 

2 193, 653 

.$47,966,091 

33 

2  8, 104 

$779,352 

34 

169,803 

.$41,704,959 

19 

4,702 

$593,475 

17 
23, 850 

\'nlur 

$6,261,132 

Wooden: 

Ntniiher 

Tonnage 

14 

3,402 

$185,877 

1  Includes  134  vessels  of  22,327  gross  tonnage,  valued  at  $463,018,  which  were 
launched  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

'  Displacement  tonnage. 


Tiiblc  10  .shows  tlia.t  although  only  3.7  per  ceni  (jf  the 
total  nunil)fr  of  vessels  launched  during  1904  were 
destined  for  Government  servi(;e,  yet  the.se  ve.ssels 
represented  27.7  per  cent  of  tlie  tonnage  and  01  per 
cent  of  the  aggregate  value  of  all  vessels  launched. 

Of  the  5.3  ships  launched  for  the  Government  hy 
private  yards,  13  were  war  ships  of  1,000  tons  and 
over,  as  shown  in  Table  11,  aggregating  1.54,170  tons 
displacement  and  a  contract  value  of  !y'.i<),r>\.i, (>()(). 
Referring  to  Tahle  10,  it  wdll  be  seen  that  the  value  of 
these  war  ships  constituted  over  one-half  <jf  the  value 
of  vessels  of  5  tdiis  iind  over  of  all  descri[)tions  launched 
by  private  estal)lisliments  during  1904,  and  tiiat  this 
value  was  greater  by  .'$.3,76.3,127  than  the  value  of 
vessels  of  5  tons  and  over  of  all  descriptions  launched 
by  private  yards  at  the  census  of  1900.  It  is  evident, 
therefore,  that  the  great  increase  in  value  since  1900 
has  resulted  largely  from  the  unusual  activity  in  con- 
struction work  for  the  Xavv. 


Table  11. 


-STEEL    VESSELS  OF  1,000    TONS  AND    OVER    FOR    THE    UNITED    .STATES   NAVY   LAUNCHED   DURING 

1904  BY  PRIVATE  SHIPYARDS.' 


NAME   OF  VESSEL. 

Type. 

Builder. 

Place  of  construction. 

Normal  , 

displace-     Contract 
ment           price. 
(tons). 

■ 

Total 

154,170     $39,513,600 

14.948        3,590,000 

Louisiana                 

First-class  battle  ship 

Newport  News  Shipbuilding  Co 

16  000         3,990,000 

14,948        3,733,600 
14,948         3,405,000 

14  048       .1  4a=?.noo 

New  Jersey       

First-class  battle  ship. .             .  . 

Fore  River  Shipbuilding  Co 

Newport  News,  Va 14,948 

San  Francisco,  Cal                 i      i-**  fisn 

3",  590, 000 
3,800,000 
3,750.000 
4.035,000 

2, 740, 000 

California 

Armored  cruiser 

Union  Iron  Works 

13,680 
14,500 

9,700 

Tennessee 

Armored  cruiser 

Wm.  Cramp  &  Sons 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

2,82.5.000 
295.000 

355.000 

Gunboat 

Gunboat 

Gas    Engine  and  Power  Co.  and  Chas.  L. 

Seabury  Co.  Cons. 
Gas  Engine  and  Power  Co.  and  Chas.  L. 

Seabury  Co.  Cons. 

Morris  Heights   N.  Y                     i  iRii 

PadLiCiili 

Morris  Heights,  N.  Y 

1,085 

I  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair,  United  States  Navy  Department,  1905. 


To  supplement  the  information  in  Table  1 1 ,  the  dis- 
placement tonnage  of  vessels  of  1,000  tons  and  over 
launched  during  1904  from  Government  yards  is  shown 
in  Table  12.  '        . 

T.\BLE  12. — Steel  vessels  of  1,000  tons  and  over  launched  during 
1904  by  Government  shipyards. ' 


N.4.ME. 

Type. 

Place  of  construction. 

Normal 
dis- 
place- 
ment 
(tonsJ. 

Value. 

Total . . 

19,600 

$4,952,000 

Connecticut. . . 

First-class  battle  ship. 
Steel  training  baric .. . 
Steel  training  baric. . . 

Broolviyn  navy  yard  . 

16,000 
1,800 
1,800 

4,212,000 
370,000 

Intrepid 

Mare     Island     navv 
yard. 

370,000 

>  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair, 
United  States  Navy  Department.  1905. 

If  the  displacement  tonnage  of  the  war  ships  in 
Table  11  be  added  to  the  displacement  of  the  battle 
ship  Gonnecticut  sho\vn  in  Table  12,  the  aggregate, 
170,170  tons  (displacement),  will  represent  the  tonnage 
output  of  war  ships  of  1,000  tons  and  over  for  the  year. 


Table  13  shows  the  net  tonnage  of  the  vessels 
launched  for  the  merchant  marine  of  the  United  States, 
at  the  census  of  1  905. 

T.iBLE  13. — Net  tonnage  of  merchant  vessels  of  five  tons  and  over 
launched  during  1904  by  private  shipyards,  classified  according  to 
hind  of  trade,  by  geographic  divisions. 


Total 

net 

tonnage. 

NET  TONNAGE  OF  VESSELS  BUILT  FOR— 

DIVISION. 

Foreign 
trade. 

Coast- 
wUe 
trade. 

Lake  and 
river 
trade. 

Canal 
trade. 

450,614 

23,504 

115,699 

.^nA  m.'!       'i  4nK 

North  .\tlantic 

292, 121 
4.5,453 
70,130 
20,250 
22,660 

22,140  '      90,88-1    174,018 
840            9.*>74  1       35  laS 

5,076 

Soutll  \tlantic 

234 

19 
195 
310 

70, 111 

17  Q.W 

South  Central          

2,000 

98 

13,538          R.m 

The  table  plainty  indicates  tlie  importance  of  lake 
and  river  traffic  to  the  shiplniilding  of  tliis  country. 
Of  the  total  net  tonnage  launched  for  the  merchant 
marine  of  the  United  States  during  the  census  year, 
67.9  per  cent  was  destined  for  this  trade.     Vessels  for 


338 


MANUFACTURES. 


coastwise  and  lake  and  river  service  are  required  by 
law  to  be  American  built.  This  fact  has  made  it  possi- 
ble for  shipbuilding  to  maintain  a  firm  footing  in  this 
coimtry. 

Of  the  total  net  tonnage  of  merchant  vessels  launched 
during  the  census  year  64.8  per  cent  was  built  in 
shipyards  of  the  Xorth  Atlantic  division,  which  com- 
prises the  Xew  England  states,  and  New  York,  Xew 
Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania.  Of  the  total  net  tonnage 
launched  by  shipyards  in  this  division,  .59.6  per  cent 
was  intended  for  the  lake  and  river  trade. 


The  comparative  unimportance  of  .shipbuilding  for 
foreign  trade  in  the  United  States  is  indicated  by  the 
fact  that  of  the  total  net  tonnage  launched  for  mer- 
chant service,  only  5.2  per  cent  was  destined  for  this 
trade,  nearlj'  the  wliole  of  which  was  built  in  the  ship- 
yards of  the  North  Atlantic  division. 

In  Table  14  is  presented  the  number,  tonnage,  and 
value  of  vessels  of  5  tons  and  over  launched  by  [private 
shipyards  classified  according  to  motive  power,  as  re- 
ported at  each  census  from  1880  to  1905,  with  per- 
centaijes  of  increase. 


Table  14.— NUMBER,   TONNAGE,   AND   VALUE  OF  VESSELS  OF  FIVE  TONS  AND  OVER   LAUNCHED   BY  PRIVATE 
SHIPYARDS,  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO  MOTIVE  POWER,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1880  TO  1905. 


CENSUS. 

PER   CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

CLASS. 

190S 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1900  to 
1905 

1890  to 
1900 

1880  to 
1890 

All  classes: 

12,248 

3  700,852 

$73,471,026 

2.081 

687. 159 

$35,750,473 

1.353 

484,640 

$24,483,995 

2,415 

498,878 

$19,225,714 

8.0 

2.0 

105.5 

53.8 
41.8 
46.0 

-44.0 

Tonnage 

Value 

2.9 
27.4 

Steam  and  other  power  vessels: 

625 

'353,314 

$66,029,538 

1,244 

277,310 

$3,722,069 

349 

64,615 
$3,620,119 

30 

5,613 

$99,300 

519 

286.311 

$27,305,701 

844 

299,500 

$4,009,170 

648 

80,294 

$4,210,228 

70 

20,9fl4 

$225,374 

369 

217,185 

$16,866,068 

400 
123.436 

$1,773,186 

314 

103,710 
$5,340,941 

270 

40,309 

$'>03,800 

643 

66. 707 

$1,739,975 

20.4 
23.4 
141. S 

47.4 
'7.4 
!7.2 

i46.1 
"  19!  5 
2  14.0 

!57.1 
!73.3 
!55.9 

40.7 
31.8 
01.9 

Ill.O 
142.7 
126.1 

106.4 
!22.6 
s-21.2 

S74.1 
=  47.9 
>55.3 

Barges: 

Sail  vessels: 

Canal  boats: 

>58.0 

Tonnage 

Value  

!3fl.6 
i71.0 

'  Includes  134  vessels  of  22,327  gross  tonnage,  valued  at  $463,  018,  which  were  launched  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 
3  Decrease. 

'Includes  174,505  tons  displacement— Government  vessels. 
*  Not  reported  separately. 


The  decrease  since  1S90  in  tonnage  and  value  of 
sail  vessels  is  a  marked  feature  of  the  table.  The  de- 
creases in  these  items,  taken  in  conjunction  with  a 
slight  increase  during  (lie  fifteen  years  in  the  number 
of  vessels  launched,  indicate  a  falling  i>(V  in  the  average 
size  and  value  of  vessels  of  tliis  class. 

In  Table  15  the  activnty  in  shipbuilding  of  the 
watershed  districts  of  tiie  United  States  at  the  census 
of  1905  is  indicated  l)y  the  nmiiber,  tonnage,  and 
viduo  of  ves.sels  lauiiclicd  from  tiie  jirivate  sliipyards 
in  each  district,  classified  according  to  motive  ]>ower. 

In  every  class  of  vessels  shown  in  tlic  tiil)l('  the 
shipyards  in  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  district  iauiiched 
ves.sels  aggregating  a  greater  tonnage  and  value  than 
the  combined  totals  fi)r  the  shipyards  in  tlic  other 
districts.  Although  the  Greiit  Lakes  district  out- 
riiiikcd  llie  Pacific  Coast  in  tonnage  the  vnliic  nf  the 
ves.sels  launched  from  the  .shipyards  in  llir  l.itter 
district  was  over  three  times  iis  great  as  tlic  value 
of  the  ve.s.sejs  launchr'd  in  the  former.  This  diflVrencc 
wasduetollic  fact  that  65.8  per  cent  of  the  lomiage 
launched  in  the  I'acific  Coast  district  wiis  <hs[)lMce- 
mciil   lonnuge  of  war  vessels,  tlu^  value  of  whicii  per 


ton  was  much  greater  than  the  average  tonnage  value 
of  the  vessels  launched  in  the  Great  Lakes  district, 
which  were  practically  all  freight  and  jiassenger  steam- 
ers for  lake  traffic.  In  fact,  the  tonnage  of  ships  built 
for  the  merchant  marine  by  .shipyaids  on  tlie  (ireat 
Lakes  was  nearly  three  times  as  great  as  llial  Ixiilt  for 
merchant  service  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  In  tlie  same 
way  the  ascendancy  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  district 
over  the  Gi-ea.t  Lakes  in  the  tonnage  of  steam  vessels 
launched  is  due  largely  to  the  inclusion  of  the  disjilace- 
ineiit  tonnage  of  war  ships  l)uilt  on  tlie  Atlantic  Coast. 
If  tlie  (lis])lacement  tonnage  were  eliminated  from  the 
figures  for  the  Atlantic  and  (lulf  district,  the  reiuaiu- 
ing  gross  tonnage  would  he  only  17,477  tons  in  excess 
of  the  gross  tonnage  of  the  steam  vessels  launched  in 
the  Great  Lakes  district.  As  has  already  been  ])oiiited 
out  ill  this  rc|)orl,  shipbuilding  on  the  (ircat  Lakes  was 
at  a  very  low  ehh  during  the  census  year,  and  thus  (he 
table  does  not  show  n  iiornial  year's  out])Ut.  There 
is  no  doubt,  therefore,  that  under  normid  conditions 
the  tonnage  onlpnt  of  sicaiii  vessels  for  the  nicrelmnt 
marine  is  much  greater  in  the  Great  Lakes  district 
than  for  anv  <if  the  other  watershed  districts. 


SHIPBUILDING. 


339 


Table  15. — Number,  tonnar/c,  and  vahif  of  rcssch  of  five  Irmn  and 
over  launehed  during  l'll)-'t  by  private  shipijnrds.  elassified  aeeordinij 
to  motive  power,  by  watershed  districts. ' 


All  classes: 
Number. , 
Tonnage . 
Value 


Steam  vessels: 

Number 

Tonnage 

Viiliii^ 

Barges  and  canal  boats: 

Number 

Tonnage 

Value 

Sail  vessels: 

Number 

Tonnage 

Value 

Power  vessels,  other  than 
steam: 

Number 

Tonnage 

Value 


Atlantic 
and  Gulf. 


208 

2  20fi,  S1.1 

{45,78(1. 18l'> 

591 

lH5.li-Hi 

S.3,04S,  11)4 

292 

55,  .523 

$3,150,497 


147 

1,659 
S26g.40$ 


Great 
Lakes. 


31 

'  68, 684 
84,112,639 

28 

6.085 

$136,953 

36 

5,712 
$225,245 


65 

898 

$82,230 


Mississippi 
Valley. 


612 

90, 194 

$876,843 


26 

9,390 

$403,800 

570 

80, 628 

$460,149 

P) 
P) 


16 

176 

$11,894 


Pacific 
Coast. 


288 

< 79, 638 

$15,781,921 


49 

< 65,180 

$15,244,745 

85 

10,564 

$176, 163 

21 

3,380 

$244,  .377 


83 

514 

$116,636 


1  Includes  134  vessels  of  22,327  gross  tonnage  valued  at  $463,018,  which  were 
launched  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

■  Includes  121.367  tons  displacenipnt— Covfrnment  vessels. 

3  Includes  715  tons  (lisphiCcmiTit  -  ilnvfrnmcnt  vessels. 

*  Includes  52.423  tons  liispiafrnicnt  — (iovcrnnient  vessels. 

''Two  sail  vessels  included  in  figures  for  Pacific  Coast  district,  to  avoid  dis- 
closing individual  operations. 

Table  16  shows  the  output  of  the  Great  Lakes  in  steel 
and  wooden  vessels  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905. 

Table  16. — Number,  tonnage,  and  value  of  steel  and  ivooden  vessels 
of  five  tons  and  over  launched  by  private  shipyards  on  the  Great 
Lakes,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


All  classes: 

Number 160 

Gross  tonnage I        '81,379 

Net  tonnage 62,869 

Value S4. 557.067 


Steel  vessels: 

Number 24 

Gross  tonnage fi'.i.  400 

Net  tonnage nl.  479 

Value $4. 100. 782 

Wooden  vessels:  ! 

Number '  1.36 

G  ross  tonnage 1 1 .  979 

Net  tonnage 1 1 .  390 

Value $456,285 


128 

111,241 

86.942 

85,863,432 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


25.0 
2  26.8 
2  27.7 
S22.3 


24 

96,328 

74,229 

$5,183,628 

104 
14,913 

12,713 
8679,804 


2  28.0 
230.6 
2  20.9 

30.8 
2  19.7 
2  10.4 
2  32.9 


1  Includes  715  tons  displacement — Government  vessels. 


2  Decrease. 


In  view  of  what  has  already  been  said  it  will  be  un- 
derstood that  the  losses  which  the  table  appears  to  in- 
dicate were  due  to  a  temporary  depression  in  the  indiis- 
tiy  and  not  to  an  actual  decrease  during  the  intercensal 
period. 

In  Table  17  the  states  from  whose  shores  vessels 
valued  at  a  million  dollars  or  over  were  launched  at  the 
census  of  1905,  are  ranked  according  to  the  value  of 
vessels  launched,  for  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905. 

At  the  census  of  1900  the  first  four  places  were  held 
by  states  on  the  Atlantic  coast — Pennsylvania,  Maine, 
Virginia,  and  Xew  York,  in  the  order  named — the  fifth 
by  Michigan,  on  the  Great  Lakes,  and  the  sixth  bj- 
California,  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Five  years  later  the 
rank  of  each  of  the  6  leading  states  underwent  a  chano'e, 


with  the  exceptions  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia, 
which  held  first  and  tliird  places,  respectively,  at  both 
censuses;  California  rising  to  second  place;  Massachu- 
setts supplanting  New  York  in  fourth  place;  Maine 
dropping  to  fifth  place;  and  the  state  of  Washington 
rising  from  eleventh  to  si.\th  place. 

In  the  majority  of  cases  the  rank  for  steel  vessels  co- 
incides or  closelj'  approximates  the  rank  for  all  classes, 
indicating  that  the  production  of  this  class  of  vessels 
controls  in  general  the  rank  of  the  state  in  shii)l)uilding. 
An  exception  in  this  respect  exists  in  the  ca.se  of  Maine. 
At  both  censuses  this  state  held  the  primacy  in  the 
building  of  wooden  vessels,  and  at  the  census  of  1900 
the  high  rank  of  the  state  in  the  shipbuilding  industry 
was  due  evidently  to  this  fact. 

In  the  launching  of  steel  vessels  Washington  shows 
a  truly  remarkable  rise  in  importance.  From  a  posi- 
tion of  insignificance  in  1900  the  state  reached  fifth 
place  in  this  important  branch  of  the  industrj'  at  the 
census  of  1905.  The  rise  of  Massachu.setts  in  the  pro- 
duction of  steel  vessels  during  the  intercensal  period 
was  also  notalile. 

Table  17. — Rank  of  principal  stales  according  to  value  of  vessels  of 
five  tons  and  over  launched  by  private  shipyards:  1905  and  1900. 


California 

Connecticut . . . 

Delaware 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

New  Jersey 

New  York. 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania.. 

Virginia 

Washington... 


ALL  classes. 


1905       1900 


STEEL  VESSELS 


19WS       1900 


WOODEN 
VESSELS. 


190S       1900 


4 

11 
5 

12 
3 

10 
8 
6 
1 


10  ' 
2  I 

17 ; 
9 : 

16  , 


3 
5 
12 

1 
11 

6 


2 
14 
15 
28 

4 


Table  18  presents  the  states  sho\\ii  in  Table  17, 
ranked  according  to  the  value  of  vessels  launched  at  the 
census  of  1905,  distributed  according  to  the  motive 
power  used. 

Table  18. — Rank  of  principal  slates  according  to  value  of  each  class 
of  vessels  of  five,  tons  and  over  launched  during  1904  by  private  ship- 
yards. 


California 

Connecticut . . . 
Delaware. .-... 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

New  Jersey... 
New  York". . . . 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania. 

Virginia 

Washington. . , 


AU 
classes. 


Steam 
vessels. 


Barges. 


SaU 
vessels. 


Power 
vessels 
other 
than 
steam. 


2 

17 

9 

4 

3 

6 

8 

13 

1 

1 

21 

12 

14 

Canal 
boats. 


340 


MANUFACTURES. 


Steam  and  other  power  vessels. — The  construction  of 
steam  vessels  now  constitutes  a  large  proportion  of  the 
shipbuilding  operations  of  the  United  States.  At  the 
censuses  prior  to  1905  power  vessels  other  than  steam 
were  included  in  the  statistics  for  steam  vessels,  and 
therefore  for  purposes  of  comparison  power  vessels 
of  5  tons  and  over  are  combined  with  steam  vessels  in 
the  statistics  presented  in  Table  14.  In  Table  19  is 
sho%vn  the  total  value  of  steam  and  other  power  vessels 
launched,  of  iron  and  steel  and  of  wooden  construction, 
as  reported  at  the  last  three  censuses,  with  the  per 
cent  each  class  is  of  the  total. 

Table  19. —  Value  of  iron  and  steel  and  wooden  steam  and  other 
power  vessels  of  five  tons  and  over  launched  by  private  shipyards, 
with  per  cent  of  total:  1S90  to  11)05. 


1905 

1900 

1890 

CLASS. 

Value. 

Per 
cent  of 
total. 

Value. 

Per 
cent  of 
total. 

Value. 

Per 
cent  of 
total. 

Total 

Iron     and     steel 

vessels 

Wooden  vessels. . . 

866,029,538 

100.0   !$27,305,701 

100.0 

$18,866,068 

100.0 

62,932,880         95.3 
3,096,658           4.7 

24,311,343        89.0 
2,994,358        11.0 

i 

11,014,646 
5,851,422 

65.3 
34.7 

During  the  fifteen  years  covered  by  the  table  there 
has  been  more  than  a  fourfold  increase  in  the  value  of 
power  driven  steel  vessels  launched,  whereas  the  value 
of  power  driven  wooden  vessels  launched  has  decreased 
during  the  period,  and  as  a  result  the  value  of  the 
latter  class  of  vessels  formed  an  insignificant  propor- 
tion of  the  total  value  at  the  census  of  1905. 

Table  20  shows,  by  states,  the  number,  tonnage, 
and  value  of  vessels  of  5  tons  or  over  driven  by  power 
other  than  steam,  IhuiicIumI  ihiring  1904. 

Table  20. — Number,  gross  and  net  tonnage,  and  value  of  power 
vessels  othtr  than  steam,  of  five  tons  and  over,  launched  during  1904 
by  private  shipyards,  by  stales. 


.STATE, 

Number. 

TONNAGE. 

Value. 

Gross. 

Net. 

United  Stftteg 

1311 

3,247 

2,383 

1479,168 

Cftlifornlft 

76 
13 
13 
6 

0 
(14 
26 
40 

404 
110 
485 
72 
41 
706 
190 
347 
832 

362 
90 
263 
49 
34 
532 
1411 
313 
694 

111  000 

22|e28 
29,044 
10,400 

.Miiirn'Hotii 

New  .}iTHfy 

New  York 

Virginia 

19,07:. 
33,170 
100,626 

All  other  atutcii' 

'  Include*  4  vomielii  of  SOgroM  tonnage  ond  SO  net  tonnnge,  valued  at  I5,7J0, 
which  were  launched  by  estnhllahmonts  engaged  primarily  In  the  mitnufocture 
o.  other  prnfliiels. 

'Ineliidejt  nUiliB  ns  lollow«:  Mubainu,  Conneclleut,  Kentuekv,  l.oulnhnm, 
Maine,  Maryland,  Michigan,  New  llainp»hlrc.  North  Ciirolinn,  oliln,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Rhode  lalund,  Texas,  Washington, 

The  .311  vcs.scis  (iT .'.  tons  or  over,  with  niiili\i'  [idwcr 
otlicr  Ihaii  stciiiii,  liiiimlicd  in  (he  United  .Slates  nl 
the  r-cn.siis  iif  I !)(),"),  Iiiid  nn  average  gross  tonnage  of  iiul 
(|iiit('  lOJ  Ions  iiikI  nil  average  value  <>f  mImhii  SI, 511. 
In  llir  roiist iiici ion  of  tlie.se  vessels  New    York  led  in 


tonnage  and  value,  but  Cahfornia  launched  the  greatest 
number. 

The  wide  variation  in  the  average  value  per  gross 
ton  of  the  vessels  in  the  different  states  is  due  to  the 
different  character  and  uses  to  which  such  vessels  are 
now  applied.  Pleasure  boats,  built  for  liigh  speed  and 
luxuriously  fitted,  have  become  a  feature  of  motor 
boat  building,  while  boats  for  fishing  and  freighting 
are  also  being  constructed  ^\'ith  internal  ct)mbustion 
engines.  The  clumsy  and  unreliable  engines  of  tliis 
type  built  by  individual  mechanics  or  small  lioat 
building  concerns  a  few  years  ago  have  now  given  place 
to  the  reliable  and  comj^act  motors  built  by  large  es- 
tablishments devoted  entirety  to  their  construction. 
The  evolution  of  the  high  speed  motor  boat  has  re- 
sulted naturally  from  the  improvements  in  hydro- 
carbon engines,  and  the  standardization  of  the  parts 
of  tliis  class  of  motors  has  done  much  to  increase  the 
use  of  larger  boats  of  tliis  type. 

Barges. — Table  21  gives  the  value  of  barges  as  re- 
ported at  the  last  three  censuses,  divided  according  to 
iron  and  steel  or  wootlen  construction,  with  the  per 
cent  each  is  of  the  total  at  each  census  perioil. 

Table  31. —  Value  of  iron  and  steel  and  wooden  barges,  with    per 
cent  of  total:  1890  to  1905. 


1905 

1900 

1890 

CLASS. 

Value. 

Per 

cent 

of 

Idtal. 

100.0 

Value. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Value. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Total 

83.722,069 

$4,009,170 

100.0 

$1,773,186 

100.0 

Iron     and     steel 

528, 180 
3,193,889 

14.2 
85.8 

181,000 
3,828.170 

4.5 
9.5.5 

325,000 
1,448,186 

18.3 

Wooden  barges... 

81.7 

There  was  an  increase  in  steel  barge  construction  at 
the  census  of  1905  over  both  the  previous  censuses, 
but  the  ])er  cent  of  the  total  remains  (■om]iaratively 
small.  Wooden  barges  still  form  the  larger  pro])or- 
tion  of  this  product.  The  decrease  shown  for  1905  as 
compared  witli  1900  may  be  attributed  to  the  dejires- 
sion  in  tlu;  siiipbuilding  iudustr}'  rather  than  a  decline 
in  the  use  of  barges. 

Floating  dry  docks,  floating  coal  docks,  and  such 
minor  ])roducts  as  rafis  and  scows  constructed  ft)r  a 
single  trip  at  the  end  of  wliicli  liiey  were  broken  up 
and  sold  as  luniher,  were  not  included  in  (his  ])r(>seii- 
talion.  I'lierc  are,  liowever,  a  considerable  iuiiiiImt 
of  saiiii  and  mud  scows,  coal  boats  and  ligiilers, 
dredges,  |)il(>  (h'ivers,  house  boats,  etc.,  included  in  the 
sliitislies  for  1900  and  1905.  At  the  census  of  1905 
tluTc  were  577  of  tliese  craft,  hiiilt  chiefly  in  Penn- 
sylvania, with  a  loin!  tonnage  of  55,590  and  value  of 
$.'U):?,:i57.  The  loliil  vahie  of  llles(^  is  conipnratively 
siiimII,  I)IiI  in  iiiinilicr  niid  loniuigc  tliey  form  a  con- 
sidiTiililc  |)iirl  of  the  piochicts  of   this  class. 

Tidilc  L'J  sliows,  by  states,  tiie  number,  loniiagc,  and 
viihii'  of  liiirgesof  all  classes  as  rcpoii rd  nl  the  last  two 
<'ensu.ses. 


SHIPBUILDING. 


341 


Tadlk  ii-J. — Number,  gmss  iintl  net  tonniKje,  and  value  of  har<jes,hy 
slalcs:  IW).',  and  lUOO. 


Census. 

Number. 

TONNAGE.  •      . 

Value. 

Gross. 

Net. 

United  States 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

11,244 
844 

277,310 
299,500 

266,853 
255,537 

13,722.069 

4,009,170 

48 
35 

5,777 
6,726 

6,662 
6,890 

78, 423 

141,750 

Florida 

190.') 
ISlOO 

43 
26 

2,065 
1,888 

2,063 
1,708 

14.650 

41,761 

1905 
1900 

9  ' 
2 

2,261 
60 

2,211 
62 

19,900 

260 

Ki'ntiickv 

1905 
1900 

17 
2 

4,898 
560 

4,898 
500 

18,500 

2,800 

Loiiisiiiiiii 

1905 
1900 

72 
20 

11,538 
3,210 

10,097 
2,686 

141,048 
66,425 

Maryltmd 

1905 
1900 

48 
29 

19,899 
12,027 

18,870 
10,911 

383, 565 

169,820 

1905 
1900 

13 
8 

1.955 
1,150 

1,670 
946 

34,500 

22,310 

New  .liTscy 

1905 
1900 

35 

41 

19,605 
42.987 

19,481 
37,778 

379,841 
386,606 

Ninv  Yi>rk 

1905 
1900 

185 
175 

79.094 
65.602 

76. 618 
61,196 

941,666 
1,008.664 

Ohio     

1905 
1900 

41 
36 

3.434 
9,640 

3,245 
8,610 

114.026 

120.000 

1905 
1900 

573 

174 

76. 102 
65,880 

75,750 
65,328 

340, 807 

' 

125.060 

V'irginijL. ..' 

1906 
1900 

12 
4 

2.280 
400 

2.215 
360 

31.350 

4,000 

1906 
1900 

34 

116 

4.437 
2,478 

3.810 
2,183 

92,740 

75.916 

AH  other  states 

n906 
n900 

114 
176 

43,975 
86,952 

41,457 
67,389 

1  131  064 

1,853,818 

1  Includes  124  barges  of  21,770  gross  tonnage  and  21,690  net  tonnage,  valued  at 
1323,468,  built  by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

■J  Includes  states  as  follows:  Alabama,  Connecticut.  Delaware,  District  of 
Coiuml)ia,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Maine,  Massachusetts.  Minnesota.  Missouri,  New 
Hampshire.  North  Carolina,  Oregon.  Rhode  Island.  .South  CaroUna,  Texas, 
West  Virginia,  Wisconsin. 

3  Includes  states  as  follows:  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Connecticut,  Delaware, 
District  of  Columbia,  Georgia,  Indiana.  Iowa.  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  Missouri,  Oregon.  Texas,  West  Virginia,  Wisconsin. 

The  principal  state  in  barge  construction  at  the 
census  of  1905  was  New  York,  ^vith  Maryland  second. 
Although  Pennsylvania  reported  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  this  land  of  craft,  the  major  proportion  was 
scows,  coal  boats,  etc.  New  Jersey,  the  third  state 
in  the  building  of  barges  for  1905,  was  second  to  New 
York  for  1900. 

Sail  iH'ssels. — The  building  of  sail  vessels  of  5  tons 
and  over  is  decreasing,  as  is  evident  from  Tables  23  and 
24.  The  first  of  these  presents  the  statistics  of  sail 
vessels  launched  for  the  last  three  censuses  according 
to  iron  and  steel  or  wooden  construction,  with  the  per 
cent  each  is  of  the  total. 

Table  23. —  ]'ahie  of  iron  and  steel  and  ivoodcn  sail  vessels  of  five 
tons  and  over  launched  by  private  shipyards,  with  per  cent  of  total: 
1890  to  1905. 


1905 

1900 

1890 

CLASS. 

Value. 

Per 
cent. 

Value. 

Per 
cent. 

Value. 

Per 
cent. 

Total 

83.620,119 

100.0 

$4,210,228 

100.0 

$5,340,941 

100.0 

Iron  and  steel  vessels, . . 
Wooden  vessels. 

221.900 
3,398,219 

6.1 
93  9 

962,600 
3,247,628 

22.9 
77.1 

211,200  i         4.0 
5  129  741  !       96.0 

Tlie  above  statistics  show  less  steel  vessel  building 
for  I'.Xi.j  tiiiiii  foi'  1900.  in  iIk;  latter  year  one  estab- 
lisliiiicnt  on  Lake  Micliigan  built  3  steel  sail  vessels, 
aggregating  15,117  tons  and  valued  at  over  $500,000, 
whereas  the  same  establi.shment  did  not  report  any  sail 
vessels  launched  in  1904.  The  value  rej)ort('(I  for 
wooden  sail  vessels  of  5  tons  and  over  launciied  during 
1904  was  slightly  in  advance  of  that  for  1900,  but  con- 
siderably less  than  for  1.S90.  Tlu^  following  table  pre- 
sents the  number,  tonnage,  and  valine  of  sail  vessels, 
by  states,  as  reported  at  llic  last  two  censuses; 

Table  24. — Number,  gross  and  ne.t  tonnage  and  value  of  sail  vessels 

of  five  tons  and  over  launched  by  private  shipyards,  by  states:  1905 
and  1900. 


1 

TiiNNAi.i;. 

Census. 

Number. 

Value. 

Gross. 

Net. 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

349 

648 

64,615 
80.294 

55,074 
70. 120 

$3,620,119 

4.210,228 

California 

16 
22 

1.116 
8,256 

1.021 
7,530 

65,277 

660,860 

Connecticut 

1905 
1900 

9 
14 

3,106 
188 

2,589 
180 

;         204, 762 

1           18,500 

Maine 

1905 
1900 

77 
7fi 

38.692 
32,651 

32.461 
28.100 

2.050,783 
1.500,301 

Maryland 

1905 
1900 

4 
20 

384 
374 

268 
220 

29,000 
20.450 

1905 
1900 

49 
128 

4.280 

:t.8m 

2.994 
2,910 

297,875 

384,000 

Mississippi 

1905 
1900 

14 
14 

280 
193 

197 
140 

29,150 

12,800 

1905 
1900 

26 
80 

880 
357 

761 
240 

86,800 

25,695 

New  York 

1905 
1900 

34 

85 

5,146 
1,400 

4.924 
l.l.iO 

287,900 

139.697 

1905 
1900 

4 
9 

70 
142 

.15 
109 

4.125 

6.225 

All  other  states 

11905 
n900 

116 
200 

10,661 
32,844 

9.804 
29,541 

564,447 

1,541,700 

1  Includes  states  as  follows:  Alabama.  Delaware.  Florida.  Illinois.  Louisi- 
ana, Michigan.  Missouri.  Rhode  Island.  Virginia.  Washington.  Wisconsin. 

-  Includes  states  as  follows:  Alabama.  Delaware.  Florida.  Georgia.  Illinois, 
Kentuckv,  Louisiana,  Michigan.  Minnesota.  Missouri.  Ohio.  Oregon,  Pennsyl- 
vania. Rhode  Island.  South  Carolina.  Texas.  Virginia,  Washington. 

The  state  of  Maine  reported  considerabh*  more  tlian 
one-half  the  total  tonnage  and  value  of  sail  vessels 
launched  in  the  United  States  during  1904.  A  note- 
worthy increase  is  shown  both  in  tonnage  and  value 
of  sail  vessels  built  in  this  state.  Mas.sachusetts,  the 
second  state  in  rank,  shows  an  increased  tonnage,  but 
a  decrease  in  value  reported  for  sail  vessels. 

The  falling  off  in  the  tonnage  and  value  of  the  sail 
vessels  included  in  "  all  other  states  "  was  caused  by  the 
decrease  in  the  building  of  vessels  of  this  tjT^e  on  the 
Great  Lakes.  As  explained  in  the  paragraph  above 
in  connection  wdth  Table  23,  one  establishment  on 
Lake  Michigan  accounted  for  about  one-half  of  the 
decrease. 

Canal  boats. — Canal  boat  building  has  fallen  ofl"  ma- 
terially, as  is  shown  in  Table  14.  The  decrease  since 
1880  in  both  the  numlier  and  value  of  canal  boats  built 
is  there  seen  to  have  been  over  50  per  cent  at  each  cen- 
sus period.  All  of  tlie  canal  boats  reported  during 
1904  were  constructed  of  wood,  although  6  steel  canal 


342 


MANUFACTURES. 


boats  were  built  in  the  j^ear  following.  In  Table  25 
the  number,  tonnage,  and  value  of  canal  boats  built 
are  given  by  states  as  reported  in  1900  and  1905. 

Table  25. — Number,  gross  and  net  tonnage,  and  ralur  of  canal  boats, 
by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


Census. 

Number. 

TONNAGE. 

Value. 

Gross. 

Net. 

United  States     . 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1  1SU5 

'1900 

30 
70 

5,613 
20,994 

5,408 
19,509 

$99,300 

225,374 

26 
32 

4 
38 

5,217 
6,909 

396 
14,085 

5,076 
5,499 

332 
14,010 

83,100 

All  other  states 

82,850 

16,200 
142,524 

'Includes  states  as  lollows:  Louisiana,  Maryland. 

"Includes  states  as  follows:  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Maryland.  New  Jersey. 
Ohio,  Pennsylvania. 

Inasmuch  as  there  werie  but  4  small  canal  boats 
reported  by  other  states  during  the  census  year,  New 
York  is  the  only  state  that  can  be  separately  reported 
for  the  census  of  1905.  In  addition  to  these,  a  few 
may  have  been  built  by  boat  l)uilders  or  by  canal 
transportation  companies. 

The  canal  boat  is  built  to  carry  the  greatest  possible 
cargo  \\\\\\  a  minimum  draft.  Although  intended 
primarih'  for  use  on  canals,  some  of  them  appear  on 
rivers  and  lakes,  as  in  the  case  of  the  canal  boats  of  the 
Erie  canal,  which  often  receive  their  cargo  at  New 
York  city,  and  are  towed  up  tlio  Hudson  river,  through 
the  canal  to  their  destination,  wliich  may  be  Buffalo 
or  sonic  otlior  lake  port. 

SiiKi II  boats. — Included  under  tiiis  head  are  all  ves- 
sels of  less  than  5  gro.ss  tons  built  by  establishments 
reporting  a  product  of  $500  or  over  during  the  cen.sus 
year.  All  cla.s.ses  of  small  j)ower  and  .saiilioats,  row- 
boats,  and  canoes  are  represented  in  tiie  statistics 
given;  but,  as  this  class  of  construction  is  often  done 
bj"  carpenters  or  other  indiviihuds  who  are  not  regu- 
larly engage<l  in  the  work,  it  is  probable  tliat  there 
was  actually  a  considcratjiy  greater  aggregate  than  is 
sliown.  However,  as  may  be  de(hiccd  from  Tal)l(>  4, 
there  was  an  increase  of  52.4  per  cent  in  the  vniue 
reported  for  1905  over  that  shown  for  1900,  an  incrmise 
of  41.4  per  cent  from  ISOt)  to  1900,  and  an  increase  of 
58.7  prT  ceiil  frnin  1 SSO  to  1S90,  wliicli  shows  the 
steady  advance  in  tliis  mamifacture.  Tal)I('  20 
shows  for  1900  and  1905,  by  stales,  the  niiiiilxT  and 
value  of  .small  boats  maniifacturc(i,  iindcr  two  heads, 
namely,  "small  powerboats"  and  "muNoats,  canoes, 
anti  small  sailboats." 

'i'lic  difference  between  the  tdlid  vmIuc  as  reported 
in  'rni)lc  20  for  1905  and  the  amount  shown  in  Table  4, 
S147,542,  reprcM-iils  llie  valuer  of  small  boats  icpoi'ted 
by  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  (he  manufac- 
ture of  other  products.  All  increase  is  shown  in  190.">, 
as  compiired  willi  I'.IOO,  in  the  maniifacl  me  uf  siiiiili 
]>i)W('r  boats  anil    in   the  aggregalr   irpoilnl   for   row- 


boats,  canoes,   and  small  sailboats,  both  as  to  total 
number  and  total  value. 

Table  26. — Number  mid  value  of  boats  under  Jii-e  tons,  by  states: 
1905  and  1900. 


Census. 


United  States. . , 

California 

Connecticut 

Florida 

Illinois 

Iowa 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusett  s 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

New  Hampshire 

New  .lersey 

Now  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

Virginia 

Washington 

Wisconsin 

Ail  other  states 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


noo5 

<1900 


$3,148,834 
1,968,835 


SHALL  POWER 
BOATS. 


Total 
value. 


132,967 
100,015 

126,679 
72,107 

26,905 
20,671 

54,875 
20,893 

73,598 
4,249 

8,338 
1,935 

228,050 
93,571 

44,170 
31,364 

383,814 
208,964 

414,583 
241,010 

172,493 
33,975 


2,943 

279,947 
09,777 

629,658 
654,702 

111,655 
47,205 

49,928 
47,036 

39,365 
21,904 

48,966 
10,387 

48,535 
61,289 

105,897 
117,801 

159,813 
107,032 


Num- 
ber. 


■3,771 
1,687 


156 
159 


116 
5 


139 
2 


23 


342 
41 


771 
327 


237 

82 


544 

552 


214 

78 


137 
241 


147 
97 


Value. 


$1,981,815 
l,059,3o5 


56  980 
9,800 

74  935 
56,855 

23,893 
1,000 

40,570 
5,950 

67,730 
1,404 

7,375 


88,094 
5,895 

32,030 
11,500 

181,380 
49,383 

268,449 
171,405 

103,940 
17,485 


220,558 
48,857 

433,606 
454,643 

100,400 
34,400 

22,835 
11,000 

20,740 
3,000 

43,039 
4,000 

17,770 
20,900 

66,097 
89,780 

10),  194 
86,108 


HOWBOATS, 

CANOES,  AND 

SMALL  SAILBOATS. 


Num- 
ber. 


S23,248 
13,739 


$1,167,019 
909,470 


600 
583 


324 
159 


442 
356 

109 
38 

24 
38 

3,976 
1,892 

144 
237 

3,817 
3,760 

4,447 


1,604 
488 

13 
63 

499 
219 

2,302 
2,093 

382 
292 

544 
380 

192 
131 

191 
76 

658 
384 

1,163 
639 

1,745 
1,146 


Value. 


75,987 
90,215 

51,644 
15,252 

3,012 
19,671 

14,305 
14,948 

5,868 
2,845 

963 
1,935 

139,956 
87,676 

12,140 
19,864 

202,434 
159,581 

146,134 
69,605 

68,553 
16,490 

498 
2,943 

59,389 
20,920 

196,052 
200,059 

11,255 
12,805 

27,093 
36,036 

18,625 
18,904 

5,927 
6,387 

30,765 
34,389 

39,800 
28,021 

56,019 
50,024 


'  Includes  272  boats,  valued  at  $102,627,  made  by  establishments  engaged  pri- 
marily in  the  nuinufacturi'  of  other  pr(Klucts. 

''  Incluilc's  474  boats,  valued  at  $4.'i,01.''i.  made  by  establishments  engaged  pri- 
marily iti  the  iniiniifacture  of  (ilhiT  prodtiets. 

'Includes  sillies  as  follows;  Alaliania.  Deluwarc,  District  of  Columbia, 
Oeorgia.  Idaho.  Indiana,  Kentuclcv,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  N<»rth  Carolina, 
Oregon,  South  Carolina,  Tennessiv,  'IVxas. 

*Inclii(i«'s  state's  as  follows:  Arkansas,  Delaware.  District  of  (\)iu!nlHH,  Idaho, 
Indiana,  Kentucky,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  North  Carolina,  Oregon,  Tennessee, 
Texas,  Vermont. 

New  Yolk  w'as  the  lending  state  in  this  const nicl ion 
at  hotli  cciisus(>s,  reporting  iilioiil  oiie-iiflii  of  the  total 
\alue  of  .small  boats  in  1905  ami  about  one-third  in 
1900.  A  slight  decrease  is  seen  lo  Inivc  taUeii  jilace 
during  the  five-year  period  in  the  \aluc  reported  for 
liolli  classes  of  small  boats  constructed  in  this  state. 
Michigan    iind    Massachusetts,   the    second    and    third 


SHIPBUILDING. 


343 


states,  respectively,  in  small  boat  l)iiil(iinj;,  as  rcporled 
for  both  1905  and  1900,  show  a  considerable  increase 
for  the  intervening  period.  Maine,  Minnesota,  \e\v 
Jersey,  California,  Connecticut,  and  Ohio  rank  from 
fom-tli  to  ninth,  in  the  order  named,  all  outranking 
Wisconsin,  which  has  dropped  from  I'oiutli  place  in 
1900  to  tenth  in  1905. 

Repair  work. — The  statistics  concerning  the  value 
of  repair  work  done  by  shipbuildiiifz;  estal)lishments 
show  that  such  woi'k  is  a  proiniuciit  feature  in  the  in- 
dustry. As  may  he  seen  from  Table  4,  27.6  per  cent 
of  tlie  total  value  of  j)roducts  reported  by  the  private 
shipyards  of  the  United  States  duiin<^  1904  was  for  re- 
pairs. Table  27  gives  the  value  of  repair  operations 
reported  by  iron  and  steel  and  wooden  sliipbuilding 
plants,  including  Government  establislunents,  at  the 
censuses  of  1900  and  1905,  with  the  per  cent  the  repairs 
done  in  each  kind  of  establishment  were  of  the  total 
and  the  per  cent  of  increase  during  the  five-year  period. 

Table  137. —  lvalue  of  Tcpair  work  reported  by  private  and  Govern- 
ment shipyards,  with  per  cent  of  total  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1005 
and  1900. 


1905 

1900 

Per  cent 

Value. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

Value. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

of  In- 
crease. 

Total 

$32,466,751 

100.0 

$29,604,674 

100.0 

9.7 

Private  shipyards: 

Iron  and  steel 

Wooden 

12,191,8.54 
10, 637, 186 

37.  ."i 
32.8 
29.7 

12,302,960 

10,831,476 

6,470,238 

41.6 
36.6 
21.8 

'0.9 
1 1.8 

Govermnent  shipyards  . 

9,637,711 

49.0 

1  Decrease. 


The  value  of  repairs  reportetl  by  private  shipyards 
decreased  somewhat  in  the  five  years  intervening  be- 
tween the  two  censuses,  but  the  value  of  repairs  re- 
ported by  Government  establishments  is  seen  to  have 
increased  materially  during  the  same  period.  These 
conditions  indicate  that  an  increasingly  large  projjor- 
tion  of  repairs  on  naval  vessels,  which  is  now  a  consider- 
able item  in  the  aggregate  value  of  repair  work,  is  done 
in  Government  yards.  Taken  together,  the  amount  of 
repairs  reported  by  private  sliipyards  and  Govern- 
ment establishments  shows  an  increase  of  .$2,862,077 
during  the  period.  In  Table  28  the  value  of  repair  op- 
erations by  private  shipyards  is  shown  by  states,  as 
reported  at  the  last  tlu-ee  censuses. 

New  York  was  the  leading  state  in  this  class  of 
work  at  the  tliree  censuses  shown  in  Table  28,  and  in 
1905  reported  nearly  three  times  the  value  shown  for 
New  Jersey,  the  second  state  in  rank  at  this  census. 
New  York  shows  an  increase  of  38.5  per  cent  from 
1900  to  1905,  while  New  Jersey  reports  an  increase  of 
but  1.1  per  cent  during  the  same  period.     California, 

45254— .MK(i   1SH1.1— PT  4— OS 24 


the  third  state  in  rank  in  this  class  of  work,  shows  a 
decrease  of  7.1  per  cent  in  1905  as  compared  with 
1900.  Pennsylvania  was  second  in  1900,  but  on 
account  of  a  decrease  of  35.1  per  cent  was  passed  in 
1905  by  both  New  Jersey  and  California,  and  occupied 
fourtli  place  at  the  latter  census.  Ohio,  Virginia,  and 
Maryland  were  respectively  fifth,  sLxth,  and  seventh 
in  rank  in  the  value  of  repairs  reported  at  the  census 
of  1905. 

Table  28. —  Value  of  repair  work  reported  by  private  shipyards,  by 
states:  IS'M  to  1906. 


United  States. 


California 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

niinois 

Iowa 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

New  Jersey 

New  Yorlc 

North  Carolina. . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

All  other  states  >. 


1905 


$22,829,040 


1900 


$23,134,436 


2,348.017 

310,016 

386,841 

208,984 

484,  .Ml 

23,  .366 

642. 195 

1,1.'!S,420 

l.l«3.716 

1,027,923 

78,  .597 

42,417 

2,229,481 

4,8.57,916 

65, 933 

1,241,122 

382, 662 

2,716,209 

874,065 

7.52, 971 

534, 7.59 

45, 670 

531,792 

606,221 


1890' 


$10,313,237 


434,791 
239,952 
328, 132 

39,610 
273,498 

40,  .509 
133, 181 
557, 198 
633,959 
519,092 

34.893 

17,230 
1.315,540 
3,642,305 

35,227 
323,963 

35,0fX) 
329,806 

80,727 
351.220 

14.825 

20.060 
189. 677 
870, 512 


'Includes  S500. 848  reported  by  governmental  establishments  not  reported 
separately  by  states. 

'Unciudcs  states  as  follows:  1905— Alabama,  District  rf  Columbia,  Georgia, 
Idaho,  Indiana.  Kentuclvy.  Louisiana.  Missouri,  New  Hampshire.  South  Caro- 
lina. Tennessee.  Texas.  '  1900— Alabama.  Arkansas,  District  of  Columbia, 
Idalio.  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Louisiana.  Missouri.  New  Hampshire.  South  Caro- 
lina, Tennessee.  Texas,  Vermont.  West  Virginia.  1890 — .\Ialjama,  Arkansas, 
District  of  Columbia.  Georgia,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Missouri,  New 
Hampshire,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas. 

EQUIPMENT    OF   SHIPYARDS. 

Intimately  connected  \vith  the  repair  work  of  a 
shipyard  is  the  dry  dock  and  marine  railway  equip- 
ment. Table  29  shows,  by  states,  for  1905  the  num- 
ber of  establishments  thus  equijiped  in  comparison 
with  the  total  number  for  continental  United  States, 
and  the  value  of  repair  operations  in  establishments 
having  dry  dock  or  marine  railway  equipment  in  com- 
parison with  the  total  for  repair  work  in  each  state. 

The  388  private  yards  in  the  United  States  which 
have  dry  dock  or  marine  railway  equipment  form  only 
35.4  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  shipbuilding  and 
repair  establishments,  but  they  are  credited  with  77.3 
per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  ship  repairs  reported  by 
all  establishments.  New  York,  the  leading  state  in 
ship  repair  operations,  shows  the  largest  number  of 
establishments  having  dry  dock  or  marine  railway 
equipment.  Establishments  having  these  facihties, 
therefore,  do  the  bulk  of  the  repair  work. 


344 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  29. — Xumber  of  private  shipyards  and  value  of  repair  work, 
together  with  number  of  private  shipyards  reporting  dry  dock  or 
marine  railway  equipment  and  value  of  their  repair  work:  1905. 


PRIVATE 
SHIPYARDS. 

VALUE  OF  REPAIR  WORK. 

STATE. 

Total 
number. 

Number 
report- 
ing dry 
docker 
marine 
railway. 

Total. 

Reported  by 
establish- 
ments 
equipped 
with  dry 
dock  or  ma- 
rine railway. 

United  States 

1,097 

388 

$22,829,040 

117,635,653 

41 
46 
10 
14 
22 
9 

139 
35 

125 
57 
28 
13 
78 

210 
12 
22 
11 
33 
16 
24 
40 
3 
33 
76 

13 

21 

5 

11 

6 

3 

16 

25 

25 

11 

8 

7 

29 

1 
4 
12 
14 
IS 
10 
3 
4 
34 

2, 180, 542 
356,032 
454.780 
116.360 
439.509 
31.075 
297.855 

1.010.622 
854.036 
688.482 
55.900 
125.951 

2.254.794 

6,726,959 
63,300 

1.229.123 
184, 276 

1,762,243 
660,303 

1,157.595 
712.851 
86.595 
571.746 
808,111 

1,880,392 

220. 305 

449, 143 

Florida*'.         

112.360 

Illinois                         

384, 980 

Iowa                  

11,080 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Micliigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

226,  629 
733,781 
473,068 
588,238 
37,512 
121,600 
1,443,693 

5,253,451 

North  Carolina  

43,200 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island  

1,1,51,840 

65,390 

1,402,747 

133, 519 

Virginia 

Washington 

AVest  Virginia ,  . 

Wisconsin 

AU  other  states  * 

1,074,-588 
630,181 
86,595 
437,215 
674, 140 

1  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Alabama,  7;  District  of 
Columbia,  3;  Georgia,  2;  Idaho,  3;  Indiana,  10;  Kentucky.  9;  Louisiana,  20; 
Missouri,  6;  New  Hampshire,  5;  South  Carolina,  1 ;  Tennessee,  2;  Texas,  8. 


Dry  docJcs. — In  Table  30  is  shown  the  number  of 
dry  docks,  both  private  and  Government,  classified 
according  to  kind  and  dimensions — length  of  floor, 
width  at  entrance,  and  depth  on  sill — by  states  and 
geographic  divisions. 

As  shown  in  Table  30,  about  two-tliirds  of  the  dry 
docks  of  the  United  States  are  in  the  North  Atlantic 
states,  New  York  alone  reporting  over  one-third  of  the 
total  number.  Of  the  62  dry  ddcks  reported  in  New 
York  state,  57  are  over  100  feet  long  in  floor  measure- 
ment, and  14  of  these  measure  over  300  feet;  26  meas- 
ure over  50  feet  in  width  at  entrance,  7  of  these  over 
75  feet  in  width  and  over  20  feet  in  depth  of  sill, 
tlimensions  sufficient  to  accommodate  the  largest 
vessels. 

New  Jersey,  the  second  state  in  importance  with 
respect  to  dry  dock  equipment,  shows  as  many  dry 
docks  as  the  entire  North  Central  division.  All  of  the 
23  are  over  100  feet  in  floor  length,  and  2  of  them 
measure  over  300  feet.  Twelve  of  the  dry  docks  in 
this  state  have  a  width  at  entrance  of  over  50  feet,  and 
20  have  a  depth  on  the  sill  of  more  than  10  feet.  The 
remaining  states  in  the  North  Atlantic  group  report  17 
dry  docks,  13  of  which  are  over  100  feet  in  floor  length 
and  5  are  over  20  feet  in  depth  of  sill,  wliile  only  2  have 
a  width  at  entrance  exceeding  75  feet. 


Table  30.— NUMBER   AND    KIND    OF    DRY    DOCKS    IN    PRIVATE    AND    GOVERNMENT    SHIPYARDS,    CLASSIFIED 
ACCORDING  TO   DIMENSIONS,  BY   STATES  AND   GEOGRAPHIC   DIVISIONS:  1905. 


NUMBER  OP  DRV  DOCKS. 

.STATE. 

Total. 

Station- 
ary. 

• 

Float- 
ing. 

With  floor  length  of- 

With  entrance  width  of- 

With  sill  depth  of— 

OvcrSOO 
feet. 

201  to  300 

feet. 

101  to  200 
feet. 

100  feet 
or  less. 

Over  75    !  51  to  75 
foet.           feet. 

1 

26  to  50 
feet. 

25  feet  or 
less. 

Over  20 
feet. 

10  to  20 
feet. 

Less 

than  10 

feet. 

irnited  States 

IfiO 

74 

86 

53 

18 

75 

14 

22                S3 

62 

23 

25 

101 

34 

North  Atlantic  division . 

102 

41 

61 

■25 

12 

56 

9 

10 

35 

40 

17 

13 

OS 

24 

Maine 

3 

s 

1 

62 
23 

8 

18 

2 
5 

1 

i' 

35 

20 

4 

10 

2. 
3 

1 
1 
1 
37 
16 

1 
1 

1 
2 
1 
19 
11 
1 

6 

1 
2 

2 
2 

1 

3 

1 
39 
19 

2 

7 

Mas.Hachufletts 

1 

Rhode  Island 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

27 
3 
4 

8 

i4 
2 
4 

8 

6 
6 

5 

7 

1 

22 
11 
4 

14 

7 
1 

1 

7 

16 
3 

Pennsylvania 

Bouth  Atlantic  division  . 

4 

3 
2 

s 

2 

8 

S 

4 

Delaware  . ." 

1 
6 
4 
3 
4 

23 

n 

4 

2 
9 
1 
1 

10 

1 
2 
4 

i' 

3' 

3 

6 

2 
4 

1 

1 
3 

1 

1 
4 

1  1                3 

1 
3 

1 

1 

2 
4 

Virginia 

West  Virginia    

1 

2 
3 

e 

3 

1 

12 

3 

Florida 

1 
17 

14 

1 
2 

1 
9 

1 

1 

2 
23 

1 

1 

2 

Ohio 

4 

2 
4 





&■ 

1 

(1 
2 
2 
4 

3 
2 

1 
2 

1 

3 
2 

6 
4 
2 
9 
1 

4 

Illlruils 

1 

1 

Michigan 

1 

4 

1 

1 

7 

MinnttHota 

MlHHOiiri 

1 
H 

1 
3 

1 
1 

Bouth  (Vntral  division  .. 

7 

2 

3 

2 

2 

4 

3 

1 

6 

Krntneky  

1 
2 
1 
(1 
1 

7 

1 
2 

I 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

Attt'iiirna 

1 



1 



2 
1 

.MlM«li<«lppl 

i 

1 

1 

5 

1 
1 

1 

2 

1 
I 

1 

1 

4 i 

1 

2 

i 

i 

2 

1 

4 

Texan  

1 
2 

Weatorn  <Ilvl*lon 

''I 

4 

1 

4                  1 

1 

4 

1 

Wuhlnstnn 

railfomlB 

r, 

2 

2 

2 

2 
2 

2 

1 

2 
2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 
1 

1 



SHIPBUILDING. 


345 


of  the  IS  dry  docks  reported  in  tli(>  South  Atlantic 
tlivision,  S  were  stationaty;  I  of  these,  all  in  the 
state  of  Virginia,  had  a  length  oi'  Uoor  of  over  300  feet, 
a  width  at  entrance  of  more  than  .50  feet,  and  a  depth 
on  the  sill  of  over  20  feet.  Maryland  has  2  large  sta- 
tionary dry  docks,  Delaware  1,  and  Florida  1.  Four 
of  the  floating  dry  docks  in  the  South  Atlantic  divi- 
sion were  in  Maryland,  3  in  West  Virginia,  and  3  in 
Florida. 

Of  the  23  docks  reported  in  the  North  Central  divi- 
sion, only  2  have  a  width  at  entrance  of  more  than 
75  feet,  and  none  exceed  20  feet  in  depth  of  sill,  but  14 
are  over  300  feet  in  length  of  floor.  Wisconsin  has  4 
stationary  and  .5  floating  docks,  hut  Ohio  reports  6 
large  stationary  dry  docks,  all  of  which  are  over  300 
feet  in  lengtli  of  floor.  Illinois  and  Michigan  each 
have  2  stationary  dry  docks  with  a  floor  length  of  over 
300  feet. 

The  Western  division  has  4  dry  docks  with  floor 
length  of  over  300  feet,  a  wiflth  at  entrance  of  over  75 
feet,  and  a  depth  on  the  sill  of  over  20  feet.  Two  of 
these  are  in  Washington  and  2  in  California.  The 
South  Central  division  has  2  floating  dry  docks  of 
more  than  300  feet  of  floor  length,  1  of  wliich  is  in 
Alabama  and  the  other  in  Louisiana. 

The  statistics  presented  in  Talkie  30  are  for  the  year 
1904  and  include  15  Government  dry  docks  reported 
by  the  naval  stations,  shown  in  the  following  tabular 
statement : 

Number  ami  hind  of  dnj  docks  at  each  naval  station  in  the  United 
States:  1905. 


NAVAL  STATION. 

Station- 
arj'. 

Float- 
ing. 

Total 

11 

4 

1 

Pensacola                     

2 

1 
2 
3 
1 
2 
1 

1 

Boston                    

Norfolk                                       

New  Orleans                     

1 

In  addition  to  the  dry  docks  included  in  the  above 
statement,  graving  docks  were  under  construction  dur- 
ing 1904  at  the  naval  stations  at  League  Island,  Pa.; 
Norfolk,  Va. ;  Charleston,  S.  C. ;  and  Mare  Island, 
California. 

The  building  of  a  floating  dry  dock  is  an  extensive 
piece  of  work,  and,  wliile  tliis  work  is  not  designated 
as  vessel  construction,  its  value  for  1905  appears  in 
this  report  under  the  head  of  "all  other  products." 


The  most  important  construction  of  lliis  kind  during 
1903  and  1904  was  the  building  of  the  self-docking 
steel  floating  dry  ilock  Dewey  for  the  naval  station 
in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

The  Dewey  is  capable  of  lifting  about  20.000  tons, 
wliich  is  considerably  more  than  the  weight  of  any 
vessel  now  in  the  United  States  Nav}^  The  diflicult 
feat  of  towing  this  enormous  dry  dock  14,000  miles 
from  the  sliipyard  to  Sui)ig  bay,  Philippine  Islands, 
has  been  safely  accomplished  since  the  compilation  of 
these  statistics,  and  it  may  now  be  added  to  the  list 
of  available  docks  of  the  United  States  Government. 

Marine  railways. — Table  31  pre.sents  the  number 
and  total  lifting  capacity  of  the  marine  railways  of 
the  United  States,  by  states  and  geographic  divi- 
sions, and  also  the  number  of  railways,  classified  by 
dimensions  and  lifting  capacity.  There  was  1  Govern- 
ment marine  railway  at  the  Noi-folk  navy  yard  wliich 
is  included  in  the  table.  There  were  also  5  Gov- 
ernment railways,  1  of  wliich  was  situated  at  Wash- 
ington", D.  C,  1  at  San  Juan,  Porto  Hico,  and  3  at 
Cavite,  Pliilippine  Islands,  which  are  not  included  in 
this  list,  as  these  stations  were  not  reported  as  being 
engaged  in  sliip  construction  and  repairs. 

Table  31  shows  that  more  than  one-half  the  total 
number  of  marine  railways  of  the  United  States  are 
located  in  the  North  Atlantic  states.  New  York  alone 
reported  about  one-fourth  of  the  total  number.  Of  the 
New  York  marine  railways,  31  have  a  cradle  length  ex- 
ceeding 100  feet,  33  a  cradle  breadth  exceeding  25  feet, 
and  1 1  have  a  lifting  capacity  exceeding  500  tons.  New 
Jersey  is  the  second  state  in  rank  of  the  North  Atlantic 
states  according  to  the  total  lifting  capacity  repre- 
sented by  marine  railways,  although  Connecticut  and 
Massachusetts  both  report  a  greater  number.  Of  the 
24  marine  railways  reported  in  New  Jersey,  12  have  a 
cradle  length  of  more  than  100  feet  and  10  have  a 
cradle  breadth  exceeding  25  feet,  while  5  have  a  lifting 
capacity  of  500  tons.  Eight  of  the  marine  railways 
reported  in  Connecticut  have  a  cradle  length  of  more 
than  100  feet,  9  a  craille  breadth  exceeding  25  feet, 
and  7  a  lifting  capacity  of  500  tons  or  over. 

Following  the  3  states  above  mentioned,  in  the  order 
of  their  importance  among  the  North  Atlantic  states 
in  tons  of  lifting  cajiacity  represented  in  marine  rail- 
way equipment,  are  Maine,  ilassachusetts,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Rhode  Island.  In  these  states  there  are  6 
railways  with  cradles  more  than  200  feet  in  length,  36 
railways  with  cradles  exceeding  25  feet  in  breadth,  and 
16  railways  with  a  lifting  capacity  of  500  tons  and  over. 


346 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  31.— NOIBER  AND  LIFTING  CAPACITY  OF  MARINE  RAILWAYS,  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO  DIMENSIONS 
AND  LIFTING  CAPACITY,  BY  STATES  AND  GEOGRAPHIC   DIVISIONS:  1905. 


Total 
num- 
ber. 

Total 

lifting 

capacity 

(tons). 

NUMBER 

OF   MARINE 

RAILWAYS. 

With  cradle  length  of— 

With  cradle 
breadth  of— 

With  cradle  draft  submerged- 

With  lifting  capa 
of— 

city 

STATE. 

Forward. 

Aft. 

Over 

200 
feet. 

101 

to 

200 

feet. 

50  to 

100 
feet. 

Less 
than 

50 
feet. 

Over 

50 
feet. 

25  to 

50 
feet. 

Less 
than 

25 
feet. 

Over 

10 
feet. 

5  to 

10 

feet. 

Less 
than 
5  feet. 

Over 

15 
feet. 

11  to 

15 
feet. 

5  to 

10 

feet. 

Less 
than 
5  feet.i 

Over 

1.000 
tons. 

SOI 

to 
1.000 
tons. 

100 
to 

5(X) 
tons.. 

Less 

than 

100 

tons. 

United  States      

413 

147,047 

44 

133 

107 

129 

16 

140 

257 

35 

234 

144 

51 

99 

221 

42 

34 

54 

141 

184 

North  Atlantic  division 

216 

71,901 

19 

62 

55 

80 

9 

79 

128 

22 

124 

70 

22 

48 

121 

25 

18 

21 

68 

109 

19 
28 
17 
26 
93 
24 
9 

80 

9,610 
7,055 
2,137 
10,358 
25,516 
12,680 
4,545 

29,678 

1 
1 

"'•i 

7 
4 
4 

13 

13 
7 
2 
6 

24 
8 
2 

31 

3 
3 

7 
6 
30 
4 
2 

18 

2 
17 

8 
12 
32 

8 

1 

18 

...... 

2 

4 

1 

15 
8 
5 

8 

31 

6 

6 

31 

4 
IS 
12 
17 
60 
14 

3 

48 

3 
4 

1 
4 
6 
4 

3 

15 
19 
13 
13 
46 
10 
S 

37 

1 
5 
3 
9 
41 
10 
1 

40 

3 
4 
1 
3 
9 
2 

10 

8 
8 
3 
5 
16 
5 
3 

26 

8 
11 
11 
17 
56 
14 

5 

30 

5 
2 
1 

13 
3 
1 

8 

2 

5 
3 

8 
8 
7 
•4 
31 
8 
2 

29 

4 

16 

Rhode  Island 

10 

Connecticut        

6 

4 

4 

1 
4 

17 

15 

New  York 

51 

^e\v  Jersev   

11 

2 

South  Atlantic  division 

28 

Delaware         

5 
30 

2 
25 

5 

1 
12 

41 

2,035 
10,470 
115 
10,114 
2,700 
1,000 
3,244 

8,839 

""X 

3 
16 

1 
8 
2 
5 

1 

1 
2 

2 
14 

3 
16 

2 
16 

3 

...... 

3 

14 

2 
14 

2 
13 

2 

1 
3 

1 
13 

2 

13 
2 

12 

1 

1 

1 

'""•i 

2 

5 

2 
14 

1 

9 

2 

Virginia 

6 

2 

...... 

3 

6 
2 
1 
3 

4 

8 

9 
2 

i2 

3 

1 
4 

26 

4 
2 

5 

i 

4 

11 

4 

3 

4 

3 

1 
2 

1 

9 
2 

9 

1 
1 

1 
11 

7 
23 

4 
7 

8 
33 

1 
1 

7 
14 

1 

6 
23 

2 
6 

1 
3 

2 

6 

7 

North  Central  division 

31 

4 
1 
4 
9 
1 
11 
3 
8 

33 

2,975 
1,500 
2,770 
572 
100 
202 
120 
600 

11,150 

...... 

2 

2 

1 

1 

...... 

1 

3 

2 

1 
3 
5 
1 
4 
2 
8 

15 

2 

4 

1 
2 

0 
1 
9 

""i 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

.......... 

2 
6 

2 

1 
1 

2 
8 

...... 

5 



2 

1 
1 
1 

1 

Michigan 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

8 

11 
3 

11 
3 
6 

28 

4 

7 
1 

2 

1 

10 



2 

8 

10 

3 

8 
12 

2 
4 

8 

South  Central  division 

4 

16 

1 

1 

14 

5 

,18 

3 

1 

22 

7 

1 
5 
7 
19 

1 

43 

1,500 
2,240 
1,825 
5,510 
75 

25,479 

1 
1 
1 

1 

L.....L...__ 

1 
3 

1 
2 
5 
7 

1 
1 
4 
4 

1 

1 

2 
6 
8 

2 

1 

1 
7 
19 

1 

20 

i 

2 

1 

2 
...... 

1 

6 

1 

1 

.    3 

3 
2 

12 
1 

23 

3 
7 
12 

1 

9 

.1 

11 

1 

1 

1 

5 

1 

Western  division    

5 

20 

7 



4 

19 

5 

32 

13 

4 

3 

4 

14 

16 

9 

1 
S 
7 

200 
0,452 
1,825 
17,002 

1 
2 

1 

1 
2 
5 
11 

1 
3 

5 

1 
4 
6 
12 

. 

1 
3 
S 

i 
1 

3 

3 
4 
13 

I 
■1 

~ 

4 
2 

11 

2 
1 

3 
1 

2 

...... 

2 
1 

1 

2 

...... 

3 

Oregon 

California. 

1 

3 

2 

5 

SITTPRTIT.DING. 


347 


POWER. 

The  statistics  regardinfjj  power  used  by  ])riv!itc  iron 
and  steel  and  wooden  slii[)l)iiil(lini^  cstaliiislinients 
rc{)ortcd  at  the  last  two  censuses  are  presented  in 
Tabic  32. 

Table  32. — Number  of  private  establishmrnls  reporting  power  owned 
or  rented,  mid  amount  of  eai-h  kind  of  power  available  for  use,  by 
branches:  1905  and  1900. 


Niinil>er    of    establishments 

reporting 

Total  liorsepower 

Owned— 

Engines— 
Steara — 

Number 

Horsepower  . . 
Gas  and  gasoline- 
Number 

Horsepower  ., 
Water  wheels- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Water  motors— 

Numljer 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors— 

Nimiber 

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horse- 
power  

Rented- 
Electric- 

Nuinljer 

Horsepower 

Other    kind,    horse- 
power  

Furnished  to  other  establish- 
ments, horsepower 


1905 


611 


1,015 
69,253 

182 
1,785 

4 

67 

5 
20 

1,137 
15,263 

4,404 


153 
2,307 

231 

170 


1900 


423 

07,949 


802 
55,849 


48 
645 


10 
1,700 


428 
6,202 


2,275 


975 
303 

127 


IRON   AND 
8TEEI.. 


1906       1900 


54 

66, 186 


439 
45,142 


2 
3 

1,121 
15, 157 

4,103 

100 
1,,563 

130 

]45 


43 

44,096 


308 
35,902 


395 
5,234 


692 
20 


1905       1900 


657 
27,204 


576 
24,111 


16 
106 


53 
804 


101 
25 


380 
23,853 


494 
19,947 

45 

617 

10 
1,700 


33 

968 


283 
283 
127 


Of  the  total  number  of  shipbuilding  establishments  in 
the  United  States,  .55.7  per  cent  reported  the  use  of 
power  in  lOO.'j  as  compared  with  38.2  per  cent  in  1900. 
All  the  iron  and  steel  .shipbuilding  establishments  and 
over  one-half  the  wooden  shiplniilding  establishments 
reported  power  used,  at  the  census  (jf  190.5.  There  was 
an  absolute  increase  of  2.5,441  horsepower  over  the 
amount  reported  in  1900,  which  represents  an  increase 
of  .50.1  per  cent  rei)orted  by  iron  and  steel  sliipbuild- 
ing  and  repair  ])lants,  and  of  14  per  cent  reported 
by  wooden  sliii)buil(ling  and  repair  establishments. 
There  were  486  wooden  shipl>uildiiig  and  repair  yards 
which  were  without  power. 

Of  the  total  horsepower  shown  for  the  census  of  190.5 
in  Table  32,  74.2  per  cent  represents  steam  engines 
owned,  an  increase  of  26.6  per  cent  in  number  and  24 
per  cent  in  horsepower  over  1900.  The  use  of  gas 
engines  is  reported  to  have  increa.sed  materialh",  while 
fewer  water  wheels  are  used.  Electricity  w^as  reported 
to  a  much  greater  extent  for  1905,  as  is  shown  in  the 
increased  number  of  electric  motors  reported,  and  by 
the  heavy  increase  of  146.1  percent  in  the  electric 
horsepower  reported.  In  fact,  electricity  has  become 
essential  to  the  equipment  of  a  modem  shipbuilding 
plant. 

The  detailed  statistics  of  the  ship])uilding  industries 
are  shown,  by  states,  for  1905  in  Tables  33  and  34. 
Table  33  is  a  summary  of  statistics  for  iron  and  steel 
shipbuilding,  and  Table  34  is  a  summary  for  wooden 
shipl)uildiiig. 


348  MANUFACTURES. 

Table  33.— IROX  AXD  STEEL  SHIPBUILDING— DETAILED  SliMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


United 
States. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital ,  total 

Land • 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements ■. 

Cash  and'sundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Ninnber - 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year.. 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

.Vverage  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  imder  16  years — 

.\verage  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  em- 
ployed during  each  month:  - 
Men  16  years  and  over — 

J  anua  ry 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June ■ 

July 

August 

September 

October ■ 

NovomlxT 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Taxes 

Rent  of  offlces.  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  ex- 
penses not  hitherto  included 

Contract  work 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

I'ig  and  scrap  iron 

Iron  and  steel,  plates,  beams,  angles,  foigings,  rivets,  bolts 

and  spikes,  castings,  etc 

Yellow  niftai.  including  bolts  and  spikes 

Copp^-r.  she<'ts  and  pipes 

Lumlwr,  all  kinds  (mcluding  logs,  timber,  and  knees) 

Cordage— 

wTrc 

Ma  nila  and  hemp 

Oakum  ami  pitch 

Machinery  and  boilers,  purchased 

Anchors  an<l  chains,  purchased 

Masts  and  spars,  purchased 

Blocks,  purchased , 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Freight 

Products,  total  value , 

Vessels  of  .5  tons  and  over 

.Small  boats  under  .">  tons 

Repair  work,  including  rigging,  calking,  etc 

A II  other  products 

Power: 

N'umlK'r  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horjM'power ,  

Owned  - 

Engines— 
Steam- 
Number 

f  I  orsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Nun»l>er 

1 1  orsepriwi-r 

Wat4'r  motors- 

Numlwr 

Ilfirsepower ,. 

Electric  motors— 

Number 

Ilorsepfiwer 

fither  power,  horsepower 

Rented 

Klertrlc  motors  - 

Numher 

Ilfirneriower 

other  kind,  horsepower 

Furnished  tf»  ftther  eAlabltshments,  horsepower 


54 
J101,528,251 
$17,955,229 
$19,592,761 
$21,985,832 
$41,994,429 

18 

1,770 
$2,544,297 

96 

$567,045 

1.674 
SI.  977. 252 

1.592  ' 
$1,920,797 

82 
856,455 

48,303 

26,117 

36,742 

$20,809,908 

35,941 

$20,647,475 

44 
$21,552 

757 
$140,881 


35,793 
35,  U3 

35,928 

37,455 

36,264 

36,0.33 

35,491 

35.508 

35,674 

35,903 

35,862 

35,938 

$3, 767, 620 

$111,695 

$229,874 

$3,144,279 

$281,772 

$27,601,824 

$191,573 

$12,451,583 

$377,666 

$758,282 

$1,815,470 

$80,026 

$112,129 

$.37, 668 

$3,636,068 

$110,217 

$33,241 

$27,565 

$965, 548 

$29,813 

$237,474 

$0,611,295 

$126, 206 

$38.4.33,314 

$43.:«5.704 

$293,  .551 

$12,191,854 

$2,552,205 

54 
66,180 


4.39 
45,142 


Connecti- 
cut. 


15,187 
4. 103 


100 
I,6li3 

i:io 

146 


4 

$704,500 

$16,500 

$71,000 

$274,000 

$343,000 

4 

46 
$73,600 

3 

$20,000 

43 
$53,600 

41 
$52,000 


$1,600 

1.664 

824 

1.263 

$655,000 

1,263 
$655,000 


1,548 

1,.530 

1.493 

1,428 

1,441 

1,418 

1,302 

1,177 

1,010 

952 

971 

880 

$61,575 

$7,000 

$1,300 

$40,075 

$13,200 

$2,104,695 

$2,000 

$639,100 

$525 

$38,000 

$118,200 

$5,500 
$10, 100 

$1,000 

$465,000 

$15,000 

$3,000 

$6,500 
$51,930 


Maryland. 


$3,068,366 
$238,400 
$432,926 

$1,630,284 
$766,  756 


$118,462 


4 

$8,108 


94 
$110,351 


94 
$110,354 


2,306 

988 

2.050 

$1,015,653 

2,031 
$1,010,219 


19 
$5,434 


2.205 
2,106 
2.192 
1.993 
1.856 
2.024 
2.050 
2,094 
2,018 
1,994 
1,940 
1,840 
$179,041 


$7,368 

$171,673 

$i,'36i,"4i6' 


$7,725 

$800,615 

$500 

$3. 187, 670 

$3,018,000 


$169,520 
$150 


4 

025 


$663,972 

$198 

$27,420 

$94, 720 


$1,320 

$.370 

$118. 186 

$2,553 

$2,462 

$1,355 

$71,031 


$20,200 
$350. 594 


$3,516,314 
$2,253,020 


$5:19,244 
$724,050 

3 
4,329 


41 
3.280 


70 
1,043 


Michigan. 


$3,126,832 
$630, 115 
$753,  774 
$888,621 
$854, 322 


New 
Jersey. 


102 
$99,402 

7 
$26,300 

95 

$73, 102 

81 
$71,403  i 

14 
$1,699 

2,972 

554 

1,346 

$770, 953 

1,322 
$766,561 


24 
$4,392 


979 

1,006 

940 

642 

413 

2.483 

1,684 

2,060 

2,008 

1,796 

945 

$207,450 

$7,300 

$23, 344 

$59, 722 
$117,084 
$684,099 

$24,569 

$398,704 

$33,408 

$1,130 

$35, 373 

$5,060 

$5,230 

$542 

$7.3,450 

$15,824 

$700 

$875 

$39,  »M 

$2,400 

$.5,919 

$29,215 

$11,850 

$2,029,836 

$l,:iS6,8(V1 

$,80,000 

$467,173 

$95,794 

5 
3,460 


20 
2,100 


$8,006,760 
$1,139,500 
$2,981,341 
$2, 295, 983 
$1,589,936 
6 

262 
$406,548 

9 

$67, 056 

253 
$339,492 

252 
$338,742 

1 
$750 

3,685 

2,824 

3,279 

$1,990,543 

3,279 
$1,990,543 


New  York. 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


10 
$6,988,621 
$1,842,588 
$865,576 
$1,852,337 
$2,428,020 
5 

164 
$274,071 

13 
$74,425 

151 
$199, 646 

150 
$199, 135 

1 
$511 


$17,436,760 
$7,248,000 
$1,979,650 
$3,659,772 
$4,549,338 


297 
$450, 106 


15 
$128, 167 


282 
$321,939 


282 
$321,939 


6,506  7,279 

1,879  I  4,961 

3,397  I  6,098 

:,  384, 565  i  $3,187,699 


3,395 
$2, 383,  760 


$803 


All  other 
states.' 


41 
1,210 


12 
ISO 


3,550 
3. 469 
3,366 
3,324 
3.307 
3,113 
3,061 
2,991 
3,325 
3,340 
3.249 
3,253 
$170. 698 
$7,950 
$8,138 

$119,997 

$34,613 

$2, 587, 626 

$5,000 

$1,880,492 

$100, 586 

$24, 445 

$147,670 

$3, 496 

$19. 054 

$1,850 

$141.0,89 

$:).  165 

$1,044 

$3,9:iO 

$108. 549 

$2,817 

$17,287 

$126,047 

$505 

$5.271.:f27 

$4.. 590.  .378 

$8,000 

$.597,949 

$75,000 


7,919 


15 
5,083 


312 
2,738 


100 


3,562 
2,989 
2,965 
4,868 
4,750 
4,610 
2,981 
2,930 
2,678 
2,757 
2,862 
2,788 
$645,271 
$31,900 
$47,207 

$566, 164 


5,727 
$3,101,223 


5  . 
$2,006 


:it«i 
$84. 470 


6.333 
5.599 
5,896 
5,993 
6,057 
0,011 
5,656 
5,760 
5.686 
5,770 
5,545 
5,418 
$.857,721 
$46,200 
$32, 184 

$779,337 


$2,088,158 
$7,769 

$688,768 
$36,022 
$24, 655 

$249,811 

$21,717 

$17,727 

$15,326 

$97. 126 

$16.  .371 

$18,  i)78 

$7,771 

$88,758 

$6, 1S7 

$13,  ,566 

$755,9.34 

$22,072 

$5,927,721 

$I.9n3,0,S3 

$171,217 

$3,704,649 

$58,770 

10 
7,213 


$4,856,021 
$20,605 

$2,079,901 
$109, 631 
$427,821 
$264,993 

$19,884 
$10, 574 
$4,251 
$673,786 
$21,121 
$4, 827 
$2,  .581 
$142,131 


$11,955 
$1,059,748 

$2,212  I 
$9,1)43,164  I 
$7,504,876 

$i,'2S8.'67:V 
$750,215 

5I 
10.904 


21 
$62,196,512 
$6,840,126 
$12,508,494 
$11,384,835 
$31,463,057 
3 

801 
$1,122,108 

45 
$242,989 

756 
$879,119 

692 
$827,224 

64 

$51,895 

23,891 

14.087 

19.309 

$10,803,495 

18,924 
$10, 740, 169 

37 

$18,741 

348 
$41'.,  585 


18,627 
18, 771 
19,010 
18,909 
18,211 
18,444 
17,958 
18,872 
18,891 
19,082 
19,499 
20,814 
$1,045,864 
$ll,:i45 
$110,333 

$1,407,311 

$116,875 

$13,859,809 

$131.  630 

$6,100,646 
$97,296 
$214,811 
$904, 703 

$23,394 

$47, 524 

$14,329 

$2,067,431 

$36,183 

$2,630 

$4,. 553 

$463,299 

$18,409 

$1:14.762 

$3.4,SH,  142 

$S9,067 

$28,957,2.83 

$22, 649, 477 

$34,334 

$5,425,246 

$848,226 

21 
31,430 


02 
6,730 

115 

0,100 

180 
22,063 

2 
13 

1 

20 

3 
4S 

1 

1 

1 

2 

306 
480 

172 
2,736 
2,048 

50(1 
7,061 
1 ,  .500 

49 

m 

084 

720 

30 

146 

<  Includes  eatnhlliihments   dlslrlliiited   as    follows:   California,  3;  Delaware,  3;  Florida,    I.    Illii 
Rhode  Island.  I;  Virginia.  I;  Wu«tilnKton,  I;  Wlseonsln,  I. 

'  The  nverngn  numbers  of  women  and  chlldri'n  employeil  during  each  month,  being  small,  an'  not  shown  In  this  toblo, 


I.    Louisiana.   2;  Maine,   1;  Massachusetts,   3;  Ohio,   3; 


350 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  34.— WOODEN  SHIPBUILDING,  INCLUDING  BOAT 


28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 

44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 

51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
63 
66 
67 

68 
69 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery',  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  andsundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  num her 

Total  sala  ries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

.Sala  Ties 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  sala  ries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Average  number ." 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Women  in  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month  :i 
Men  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Taxes .' 

Kent  of  offices,  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  in- 
cluded. 

Contract  work 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Pig  and  stTap  iron , 

Ironand  steel. plates,  beams, angles, forgings,  rivets,  bolts  and  spikes, castings, etc. 

Yellow  metal,  including  bolts  and  spikes 

Copper,  sheets  and  pipes '. 

Lumber,  all  kinds  (mcluding  logs,  timber,  and  knees) 

Cordage— 

Wire 

Manila  and  hemp 

Oakum  and  pitch 

Machinery  and  boilers,  purchased 

Anchors  and  chains,  purchased 

Ma.'tls  and  spars,  purchased 

IJlocks.  purchaseci 

Fuel 

Ken  t  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Freigh  t 

Products,  total  value 

Vessels  of  5  tons  and  over 

Small  bonis  un<U'r.'i  tons 

Kcpalr  work,  including  rigging,  calking,  etc 

A II  other  products 

Power; 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned  — 
Knglncs— 
Steam— 

Number 

I!orsei>ower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Number 

1 1  orsepower 

Water  wheelii— 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  motors — 

Number 

Flfirsepower 

Klc<-trie  motors — 

Num  ber 

Ilornepower 

other  power,  horscjtowor 

Ueiiliil 

Kill- trie  rnotorn— 

Number 

fforsepower 

Other  ki rid ,  horsepower 

Fumlshofl  to  other  ostabllahments,  hormpower 


'  The  uveratie  iiiimliers  of  women  and  children  employed  during  each  month,  being  small,  are  not 


United  States. 

Alabama. 

California. 

Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

1,043 

7 

38 

42 

7 

«20,095,449 

$309. 406 

$693,268 

$1,000,143 

$77,530 

$3,924,313 

$36,260 

$62,810 

$130,610 

$6,4.50 

$3,140,518 

$2,150 

$68,540 

$68,650 

$4,510 

S.5.007.590 

$171,722 

$251,140 

$321,132 

S2S.230 

$8,023,028 

$99,274 

$310,778 

$479, 751 

$38,340 

1,172 

7 

39 

41 

8 

710 

6 

31 

34 

3 

$795,444 

$12,240 

$47,840 

$30,979 

$2,400 

137 

2 
$4,800 

3 

$10,800 

6 
$9,700 

28 

$242,114 

573 

4 

28 

3 

$553,330 

$7,440 

$37,040 

$21,279 

$2,400 

517 

4 

24 

25 

3 

$.'i32,598 

$7,440 

$34,460 

$20,275 

$2,400 

56 

4 
$2,580 

3 

$1,004 

$20,732 

23,880 

243 

1,013 

938 

105 

8,160 

129 

364 

535 

31 

14,012 

174 

639 

735 

61 

$8,431,179 

$92, 100 

$537,046 

$332,253 

$23,862 

13,974 

174 

637 

735 

.59 

$8,420,409 

$92,100 

$536, 740 

$332,253 

$23,567 

21 

$6,902 

- 

17 

2 
$306 

2 
$295 

$3,868 

10,896 

181 

625 

559 

31 

11,552 

169 

602 

562 

32 

13.260 

166 

673 

651 

47 

15.676 

164 

69ti 

723 

70 

16,846 

171 

656 

818 

85 

16,719 

187 

643 

817 

85 

l,'i,7,i0 

184 

664 

831 

80 

15.218 

177 

633 

857 

73 

14,652 

181 

598 

762 

68 

13,463 

175 

530 

750 

56 

12,295 

151 

666 

740 

S3 

11,361 

182 

658 

750 

28 

$1 , 487,  886 

$10,892 

$37,913 

$25,342 

$19,875 

$203, 244 

$2, 370 

$10,250 

$3,920 

$650 

$95,  706 

$1, 161 

$2,772 

$1,577 

$213 

$796,290 

$7,361 

$23,683 

$19,845 

$1,912 

$392,646 

$1,208 

$17, 100 

$9,861,355 

$66,395 

$500,349 

$641,995 

$39,885 

$37,917 

$1,495 

$1,080,841 

$4,116 

$72,887 

$80,300 

$5,627 

$16.5,088 

$2,770 

$15,231 

$1,941 

$1,054 

$104,203 

$21,215 

$1,715 

$208 

$4,884,617 

$44,650 

$248,795 

$348,946 

$20,796 

$98,341 

$600 

$4,781 

$955 

$199,634 

$1,618 

$19,097 

$8,  ,543 

$124 

$214,003 

$3,181 

$12,035 

$10,429 

$594 

$912,414 

$100 

$28,366 

$.56, 743 

$8,000 

$140, 130 

$500 

$6,131 

$9, 260 

$116 

$140,806 

$1,780 

$3,999 

$11,200 

$86 

$54,751 

$200 

$2,921 

$1,840 

$51 

$162,865 

$1,9.50 

$13,410 

$7,823 

$412 

$30,729 

$72 

$795 

$449 

$52,517 

$276 

$3,540 

$1,421 

$106 

$1,.W2,488 

$4,582 

$41,407 

$95, 943 

$1,0.39 

$80,011 

$4,244 

$4,4.S7 

$1,672 

$24,  Xir,,  92.5 

$218,3,55 

$1,414,103 

$1,372,734 

$99,015 

$!I.724,23I 

$.32,;«0 

86(16.0111) 

$1,075,328 

$62,820 

$2,707,741 

$613 

.?! ■.>(!.  {IV 

$95,  744 

826,  419 

$10,637,180 

$182,292 

Slill.H.Mi 

$186,512 

$9,309 

$l,2(Ki,707 

$;t,  100 

$4,1,  l.'i.'i 

$15, 150 

$467 

.557 

4 

27 

23 

4 

27,204 

2.10 

4,367 

1,085 

187 

576 

5 

33 

19 

7 

24,111 

2M 

4,125 

935 

187 

175 

4 

10 

13 
117 

1,097 

4 

67 

3 

1 
10 

17 

10 

10 
70 
120 

3 
31 

5 

106 

301 

53 

1 
20 

2 
23 

804 

101 

26 



i  month,  being  s 

mall,  are  not 

ilinwii  hi  Ibis 

tnble. 

SHIPBUILDING. 

BUILDING— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:   1905. 


351 


Bistrict  of 
Columbia. 


JOflO 


8190 

$800 

4 


Florida. 


20 
4 

$4.  isr, 

7 
$4, 185 


3 
4 
5 

14 
14 
9 
6 
7 
S 
6 
B 
5 
SS40 
$320 


$220 


$3,455 
""$415 


$.50 
$2, fi70 


$40 

$72 


$8 


$200 


$9. 244 

$2,900 

$894 

$5,450 


13 

SC3.059 
$17,70(1 
$10,400 
$13.  .WO 
$14,059 
14 

S 

$4,780 

2 
$1,300 

3 

$3,480 

3 
$3,480 


198 

47 

92 

$39,803 

92 
$39,803 


Illinois. 


21 
$1,094,307 
$017,825 
$2,52,550 
$112,707 
$111.1(>5 

20 

14 
$17,409 


$10,545 


Indiana. 


7 
$G,864 


7 
$6,864 


81 
72 
95 
82 
94 
97 
111 
99 
99 
93 
94 
87 

$3,904 
$730 
$405 

$2,017 

$740 

S30, 085 

$112 

$2. 727 

$893 

$2,200 

$16, 701 

$79 
$833 
$1,009 
$3,200 
$200 
$158 
$110 
$208 


$135 

$7, 994 


$115,401 

$.■54,596 

S-23,  905 

$56,  .300 

S600 

4 
52 


$179,385 


287 
$179,055 


1 
$330 


10 

$254,471 

$105,950 

$40,900 

$42,500 

$05, 121 

7 

17 
$17,804 


$8,500 

11 

$9,304 

10 
$9,000 

1 
$364 

405 

166 

302 

$124,253 

302 
$124,253 


Iowa. 


300 
318 
375 
413 
339 
298 
227 
199 
241 
347 
178 
209 

$45. 058 
$2,055 
$4. 213 

$34,536 

$4,834 

$117,695 

$002 

$10,210 

$2,095 

S450 

802. 000 

$999 

SS17 

84, 249 

$8, 775 

$712 

$550 

8602 

$4,682 

860 

$1,121 

$17,418 

$2,347 

$414,085 

$45, 670 

$46, 115 

8319,310 

$2,990 

11 
1,191 


17 
1,142 


9 
$169, 597 
$10,150 
$26, 635 
$60,031 
$72,781 

8 

19 
$12, 8;t(i 

1 
$1,000 

18 
$11,836 

16 
$11,141 


$695 

188 

74 

109 

$57,520 

109 
$57,520 


Kentucky. 


122 
141 
203 
232 
374 
384 
382 
378 
381 
378 
313 
336 

$41,415 

8100 

81,730 

$39,585 


$218, 965 

$11,520 

828,110 

86,650 

$940 

8135, 040 

8805 

$1,010 

85,  787 

$1, 750 

$770 

8205 

$220 

$6,260 


$2, 718 

$15,680 

$1,500 

$477,  726 

8321,760 

$.50. 946 

$56, 705 

$48,315 

7 
649 


16 
620 


106 

149 

162 

126 

112 

98 

86 

113 

105 

92 

$24,  428 

$400 

$102 

$23,926 


$62, 966 

$30 

$7,396 

$1,916 

$1,021 

$15,357 

$10 
$33 
$145 
$1,870 
$64 


$13 
$3,122 


$2,  452 
$25,333 

84,204 
$170,  589 
$22, 570 
$73.  .598 
$31,075 
$43,346 

7 
248 


$72,830 

$8,700 

$5,700 

$12,730 

$45, 700 

9 


$0.  .380 


4 

$3. 180 


3 
$3,400 


3 
$3,400 


Louisiana. 


Maine. 


231 

00 

115 

$71,394 

115 
$71,394 


120 
105 
■82 
74 
131 
131 
124 
128 
127 
148 
107 
103 

85. 487 

800 

$058 

$4, 769 


$47, 657 


$2,326 
$5.30 


$33,486 

850 

850 

$3,497 

$500 

$25 


$40 
$290 


$793 

$.5,914 

$130 

8150.990 

820,000 

$3,280 

$127, 710 


4 

108 


5 

108 


18 
$82,907 
$0,450 
$10, 250 
$22, 450 
$43,817 
22 

8 
$10, 070 

3 
$4,200 

5 
$0,  470 

5 
$6, 470 


572 

104 

211 

$122,564 

210 
$122,414 


1 
$150 


182 

191 

192 

199 

251 

269 

236 

260 

237 

206 

147 

150 

88. 120 

81,181 

8780 

86, 1.33 


$94, 254 
$15 

$13,309 
$2, 162 
$1,422 

$51,783 

$115 

$225 

$2,314 

$11, 150 

825 

8190 

$10 

$2,399 


$61)7 

$7,901 

$507 

$322. 001 

8182. 813 

$7,638 

$131,893 


12 
417 


138 

$1,221,691 
8120,715 
$171,780 
8251.312 
$677,884 
173 

33 

$34,076 

S 
814.S(JO 

25 
$19,276 

17 
$17, 127 


$2, 149 

2,326 

558 

1,322 

$759,288 

1,320 
$758,738 

2 

$550 


Maryland. 


Massachu- 
setts. 


929 

1,113 

1,391 

1,528 

1,640 

1,660 

1,683 

1,706 

1,507 

1,108 

707 

8170, 130 

84,044 

87,940 

844,008 

8113.532 

$1,715,117 

$6, 899 

$95, 508 

$22,985 

84.842 

8763, 150 

$31,518 

$51,708 

$20,683 

$183,967 

871,035 

848. 969 

821.031 

$6,015 

83.493 

82. 735 

8360, 368 

$19,  .531 

$3,038,010 

$2,  459.  622 

$228, 0.50 

$297. 853 

$52. 489 

55 
1,719 


44 
1,162 


14 
199 


11 
353 


32 

$1.1.37.2.34 

$200. 002 

$146,  l»7 

890,853 

$719, 102 

47 

42 
$54,613 

7 
$9, 495 

35 
$45,118 

34 
$45,014 

1 

$104 

1,204 

461 

722 

$324,839 

722 
$.324,839 


534 

487 

603 

765 

829 

840 

775 

841 

777 

731 

721 

761 

.$60, 187 

810,812 

$10,334 

$42, 691 

$2,350 
$423,445 


$39.  774 

810. 549 

8959 

$257. 165 

$1,922 
$3, 184 
811.205 
$40,  (535 
$3,274 
$6. 803 
$1,9.50 
$6, 0S4 


$1,069 

$35,420 

8846 

$1. 024,831 

$478. 283 

844. 170 

$471,378 

831,020 

22 
1,929 


28 
1.781 


122 

$l,(x;7.843 
$215,565 
$125,  4.37 
$18.5.045 
8541,796 
135 

50 
$45, 183 

15 

$21,742 

35 
$23,  441 

28 
$21,1.37 

7 
$2,284 

1,580 

422 

798 

$533,863 

796 
$533,421 

1 
$364 

1 

$78 


636 
696 
799 
940 
1.007 
944 
873 
811 
756 
824 
677 
589 
$116,050 

$22, 313 
$6, 826 

$51,652 

$35,259 

$668, 810 

$70 

$70,401 

$8,151 

$9,492 

8.331.215 

$12. 482 

$19, 922 

$7,517 

$(i9,041 

$2,872 

822,185 

81.825 

87,304 

83,291 

81,823 

$96. 810 

84,409 

81. .581. 847 

8321.967 

$3,>7. 3tx» 

$035. 717 

$266. 798 

53 

862 


Michigan. 


35 
621 


15 
139 


52 
$784,715 
$79,872 
$12(i.85:} 
$1.36,003 
$441,387 

59 


$:j5,590 

5 

$8,680 

43 

$26,910 

32 
$23,575 

11 
$3,335 

1.334 

407 

6.52 

$297,300 

648 
$296,097 

4 
$1,203 


S25 

652 

664 

628 

631 

686 

609 

535 

723 

749 

741 

633 

$101,393 

$2,706 

$5,  .369 

$91,556 

$1,562 

$394, 9(55 

$3,475 

$58,848 

$12. 150 

$3.3a5 

$148,880 

$2,113 

$3,553 

$3,365 

$35, 305 

87,016 

$4,430 

$2,233 

$7, 164 

$90 

$2,272 

$94,527 

$6,239 

$943. 0,30 

8273. 608 

8318. 95S 

$221,309 

$129, 155 

25 
1,914 


25 
1,719 


Minnesota. 


28 
$319,370 

$27,875 

$65,550 

$77,2.35 

$148.  (»0 

30 

16 
$14,670 


16 
$14,670 

14 
$13, 470 

2 
$1,200 

382 

158 

224 

$132,9.37 

224 
$132,957 


163 
197 

257 
297 
320 
272 
268 
240 
183 
168 
171 
152 

$16,668 
$1,751 
$1,594 

$12, 198 

81,125 
$101.6.58 

82. 225 
$14,  .343 

$3.1X0 

$3,488 
$44,904 

$1,811 

$644 

$749 

$10.  (i60 

$1,318 

$197 

$2.38 

$4,252 

$440 

$1,130 

$11,300 

$497 

$342,113 

$79,924 

$172. 493 

$55,900 

$33,796 


10 

11 

12 
13 

14 
15 

16 
17 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 

24 
25 

26 
27 


28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 

44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 

51 
52 
S3 
54 
55 
56 
57 
5S 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 


23   68 
308   69 


IS   70 
177   71 


12   72 
105   73 


74 
75 


78 
79 

80 


1  81 

5  82 

15  83 

...  84 


352 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  34.— WOODEN  SHIPBUILDING,  INCLUDING  BOAT 


Mississippi. 


Missouri. 


New  Hamp- 
shire. 


New  Jersey.      New  York. 


28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
3S 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
4K 
47 
48 
49 
50 

51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
5« 

r^^ 

58 
59 
00 
61 
«2 
03 

(i5 
HA 
07 

08 
09 


70 


72 
73 

74 

75 

78 

77 

78 
79 
80 


81 
82 
83 
84 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings .' 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and'sundries , 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries , 

Men- 
Number  

Salaries 

Women- 
Number  

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

.\ugust 

September 

Octolier 

Novemiier 

Decemlier 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Itent  ot  works 

Taxes 

Kent  of  offlccs. interest , insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  included . 

Contract  work 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Pig  and  scrap  iron 

Iron  and  steel,  plates.  l>eams.  angles,  forgings,  rivets,  bolts  and  spikes,  castings,  etc. 

Yellow  metal,  including  bolts  and  spikes 

Copper,  sheets  and  pipes 

Lumlier,  all  kinds  (including  logs,  timber,  and  knees) 

Cordage- 
Wire 

Manila  and  hemp 

Oakum  and  pitch 

.Machinery  and  boilers,  purchased 

-\nchors  and  chains,  purchased 

.Masts  arid  spars,  purchased 

Blocks,  purchased 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

\ II  other  materials ^ 

Freight 

Products,  total  value 

\'esselM  oi  5  tons  and  over 

Small  boats  luider  5  tons 

Ueptijr  wftrk.  Including  rigging,  calking,  etc 

-Ml  other  products 

Power: 

Xunilter  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned— 

Engines- 
Steam— 

N  unil>cr. 

I  loraepower, 

Gas  and  gasoline— 

N  umlicr. 

I  lorscpower. 

Water  wheels — 

Nunilier 

Horsepower. 

Water  motors — 

Nunilier 

Morse  power. 

Eleclrlr-  motors — 

NuniU-r 

1 1  orwpower. 

Other  power,  hornpower 

Rented 

Kleclric  niotors— 

Nuintier 

llftrnepftwrT 

other  kind.  lir»r«'powcr 

KiiriiiMiu'ii  i(,  ,.fhi>r  i-'.iiiiiiifthmenis,  horsepower 


13 

S39.750 
S6,000 
511,375 
SI  6, 300 
S6.075 
14 


118 

125 
S85.069 

124 
$84,949 


1 
$120 


120 

121 
129 
135 
136 
122 
144 
141 
117 
116 
104 
103 

S4,643 
$241 
$603 

S3, 799 


$98,875 


$20,540 
$8,610 


$42,975 

$2, 120 

$2,270 

$1,695 

$12,000 

$935 

$480 

$495 

$675 


$428 

$5,602 

$,50 

$243,747 

$114,800 

$2,996 

$125,951 


10 
289 


6 

$23,733 

$500 

$350 

$8,273 

$14,610 

5 


$2,880 


$2,880 


2 
$2,880 


150 

108 

133 

$99. 4S9 

133 
$99,489 


147 
147 
147 
140 
146 
122 
125 
135 
132 
113 
119 
117 
$7,097 
$3,520 
$60 
$3,517 


$44,2 


$3,184 

$874 

$C83 

$24,588 


$40 

$1,110 

$5,974 

$60 

$110 

$45 

$543 

$225 

$156 

$6,562 

$118 

$15S,964 

$5,125 

$11,479 

$142,360 


3 
1.55 


5 

$5,665 

$400 

$900 

$2,075 

$2,290 

6 


5 

5 

$2,612 


4 
$2,512 


1 
$100 


3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

$279 

$103 

^i2 

$144 


$4,104 


$115 


$25 
$2,270 

$10 
$25 
$25 
$544 
$10 


$3 
$280 


$20 

$7.52 

$26 

$11,S98 

$1,450 

$8,698 

$225 

$I,.525 

1 


20 


$2, 883, 9' 4 

$356,850 

$281,250 

$1,092,890 

$l,lo2,924 

73 

1 
54 
$81,718 

13 
$37,836 

41 
$43,882 

40 
$43, 570 

1 
$312 

2.213 

1.045 

1,.')S4 

$1,042,159 

1.584 
$1,042,1,59 


1.162 

1.247 

1.4,56 

1,702 

1,943 

1,914 

1.906 

1,827 

1,652 

1,405 

1,445 

1,259 

$211,480 

$22,911 

.?9,22S 

$89,118 

$00,223 

$874,177 


$08,753 

$6,6.57 

$:i,650 

$411,8.53 

$2,426 

$:W.066 

.$24,200 

$40,930 

$4,014 

$6,9i)3 

$3,053 

$13,697 

$15,800 

S.S,010 

$194,408 

$4,7.59 

$2,464,003 

$428,211 

$271,047 

$1,6,56,845 

$107,000 

37 

2,578 


60 
2,471  I 

10 

85 


1 

10 
10 


200 
$4,755,836 
$1,134,407 
$1,125,317 
$8>9,388 
$1,676,  •'24 

231 

173 
$196, 672 

29 
$51,100 

144 
$145,572 

137 
$142,423 

7 
$3, 149 

5,321 
1,627 
3,031 

$2,002,468 

3,020 
$1,999,127 

9 
$3,100 

2I 
$241  I 


2,388 

2,628 

2,908 

3,679 

3,778 

3,862 

3,472 

3,332 

3,096 

2,516 

2,384 

2,197 

$375,939 

$91,171 

$10,090 

8176,199 

$89,470 

$1,000,767 

$6,154 

$21W,400 

$31,480 

$37,939 

$1,040,134 

$21,864 

$19,1)47 

$45,469 

$100,, 100 

$11,630 

$14,735 

$9,727 

$34,884 

$4,730 

$10,307 

$235, 151 

$8,117 

$5,337,582 

$1,614,000 

$403,470 

$3,022,310 

$297,802 

115 


101 
3,469 


37 
279 


16 
232 
45 


1 


Includes  estahliHhninnt**  dlNtrlbittJ'd  iit  follows    floorgla,2;  Idaho,  3;  South  Carolina,  I ;  TnnnesHoe,  2. 


SHIPBUILDING. 


353 


BUILDING- 

-DETAILE 

D  SUMMA 

RY,  BY  ST 

^.TES:  1905 

— Continue 

d. 

North  Caro- 
lina. 

Ohio. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania. 

Rhode 
Island. 

Texas. 

Virginia. 

Washington. 

West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin. 

AU  other 
statefe  I 

8 

12 

19 

11 

28 

15 

8 

23 

39 

3 

32 

1 

$71,570 

$251,312 

$119,710 

$570,504 

$096,033 

$10,905 

$567,365 

$690.. 503 

$125,614 

$821,888 

$91,106       2 

$15, 550 

$58. 650 

$49.()(K1 

$95,9.50 

$41,500 

$270 

$170,675 

$141,127 

$6,000 

$191,900 

$8,000       3 

$2,000 

$36,350 

SII.KKl 

$47,651 

$111,166 

$1,425 

$39,950 

$69. 475 

$:t7,942 

$208,240 

$22,825       4 

$23, 1(10 

$38,743 

.■SUT.Il.'MI 

$179,5.30 

$195, 125 

$3,160 

$218,650 

$3()5,.500 

$36,813 

$162,548 

$28,925       5 

$30,2(i0 

'$117,569 

S21.'.3(.(l 

$247,373 

$348, 242 

$6,050 

$138,090 

$114,401 

$44,859 

$259,200 

$31,356       6 

14 

23 

8 

28 

15 

11 

30 

46 

34 

11       7 

2 

12 

4 

24 

16 

27 

27 

g 

27 

1 

8 

$1, 170 

$12,374 

3 
$3,740 

9 
$8,634 

9 
$8,634 

$6,900 

$31,892 

$32,060 

5 

$17,700 

11 
$14, 360 

$25, 230 

$20. 213 

$7,082 

$28,123 

$800 

9 

I 

$864 

26 
$24, 366 

$5,200 

22 
$15,013 

3 
$3,052 

5 

$4, 0.W 

9 
$13,880 

18 
$14,243 

10 

11 

2 
$1,170 

2 
$1,170 

■       4 
$6  900 

24 
$31,892 

23 

$31  352 

1  1  12 

$800      13 

4 
$6,900 

11 
$14,360 

25 
$23. 950 

22 
$15,013 

5 
$4,630 

11 
$11,643 

1      14 

$800 

15 

1 
$540 

638 

1 
$416 

651 

7 
$2,600 

757 

16 

17 

200 

456 

383 

345 

71 

931 

142 

142 

18 

30 

138 

98 

315 

170 

24 

150 

361 

29 

247 

80 

19 

73 

246 

169 

413 

228 

30 

381 

501 

85 

459 

98 

20 

$37,404 

$122,082 

$121,760 

$285,597 

$156,938 

$22,605 

$162,500 

$311,882 

$38,006 

$255,237 

$52,759 

21 

73 

243 

109 

408 

228 

30 

378 

501 

85 

459 

98 

22 

$37,404 

$120,727 

2 
$1,100 

1 
$255 

167 

$121,760 

$283,042 

1 
$155 

4 
$1,800 

274 

$156,938 

$22,605 

$161,877 

$311,882 

$38,006 

$255,237 

$52,759 

23 
24 

25 

3 
$623 

232 

26 

27 

83 

136 

191 

43 

421 

48 

427 

73 

28 

72 

148 

120 

309 

189 

24 

262 

466 

48 

445 

78 

29 

63 

225 

174 

404 

200 

24 

230 

543 

72 

565 

85 

3U 

74 

317 

129 

466 

238 

28 

441 

599 

103 

687 

88 

31 

75 

349 

127 

499 

264 

40 

528 

685 

107 

630 

122 

32 

82 

324 

162 

404 

282 

44 

,534 

588 

131 

599 

118 

33 

84 

278 

158 

378 

259 

43 

516 

627 

129 

466 

120 

34 

80 

280 

192 

336 

236 

35 

480 

467 

100 

434 

121 

3o 

94 

24S 

295 

446 

226 

30 

418 

387 

87 

389 

102 

36 

fi7 

197 

197 

453 

228 

29 

353 

421 

63 

330 

100 

3V 

1)6 

204 

162 

470 

206 

10 

291 

420 

73 

274 

85 

38 

.W 

179 

176 

457 

217 

10 

251 

48S 

59 

262 

84 

39 

S3.  492 

$21,694 

$7,500 

$22,779 

$16,642 

$1,900 

$18,119 

$46,812 

$2,356 

$52, 152 

$2,100 

40 

$2,070 

$2,468 

$960 

$3,801 

$2,053 

$480 

S1..525 

$5,256 

S.50 

$2,035 

$330 

1'. 

S512 

$1,274 

$1,332 

$1,818 

$1,474 

$32 

$3,079 

S3. 197 

$,550 

.$?; ,  737 

$773 

42 

$910 

317.319 

$5,208 

$13,021 

$10,928 

$1,088 

$12. 313 

$31.4.59 

$1.7.56 

$22.  723 

$6.52 

43 

$.533 
$162,779 

$4. 139 
$324, 467 

$2. 185' 
$151,730 

$300 
$16,209 

$1,200 
$174,299 

$5,900 
$558,935 

-S20. 633 
$173. 699 

$345 
$49,305 

44 

$22,977 

$122,961 

$47,503 

46 

$220 
$900 

S5.100 
$35,238 

$1,857 

$9,133 

sis.' 022 

$.38,  W)l 

$8,912 

$22,762 

$35,098 

$10,066 

r2,6fi5 

47 

$200 

$500 
$1,000 
$94.8.51 

$5,633 

$259 

$68. 181 

$1,883 
$3,18.5 
$35, 149 

S3.  .502 

$6, 794 

$2,675 

$2,304 

48 

$1,812 
$225,970 

$200 
$5,835 

$210 
$40,478 

$883 
$228,946 

$250 
$29,328 

$100 
$73,009 

$2,700 
$21,100 

49 

$14,292 

60 

$10 

$903 

$699 

$4,324 

$1,471 

$50 

$1.50 

$5,285 

$30 

S654 

$85 

51 

$110 

$2. 699 

81,528 

$5,695 

$2,913 

$200 

$1,070 

S8,833 

$206 

Sl.!46 

S77.5 

o2 

$2,866 

$7,413 

$5,439 

$11. .502 

$S05 

$681 

$6,705 

$11,, 307 

$2. 132 

S4.l6:i 

si.iai 

oi 

$20,800 

$909 

$32 

$134 

S6.374 
S440 

S2. 200 
$335 

$5,985 
5330 

$8,970 
$745 

$6,800 
$18 

$39. 425 
$2  103 

SI,*.  .576 
$13  625 

$3.50 

$11,315 

SI.. 576 

$9,000 
$113 

a4 

$298 
S400 
S104 

,V) 

$3,295 
$479 

$20 

$4,390 

$4,104 

S3I» 

$2,700 

.56 

$420 

$15 

$295 

$4,027 

$36 

$418 

$3.55 

67 

SI50 

$3,061 

$700 

$3,382 

S6, 472 

*$610 

$815 

$150 

$6,256 

$6,695 

$920 

$13. 179 

$378 

oS 

i55" 

si.' 938' 

$60 
$358 

$254 
$2,197 

$350 

$922 

$10 

$467 

.59 

$7,7.58 

$20 

$1,038 

S170 

6U 

32,548 

$17.  .801 

$10, 828 

$16,029 

$72,843 

$1,100 

$44,905 

$44,360 

SI.  000 

$19,903 

$6,764 

01 

$87 
$83,273 

SI.  603 
$374,369 

$1,88.5 
$297,231 

$752 
$783, 428 

S3, 133 
$424, 104 

$1,008 
$516,341 

$2. 951 
$1,076,525 

$300 
$116,783 

$3. 962 
$599. 878 

$.560 
$102,597 

62 

$51,344 

Ii3 

$17, 925 

$89, 722 

$78,  730 

$237,940 

$168, 982 

$28,800 

$109,225 

$691,490 

$27. 180 

$55,220 

$35,200 

$1,908 

$111,655 

$21,905 

S49,92S 

$30,945 

$12,098 

$48, 966 

$48.  .535 

$98. 616 

$14. 325 

lx> 

$63,. 300 

$164, 737 

$184,276 

$474, 170 

$139. 137 

$10,  446 

$357,755 

S32S.932 

$86,  .595 

$401,266 

$45,144 

6b 

$140 

$8,235 

$12,300 

$21,390 

$85,040 

$395 

$7,308 

$2,010 

$44,776 

$7,928 

4 

14 

7 

5 

11 

2 

19 

22 

3 

24 

2 

68 

77 

916 

70 

415 

420 

7 

922 

877 

96 

944 

26 

W 

4 

73 

1 
4 

19 
906 

0 

10 

6 
65 

10 
415 

15 
390 

2 
10 

22 
765 

9 
157 

24 
754 

8 
58 

4 
90 

21 
790 

15 
139 

2 
26 

70 

71 

2 

7 

72 

73 

74 
75 

1 
10 

76 
77 

78 

79 

60 

1 
5 

6 

sn 

1 
5 

2 
20 

1 
5 

,S1 

S2 

S3 

1 

84 

1 

THE  STEAM   AND  STREET 
RAILROAD  CAR  INDUSTRY 


(355) 


i 


THE  STEAM  AND  SI  REET  RAILROAD  CAR  INDUSTRY. 


Previous  to  the  present  census,  statistics  for  liu^ 
construction  and  rcpaii'  of  street  railroml  cars  liav(^ 
not  been  presented  in  a  special  report,  although  the 
operations  of  steam  car  manufacturers  and  the  repair 
shops  of  steam  railroads  were  treated  in  a  special  re- 
port entitled  "Cars,  Steam  Railroad,"  wliich  appeared 
in  Part  IV  of  the  report  on  manufactures  for  the  census 
of  1900.  Since  1900  the  growth  in  the  building  and 
repairing  of  street  cars  has  been  so  remarkable  that  the 
industry  has  assumed  i^roportions  wliich  entitle  it  to 
special  treatment.  Accordingly  tlus  report  presents 
statistics  for  the  manufacture  ami  repair  of  street 
railroad  cars  as  well  as  for  the  allied  industries — the 
building  of  steam  railroad  cars  and  the  work  of  steam 
railroad  repair  shops. 

In  connection  with  the  statistics  of  repair  work  done 
by  both  street  and  steam  railroad  companies,  it  should 
be  remembered  that  not  all  the  value  of  products  re- 
sults from  repairs  upon  cars.  In  the  case  of  steam  rail- 
road repair  shops  this  is  especially  true,  since  the  value 
of  repairs  upon  locomotives  forms  an  item  upon  the 
reports  of  the  railroads  which  nearly,  if  not  quite,  in 
many  instances,  equals  the  value  of  repairs  performed 
upon  cars.  Thus  the  magnitude  of  the  operations 
of  steam  railroad  repair  shops,  which  is  indicated  by 
the  figures  in  the  following  images,  is  due  in  part  to  the 
construction  of  and  repairs  on  locomotives. 

STEAM   RAILROAD  CARS  AND   REPAIRS. 

The  statistics  presented  for  steam  railroad  cars  and 
repairs  show  the  operations  of  establisliments  classified 
under  the  heading  "cars,  steam  railroad,  not  inchuling 
operations  of  railroad  companies,"  and  "cars  and  gen- 
eral shop  construction  and  repairs  by  steam  railroad 
companies."  For  the  .sake  of  brevity  these  cla.ssifica- 
tions  will  be  denoted,  respectively,  as  "  cars,  steam  rail- 
road" and  "steam  railroad  repair  shops." 

In  the  following  tables  wherever  horse,  cable,  or 
electric  street  cars  are  shown,  they  are  products  of 
secondary  importance  produced  by  plants  engaged 
largeljr,  and  almost  exclusively,  in  the  manufacture  of 
steam  railroad  cars.  The  figures  for  establishments  en- 
gaged chiefly  in  the  manitfacture  of  street  cars  have 
been  segregated  and  are  shown  in  Table  17.  Likewise 
the  locomotives  built  in  the  motive  power  and  macliin- 
ery  department  of  the  railroad  repair  shops  were  second- 
ary protlucts,  and  they  are  included  in  the  following 


fables.  'I'hc  report  of  llic  liridgc  and  buih'ing  depart- 
ment includes  sho})  work  only. 

In  tlu;  majority  of  ca.ses  the  ivports  for  the  rejiair 
shops  of  steam  railroad  companies  were  expected  to 
balance,  namely,  the  value;  of  products  was  to  e((ual 
the  expenses  enumerated  u]>on  the  schedules,  and  the 
few  cases  where  tliis  condition  did  not  obtain  were  of 
minor  importance  and  do  not  alfect  the  value  of  the 
results. 

Table  1  presents  a  comparative  summary  for  the 
combined  in<lustry — cars,  steam  railroad,  and  steam 
railroad  repair  shops — for  each  census  from  1890  to 
1905. 

Table  1.  —  Cars,  stcain    railroad,  ami  steam    railroad  ripair  shops — 
comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1890  to  1903. 


Number  of  establishments.. 

Capital , 

Salariod     officials,    clerks, 

etc..  number 

Salaries 

Wage  -  earners,    average 

number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over. . 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and 
over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years. 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


1,214  I  1  1,358  787 

$235,122,776  |$207,904,125  |sn9,833,687 


15,640 
$14,786,686  I 


8,462 
$7,748,379 


270,958  I  207,105 

$162,436,157   $113,049,623 

270,200  206,345 

$162,170,325  8112,842,153 


629 
$236,766 
129 
$29,066 
$10,020,541 


471 
$138,878 


$68,592 
$9,131,216 
$226;797,376  ,$171,281,760  $111,236,012 
$421,038,809  $308,748,457  :$I99, 545, 435 


=2,661 
'$2,343,944 

137,986 

$76,290,262 

137,352 

$76,127,521 

382 

$114,939 

252 

$47,802 

$1,820,167 


PER  CENT- 
OF  IN- 
CREASE. 


190(1     1890 

to  to 

1905    1900 


no.  6 

13.1 

84.8 
90.8 

30.8 
43.7 
30.9 
43.7 

33.5 
70.5 
i55.  4 
57.6 
9.7 
32.4 
36.4 


72.6 
73.5 

218.0 
230.6 

50.1 
48.2 
50.2 
48.2 

23.3 
20.8 
14." 
43.5 
401.7 
54.0 
54.7 


1  Reduced  from  1,361  to  correct  error  in  tabulation. 

2  Decrease. 

3  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members  with  their  sahiries:  numljer  only 
reported  in  1900  and  1905,  but  not  included  in  this  table. 

At  the  census  of  1890  the  value  of  products  of  the 
combined  industry  was  $199,54.5,435,  which  at  the 
census  of  1900  was  increased  by  .$109,203,022.  or  54.7 
per  cent.  At  the  census  of  1905  the  value  of  products 
was  $421,038,809,  which  was  an  absolute  increase  over 
the  total  for  1900  of  .?1 12,290,352.  These  industries 
are  large  employers  of  labor  and  at  the  census  of  1905 
employed  an  average  of  270,958  wage-earners  during 
the  census  year,  of  which  only  629  were  women  16 
j^ears  and  over,  and  129  were  cliildren  under  16  years. 
For  the  entire  period  shown  by  the  table  the  capital 
invested   in   the   two  industries  practically  doubled, 

rib-) 


358 


MANUFACTURES. 


while  the  number  of  estabhshments  increased  only  54.3 
per  cent.  The  latter  increase  was  not  the  result  of 
uniformly  progressive  increases  since  1S90,  but  repre- 
sents the  net  gain  resulting    from  a  large  increase  in 


number  between  1890  and   1900  and   a  decrease  from 
1900  to  1905. 

Table  2  presents  statistics  for  the  two  industries 
separately  for  each  census  from  1890  to  1905. 


Table    3.— CARS,   STEAM    RAILROAD,    AND     STEAM    RAILROAD    REPAIR    SHOPS— COMPARATIVE 

INDUSTRIES.  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1890  TO  1905, 


SUMIVURY,    BY 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.,  number  . 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages  ^ 

Women  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

\\  ages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


CABS.  STEAM    RAILROAD. 


1905 


73 

$88,179,047 

2,303 

$2,854,690 

34,058 

$20,247,821 

33,896 

$20,191,342 

135 

$50, 875 

27 

$5,604 

$5, 198,  831 

$75,657,126 

$111,175,310 


65 

$88,323,852 

1,366 

$1,538,132 

33,453 

$16, 987, 294 

33.136 

$16,902,543 

107 

$32, 452 

210 

$52,299 

$2,8.37,229 

$61,742,747 

$90,510,180 


1S90 


$43,641,210 

"708 

=  $759,  702 

31,354 

$16,076,829 

30,904 

$15,966,188 

254 

$75,691 

196 

$34,950 

$1,725,113 

$44,674,486 

$70,083,737 


PER    CE>tT   OF 
INCREASE, 


1900 
to 
1905 


12.3 

10.2 

68.6 

85,6 

1.8 

19.2 

2.3 

19.5 

26.2 

66.8 

187.1 

189,3 

8a2 

22.5 

22.8 


1890 

to 
1900 


1&5 

102,4 

92.9 

102,5 

6.7 

6,7 

7,2 

5.9 

157,9 

157.1 

7.1 

49.6 

64  5 

382 

29.1 


STEAM     RAILROAD     REPAIR    SHOPS. 


1905 


$146,943, 

13, 

$11,931, 

236, 

$142, 188, 

236, 

$141,978, 

$185, 

$23, 

$4,821, 

$151,140, 

$309, 863, 


141 
729 
337 
996 
900 
336 
304 
983 
494 
891 
102 
462 
710 
250 
499 


n,293 

$119,580,273 

7,096 

$0,210,247 

173, 652 

$96,062,329 

173, 209 

$95,939,610 

364 

$106, 426 

79 

$16, 293 

$6,293,987 

$109,539,013 

$218, 238, 277 


1890 


$76, 192, 
'1, 

3  $1,584, 
106, 

$60,213, 
106, 

$60,161, 

$39, 

$12, 
(') 
$66,561, 
$129,461, 


PER   CENT   OF 
INCREASE. 


1900 
to 
1905 


111.8 
22.9 
88.0 
92.1 
36,4 
48,0 
36.4 
48  0 
35.7 
74.7 
29.  1 
44.0 

123  4 
38.0 
42.0 


1890 

to 

1900 


80.6 
50.9 
263  3 
292.0 
62.9 
69.6 
62.7 
69.5 
184,4 
171.2 
41.1 
26,8 


64.6 
6&6 


1 


1  Decrease. 

'  Reduced  from  1,296  to  correct  an  error  in  tabulation. 


The  table  shows  that  for  every  statistical  item  pre- 
sented the  construction  and  repair  work  \i\  steam 
railroad  repair  shops  far  exceeded  in  magnitude  the 
operations  of  the  manufacturers  of  steam  railroad  cars. 
At  the  census  of  1905,  1,141,  or  94  per  cent,  of  tlie 
establishments  in  the  combined  iudustrj^  were  oper- 
ated l)y  steam  railroad  companies  as  repair  shops, 
which  represented  an  investment  of  .$140,943,729,  or 
62.5  per  cent  of  the  total  capital  devoted  to  both  in- 
dustries. Of  the  wage-earners  employed  at  this  census, 
236,900,  or  87.4  per  cent,  were  einjiloyed  by  steam 
railroads  in  construction  and  rcpuii-  work. 

Between  1900  and  1905  the  miinber  of  repair  .sliops 
decreased  from  1.293  to  1,141,  or  1 1  .S  |>er  cent:  while 
the  establisiimcnts  ciigagcil  priiiiiiiily  in  the  manu- 
facture of  steam  raiiroiid  ciirs  increased  fi'om  05  to  73, 
or  12.3  per  cent.  Tlie  decrease  in  the  number  of 
repair  shops  is  attributable  largely  to  tin-  introduction 
by  tiie  railroads  of  more  economical  methods  of  efTect- 
ing  repairs,  wiiicli  liave  resiiiled  in  tlie  concentration 
of  repair  work  in  large  repair  shops.  This  concen- 
trating movement  is  indicated  by  the  figures,  which 
sliow  tliat  at  the  census  of  1905  the  average  invest- 
ment ill  repair  sliops  wa.s  §128,785,  and  the  \  alur  of 
the  average  output  was  $271,571 ;  wliereas  at  tiie  ccn- 
su.s  of  1900  tlie  averages  for  these  items  were,  respec- 
tively, .?92,483  and  $168,784. 

In  tlie  manufacture  of  steam  railroad  cars  by  estab- 
lishments ilevotcii  j)rincipally  to  their  construction, 
it  is  significant  that  the  increa.se  in  llic  nunilxT  nf 
wage-earners  for  the  entire  period  covered  by  tlie  table 
was  very  much  loss  than  tlie  iiicrea,ses  in  the  cost   of 


3  Includes  proprietors  and  finn  members  with  their  salaries:  number  only 
reported  in  190O  and  1905,  but  not  included  in  this  table. 
^Not  reported  in  fiili. 

materials  and  value  of  i)roducts.  Between  1900  and 
1905  the  last  two  items  increased  22.5  and  22.8  per 
cent,  respectively,  or  in  nearly  the  same  ratio,  while 
the  number  of  wage-earners  increased  only  l.S  i>er 
cent.  Tliis  is  due  in  part  to  the  increased  cost  of 
materials,  and  to  the  fact  that  the  average  number  of 
wage-earners  was  determined  with  more  exactness  at 
the  census  of  1905  and  possibly  resulted  in  a  propor- 
tionately smaller  number. 

The  table  shows  a  slight  decrease  in  the  capital  in- 
vestetl  in  the  industry  between  1900  and  1905,  not- 
withstanding there  was  an  incrca.se  in  tlic  nuinlxM-  of 
estabjisliments.  This  decrea.se  in  capital  was  due  to 
the  fact  tliat  during  the  census  year  1904  one  of  the 
largest  establishments  in  tlie  country  was  practically 
idle,  operating,  on  a  limited  scale  only,  the  department 
producing  steel  forgings.  According  to  the  method 
of  classification  adopted  by  the  Bureau  of  the  Census, 
the  nature  of  the  products  placed  the  entire  establish- 
ment under  the  cla.ssificaiion  "iron  and  steel  forgings," 
and  tlie  cnpitiil  of  several  millions  of  dollars  invested 
in  the  estnlilishment  was  thus  diverted  from  llie  cla.ss 
of  cars,  sleaiii  railroad,  under  which  it  was  clnssiHed  in 
1900,  when  the  estai)lishment  was  operating  noi-mally. 
Thus,  if  this  company  had  been  operating  u|>on  a  nor- 
mal l)asis  in  1901,  there  woiihl  have  l)een  a  substantial 
gain  instead  of  a  sliglit  lo.ss  in  the  capital  invested  in 
the  industry  at  th(>  ceitsus  of  1905. 

I'roditcls.  Table  3  sliows  the  numl)er  and  kind  of 
steam  railroad  cars  buill  »\  I  lie  censuses  of  1900  and 
1905,  dis1riI)Uleil  accoiding  (o  I  lie  character  ol'  estab- 
lishment in  which  thev  were  constructed. 


THK  STEAM  AND  STRIH'/r  liAILHOAD  CAR  INDUSTRY. 


359 


Tahi.k  :J.— NUMHEK,   kind,  AND  VALUE  OF  STEAM  HAILROAU  CARS  liUILT  HY  ALL  ESTABLISHMENTS: 

1905  AND  1900. 


Census. 

TOTAL. 

1"ASSEN0EB. 

FREIGHT. 

UTUEB. 

Number. 

N'aluc 

Number. 

Value. 

Numt)er. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Total                           

1905 
1900 

119,940 
145,437 

$100,346,912 
87,141,518 

2,446 
1,369 

$20, 4.%,  260 
8,810,0.)2 

115,494 
143,133 

$79,215,260 
77,240,632 

2,000 

$045,392 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

102,646 
117,569 

17,158 
26,933 

136 

0> 

87,289,248 
69,529,312 

12,998,001 
16,521,352 

59,063 
(■) 

2,030 
979 

416 
390 

18,140,293 
7,368,299 

2,345,967 
1,441,733 

100,616 
116,  .590 

14,742 
26,  .543 

136 

69,148,955 
62,161,013 

10,006,642 
15,079,619 

59,603 

2,000 

645,392 

J  Not  reported  separately. 


At  the  census  of  1905  there  were  119,940  steam  rail- 
road cars,  valued  at  $100,346,912,  reported  as  com- 
pleted during  the  census  year,  which  represents  a 
decrease  of  25,497  in  number  and  an  increase  of 
$13,205,394  in  value,  compared  with  the  output  re- 
ported at  the  census  of  1900.  The  decrease  in  number 
was  due  to  a  marked  falling  off  in  the  number  of 
freight  cars  produced  at  the  census  of  1905,  which  was 
27,639  less  than  the  number  reported  in  1900.  It  is 
significant,  however,  that  notwithstanding  this  de- 
crease of  19.3  per  cent  in  the  number  of  freight  cars, 
the  value  increased  $1,974,628,  indicating  a  remark- 
able increase  in  the  average  value  per  car.  The  pro- 
duction of  passenger  cars  increased  1,077,  or  78.7  per 
cent,  in  number  and  $11,676,228,  or  132.6  per  cent,  in 
value,  which  also  indicates  a  decided  increase  in  the 
average  value  per  car. 

At  the  census  of  1905  the  steam  railroad  car  manu- 
facturing establishments  reported  102,646  cars,  val- 
ued at  $87,289,248.  These  figures  represent  a  decrease 
since  1900  of  14,923,  or  12.7  per  cent,  in  the  number 
of  cars  built  and  a  gain  of  $17,759,936,  or  25.5  per  cent, 
in  the  value  of  the  output.  In  the  case  of  the  railroad 
repair  shops  there  was  also  a  decrease  in  the  number 
of  cars  built  amounting  to  9,775,  or  36.3  per  cent,  but 
this  loss  was  accompanied  by  a  decrease  in  value 
amounting  to  $3,523,351,  or  21.3  per  cent. 

Of  the  total  number  of  cars  built  in  steam  car  manu- 
facturing establishments  at  the  census  of  1905,  2,030 
were  passenger  and  100,616  were  freight  cars.  In  the 
case  of  the  former  class  of  cars  there  was  a  gain  since 
1900  of  1,051,  or  107.3  per  cent,  in  number  and 
$10,771,994,  or  146.2  per  cent,  in  value;  while  in  the 
case  of  freight  cars  there  was  a  loss  of  15,974,  or  13.7 
per  cent,  in  number  and  a  gain  of  $6,987,942,  or  11.2 
per  cent,  in  value.  The  steam  railroad  repair  shops 
built  416  passenger  and  14,742  freight  cars  during  the 
census  year  1905.  The  increases  shown  in  the  num- 
ber and  value  of  passenger  cars  produced  by  tliis  class 
of  establishments  were  comparatively  small,  whereas 
there  were  marked  decreases  in  botii  the  number  and 
value  of  freight  cars  produced. 

4525-i— .MFG  1905— PT  4—08 25 


Since  1900  the  production  of  steel  railroad  cars  for 
both  passenger  and  freight  service  has  increa.sed 
rapidly,  and  the  substitution  of  steel  freight  cars  of 
large  tonnage  and  of  distinct  types  for  smaller  wooden 
cars  of  rather  nondescript  type  is  progressing  on  the 
majority  of  the  railroads  as  fast  as  conditions  permit. 
The  changes  in  carrying  capacity  are  shown  by  the 
reports  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  on 
the  ecjuipment  of  steam  railroads.  As  recently  as 
1902  there  were  no  freight  cars  reported  by  the  rail- 
roads with  a  capacity  of  200,000  pounds,  but  in  1905, 
200  such  cars  were  reported.  The  average  capacity 
of  the  1,727,620  freight  cars  reported  by  the  rail- 
roads in  1905  was  62,000  pounds,  whereas  the  same 
average  for  the  1,505,992  freight  cars  reported  in  1902 
was  56,000  pounds.  Moreover,  in  1902,  1,275,742,  or 
84.7  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  freight  cars 
reported,  had  a  capacity  of  60,000  pounds  or  less; 
whereas  for  1905, 1,271,1.54,  or  only  73.6  per  cent  of  the 
total  number  of  freight  cars  reported,  had  a  capacity  of 
60,000  pounds  or  less.'  These  figures  indicate  the 
cause  of  the  decrease  in  number  and  increase  in  value 
of  freight  cars  showai  in  Table  3.  The  greater  the 
capacity  of  the  car  the  heavier  and  more  substantial 
must  be  the  construction,  and  consequently  fewer  cars 
are  built,  while  the  cost  is  increased.  The  extensive 
and  growing  use  of  steel  in  the  construction  of  the  cars 
has  contrilnited  to  the  same  result.  Thus  the  average 
value  of  the  freight  cars  produced  at  the  cen.sus  of  1905 
was  $686,  or  $147  more  than  the  average  value  per  car 
in  1900.  In  accepting  the  average  value  per  car  it 
must  be  remembered  that  it  is  based  upon  the  total  of 
all  kinds  and  sizes  of  cars.  In  the  case  of  passenger 
cars  changes  of  a  similar  nature  have  resulted  in  an 
increase  since  1900  of  $1,940,  or  30.1  per  cent,  in  the 
average  value  per  car. 

At  the  census  of  1905  the  average  value  of  the  pas- 
senger cars  produced  in  railroad  car  manufacturing 
establishments  was  S8,936,  or  83,297  more  than  the 

'Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  "  Statistics  of  Railroads  in 
the  United  SUtes,"  1902,  page  29;  ibid.,  1905,  page  29. 


360 


MANUFACTURES. 


average  value  of  tlie  same  class  of  cars  produced  iu 
railroad  repair  shops.  This  difTerence  is  due  in  part  to 
the  fact  that  the  value  of  the  cars  as  reported  by  the 
railroad  companies  was  not  the  selling  price,  but  rep- 
resented only  the  sum  of  the  building  expenses  as  they 
appeared  upon  the  report,  and  in  part  to  the  fact  that 
the  railroads  for  the  most  part  built  only  the  lighter 
coaches  intended  for  suburban  traffic,  whereas  the 
costly  diners,  sleeping  cars,  and  Puihnan  day  coaches 
were  constructed  in  steam  car  manufactiu-ing  estab- 
lishments. The  average  value  of  the  freight  cars  built 
in  the  latter  class  of  establishments  was  .|687,  which 
was  S8  higher  than  the  average  value  per  car  built  by 


the  repair  shops.  The  lowest  average  value,  $439, 
for  freigiit  cars  resulted  from  the  building  o])erations 
of  the  street  car  manufacturing  establishments,  and 
was  due  to  the  fact  that  among  the  136  cars  produced 
by  them  were  a  number  of  gondolas,  or  ore  cars,  and 
narrow  gauge  freight  cars. 

In  Table  4  is  presented  in  detail  the  value,  and, 
wherever  possible,  the  quantity  of  products  of  the 
combined  industries  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905, 
for  the  United  States,  for  the  10  leading  states,  and 
for  the  remaining  states  and  territories  combined  as 
"all  other  states." 


362  MANUFACTURES. 

Table  4.— CARS,    STEAM    RAILROAD,   AND    STEAM    RAILROAD    REPAIR     SHOPS— COMPARATIVE    SUMMARY    OF 


STATE. 

Cen- 
sus. 

Aggregate 
value. 

MOTIVE 

POWER  AND 

MACHINERY  DEPARTMENT. 

Total  value. 

Locomotives. 

Work  for 
other  corpo- 
rations 
(value) . 

All  other 
products 
(value). 

Built. 

Repaired 
(value). 

Number. 

Value. 

1 

United  States                                             

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 

19a5 
1900 

1905 
liXlO 

1905 
1900 

8421,038,809 
308,748,457 

$149,075,261 
94.447,200 

14S 
272 

$1,853,939 
3,276,393 

$101,351,907 
57,383,143 

$5,081,307 
3,338,589 

$40,788,108 
30, 449, 135 

■^ 

9,836,332 
7,553,620 

50,417,673 
41,426,030 

24,551,301 
19,248,999 

11,529,394 
0,816,810 

lS,8;i7,142 
14,253,707 

20,789,659 
14,240,889 

22,130,690 
21,423,201 

20,967,035 
10,917,554 

80,449,604 
62,326,081 

10,472,742 
8,314,091 

139,050.631 
96,220,863 

5,608,192 
1,783,739 

10,34.5,610 
7,402,600 

7,514,601 
4,363,977 

4,759,790 
2,519,3-20 

2,726,829 
1,506,894 

4,342,986 
2,482,874 

8,206,770 
6,804,940 

9,703,306 
4,720,651 

.32,462,711 
20,409,988 

5,861,213 
4,046,3.35 

57,963,187 
38,339,942 

C) 

(>) 

4,345,755 
1,630,941 

7,733,945 
4,497,144 

5,716,881 
2,983,445 

3,834,820 
1,801,317 

1.926,,803 
1,137,222 

3,157.907 
1,559,718 

0,093,988 
4,218,942 

0,221.904 
3,175,272 

14,002,875 
8,S78,,S7S 

3,806.290 
2,239,853 

43,910,613 
25,260,411 

243,557 
20,107 

159,942 
391,048 

211,448 
143,509 

49,535 
36,003 

50,292 
20,783 

142,038 
229,877 

117.15.5 
324, 190 

150.090 
52,023 

2, 824,  ,809 
.521,098 

233,074 
270, 132 

1,498.101 
1,329,159 

<  1,078,880 
132,031 

< 2, 451, 723 
2,175,582 

1,. 586, 332 
1,231,314 

'875,429 
539,200 

'749,734 
241,878 

'1,042,981 
079,734 

'2  05.5,033 
2,296,094 

3,390,646 
1,499,350 

'15,035,027 
8,7051,700 

'1,821,249 
1,470,  .508 

'12,554,413 
11,470,538 

Illinois          

s 

27 

338, 826 

6 

7 

Indiana,                                                    

8 

1 

m 

12 
'"l6 
«2 
«2 

5.709 

m 

142.800 

(') 
107,011 

m 

13,545 
25,114 

10 

11 

12 

11 

Missouri.                                                       

14 
IS 

16 

17 

18 

PpnRRylvATiifl 

1 

14 

106 

(») 
9 

(') 
37* 

(3) 

2,303,712 

m 

59,842 

w 

279,834 

?1 

22 

24 

1  In  addition  to  the  miscellaneous  product.s  this  total  includes  the  value  of  street  cars  and  value  of  repairs  to  steam  cars  reported  by  establishments  classified 
'cars,  steam  railroad." 
=  Distributed  among  "all  other  products"  of  the  different  classes  in  1900. 


THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILROAD  CAR  INDUSTRY.  363 

PRODUCTS,  BY  KIND,  QUANTITY,  AND  VALUE,  KOR  TllIO  KNITKI)  STATES  AND  TKN  I.KADING  STATES:  1905  AND  1900. 


Total  valuo. 


CAR  DEPARTMENT 


2,919,304 

5, 74.1,  aw 

45,811,429 
33,617,S55 

16,420,072 
14,(196,545 

6,599,004 
3,955,303 

15,992,175 
12,473.201 

16,306,021 
11,466,623 

12,860,828 
14,205,007 

16,608,791 
11,974,609 

47,216.130 
41,382,083 

4,240,649 
4,159,970 

75,982.342 
65,210,478 


Cars  built. 


Freight. 


575 
331 


10,9.;9,422 
10,256,381 


Other. 


Num- 


2,000 

$645,392 

74 

129,234 

9 

38,783 

14 

13,291 

23 

104 

1,4.34 


207 


Value. 


38,024 
30.783 


•W,  718 
68,278 


84,313 
15,337 
168, 631 


Passenger     ,,,     .   , 
(value).     I   (''a'"^)- 


$105,341,599 
74.665,500 

2,660,725 
1,576,111 

9,769,563 
5,641,067 

4.872,648 
3,  .584, 005 

4,065,455 
3,170,8.53 

1,775.964 
1,855,941 

2,921,257 
2,595,377 

7,122,289 
6,319,591 

8,938,906 
5,819,411 

19,004,285 
12, 876, 887 

3,243,445 
3,033,077 

41,067,162 
28, 193, 180 


AU  other 
I)ro<luct8 
(value).' 


$6,946,990 
7,084,857 

36,9.58 
334,609 

687.302 
460,931 

201,051 
493, 631 

94,679 
196,257  I 

28,317 
86,269 

444,478  i 
693,548 

461,780 
737,088 

299, 176 
391.324 

1,329,083 
611,351 

.508,864 
344,021 

2,8.55,302 
2,735,828 


$48,380,907 
41,085,711 

5 108, 249 
3, 493. 284 

8,416,3.53 
6,558,519 

2,248,094 
1,082.747 

'2,402,820 
213,8.56 

6  2,273,547 
1,024,157 

3,363,392 
1,816,937 

2,746,862 
3,582,229 

1,895.830 
1.747,18.5 

7,252,089 
8,726,385 

166,682 
,53.5.363 

17,6.57,754 
12,305,049 


BRIDQE  AND  BUILDING  DEPARTMENT 
(8HOPWORK). 


Total 
value. 


18.842 
24, 529 


171,634 
405,875 


.5.56,737 
188,477 


Repairs 


Work  for 


Another 


and  re-    othercor-         ,     , 
newals     porations  P,™  ""' 


(value). 


$4,i58,.532 
3.9.37,170 


342,193 


118,138 
273,612 


124,430 

297,392 


773,989 
3,53,2,54 


477,666 
216,294 


713,966 
,534,010 


71,133 
108,, 386 


2,076,651 
2,670,443 


17.6.37 
13,015 


171,634 
369,  133 


5.56, 737 
156,665 


103. 121 
247,373 

124,166 
82,660 

730. 264 
310,265 

477,556 
208,038 

704,682 
394,779 

68,562 
73,776 

1,404,173 
1,959,311 


(value). 


$40,581 
241,626 


(value). 


AU  other 
products 
not  clas- 
sified 
(value).* 


$704,073 
1,235,669 


$5,303,617 


1.205 
3,646 


1,856  I       29,956 


1,229,994 


89,000 


10,728 
307 


209,310 


14,710 
26,239 


264 
159,536 


110 


200 
5,947 

42 
23,493 

39,658 
27,124 


55,196 


43,725 
42,989 


8,256 

9,084 
133,284 

2,529 
11,115 

632,820 
684,008 


59,831 
170,600 


16,222 


235,103 
117,872 


56,797 

299,747 

3,028,451 


'Number  and  value  can  not  be  shown  separately. 


*  Includes  value  of  locomotives 


s  Includes  value  of  passenger  cars. 


364 


MANUFACTURES. 


Three  classes  of  products  are  distinguished  in  the 
table:  First,  those  produced  by  the  motive  power 
and  machinery  department,  consisting  principally  of 
the  repairing  and  building  of  locomotives;  second, 
those  derived  from  the  car  department,  for  the  most 
part  cars  built  and  repaired;  and  third,  those  result- 
ing from  the  operations  of  the  bridge  and  building  de- 
partment, consisting  of  shopwork  oidy. 

At  the  census  of  1905  the  value  of  the  product  of 
the  car  department  of  the  combined  industries  was 
$260,956,745,  which  constituted  62  per  cent  of  the 
aggregate  value  of  the  products  of  the  three  depart- 
ments. Onh'  148  locomotives,  valued  at  $1,853,939, 
were  built  in  the  motive  power  and  machinery  depart- 
ment, which,  when  compared  with  the  272  locomo- 
tives, valued  at  $3,276,393,  reported  as  completed  by 
this  department  at  the  census  of  1900,  indicates  a 
decrease  of  45.6  per  cent  in  number  and  43.4  in  value 
for  this  class  of  products  during  tlie  five  years.  The 
value  of  the  repair  work  upon  locomotives  was 
$101,351,907,  or  -$3,989,692  less  than  the  value  of  the 
same  class  of  work  done  in  the  car  department  upon 
passenger  and  freight  cars.  At  the  census  of  1900  the 
value  of  repairs  upon  locomotives  was  $57,383,143, 
and  the  value  of  repair  work  u])on  passenger  and 
freight  cars  was  $74,665,500,  so  that  the  totals  for 
1905  fpr  these  items  represent  increases  over  the  same 
items  in  1900  of  76.6  and  41.1  p<'r  cent,  respectively. 
Tlie  re[)air  work  shown  in  the  table  was  all  reported  by 
railroad  repair  shops,  and  thus,  at  the  census  of  1905, 
tlie  aggregate  value  of  the  rei)airs  ])erformed  by  steam 
railroads  upon  their  rolling  stock  was  .$206,693,506, 
which,  since  the  expenses  ami  tlic  value  of  product  as 
returned  upon  the  reports  of  liie  railroad  companies 
l)alance(i  in  the  great  majority  ot  ca.ses,  is  equivalent 
to  stating  that  this  amount  represents  approximately 
the  total  cost  to  the  railroad  companies  of  repairs  of 
this  nature.  The  value  of  products  of  the  bridge  and 
builihng  department  was  of  comparatively  small  im- 
j)orlance,  amounting  to  but  $5,103,186,  or  only  1.2  per 
cent  of  the  value  of  all  products. 

Of  the  10  leading  states,  Pennsylvania,  with  a  j)rod- 
uct  valued  at  .?.S(),44»,604  at    the    census  of    1905  and 

.$62,326,081  at  the  cen.sus  of  lOdd,  si I  considerably 

in  the  lead  in  the  combined  iudiisti'ies  at  botli  periods, 
wiiiie  at  I  lie  census  of  1905  Illinois  was  second,  Ohio, 
tliird,    and    Indinn.'i    fmn'tli.      At    I  lie    census    of    1905 


the  aggregate  value  of  products  for  these  4  states  con- 
stituted 44.7  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  protlucts 
for  the  combined  industries  for  the  United  States. 
In  the  motive  power  and  machinery  department  the 
value  of  the  output  for  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  was 
by  far  the  greatest,  amounting  to  $32,462,711,  or  three 
times  the  value  of  products  of  the  state  of  Illinois, 
which  ranked  next  in  this  respect.  The.se  2  states 
also  led  with  respect  to  the  value  of  products  result- 
ing from  the  operations  of  the  car  department  of  the 
combined  industries,  Penn.sylvania  again  taking  first 
place,  with  ]iroducts  valued  at  $47,216,130,  and  Illi- 
nois second,  with  ])ro(lucts  valued  at  $45,811,429. 
With  respect  to  the  number  of  cars  built,  both  pas- 
senger and  freight,  however,  Illinois  was  considerately 
ahead  of  anj-  state.  In  the  manufacture  of  passenger 
cars  Ohio  ranked  second,  building  382  cars,  or 
about  one-half  the  number  turned  out  in  Illinois.  In 
the  manufacture  of  freight  cars  Pennsylvania  came 
next  to  the  leading  state,  producing  21,347  freight 
cars,  or  5,790  fewer  than  Illinois.  The  average  value 
of  the  freight  cars  built  in  Pennsylvania,  however, 
was  $862,  whereas  in  Illinois  those  built  during  the 
census  year  had,  on  the  average,  a  value  of  only 
$686. 

This  difl'erence  }>etween  the  2  states  in  the  average 
value  per  car  is  explained  by  the  fact  that  in  Penn- 
sylvania the  production  of  steel  freight  cars  of  great 
capacity  is  increasing  rapidly,  and  in  no  other  state 
has  this  modern  class  of  freight  cars  been  built  in  such 
!  numbers.  Thus  the  average  value  per  freight  car 
budt  in  Pennsylvania  was  considerably  greater  than 
that  for  cars  of  the  kind  produced  in  any  of  the  states 
in  which  freight  car  building  operations  were  at  all 
extensive.  Of  the  10  states  shown  in  the  table,  6 
judduced  over  5,000  freight  cars,  and  the  average 
value  per  car  produced  by  each  of  these  states  was  as 
follows:  Pennsylvania,  $862;  Missouri,  $755;  Illinois, 
$686;  Indiana,  $652;  Michigan,  $639;  and  Ohio,  $349. 
The  average  value,  then,  at  the  cen.sus  of  1905  of  the 
freight  cars  built  in  Pennsylvania  was  $107  more  than 
the  average  value  of  cars  liuilt  in  Missouri,  the  state 
whicli  returned  (he  second  largest  average. 

CAIJS,   S'n;AM    liAII,l!().\l>. 

Table  5  is  ii  siuumiii'v,  l)\'  gcogrjiphic  disisions,  of  (he 
statistics  relnrned  in   1905  I'oi- cars,  steam  railroad. 


T.M.i.i:  .">.— CARS,  STEAM    l;\]l,i:(iAli     sr.MMAin'.    I!  V  ( ;  IK  ii ;  |;  \  I'll  |r   IHVISIONS:  1905. 


Unllpil  Stat. 

North  A 1 1(1  mil  I 
.'^onili  Alliirilii' ', . 
N'drth  Ccntrul  •. . . 
Hoiith  (^Tlml  * 


Niiin- 
btT  of 
cutttb- 
lliih- 


73 


■m 


Capital. 


188,179,047 


2(1  41,(l.'.7,.'jOfi 

.'i,SWI,7:B 

.■iii,:vs.i,ii4n 
1,017,  li.^i 


.SALARIKIl  OKFll  UI.S, 
CLEKKS,  ET(  . 

WAliK-KARNBRS   AND 

WA(}KS. 

Number. 

Salttrii's. 

.\  vi-niKi' 
miiiilM'r. 

W<lg08. 

120,247,821 

2,303 

$2,854,000 

1 

34,058 

N,472 

;<,is(i 

•Jl.liM 

74K 

1S4 

1,177 

l,l(l7,(il.1 
2M,:'4ii 

7'.' ,  TAs 

4,N27,H7(I  1 
1,70,1,222 
i:i,2(lfl,K14 
447,  LSI. 

MlM'i'lhi- 
iii'ous  ex- 
penses. 


$6,198,831 


i,7in,wi8 
.■!0:!,7ri4 

.■1,0(17,728 

(<;i,()r>i 


'  lii'iijfi' -  ,s<-\\  lijiiiiiisniri-.  M(i»!(ju*lmwft(N.  .N'-w  "t  nrk.  Nrw  .hTMrv.  rfriiisvlviinln. 

'  Inrlnili'n  lii'liiwari'.  Mnrvliiiul,  Wrui  VIrKlniii.  (ii'<ir({l"i. 

'  Inchlilr.*  ohl'i.  Inilliirm.  llllniilH.  Mlrhl|;nil.  Wlwon»ln.  lowii.  MI.HBriilrl,  KunHiin. 

•IncliHlrs  KiTitiicky.  'I'eniii^nwr.  Aiiili.'iinii,  iiwl  I  cHtjiMlshiMiTil  dir  ('.•Uini'lii  In  llw  WmsIith  illvlslnri. 


Cost  of 
niaterhils 

llSI'li. 


(75,657,12(1 


iii,ii;)i,2i7 

4,1147,458 

411,(148,1142 

1,4211,. 1011 


Value  of 
products. 


till, 175,310 


2S, 44.1, 177 
7,81l9,S5l) 

72,724,4(10 
2,108,317 


THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILROAD  OAR  INDUSTRY. 


365 


The  table  shows  that  the  North  Central  division  led 
in  every  stati.stical  item  with  the  excei)ti<)ii  of  (■a])ital. 
In  fact,  this  division  reported  (1.5.4  per  cent  of  the  value 
of  products  of  the  industry  and  employed  63.6  per  cent 
of  the  total  numher  of  waj;e-earners.  The  North 
Atlantic  division,  with  one-iialf  as  many  establish- 
ments and  $2,073,866  more  capital  than  the  leading 
division,  shows  a  product  valued  at  only  sli<j;htly  over 
one-third  as  much  as  that  of  tlie  latter.  'I'll is  incon- 
sistency in  the  capital  invested  and  value  of  ]>roducts 


is  explained  in  connection  with  Table  6,  in  which  the 

returns  for  I'cnnsylvania  and  Illinois  will  be  found  to 
be  resi)onsibl('  for  this  discre|)an(-y  in  the  statistics  of 
the  two  leiidint;  ^coi^riipliic  divisions. 

Table  0  is  a  comparative  summiiiy  showing  the 
statistics  for  the  manufacture  of  steam  railroad  cars 
exclusive  of  the  ojx'riit  ions  of  steam  railroad  companies, 
distribut(>d  according  lo  the  leading  .states  in  this 
branch  <^f  the  industry-,  for  each  census  from  1890  to 
190,5. 


Tai)i,k  C— cars,    steam    RAILROAD-COMPARATIVE   SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1890  TO  190.5. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

SALARIED   OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 

WAOE-EABNEBS  AND 
WAGES. 

Miscelianeous 
exp<'nses. 

Cost  of 

materials 

used. 

Value  of 

STATE. 

Number. 

Salaries. 

.\verage 
number. 

Wages. 

produnts. 

United  States 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

21905 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

»1905 
*1900 
5  1890 

73 
65 
71 

$88,179,047 
88,323,852 
43,641,210 

2,303 
1,366 
1708 

$2,8.54.690 
1.538,1.32 
'  7.59,702 

34,0.58 
33, 453 
31.354 

820,247,821 

16,987,294  ' 
10,070.829 

$.5,198,831 
2,837,229 
1,725,113 

$75,657,126 
61,742,747 
44,674,486 

$111,175,310 

90,510,180 
70,083,737 

3 
3 
3 

16 
17 
9 

6 
4 
4 

4 

4 

4 
5 

5 
4 
5 

4 
4 
5 

5 
5 
5 

9 
11 
15 

17 
13 
20 

2,707,101 
2,429,007 
2,839,733 

15, 467, 326 
18,732,466 
10,070,784 

5,304,214 
6,062.000 
5,199,706 

1,499,210 

7,783,077 
6,693,209 
3,769,483 

6,680.534 
4,530.982 
1,442,927 

2,890.856 
4,299,2,51 
1,835.321 

3,297.777 
2,581.894 
2,843,166 

31,523,686 
33,828.723 
7,060,406 

11,019.266 
9.166,320 
8,579,624 

102 
73 
46 

628 
279 
176 

89 
96 
31 

26 

156 
107 
85 

197 
117 
50 

136 
92 
53 

83 
61 
21 

546 
414 

128 

340 
127 
115 

112,424 
83,528 
66, 459 

718,968 
330,409 
128,712 

108, 163 
111.858 
50.880 

40.978 

150,027 
145, 795 
115,868 

210,007 
125,  XI 
52,247 

142,273 
75.920 
63,342 

134,919 
75. 616 
38,890 

842,445 
426. 399 
141.866 

393.880 
103,046 
101,438 

1,559 
2.0.32 
2,301 

9,030 
9.  .31 4 
6,879 

3,252 
3,  .3,37 
3,310 

892 

3,831 
3,187 
3, 723 

3, 185 
2,772 
1,854 

1,602 
2.091 
1,901 

2,065 
1,805 
2,140 

5,401 
5.840 
4,535 

3.175 
3.075 
4.051 

1,031.334 
1,041,088 
1,. 329. 739 

5,930.701 
5, 300, 756 
4,234.407 

1,927.573 
1,550.764 
1,536,141 

513,787 

2,200,977 
1,409.580 
1,565,557 

1,843,384 
1,373,353 
1,147,604 

984,028 
1,038.948 
1,100,062 

1, 197, 557 
862.011 
991,895 

3,060.905 
3.111.550 
1.833.407 

1.557.515 
1.239.2.38 
2.338,017 

169,888 
121,819 
87,677 

1,204,095 
483,271 
217,  .384 

244,382 
224,009 
150,782 

73,056 

602,778 
227,774 
245,560 

713,692 
198,160 
75,773 

93,095 
81,996 
92,779 

195,475 
45,450 
92,007 

1,458.804 

1,265.456 

465,900 

443,566 
189.294 
297,251 

1,941,642 
1,876,435 
1,528,528 

21,172,758 
17,075,461 
10,093,125 

6,844,047 
6,287,256 
4,924,342 

1,206,763 

9,517,495 
7,272,761 
8,007,974 

8,378,555 
5,101,335 
2,655,320 

2,755,043 
3.744,911 

2,382,777 

3,358,171 
2,791,908 
2,817,578 

13,821,410 
12,188.811 
6,496,258 

6,661.242 
5.403.869 
5,768,584 

3,599,736 

. 

.3,274,922 
3,291,293 

30,926,464 

24,84.i.00<i 
17,117,223 

10,035,971 

9,006,577 
7,073,;e9 

1,956,353 

Michigan 

13,467,751 

Missouri            

9,920,780 
11,078,281 

12,009,226 

New  York,           

7,722,768 
3,974,173 

4,250,812 

Ohio                       

5,228,  :!51 
3,166,771 

5,5.'«,408 

Pennsylvania 

3,942,372 
4.784,135 

19,428.2.30 
19,260,910 
10,080,722 

9, 901.. 359 

7,307.894 
9,517,810 

1  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members  with  their  salaries;  number  only  reported  in  1900  and  1905,  but  not  included  in  this  table. 

!  Included  in  "all  other  states"  in  1900  and  1890. 

'  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Alabama,  2;  Colorado,  1:  Georgia,  2;  Iowa,  1:  Kansas,  1:  Kentucky.  1;  Maryland.  1;  New  Hampshire,  1;  -New 
Jersey.  2:  Tennessee,  2;  West  Virginia.  1:  Wisconsin.  2.  *.        tt  ».-       ,    x-       r  n 

<  "Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Alabama.  2;  Georgia,  2;  Kentucky,  1;  Maryland.  1:  Massachusetts,  2;  New  Hampshire,  1;  New  Jersey,  2: 
Tennessee,  1;  West  \'irginia,  1.  ,,.  «   x-      tt  i.i      i 

'Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Alabama.  3;  California.  1;  Florida.  1;  Kansas.  2:  Kentucky.  2;  Massachusetts,  3;  Minnesota.  2:  New  Hampshire,!; 


North  Carolina,  1;  Tennessee,  2;  V'irginia,  1;  West  Virginia.  1. 

Illinois  helil  first  rank  in  the  manufacture  of  steam 
railroad  cars  by  establishments  not  operated  by 
railroad  companies  during  the  entire  period  cov- 
ered by  the  table.  The  value  of  products  for  this 
state  in  1905  was  S30,926,464,  which  represented  a 
gam  since  1890  of  .S13,S09,241,  or  80.7  percent,  and 
constituted  27. S  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  the 
products  of  the  industry  in  the  United  States.  Michi- 
gan ranked  next  to  Illinois  in  1S90,  but  relinquished 
this  position  to  Pennsylvania  in  1900,  and  has  since 
occupied  third  ])lace.  In  1905  these  3  states  reported 
aggregate  products  of  a  value  of  §63,822,445,  or  57.4 
per  cent  of  the  total  for  the  country. 


There  was  no  material  change  in  the  total  number  ol 
establisliments  engaged  in  this  branch  of  the  industry 
in  the  I'nited  States  at  the  three  census  periods, 
although  Illinois  increased  from  9  establishments  in 
1890  to  16  in  1905,  and  Pennsylvania  decreased  from 
15  in  1890  to  9  in  1905.  These  were  the  onl}^  states 
showing  a  change  of  more  than  3  establishments  in 
1905  as  compared  with  1890. 

The  industry  has  been  practically  at  a  standstill  in 
the  state  of  Delaware  since  1890,  the  increase  in  value 
of  products  amounting  to  but  9.4  per  cent  for  the  fifteen 
vears.  Measured  by  the  same  standard,  Pennsyl- 
vania has  made  slight  progress  in  the  industrj'  during 


366 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  past  five  years,  and  in  New  York  the  industry  has 
not  even  held  its  owti,  the  value  of  the  output  falling 
off  §977,539,  or  18.7  per  cent  since  1900.  Illinois  is 
the  only  state  which  shows  an  increase  -of  more  than 
S5,000,000  for  1905,  as  compared  with  1900,  while 
increases  of  less  than  S5, 000,000  and  more  than 
SI, 000, 000  are  shown  for  Missouri,  Michigan,  Oliio, 
and  Indiana.  For  1900,  as  compared  with  1890,  in- 
creases of  more  than  $5,000,000  each  are  shown  for 
Pennsylvania  and  Illinois,  and  increases  between 
31,000,000  and  S4,000,000  each  for  Missouri,  New 
York,  and  Indiana. 

Although  at  the  census  of  1905  Illinois  produced  an 
output  valued  at  about  half  again  as  much  as  that 
of  the  state  of  Pennsj'lvania,  yet  the  capital  invested 
in  the  industrj-  in  the  former  state  was  not  one-half  as 
great  as  that  invested  in  the  industr^'  in  the  latter 
state.  This  discrepancy  was  due  in  part  to  the  inclu- 
sion of  a  class  of  assets  in  the  capital  of  one  of  the  large 
establishments  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  which  were 
not  included  in  the  reports  on  capital  of  the  large  estab- 
lishments located  in  Illinois.  Owing  to  this  difference 
in  the  returns  of  capital  the  relative  importance  of 
the  2  states  in  this  industry  is  indicated  more  accurately 
perhaps  by  the  number  of  persons  employed  and  the 
value  of  the  product.  In  this  connection,  however,  it 
should  be  remembered  that  in  the  case  of  Illinois  in 
the  neighborhood  of  a  third  of  the  value  of  products 
was  made  up  of  the  value  of  passenger  cars,  whereas 
comparatively  few  cars  of  this  character  were  produced 
by  establishments  located  in  Pennsylvania,  the  prin- 
cipal production  of  wbich  consists  of  freight  cars.  The 
prosperous  condition  of  the  manufacture  of  passenger 
cars,  which  is  indicated  by  the  increase  in  this  class  of 
cars,  compared  with  the  rather  depressed  condition  of 
the  freight  car  industry,  which  is  indicated  by  the  de- 
crease in  number  and  comparatively  slight  increase  in 
value  shown  in  Table  7  for  this  class  of  cars,  gives  to 
Illinois  an  apparent  lead  in  the  industry',  which  prob- 
aVjly  would  not  be  feo  marked  if  the  conditions  for  the 
manufacture  of  freight  cars  in  Pennsylvania  bad  l)een 
more  favoral)le,  or  even  upon  a  normal  basis.  In  fact, 
it  has  alrea<ly  been  pointed  out  that  one  of  the  largest 
establisbments  in  the  country,  located  in  Pennsylvania, 
devoted  normally  to  the  production  of  this  class  of  cars, 
produced  none  during  the  census  year.  In  weighing 
the  relative  ranks  of  the  2  states,  therefore,  these  C(m- 
ditions  should  be  taken  into  account.  In  this  case  at 
least  it  is  proba])lc  that  the  value  of  products  fails  to 
reflect  acfuratcly  the  true  imixirtniice  in  this  iMrlustrv 
which  Ix'longs  to  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  under  nor- 
mal trade  conditions. 

PrixlnrtH. — In  Tiible  7  is  presented  the  total  number 
and  value  of  cars  hiiilt  b}'  establishments  classified 
under  the  industry,  distributed  according  to  kind,  at 
the  censuses  of  I9(i()  and  1005. 


Tabi. 


7. — Cars,  steam  railroad — number  aiid  value   of  cars  built, 
distributed  according  to  kind:    1905  and  1900. 


KIND. 

1905 

1900 

Total  number  of  cars  built 

Total  value 

103.064 

$88,283,902 

2,030 
818,  HO.  293 

199 

$896,185 

769 
$5,819,034 

58 
$886,305 

95 
$576,230 

114 
$1,686,417 

42S 
$2,955,517 

13 
S2n,6S8 

304 
84,775,624 

50 
S333,323 

100.616 
869,148,955 

38,184 
128,508,632 

27.998 
$21,367,218 

5,412 
12,893,154 

2,840 
81,727,771 

801 
$505,000 

9,518 

$'i,518,D84 

3,353 
83,042,835 

4,235 
82,453,123 

160 
8150,977 

8,115 
82,982,161 

418 
$994,654 

414 

$991,149 

308 
$875,608 

15 
848,164 

8 
87,019 

83 
860,353 

4 

83, 5^ 

118, ,104 
870,620,166 

979 
87,368,299 

72 
8238,554 

Passenger  service: 

Total  number 

Total  value 

Baggage  and  express — 

Number 

Value 

Chair  and  coach- 

Value.. 

8957,526 
37 

Dining  and  buffet- 
Number 

Value 

$404,503 

Mail- 

Value.  .. . 

$197, 465 
37 

Parlor— 

Numbrr 

Value 

Passenger — 

Value 

81,975,469 

Private- 

Number 

Value 

8154.709 

Sleeping — 

Value ,          

82,767,061 
74 

Other  varieties- 
Number 

8400,609 

Freight  servic?: 

Total  value 

862,161,013 
47  838 

Box- 
Number .  . 

826,562,893 

Coal  and  coke- 

Value 

818,414,718 
4  525 

Flat- 
Number  

81, 923,. 525 

Fruit- 

Value 

86a';,  354 

1  717 

Furniture- 
Number 

Value 

81,148,265 

Gondola — 

Value ... 

86,873,145 
•>  354 

Refrigerator— 

Niimber 

Value 

81,956,097 

Stock- 

Value 

81  426  800 

Caboose— 
Number 

193 

Value 

8184.865 

Other  varieties- 

Value 

$3,005,351 
935 

Street  cars: 

Total  number 

8I,090,a'>4 
902 

Electric- 

Value..                  

81,062,172 
487 

Closed— 

Numl>er 

8693,143 

Combination- 

'44 

Value 

868  320 

Open— 

Nmnber 

371 

8300,709 

oth«'r  - 

Value 

TTnrHe— 

Number 

'33 

Vnhio 

1$28  682 

>  Includes  2S  cable  cars,  valued  at  $21,2.'!2. 

or  (he  jia.ssenger  service  cars  produced  by  this 
indiist  rv  at  the  census  of  IDO.'i,  7fiO,  or  38  per  cent,  were 
chair  and  coach  cars,  whose  viilue  constituted  32.1  per 
cent  of  the  total  value  of  all  |)assenger  service^  cars 
constructed.  At  tlie  census  of  1!)()0  the  numb(>r  of 
ordinary  pa.ssenger  cars  built  formed  the  largest  ])ro- 
])orti()M  iif  tlie  total  imniber,  but  (luring  the  succeed- 


THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILROAD  CAR  INDUSTRY. 


367 


ing  five  years  tlie  produclioii  of  cliair  iind  coach  cars 
quadrupled,  ()utstri])pin;i;  I  lie  production  of  ordinary 
passenger  cars.  The  average  value  of  each  variety  of 
passenger  cars  shown  has  increa.sed  since  1900. 

At  both  censuses  the  most  important  varieties  of 
freight  service  cars,  from  the  standpoint  of  number  and 
value,  were  the  common  box  cars  and  the  coal  and  coke 
cars.  Both  these  classes  showed  decreases  in  number 
and  increases  in  value,  which  resulted  in  an  averagevalue 
in  the  case  of  Ijox  cars  of  .1747  at  the  census  of  190.5, 
compared  with  an  average  value  of  .S.5.5.5  at  the  census 
of  1900,  and  an  average  value  in  the  case  of  coal  and 
coke  cars  of  $763  for  190.5  and  .|C)3S  for  1900. 

The  growth  in  construction  of  freight  cars  for  special 
j)urposes  is  shown  by  the  table.  At  the  census  of  1900, 
1,620  fruit  cars,  valued  at  .S66.5,.354,  were  built,  which 
increased  to  2,840  cars,  valued  at  $1,727,771,  at  the 
census  of  1905.  The  output  of  refrigerator  cars  in- 
creased 999  in  number  and  $1,0S6,73S  in  value,  and 
stock  cars  1,47.5  in  number  and  $1,026,323  in  value. 

The  production  of  street  cars  in  establishments  en- 
gaged primarily  in  the  construction  of  steam  railroad 
cars  is  apparently  decreasing,  as  the  number  of  street 
cars  produced  by  them  fell  off  more  than  one-half  tluring 
the  five  years  between  1900  and  1905,  and  the  value 
also  decreased,  although  not  to  so  marked  an  extent 
as  the  number. 

Exports. — Table  8  shows  by  countries  the  value  of  ex- 
ports of  passenger  and  freight  cars,  and  parts  of  cars,  for 
steam  railroads,  at  each  census  period  from  1880  to  1905. 

Table  8. —  Value  of  exports  of  stiam  railroad  passenger  and  freight 
cars,  and  parts  of  same,  by  countries:  1880  to  1905.^ 


COUNTRY. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

Total 

11,934,352 

1 
$2,558,323  |»2,689,698 

J583,723 

Asia: 

10,103 

•      16,838 
2,947 

HonekonE  .. 

300 
220,152 

12,589 
898 
220 

60,754 
15,100 

48,562 

Russia — Asiatic  .. 

Oceania: 

21,000 

9,000 
5,000 

10,204 

Hawaii 

10,780 
11,887 

Africa: 

4,744 
401,151 

18,100 

Turkey  in  Africa — Egvpt 

1  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  "Commerce  and 
Navigation  of  the  United  States." 


Taiilic  8. —  Value  of  exporia  of  skavi  railroad  passemjfr  ami  freight 
carSj  and  parts  of  same^  by  countries:  1880  to  1905 — Continued. 


COUNTKY. 

1«0.> 

1900 

1890 

IHHO 

Europe: 

Austria-Hungary 

S80 
1,166 
1,538 
7,  .324 
1,832 

Hclgiuin 

i36,7i3 

125 

280,939 

62,  .319 

Denmark 

133,000 

Germany 

126,800 

soo 

Gitiraltar 

Italy 

2,658 

62,507 
1,925 
1,583 
1,300 

I'ortugal 

2,385 

8,010 

27,915 

16,792 

1  665 

Rus.sia    Baltic  and  White  seas 

Spain 

43,920 

Sweden  and  Norway 

.3,788 

4,848 

124,585 

65,301 

2,105 

11,572 

290,516 

44,086 

166 

686 

10,363 

4,106 

588 

2,690 

144 

482,242 

1,964 
83,532 

190,773 

61,467 

North  America: 

British  Honduras 

Nova  Sentiji,  New  Bnm,Hwick,  etc. 

15,464 
.349,078 
12,070 
232 
6,149 
1,271 
2,664 
4,704 

yneliee,  Oiiiiirio.  Manitol>a,ete 

British  Ciiluniliia. . 

49,900 

2.100 
4,716 

Newfoundland  and  Labrador 

3,600 

Nicaragua 

26,365 

V»23,613 

Salvador 

1,707 
714,329 

253 
79,723 
8,763 

4,000 
492,326 

1,747 
163,456 

28,743 

West  Indies: 

British 

7,400 

39,450 

1,863 

Cul)a 

Haiti 

11,293 

12,862 

105, 147 

133,378 

8,007 

13,107 

1,990 

12,500 

2,692 

2,150 

210 

1,710 

1,063,  .319 

••(47,222 

169,879 

9,300 

South  America: 

536,  .337 
9,518 

21  162 

Brazil 

276  tj83 

Chile 

ColomlHa   . .                   .... 

6,805 
785 

4,800 

Guiana — British     .  .                ..  .. 

700 
2,800 
47,500 
7,490 

4,485 
1,510 

Peru 

40,930 

Uruguay         - .        .... 

1,694 

'  Not  reported  separately. 

The  value  of  the  exports  of  steam  cars  decreased 
$623,971,  or  24.4  per  cent,  from  1900  to  1905.  There 
was  a  decided  decrease  in  exports  to  the  United  King- 
dom, France,  and  Germany,  and  to  Canada  and  Mexico. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  export  trade  in  this  class  of 
commodities  to  certain  countries  shows  substantial 
increases  for  the  half  decade:  That  to  Japan  increased 
$207, .563;  that  to  Argentina,  $431,190;  and  that  to 
Peru,  $38,238.  The  Philippine  Islands  appear  in  the 
table  for  the  first  time  in  1905. 

STEAM    KAILROAD   REPAIR    SHOPS. 

Table  9  is  a  summary,  by  geographic  divisions,  of  the 
statistics  for  steam  railroad  repair  shops  at  the  census 
of  1905. 


Table  9.— STEAM  RAILROAD  REPAIR  SHOPS— SUMMARY,  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:   1905. 


Num- 
ber of 
estal:- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

SALARIED  OrFKlAL.S, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 

WAGE-EARNERS  AND 
WAGES. 

Miscella- 
neous ex- 
penses. 

Cost  of  ma- 
terials 
used. 

Value  of 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

products. 

Ignited  states 

1,141 

$146,943,729 

13,337 

Sll.931,996 

236,900 

$142,188,336 

$4,821,710 

$151,140,250 

$.309.  Kn3.  499 

North  Atlantic' 

270 
13.5 
441 
153 
142 

,54,272.332 
11,008.934 
54,794.034 
14,661,078 
12,207,351 

4,073 
1,370 
5,342 
1,532 
1,020 

3,357.678 
1,175,305 
4,607.6.57 
1,580, OSS 
1,211,320 

70, 616 
27,558 
86,018 
31,765 
20,943 

42,199.050 
14,373,361 
51.853.930 
18.190.402 
15,671,593 

1.800,116 
381,841 

1,441.768 
513.979 
684.006 

51,056,924 
14,240.549 
55,669.521 
18,037,823 
12,135,433 

98.319.747 

South  Atlantic  2. 

30. 202. 383 

North  Central^ 

113.403.073 

South  Central  < 

38.33fi,404 

Western' 

29,601,892 

ilncUhies  Maine,  New  lliimpshirn.  Vt-rmnnt.  Miissachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania. 
siiu'lndi's  l>cla\\'ari'.  Mjir\i)iTid.  l>islrifl  of  loliiinbia,  \'irginia.  West  \'irginia.  North  Carohna.  South  Carohna.  Georgia,  Florida. 
^Int-huirs  ( Hil't.  IniiianM.  I[lin<*is.  Michitran,  \Visconjiin,  Minnesota.  Iowa.  Missouri.  North  Dakota.  South  Dakota.  Nebraska,  Kansas. 
<  Includes  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Aluhiima,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Indian  Territon,',  Oklahoma.  Texas. 
^  Includes  Montana,  Idaho,  Wvominp,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Utah,  Nevada,  Washington.  Oregon,  California.  Alaska. 


368 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  North  Central  division  ranked  first  in  this 
branch  of  the  industry  as  regards  all  the  principal 
items  except  miscellaneous  expenses.  Of  the  totals  for 
the  United  States,  this  division  reported  38.7  per  cent 
of  the  establishments,  .37.3  per  cent  of  the  capital,  and 
36.6  per  cent  of  the  products.  The  North  Atlantic 
division  ranked  second  in  all  the  principal  items,  ex- 
cept miscellaneous  expenses,  in  which  item  it  was  jfirst. 
The  two  leadino;  divisions  were  of  much  greater  impor- 
tance than  the  remairrng  three  shown  in  the  table,  the 
total  value  of  the  output  of  both  being  .$211,722,820, 
or  68.3  per  cent  of  the  aggregate  for  the  United  States 
in  this  industry.  .Uthough  the  North  Central  divi- 
sion produced  a  product   valued   at   $113,403,073,  or 


$15,083,326  more  than  the  North  Atlantic  division,  yet 
the  operations  of  the  average  establishment  in  the  lat- 
ter division  were  conducted  on  a  much  larger  scale  than 
those  of  the  average  repair  shop  in  the  former  division. 
This  greater  concentration  in  the  latter  division  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  the  capital  invested  in  and  the 
value  of  the  output  of  the  establishments  in  this  divi- 
sion were,  respectiveh',  $201,009  and  .$364,147,  whereas 
the  same  averages  for  tlie  leading  division  were  only 
$124,249  and  $257,150,  respectively. 

Table  10  is  a  comparative  summary  of  the  statistics 
of  the  industry,  bystatesand  territories,  for  each  census 
from  1890  to  1905. 


Table  lO.— STEA.M  RAILROAD  REPAIR  SHOPS- 


-COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY.  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1890 
TO  1905. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
Ush- 
ments. 

Capital. 

SALAEUSD   OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 

■WAGE-EARNERS  AND 
WAGES. 

Miscella- 
neous ex- 
penses. 

Cost  of  ma- 
terials 
used. 

Value  of 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

products. 

United  States 

1905 
,900 
IHK) 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
I'.KK) 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 

M900 

1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
ISM 

1905 
19(H) 

HI05 
IIMJO 
1890 

U)05 
1900 

1905 
l'.K)0 
181)0 

1905 
1900 

1890 

1905 
1900 

isno 

1,141 

1,293 

716 

$140,943,729 
119,580,273 
76,192.477 

13,337 
7,096 
1,953 

$11,931,990 
6,210,247 
1,584,242 

236,900 
173, 652 
106,632 

$142,188,336 
96,062,329 
00.213,433 

$4,S21,710 
6,293,987 

$151,140,260 
109,539,013 
60.561,626 

$309,863,499 

218,238,277 
129,401,698 

16 
19 

12 

7 
7 
3 

13 

21 

8 

28 
29 
10 

34 

29 
10 

5 
6 

S 

5 
5 
3 

3 
3 
3 

6 
13 
10 

2M 
32 
11 

8 
4 

il9 
98 
70 

4 

w 

44 

64 
48 

40 
68 
41 

23 
37 
20 

2,104,291  1 

2,919,434 

909,911 

523,427 
430,119 
72,724 

561,317 
720,907 
356,747 

4,040,888 
4,429.9.51 
3,139,514 

1,646,279 
1,681,860 
1,551.311 

1.. 3.30. 619 

1.6:ffl.l34 

690.265 

1.009,916 
751.213 
767,875 

201,518 

470.387 

44.700 

4.39.845 
414.:«)0 
158,960 

2. 102.  .313 

1.408.592 

4.50, 512 

183,141 
177,912 

13,241.020 
11,726,424 
7,791,2.34 

88,360 
8,080 

6,147,248 
4,7:»,2.31 
3,929,805 

3,027,832 
3,277,0!? 
2,404,048 

3,041,633 
2,9.31,000 
1,08.3,210 

239 

118 

4 

39 

14 
2 

135 
103 
22 

271 
119 
29 

215 
1.37 

26 

133 

100 

89 
17 
29 

27 
14 
37 

45 
33 

7 

223 
97 
23 

40 
12 

1,137 
618 
204 

22 
3 

672 
348 
110 

409 

278 

81 

263 
176 

60 

235, 123 

112.795 

2,820 

.54,200 

21,300 

1,414 

152,378 
97,935 
20,028 

313,456 
141,798 
23,840 

262,850 
148,040 
47,700 

86,643 

78,392 

5,920 

82,256 
20,S24 
19,178 

22,599 
1.3, 160 
33,810 

45,408 

26, 663 

7.160 

224,936 
98,003 
19.140 

45.900 
13.;)2fl 

1,001,699 
608,702 
198,080 

22.430 
2,820 

689,477 

290, 197 

03,903 

.371,09!) 

249,948 

05,312 

229,602 
107,780 
46,940 

5,501 
4.030 
1,373 

1.159 
676 
140 

2,508 

1,927 

847 

8,251 
4,920 
2,858 

3,062 
2,687 
1..366 

1.976 

1,657 

682 

1,341 
880 
821 

648 
394 
253 

1,111 
9.5S 
280 

4,777 

3, 175 

966 

713 
399 

19,096 
13,803 
10,277 

274 
64 

11,348 

8,081 
0,013 

0,372 
6,497 
3,812 

0,190 
6,602 
2,819 

2,992,577 

1.941.031 

761.134 

961,296 
437,238 
112,990 

1,544,917 

1,203,761 

563, 187 

6,067,789 
3.507.028 
2, 151,. 594 

2,204,.S.59 
1,676,500 
1.02.3,809 

1,2.56,  ,3ft8 
943,  .503 
41.S.317 

814.945 
529.025 
489.090 

367.025 
206,475 
120.  .300 

561.3.34 
486. 4.SK 
144.  !W7 

2.415.744 

1,602,208 

622,657 

639,313 
293,396 

12, 104,  .522 
7. 422,  .527 
6,865,481 

184,023 
.36,604 

0.064,212 
4,. -125, 101 
3.274,288 

3. 8.59.  .893 
2,948.947 
2. 121 ,  S24 

3,929,831 
3,476,400 
1 .  722,  X'O 

134,703 
86,045 

21,504 
16,454 

(SI 

18,977 
27, 124 

203, 762 
76,590 
(^) 

78,389 
38,863 

(=) 

27,489 
41,879 

12,255 
2,316 

6,524 
1,100 
1,878 

,5,7(» 

111.224 

1,.S00 

77,261 
89,380 

2,670 
2,743 

246,687 

267,497 

6,629 

16 

87 

264,893 
171,355 

(") 

73,245 

124.4.53 

:«)0 

102,068 
101,4.57 

(■') 

3,305,735 

2,032,166 

784,304 

292,308 
412.490 
74.985 

1,360,037 
765,003 
716.340 

3.251,325 
.3.826,340 
2,777,301') 

2,6()3.085 

1,278.299 

894.090 

922.818 

1,366.281 

274,237 

648,872 
460,619 
748,656 

226,350 
167,255 
140,582 

.543,931 
.579.870 
201.514 

2,057,669 

1,272,692 

349,844 

325,781 
214, 106 

12,267,971 
8,286.776 
5,909,493 

:i21,06;) 
18,224 

7,000.028 
6,464,676 
.3,904,281 

.3. 302. 944 
2, 896, 269 
2,244,274 

7,240,070 
3,071,173 
1,874,646 

6,681,074 

4, 172. 192 
1,581,207 

1,329.308 

887,482 
189,390 

3,077,537 

2,095,447 
1,299,558 

9, 8.36, 332 

7.553,626 
4,923,071 

5,2.59,183 

3,141,602 
1,965,696 

2, 164.. 8.31 

2.430.050 
IV98. 474 

1,558,327 

1,012.683 
1,280,485 

022,498 

Klorldtt 

376,990 
370,164 

1,156,441 

1,112,246 
354,043 

4,775,109 

Idaho* 

3,002,283 
892,010 

91.3.670 

IlllnoU 

Indian  Territory  * 

523,631 

25,491,209 
16.  .580. 424 
12.208,617 

628. 131 
50. 635 

14  516  .330 

10.242.4'22 
7,2,S9,:)82 

7.618,721 

Kfin»a« 

6.221.378 
4,473,089 

11.. 521. 144 
0,816,810 
3.044,038 

I  Not  riiporl.!.!  in  full. 

•  Not  n'portcd. 

'  Inclmle.'i  1  i'iitul>Malun>'nt  In  .Mimkii. 


<Noo»till.li«lilni>nl»  rciKirlcd  In  1.S90. 
'Included  In  "idl  dhiT  Hlnlrs  "  In  1890. 


THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILROAD  CAI?   INDUSTRY. 


369 


Tadle   lO.— .steam  railroad  RF.PAIR  shops— comparative  summary,  by  states  and  TKliKlToRIES:  1890 

TO  1905— Continued. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber ot 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capitnl. 

SALARIED  OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 

WAGE-EARNERS  AND 
WAGES. 

Miscella- 
neous ex- 
penses. 

Cost  of  ma- 
terials 
used. 

Value  of 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

products. 

Krntiicky 

1905 
1900 
1890 

24 

25 

9 

$2,412,691 

1,761,958 

305,229 

185 
96 
11 

5170,305 
S2.().S<) 
10.240 

4,588 

3,  .572 

623 

S2.  .524. 795 

1.841.778 

3.53.200 

«88,1.M 
55,984 

(') 

$2,955,817 

2,267.578 

22.5,485 

$5,739,071 

4,248,029 

588.925 

1905 
1900 
1890 

16 

19 

6 

1,471,097 
7S2,.588 
156.136 

•       211 
43 
10 

188.017 
46,  .344 
7,235 

2.434 

1,378 

61 

1,284,. 509 

800.  ■■am 

4.3.421 

48.494 

19.(i89 

101 

1,114,180 
562,658 
61,592 

2.6;i5,290 

1,429.099 
1I2.S47 

1905 
190O 
1890 

15 
19 
10 

1.024.172 
921.905 
150, 672 

28 

37 

5 

26,676 
31,. 332 
4,500 

863 
571 
239 

4.57.594 
:i00.755 
135.275 

21,075 
35,435 
(■) 

684,571 
487,004 
82,5.36 

1,189,916 

857,136 
224,113 

1905 
1900 
1890 

21 
19 
10 

2, 303, 354 
2,877,954 
2,904.677 

226 
134 
36 

204,916 
100.843 
o2,fm 

4,977 
3, 020 
2,978 

2.830.848 
1,849.7.37 
1,437.0.58 

99.915 
5.5,163 

2.610.228 
2.  .567. 480 
3.588,572 

.5,7.51,908 

4.573,229 
5,079,035 

1905 
1900 
1890 

22 
16 
14 

4,494.294 
3,056.043 
1,988,676 

198 
111 
25 

168,226 
103.962 
18.711 

4,004 
3,031 
2,264 

2.521.509 
1,822.959 
1,279.517 

38.959 
32,544 

.3.000,110 
1,752.564 
1,. 390. 705 

6,348,804 

3,712,029 
2.712,763 

1905 
1900 
1890 

34 
42 
17 

2,402,881 
2,527,256 
1,226,163 

201 
182 
32 

190.932 
147,119 
33,340 

4,435 
3,9.38 
2,098 

2,496.947 
2,026.000 
1,119,487 

82,129 
39,642 
(■) 

2.. 599. 383 
2. 120, 106 
1.492,487 

5,  .369. 391 

4,332,927 
2,545,314 

Mintu'sota 

1905 
1900 
1890 

24 
39 
18 

6,961,326 
4,933,805 
2,926.860 

372 

264 
66 

339,762 

243,448 

56.706 

.5,767 
4.700 
1,951 

3,300,180 
2,599,387 
1.219,325 

25,445 
95.561 

3.715.730 
3.:iS0.441 
1.305.136 

7,  .379. 627 
0.319,876 
2,628,174 

1905 
1900 
1S90 

15 

9 
5 

1,337,132 
741,753 
612,744 

102 
45 
18 

107.997 
40. 7,54 
19.580 

2,653 
1,534 
1.076 

1,420,876 
807,899 
077,093 

25,082 
18,336 
0) 

1.332,467 
464.034 
632,876 

2,886.422 

1,331,401 
1,329.549 

1905 
1900 
1890 

34 

43 
27 

2.672,946 
3,645,200 
1,394,974 

414 
242 

77 

305.714 

219,292 

07.945 

6,700 
.5,581 
2.850 

4,164,684 
3, 182, 753 
1,737,771 

75,148 

102,500 

1,637 

4,111.887 
3,019.574 
2,082,326 

8,720.433 

6,524,121 
3,890,542 

1905 
1900 
1890 

10 
7 
4 

1,055,108 
524,725 
317,765 

76 
49 
12 

98.105 
50,  :W2 
10,354 

1.0.39 
621 
301 

799,408 
397,. 552 
220,013 

4,668 
5,138 

670, 177 
.301.3.38 
19.3.201 

1,572,478 

754,410 

429,  .508 

1905 
1900 
1890 

.30 
23 
9 

5,975.358 
3,035,267 
1,245,519 

381 
114 
28 

189.419 
100.401 
20,877 

3,245 
2,458 
2,041 

2,108,816 
1,421,284 
1,146,206 

178,008 
92.946 
(') 

1,917.442 

1,009,8.30 

900,825 

4, 394,  (MS 

2,624,461 
2,067,908 

Nevada..                       .          

1905 
1900 
1890 

0 
6 
0 

2.50.888 
404.577 
428,999 

25 
8 
6 

20, 224 
9,800 
8,400 

315 
214 
209 

279. SS7 
168. 102 
194. 643 

3,785 
7,446 
(>) 

221,893 
110,637 
231,893 

.531,789 

293.985 
435.084 

New  Hampshire                  

1905 
1900 
1890 

9 

4 

1,044.979 
S-W.  873 
205.40.5 

43 

30 

2 

34,065 

24,201 

2,120 

1,007 
960 
141 

.570.229 
516.990 
so: 804 

21,114 
36,763 

975.051 
.523.347 
30.612 

1.600.4.59 

1.101.30! 
119,5.55 

New  Jersey                                  

1905 
1900 
1890 

21 
IS 
18 

3.510.337 
2, 819. 759 
2,706.957 

355 

179 
99 

307.827 
137. 191 
63,775 

5.556 
4.594 
5,134 

3.220.032 
2.399.075 
2.813.713 

200.700 

195.707 

800 

3.234.238 
2.301.699 
3,172.891 

6,898.821 

5.034.267 
6,051.179 

Nrw  Mexico.                               

1905 
1900 
1890 

10 
5 

936,953 
386. 721 
137,389 

09 
19 
4 

91,263 
18.784 
2.525 

1,667 

1,061 

254 

1,228.641 
585,401 
174.038 

64.123 
1,913 
(■) 

1,12.5.278 
463.182 
177,503 

2,509.845 

1.0G9.2S0 
354.066 

New  York..        ..                     

1905 
1900 
1890 

65 

82 
46 

11,651,993 
11,244.747 
4,213,639 

991 
443 
91 

836.005 

344.590 

75,535 

14. 172 
13.002 
8,585 

7. 990.  O'.t;. 
0.  7ti2..illl 
4.42(1,441 

236.162 
203,221 
(') 

8.777,987 
8.879.813 
4,527,381 

17,885.884 

16,194.850 
9,046,025 

North  Carolina.                         

1905 
1900 
1890 

11 
12 
9 

857,566 
.539.513 
210,  458 

96 
47 

8 

78.884 

38.463 

6. 040 

1.973 

1.141 

434 

1,022,970 
550. 504 
186,202 

7.673 
29,259 
(■) 

1,334,399 
893,150 
200,335 

2,443.926 

1,511,376 
393.576 

1905 
1900 

3 
3 

137,110 
171,043 

20 

7 

19.283 
0,725 

146 
126 

101,785 
67.922 

80.514 
64.847 

201.082 

1,400 

140.894 

Ohio 

1905 
1900 
1890 

74 
91 
04 

7,  .503, 053 
5,701,129 
3,907,278 

1,169 
576 
150 

968.618 
456.971 
107,675 

17.026 

11.534 

i         7,397 

9,889.812 
6,087.052 
3.908,797 

358,137 
391,581 
(') 

10.225.136 
5,963.808 
3.930,052 

21.428.227 

12,975.182 
8,096.905 

Oklahoma  3.                                         

1900 

1905 
1900 
1S90 

3 

12 
14 
5 

9,350 

390,235 

725,935 

2,815,997 

3 

49 
29 
28 

2.40.5 

61.983 
31.078 
26,700 

22 

930 

751 
1.101 

13,333 

677.312 
49.5. 159 
907.739 

117 

140,518 
15,688 
(■) 

6,736 

386,326 
483.644 
781,217 

22.  .391 

Oregon .  , 

1,265.139 

1.026.169 
1,7.50.926 

rennsvlvaniii 

1905 
19(W 
1890 

128 
144 
61 

30,417,607 
19,182,001 
17,475,050 

2,271 

1,065 

346 

1,852.7IS 
810.  M7 
230,894 

41.838 
28.554 
22,649 

2.5.510,964 
15.  .825. 640 
12,301,884 

1,221,323 

3,280,079 

82,909 

32,360.972 
23,147.574 
15,822,037 

61.021.374 
43.065,171 
28,769.728 

Khode  Island  ^ 

1900 

1905 
1900 
1890 

3 

8 
6 
5 

120,900 

299,923 
354,842 
420, 8,59 

17 

91 

27 

7 

14,490 

64,392 

21.379 

5,500 

215 

1,131 
776 
828 

133,300 

.577. 191 
363.041 
394.411 

1,770 

5,462 
12.555 
(■) 

48,596 

432.945 
294.334 
287.862 

203.326 

1.080.990 

691.361 
688.191 

South  Dakota  2 

1905 
1900 

6 

7 

107. 116 
68,079 

13 
9 

14,520 
8.354 

184 
117 

105. 684 
79,  mi 

50 
3,049 

130,639 
86,567 

230.893 

177.631 

1905 
1900 
l.S9fl 

16 
16 
10 

2,028.941 
1,319,028 
1,198,940 

179 

65 
15 

173.436 
.58.606 
16,672 

4.760 

2.817 

1        1.772 

2.016,984 

1.4.59.319 

995.287 

70.685 
66,765 

2,978.340 

1,528.363 

.593.819 

3.839.445 

3.113.053 
1.605,778 

iNot  reported. 

-Includi'd  in  "all  other  states' 


3  Included  in 
*  Included  in 


'all  other  states 
'all  other  states 


'  in  1905.    No  establishments  reported  in  1890. 
'  in  1905  and  1890. 


370 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  lO.— STEAM  RAILROAD  REPAIR  SHOPS— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1890 

TO  1905— Continued. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

SALARIED  OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 

WAGE-EARNERS   AND 
WAGES. 

Miscella- 
neous CX-. 
penses. 

Cost  of  ma- 
terials 
used. 

Value  of 

STATE   OR  TERRITORT. 

Number. 

Salaries. 

Average 
number. 

Wages. 

products. 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 

1905 
1900 
1S90 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 

M905 
<1890 

47 
,56 
31 

7 
10 

6 

7 
S 

29 

28 

8 

10 
16 
4 

24 

23 

7 

30 
46 
22 

9 

7 

4 
11 

S4. 598, 912 
3,730,792 
1,140,049 

522, 140 
496, 149 

623,879 
711,261 
534,729 

2,740,078 

1,733,389 

583,022 

1,694,364 
944,800 
272, 195 

1,0.54.421 

1,040,311 

533,305 

3,916,005 
4,206,285 
1,681,255 

900,678 
591,725 

290,039 
487,054 

432 
263 

58 

89 
46 

29 
32 

$499,426 

292.398 

61,775 

93.424 
49,389 

20,982 
23,744 

8.593 
6,6,13 
2.354 

1,248 
908 

833 

779 
290 

7,345 
4,922 
1,1)43 

1,327 
956 
342 

4,255 
2,605 
1,022 

5, 444 
4,502 
2,148 

1,212 
853 

852 

j            731 

»5. 369, 960 
4,004,769 

1,574,786 

964,391 
636,076 

450,024 
446,017 
1.57,573 

3,663,208 

2,452,195 

833,254 

869,044 
653,205 
278,628 

2,114,096 

1,256,640 

433,335 

3,127,564 
2,398,144 
1,217,632 

884,005 
623,046 

496,954 
610,586 

$127,844 
138,838 
(') 

2,158 
16.219 

11.944 
4.614 
(') 

98,271 
45,406 
(') 

25,131 
14,264 
(') 

68,712 
32,355 
(') 

45,358 
138,270 
0) 

132,357 
37, 194 

6,310 

$4,475,512 
3, 878,  .536 
1.223.674 

826, 678 
604.907 

377,304 
3.W,40I 
153,976 

4.577,393 

3,  .531. 283 

658.011 

1,804,510 
760, 858 
175, 492 

1.808.762 

1.. 580. 910 

407.. 841 

3.071.077 

3,525,144 

898, 073 

.532.617 
480.199 

3.53.334 
379.004 

$10,472,742 

Utah'  

8,314.091 
2.860.235 

1.886.051 

Vermont _,' 

1.306.  ,591 
800.314 

824.776 
311,549 

Virginia 



401 
283 
22 

63 

55 

9 

!             172 
90 
14 

301 

272 

50 

76 
28 

60 
15 

323,351 

248, 425 

13,730 

70,035 

51,353 

7,440 

128,565 
67,646 
9,217 

267,732 

245,  ua 

44,778 

91,382 
29,374 

67,848 
12,598 

8,693.048 

6.277.279 
1.504.995 

2,798.726 

1.479.680 
461.. 561 

4.120.136 

2.943,5,57 
910,393 

6,511,731 

Wyoming '                      

6,306,823 
2,221,152 

1.040.301 

1.169,813 
924,446 

1,002,248 

'  Not  reported, 

•Included  in  "all  other  states  "  in  1890. 

'  Includes  establishments  distributod  as  follows:  ,\laska,  1:  Oklahoma,  2:  Rhode  Island,  1. 

<  Includes  estabUshments  distributed  as  follows:  Indian  Territory,  2;  North  Dakota,  2;  Rhode  Island,  2:  South  Dakota,  2;  Utah, 


Wyoming,  1. 


There  were  7  states  in  1905  that  reported  a  value  of 
products  greater  than  $10,000,000.  These  states, 
arranf;ed  in  order  of  value  of  products  reported,  are: 
Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Ohio,  New  York,  Indiana, 
Kansas,  and  Texas.  Their  total  value  of  products 
amounted  to  $162,.335,910,  or  .52.4  per  cent  of  the 
total  for  the  United  States.  The  repair  shops  located 
in  Pennsylvania  performed  repairs  and  construction 
work  valued  at  $61,021,374,  which  was  more  than 
doiitilc  the  value  of  the  work  done  hy  the  repair 
shops  located  in  the  second  state,  Illinois. 

Decided  gains  in  output  were  reported  in  HfO.'i  by 
all  of  the  states  excejjt  Connecticut,  the  products  of 
which  declined  $27.5,22.5  in  value  during  the  five 
years.  Pennsylvania  reported  the  largest  absolute 
increase  in  value  of  products  during  this  period, 
$17,9.56,203,  or  41.7  per  cent;  lUinois  reported  the 
next  largest  gain,  $8,910,7S.5,  or  .53.7  per  cent;  and 


Ohio  the  third  largest,  $8,453,045,  or  65.1  per  cent. 
These  were  the  only  states  that  reported  a  gain  of 
more   than  $5,000,000  in  value  of  products  in  1905. 

In  1900  the  order  of  the  states  in  regard  to  increase 
in  value  of  products  during  the  preceding  period  dif- 
fered greatly  from  that  shown  for  1905.  Pennsyl- 
vania led  as  in  1905,  but  New  York  and  Texas  were 
second  and  third,  respectively,  each  reporting  an 
increase  of  more  than  $5,000,000. 

Several  of  the  states  reported  a  decreased  produc- 
tion in  1900,  but  in  each  case  they  reported  an  in- 
crease in  1905  over  the  1900  returns,  the  increases  of 
2,  namely.  New  Jersey  and  Maryland,  being  more 
than  $1,000,000. 

Tables  11  and  12  present  statistics  in  detail,  ilis- 
tributed  by  states  and  territories,  for  each  branch  of 
the  industry  at  the  census  of  1905. 


THE  STEAM  AND  STHI^I-rP  PvATLROAD  CAR  IXDITSTRY. 


371 


Taiii.k  II.— CARS,    STEAM     K.\  1 1.ROAl),    NOT    INCLUlJIXc;     OPERATIONS    OF    RAILROAD    COMPANIES— DETAILED 

SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


United 
States. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,   tools,  and   imple- 
ments  

Cash  and  sundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  otficiais.  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

OlTicers  of  corporations- 
Number 

Salaries 

General      superintendents, 
managers,  clerks,  etc.— 

:i'otal  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women- 
Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners, including  piecework- 
ers, and  total  wages: 
Greatest  munber  employed  at 
any  one  time  during  the  year. 
Least  number  employed  at  any 

one  time  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

.VveVage  number 

W-'iges 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  Hi  years— 

.'Vverage  num  her 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners, 
including  pieceworkers, employed 
during  each  month: 
Men  It)  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  10  years  and  over —         1 

January I 

February I 

March 1 

April 

May. i 

June I 

July 

August 

Sep  tember 

October 

Novemtjer 

December. 

Children  under  IG  years — 

J  a  n  u  a  ry 

February 

March . .". 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

Novemlier 

December. 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Taxes 

Rent  of  offices,  inten'st,  insur- 
ance, and  all  other  sundry  ex- 
penses not  hitherto  included.. 

Contract  work 

Materials  used,  aggregate  cost 

Principal  materials,  total  cost. 

Purchased  in  raw  state 

Purchased      in      partially 

manufactured  form '. . 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

.Ml  other  materials 

Freight 

Products,  total  value 


73 

$88,179,047 

13,091,31)4 

Sll,581,*>48 

$11,850,40,5 

$61,055,(30 

6 

2,303 

$2,854,690 

177 
$794,739 


2,126 
$2,0.59,951 

2,052 
$2,016,874 

74 
$43,077 


15,843 

34,058 

$20,247,821 

33,896 
$20,191,342 

135 

$.50,875 

27 
$5,604 


33,009 
28,540 
28,040 
29,715 
37,197 
37,885 
36,436 
38,632 
32,207 
34,646 
34,2.53 
30,132 

175 
157 
157 
158 
165 
152 
117 
118 
56 
73 
122 
170 

35 
'23 
15 
25 
26 
25 
24 
24 
22 
24 
34 
47 
$5,198,831 
$147,575 
$261,059 


$4,758,748 

$31,449 

$75,657,126 

$42,499,775 

$157,577 


$42,342,198 

$1,447,703 

$8,034 

$206,068 

$30,804,987 

$690,559 

$111,175,310 


Delaware 


$2,707,101 
$227,500 
$.565,641 

$557,448 
$1,.356,.512 


102 
$112,424 

4 
$18,725 


$93,699 

94 
$91,575 

4 
$2,124 


2,007 

1,027 

1,5.59 

$1,031, .334 

1,.546 
JS1,027,488 

12 
$3,690 

1 
$156 


1,661 
1,619 
1,659 
1,667 
1,817 
1,593 
1,2.33 
1,202 
1,259 
1,286 
1,614 
1,942 

18 

18 

15 

15 

15 

10 

5 

5 

2 

5 

16 

20 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
$169,888 


$7,958 


$161,776 

$154 

$l,941,m2 

$671,764 


$671,764 
$49,645 


$3,084 
$1,217,149 


Illinois. 


83,. 599, 736 


16 

$15,467,326 

$497,041 

$3,783,670 

$2,332,697 

$8,853,918 

2 

628 
$718,9<)8 

38 
$183,276 


590 
$535,  (»2 

573 
$526,070 


$5,304,214 

$212,000 
$810,000 

$726,054 
$3.. 5.56, 160 


Massachu- 
setts. 


Michigan. 


4  4 

$1,499,210  $7,783,077 

$45,468  $710,500 

$198,21.2  $1,019,024 


17 
$9,622 


13,676 

2,975 

9,0.30 

$5,930,761 

8,986 
$5,909,759 

50 
$21,002 


9,214 
9,203 
9,866 
10,180 
11  222 
9!  704 
10,395 
9,404 
6.422 
6,408 
7,204 
8,550 

64 
60 
59 
61 
65 
63 
56 
57 
12 
13 
36 
54 


$108,163 

7 
$22,800 


82 
$85,.3f)3 

77 
$80,983 

5 
$4,380 


4,973 

2,025 

3,252 

$1,927,573 

3,252 
$1,927,573 


3,542 
3,256 
2,636 
2,317 
2,927 
3,024 
2,821 
3,724 
3,244 
3,012 
3,8X9 
4,0.32 


$1,204,095 
$73,610 
$72,909 


$1,032,329 

$25,247 

$21,172,758 

$9,321,798 

$6,030 

$9,315,768 

$330,810 

$700 

$42,376 

$11,336,888 

$140,186 

$30,926,464 


$244,382 
$1,200 
$23,963 


$218,219 

$1,000 

$6,.S44,047 

$3,607,600 

$57,595 

$3,550,005 
$130,618 


$5,956 

$2,664,873 

$435,000 

$10,035,971 


$198,000 

$1,057,480 

2 

26 
$40,978 

5 
$16,300 


21 
$24,678 


■19 
$23,274 


2 
$1,404 


1,061 

881 

,S92 

$513,787 

892 
$513,787 


938 

848 
840 
825 
822 
791 
808 
941 
947 
938 
990 
1,010 


$1,585,820 
$4,467,733 


15t> 
$150,027 


4 
$18,800 


1.52 
$131,227 

143 
$128,081 

9 
$3,146 


7,288 

666 

3,831 

$2,200,977 

3,825 
$2,199,157 

6 
$1,820 


Missouri. 


New 
York. 


S  4 

$6,686,534  $2,890,856 

$415,634  $;i72,;!06 

$845,486  $.Vi7,3.30 

$738,853  $.528,013 

$4,686,561  $1,42.3,207 


197  ;  136 

$210,607       $142,273 


14 
$43,916 


183 
$166,691 

174 

$161,711 


$4,980 


5,379 

2,232 

3,185 

$1,843,384 

3,174 
$1,839,369 

11 
$4,015 


1,835 

780 
1,408 
2,015 
5,574 
6,226 
5,440 
6,054 
4,607 
5,332 
3,822 
2,747 

6 
6 
5 
5 
6 
7 
6 
7 
6 

e 

6 
6 


2,569 

2,667 
2,957 
2,692 
2,908 
2,926 
3,487 
4,980 
3,397 
3,593 
2,960 
2,952 

12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
11 
10 
10 
10 
9 
U 
11 


6 
$26,861 


130 
$115,412 

129 

$114,1134 

1 

$778 


2,642 

421 

1,602 

$984,028 

1,575 
$974,732 


$9,296 


Ohio. 


6 

$3,297,777 

$61,275 
$252,795 


Pennsyl- 
vaaia. 


All  other 
states.! 


9  17 

$31,523,686  !$11,019,2S6 
$708,953         $440,687 
$2,623,799         $915,641 


$107,760  '  $3,604,677 
$2,875,947   $24,586,257 


83  '  546 

$134,919  I      $842,445 


2,150 
2,089 
1,768 
1,671 
1,845 
1,697 
1,121 
822 
648 
!,117 
1,893 
2,079 

40 
29 
34 
32 
31 
30 
15 
20 
7 
18 
25 
43 


10 

$47,100  I 


73 
$87,819 

69 
$86,290 


$1,529 


2,438 

1,421 
2,0(;5 
$1,197,557 

2,058 
$1,195,399 

7 
$2, 158 


1,720 
1,682 
1,564 
2,188 
2,236 
2,370 
2,363 
2,298 
2,216 
2,174 
2,041 
1,844 

5 
5 


$73,056 
$16,000 
$7,472 


8602,778 

'$30,' lis" 


$713,692 
$23,967 
$15,350 


$49,584    $572,665 


$93,095 

$144 

$16,448 


$76,603 


$1,206,763 
$1,179,014 


$9,617,496 

$8,751,639 

$12,562 


$672,940 

$1,435  

$8,378,655  $2,755,043 
$2,173,719  $1,447,038 

$6,682  i    $1,348 


$1,179,014  I  $8,739,077  $2,167,037  $1,445,690 


$12,776 


$1,497 


$13,476 


$219,894 
$3,000 

$60,916 
$440,889 

$41,157 


$174,627    $44,281 

$278  i 

$5,367  1   812,884 

),024..364  $1,250,340 
$■200      $500 


$1,966,353  $13,467,751  $12,069,226  $4,250,812 


$196,475 

$2,301 

$24,011 

$169,163 


58 
$303,5.30 


488 
$538,915 

471 
$528,855 

17 
$10,060 


10,404 

1,979 

5,401 

$3,060,905 

5,443 
$3,056,600 

1 
$152 

17 
$4,063 


5,713 
3,033 
2,021 
3,092 
4,559 
6,474 
6,345 
6,749 
6,584 
6,958 
6,a31 
7,457 

1 
1 
1 
1 
I 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


$1,458 
$4,1 
$32, 


$1,419,484 
S2  958 
$3,358,171  $13,82l|410 
$3,036,013  1  $7,741,360 
I    $9,712 


$3,036,013  I  $7,731,648 
$48,853  i   $321,120 


$2,921  I    $57,204 
$271,384  $6,701,726 


$5,539,408  l$19,42S,230 


$1,471,083 

$8,191,855 

2 

340 
$393,886 

31 
$113,431 


.309 
$280,466 

303 
$275,401 


6 
$6,054 


5,239 

2,316 

3,175 

$1,557,515 

3,145 
$1,547,388 

21 
$8,742 

9 
$1,385 


3,667 
3,363 
3,321 
3,068 
3,287 
3,080 
2,423 
2,458 
2,883 
3,163 
3,503 
3,519 

29 
26 
26 
25 
25 
21 
14 
11 
10 
14 
21 
30 

10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
9 
3 
7 
7 
8 
9 
10 
$443,566 
$26,329 
$30,497 


$386,085 

$655 

$6,661,242 

$4,570,830 

$63,&JS 

$4,507,182 

$115,079 

$4,056 

$13,863 

$1,897,374 

$60,040 

$9,901,359 


!  Ineludos  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  .Vlabama,  2:  Colorado,  1;  Georgia,  2; 
Kew  Jer.sey,  2:  Tennessee,  2;  West  Virginia.  1;  Wisconsin,  2. 


Iowa,  1;  Kansas.  1:  Kentucky,  1:  Maryland,  1;  New  Hampshire,  1; 


372 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  11.— CARS,   STEAM    RAILROAD,    NOT    INCLUDING     OPERATIONS    OF    RAILROAD    COMPANIES— DETAILED 

SUMMARY,  BY   STATES:  1905— Continued. 


374 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table     12.— CARS     AND    GENERAL    SHOP    CONSTRUCTION    AND    REPAIRS     BY     STEAM 


iUnited  States.  I    Alabama. 


9 
10 

11 
12 

13 
14 
13 

16 

17 
18 

19 
20 

21 
22 


23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 

35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 

47 
48 
49 
SO 
SI 

se 

S3 
54 

55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 

63 
64 

65 
66 
fi7 
68 
69 
70 
71 
Ti 

73 
71 
7.1 
76 
77 
78 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings *. 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and'sund  ries 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc.— 

Total  numl>ei 

Total  salaries 

Men- 

Number 

Sala  ries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages; 

Greatest  numljer  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  numljer  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

.\verage  nural:>er 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

-Vverage  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
Average  numtjer 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years— 

.\verage  num Ijer 

Wages 

Average  numi)er  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  dur- 
ing t-ach  month: 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

Jan'uarj' 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

.Vugust 

SeptemlJer 

October 

November 

December 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
January 

February  

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October  

November 

December 

Children  under  10  years- 
January  

February  

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

.\ugust 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Tuxe.H 

Kent  of  ollices,  interest,  Insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not 
hitherto  included.  ^ 

Contract  work '. 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Principal  materials 

Fuel 

Kent  of  power  and  heal 

.Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Frilgh  t 

I'roductH,  uggre^ate  value  of  all  shopwork 

Motive  power  and  machinery  department,  total  value 

Locomotives  built'" 

.N  um  bcr 

\'alue 

l.m'omotives  repaired 

Wrirk  for  other  corporations 

All  other  products 

Car  department,  total  value 

Cur.i  bnllt- 

l'ji«»enger»  — 

Number 

Value 4 

Freight  - 

Number 

Value 

Other 

.Number 

Value 

Passenger  and  freight  ears  repairofl 

Work  done  for  other  corporations 

.Ml  other  prodin-l-* 


1,141 

S146,943.729 
820,235.247 
Sol. 803. 520 
$38,735,146 
£36,169,816 


13. 
$11,931 


13, 
$11,829, 


$102, 

272, 

209, 

236, 

8142,188, 

236, 
8141,978 


8185, 
S23, 


337 

996 

133 
974 

202 
022 

638 
546 
900 
336 

304 

983  i 

I 

494  ' 

891  I 

102 
462 


239,096 
241,518 
244,083 
241,946 
235,127 
224,035 
223,406 
226,917 
232,073 
238, 178 
242,110 
247, 169 

492 
494 
497 
497 
497 
484 
490 
491 
494 
498 
496 
498 


102 

93 

97 

99 

101 

102 

101 

103 

107 

110 

110 

$4,821,710 

$111,347 

$711,592 

$3,946,043 

$62,728 

$151,140,250 

$98,681,531 

$5,035,506 

$74,216 

$2,499,503 

$44,62.S.O,1l'. 

$221,438 

$308, 863, 499 

$140,675,261 

US 

$1,853,939 

$101,351,U:i7 

$5,681,307 

$40, 788, 108 

$140, 781. 4a'. 


K.M! 


416 
,967 


14,742 
$10,006,IM2 

2,000 

$6V'i,3(r2 

$105,311,599 

$6,916,99(1 

$24,494,815 


16 
$2,104,291 
$181,975 
$514,575 
$664,563 
$743, 178 


239 
$235, 123 


232 
8231,497 


$3,626 

6,052 

4,948 

5,501 

82,992,577 


$2,989,693 

7 
$1,343 

5 
81,541 


5,077 
5,707 
5,749 
5,661 
6,337 
5,164 
5,157 
5,240 
5,487 
5,598 
5,633 
5,458 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 


7 
7 
7 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

$134,703 

$325 

810. 685 

$123, 693 


$3,305,735 

81,802.070 

$61,340 


S57.562 

8l.3,S2.251 

82  512 

$6,68lio74 

$2,379,334 


$1,749,060  I 

$S1,06'4  • 
$519,197 
$;l,«llli,70li 


2,272 
$1,385,977 


$2,078,821 
$2.'.3,(157 
$IS8,251 


7 
$523. 427 

831,800 
$272,285 
8183,996 

835,346 


Arkansas. 


i 


39 

$54,200 


39 

854.200 


1,326 

1,007 

1,159 

8961,296 

1,159 
$961,296 


1,153 
1,145 
1,067 
1,146 
1,164 
1,069 
1,145 
1,173 
1,190 
1,174 
1,201 
1,275 


13 
8501,317 
879,239 
8162,813 
8174,710 
8144,555 


135 
$152,378 

133 
$151,623 

2 

$755 

2,843 

2,178 

2,508 

$1,544,617 

2,508 
$1,544,917 


2,536 
2,461 
2,573 
2,521 
2,446 
2,374 
2,310 
2,481 
2,506 
2,579 
2,625 
2.684 


California. 


28 

$4,046,888 

8853,696 

$2,0.55,440 

8993, 184 

8144,568 


271 
8313,456 

268 
8311,387 

3 

82,069 

9,345 

7,074 

8,251 

56,067,789 

8,249 
$6,067,239 


2 
8550 


8,147 
7,820 
8,266 
8,130 
8,414 
8,408 
7,656 
7,987 
8,092 
8,538 
8,698 
8,832 


Colorado, 


$21,504  I 


$18,077 


$2,201 
$19,303  ; 


$3,397 
$15,680 


$292,308 
$267, 133 
$14,310 


SI.  360, 037 
$445, 484 
$45,660 


$3. 622 
$7,. 143 


$1,329,308 
$623,600 


$480,984 
$21,16S 
SUM,  4  IS 
$;llll,.'J26 


$2, 1 16 
$866,777 


$3,077,537 
$1,757,088 


3 
4 
3 
3 
3 
3 
5 
$203,762 


$31,754 
$167, 147 

$4,861 

$3,251,326 

$2,866,203 

m\  550 

$30.  190 

$9,  Ii34 

$247,748 

SI.  000 

$9, 8:10, 332 

$5,668,192 


$1,290,134 

$106,465 

$1,31)3,871 


4 

$1,778 

$29(1,037 

$2, 776 

$7.15 


$4,345,755 

$213,  ,557 
$1,067,  I.S8 
$J,  019, 3(11 


'  The  numlM'r  and  value  of  looomotlves  can  not  benhowri  by  Nt)it< 
*  The  number  and  value  of  passenger  cars  can  not  be  shown  by  si 


10 

$S,800 
$949,  ,199  I 
$238,337  I 
$103,6,15 


141 

$41,1:18 


$129,234 

$2,  .560,  725 

836, 95H 

$116,  Its 


34 

$1,646,279 
$183,846 
$676, 810 
8507,243 
$278,380 


215 
S252, 850 

211 
$250, 390 

4 
$2,460 

3,623 

3,525 

3,052 

82,264,859 

3,049 
82,263,268 


3 

$1,591 


3,015 
3,028 
3,062 
2,913 
2,930 
2.781 
2,879 
3,012 
3,082 
3,261 
3,253 
3,372 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 


$78,389 

$76 

$14,016 

$63,  ;I98 


$2,603,085 

$1,604,017 

865.  4:17 

$1.50 

$166,004 

$7;)8.  477 


$5,269,183 
$2,265,436 


$1,9.55,346 

$15,  487 

$2(<I,(HI3 

$2,807,019 


[^ 


$1,544,881 

$221,329 

$1,026,960 


by  states. 


THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RATLIN) AT)  CAR  TXDT^STRY. 

RAILROAD    COMPANIES— DETAILED   SUMMARY,   BY   STATES   AND  TERRITORIES:    1905. 


375 


Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

District  of 
Columbia. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Idaho. 

Illinois. 

Indian 
Territory. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentuclcy. 

5 
$1,330,619 
$379,000 
$199,, V)0 
$353, 516 
$398,753 

133 

$86,643 

133 
$86,643 

$l,009,9li; 

$14,825 

$584,443 

$401,916 

$8,732 

83 
$82,2.55 

89 
$82. 255 

3 

S201.518 
S6S, 400 
$87, 100 
$46,018 

27 
$J2..i99 

27 
$22.  .599 

6 
$439,843 
$34,860 
$114,140 
$182, 127 
$108,718 

45 

$45,  408 

45 
$45,408 

28 
r2, 102, 313 
$415,362 
$354,634 
$376,  450 
$555,867 

223 
$■224,935 

213 
$220,314 

10 
$4,621 

5,130 

4,491 

4,777 

$2, 415,  744 

4,767 
$2,413,692 

10 
$2,032 

8 
$183, 141 
$30,475 
$59,655 
$74,433 
$18,338 

40 
$45,900 

39 
$45,060 

1 
$840 

764 

6.55 

713 

$539,313 

713 
$539,313 

99 
$13,241,626 
$2,579,142 
$4,845,197 
$2, 603, 2.59 
$3,214,028 

1,137 
$1.061, .599 

1,114 
Sl,a50,969 

23 
$10,030 

21,. 520 

16,347 

19,095 

$12, 104,  .522 

19.043 
$12,084.9.18 

49 
$18,584 

3 
$1,000 

18,825 
19,400 
19,  (593 
19, 317 
18,601 
17,836 
18,728 
18,668 
19,067 
19,362 
19,245 
19,774 

47 
47 
48 
47 
46 
45 
34 
53 
51 
52 
52 
46 

2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

$246,687 
$4, 301 
S49..544 

$192. 842 

4 

$88,3(0 
$4,300 
$:il,775 
$14,  .190 
$37,895 

22 
$22,430 

22 
$22,430 

44 

$5,147,248 
S(J82. 6X5 
$2.(159.  KOI 
$1.245.:W4 
$l,1.59.:i(W 

672 
$.589,477 

0(50 
$382,9.32 

12 
$6,545 

12,684 

10,080 

11,348 

$(5,664,212 

11,333 
$6,659,017 

15 
$5,193 

$.3,(527,832 

$.3(5,5,  ,529 

$l,4.»,889 

$1,271,028 

$557,376 

409 
$.371,099 

404 
$368,619 

5 
$2,480 

7,095 

5,682 

6,  ,372 

$.3,859,893 

6,366 
$3,857,765 

5 
$2,036 

1 
192 

6,487 
6,610 
6,397 
6,413 
6,247 
5,958 
6,294 
6,241 
6,245 
6,344 
6,4.57 
6,499 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
3 
3 
5 
5 
3 

23 

»,041,333 

i33i;306 

$1,319,925 

$914,953 

$475,349 

233 

$229,502 

250 
$227,388 

3 

r!.  114 

6,839 

,5,564 

6,196 

$3,929,811 

6,189 
$3,928,196 

24 
$2,412,691 
$484,609 
$486,3(45 
$607,30(5 
$834,391 

185 
$170, 3a5 

183 

$169,223 

2 
$1,080 

5,185 

4,220 

4,  .588 

$2,524,795 

4.580 
$2,521,841 

8 
$2,954 



1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 

11 

12 

2,364 

1  W9 

1,975 

$1,256,308 

1.973 
$1,2.55.471 

2 
$8.37 

1,602 

987 

1,341 

$814,945 

1,339 
$814,227 

■> 

S718 

725 

.5.58 

648 

S;i67,025 

614 
$%i4,a51 

34 
$12,974 

1,190 

1,047 

1,111 

$,5lil,334 

1,110 
$.561,063 

1 
$271 

337 

142 

274 

$184,023 

274 
$184,023 

13 
14 
IS 
16 

17 
18 

19 

70 

7 
$1,633 

6,360 
6,263 
6,141 
6,104 
6,203 
5,883 
5,801 
6,066 
6,215 
6,277 
6,450 
6,505 

21 

22 

1.9li5 
1.963 
1,944 
1,976 
1,932 
1,931 
1,887 
1,896 
1,958 
2.033 
2,093 
2,098 

1.313 

1,429 
1,512 
1,488 
1,303 
1.105 
1,078 
990 
1,218 
1,493 
1,544 
1,595 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

627 
659 
644 
650 
624 
561 
557 
530 
600 
615 
630 
671 

33 
33 
34 
33 
34 
33 
34 
35 
35 
34 
33 
33 

1,092 
1,088 
1,128 
1,114 
1,132 
1,125 
1,100 
1,13.5 
1,114 
1,098 
1,088 
1,106 

1 
1 
1 
1 

} 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

4,710 
4,711 
4,763 
4,713 
4,709 
4,768 
4.782 
4,800 
4,798 
4,773 
4,792 
4,885 

10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 

724 
722 
700 
657 
673 
704 
709 
721 
720 
728 
743 
755 

278 
289 
309 

306 
140 
247 
282 
228 
280 
29,5 
311 
323 

11,640 
11,862 
12,039 
11,703 
11,0(51 
10,713 
10,601 
10,681 
11,028 
11,283 
11,506 
11,857 

13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
15 
15 
15 
15 

4,828 
4,614 
4,334 
4,485 
4,376 
4,348 
4,334 
4,393 
4,463 
4,630 
4,911 
5,044 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

23 
2* 
23 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 

35 

:i« 

1 
1 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

37 

:«< 

.39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

7 
7 
6 
6 
9 
9 
8 
7 
5 
6 
7 

$102,668 

47 

48 

49 



. 

.50 

51 



2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
$73,243 

52 

33 





54 

53 

bU 

t 

37 

38 

$27,489 

$12,255 

$6,524 

$5,768 

$77,261 
$3,025 
$19,961 
$54,275 

$2,676 

$15 

$234,893 

$100 

$46,332 

$191,804 

$16,657 

$7,006,028 

$4,909,708 

$245,471 

$152 

$98,427 

$1,752,270 

'$i4,'5i5,336 
$7,  ,514, 661 

$88,154 
$12,980 
$14, 146 
$36,808 

$4,220 

$2,955,817 

$1,650,394 

$30,523 

59 
60 

$25 
$27,464 

$978 
$11,277 

$84 
56.440 

$1,041 
$4, 727 

$2,  .591 
$85 

$15 

$4,453 

$68,792 



$20,888 
$81,780 

61 
62 

63 

$922, sis 

$692,652 

$36, 191 

$851 

$30,277 

Ki.  420 

Si;«.  427 

$2. 154.  ,S31 

$1,870,410 

$648,872 
$89,750 
$38,946 

$2,797" 

$517,379 

"Sl,'558,"327" 
$1,151,963 

$226,350 
$89,349 
$19,217 

$2.'69i' 

$115,693 

'"$622.' 498' 
$344,069 

$543,931 
$463, 376 
$12,239 

$i,'259' 

$66,95.5 

$102 

$1,156,441 

$612, 70S 

$2,057,669 

$1,459,270 

$40,704 

$27.' 624' 

$530,071 

"  $4,'77.5,'i69' 

$2,243,586 

$323,781 
$310, 130 

$7,460 

$2,' 026' 

$6,163 

"$913,' 670' 
$672, 179 

$12,267,971 

$7,869,332 

$620,593 

$2,063 

$274.  746 

$3,489,681 

$11..>56 

$25,491,209 

$10. 345. 610 

$321,663 

$141,736 

$6,281 

$3,302,944 

$2,351,984 

$190,835 

$7,240,670 

$5,830,286 

$152,233 



64 
65 
66 
67 

$20,931 
$132,715 

'  i528,'i3i' 
$311,163 

$112,258 

$647,867 

"$7,'6i8,'72i" 
$3,936,360 

$679,932 
$578,217 

"$ii,'.52i,'i44' 
$4,759,790 

$16,916 

$1,234,927 

$3,057 

$5,739,071 

$2,218,682 

68 
69 
70 
71 
72 

73 



1                            '                        '                            i 



74 

$1,075  712 

$794:698' 

$205,299 

$443,937 
$218,1,31 
$489,875 
$406,364 

$166,271 
$22,511 
$155,287 
$278,429 

$483,604 
$16,791 
$110,313 
$450,877 

$1,760,493 

$.53, 197 

$429,896 

$2. 190,  426 

$672,179 
"  $241  ,'491' 

$7,733,945 

$159,942 

$2,377,561 

$14,884,9a5 

$210, 142 

$396 

$100, 625 

$216,968 

$5,716,881 

$211,448 

$1,586,332 

$(5,384,101 

$3,141,506 
$139,302 
$615,834 

$3,482,886 

$3,834,826 

$49,335 

$587  429 

$6,590,754 

$1,318,277 

$18,282 

$6.82. 123 

$3, 490, 167 

73 
76 
77 
78 

79 

$265,'2<j'j 

- 



80 

265 
$179,842 

32 
837,425 

$1,618,0,57 

$Wi,  904 

$285. 998 



"i233;59i' 

2.510 
$1,478,804 

9 

$38,783 

$9,769,563 

$687,302 

$2,772,832 

273 
$201,664 

14 

$13,291 
S4..'n73..54S 
$201.  (V.l 
$1.077.3.50. 

46 
$29,600 

"  $4;66.5^455' 

$94,679 

$2,397,857 

1,716 
$1,033,322 

13 

$6,794 

$1,824,001 

$149,654 

$424,783 

81 

82 

$2,809,570 
$83,059 
$.590, 257 

S3 

5375246' 

$968 

"    '$181,727' 
$65,  .58.5 
$31,117 

"  iios^aso' 

$27.  7S.5 
$14,842 

$114.0(53 

$4,306 

$98,599 

84 
85 

86 

87 

>  Included  in  ••  all  other  states." 


4n2o4- 


lilO.i— IT  4— OS- 


-21) 


376 


IVIANUFACTURES. 

Table  13.— CAKS   AND  GENERAL  SHOP  CONSTRUCTION  AND   REPAIRS  BY   STEAM   RAILROAD 


94 


95 
96 

97 
98 

99 
100 

101 
102 

103 
IM 
105 


106 
107 
108 


Products — Continued. 

Bridge  and  building  department  (shopwork),  total  value. 

Repairs  and  renewals 

Work  done  for  other  corporations 

All  other  products 

AJl  other  products  not  classified 

Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower - . 

Owned — 
Engines- 
Steam — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Number 

H  orsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  motors- 
Number  ^. 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors — 

Numl'er 

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented— 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Other  kind,  horsepower 


United  States. 


So,  103, 186 

$4,358,532 

$40..'>81 

$704,073 

$5,303,617 

963 
214,719 


1,768 
143,295 

100 
1,877 

9 
202 

1 
1 

3,028 
46,561 
16,636 


Alabama. 


255 

6,074 

73 


$101,703 
$^,814 
$7,499 
$9,390 

$293,331 

16 
3,630 


33 

3,040 


14 

505 

85 


Arizona. 


$404,382 

$2, 269 

$875 

$401,238 


$16,578 
$16,578 


7 
516 


2 
129 


12 
1,861 


16 

1,117 


California. 


$18,842 
$17,637 


28 
700 


$1,205 
$1,229,994 


25 
5,152 


32 
1,316 

5 
66 


Colorado. 


$172,452 
$8,181 


$164,271 
$13,346 

26 
2,967 


34 
1,948 


12 
399 
676 


2.661 


25 
545 
461 


THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILROAD  CAR  INDUSTRY. 

COMPANiii:S— DETAILED   SUMMAHY,    BY   STATES   AND   TEKHITOKIES:    1905— Conliniif><l. 


377 


Ckjnneotioui;. 

Delaware. 

District  of 
Columbifi. 

Florid... 

1  Georgia. 

Idaho. 

Illinois. 

Indian 
Territory. 

Indiana.     '        Iowa. 

Kansas.         Kentucky. 

$02,217 
$02,217 

$18,86.5 
S18,8(» 

$104,301 

$104, 280 

$21 

$171,034 
$171,034 

$12, 189 
$12,189 

88 
89 
90 
91 

$.55(;,  737 

«1,024 

$176 
$158,273 

32 

6,062 

68 
4, 0.50 

'J 

$10,905 

4 

810 

5 
495 

$73, 991 
545 

7 
545 

$230,796 

20 
2,200 

33 

2,135 

1 

$89,000 

75 
21,213 

156 
13,361 

8 
177 

$.59, 8.31 

38 

10,  .524 

90 
8,229 

I 
0 

$170, 600 

18 
2,788 

29 
2,649 

1 

$18,033 

17 

2,0.58 

27 
2,  .539 

92 

93 

94 

95 
96 

97 
98 

99 

100 

3 
3, 1 10 

11 
1,345 

3 
612 

445 

3 
2,015 

12 
965 

2 
130 

2 
130 

0 

. 

101 

122 
1,771 

10 
119 
48 

1 
65 

68 
1,050 

388 
5,480 
2,115 

3 
70 
10 

83 

i,;)98 

891 

54 
.870 
487 



2 
40 
80 

85 

103 
104 
105 

106 
107 

275 

3 
40 

108 

1 

378 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  12.— CARS  AND  GENERAL  SHOP  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIRS  BY  STEAM  RAILROAD 


10 

11 

12 

13 
14 
15 
16 

17 
18 

19 
20 


23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 

35 
36 
37 


40 

41 

42 

43  1 

44 

45  I 

46 

47 

48 

49 

SO 

51 

52 

63 

54 

55 

56 

67 

58 

69  { 

60 

61  I 

62, 

63 

64  , 

66  ! 

ea 

67 


Number  of  establishments. 
Capital,  total 

Land. 


70 
71 

72 

73 
74 

76 
76 

77 

78 


79 
80 

81 

82 

83 
84 
86 
8S 
87 


Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

Salaried  oIEcials.  cierlis,  etc.: 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed'  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Average  number '. 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over— 

.\verage  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  10  years — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

March . .". 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May. 


Louisiana. 


June. 
July. 


August 

September 

Octoi)er 

Noveml)pr 

Dwember 

Children  under  10  years- 
January 

Februarj* 

March 

April 

May 


day. 
June. 
July. 


16 
$1,471,097 
$232,900 
$364, 8S0 
$280,534 
$592,813 


211 
$188,017 


211 

$188,017 


2.946 

2,105 

2,434 

$1,284,599 

2,434 
$1,284,599 


2,376 
2,377 
2,251 
2,270 
2, 299 
2,266 
2,367 
2,476 
2,636 
2,633 
2,588 
2,669 


August 

Septemi)er 

Octolwr 

Noveml>er 

DocemlMrr 

Miscclianr'ous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Taxes 

Rentofoinces,  Interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  included. 

Con t  ruct  work 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Principal  materials 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials , 

Freight 

I'roducts,  aggregate  value  of  all  shopwork 

Motive  power  and  machinery  department,  total  value 

L^)COmotiveH  Ituill — 

Number 

Value 

Locomotives  repaired 

Work  for  other  corporations 

A II  *>t  her  p rod  uct s 

Cor  'lepa rt nient .  total  value 

CarM  bum 

J'aHsenger— 

.Vnmlwr 

Value 

KrelKht  - 

.Numtjor 

Value 

other  - 

NuinlMir 

Value 

Trtssenger  and  freight  cars  repalrr.'U 

Work  (lone  for  other  corjtorat ions 

AU  olhvT  product."* 4 

I  liirlu'li'd  In  "nil  other  states." 


$48, 494 


$11,235 
$37,259 


$1,114,180 
$443,537 
$27,947 


$8,040 
$634,(36li 


$2,6:15,290 
$1,010,958 


$77il,077 

$18,484 

$213,  .'(97 

tl.6S4,.589 


33 
$16, 180 


$825. 478 

$.16.  276 
$t>54.  1(15 


Maine. 


15 
$1,024,172 
$60,850 
$441,728 
$259,597 
$261,997 


28 
$26,676 


27 
$26,172 


1 
$504 


1,015 


863 
$457,594 


863 
$457,594 


860 
891 
855 

860 
800 
792 
817 
822 
857 
922 
924 
956 


$21,075 


$5,904 
$15,171 


$684,571 

$011,.')23 

$34,028 

$24r< 

$2, 178 

$36,076 

$720 

$1,189,916 

$691,853 


$486,383 

$2. 431 

$103,039 

$.594,744 


(') 

4 

$2,421 

$4.W,312 

$41).  rmi 

$54, 612 


Maryland. 


21 
$2, 303, 354 
S833, 196 
$666, 989 
S657,9:i6 
$145,233 


226 
$204,916 

224 
$204, 451 

2 

$465 

5.414 

4, 574 

4,977 

$2, 836, 848 

4.969 
$2,833,874 


$2,974 


5,148 
5,213 
5,172 
5,240 
4,896 
4,7.56 
4,720 
4,698 
4,616 
4,908 
5,038 
5,223 


$99,915 

$500 

$2,  .596 

$96,819 


$2,610,228 

$2,110,463 

$90,654 


$9,311 
$399,800 


$5,751,908 
$2,917,.W5 


$2,317,574 

$14,395 

$,585,686 

$2,777,884 


(•) 
(') 

49 

$36,824 

$2,444,l»il 

$30, 9115 

$261,280 


Massachu- 
setts. 


22 
$4,494,294 
$1,220,550 
$1,363,100 
$785. 722 
$1,124,922 


198 
$108,226 

195 

$166. 476 

3 

$1,750 

4,520 

3,024 

4,004 

$2,521,509 

3,998 
$2,519,189 

6 
$2,320 


Michigan. 


3,749 
4,040 
4,124 
4,136 
4,140 
4,019 
3,870 
3,726 
3,787 
4,034 
4,152 
4,199 

4 
5 
7 
7 
8 
7 
5 
4 
5 
6 
7 
7 


$68,969 


$2S, 184 
$30,775 


$3,600,110 
$2,244,816 

$98,  ■.m 


$21,395 
$1,2.15,643 


$6,348,804 
$2,283,470 


$1,921,134 

$38, 819 

$:!23.517 

$4,045..S47 


79 
$.54,, 587 

6 

$16,243 

$2..50(i,  190 

$197,760 

$1,180,864 


34 

$2, 462, 881 
$165,200 
$631,678 
$943, 487 
$722,516 


201 
$190,932 

198 
$190,014 

3 

$918 

4,947 

3,977 

4,435 

$2,496,947 

4,431 
$2,495,782 

4 

$1,165 


4,482 
4,511 
4,552 
4.440 
4,336 
4,361 
4,300 
4,356 
4,309 
4,534 
4,444 
4,487 

4 

4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 


$82,129 

$1,000 

$19,435 

$01,694 


$2,599,383 

$2,212,895 

$171,211 


$28, 151 

$183,994 

$3,  132 

$5,369,391 

$2,726,829 


$1,920,803 

$50, 292 

$564, '128 

$2,. 524,  424 


620 
$314,900 

66 

$38,024 

$1,775,904 

$28,317 

$303, 452 


THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILROAD  CAR  INDUSTRY. 

COMPANIES— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:    1905— Continued. 


379 


Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

Montana. 

Ne'oraslca. 

Nevada. 

New  Hamp- 
shire. 

NewJ,T.,y.     ^■^^"'- 

New  Yorlc. 

North  Caro- 
lina. 

North  Da^ 
Icota. 

24 
$6,961,326 

$746,989 
$3,858,215 
$1.794.. 572 

$.561.5.50 

372 
$339,762 

368 
$337,660 

4 

$2,102 

6,2.50 

5.317 

5.767 

&.3,:«)0.180 

5,764 
$3,299,464 

15 
$1,337,132 
$107. 124 
$309,643  I 
$423,543 
$4!lf...S22 

102  i 
$107,997 

100 

$lO<i.737 

2 
$1,260 

3.081 

2.307 

2, 653 

$1,420,876 

2,653 
$1,420,876 

34 

$2.672,94<i 
$266. 489 
$925. 064 
$943. 780 
$537,613 

414 
$365,714 

404 

$360, 163 

10 
$5,551 

7,790 

5,950 

6,7I» 

$4,164,684 

6,755 
$4,162,422 

5 
$2,262 

10 

$1,055,108 

$rp6.  .340 

$660. 231 

$312,207 

$16.3.30 

76 
$98,1C>5 

76 
$98. 165 

30 

$5,975,368 
$1.9(i0.86<) 
$891.  (i75 
$1,077,373 
$2,045,444 

381 
$189,419 

381 
$189,419 

6 
$250,888 
$1.3.000 
$88,829 
$66. 067 
$82,992 

25 
$26,224 

25  ' 
$26,224 

7 

$1,044,979 

$.5,3.614 

$305.8<Hi 

$281,783 

$403,716 

43 
$34,065 

43 
$34,005 

21 
$3,510,337 

$330,800 
$1,412.  .587 
$1,227,851 

$539,099 

355 
$307,827 

345 
$303,051 

10 

10 
$936.9.53 
$.33.3.50 
$360. 42S 
8344. 172 
$198,703 

69 
$91,263 

69 
$91,263 

65 
$11,651,993 
$1,014,387 
$3.:)72.0ti7 
$2.8.36,9(i7 
$4,428,572 

991 
$836,005 

972 
$827,541 

19 

11 
$8S7,5«<i 
$41,085 
$.3<il,5<30 
$251.8:i0 
$20,3,091 

96 
$78,884 

90 
$78,884 

3 
$137,110 
$16,000  ' 
$90,148 
$22,145 
$8,817 

20 
$19,283 

19 
$1S,S63 

1 
$720 

157 

137 

140 

$101,785 

146 
$101,785 

1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 

11 

$4,776 

$8,404  1 

12 

1.142 

958 

1.039 

$799.4ti8 

1.039 
$799,468 

3.914 

2.737 

3,245 

$2,108,816 

3,245 
$2,108,816 

424 
350 
315 

$279,887 

315 

$279,887 

1,047 

947 

1.007 

$570,229 

1.004 
$569,761 

6,427 

4,728 

5.55(; 

$3,220.0.32 

5.5.35 
$3,212,545 

21 

1,885 

1.451 

l,(i67 

$1,228,641 

1,662 
$1,226,835 

16,902 

12,551 

14,172 

$7,996,695 

14.156 
$7,990,436 

16 
$6,2S9 

2,177 

1,782 

1,973 

$1,022,970 

1,969 
$1,022,370 

13 
14 
15 
16 

17 
18 

1» 



$7,487 

20 

3 
$716 

5,761 
5.704 
5.764 
5.731 
5.678 
5.691 
5.642 
5.758 
5.753 
5.924 
5,913 
5,849 



3 

5 

4 
$600 

2) 



$468    $1,806 

22 

2,590 
2,599 
2.900 
2,886 
2,816 
2.583 
2,510 
2.505 
2,611 
2.604 
2,646 
2,586 

6,615 

6.664 
6.612 
6.483 
6.338 
6.354 
6.547 
6. 779 
7.012 
7.231 
7.094 
7.  .3.31 

5 
5 
5 
5 

I 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

1.074 
1.011 
1.060 
1.029 
.     1.012 
1,003 
1,004 
1.031 
1.046 
1.062 
1.070 
1,066 

3,523 
3.442 
.3.140 
3,000 
2.900 
2.790 
3.146 
3,261 
3.374 
3.386 
3,410 
3,568 

105 
95 
100 
399 
390 
394 
364 
389 
364 
386 
395 
399 

1,009 

1,014 

1.023 

1.035 

1.020 

996 

988 

973 

979 

984 

1,010 

1,017 

5,812 
0,025 
6,235 
6,003 
5,702 
5,182 
4,876 
4,858 
5.084 
5,484 
5,550 
5,609 

21 
22 
20 
21 

1,762 
1,611 

1,770 
1,608 
1,577 
1,646 
1,700 
l,6f)4 
1.648 
1.504 
1.682 
1,772 

14,451 
14,620 
14.880 
14.816 
14.319 
13.267 
13,242 
13.740 
14.041 
13.936 
14.227 
14,333 

17 
15 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
10 
16 

1.900 
1,910 
2.000 
1.991 
1.999 
2.011 
1.957 
1.964 
1,975 
1.972 
1,954 
1.977 

149 
145 
147 
143 
143 
145 
139 
148 
145 
151 
149 
148 

23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 



36 



37 

38 

22 

.39 

22 
21 
21 
19 
20 
21 
22 

40 

41 

1 



42 

... 

43 

44 

..      . 

45 



46 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
.      $21,114 

5 

5 
5 
5 
5 
4 
4 
4 
5 
6 
6 
6 
$64,123 

4 
4 

t 
i 
4 

4 
4 
4 

4 

4 

4 

$7,673 

$360 

$4,810 

$2,503 

47 

48 
49 
50 
51 



52 

.VI 

54 

55 

56 

57 

$236,'i62' 

$250 

$63,800 

$166. 495 

$5,617 

$8,777,987 

$6.r*5,423 

$248,260 

$8,987 

$48,589 

$1,866,678 

$50 

$17,885,884 

$8,266,776 

58 

$75,148 

$8,325 

S16. 653 

$47. 170 

$3,000 

$4,111,887 

$3,211,159 

$125,720 

$4,668 

$178,008 

$3,785 

$200,700 

5'» 

60 

81.815 
$23,630 

$4,543 
$20,539 

$4,668 

$13,704 
$164,304 

$1,810 
$1,975 

$6,674 
814,  440 

$8,2-23 
S192.477 

$2,245 
$61,878 

61 

62 

63 

$3,715,730 

$2.8.57.690 

$230,052 

81.332.467 

$1,034,025 

$44, 892 

8670. 177 

$581,881 

842.976 

$l.(i32 

$1,917,442 

$1,624,817 

$104,079 

$221,893 

$173,921 

$8,232 

$446 

$1,453 

$37,841 

S975.051 

S604.796 

$31.  495 

$7,635 

$8,288 

$322.  ,S37 

$3.234.i3,S 

82.. 301. 893 

S131..379 

$518 

$15,. 576 

$784,872 

$1,125,278 
$813.  431 
810.729 

SI. 334. 399 

$6.32.978 
830.800 

$1.5.' 39.5' 

S655.226 

$80,014 
$52,460 
$19,573 

$573' 

$8,008 

64 
65 
66 
67 

$39,259 
$588,729 

""'$7  .'379, 627" 
$3,917,447 

$8,493 
$245,057 

■■■$2.' 886.' 422' 
$1,479,889 

$34,907 

S;38.909 

$1, 192 

$8.720, 433 

$4,342,986 

$9,800 

$31,910 

$1,978 

$1,572,478 

$986,341 

$28. 233 
$160,313 

$128,700 
S172.415 

68 
69 
70 

$4.394.l!85 
$2,163,262 

8531,789 
$,387,007 

$1,600,459 
$726,562 

$6,898,821 
$3,295,000 

$2,509,845 
$1,478,644 

$2,443,926 
$1,135,043 

$201,082 
$157,410 

71 
72 

73 

1 

74 

$3,163,860 

$78,574 

$675,013 

$3,351,182 

$849. 264 

$76,932 

$553,693 

$1,403,531 

$3,157,967 

$142,038 

$1,039,981 

$4,236,795 

$884,658  j       $2,016,647 

$332,757 

$24, 518 

$29,732 

$136,911 

$609,359 

$2,185,755 

$18,261 

$1,090,984 

$2,770,521 

$1,167,596 
$126,085 
$184.90:) 

$1,027,737 

$6,093,988 

$117,155 

$1,967,500 

$8,610,010 

$855,142 

$2,927 

$276,974 

$1,185,924 

$141,964 

$3 

$15,443 

$44,272 

75 

76 

$91,300 
$581,850 

$16,970 
82.190.595 

$117,203 
$755,543 

77 
78 

79 

80 

100 

$^n,,s64 

8 

$8,398 

$2,711,559 

$62,9.50 

$497.  411 

207 
$116,265 

(•) 
(') 

61 

$30,783 

$2,921,257 

$444.  478 

$833,345 

/11                     /n 

(■) 

2 

83.475 

$440,671 

$31,545 

8221.104 

342 

$228,727 

23 

$58,718 

$7,122,288 

$461,780 

$688,482 

586 
$287,653 

81 

82 

6 

$4,891 

$2,079,081 

$63. 457 

$42,397 

2 

$1,996 

$114,785 

$8,730 

$8,013 

1 

$1,900 

$2,352,805 

$126,820 

$228,544 

83 

84 

$1,068,263 

SI 46. 198 

$69,870 

$580,631 
$1,219 

$640,301 

$16,218 

$371,218 

$815,061 

$.500 

$73,444 

$43,919 
$5 

$348 

85 
86 
87 

380 


M.\XUFACTURES. 

Table  13.— CARS  AND  GENERAL  SHOP  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIRS  BY  STEAM  RAILROAD 


90 
91 
92 

93 
94 


93 
96 


101 
102 

103 
104 
105 


106 
107 
108 


Products— Continued. 

Bridge  and  building  department  (shopwork),  total  value. 

Repairs  and  renewals 

Work  for  other  corporations 

All  other  products 

All  other  products  not  classified 

Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned — 

Engines — 
Steam — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline- - 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Numl>er 

Horsepower 

Water  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented — 

Electric  motors— 

Numl)er 

Horsepower 

Other  Ivind .  horsepower 


SI, 735 
$1,735 


$(38,008 

14 
799 


18 
795 


Maine. 


$1,855 

$1,755 

SlOO 


S1,4G4 
14 


10 
702 


Maryland. 


$13,840 
$7,S40 


Massachu- 
setts. 


$6,000 
$42,629 

15 
5,162 


26 
2,080 


20 
534 
55 


60 

917 

2,150 


$17,113 
$17, 113 


$2,374 
20 


21 
2,385 


2 
50 
150 


Michigan. 


$118, 138 

$103, 121 

$307 

$14,710 


57 
4,138 


540 


THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILRDAl)  (AH  INDUSTRY. 

COMPANIES— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  I'.m—CmtinuiHl. 


381 


Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

Montana. 

Nebraslca. 

Nevada. 

New  Hamp- 
sliire. 

New  Jersey.    ^^^Jf'"- 

New  Yorlc. 

North  Caro- 
lina. 

North  Da- 
Icota. 

$42,0(15 
$35,715 

$3,002 
$3,002 

$124,430 

$124,166 

$264 

$4,287 
$4,287 

$40,828 
$40,828 

$7,178 
$7,173 

$118,354 
$118,354 

$421),  l.W             $3, 192 
$420, 153             »3. 192 

$773,989 
$730,264 

$43,043 
$42,425 

88 

89 

m 

$0,290 
$18,993 

22 
0,307 

43 
4,094 

$5 
$693 

6 
212 

5 
192 

$4J,725 
$2.3.5,103 

59 
9,142 

113 
7,018 

15 

209 

$618 
$79,916 

9 
988 

15 
973 

91 

$10,222 

28 
0.  mm 

41 
4.828 

5 

70 

$413,147 

20 
6,664 

55 
3,824 

U 
314 

$272 

7 
852 

8 
045 

92 

11 
1,019 

18 
1,004 

9 

2, 136 

12 
1,525 

2 
10 

16 
6,143 

42 
3,550 

3 
79 

7 
1,465 

6 
640 

3 
128 

3 
92 

1 
0 

93 
94 

95 
96 

97 

<« 

2 
110 

99 

ino 

1 
1 

76 

1,933 

580 

ini 



1(W 

131 

1,760 
503 

93 

1,012 

45 

1 
50 

35 

475 

10 

S 

110 

221 

1,031 

880 

1 
15 

1 
.30 
177 

29 
920 
105 

57 
884 

7 
30 

103 

104 

15 

80 

21 
635 

105 

1 
20 

im 

107 

15 

108 

! 

382 


MANUFACTITRES. 

Table  12.— CARS  AND  GENERAL  SHOP  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIRS  BY  STEAM  RAILROAD 


Ohio. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania. 

South  Caro- 
lina. 

South  Dakota. 

1 

2 

74 
$7,503,053 
$717.  4,S8 
$3,260,740 
Sl..'«3,120 
$1,641,099 

1.169 
■    $968,618 

1.149 
$958,430 

20 
$10,188 

19.569 

14,707 

17, 021; 

$9,889,812 

10,990 
$9,87-,9lM 

30 
$11,852 

12 
$390,235 
$55,500 
$43,597 
$108,882 
$182,256 

49 

$61,983 

49 

$01,983 

128 

$30,417,007 

$3,785,045 

$10,047,891 

$8,288,739 

$8,295,932 

2,271 
$1,852,768 

2,238 
$1,835,856 

33 
$16,912 

47,540 

30,450 

41,838 

825,516,964 

41,573 
$25,416,961 

213 
$88,339 

52 
$11,064 

42,056 
43.693 
44.397 
44,306 
43, 171 
38,391 
37,135 
38,012 
39,471 
41,107 
42,691 
43.846 

217 
217 
220 
219 
217 
203 
203 
206 
211 
214 
212 
217 

52 
53 
48 
52 
52 
52 
50 
49 
50 
55 
56 
55 
$1,221,323 

8 
$299,923 
$30,700 
$79,575 
$117. 9M 
$71,083 

91 
$64,392 

90 
$64,032 

1 
$360 

1,252 

1,017 

1,131 

$577, 191 

1,122 
$575,624 

8 
$1,387 

1 
$180 

1,146 
1,156 
1,179 
1,158 
1,158 
1,133 
1,142 
1,151 
1.095 
1,039 
1,022 
1,085 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

} 

1 

1 

1 

1 

$5,462 

$5 

$3, 477 

$1,980 

6 
$107,116 
$4,840 
$35,225 
$38,170 
$28,881 

13 

$14,520 

13 
$14,520 

4 

5 

7 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc.— 

9 

Men— 

11 

Women — 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

1.045 

825 

930 

$677,312 

930 
$677,312 

251 

154 

184 

$105,684 

184 
$105,684 

14 

16 
lb 

17 

Men  16  years  and  over^ 

1R 

19 

20 

21 

Women  16  years  and  over- 

Children  under  16  yea,rs— 

Average  numV>er  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during 
each  month: 
Men  10  years  and  over- 

17,725 
18.096 
18,575 
IS, 192 
16.664 
15.066 
15.539 
15.762 
16, 132 
16,749 
17,064 
17.788 

30 
30 
30 
.30 
30 
31 
30 
29 
29 
,10 
30 
31 

927 
948 
951 
952 
923 
877 
923 
902 
9.50 
928 
923 
956 

179 
ISI 
183 
181 
183 
165 
163 
188 
200 
191 
194 
200 

24 

March  

26 

April                                                                               

V 

Mav 

28 

June                                                          

W 

July 

in 

August                                                         

11 

32 

October.               .      ..                  

33 

11 

Women  Iti  years  and  over— 

36 

Februarv                                              .   .                 

37 

38 

April                                                                                      

19 

M^T 

40 

June                                                                          

41 

July 

41 

44 

October                                                                             

45 

Children  under  10  years- 

48 

March 

SO 

April 

May 

62 

II 

July 

54 

■i*) 

56 

OctolM?r 

S7 

58 

59 

Miscellflnpous  expenses,  total 

$.358, 1.37 
$1 

$81 .  849 
$276,287 

${40,518 

$80,000 

$9. SH3 

$37,943 

$12,092 

$386,320 

$328.i;00 

$14,701 

$4.7.58 

$2,429 

$35,832 

$50 

60 

61 

Taxes .              

$97,016 
SI. 124. 307 

$50 

02 
63 

Rent  of  ofliees,  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses   not 
hitherto  inchided. 

64 

MaterialH  used,  tola!  cost 

$10.22.5,130 

$0,087,161 

$349. 2.59 

$222 

$1.53.420 

$3,015,717 

$19.3.57 

$21,428,227 

$9. 703.  :too 

$32..3(».972 

$10,982,035 

5749.709 

.$5.  741 

S199..534 

$14. 412.. 391 

$11.. 502 

$01,021,374 

$32,402,711 

$432,945 
$168,824 
$12, 162 

$130,639 

$114,584 

$3,006 

6n 

66 

Fuel 

67 

6n 

Mill  supplies 

$7,204 
$254.li95 

$,597 
$12,452 

60 

70 

Freljtht 

71 

$i.2(W,i39 
$272,  .507 

$1.080.9!K1 
$.5(Wi.240 

$2.50,893 
$176,950 

7? 

7.1 

Lwoinolive.i  liuilt  — 

74 

Value 

7.1 

$0,221,904 

$1.50.  m\ 

$3. 3!KI.  040 
$11.0(»I.3N.3 

$258,040 

$3.  .544 

$10,023 

$7.53,740 

$14,002,875 
$2,824,809 
$14,372,715 

$27,787,900 

$513.r.»7 
$1.8.31 

$49,812 
$:!9».  738 

$170,050 

7<\ 

Work  for  other  eorporations 

77 

7H 

Cut  depart nieiit,  total  value 

$72,864 

7ft 

fars  Ipullt- 
J'aftM'nKer— 

NO 

Vfiltio,     ...                                                                                    ... 

ftl 

FrelKht  - 

Nunilicr,.,,                                                               

340 
1184,447 

104 

$68,278 

$8. 9:iN,  mio 

$299. 176 

$i,:i'.t.oii 

(") 

1,554 
$1,703,419 

1.134 
$84,313 

R7 

f& 

fither 

84 

Value                                                               

85 

$288,742 

$428,  320 

$9,184 

$I9.(XI4,285 
$1,329.08.3 
$4.527.0.55 

$374,008 
$2,526 
$23,114 

$72,804 

86 

Work  rVone  for  other  eorporaflons                               .... 

87 

All  other  produeis 

>  Inrludeaestalillshmentsdlstrlhutml  as  follows:  Aluskn.  t:  Oklahoma.  2;  liho/le  iNlnnd.  I. 

» In'hidod  In  "all  other  states." 


'  ItepreHcllts  produet  for  all  stateK. 


THE  STKAM  ANT)  STin:i-:T  liAILHOAJ)  CAR  INDUSTRY. 

COMPANIES— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  100.5-  rontinued. 


383 


Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Utah. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Washington. 

West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin. 

Wyoming. 

All  other 
states.) 

16 
$2,028,941 
$I74,.^30 
8875, 403 
8515,490 
8463,718 

179 

8173,436 

175 
8171,156 

4 

82,280 

5,222 

4,357 

4,760 

82,616,984 

4,736 
82,612,.^89 

24 

$4,595 

47 
84,598,912 
8.362,129 
81,239,-3.38 
81,285,044 
81,712,401 

432 
$499,426 

429 
8497,206 

3 
$2,220 

9,622 

7,543 

8,. 593 

85,369,960 

8,593 
85,369,960 

8522,140 

$i:w,370 

$169,. 506 
$H«.H9 
824,115 

89 
893,424 

88 
892,. 584 

1 
8840 

1,543 

1,.37S 

1,248 

8964,. 391 

1,247 
8963,781 

1 
$610 

$623,879 
861, <KX) 
827(1,200 
8172,629 
8119,1.50 

29 
$20,982 

23 
819, 482 

6 
$1,500 

880 

784 

833 

8450,024 

8.33 
8450,024 

29 
$2,740,078 
8112,2',« 
8840,175 
S.STO,819 
8896, 794 

401 
8323, .351 

401 
8.323,. 351 

10 

$1,694, .364 
82.5<i,.500 

81.0.19,512 
.?:i.50, 773 
847,579 

63 
870,035 

63 
870,0.35 

24 

$1,0.54,421 

868,325 

$.327,795 

8292,270 

$.366,031 

172 
$128,565 

172 
$128,565 

30 

$3,916,005 
$471',.  101 

$1,620,103 
$894,4.37 
$925,364 

.301 
$267,7.32 

297 
$265,032 

4 
$2,700 

5,955 

4,941 

5,444 

$3, 127.  564 

5,441 
83,126,414 

3 
$1,1S0 

9 

$(K)0,678 
877,940 
$271,. 375 
$.339,781 
$211,582 

76 
$91,382 

75 
$91,230 

1 
$152 

1,492 

1,073 

1,212 

$884,005 

1,212 
$884,005 

4 

8290,(1.39 
».i»,(X)0 

8121),  200 
$42,500 
$97,339 

60 

$67,848 

58 
$66,708 

2 
$1,140 

974 

714 

852 

$4%,9.54 

8.52 
$496,954 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 

11 

12 

12,192 

6,861 

7,345 

83,663,208 

7  .3.34 
83,659|591 

10 

83,377 

1 

1,493 

1,175 

1,.327 

$869,044 

1,:!26 
8868,624 

1 
$420 

4,940 

3,711 

4,255 

82,114,096 

4,232 
$2,107,987 

8 
$3,139 

15 
$2,970 

4,428 
4,407 
4,153 
4,130 
4,115 
3,955 
4,064 
4, 123 
4,105 
4,315 
4,458 
4,531 

8 
8 
7 
8 
8 
S 
8 
8 
8 
8 
9 
8 

16 
18 
15 
15 
14 
12 
13 
15 
17 
14 
16 
15 
868,712 

13 

14 
15 
16 

17 
18 

19 

20 

!  ■ 

21 

$240 

n 

4,851 
4,884 
4,974 
4,789 
4,759 
4,529 
4,457 
4,552 
4,549 
4,767 
4,8.37 
4,884 

22 
24 
23 
24 

8,579 
8,581 
8,571 
8,426 
8,335 
8,059 
8,421 
8,564 
8,782 
8,904 
8,874 
9,020 

765 
745 
738 
1,440 
1,438 
1,392 
1,409 
1,409 
1,.384 
1,363 
1,417 
1,464 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

861 
845 
876 
842 
819 
817 
794 
823 
811 
837 
833 
838 

7,361 
7,418 
7,429 
7,372 
7,340 
7,264 
7,189 
7,271 
7,251 
7,385 
7,305 
7,423 

10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 

\ 

1 

1 
1 

1,283 
1,247 
1,254 
1,317 
1,319 
1,.312 
1,298 
1,367 
1,379 
1,410 
l,:!60 

l,:i66 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

5,295 
5,453 
5,350 
5,434 
5,290 
5,313 
5,426 
5,497 
5,603 
5,468 
5,546 
5,617 

3 

3 

3- 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1,339 
1,293 
1,195 
1,128 
1,115 
1,113 
1,153 
1,182 
1,231 
1,235 
1,265 
1,295 

952 
922 
926 
910 
841 
818 
804 
724 
764 
744 
895 
924 

23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 

3.5 

36 

37 

38 

23 

.19 

26 

40 

25 

41 

25 

4? 

26 

43 

24 

44 

22 

45 

24 

46 

47 

48 

49 

.50 

51 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
I 

.5? 

.5.'» 

.54 

.5.5 

.56 

.57 

1 

898,271 

$100 

819.829 

878,342 

.58 

$70,685 

8127,844 

$2,158 

$11,944 

825, 131 

$45,358  1             $132,357 

$6,310 

59 
60 

88,045 
857,269 

$5,371 

$2,978,340 

$1,962,381 

$<X).  410 

82li.553 
8101,291 

81.958 
$200 

82,992 
88,9.52 

819.053 
$6,078 

810,376 
858.336 

S1.3S0 
$43,668 

8310 

83.071.077 

$2,025.2f« 

Sl.32.,895 

$120 

$25,440 

$887,356 

$8,228 
8124. 129 

$5,32.' 617' 

$41-^.  416 
$3S,.336 

$1,593 
$4,717 

$353.'334' 

$286,509 
$28.  .568 

61 
62 

(vl 

84,475,512 

83.043.219 

8197.364 

$826,678 
8654.  960 
8111.322 

$377,364 

8269.  803 

810.  .595 

82.000 

86.  473 

$88,228 

8265 

8860,314 

$467,063 

84,577,393 

83.376.212 

895,332 

$1,804,516 
8694.200 
$38,574 
88.5a5 
862.  .568 
.8992.  714 
S7. 9.55 

81,808,762 

81.180.990 

83S.838 

64 
63 
66 
67 

818,975 
8936, 574 

846.069 
SI.  170.  227 

S18.6a3 

810. 472. 742 

$.5,861,213 

89.202 
$51.  194 

Si7, i76 
$1,088,673 

$19,417 
$.569,517 

$11,813 
$16,052 

$3,663 
834.. 594 

68 
69 
70 

85,8,39,445 
81.981,970 

81,886,651 
$1,017,616 

$8,693,048             $2,768,726 
$2,957,925             $1,509,777 

84.  m.  m 

81,981.510 

S6.5ii,73i 
$2,416,623 

$1,640,361 
$1,173,642 

$924,446 
$ia5,.345 

=  148 

71 
72 

73 



>81..S33.9:i9 

74 

$1,367,989 

$40,685 

$573,296 

$3,054,493 

83,806,290 

S2:i3.674 

S1.7il<l,738 

$4,240,649 

8822,579 

857,350 

8137, 687 

$857,725 

$346,988 

$18,672 

8101,403 

$382,239 

$2, 422, 784 

852.645 

8404. 496 

8.5. 218. 275 

8614,705 

8.50.0.36 

SS45.  a36 

$1,209,370 

81,671,810 

8105 

$.309.  .595 

$2,034,711 

$1,609,712 
$48,994 

$433,760 
83,989.379 

$1,1.50,632 

$15,276 

$7.7.34 

$462,098 

r2S7.0S3 

$214 

$218,048 

$394,614 

=  416 
=$2,345,967 

M57 
•8111,200 

76 
77 

78 

79 

Wl 

583 
$402,737 

5 

82,962 

82.228.42.1 

S171.493 

8207,519 

226 
8124,084 

■  8 

815,337 

S3. 243. 445 

S50S.864 

$166,682 

(') 

344 

$260,845 

12 
88.228 

256 
$181,967 

8 
$4. 913 

{») 

1 
$247 

2,083 
$1,555,154 

17 
$22.  .3.36 

81 

S2 

S3 

84 

$800,915 
$23,190 
$33,620 

8202,586 

8117,991 

$53,278 

82.833.7.56                 $.528,399 

885.  .56:!  .                  88.239 

82,002.085  ,              $485,8.52 

$1,604,352             $1,778,163 

$7S6                 8109.270 

$412,535                 $394,807 

8:i95.030 
$24,060 
$43,008 

$238, 167 

82.V) 

$148. 207 

85 
86 
87 

•Includes  product  for  .Arkansas,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Maine,  Maryland.  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire,  Oregon,  Vermont,  West  Virginia. 


384 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  12.— CARS  AND  GENERAL  SHOP  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIRS  BY  STEAM  RAILROAD 


Ohio. 


Oregon. 


Pennsylvania. 


South  Caro- 
lina. 


South  Dakota. 


90 
91 
92 

93 
94 


95 

9« 


99 
100 

101 
102 

103 
104 
105 


106 
107 
103 


Products — Continued. 

Bridge  and  building  department  (shopwork),  total  value. 

Repairs  and  renewals 

Work  for  other  corporations 

All  other  products 

.\11  other  products  not  classified 

Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned — 

Engines- 
Steam — 

Number .' 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented— 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Other  kind,  horficpower 


$477,666 

$477,556 

$110 


$117,87; 


68 
18,827 


14G 
12,886 

6 
57 


$11,894 

$9,203 

$2, 151 

$540 

$220,989 

11 

955 


9 
7.52 


$713,966 

$704,682 

$200 

$9,084 

$56,797 

114 
46,812 


283 
26,918 


$16,429 
$16,429 


$1,079 
$1,079 


$09,583 


7 
510 


305 
4,873 


18 
423 


9 
500 


4 
285 


5 
270 


8 
173 


958 

14,655 

4,382 


26 
361 
40 


i 


.  THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILROAD  ("AR  INDUSTRY. 

COMPANIES— DETAILED  SUMMAKV,   liV  STATKS  AM)  Ti;i{RIT(JRlEH;  1905— Continuwl. 


385 


Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Utah. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Wasliington. 

West  Virginia.'     Wisconsin. 

Wynmfng. 

$4,621 
$2,962 

All  other 
states. 

$.37, 701 
$:j7,701 

$71,133 

$68,  .562 

$42 

$2,  .529 

$299,747 

43 
3,826 

67 
:f,695 

1 
10 

$11,310 
$11,310 

$11,012 

$10,-327 

$685 

$117,851 
$70, 409 
$18,327 
$29,115 

$:i98,997 

27 
5,340 

54 
4,072 

2 
45 

$17,852 
$17,8.52 

$103,6.i6 
$81,106 
$10,000 
$12,  .550 
$2.59 

22 
2,829 

34 
2,032 

1 
8 

$ia5,729 
$104,761 

$7,04.5 
$7,045 

88 
89 

$3i;727' 

9 
1,518 

9 
695 

1 

8 

$968 

$1,659 

91 

$765,281 

13 
2,027 

22 
1,904 

$17,442 

3 
5S3 

9 
583 

92 

93 
94 

98 

4 

379 

4 
194 

1 
10 

6 
1,010 

8 
790 

25 
.5,685 

31 
3,222 

8 
1,574 

14 
1,112 

09 

100 

101 

5 
123 

16 
91 
30 

1 

25 

56 
1,223 

15 

177 

19 
360 
429 

107 

2,084 

373 

1 
B 

11 
86 
376 

103 

104 

20 

2 
200 

: :. 

1 
150 

31 
638 

100 

107 

. 

108 

1 

386 


MANUFACTURES. 


STREET  RAILROAD  CARS  AND  REPAIRS. 

The  census  of  manufactures  of  1890  was  the  first  to 
distinguish  between  the  production  of  street  railroad 
cars  in  establishments  devoted  principal!}'  to  their 
construction  and  the  building  of  cars  in  the  repair 
shops  of  street  railroad  companies  incidental  to  large 
repair  operations  which  far  exceeded  in  cost  the  few 
cars  turned  out.  At  the  census  of  18S0  the  statistics 
of  the  production  of  street  cars  and  steam  railroad 
cars  were  merged  in  one  classification,  so  that  no 
comparative  figures  prior  to  1890  can  be  given.  At 
the  latter  census  the  classification  adopted  to  indicate 
the  two  branches  of  the  manufacture  of  street  cars 
were  ''cars,  street  railroad,  not  including  operations  of 
railroad  companies,"  and  "  cars  and  general  shop  con- 
struction and  repairs  by  street  railroad  companies," 
and  they  have  been  retained  for  this  purpose  since 
1890.  These  classifications  will  be  denoted,  respec- 
tively, as  "cars,  street  railroad,"  and  "street  railroad 
repair  shops." 

In  Table  13  the  statistics  for  both  branches  of  the 
industry  are  combined,  for  each  census  from  1890  to 
190.5. 

The  extraordinar}-  growtli  of  the  combined  indus- 
tries since  1890  is  the  logical  result  of  the  great  devel- 
opment of  street  railroads  which  has  taken  place 
during  the  past  fifteen  j-ears.  During  the  decade 
between  1890  and  1900  the  value  of  products  increased 
$10, 407, 7 17,  or  160  per  cent,  and  for  the  entire  period 
covered  by  the  table  the  products  nearh'  C(uadrupled 
in  value.  In  marked  contrast  to  this  increase  and  to 
that  in  all  the  other  items  is  the  comparatively  slight 
increase  in  the  number  of  establishments  from  1890  to 


1900  and  the  decrease  in  this  item  which  occurred 
from  1900  to  190.5.  As  will  appear  from  succeeding 
tables,  this  decrease  characterized  the  operations  of 
both  liranches  of  the  industry  and  was  due  princi- 
pally to  combinations  of  street  railroads,  which  has 
resulted  in  the  construction  of  central  repair  shops  that 
have  taken  the  place  of  many  small  ones,  and  to  the 
concentration  of  car  building  in  large  establishments 
devoted  entirely  to  the  construction  of  street  railroad 
cars. 

Table   13. — Cars,  street  railroad,  and  street  railroad  repair  shops — 
comparative  summary,  with  per  cent  of  increase:  1890  to  1905. 


Number  of  establishments.. 

Capital 

Salaried  ofticials,  clerks,  etc., 

number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  num- 
ber  

Total  wages 

Men  Iti  years  and  over. . 

Wages 

Women  10  years  ajjd  over 

Wiipis 

Chiliiren  under  10  years. . 

Wasi-s 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  niati'rials  used 

Value  of  products 


PER  CENT  OF 
INCREASE. 


1905 


100 
$25,881,556 

763 
$940,933 

15,782 

$9,852,377 

15,076 

$9,819,033 

47 

$21,341 

59 

S12,00:i 

Sl,:«l'.l,24li 

.«II1..SI)4,NI)4 

.'4,281,317 


1900 


128 
$18,  .397, 336 

345 
$428, 178 

10,610 

$6,355,409 

10,574 

$0,347,454 

8 

$2,945 

28 

$5,070 

$553,093 

$8,303,607 

$10,070,179 


1890 


95 
$4,819,477 

73 
$100,692 

3,794 
$2,502,475 

3,785 
$2,499,895 

$780 

7 

$1,800 

$219,223 

$2,8.54,075 

$0,208,462 


1900 

to 
1905 


'21.9 
40.7 

121.2 
119.8 

48.7 
55.0 
48.3 
54.7 
487.5 
024.6 
110.7 
136.  7 
152.7 
301 
45.0 


1890 

to 
1900 


34.7 
281.7 

372.6 
301.3 

179.7 
154  0 
179.4 
153.9 
300.0 
277.6 
300.0 
181.7 
152.6 
190  9 
10U.O 


In  Table  14  the  extent  of  the  operations  and  the 
growth  since  1890  of  the  two  industries  which  build 
and  keep  in  repair  the  rolling  stock  of  street  railroads 
may  i)e  compared. 


Table   14.— CARS,  STREET   RAILROAD,  AND  STREET  RAILROAD    REPAIR  SHOPS— COMPARATIVE   srMM.\KV.  1!Y 

INDUSTRIES,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:    1890  TO  1905. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salarji-d  ofFic-ials,  clerks,  etc.,  number. 

Salfirien 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

.Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over , 

Wages 

Children  tmder  16  years 

WagPH 

MlM-elhini-^tllH  expehHes 

f'ost  of  niateriiil!*  u.ned , 

Vlll '   ..r,.,|,,,.t.  


CABS,    STREET    RAILROAD. 


14 

$12,975,703 

204 

$.398. 240 

4,  TM\ 

$2, 839.  .579 

4.(i07 

$2,823,961! 

9 

$4,019 

54 

$10,994 

%'M\.  970 

$5.. 341, 444 

$10,844,  I9U 


1900 


20 

$7,015,397 

144 

$234,. WS 

3,.i85 

$1,9.50.870 

3.  .553 

$1,944,001 

4 

$1,745 

28 

$5,070 

$267,012 

$.3,96(1,863 

$7,305,368 


1890 


17 

$2,468,315 

48 

$83,  .520 

1,785 

$1,091,270 

1,777 

$1,088,930 

2 

$780 

0 

$1,560 

$140,462 

$l,699,2.'15 

(3,302,115 


PER    CENT    OF   IN- 
CREASE. 


1900  1890 

to       I       to 

I  »<!.'>  1900 


130.0 
70.4 
8a  3 
69.8 
3L9 
45.  0 
31.4 
4.5.  3 
12.5.  0 
164.7 
92.9 

ims 

266.  6 
34.7 
48L4 


17.0 
208.5 
200.0 

180.8 
100.8 
78.8 
9!l.  9 
78.  5 

loao 

12.3.  7 
.386.7 
225.  0 
90.5 
1.1.3.  4 
121.2 


STREET   RAILROAli   REPKIR  SHOPS. 


1905 


8fi 

$12,905,853 

499 

$542,687 

11,0.52 

$7,012,798 

11,009 

$6,905,007 

;« 

$16, 722 

5 

$1,009 

$418,276 

$5, 463, 3(H) 

$13,437,121 


1900 


108 

$10,781,9,39 

201 

$193,675 

7,025 

$4. 404,. 593 

7.021 

$4,403..'<93 

4 

$1,200 


$286,081 
$4,3.36,744 
$9,370,811 


1890 


78 

$2,351,162 

2.5 

$2.3.172 

2,009 

$1,411,205 

2.008 

$1,410,965 


1 
$240 

$78,761 
$1,1,54.840 
$2,966,347 


PER    CENT    OP   IN- 
CREASE. 


1900 

to 

1906 

1890 

to 
1000 

120.4 
19.7 
14a  3 

180.2 
57.3 
69.2 
.56.8 
.58.9 

850.0 

,29as 


46.2 
26.  0 
4:1.4 


38.5 
35&6 
704.0 
73,5.8 
249.7 
212.  1 
249.7 
212.1 


26a  2 
27.5.  5 
21,5,  9 


Of  tlic   total  of   1((0  estaldi.^liiiiciits  engaged   in  the  ,  iiieiits  engaged  iiniiiiiiily  in  llic  lumuifiicl  me  of  street 

combiiu'(|  iiidiislry  at  the  census  of  1905,  Sfi  were  street  |  railroad   cars,    tiic    lallcr    rciiresentccl    an    investment 

niilnmd  rc|)air  shops.      Not witlistimding  the  fact  that  i  of  .'SI L'. 97.'), 703 ,  or  .50.1    per  cent  of   th(^   ciipilal   cm- 

tlicrc  weresLx  times  as  many  repair  shops  iw  establish-  ployed    in    the    coinliined    industry,    and    pnidiiced    a. 


THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILROAD  CAR  INDUSTRY. 


387 


product  valued  at  $10,844,196,  or  1 1.7  per  cent  of  tho 
value  of  the  coml)iii('(l  products  of  the  two  hrauclics  of 
the  industry,  'i'lie  re])uir  shops,  liovvever,  (Mnj)loyed 
11,0.52  wage-earners  and  paid  in  wages  .17,012,798, 
which  coiistitute<l  70  an<l  71.2  ))cr  cent,  respectively, 
of  tlic  total  for  tli(>  coinl)incd  industries. 

Indications  of  tlic  difference  in  the  nature  of  the 
work  ])erforrncd  !>y  the  tw^o  classes  of  establishuKUits 
are  dcvclopc(l  l)y  a  comparison  of  the  .statistics  of  the 
number  of  wage-earners  employed,  the  cost  of  mate- 
rials, and  tiic  value  of  tlie  products  resulting  from  their 
operations.  Tlie  repair  work  of  the  street  railroad 
repair  shoj)s  in  general  consists  largely  of  labor  unas- 
sisted, or  a.ssisted  but  little,  by  machinery,  operating 
upon  materials  often  already  in  position;  whereas  in 
the  construction  of  street  cars  on  a  large  scale  labor  is 
augmented  ])y  machinery  wherever  possible,  and  the 
comparatively  large  quantity  of  new  work  resulting 
necessarily  involves  the  expenditure  of  a  larger  sum 
for  materials  in  proportion  to  the  value  of  the  prod- 
ucts than  is  the  case  with  the  repair  shops.  Thus,  at 
the  census  of  190.5  the  cost  ot  labor  and  the  cost  of 
materials  constituted  26.2  per  cent  and  49.2  per  cent, 
respectively,  of  the  value  of  tlie  products  produced  by 
the  manufacturers  of  street  cars,  and  52.2  per  cent  and 
40.6  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  value  of  the  products 
of  street  railroad  repair  shops. 

Products. — Table  15  shows  the  number  and  value  of 
all  street  cars  manufactured,  as  reported  at  the  census 
of  1905,  distributed  according  to  character  of  establish- 
ments and  kind  of  cars.  With  respect  to  this  informa- 
tion no  effort  previous  to  the  present  census  has  been 
made  to  obtain  complete  data,  so  that  no  comparative 
figures  are  available. 

Table   15. — Number,  kind,  and  value  of  street  railroad  ears  built 
by  all  establishments:  1005. 


Number. 


Total. 


In  .street  car  maniifaeturing  establishments. 

In  street  railroad  repair  shops 

In  steam  car  manufacturing  establishments. 

Kind: 

Electric- 
Closed  1 

Combination 

Open 

other 

Horse 


3,966 
310 

418 


3,217 

517 

562 

356 

42 


Value. 


$9,902,310 


1,302,512 
605,144 
994,654 


,233,534 
,289,028 
867,368 
479,693 
32,687 


1  Includes  288  cars,  valued  at  S.5S0.669.  enumerated  only  as  "passenger  cars." 

At  the  census  of  1905,  4,694  street  cars  were  pro- 
duced, of  wliich  .3,966,  or  84.5  per  cent,  were  built  in 
establishments  devoted  i)rimariiy  to  the  construction  of 
street  cars.  Only  310  cars,  or  6.6  per  cent  of  the  total 
number  ]>roduced,  were  built  in  street  railroad  repair 
shojis,  which  was  lOS  cars  less  than  the  number  con- 
structed in  establishments  engaged  ]>rimarily  in  the 
production  of  steam  railroad  cars. 

The  value  of  the  cars  manufactured  during  the  cen- 
sus year  in  street  car  manufacturing  establishments 
and   in   street    railroad    repair   shops   was   $8,907,656. 


which  constituted  only  ;](i.7  ])cr  cent  of  the  aggregate 
value  of  the  products  of  the  combined  iiKJustries. 
Thus  the  value  of  the  new  cars  built  amounted  to 
about  one-third,  and  the  value  of  the  repair  work  to 
al)out  two-thirds,  of  the  combined  value  of  products 
of  the  two  industries  which  build  and  keep  iii  repair 
the  rolling  stock  of  street  railroads.  The  value  of 
street  cars  manufactured  in  establishments  devoted 
to  their  con.struction  was  .$S,. 302, 512,  or  76.5  per  cent 
of  the  value  of  products  of  this  branch  of  the  combined 
industries;  while  in  the  case  of  the  rej)air  shops  the 
value  of  the  cars  produced,  .S605,144,  formed  only  4.5 
per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  products. 

The  average  value  })cr  car  of  all  cars  built  during 
the  census  year  was  .$2,110.  Of  the  three  cla.sses, as 
distinguished  iu  the  table,  of  establishments  producing 
street  cars,  the  lowest  average  value  j)er  car  resulted 
from  the  building  operations  of  the  railroad  repair 
shops,  and  the  cars  of  the  greatest  average  value  were 
constructed  by  establishments  ]>roducing  primarilv 
steam  railroad  cars.  The  low  averag(>  value  of  the 
cars  built  in  street  railroad  repair  shops  was  caused 
by  the  fact  that  a  large  number  were  freight  and  work 
cars  constructed  in  many  cases  of  old  trucks  and  other 
portions  of  passenger  cars  wliich  had  been  condemned 
for  passenger  traffic.  Moreover,  many  of  the  passenger 
cars  reported  as  built  were  old  passenger  cars  recon- 
structed and  newly  equipped  with  up  to  date  motors 
and  brakes.  It  is  natural,  therefore,  that  the  average 
value  per  car  should  be  less  than  that  for  the  other  two 
classes  of  establishments  showai  in  the  table  which 
produced  for  the  most  part  new  work. 

Since  1900  considerable  improvement  in  the  rolling 
stock  of  street  railroads  has  taken  place.  In  general 
the  size  of  cars  has  been  increased  and  they  have  been 
made  more  comfortable  and  more  suitalde  to  the  de- 
mands of  a  rapidly  increasing  travefing  public.  On 
the  interurban  lines,  which  are  usually  in  direct  com- 
petition with  the  steam  railroads,  it  is  essential  that 
the  comfort  of  the  car  should  approach  as  nearly  as 
possible  that  of  the  steam  railroa<l  coach.  It  follows 
that  each  j'ear  more  costly  cars  are  being  produced 
by  the  street  car  manufacturers.  Evidence  of  the 
fact  can  be  found  in  the  reports  of  3  large  establish- 
ments that  at  the  census  of  1900  reported  1,603  cars 
built  during  the  census  year  with  an  average  value  of 
$1,387,  while  the  same  3  companies  at  the  census  of 
1905  reported  the  construction  of  1,597  cars  during  the 
census  year  with  an  average  value  per  car  of  $2,393. 

Further  evidence  of  the  progressive  changes  in  this 
respect  which  have  taken  place  since  1900  is  obtain- 
able from  a  comparison  of  the  number  and  value  of 
street  cars  produceil  during  that  census  year  by  estab- 
lishments engaged  ))rimarily  in  the  manufacture  of 
steam  railroad  cars,  M^ith  the  number  and  value  of  the 
cars  ])roduced  by  the  same  class  of  establishments  at 
the  present  census.  According  to  the  special  report 
on  cars,  steam  railroad,  for  1900,  935  street  railroad 


388 


MANUFACTURES. 


cars  of  ail  average  value  of  $1,167  were  finished  during 
the  census  year  by  marufacturers  of  steam  railroad 
cars,  while  for  1905  this  class  of  establishments  reported 
the  construction  of  418  cars  with  an  average  value  of 
S2,380. 

Table  15  shows  that  practically  all  the' cars  produced 
were  for  electrified  street  railroads.  No  cable  cars 
were  reported  and  only  42  for  horsepower.  Over 
two-thirds  of  the  electric  cars  turned  out  were  closed 
cars.  The  perfection  of  the  combination  car,  namely, 
a  car  which  is  devoted  in  part  to  freight  and  in  part 
to    passenger   traffic,  is    a    matter   of    comparatively 


recent  date,  l)ut  now  they  are  much  u.sed  on  tlie 
ii  terurbau  lines  of  the  middle  West,  and  during  the 
census  year  nearly  as  man}-  cars  of  this  character  as 
open  cars  were  built.  The  average  value  of  the  com- 
bination car  was  S2,4!»3,  or  $244  more  than  that  of 
the  closed,  and  -$950  more  than  that  of  the  open 
cars. 

STREET    RAILROAD    REPAIR   SHOP.S. 

Table  16  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  the  street 
'railroad   repair  shops,    distributed   according   to  geo- 
graphic divisions. 


T.-vBLE    J,6.— STREET  R.\ILROAD  REPAIR  SHOPS— SUMMARY,  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:  1905. 


DIVISION. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

S.U.ARIED  OFFICIALS, 
CLERKS,  ETC. 

WAGE-EARNERS   AND 
WAGES. 

Miscellane- 
ous ex- 
penses. 

Cost  of  ma- 
terials used. 

Vahie  of 

Number. 

Salaries. 

.\verage 
number. 

Wages. 

products. 

United  States 

86 

$12,905,853 

499 

.5542.687 

11,052 

$7,012,798 

$418,276 

$5, 463, 360 

$13,437,121 

37 

5 

31 

4 

9 

8.017.711 
278.942 

3. Ml, -1^1 
U7.(l.',(l 
570,  669 

242 

23 

119 

6 

109 

248.978 

21.607 

151. 107 

6.449 

114,486 

6.372 
240 

3.077 
124 

1,239 

3.926.403 

119.S95 

1.944.  SI  IS 

958, 132 

231.257 
6,782 

162,549 
5,438 
12,250 

2,775.103 
124.932 

1,767.383 

71.743 

724, 199 

South  .'Vtlantie' 

Oy^    .1-,. 

North  Centra \' 

147.  UK) 
1,809,067 

Western  ^              .     . 

'  Inchid-s  Maine.  Massachusetts.  Connecticut.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania. 

2  Include.s  Delaware.  District  of  Colimibia.  Virginia. 

3 Includes  (^hio.  Illinois.  Michigan.  Wisconsin.  Minnesota.  Iowa.  Missouri.  Nebraska,  Kansas. 

*  Includes  Kentucky,  Texas. 

'Includes  Colorado,  Utah,  Washington,  Oregon.  Califnrni.i. 


The  number  of  repair  shops  in  each  division  is  indica- 
tive of  the  development  of  the  street  railroad  in  the 
different  sections  of  the  countr}-.  It  is  natural  that 
the  Nortli  Atlantic  division,  einl)racing  states  for  the 
most  part  far  more  densely  settled  than  those  of  the 
other  divisions,  should  exceed  them  in  every  statistical 
item  showii  in  the  table.  The  second  division  in  this 
respect  was  the  North  Central,  which  had  31  estab- 
lishments, as  compared  with  37  in  the  North  Atlantic 
division;  but  the  latter  gave  employment  to  twice 
as  many  wage-eaniers  as  the  former  and  acconijdislicd 
construction  and  repair  work  valued  at  nearly  twice 
as  man}'  dollars.  Thus,  while  the  Nortli  Central  re- 
ported nearly  as  many  establishments  as  the  leading 


division,  yet  when  measured  by  the  average  number 
of  wage-earners  employed  and  the  A^alue  of  product, 
the  operations  of  the  average  establishment  in  the 
North  Atlantic  division  were  nearly  twice  as  exten- 
sive as  those  of  the  average  establishment  of  the  North 
Central  division. 

Tables  17  and  IS  show  statistics  in  detail  for 
cars,  street  railroad,  not  including  operations  of 
railroad  companies,  and  cars  and  general  shop  con- 
struction and  Repairs  by  street  railroad  companies, 
respectively,  distributed  according  to  states,  as 
far  as  it  is  possible  to  show  the  states  separately 
without  disclosing  the  operations  of  single  establish- 
ments. 


THE  STEAM  AND  STlM-lllT  RAILROAD  CAR  INDUSTRY. 


389 


Table    17.— CARS,    STRRF,T    RAILUDAD, 


NOT    INCLUDINU   OPERATIONS   OF    RAILROAD   COMPANIES— DETAILED 
SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:   V.m. 


United 
States. 


All  other 

slates. 1 


Number  of  establishments , 

Capital,  total , 

Land , 

Buildings , 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sinidries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members , 

Salaried  ollicials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Ollicers  of  corporations- 
Number  

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers, 
clerks,  etc.— 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and 
total  wages: 
Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one 

time  during  the  year 

Least  nnmberemployed  at  any  one  time 

during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  1(3  years  and  over— 

Ave'rage  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over— 

.\verage  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years- 
Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including 
pieceworkers,     employed     during    each 
month: 
Men  16  years  and  over — 

.Tanuary 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

.\ugust 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  16  3'ears  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

.\ugust 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Children  under  16  years- 
January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 


14 

112, 975, 703 

t972,804 

$1,823,271 

SI, 912, 299 

(8,267,329 

3 

264 
J398.246 

29 
$119,915 


235 
$278,331 


214 
$268,523 


21 
$9,806 


6, 17.5 

2,992 

4,  (.TO 

$2,839,579 

4.667 
$2,823,966 

9 
$4,619 

54 
$10,994 


5.313 

5.218 
4.928 
5.028 
5.080 
5.044 
4.916 
4.711 
4.523 
4.171 
3.713 
3.359 

11 
11 
11 
9 


(1,748,065 

$61,294 

$297,942 

$318,322 

$1,070,507 


70 
$92,609 


$26,000 

61 
$66,609 

53 
$63,435 

8 
$3,174 


502 

765 

$474,738 

764  , 
8474,438 


1 
$300 


905 
824 
784 
768 
742 
718 
807 
819 
925 
825 
355 
496 


10 

$11,227,638 

$911,510 

$1,525,329 

$1,593,977 

$7,196,822 

3 

194 
$305,637 

20 
$93,915 


174 
$211,722 


161 

$205,090 


United 
States. 


Ohio. 


13 
$6,632 


2.490 

3.965 

$2,364,841 

3.903 
$2,349,528 

9 
$4,619 

53 
$10,694 


4,408 
4,394 
4,144 
4,260 
4,338 
4.326 
4,109 
3,892 
3,598 
3,346 
3,158 
2,863 

H 
11 
11 


Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including 
I)iecevvorkers.    employed     during    each 
month —Continued. 
Children  under  16  years— Continued. 

August 

•    September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Kent  of  works 

Taxes 

Rent  of  oiTices,  interest,  insurance,  and 
all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto 

included 

Materials  u.sed.  total  cost 

Principal  materials 

Fuel 

•Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

-Ml  other  materials 

F  reigh  t 

Products,  total  value 

Street  railroad  cars- 
Electric— 
Closed- 
Number 
.  Value 
Combination 
Numljer 
Value 
Open— 

Number 
Value 
Other- 
Number 
Value 
Horse- 
Number, 

Value 

Steam  railroad  cars- 
Freight  service- 
Box— 

Number 
Value 
Flat- 
Number 
Value 
Gondola  or  ore- 
Number 
Value 
Refrigerator — 
Number 
Value 
Stock- 
Number 
Value 
Other- 
Number 
Value 
All  other  products 
Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting. 
Total  horsepower 
Owned — 

Engines — 
Steam — 
Number 
Horsepower 
Electric  motors- 
Number 
Horsepower 
Other  power,  horsepower 
Rented— 

Electric  motors- 
Number 
Horsepower 


Ali  other 
states. 


48 

42 

42 

40 

40 

1980,970 

$7,300 

$32,877 


$940,793 

$5,341,444 

$3,327,061 

$130,767 

$2,150 

$34,  &y) 

$1,741,012 

$105.  M)4 

$10,844,196 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

$133,579 

$1,300 

$7,229 


$12'),050 

$1,069,.3«3 

$1,026,868 

$23,988 


$11,464 

$.'...527 

S1..5.-10 

$1,828,326 


47 

41 

41 

39 

39 

1847,391 

$6.(XI0 

$25,648 


$815,743 

$4,272,061 

$2,30rj,193 

$iriC.  7T9 

$2.  l.W 

$23.1S6 

$104,268 
$9,015,870 


'Includesestablishmentsdistributed  as  follows:  California,  2;  Colorado,  1;  Missouri,  2;  New  Jersey,  1,  New  York,  2;  North  Carolina,  I:  Pennsylvania,!. 


390 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  18.— CARS  AND  GENERAL  SHOP  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIRS  BY 


United  States. 


Number  of  establishments . 

Capital,  total 

Land. 


9 
10 

11  ! 

"i 
13  ' 

"i 
15  ' 
16 

I 
17 
18 
19 
20 

1 
21 
22 

23 
24 


26 


27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
33 
36 
37 
38 

39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
4.5 
4G 
■«7 
4S 
40 
SO 

51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 


61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 

67 

68 

mi 

70 
71 
7i 
73 
74 
7.1 
76 
77 
7H 
79 


81 

82 

83 

M 
HA 
Ml 
87 
88 


Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Totalnumber 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations- 
Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc.— 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women  — 

Number 

Sala  ries - 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over— 

.\verage  number .- 

Tota  1  wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number *. 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years- 

.\verage  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during 
each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over- 

January- 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  16  years  and  over —  ^ 

January 

February  

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Augu.st 

September 

Octoljer 

November 

December 

Children  under  16  years- 
January  

Fibnmry 

Ma  ri-  h 

Ai)ril 

May 

J  Ulif 

July : 

August 

Septemlwr 

Octoljer 

Novinilwr 

DfcernU-r 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

'Vhxi's 

Kent  of  offices.  Interest,  Insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not 
hitherto  included. 

Contruct  work 

Mati'rJalH  used .  total  cost 

I'rln"i[)al  materials 


Kuel. 


Rent  fif  power  and  heiil 

Mill  supplies 

All  iplliiT  materials 

Krrlght 

Products,  aKgregati^  value  of  jiU  shopwork 

.Motive  power  and  machinery  dejiurtnienl,  total  value. 

Work  tor  other  corpora tioim 

All  other  products 

Cnr  depii  rl  nient .  totjil  value ' 

Cars  built— 
l*H8»enKer — 

NiiinlM*r 

V'n  hie 

Kn-lKlit  - 

.SuiiiIht 

Value 

Olher 

NuuiIht 

Value 

I'HNW'n^er  mid  frelKht  earn  n^pulrod 

Work  for  niliiT  r'orporatlonti 

All  other  products 


86 
$12,905,853 
$3,168,685 
$5,836,686 
$2,151,221 
$1,749,261 

499 

$542,687 

25 
$45,566 

474 
$497, 121 

468 
$493,923 

6 
$3, 198 

12,576 

9,477 

11,052 

$7,012,798 

11,009 
$6,995,067 

38 
$16, 722 

5 
$1,009 


10,720 
11,017 
11,142 
11,418 
11,294 
11,259 
10,  .533 
10,815 
10,990 
11,206 
11,072 
10,642 

38 
38 
38 
40 
40 
40 
36 
38 
39 
36 
36 
37 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

$418,276 

$4,296 

$115,302 

$285,483 


$13. 

$5,463, 

$5,040, 

$153. 

SIO, 

$45. 

$209. 

$3. 

$13,437. 

$5111. 

$2, 

$.'508. 

$12.5S1, 


California. 


lUinois. 


288 

$.v«),«nn 
l:) 

$11,3116 

(I 

$13.1(111 

$11. 2.5  4,  Ml,', 

$.16,714 

$68,5.1X12 


3 

$144,146 

$35,000 

$55,000 

$46,646 

$7,500 

91 
$93,841 

1 
$100 

90 
$93, 741 

90 
$93,  741 


941 

718 

852 

$671,866 

852 
$671,866 


796 
853 
797 
846 
854 
860 
854 
893 
908 
926 


$1,635 


$586 
$1,060 


$461,101 
$41.5.784 
$10. 446 
$2,645 
$1,865 
$30,371 


$1,228,443 


$1,228,443 


$1,221,869 


10 

$1,081,939 

$193,  44S 

$605,589 

$204, 602 

$78,300 

29 
$31, 107 

2 
$2,700 

27 
$28,  407 

27 
$28,  407 


1,131 

852 

1,006 

$654, 486 

1,003 
$653,286 

3 
$1,200 


975 

1,036 

1,057 

1,089 

1,074 

1,064 

968 

1,016 

1,013 

964 

908 

872 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 


$39,  424 

JI.WKl 
820,974 
$16,6.50 


Iowa. 


$417.. 545 

5370. 076 

$23,415 

$3110 

$11.7.56 

$11,798 

$200 

$1,142,  ,562 


$1,068.  .180 


'Tncludes  establlshiiieiits  distributed  os  follows:   Colorado,  2:    Connecticut,  2: 
Nebraska,  1:   'irei/on,  1     TexH-*,  1:    Itab.  I;   Vhviniti,  2:   Wa.shinKton.  2,   Wisconsin.  I. 


$887,001 

"im.im 

Delaware,  1;  District  of  Columbia,  2;    Kansas,  1:   Mttliii',  2.   Minnesota,  2, 


3 

$192,892 
$10,000 
$31,000 
$36,251 

$115,641 

5 
$5,340 


5 
$5,340 


5 
$5,340 


120 
$64,073 

120 
$64,073 


129 
130 
123 
126 
124 
111 
113 
111 
100 
132 
119 
122 


$6,062 


$2,917 
$3,145 


$74,932 

$41,1.39 

$25 


Kentucky. 


$3(^4 
$33. 4114 


$150, 407 


$1.50, 407 


$92,146 


3 

$94,0.50 

$4,s,  HIO 
$17,600 
$5,100 

6 
$6,449 

2 
$2,220 

4 
$4,229 

4 

$4,229 


132 

95 

103 

$48,560 

102 

$48, 267 


1 
$293 


100 
103 
101 

99 
100 

97 
106 
104 
103 
103 
104 
104 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
$5,438 


$1,570 
$3,868 


$63,  493 
$52,  7S8 

$275 
$60 

$120 
$10, 250 


$123,040 


$123,940 


$94,103 


THE  STEAM  AND  S^TU^ET  RAILROAD  ('\T{  TXDTTSTRY. 

STREET  RAILROAD  COMPANIES— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  190.5. 


391 


Massachusetts.    !        Michigan. 

Missouri. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio.             !     Pennsylvania. 

r 

AH  other  states,  i 

6 

$1,092,996 
$253,835 
$495,055 
$142,751 
$201.3.55 

2 
$2,580 

1 
$1,500 

1 
$1,080 

1 
$1,080 

4 

$.526,654 
SU4.IH«) 
Si:!4,lllH) 
S175,r,40 
$73,014 

14 
$18,593 

4 

$1,390,781 
$272, 843 
$612,991 
$326, 145 
$178,802 

28 
$43,877 

6 
$19, 400 

22 
$24,477 

22 

$24,477 

4 

$668,8.50 
$66,  4110 
$124,000 
$306,700 
$171,750 

20 
$26,309 

14 

$4,974,948 

$1,483,037 

.52. 660.  467 

$391,450 

$439,994 

lli9 
1167.732 

5 
$127.82.5 
$26,  4JJ0 
S65.2(X> 
$13,700 
$22.  .52.5 

19 

$l6,i;7,s 

5 
$2,286 

14 
$14,392 

14 
$14,392 

9 

$1,16.1,709 
$346,000 
$4:t0, 100 
$2.51,026 
$136,583 

44 

$44,867 

7 
$0,3C0 

37 
$38,507 

.30 
$.38.4.57 

'   1 
$.50 

1.230 

1.110 

1,176 

$687,088 

1,175 
$686,098 

21 

$1,447,003 
$314,972 
$574,684 
$238,710 
$318,697 

72 
S8S,314 

1 
$11,000 

71 
$74,314 

70 
$73,614 

1 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
S 

9 

10 

14 
$18,593 

14 
$18,593 

20 
$26,309 

20 
$26,309 

169 
$167,732 

165 
$165,284 

4 
$2,448 

4,431 

3,012 

3,710 

$2,260,615 

3,690 
$2,251,255 

20 
$9,360 

11 
12 

13 

14 

15 

$700        16 

960 

847 

903 

$602,384 

888 
$596,222 

15 
$6,162 

460 

335 

424 

$245,804 

424 
$245,804 

1,071 

801 

935 

$602,774 

934 
$002,589 

446 

284 

356 

$224,878 

3.56 
$224,878 

105 

135 

1,50 

$93,788 

1,50 
$93,788 

1,4,59 

1,189 

1,317 

$850,482 

1.315 
$856,341 

17 
18 
19 
20 

21 
22 

23 

24 

1 
$185 

925 
972 
1,000 
1,040 
997 
957 
919 
928 
901 
881 
854 
834 

1 
$390 

t 

1,134 
1,130 
1,161 
1,160 
1,174 
1,187 
1,183 
1,201 
1.205 
1,190 
1,188 
1,187 

2 
$141 

1,264 
1,285 
1,324 
1,322 
1,308 
1,325 
1,2S2 
1,318 
1,340 
1,374 
1,340 
1,298 

25 

■"fi 

■        887 
888 
899 
879 
870 
885 
906 
878 
873 
896 
899 
896 

15 
15 
15 
17 
17 
17 
13 
15 
16 
13 
13 
14 

435 

445 
437 
445 
439 
429 
428 
346 
420 
432 
424 
408 

285 
310 
345 
363 
359 
319 
314 
408 
443 
415 
393 
318 

3,634 
3,721 
3,739 
3,899 
3,844 
3,879 
3,316 
3,462 
3,531 
3,742 
3,826 
3,687 

20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 

156 
144 
159 
150 
151 
146 
144 
150 
153 
151 
148 
148 

27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
.34 
.35 
36 
37 
38 

39 

40 



41 

■; : ...|...... ....... 

42 

1  .   . 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

4<t 

,50 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
$74,352 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
$43,625 

1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
$46,160 

51 

.52 

.53 

,54 

,55 

.56 

1 

,57 

1 

,58 

.59 

60 

61 

• 

62 

$4. 765 

$10,102 

$26,076 

$153,681 

SI, 200 

S38,.S31 

S103, 555 

$10,095 

$1,297,905 

SI. 208. 941 

S70.  43.5 

SI. 080 

S3.  423 

$14,026 

$6,9.56 
SI.  296 

63 

64 

SI. 030 
$3,735 

$2,013 
$8,089 

$18,619 
$55,  733 

S3,  855 
$19, 121 

$3,100 

$469,592 

$462,  706 

$468 

S4,383 

SI.  135 

$900 

$2,725  1                          $8,200 
$2.9X5                          $35,425 

$13,983 
$32,177 

65 
66 

67 

$383,705 

$367,  194 

$7,224 

$313,022 
S295, 510 
$3,900 
$1,111 
S4.  320 
$8,181 

$489,958 
$452,  343 
$12,825 

$.54,949 

$43. 390 

S2.052 

$482,962 

$46.5.292 

$4,773 

$954,196 

$865,748 

$17,370 

$575 

$5,029 

$62,334 

$3,140 

$1,942,152 

$73,297 

68 
69 
70 
71 

$1,784 
$7.  503 

$5,636 
$19, 154 

$5,573 
$3,934 

$4,936 
S7.961 

72 
73 
74 

$993,  434 

S11.313 

$2.  626 

$8,687 

$982, 121 

S587.521 
S3. 688 

$1,210,961 
$386,881 

S746.855 

S3. 879. 933 
$8,277 

$172,371 

Sl.258.542 
$27,490 

75 

76 

77 

$3,688 
$564. 121 

$386,881 
$824,080 

$8,277 
$3,642,970 

$27,490 
$1,231,052 

$73,297 
$1,846,625 

»288 
>  $580. 669 

'13 
»$U.365 

>9 

> $13. 109 

$1,428.76.3 

$28,107 

$31,475 

78 

$746,855 

$172,371 

79 

80 

SI 

# 

fP 

S3 

S4 

Si 

$613,099 

$8,607 

$296,041 

$554,629 

$816,080 

$746,855 

$3,417,294 

$158,089 

$1,224,397 

86 
87 

$222,630 

$14,282 

$1. 101 

88 

=  The  number  and  value  of  cars  can  not  be  shown  in  detail  by  states. 
4.5254— MFC,  190.5— i>T  4—08 27 


'  Represents  products  of  all  states. 


392 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  IS.— CARS  AND  GENERAL  SHOP  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIRS  BY 


101 
102 


103 
104 


Products— Continued. 

Bridge  and  building  department  (shopwork), total  value 

Repai  rs  and  renewals 

All  other  products 

All  other  products  not  classified 

Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned— 

Engines- 
Steam- 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Rented— 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

Horsepower 


United  States. 


$327,855 

S253, 133 

$74,722 

$16,955 

75 
12,353 


17 
1,355 


6 
600 


360 
9,199 


52 

1,159 


California. 


3 
475 


12 
240 


11 

185 


Illinois. 


$74, 182 
"»74,'i82 


9 
1,585 


2 
400 


25 
1,173 


Iowa. 


2 
115 


4 
115 


Kentucky. 


3 
370 


8 
370 


THE  STEAM  AND  STREET  RAILROAD  CAR  INDUSTRY. 

STRKKT  KAILROAI)  COMPANIES     DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:   lOOr,     (oiiiiinir-.l. 


393 


Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

Missouri. 

Nfw  ,Tnrs*^y. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

PennsylvHTiiH. 

All  other  states. 

$1(1,712 
$19,712 

S228.«8fi 
S228,fi8(l 

$.5,275 

$4,735 

$540 

$1(1,9.05 

21 

1,8.W 

4 
350 

m 

90 

91 

92 

5 
•130 

3 

24,') 

1 
50 

4 

1,720 

3 
415 

12 
3,200 

7 
48.1 

4 

16!) 

1 
20 

1,741 

1 
40 

93 

94 

95 

<M 

97 

:.:::::::::;::::::::.:;::::::::::::::::: 

98 

cnn 

78 
2,030 

4 
85 

99 

ino 

23 
4:!0 

4 

20 

12 
175 

57 
1.720 

V 
149 

94 
1,704 

4« 
1,248 

11 
257 

101 

102 

12 
445 

• 

103 

104 

CHEMICALS   AND   ALLIED   PRODUCTS 


(395) 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


By  Charles  E.  Munroe,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  George  Wasliington  University,  Expert  Special  Agent. 


SCOPE    OF    THE    CENSUS. 

The  first  special  report  on  the  manufacture  of  chem- 
icals was  made  at  the  census  of  1880  under  the  cap- 
tion "chemical  production."  At  each  subsequent 
census  a  special  report  on  this  topic  has  been  made 
under  the  caption  "chemicals  and  allied  products." 
Inspection  of  these  reports  shows  that  the  industries 
included  have  varied  considerably,  though  each  re- 
port has  embraced  the  industries  producing  acids, 
sodas,  potashes,  alums,  glycerin,  dyestuffs  and  ex- 
tracts, explosives,  fertilizers,  pigments,  wood  distilla- 
tion products,  salts,  and  certain  elementary  sub- 
stances, such  as  bromine  and  phosphorus.  The  spe- 
cial report  at  the  census  of  1880  also  embraced  the 
industries  producing  soap,  candles,  castor  oil,  glucose, 
and  sulphur,  the  products  of  wliich  had  a  total  value 
of  $28,010,152.  These  latter  industries  did  not  ap- 
pear in  the  special  report  of  1890,  but  those  produc- 
ing pharmaceutical  preparations,  ready  mixed  paints, 
and  varnishes  and  japans  were  added,  the  pharma- 
ceutical preparations  having  a  value  of  $16,744,643. 
All  tlie  industries  embraced  in  the  special  report  for 
1890  were  included  in  the  special  report  for  1900  and 
in  the  present  report,  with  the  exception  of  pharma- 
ceutical preparations,  while  those  producing  essential 
oils  and  bone, ivory,  and  lamp  black  were  added,  these 
latter  industries  reporting  in  1900  protlucts  valued  at 
$1,173,282,  and  in  1905  products  valued  at  $2,112,379. 
The  manufactures  included  under  any  industry  may, 
however,  differ  somewhat  from  census  to  census  as 
new  products  of  the  same  general  character  are  put 
upon  the  market  or  older  ones  cease  to  be  used.  The 
returns  in  the  establishments  enumerated  were  classi- 
fied according  to  that  class  of  product  wliich  had  the 
maximum  value,  as  is  the  rule  in  all  Census  classifica- 
tion, but  many  of  these  establishments  produced  also 
subsidiary  products  of  less  value,  wliich,  had  they 
been  returned  as  principal  products,  would  have 
placed  these  establishments  in  other  classes.  Such 
subsidiary  products  appear  in  the  tabular  summaries 
of  the  Census  reports  under  the  heading  "all  other 
products,"  but  in  some  cases  they  are  also  treated  of 
in  the  text  and  in  the  minor  tables  of  their  special 
classes. 


A  reason  for  the  variation  in  the  industries  included 
at  the  different  censuses  is  found  in  the  verj'  general 
and  indefinite  title  used,  for  in  the  strictest  technical 
sense  every  material  tlung  is  a  chemical,  and  accord- 
ingly every  industry  in  which  the  materials  used  un- 
dergo a  chemical  change  in  the  process  of  manufac- 
ture, as  in  the  smelting  of  iron  from  its  ores  or  the 
production  of  leather  from  a  hide,  may  be  considered 
as  a  chemical  industrj'.  It  is  evident  that  if  this  view 
of  the  significance  of  the  title  were  taken,  "chemicals 
and  allied  products"  would  properly  cover  every 
manufacture  except  those  like  furniture  making,  ma- 
chine construction,  or  textiles,  in  which  the  material 
remains  unchanged  in  composition  during  the  manu- 
facture but  is  turned,  or  cast,  or  woven  into  other 
shapes.  The  popular  idea  of  the  term  limits  its  appli- 
cation but  admits  as  chemical  industries  the  manufac- 
ture of  gunpowder,  fertilizers,  and  similar  mixtures, 
whose  ingredients  undergo  no  chemical  change  during 
the  process  of  compounding  tlie  mixtures.  It  thus 
becomes  necessary  to  decide  arbitraril}-  upon  the  in- 
dustries to  be  included.  Those  so  included  at  the 
census  of  1905  may  be  divided  into  the  following 
classes : 


I. 

A.  Sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed  acids. 

I. 

B.  Other  acids. 

II. 

Sodas. 

III. 

Potashes. 

IV. 

Alums. 

V. 

Coal  tar  products. 

VI. 

Cyanides. 

VII. 

Wood  di.stillaticm. 

VIII. 

Fertilizers. 

IX. 

Bleaching  materials. 

X. 

Chemicals  produced  by  the  aid  of  electricity 

XI. 

Dyestuffs. 

XII, 

Tanning  materials. 

XIII. 

Paints  and  varnishes. 

XIV. 

Explosives. 

XV. 

Plastics. 

XVI. 

Essential  oils. 

XVII. 

Compressed  and  liquefied  gases. 

^VIII. 

Fine  chemicals. 

XIX. 

General  chemicals. 

This  classification  is  precisely  that  followed  at  the 
census  of  1900,  except  that  Class  I  is  at  the  present 
census  subdivided  into  Subclasses  A  and  B.  and  pre- 

(397) 


398 


MANUFACTURES. 


cisely  the  same  industries  are  included  in  each  case. 
From  the  list  given  it  is  apparent  that  "chemicals 
and  allied  products"  includes  twenty  distinct  indus- 
tries. As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  number  is  verj-  much 
greater.  This  becomes  evident  when  it  is  recalled 
that  nitric  acid  differs  from  sulphuric  acid  as  greatly 
as  paper  from  leather,  and  that  the  processes  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  the  two  acids  differ  as  much  as  do 
those  used  in  making  paper  and  leather. 

Table  1. — Chemicals  aiid   allied   products — comparative  summary, 
vnth  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc., 

number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number. 
Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over. . 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


1.786  I  1,691 

S323, 997, 131  !S238, 471 , 290 


1905 


11,147 

Sl.5,014,018 

59, 198 

$29,515,863 

56,678 

828,834.403 

2.362 

S649.296 

1.38 

S32,164 

$26,258,768 

$176,400,680 

$282,169,216 


8,002 

$11,339,595 

46,700 

$21,783,335 

44, 574 

$21,198,520 

1,949 

S554,128 

177 

$30,-687 

$14,822. 8:->3 

$124,018,044 

$202,506,076 


Increase. 


95 
$85,525,841 

2  545 

S3, 674,' 423 

12, 498 

$7,732,628 

12, 104 

$7,635,883 

413 

$95. 168 

'19 

$1,477 

$11,435,915 

$52,382,636 

579,663,140 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


5.6 
35.9 

29.6 
32.4 
26.8 
35.5 
27.2 
36.0 
21.2 
17.2 
110.7 
4.6 
77.2 
42.2 
39.3 


1  Decrease. 

Because  of  the  variation  in  the  industries  included 
at  the  successive  censuses,  only  a  i)artial  comparison 


of  the  data  can  be  made,  except  for  the  censuses  of 
1900  ai^d  1905,  when  the  industries  included  were 
identical.  The  general  statistics  for  the  establish- 
ments actively  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  chem- 
icals and  allied  products  in  1900  and  1905,  together 
^\'ith  the  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase  in  each  item 
for  tliis  period,  are  set  forth  in  Table  1. 

The  term  "capital"  as  used  in  the  Census  reports 
refers  ohly  to  the  sum  invested  in  lands,  buildings, 
macliinery,  and  tools  and  implements,  and  the  funds 
required  to  carry  on  the  business,  and  does  not  in- 
clude capital  stock. 

Table  1  shows  an  increase  for  1905  over  1900  in 
every  item  except  the  number  of  children  employed. 
It  is  particularly  to  be  noted  that  though  the  num- 
ber of  cliildren  employed  was  reduced  by  19,  the  wages 
paid  them  increased  by  $1,477.  The  data  given  in 
this  table  indicate  a  most  flourisliing  condition  for 
the  industry  as  a  whole.  A  clearer  idea  would  be 
gained  of  the  economic  conditions  that  existed  if  a 
separate  presentation  were  made  of  each  industry  in- 
cluded in  this  class.  This  is  not  feasible  at  tliis  point, 
but  the  data  may,  as  in  1900,  be  divided  for  com- 
parison among  six  subclasses  wliich  are  popularly  re- 
garded as  separate  industries.  Table  2  presents  a 
comparative  summary  of  these  subclasses. 


Table  li.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  BY  INDUSTRIES:  1905  AND  1900. 


Number  of  establish 

mcnts 

Capital 

Salaried    officials, 
clerl(s,etc.,numi»er. 

Salaries 

Wapc-f'umrrs,  aver- 
age nunilwr 

Total  wagcy 

Men  16  years  an<! 

over 

Wages 

Women  16  years 
and  over 


CHEMIC.\LS.l 


1905 


Wages 

Children  under  16 


years 

Uages 

Misceflaneous  ex- 
penses   

Cos  t  of  inateriuls  u.ned 
Value  of  products 


448 
'$119,890,193 

3.. 387 
$4,901,523 

24,525 
$13,361,972 

23,. 366 
$13,05.3,704 

1,082 
$291,269 

77 
$16,999 

$8,937,242 
$51,883,219 
$92,088,378 


1900 


433 
$89,069,450 

2,123 
$2,923,033 

19.020 
$9,393,236 

18. 101 
$9,1.33,868 

8S3 
$247,716 

66 
$11,652 

$4,  .362. 008 
$34,545,862 
$62,637,008 


DYESTUFFS  AND 
E.\TRArTS. 


1905 


$14,904,150 

.361 
$608,790 

.  2,707 
$1,264,492 

2,078 
$1,256,946 

25 
$6,966 

4 
$580 

$944,360 
$6,829,340 
$10,893,113 


1900 


77 
$7,839,034 

229 
$312, 109 

1,647 
$787,942 

1,607* 
$781,370 

35 
$5,911 

S 
$661 


$458,212  '  $78,886 
$4,745.!I12  :  SI.  110,  470 
$7,.35U,748  '$1,464,662 


ESSENTIAL  OILS. 


EXPLOSIVES. 


1905 


1900 


.52 
$723,004 

.37 
$40,002 

132  i 
$69,711  ] 

127 
$68, 370 

5 
$1,341 


47 
$576,286 

39 

$24,733 

168 
$61,415 

161 

$59,576 

7 
$1,839 


1906 


$48,763 
$W8. 594 
$813, 495 


124 

$42,307,163 

1,289 
$1,;97.050 

5,800 
$.3,  .308, 774 

6.708 
$3,283,729 

01 
$24,945 

1 
$100 

$1,0,37.065 
$17,20:l.('ii;7 
$29,002,884 


97 
$19,465,846 

708 
$014,44" 

4,502 
$2,383,756 

4,. 349 
$2,346,887 

117 
$.30, 781 

36 
$6,088 

$1,006,004 
$10,334,974 
$17, 125, 418 


FERTILIZERS. 


1905 


400 
$69,023,264 

1.618 
$1,940,712 

14,201 
$5,142,147 

14,065 
$5,113,2:12 

110 
$25, 446 

20 
$3, 469 

$4,019,824 
$«),3.i:i,914 
$.36,U:<2,85:l 


1900 


422 
$60,685,753 

1,712 
$2,124,972 

11,581 
$4, 185, 289 

11,435 
$4,142,853 

131 
$39. 46:! 

15 
$2,073 

$3, 734, 2,85 
$28,9.'>8.473 
|$44,657,385 


PAINTS   AND  VAR- 
NISHES.^' 


1906 


664 
$77, 149,:i57 

4,455 
$5,725,941 

11,8.33 
$6,368,767 

10.734 
$6,058,422 

1.049 
$290,  .329 

50 
$11,010 

$0,720,701 
$()0,o:i0.070 
$9l,487,:l'20 


1900 


615 
$60,834,921 


3,731 
$5,040,301 


9,782 
$4,971,697 


8,921 
$4,7,33,966 


$228, 41S 

55 

$9,313 

?,5, 122,381 
$44,844,229 
$09,922,022 


'  Includes  sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed  acUls,  and  wood  distillation. 

At  each  ceii.sus  chemicals  riinkcd  tirst  in  capital, 
number  of  wagc-cariicrs  eiii|)l(iycil.  mikI  totid  wages 
paid,  being  followed  at  each  census  iiy  paints  and  var- 
ni.slies,  fertilizers,  explosives,  dye.stuffs  and  extracts, 
and  essential  oils  in  the  order  named.  At  each  census 
|)iiiiits  mill  viirnishes  ranked  first  iti  nninbcr  of  snlaricd 


:  Includes  b(hio.  ivory,  and  lamp  lilnck. 

oliii'ials,  clerks,  etc.,  salaries,  iiiiscelliineoiis  ex])eiises, 
and  cost  of  materials  used,  with  chemicals  second,  and 
the  other  indiislrics  in  the  order  given  above.  Paints 
and  vurnisiies  riinkcd  first  in  vnlu(>  of  iiroducls,  and 
chemicals  secoiii I  iil  tlie  census  of  1900,  but  this  order 
WHS  reversed  iil   i  lie  census  nf  1905. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS.  399 

Table  3.— INOREASIC  AXD  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE  IN  THE  SEPARATE  INDUSTRIES:  1900  TO  1905. 


CHEMICALS. 


Increase. 


Numher  of  establishments... 

Ciipitiil $30, 

Salaried  olticiais,  clerks,  etc. 

number 

Salaries SI 

Wago-earners,  average  num 

ber 

Total  wages $3, 

Men  16  years  and  over. 

Wages S3, 

Women  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years.. 

Wages 

Miifcellaneous  expenses S4; 

Cost  of  materials  used .  S17i 

Value  of  products s29, 


1.') 
820, 743 

1,264 

grs.'iiK) 

968,736 

5,26.'; 

919,836 

229 

$43,  .W3 

II 

$5,347 

.'■j74,634 

337,  a57 

4.il,370 


Per  cent 
of  in- 
crt'fise. 


3.  .5 
34.6 

59.3 
67.7 

22.4 
42.3 
29.1 
42.9 
26.8 
17.6 
16.7 
45.9 
1CM.9 
50.2 
47.0 


DYESTUFFS 

AND  EX-I 

TRACTS. 

Per  cent 

Increase. 

of  in- 

crease. 

21 

27.3 

$7,06.5,116 

90.1 

132 

.57.6 

$296,681 

95.1 

1,060 

64.3 

S476, 550 

60.5 

1,071 

66.6 

$475,576 

60.9 

'10 

130.6 

$1,055 

17.8 

n 

■20.0 

'S81 

112.3 

W86,148 

106.1 

$2,083,428 

43.9 

$3,  .542, 36.5 

48.2 

ESSENTIAL  OILS. 


Increase. 


5 
$146,718 

12 
$15,269 

136 

$8,296 

134 

$8,794 

12 

1*198 

(=) 

0) 

%iu,  123 
$521,876 
$651, 167 


Percent 
of  in- 
crease. 


10.6 
25.5 

15.1 
61.7 

121.4 
13.5 

121.1 
14.8 

128.0 

127.1 


61.8 

8a7 

80.0 


EXPLOSIVES.             1 

Percent 

Increase. 

of  in- 

crease.  '1 

27 

27.8  1 

$22,»H,317 

117.3 

.521 

67.8 

$882,603 

96.5 

1,298 

28.8 

$92.5,018 

38.8 

1,359 

31.2 

$936,842 

39.9 

126 

122.2 

l$.5,836 

119.0 

135 

•97.2 

1».5,988 

■98.4 

$.561,061 

51.2 

$6,868,693 

66.5 

$12,477,466 

72.9 

FERTILIZEBS. 

Percent 

Increase. 

ofin- 

crcase.   i 

'22 

15.2 

$8,337,511 

13.7 

194 

1S.S 

1  $184, 260 

1&7| 

2,620 

22.6 

$956,8.58 

22.9 

2,630 

23.0 

$970,379 

23.4 

121 

116.0 

1  $14, 017 

1 35. 5 

11 

73.3 

$496 

18.7 

$1,18.5,-539 

31.7 

SIO,  38.5, 441 

a5.9 

$11,975,468 

26.8 

PAINTS  AND  VAB- 
NISIIES. 


Increase. 


49 
$16,314,436 

724 
$683,640 

2,a51 

$1,397,070 

1,813 

$1,324,4.56 

243 

$70,911 

'5 

$1,703 

$4,598,410 

$15,185,841 

$21,56.5,304 


Per  cent 
of  in- 
crease. 


7.8 
26.8 

19.4 
13.6 

21.0 
28.1 
20.3 
28.0 
30.1 
31.0 
19.1 
18.3 
89.8 
33.9 
30.8 


'  None  reported  in  1905. 


In  but  one  industry — chemicals — was  there  an  in- 
crease in  every  item.  The  number  of  establishments 
increased  in  every  industry  except  fertilizers,  which 
showed  a  loss  of  22.  In  each  of  the  six  industries  there 
was  a  gain  in  capital,  wages,  miscellaneous  expenses, 
cost  of  materials,  and  value  of  products.  In  two  in- 
dustries, fertilizers  and  essential  oils,  the  number  of 
salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.,  decreased,  though  the 
amount  paid  in  salaries  declined  only  in  the  former. 
The  absolute  increases  were  greatest  in  chemicals  for 
every  item  except  number  of  establishments,  numbers 
of  women  and  children  wage-earners,  wages  paid  to 
women,  and  miscellaneous  expenses,  but  the  percent- 
ages of  increase  fluctuated  markedly,  explosives  show- 
ing the  greatest  percentage  of  increase  in  number  of 
establishments,  capital,  salaried  officials,  and  salaries; 
dyestuffs  and  extracts  the  greatest  for  wage-earners, 
wages,  and  miscellaneous  expenses;  and  essential  oils 
the  greatest  for  cost  of  materials  and  value  of  products. 

Marked  fluctuations  are  shown  in  the  number  of 
establishments  in  the  different  states  and  territories, 
the  largest  increase,  29  establishments,  occurring  in 
Georgia,  and  the  greatest  decrease,  21  establishments, 
in  New  York.  Increases  occurred  in  25  states  and 
territories,  and  decreases  in  17  states  and  territories. 
Tliree  states  and  territories,  Alaska,  Inchan  Territory, 
and  Wyoming,  appear  for  the  first  time  at  this  census, 
while  Arizona,  wliich  reported  1  establishment  in  1900, 
did  not  return  any  in  1905.  Considered  by  geographic 
divisions,  the  North  Atlantic  suffered  a  decrease  of  26 
establishments,  the  South  Atlantic  gained  59,  the 
North  Central  25,  the  South  Central  21,  ami  the  West- 
ern 16  establishments.  In  1900  estalilishments  were 
reported  from  40  different  states  and  territories, 
and  in  1905  from  42,  there  being  at  the  latter  census  S 
states  and  territories,  namely,  2  in  the  North  Central, 
3  in  the  South  Central,  and  4  in  the  Western  division, 
from  which  no  returns  for  establishments  were  received. 


Table  4. 


-Number  of  establishmiiils,  by  states  and  territories,  with 
increase  and  rank:  lOOo  and  1900. 


ESTABLISH- 
ME.NTS. 


STATE  OR  TERRITORY. 


United  States. 


.\labama 

-\laska 

Arizona 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indian  Territory 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 


1905 


1,786 


1900 


Increase. 


52 

35 

6 

8 

10 

5 

21 

18 

12 

10 

9 

13 

58 

63 

77 

83 

52 

55 

111 

8 

Missouri. 

Nebraska. _ 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  York" 

North  Carolina.. 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  I  sland 

South  Carolina. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

V'ermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia. . . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


47 
4 

:i 
1 

144 

264 
42 

128 
4 

315 
17 
26 
22 

'5 

62 


19 
1 


4 

39 

5 

4 

1 

160 

285 

23 

137 

5 

306 

12 

22 

14 


3 

2 
>4 
'5 

16 
•3 

2 

3  i 

8 
U 
'1 


1905 


116 

121 

19 

■9 

U 

9 

5 

4 

8 
14  •}. 
12 
12 


8 
31 
15 
24 
35 
23 

7 

5 
39 
11 
31 
26 
20 
25 
28 
10 

6 
11 
26 
30 
13 
33 
35 
39 

3 

2 
14 

4 
33 

1 
22 
17 
19 
35 
35 

9 
28 
18 
21 
39 


1900 


39 
10 
35 
14 
19 
27 
24 
11 
5 


13 

27 

31 

18 

24 

21 

8 

6 

9 

27 

35 

12 

31 

35 

39 

3 

2 

15 

4 

31 

1 

22 

16 

20 

30 

31 

7 

35 

28 

22 


1  Decrease. 

Notwithstanding  considerable  decreases  in  3  of 
these  states.  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
and  Ohio  occupied  the  first  four  places  in  rank,  in  the 
order  named,  at  the  census  of  1905  as  well  as  at  that  of 
1900.  Illinois  occupied  fifth  place  at  both  censuses, 
and  Massachusetts  sixth.  Georgia  advanced  from 
eleventh  to  seventh  place,  and  Cahfomia  from  tenth  to 


400 


MANUFACTURES. 


eighth,  while  Virginia  fell  from  seventh  to  ninth, 
Maryland  from  eighth  to  tenth,  and  Michigan  from 
ninth  to  eleventh,  a  rank  shared  at  this  census  with 
Indiana.     The  greatest  advance  in  rank  was  made  bv 


West  Virginia,  which  passed  from  twentj'-fourth  place 
in  1900  to  seventeenth  in  1905.  The  largest  decline  in 
rank  was  that  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  which 
dropped  from  twenty-fifth  to  thirtieth  place. 


Table  5.— QUANTITY   AND    COST   OF    MATERIALS    USED,  WITH    AMOUNT  AND    PER    CENT    OF    INCREASE,  AND 

AVERAGE  COST  PER  UNIT:  1905  AND  1900. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Percent 
of  in- 
crease. 

COST  PER  traiT. 

1905 

1900 

1905 

1900 

$176,400,680 

923,305 

$880,142 
$4,328,624 

190,493 
$1,891,073 

789,056 
$972,546 

999,370 
$4,312,607 

689,627 
$3,834,450 

586,144 
$1,783,004 

2.58,981 
$795,786 

422,320 
$3,348,982 

10,7('>6,367 
$540,865 

109,072,130 
$3,251,080 

320,559 
$2,912,010 
$2,013,400 

26,249,683 
$878,992 

16,216 
$956,965 

1,095,632 
$815,361 

7,591,772 
$3,084,380 
$5,398,329 

188,018 

$490.l'.42 

S2,37i;.44S 

$10,709,920 

46,043,611 
$5,062,919 

129,027 
$11,173,615 

6,191.318 
$761,9.17 

20,407,104 
$7,8(>9,270 

4,169 
$2(i7,297 

220,977 
?9,2<HI,6:)1 
$4,237,313 

76,859 

?1. 674. 031 

$2.18,  RSI 

210,08.1 

$26,175 

$12,. ■(81,443 

17. .560, 7111 

$7(»l.l'.42 

$37,154,806 

$773,672 

$1,525,720 

1124,018,044 

458,963 

$183,542 

$3,817,112 

54,700 
$520,833 

790.456 
$717,910 

797,772 
$3,620,262 

633,837 
$3,101,075 

495,073 
$1,255,794 

211,040 
$675,321 

280,028 
$1,946,742 

3,131,894 
$1.54,144 

69,566,011 
$1,560,133 

287,147 
$2,182,310 
$2,204,800 

16,185,257 
$547,040 

8,493 
$657,726 

331,207 
$510,375 

3,692,803 
$1,751,345 
$10,313,661 

42,189 

$142,398 

$107,410 

$9,470,333 

34,f>35,822 
$3,419,40li 

104,401 
$8,618,097 

7,428,885 
$442,252 

16,157,117 

■       $7,495,196 

(;,084 
$300,199 

147,020 
$4,S9!1,622 
$3,891,818 

83,530 

$1,724,8.57 

$380,517 

801,047 
$■19,. 507 
$24,497,2.58  ( 
$5.515,lt!li 
$779,814  ; 
$13,006,053  1 
$297,608 
$3,143,972 

$52,382,636 

464,342 
$696,600 
$511,512 

135,793 
$1,370,240 

U,400 
$254,036 

201,598 
$602,345 

55.790 
$733,375 

91,071 
$527,210 

47,941 
$120,465 

142,292 
$1,402,240 

7,034,473 
$386,721 

39,506,119 
$1,690,947 

ai.412 

$729,694 

1  $191,400 

10,064,426 
$331,952 

7,723 
$299,239 

764,425 
$304,986 

3,898,969 

$1,333,035 

1  $4,915,332 

145,829 

S354.244 

$2,209,038 

$1,293,593 

11,407,789 
$1,643,513 

24,620 
$2,555,518 

11, 237.. 567 
$319,085 

4,249,987 
$374,074 

>  1,915 
■$32,902 

73,9.57 

$4,39l,mi9 

$345,495 

1  6,671 

1  $.50,820 

l$14l,l»> 

1  .590,964 

1  $13,3.12 

$7,884,185 

$2,045,074 

1  $19, 172 

$24,088,7.5:) 

$470,104 

'$1,018,246 

42.2 

101.2 

379.  5 

13.4 

248.3 
263.1 

'0.2 
35.5 

25.3 
19.1 

8.S 
23.6 

18.4 
42.0 

22.7 
17.8 

50.8 
72.0 

243,8 
250.9 

50.8 
108.4 

11.6 
33.4 
'8.7 

62.2 
60.7 

90.9 
45.5 

230.8 
59.8 

105.6 

76.1 

147.7 

345.7 

248.  8 

1,319.5 

13.7 

32.9 
48.1 

23.7 
29.7 

1  16.7 
72.3 

26.3 

,5.0 

1  31.  5 
Ml.O 

.50.3 
89.  B 
8.9 

'8.0 
'3.0 
137.2 

17.1.8 

1 .1,1.  8 

:)2. 2 

:!7. 1 

1  2.  5 
184.4 
160.0 
151.5 

Fish- 

Cost 

$0.95 

$0  40 

Gums       

Kainit— 

Tons 

Cost 

Limestone — 

Tons 

$9.93 

$9.52 

Cost 

$1.23 

$0  91 

Phosphate  rock- 
Tons 

Cost .  .  . 

$4.32 

$4  54 

Pyrites — 

Tons 

Cost 

SSlSG 

Wood  for  alcohol- 
Cords 

Cost 

$3.04 

$2  54 

Wood  lor  extracts- 
Cords .     . 

Cost                  . .  . 

$3.07 

$3  "'0 

Sulphuric  acid — 

Tons 

Cost 

$7.93 

Nitric  acid- 

Cost .... 

$0.05 

SO  05 

Mixed  acids — 

Pounds .... 

Cost 

$0.03 

Arid  phosphate — 

Tons 

Cost 

$9.08 

$7  60 

Ammonia,  aqua — 

$0.03 

$>  03 

Ammonium  sulphate — 

Cost 

$59.01 

$77  44 

Alcohol .  grain- 
Gallons 

$0.74 

Alcohol.  wood- 
Gallons 

Cost 

$0.41 

$0  47 

Bones,  tankage,  and  offal 

Common  .salt- 
Tons 

Cost 

$2.64 

$3.38 

Dry  colors , 

Glycerin— 

Pounds 

$0.11 

$0  10 

Lead- 

Cost 

$86.00 

Llm( — 

Coat 

SO.  12 

Lln.se<!d  oil— 

flallons 

Cost 

$0.39 

$0  46 

Nitrate  of  potash- 
Tons 

Cost 

$04. 12 

Nitrate  of  soda- 

Cost 

$42.04 

S:(3  33 

Potash  salt* 

Sulphur- 

Coat 

$21.78 

$20.65 

Wood  ashes— 

Hnshela 

Coat 

SO.  12 

SO.  06 

Fuel 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Kent  of  power  oji'l  heal 

Freight 

1 

1  Decroaae. 


Unlps.s    otherwise  sju-cificd.    the    luii    mciii  idncd    in 
text    iiiid    tables    is    tile    sliorl    Ion   of    2,0(1(1   |k)iiii(I.>^. 


Il     ii|)|)riiis     llnit     ill     I'.KI.")     MS    coiiiiiiirc'il     willi      I'.IOO 
tlicrc  \Mis  Mil   incii'ii^c  ill   till'  (|niiiilily  nl  ciu'h  (if  (he 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALIJI-:!)  PRODUCTS. 


401 


materials  reported  a.s  u.sed  in  every  case  except  for 
limestone,  lime,  nitrate  of  potash,  sulphur,  and  wood 
ashes.  For  the  cost  of  materials  used,  increases  were 
reported  in  every  item  except  hones,  tankaj^e,  and 
ofl'al,  nitrate  of  potash,  sulphur,  tallow  and  fat,  wood 
ashes,  mill  supplies,  and  freii^ht,  in  which  tli(>re  was 
reported  a  decrea.se  in  total  cost.  The  decrease  in 
cjuantity  and  cost  of  nitrate  of  potash  is  more  than 
offset  hy  the  increase  in  (juantity  and  cost  of  nitrate 
of  soda,  which  is  a  substitute  for  the  former  for  the 
majority  of  uses  and  is  much  cheaper.  The  decrease 
in  (juantity  and  cost  for  sulphur  is  more  than  offset  by 
the  increase  in  quantity  and  cost  of  pyrites,  which,  as 
later  shown,  is  a  most  satisfactory  substitute  for 
sulphur  in  the  sulphuric  acid  industry.  The  decrease 
in  quantity  and  cost  of  wood  ashes,  which  are  used  as 
a  source  of  potassium  com[>ounds,  is  more  than  offset 
by  the  increase  in  potash  salts.  Part  of  the  decrease 
in  wood  ashes  is,  however,  to  be  accounted  for  by  the 
difference  in  the  method  of  taking  the  census  of  1905 
from  that  of  1900,  as  this  industry  is  largely  a  neigh- 
borhood industry.  The  decrease  in  bones,  tankage, 
and  offal,  which  are  used  as  sources  of  nitrogen, 
phosphorus,  and  potassium  in  the  compoumling  of 
fertilizers,  is  more  than  ofl'set  by  the  increases  in  fish, 
ammonium  sulphate,  cottonseed  meal,  and  nitrate  of 
soda,  all  of  which  supply  nitrogen;  in  fi.sh,  phosphate 
rock,  and  acid  phosphate,  which  supply  phosphorus; 
and  in  potash  salts,  which  supply  potassium.  The 
other  decreases  are  not  as  well  accounted  for,  hut  it 
is  probable  that  the  decreases  in  mill  supplies  and 
freight  are  to  some  extent  offset  by  the  increase  of 
264.2  per  cent  in  "all  other  materials,"  while  the  cost 
of  freight  may  also  have  been  included  in  the  cost 
returned  for  the  various  materials  to  a  larger  extent 
in  1905  than  in  1900.  No  obvious  explanation  is  at 
hand  to  account  for  the  decrease  in  limestone  and 
lime,  but  that  in  tallow  and  fat  probably  arose 
from  the  fact  that  soap,  candles,  etc.,  for  which  these 
materials  are  cliiefly  used,  have  become  the  product  of 
maximum  value  in  certain  establishments,  so  as  to 
carry  them  out  of  the  classification  of  chemicals  and 
allied  products,  under  which  they  were  included  in 
1900,  and  into  another  class. 

The  average  cost  per  unit  of  quantity  shows  an 
increase  for  every  item  presented  except  phosphate 
rock,  wood  for  extracts,  acjua  ammonia,  ammonium 
sulphate,  grain  alcoh(d,  wood  alcohol,  common  salt, 
and  linseed  oil.  It  is  surprising  that  there  have  not 
been  more  instances  of  decrease  when  it  is  considered 
that  these  averages  take  no  account  of  grades  and 
that  there  are  wide  variations  in  the  quantities  and 
values  of  the  different  grades  of  many  of  these  articles. 
This  is  emphasized  in  the  detailed  study  of  suljihuric 
acid,  given  further  on,  when  four  different  commercial 
grades,  ranging  in  value  from  .S7.ll  to  .S27.20  per  ton, 
are  shown.  It  is  probable  that  the  decrease  in  the 
cost  of  wooil  for  extracts  was  due  to  an  increased  use 


of  a  lower  grade  of  wood.  The  decrease  in  the  cost  of 
a(|ua  ammonia  and  ammonium  sulphate  is  in  entire 
harmony  with  the  statistics  set  forth  in  (Census  liulletiii 
()5,  on  Coke,  and  results  from  the  extension  of  the  by- 
jiroduct  coke  industry  and  the  greatly  increased  pro- 
duction, through  this  means,  of  ammonia  li(juor  and 
ammonium  sulphate.  The  decrease  in  the  cost  of 
wood  alcohol  follows  a  similar  extension  of  the  wood 
distillation  industry,  which  is  another  by-product 
industry;  while  that  in  the  cost  of  grain  alcohol  is  due 
to  the  greatly  increased  use  of  tax-free  alcohol  in  the 
manufacture  of  smokeless  powder  for  the  United 
States  Government. 

Table  0. — Quantity  and  value  of  products,  vnlh  amount  and  per 
cent  of  increase:  iy05  and  1900. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per 
cent 

1905 

1900 

$202,506,076 

588,375 
$7,305,444 

30,901,501 
$1,454,909 

42,368,819 
$1,111,158 

2,677,004 
$781,603 

26,660,565 

$426,892 

82,070,252 

63,249 
$779,443 

386,361 
$4,768,383 

68,185 
81,324,843 

78,779 
$2,917,955 

5,637 

$502,480 

$1,344,947 

179,465,871 
$2,446,576 

$826,546 
$512,264 

2,317,280 
$601,362 

6,165,406 

$994,014 

$129 

4,191.379 
$1,660,061 

3,038,218 
$2,297,008 

43,413 
$981,286 

17,155,440 
8726,809 
$10,452 

925,008 
$8,492,360 

142,898 
$2,449,388 

of 
in- 
crease. 

$282,178,216 

607,226 
$7,440,236 

46,264,081 
$2,250,944 

65, nil, 327 
$1,957,359 

2,684,000 
$680,280 

27,001,322 

$537,542 

$6,606,743 

57.950 
$804,501 

518,954 
88,204,545 

68,867 
81,135,610 

80,173 
$2,924,850 

20,882 
82,122,808 
$1,863,822 

202,106,850 
$2,352,746 

$364,642 
$504,176 

2, 928,  .184 
$388,438 

5.027,204 
S0,S:i,277 
8107,389 

6,684,871 
82,161,813 

5,162,346 
$3,129,486 

52.571 
81,474,982 

25,420.055 

81,205.273 

$.•«■«,  179 

768,858 
$7,557,257 

775,987 
.  $12,901,057 

$79,672,140 

18,851 
$134,792 

15,302,580 
$7%,  035 

22,962,508 
$846,201 

6,996 
'8101,323 

340,757 

$110,650 

$4,536,491 

'5,299 
$25,118 

132,593 
$3,436,162 

682 
■$189,233 

1,394 
$6,895 

15,245 

$1,620,328 

$518,875 

22,640,979 
■$93,830 

■$461,904 
■$8,088 

611,304 
■$212,924 

■1,138,142 

'8310,737 

$107,260 

2,493.492 
$501,752 

2,124,128 
$832,478 

9.158 
$493,696 

8,264.615 
$478,464 
$354,727 

■  156,150 
■8935,103 

1          633,089 
!  $10,451,669 

39.3 

Acids: 

Sulphuric- 
Tons 

Vaiue 

Nitric- 
Pounds 

Value                 

3.2 
1.8 

49.4 
54.7 

Mixed- 
Pounds 

Value 

Tartaric— 

54.2 
76.2 

0.3 

>13.0 

Acetic— 
Pounds 

1.3 

Value     

25.9 

Ail  other 

219.1 

Sodas: 

Sal  soda- 
Tons 

Value 

Soda  ash- 
Tons 

Value         

'8.4 
3.2 

34.3 
72.1 

Bicarbonate — 

Tons 

1.0 
■14.3 

Caustic- 
Tons 

1.8 
0.2 

Biljorate  (borax)- 

Tons 

Value 

All  other          

270.4 

322.5 

38.6 

Alums: 

Pounds 

12.6 
>3.8 

Coal  tar  products: 

Distillery  products 

■55.9 
'1.6 

Cyanides: 

Potassium  and  sodium- 
Pounds 

26.4 
135.4 

Fcrrocyanide      (yellow 

Prussia  te  of  potash )  — 

Pounds 

■18.5 
■31.3 

83,147.3 

Wood  distillation: 
Alcohol,  wood— 
Crude — 

Gallons 

Value 

Reflned— 

Gallons 

Value 

59.5 
30.2 

'        69.9 
36.2 

Acetate  of  lime- 
Tons 

Value 

Charcoal- 
Bushels 

Vilue 

21.1 
50.3 

48.2 
65.8 

All  other 

Fertilizers: 

Superphosphates— 
From  minerals, 
bones,  etc.— 
Tons 

3,393.9 

■  16.9 
■11.0 

Ammoniated— 

Tons 

Value 

443.0 
426.7 

» Decrease. 


402 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  O. — Quantity  and  value  of  products,  loilh  mnounl  and  per 
cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 — Continued. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per 
cent 

1905 

1900 

of 
in- 
crease. 

Fert  ill  zers— Continued. 
Complete — 

Tons 

1,329,149 
$25,673,511 

397,295 
$4,435,755 

5,946 

$137, 196 

$622,079 

$6,146,879 

50,316,953 
81,904,107 

24,681,085 
82,469,100 

43,062,350 
8314,291 

181,187,192 
$2,948,561 

49,584,429 
81,904,379 

31,198 
$2,877,109 

24,867 
82,591,772 

20,298,385 
8639,950 

7,780,330 
81,076,853 

48,745,978 
8332,616 

68,061 
84,286,412 

25,505,482 
8931,131 

174,218 
819,942,072 

22,380,206 
820,454,256 

17,162,719 
815,702,997 

1,669,362 
82,199,213 

215,887 
8283,783 

83,348,653 
817,278,518 

107,910 
$8,919,460 

7,935,930 
81,620,117 

34(J,(a7 
82(r2,322 

65, 460 
?12,«(KI,I1)3 

1,454,389 
825,796,143 

299,910 
84,276,794 

2,143 

8115,608 

8376,478 

81,305,368 

49,019,074 
82,658,008 

11,UK,308 
82,256,678 

49,002,037 
8465,956 

02,012,788 
81,259,007 

2,454,084 
865,153 

58,051 
84,211,181  1 

25,380 
82,550,340 

7,519,345 
8420,037 

4,080,902 
81,028,754 

33,772,256 
8324,902 

83,867 
84,428,028 

20,060,935 
8861,531 

153,239 
817,6M,127 

16,900,350 
814,879,685 

14,280,758  i 
814,337,461  ; 

563,212 
8943,  wa 

204,009 
8237,012 

83,085,254 
83,017,152 

01,657 
8.5,310,351 

3,618,692 
8783,299 

369,499 
8189,623 

42,023 
88,247,223 

1 125,240 
18122,632 

97,385 
8158,961 

3,803 

$21,588 

$245,601 

$4,841,511 

1,497,879 
1  $753,901 

13,512,777 
$212,422 

15,939,687 
1  $151,665 

119,174,404 
$1,689,554 

47,130,345 
$1,839,224 

126,853 
l$l, 334,072 

1513 
$41,432 

12,779,040 
8219,913 

3,699,428 
$48,099 

14,973,722 
$7,714 

1  15,S(Ki 
1  $141,616 

,1,444,547 
$69,600 

20,979 
$2,338,943 

5,485,850 
$.5,583,571 

2,875,9(il 
$1,365,536 

1,006,150 
81,256,144 

11,818 
$46,771 

8263,399 
814,261,3li6 

46,2.53 
83,(09,1119 

4,317,244 
1836,818 

128,862 
812,690 

22,  .5.17 

84,6.52,970 

18.6 

10.5 

All  other- 

32.5 

3.7 

Bleaching  materials: 
Hypochlorites— 

177.5 

Value 

18.7 

All  Other                    

63.2 

370.9 

Dyestufis: 

Natural  »— 

3.1 

128.4 

Artificial  »— 

121.0 

9.4 

Tanning  materials: 
Natural— 

Ground  orchipped- 

112.1 

132.6 

Extracts— 

Pounds 

192.2 

Value     

134.2 

Artificial  *— 

1,920.5 

2,822.8 

Faints  and  varnishes: 
Pigments- 
White  lead,  dry- 
Tons 

1  46.3 

131.7 

Lead  oxides- 

12.0 

1.6 

Lamp     and     other 
blacks- 

169.9 

52.4 

Fine  <fOlors — 

Pounds 

90.7 

Value 

Iron     oxides     and 
otherearth  colors- 
Pounds 

Value      

4.7 

44.3 
2.4 

Dry  colors* — 

1  18.9 

13.2 

Pulp    colors,     sold 
moist- 

27.1 

8.1 

Paints- 

Inoilorpaste  * — 

Tons 

Value 

13.7 
13.3 

Already   mixed  for 
use — 
Gallons 

32.5 

Value 

37.5 

Varnishes- 
Oil  and  turpentine— 

20.1 

Value 

Alcohol- 
Gallons 

9.3 

178.6 
133.2 

Pyroxylin- 
Gallons 

3.8 
19.7 

Japan,  lacquers,  and 

liquid  dryers 

All  other 

8.6 
472.7 

Explosive*: 

Gunpowder — 

Tons 

Value 

75.0 
G8.0 

NitroglycTTln— 

Pounds 

\'ulue 

110.3 
106.8 

Gun  cotton  or  pyroxy- 
lin 
Pounds 

•7.8 

VllIU'' 

6.7 

iJynafnit'- 

fiZ.S 

VmIui- 

,56.  4 

s  Incliidns  lo^woofl  I 


hI. 


tnr  cxlnicts  itnd  gr»iinrl  ami  chln^wl  wooil 

'  IncliKlm  innr'liiritN,  Iron  liquor,  n>(|  lir|iior,  ltirk<-y  rt'fi  oil.  hIm-h,  gumH,  and 
(Ifxtrln. 

<  Incliid''^  chroMM*  tiinniigi-  .solution  riiitl  othtT  tiiiitilng  IJiiuMn  iiiul  tiinnic 
Held. 

'('omprlfu'fl  (ill  (ith*T  firy  iilgmcnln  than  thngr  fnnnirrntcd  above. 

"  IiicliirlL'S  white  l(;ad  In  oil. 


Table  0. — Quantity  and  value  of  products,  with  amount  and  per 
cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900 — Continued. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per 
cent 

1905 

1900 

of 
in- 
crease. 

Explosives— Continued. 

Smokeless  powder — 
Pounds 

6,009,833 
83,938,073 

8150,798 

82,857,093 
81,898,668 

462,667 
81,023,937 

797,700 
$367, 873 
$65,250 

$1,173,184 

$1,343,966 

$274,209 

4,494,525 
$2,925,789 

'59,969 
$449,864 

1,743,882 
$683,761 

19,068 
8175,682 

616,670 
$165,604 

871,394 
$440,240 

1,300,396 

8161,320 

84, 162, 137 

18,791,997 
$2,345,203 

11,353,660 
$2,263,872 

17,65.8,535 
$159,517 

12,018,815 
$243, 822 

10,676,941 

$l,flfl2,9S0 

$21,947,072 

2,973,126 

$1,655,948 

$850,453 

$1,970,387 
$129,013 

838,688 
8701, 173 

110,2('>0 
854,649 
$54,460 

$448, 157 
$696,164 
$70,690 

4,054,478 
81,750,503 

12,347 
8120,696 

1,606,108 
8627,252 

8,112 
861,400 

39t),540 
898,070 

263,238 
8129,876 

1,638,715 

$178,666 

$1,435,465 

15,383,798 
82,012,886 

10,620,000 
82,081,500 

7,559,809 
857,966 

3,478,350 
8104,554 

4,677,471 

$470, 159 

818,9.35,201 

3,036,729 

82,282,125 

18699,655 

8886,706 
81,769,655 

1376,021 
$322,764 

687,440 

$313,224 

$10, 790 

$725,027 
$647,802 
$203,519 

440,047 
$1,175,286 

47,622 
$329, 168 

137,774 
$56,509 

10,956 
8114,282 

220,130 
867,534 

60S, 156 
8310,364 

1338,320 

1817,346 

82,726,672 

3,408,199 
$.332,319 

933,660 
$182,372 

10,098,726 
$101,551 

8,540,465 
8139,268 

5,999,470 

8622,821 

$3,011,871 

102.1 

Value   

137.8 

Ail  other 

'82.3 

Plastics: 

45.0 

All  other  ; 

1,371.7 

Essential  oils: 
Natural- 

144.8 

Value       

46.0 

\\'itch  hazfl— 

Oallims  

623.5 

573.2 

19.8 

CompressL'd    and    liquefied 
gases: 

Anhydrous  ammonia .  .. 

161.8 
93.1 

All  other 

287.9 

Fine  chemicals: 
-Ukaloids— 

10.9 

Value 

67.1 

Gold  salts- 
Ounces                   

385.7 

272.7 

Silver  salts- 

8.6 

9  0 

Platinum  salts- 

135.1 

186.1 

Chloroform — 

Pounds 

53.5 

68.9 

Ether- 

231.0 

Value          

239. 0 

Acetone- 
Pounds              

1 20.  7 

■9.7 

.\11  other                     -  .  - 

190.  0 

General  chemicals : 
Glycerin- 
Pounds  

22.  2 

16.5 

Cream  of  tartar- 

8.8 

Value            

8.8 

Epsom  salts- 
Pounds 

133.6 

Value  

175.2 

Sodium  phosphates — 
Pounds 

243.5 

133.2 

Tin  salts- 

128.3 

132.5 

All  other 

15  6 

'  Decrease. 

'I'hc  incrcaso  of  $79,663,140  in  the  aggregate  value 

of  prodiK't.s  indicates  that  the  condition  of  the  inchis- 

tries  grouped  under  chemicals   and    allied   products 

was,  on  the  whole,  most  prosperous  in  the  census  year 

1005.     Nevertheless,  in  tlie  case  of  IS  of  the  iiroduets 

enumerated  in  Tahle  G,  a  ilecrea.se  was  reported  either 

in  (piantity  or  in  value,  or  both,  at  the  census  of  1905 

as  compared  with  that  of  1900.     Tn  some  cases  these 

decreases  were  not  actual,  but  merely  due  to  the  man- 

]  ner  of  tabulation;  as  in  many  instances  establishments 

I   classified  under  this  headiii;;  in  1900  have  been  trans- 

'   ferrcd  in  190.')  to  ollierclassiricationsbecau.se  of  a  change 

:    ill  (licir  princiiia!  product.     The  coal  tar  products  may 

lie  cited  US  an  example.     Through  the  growth  of  the 

iiianiifactiire  <if  tarred  jiaper  and  other  materials  of 

this  class  the  \  iihic  "f  these  materials  ha.s  come,  in  sov- 

eriil    estnblislimcnts,    tn   exceed    that    of   the    eoiil    liir 

distillery  i)r<nlucts  iind  the  chemicals  made  from  tlituu 


CHEMICALS  AND  ATJ>Ti;i)  IMtODUCTS. 


403 


in  these  same  establishments,  and  thus  estabhshments 
which  at  the  census  of  1900  were  classified  as  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  coal  tar  proilucts  were,  at  the 
ccnsusof  1905, classified  as  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  roofing  and  roofing  materials.  In  sucii  instances  it 
is  endeavored,  wlien  possil)le,  to  obtain  from  the  returns 
of  these  establishments  the  (|uanlity  and  value  of  the 
subsidiary  coal  tar  products  reported,  and  to  com})ine 
these  figures  with  th(xse'from  the  establishments  in 
wliich  coal  tar  products  were  the  principal  ])roducts, 
so  as  to  give  as  complete  a  viewaspossilileof  the  special 
industry.  The  results  of  this  method  as  applied  to  tins 
and  other  industries  are  set  forth  further  on,  where  the 
different  subindustries  are  treated  in  detail. 

The  decreases  in  some  items  sliown  in  Table  6  may 
be  ascribed  to  an  increase  in  the  practice  of  using  mthin 
an  esta])lishment  products  of  its  manufacture  in  the 
manufacture  of  other  products.  Thus  the  decrease  in 
the  quantity  and  value  of  natural  tanning  materials, 
ground  or  cliipped,  is  more  than  offset  by  the  increase  in 
the  quantity  anil  value  of  the  extracts,  which  indicates 
that  establishments  which  formerly  sold  their  natural 
tanning  material  in  the  ground  or  chij)ped  condition 
are  now  using  much  of  it  in  the  preparation  of  tanning 
extracts,  and  thereby  securing  the  additional  profit  and 
advantage  which  results  from  further  manufacture. 
The  reduction  in  the  quantity  and  value  of  dry  white 
lead,  as  produced  for  sale,  may  also  be  due  partly  to 
establishments  engaged  in  the  corrosion  of  lead  extend- 
ing their  operations  to  grinding  this  white  lead  in  oil 
before  offering  it  for  sale,  and  thereby  converting  the 
pigment  into  a  paint.  Cases  wliich  arise,  such  as  the 
two  mentioned,  will  also  be  considered  in  the  detailed 
discussion  of  the  subclasses. 

Table  7. — Products    consumed  in  establishments   where    manufac- 
tured, with  avwunt  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Sulphuric  aci  i ,  tons 

Nitric  acid,  pounds 

Mixed  ;H-i'ls.  pounds 

Acid  plui.spluite.  tons 

Charcoal,  iiushels 

Ether,  pounds 

Lead  oxides,  pounds 

Nitrate  of  ammonia,  pounds 

Nitroglycerin,  pounds 

Pyroxylin,  pounds 

White  lead,  dry,  tons 

All    other  products   consumed 
tons 


1903 


968,445 
62,U6.306 
75,337,623 
884, 2n 
12,183,896 
2,742,1,54 
13,589,147 
2,552,472 
44,077,828 
2,938,266 
77,793 

2,561,666 


764, 355 

32,123,221 

20,902,371 

839,966 

1.719.675 

1,193.264 

2,080.374 

158,307 

31,6^1,806 

1,964,345 

65,811 

272,560 


Increase. 


204,090 

29,!I93,085 

54,435,2.52 

44.245 

10,  464, 221 

1,.54.«;,S90 

11,,50.S,  773 

2,394,165 

12,416,022 

973,921 

11,982 

2,289,106 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


26.7 

93.4 

260. 4 

5.3 

608.5 

129.8 

5.53. 2 

1,512.4 

39.2 

49.6 

18.2 

839.9 


Table  7  shows  that  at  the  census  of  1905,  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  1900,  there  was  an  increased  con- 
sumption of  products  in  the  establishments  in  wliich 
they  were  manufactured,  in  the  case  of  every  sub- 
stance mentioned  in  the  table.  The  amount  of  in- 
crease was  greatest  in  the  case  of  sulphuric  acid  and 
least  in  the  case  of  pyToxylin.  The  percentage  of  in- 
crease was  greatest  in  the  case  of  nitrate  of  ammonia 
and  least  in   the   case   of  acid  phosphate.     The   m- 


creases  recorded  were  undoubtedly  all  due  to  active 

business  condilions  and  an  imj)roved  demand  for  th<!se 
prodiu'ts,  cxcc])t  pcrhajis  in  l]w  ca.se  of  charcoal.  In 
this  instance  certain  establishments  making  charcoal 
for  use  in  blast  furnaces  ]>y  wood  distillati<m  methods 
were,  at  the  present  cen.sus,  l)y  the  ojjeration  of  the 
Census  rule  for  classification,  tran.sferred  to  the  group 
"chemicals  and  allied  ])roducts"  from  the  group 
"iron  and  steel  and  their  products"  or  the  group 
"lumber  and  its  remanufactures, "  where  they  were 
placed  at  the  cen.sus  of  1900. 

The  ligun^s  of  Table  7  arc  of  special  interest  when 
considered  in  connection  with  those  of  Table  6.  Thus, 
for  instance,  the  returns  for  lead  oxides  and  wliite 
lead,  dry,  given  in  Tal)le  7,  confirm  the  opinion  that 
the  decreases  shown  for  the.se  products  in  Table  6 
were  due  largely  to  their  increased  consumption  in 
further  manufacture  in  the  establishments  where 
they  were  originally  manufactured. 

Class  I.  A. — Sulphuric,  Nitric,  and  ^Iixed  Acids. 

Sulphuric  acid,  wlucli  has  been  known  to  man  .since 
the  eighth  centurj^,  and  which  has  been  manufactured 
on  a  commercial  scale  in  the  United  States  since  1793, 
is  so  extensivel}-  used  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
chemical  products  that  the  statistics  for  its  produc- 
tion have  ]>een  regarded  as  a  safe  criterion  by  which 
to  gauge  the  activity  of  a  country  in  chemical  manu- 
factures. Nitric  acid  was  manufactured  in  this 
country  as  early  as  1.S34.  Mixed  acids,  which  are 
mixtures  of  sulphuric  and  nitric  acids  in  various  pro- 
portions, came  into  commercial  use  about  I860',  and 
the  consumption  of  them  for  the  manufacture  of 
nitroglycerin,  gun  cotton,  picric  acid,  and  a  large 
number  of  organic  nitrates  and  nitro-substitution 
bodies  has  grown  rapidly. 

The  classification  "sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed 
acids"  is  adopted  for  the  first  time  at  the  present 
census,  the  industry  having  now  attained  such  magni- 
tude and  significance  as  to  warrant  it.  The  statistics 
for  sulphuric  acid  have  been  collected  separately  at 
each  census,  beginning  with  the  census  of  1S70,  and 
at  the  censuses  of  1890,  1900,  and  1905  the  quantities 
and  values  of  each  of  the  important  commercial  grades 
of  the  acid  were  also  ascertained.  The  statistics  for 
nitric  and  mixed  acids  were  first  collected  separately 
at  the  census  of  1900.  The  statistics  for  the  three 
acids  named  were  presented  in  the  special  report  on 
chemicals  and  allied  products  for  1900  in  conjunction 
vfiih  those  for  muriatic,  boric,  acetic,  lactic,  citric, 
tartaric,  and  other  acids,  under  the  headins:  "acids." 
The  returns  for  1900  were,  however,  so  recorded  that 
it  has  been  possible  to  separate  accurate!}^  the  re- 
turns for  suliduiric,  nitric,  and  mixed  acids  from  those 
for  the  other  acids  reported,  so  tliat  a  comparison  of 
the  statistics  for  these  three  acids  for  the  last  two 
censuses   iiiav  be   made.     These   statistics   are   sum- 


404 


MANUFACTURES. 


marized  in  Table  8,  wluch  gives  only  the  statistics 
of  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manu- 
facture of  the  products  in  question. 

Table   S. — Sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed  acids — comparative  sum- 
mary, vnth  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

1905 

1900 

Number  of  establishments 

32 
$12,761,920 

308 

$556,106 

2,447 

$1,505,406 

$712,953 

$4,972,838 

197,847 
8967,207 

23.044 
$479,529 

27.406 
$1,143,280 
82.382,822 
$9,052,646 

467.614 
$4,286,312 

30,306.555 
$1,446,471 

42.812.894 
$1,222,295 
$2,097,568 

34 

$13,981,506 

298 

8388,346 

2,356 

$1,327,549 

8414,978 

$4,033,238 

197,459 
$953,680 

24,858 
$459, 102 

29,301 

$974,429 

81,646,027 

88,596,390 

452,942 
$4,071,848 

20,402.570 
$1,028,266 

42.301.319 
$1,109,758 
$2,386,518 

'2 
I $1,210,586 

10 

$167,760 

91 

$177,857 
8297,975 
8939,600 

3SS 
$13,527 

■1,814 
820,427 

■1,895 
8168,851 
$736,795 
8456,256 

14,672 
8214.464 

9.903.985 
8418,205 

511,575 

8112,537 

■8288,950 

■5.8 
■8.7 

Samiied  officials,  clerks,  etc.. 

3.4 

Salaries..     .  ,                        

43.2 

Wage-earners,  average  number. 
Total  wages                        

3.9 
13.4 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Pyrites — 

Tons 

71.8 
23.3 

0.2 

Cost 

1.4 

Sulphur- 
Tons 

Cost            .             ... 

'7,3 
4.4 

Nitrate  of  soda — 

Tons 

'6.5 

Cost 

17.3 

.\I1  other  materials 

Products,  total  value 

44.8 
5.3 

Sulphuric  acid.  ,50°  Baum6— 
Tons  

3.2 

5.3 

Nitric  acid- 

48.5 

Value       

40.7 

Mixed  acids — 

Pounds..           

1.2 

Value 

10.1 

All  other  products 

■  12.1 

■  Decrease. 

Although  the  total  number  of  establishments  prima- 
rily engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric,  nitric, 
and  mixed  acids,  the  capital  emploj'ed,  the  quantities 
of  .sulphur  and  nitrate  of  soda  used,  and  the  value  of 
"all  other  products"  were  less  at  the  census  of  1905 
than  at  that  of  1900,  a  healthy  growth  is  indicated  by 
the  fact  that  there  was  an  increase  in  all  the  other 
items.  The  relative  increase  in  yields  especially  in- 
dicates improvement  in  operation. 

The  products  included  in  Table  8  are  those  only 
which  are  produced  for  sale,  and  by  estabiisliments  in 
which  they  constitute  the  j)rincipal  product.  A 
better  idea  of  the  industry  may  be  gained  by  combin- 
ing witli  tlic  figures  given  those  for  tiie  acid  jiroduced 
by  cstablisiiiiicnts  in  wliicli  it  ((iiislitufcs  a  subsidiary 
product,  and  also  those  for  luid  wliicli  is  produced 
and  consuincd  in  the  same  ('stabiisliniciit  in  fiirtlicr 
manufacture,  giving  (o  this  "consuincd  "  ncid  tiic  aver- 
age value  per  unit  of  its  grade  so  as  to  ohtniii  a  total 
value  for  the  jirodiicl.  Among  (■stablislinicnts  of  this 
kind  may  be  ni(>ntioned  clicmiciii  works  in  which 
various  other  acids,  bases,  salts,  or  other  compounds 
are  [)rodiiccd  having  a  value  greater  than  the  sulphuric, 
nitric,  or  mixed  acids  jiroihiceii  for  side,  or  wliicli  con- 
sumed one  or  more  of  the.se  acids  in  fuilhir  iminufac- 
ture;  fertilizer  works  where  sulphuric  acid  is  exten- 
sively produc<'d  and  used  in  making  su|)cr|)liosphates; 
explosive  factories  where  the  sulphuric  and  nitric  acids 
proiluced  are  fonvcrted  into  mi.xed  acids  and  consumed 
in  the  manufacture  of  nitrogl\<'('rin  or  gun  cotton  and 


other  cellulose  nitrates;  petroleum  refineries  where  the 
sulphuric  acid  produced  is  consumed  in  refining  oil; 
and  smelting  works  where  sulphuric  acid  is  obtained 
from  the  sulphur  fumes.  This  method  has  been  adopted 
in  treating  of  sulphuric  acid  so  that  comparisons  may 
be  made  showing  the  growth  in  the  production  at  the 
different  censuses. 

Sulphuric  acid. — The  census  of  1870  was  the  first 
at  which  separate  statistics  were  given  for  sulphuric 
acid,  and  then  only  for  the  number  of  establishments 
and  the  total  value  of  the  product.  From  evidence 
since  obtained  it  is  believeil  that  these  statistics  are 
deficient,  and  that  at  that  time  there  were  probably  25 
establishments  in  operation,  yielding  a  product  of  over 
$1,000,000  in  value.  At  the  census  of  1880  the  total 
quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  was  also  reported,  as  well  as 
its  value  and  the  number  of  establishriients  producing  it. 

T.\BLE  9. — Sulphuric  acid — number  of  establishmaits  and  quantily 
and  value  of  products:  1S70  to  1903. 


CENSUS. 

Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Quantity        y  , 
(tons).     '      *"'"*• 

1905 

■149 

'127 

105 

49 

4 

1,642,262 

1,352,730 

692,389 

154,383 

(») 

$15,174,886 

14,247,185 

7,679,473 

3,661,876 

212, 150 

1900                                     

1890 

1880                                             

1870 

^  Ineludes  117  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

2  Includes  93  establishments  engaged  primarily  iu  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

3  Not  reported. 

Table  lO. — Sulphuric   acid—increase  and  per  cent  of  increase  in 
quantity  and  value  of  products:  1870  to  1905. 


INCREASE. 

PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

CENSUS  PERIOD. 

Quantity 
(tons). 

Value. 

Quantity 

(tons). 

Value. 

1900tol9a') 

289,532 
949,873 
1,487,879 
{') 

660,341 
538,006 
(') 

$927,701 
7,495,413 
11,513,010 
14,962,736 
6,567,712 
4,017,597 
3,449,720 

21.4 

137.2 

963.8 

(■) 

9.').  4 

348.5 

(') 

6.5 

1890  to  1905                              

97.6 

314.4 

1870  to  1905                                

7,  aw.  9 

1890  to  1900               

8.'i.5 

1880  to  18!10 

.09.7 

1870  to  1880           

1,626,1 

■  Not  reported. 

Sul])huric  acid  is  |)roduced  in  several  grades:  (1) 
50°  Bauin6,  or  chamber  acid,  containing  on  an  average 
■')1.01  per  cent  of  SO.,;  (2)  t)0°  Baume,  containing  on 
an  average  iVA.7  J)er  cent  of  SO.,:  (3)  OO"  Baunii^, 
known  as  oil  of  vitriol,  containing  on  an  average  7().;?5 
j)er  cent  of  SO.,;  and  (t)  oleum,  which  consists  of  SOj 
dissolved  in  a  sulphuric  acid,  containing  97  to  98  ])er 
cent  of  II.jS(),.  Pure  pyrosulpliuric  acid  contains  89.89 
jicrccnt  of  S( ).,.  The  commercial  art  icic,  called  "  ol(>um," 
usually  contains  .'50  |)cr  cent  of  free  SO,,,  or  a  total  of 
87.1-4  i)cr  cent  of  free  and  combincil  .S(  )^.  Beginning 
with  the  census  of  1.S90  tiic  statistics  for  the  separate 
grades  lni\'c  been  I'olicctcil,  aiul  it  llnis  becomes  pos- 
sible to  show  more  (lelinitely  the  condilion  of  the 
indiistrv  at    llic  diU'erent  censuses,  although   the  sum 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALUED  PRODUCTS. 


405 


total  of  all  the  grades  gives  but  an  incomplete  statis- 
tical view  of  the  industry.  It  is  also  possible  to 
reduce  all  the  grades  to  a  common  basis,  as,  for 
instance,  to  the  basis  of  50°  Baumc,  or  chamber  acid. 


For  this  purpose  the  ((uantity  given  for  00°  Baum6  is 
multijjlied  by  the  factor  1.2.5;  that  given  for  66° 
Baume,  by  the  factor  L.'SO;  and  that  giv^en  for  oleum, 
bv  the  factor  1.71. 


Table  11.— TOTAL  QUANTITY  AND  VALUE  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID,  BY  GRADES:  1890  TO  1905. 


1905 

1900 

1890 

GRADE. 

Quantity 

(tonsj. 

■1,869,437 
1,642,262 

Value. 

Value 
per  ton. 

Quantity 
(tons). 

Value. 

Value 
per  ton. 

Quantity 
(tons). 

Value. 

Value 
per  ton. 

n,  548, 123 
1,352,730 

t9.20 

'783,569 
692,389 

Total           .                                     

$15,174,886 

«14,247,185 

r,  679, 473 

50°  Baiimfi                                                     

1,169,141 
48,688 
411,165 
13.268 

8,314,646 
581,  523 

5,917,699 
361,018 

J7.n 
11.94 
14.39 
27.20 

953, 4,'i9 

17,012 

382,279 

7,965,832 

246,284 

6.a35,069 

8.35 
14.47 
15.78 

504,932 
10,190 
177,267 

4,307,067 

122,940 

3,249,466 

$8  .53 

66°  Bauni6                                                        

18  33 

1  Includes  %8,445  ton.",  with  an  assigned  value  of  $7,232,675,  consumed  in  establishments  where  manufactured;  and  also  sulphuric  acid  produced  by  establish- 
ments engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

2  Includes  764,355  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $7.n;j2.066,  consumed  in  establishments  where  manufactured;  and  also  sulphuric  acid  produced  by  establish- 
ments engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

3  Includes  290,768  tons,  for  which  no  value  was  assigned,  consumed  in  establishments  where  manufactured;  and  also  sulphuric  acid  produced  by  establishments 
engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 


Comparing  the  total  quantities  reduced  to  the  com- 
mon basis  of  50°  Baume,  it  appears  that  the  increase 
for  1900  over  1890  was  764,554  t(ms;  and  for  1905  over 
1900,  321,314  tons.  The  per  cent  of  increase  for  1900 
over  1890  was  97.6;  and  for  1905  over  1900,  20.8.  The 
value  per  ton  for  each  grade  has  been  consistently  lower 
at  each  census  except  for  the  60°  Baume.  For  this  grade 
a  higher  value  was  reported  at  the  census  of  1900  than 
at  that  of  1890,  but  the  value  reported  at  the  census  of 
1905  is  less  than  that  for  1890,  and  is  in  harmony  with 
the  values  reported  for  the  other  grades  at  the  present 
census.  This  progressive  reduction  in  the  cost  of  sul- 
phuric acid  is  a  matter  of  prime  importance,  since  this 
acid  is  used  to  so  large  an  extent  in  the  manufacture  of 
other  products. 

Oleum  appears  for  the  first  time  in  any  census  at 
the  census  of  1905.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  it  is 
readily  produced  by  the  contact  process,  which  was 
described  in  detail  in  the  1900  report  on  chemicals 
and  allied  products,  and  which  had  then  but  re- 
cently been  made  commercially  operative  and  intro- 
duced into  this  country. 

The  geographic  distribution  of  the  manufacture  of 
sulphuric  acid  is  shown  in  Table  12,  which  includes  all 
establishments,  making  it  either  as  a  principal  or  as  a 
subsidiary  product,  reported  at  the  censuses  of  1900 
and  1905. 

Establishments  manufacturing  sulphuric  acid  were 
reported  from  25  states  at  the  census  of  1900,  and  26  at 
that  of  1905.  At  the  census  of  1900  New  Jersey  held 
first  rank  in  the  number  of  establishments,  Georgia  sec- 
ond, Maryland  and  South  Carolina  third,  and  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania  fourth.  Each  of  the  remain- 
ing states  reported  less  than  10  establishments  in  opera- 
tion. At  the  census  of  1905  Georgia  held  first  rank, 
and  was  followed  by  Pennsylvania,  New  Jerse}',  South 
Carolina,  and   New   York,   in   the    order  named. 


Table   13. — Sulphuric  acid — number  of  establishments,    by  stales 
and  territories:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE  OB  TERRITORY. 


1»05 


1900 


United  States. 


Alabama 

Arizona 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut. 


Florida. 
Georgia. 


Illinois. 

Indiana 

Kansas 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts.. 

Michigan 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina. 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania.. . 
Rhode  Island... 
South  Carolina. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 

Wisconsin 


3 

1 
7 
1 
2 
1 
15 
2 
2 


3 
1 

12 
4 
1 

1 
1 

18 

11 
6 
3 

U 
1 

12 
3 


'  Includes  117  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

'  Includes  93  estabhshments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

None  of  the  remaining  states  reported  10  estab- 
lishments in  operation.  Maine  and  Missouri  each 
reported  1  establishment  in  operation  at  the  census 
of  1900,  but  none  at  the  census  of  1905,  while  Kan- 
sas, wliich  reported  3  establishments,  and  Texas 
and  Wisconsin,  which  reported  1  establishment  each 
at  the  census  of  1905  did  not  report  any  at  the 
census  of  1900.  At  the  census  of  1900,  out  of  the 
total  number  of  establishments  reported,  95,  or  74.8 
per  cent,  were  located  in  states  bordering  on  the 
Atlantic  ocean  or  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  at  the 
census  of  1905,  of  the  establishments  reported,  97,  or 
65.1  per  cent,  were  so  located. 


406 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    13. — Sulphuric  acid — quantity  of  productn.  by  geographic 
divisions:  1905  and  1900. 

DIVISION.  '        1905  1900 

Tons.  Tons. 

United  States 1.869,437         1,548.123 

North  .Vtlantie 788,647  734,669 

South  Atlantic &40. 593  520, 575 

North  Central ;  J49,906'  153, 9V9 

South  Central 141.107  87,665 

Western... 69.  l&J  51,235 

An  increase  is  shown  in  each  of  the  divisions,  the 
largest  increase,  195,927  tons,  having  occurred  in  the 
North  Central  di^asion,  and  the  smallest,  17,949  tons, 
in  the  Western;  while  the  greatest  percentage  of  in- 
crease was  that  for  the  North  Central. 

The  census  of  1900  was  the  first  at  wliich  statistics 
were  given  with  any  detail  as  to  the  kinds,  quanti- 
ties, and  values  of  the  principal  materials.  At  that 
census  there  were  reported,  as  having  been  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid,  633,837  tons  of 
p\Tites,  ha\-ing  a  value  of  $3,101.07.5,  and  70,288  tons 
of  sulphur,  having  a  value  of  .$1,396,975. 

At  the  census  of  1905  there  were  reported  707,326 
tons  of  pATites,  luwing  a  value  of  $3,895,905,  and 
47,861  tons  of  sulphur,  having  a  value  of  .$1,022,644. 
This  represents  an  increase  in  pyrites,  for  1905  as 
compared  \\'ith  1900,  of  73,489  tons,  or  11.6  per  cent, 
in  fpiantity  and  .5794,830,  or  25.6  per  cent,  in  value, 
and  a  decrease  in  sulphur  of  22,427  tons,  or  31.9  per 
cent,  in  quantity  and  $374,331,  or  26.8  per  cent,  in 
value. 

The  fjuantity  of  nitrate  of  soda  used  in  tlio  manu- 
facture of  sulphuric  acid  can  not  hv  directly  ascer- 
tained, for  the  reason  that  in  establisliment.s  produc- 
ing sulphuric  acid  it  is  used  for  other  purposes  also, 
varv'ing  with  the  nature  of  the  esta])li.shment,  as,  for 
example,  in  making  nitric  acid,  fertilizers,  gunj)owder, 
dynamite,  or  saltpeter;  and  for  the  further  reason 
tliat  the  nitrate  used  for  all  jnirposes  in  a  single  cstab- 
lislimeiit  is  reported  in  gross.  Analysis  of  returns, 
how^ever,  shows  that  on  the  average  1  part  of  nitrate 
is  used  to  every  100  parts  of  50°  Baume  acid  |)roduced. 
Bewaring  in  mind  that  no  nitrate  is  used  in  tlie  con- 
tact processes,  it  is  estimated  that  in  1900  there  was 
iLsed  in  making  sulphuric  acid  15,481  tons  of  nitrate 
of  .soda,  and  in  1905,  18,467  tons.  The  ratio  of  ni- 
trate to  total  acid  will  |)robably  decrease  greatly  in 
tlie  future. 

In  tlie  re|)ort  on  sulpliuric  acid  for  the  census  of 
1880  it  was  .stated  that  tliere  were  then  3  estab- 
lishnicrits  in  tlie  United  States  liurning  |)yrites,  from 
wliich  it  is  inferred  that  the  other  4()  were  burning 
brimstone,  as  sulphur  is  usually  .styled  in  lliis  indus- 
try. In  tlie  census  report  for  1890  nn  mention  is 
made  of  tlie  kind  uf  niiitcrials  u.sed.  Al  liic  census 
of  1!I00  tliere  were  77  establisliments  burning  iiyrites 
(juiy,  31  burning  brimstone  only,  17  burning  both  py- 
rites and  brimstone,  and  2  producing  the  acid  from 


the  roaster  gases  in  zinc  smelting.  At  the  census  of 
1905  there  were  114  establishments  burning  pATites 
only,  19  burning  brimstone  only,  10  burning  both 
pyrites  and  brimstone,  5  producing  acid  from  the 
roaster  gases  in  zinc  smelting,  1  producing  acid  from 
the  roaster  gases  in  copper  smelting,  and  5  engaged 
in  the  recovery  from  spent  or  sludge  acid.  Two  of 
the  pyrite  plants  were  also  engaged  in  the  recovery  of 
spent  acids. 

The  total  amount  of  recovered  acid  included  in  the 
product  for  1905  was  approximately  73,346  tons.  It 
is  probable  that  the  amount  of  sulphuric  acid  recov- 
ered, or  regained,  during  the  census  year  was  much 
greater  than  tliis,  for  in  many  establishments,  such 
as  explosives  factories,  it  has  been  the  practice  to  re- 
cover and  reuse  the  acid  again  and  again,  and  the 
acid  so  recovered  is  not  reported.  This  practice  is, 
however,  now  being  supjilantetl  by  that  of  rebuihling 
the  spent  acid  %vith  oleum.  At  the  census  of  1900 
the  quantity  of  acid  reported  as  produced  in  zinc 
smelting  was  58,828  tons,  having  a  value  of  $424,670; 
and  at  the  census  of  1905  the  quantity  so  reported 
was  94,032  tons,  having  a  value  of  $576,060.  This 
represents  a  gain  for  1905  over  1900  of  35,204  tons, 
or  59.8  per  cent,  in  quantity  ami  of  $151,390,  or  35.6 
per  cent,  in  value. 

The  increase  between  1900  and  1905  in  the  mnnber 
of  establishments  burning  pyrites  was  30,  or  31.9  per 
cent;  while  for  those  burning  pyrites  only  it  was  37, 
or  48.1  i)er  cent.  The  decrease  for  the  same  i)eriod  in 
the  number  of  establishments  burning  brimstone  was 
19,  or  39.6  per  cent;  while  for  tho.se  burning  brimstone 
alone  it  was  12,  or  38.7  per  cent. 

Al  the  census  of  1905  the  average  yield  for  105  cs- 
ta])!islunents  burning  pyrites  only  was  211  ])ounds  of 
suijiliuiic  acid,  reduced  to  50°  Baunie,  for  100  jxiunds  of 
pyrites.  At  the  census  of  19()t)  tlie  average  for  the  .'59 
works  for  which  data  are  available  was  206  ])ounds  of 
acid  for  100  of  pyrites.  The  llieoretical  yield  of  cliam- 
ber  acid  is  given  later.  In  priictiee  2  10  ]ioun(is  have 
been  obtained.  At  the  census  of  1905  the  average 
yield  for  15  establishments  burning  brimstone  only 
was  432  pounds  of  sulphuric  acid,  icchiced  to50°Baum6, 
for  100  pounds  of  brimstone.  .\l  the  census  of  1900 
the  average  for  the  20  works  for  whicli  (hila  are  avail- 
able was  1(12  ]>ounds  of  acid  for  KH)  poimds  of  brim- 
stone. The  llieoretical  yield  of  ehainl)(>r  acid  is  given 
later.  In  practice  446  ])ounds  have  been  obtained, 
in  till'  report  on  this  industry  for  1900  attention  was 
ciilled  to  the  large  u.se  of  sulphur  in  the  United  States, 
while  luiKtically  no  brimstone  aeid  was  being  mailc  in 
ICngland  or  on  the  continent  of  ICuiope.  The  statis- 
tics for  the  |)i-esent  census  iiulieate  that  our  nianufa.c- 
turers  are  coining  into  eonformit\  with  l^'uropcan 
])ra('tice. 

The  large  use  made  of  pyrites  and  of  sulphur  in  the 
sulphuric  acid  industry  and  the  continued  growth  of 


CHEMICALS  AND  AL]Ji:i)  IMtODCCTS. 


407 


(his  industry  make  il  (jnipcr  In  iiu|iiir('  into  the  extent 
to  which  the.se  raw  materials  are  uvailahle. 

Tahi.k  14. — Pyritis proituccd in,  andimporlaliiUu,  lite  Unileil Slates: 
1S'J5  lu  nio-i.^ 


PBODUCED. 

IMPOKTED.> 

YEAR. 

Quantity 
(long  tons). 

Value. 

Quantity 
(long  tons). 

Value. 

1895 

99, 649 

115,  483 

143,201 

193, 3(.4 

174.  734 

204.015 

3241.1,01 

3 207.. 874 

3  233,127 

3  333,542 

$322,845 

320, 103 

301,. 541 

.503,  801 

543, 240 

740,  001 

1,2.57, ,S70 

047,080 

1,100,818 

3,  4IM,  803 

190,  4.35 
200, 108 
2.50, 540 
2.52,  773 
200,  StW 
322,  484 
403,  700 
440,  .303 
420,  410 
422, 720 

8073, 812 

1896 

048,  396 

1897 

747,  419 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902            

717,813 
1,077,061 
1,055.121 
1,415,149 
1 ,  050,  ,8.52 

1903 

1,036,450 

1904 

1,533,997 

1  United  States  Geological  Survey,  "Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States, 
1904." 

3  Iron  pyrites  containing  25  per  cent  or  more  of  suijilmr  and  not  more  than 
3.5  per  cent  of  copper. 

3  Includes  production  of  natural  sulphur. 

The  cliief  sources  of  the  supply  of  pj'rites  imported 
into  the  United  States  are  the  celebrated  Rio  Tinto 
and  Tharsis  mines  of  the  Huelva  district  in  Spain;  the 
San  Domingo  mine  at  Pomaron,  Portugal;  and  the 
Tilt  Cove  mines  of  Pilleys  Island,  Newfoundland. 
The  residue  from  the  roasting  or  burning  of  pyrites  is 
known  as  pyrites  cinders.  Sometimes  the  pyrites  con- 
tain gold,  silver,  or  other  valuable  metals  in  sufficient 
quantitj'  to  warrant  treatment  to  recover  these  values, 
and  as  the  sulphur  present  renders  such  ores  refrac- 
tory, it  is  the  practice  in  some  instances  to  send  them 
to  sulphuric  acid  works  to  be  burnt,  the  cinders  then 
being  returned.  Under  such  circumstances  no  cost  is 
assigned  to  the  pyrites  by  the  sulphuric  acid  works. 
Pyrites  cinders  is  usefid  in  smelting  acid  ores,  as  the 
contact  mass  in  certain  processes  of  making  sulphuric 
acid,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  pigment  and  of  cop- 
peras; it  is  also  sometimes  used  as  an  iron  ore  in  the 
blast  furnace  for  making  pig  iron.  In  1900  there  were 
returned  62,701  tons  of  pyrites  cinders,  having  a  value 
of  $105,6.31,  and  in  1905,  163,276  tons,  having  a  value 
of  $200,940.  It  is  evident  that  but  a  small  portion  of 
the  actual  product  is  utilized. 

Pure  pyrite  contains  53.3  per  cent  of  sulphur.  The 
pyrites  commonly  used  for  making  sulphuric  acid  con- 
tain from  43  to  48  per  cent.  When  the  ore  contains 
over  35  per  cent  of  sulphur  it  can  be  ignited  and,  with 
a  proper  supply  of  air  combustion,  will  continue  until 
the  greater  part  of  the  sulphur  contents  are  burned, 
for  there  is  sufficient  heat  generatetl  by  the  process  to 
maintain  it.  Such  is  not  the  case  when  ihe  amount  of 
sulphur  in  the  oi-e  is  less  than  35  per  cent,  anil  addi- 
tional fuel  is  required  with  these  low-grade  ores. 

The  statistics  for  sulphur  produced  in  this  country 
from  1901  to  1904  are  combined  with  those  for  py- 
rites, because  the  sulphur  is  largely  the  product  of  a 
single  mine,  and  it  is  desired  to  avoid  showing  indi- 
vidual operations.  The  remainder  of  the  sulphur  used 
for  all  purposes  is  imported. 


Table   1.5. — Siil/ilinr  imporle't  and  entered  for  consumplion  in  the 
United  States:  1893  to  1904.' 


CRUDE. 

FLOWERS  OF 
.SULl'IlUR. 

REFINED. 

DECEMBER 
31— 

Quan- 
tity 
(long 
tons). 

Value. 

Quan- 
tity 
(long 
tons). 

Value. 

Quan- 
tity 
(long 

tons). 

Value. 

Total 
value. 

1895 

121,286 
138, 168 
136,563 
151,225 
140, 182 
166,825 
174, 160 
170,601 
188,990 
127,996 

$1,. 546, 481 
1,967.454 
2, 395, 4.36 
2,891,767 
2,484,801 
2,917,172 
3,2,56,990 
3,334,002 
3, 049,  7.56 
2,462,360 

581 
665 

$12,888 
13,266 

229 

447 

5,342 

12,772 

1.016 

2.59 

.301 

41 

189 

204 

$4,379 
8.226 

.58,637 
163,609 

28.48.5 
8,385 

10,715 
3,694 
7,2.54 
9,776 

»  $1,613,754 

=  2,172,629 

2,4.54,073 

3.069,924 

2  .523  203 

1896  . 

1897 

1898   . 

.507 
335 
628 
748 
738 
1,854 
1,332 

14,548 
9,917 
17,437 
20.201 
19.954 
.52,680 
39,133 

1899... 

1900 

2.942,994 
3,287.906 
3,3.57,6.50 
3.709.690 
2  511  269 

1901. 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1  United  States  Geological  Survey  "  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States, 
1904." 

2  Includes  liic  sulphur  and  other  grades  not  otherwise  provided  for,  but  not 
pyrirc. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  if  the  rate  of  increase  in 
the  consumption  of  pyrites  and  sulphur  which  ob- 
tained between  1893  and  1903  be  maintained  the 
amount  of  sulphur  required  in  the  United  States  in 
1913  in  the  form  of  elemental  sulphur  or  of  sulphur 
bearing  materials  would  amount  to  1,045,875  long 
tons.  As  similar  activity  in  manufacture  is  noted  in 
several  European  countries,  there  is  already  a  call  for 
new  sources  of  supply  of  raw  materials.  Fortunately 
there  are  many  sulphur  bearing  materials,  some  of 
wliich  are  used  as  sources  of  the  metals. 

Table  16  presents  the  names  of  several  of  the  more 
commonly  occurring  sulphur  bearing  ininerals,  w'ith 
their  formulas,  and  the  number  of  tons  of  "'real"  sul- 
phuric acid  and  of  chamber  acid  wliich  theoretically 
may  be  produced  from  a  ton  of  each  mineral  when 
pure. 

Table  16. —  Tv7is  of  real  sulphuric  acid  ami  of  chamber  acid  theo- 
retically produced  tit/  a  ton  of  each  of  the  minerals  specified. 


MINERAL. 


Real  sul- 
phuric 
acid. 


Chamber 
acid. 


Sulphur j  S.... 

Pyrite i  Fe  Ss 


Marcasite. 
Pyrrhotite . . . 

Sphalerite 

Cbalcopyrite. 

Bornite 

Chalcocite . . . . 
Galenite 


FeSi 

l-'cn  .Su- . . 

ZnS 

Cu  FeSj.. 
Cua  Fc  Sa. 

CujS 

PhS 


3.06 

1.63 

1.63 

1.18 

1.01 

1.08 

0.86 

0.62 

0.41 

4.93 
2.62 
2.62 
1.90 
1.63 
1.73 
1.38 
1.00 
0.66 


Of  the  minerals  named,  sulphur,  pyrite,  and  marca- 
site have  long  been  used  for  making  sulphuric  acid. 
In  the  report  for  1900  the  use  of  sulphur  for  tliis  pur- 
pose was  traced  back  to  Basihus  Yalentinus,  living  in 
the  fifteenth  centur\".  The  first  proposal  to  use  pyrites 
for  tliis  purpose  is  credited  to  an  Englislunan  named 
Hill,'  a  patent  for  the  process  having  been  granted 
him  in  1818.  Little  use  was  made  of  it  until  183S, 
when  the  Sicilian  government  sold  the  monopoly  of 
the  export  sulphur  to  a  French  firm,  and  the  price  of 


'  George  Lunge,   Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Add  and  Alkali, 
edition  1903,  Vol.  I,  pages  3G  to  38. 


45l.',54— .M«;   ItlOJ— I'T  4— O.S- 


-2S 


408 


MAXUFACTURES. 


crude  brimstone  was  nearly  trebled.  Pyrites  were 
found  so  satisfactory  a  substitute  that  they  have 
steadily  grown  in  favor  ever  since. 

Pyrrhotite  has  come  into  use  practically  since  the 
last  census.  Its  value  was  demonstrated  at  Sault  Ste. 
Marie,  with  Canadian  ores,  and  the  results  were  so 
satisfactory  that  works  have  been  erected  in  which  to 
utilize  the  pyrrhotite  ores  of  Virginia.  Pyrite,  mar- 
casite,  and  pyrrhotite,  in  the  condition  in  which  they 
occur  as  ores,  are  all  embraced  in  p^Tites. 

Sphalerite  is  used  as  a  source  of  zinc,  and  at  each  of 
the  last  two  censuses  sulphuric  acid  has  been  reported 
as  ha\"ing  been  produced  in  the  process  of  zinc  smelting. 
Pure  zinc  sulphide  contains  32.9  per  cent  of  sulphur, 
but  the  ores  raaj  range  do%vn  to  18  per  cent.  In 
roasting  these  lower  grade  ores  fuel  is  required  in 
addition  to  that  fiu'nished  by  their  sulphur  contents. 
Wlien  this  was  added  directly,  as  in  earlier  practice, 
the  roaster  gases  were  so  dilute  as  to  make  the  recovery 
of  the  sulphur  difficult,  but  by  roasting  in  muffles  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  keep  the  roaster  gases  separate 
from  the  fire  gases,  it  has  become  possible  to  utilize 
the  whole  of  the  sulphur  contents  of  the  ore  in  ^ntriol 
chambers,  and  with  the  introduction  of  the  contact 
process,  it  has  even  become  feasible  to  recover  it  from 
the  more  highly  diluted  gases.  As  early  as  185.5 
there  was  erected  at  Stolberg,  German^',  a  Hasen- 
clever  furnace  by  which  the  roaster  gases  from 
sphalerite,  or  zinc  blende,  could  be  converted  into 
sulphuric  acid. 

Chalcopyrite,  bornite,  and  clialcocite  are  copper 
ores.  In  1905  a  small  amount  of  sulphuric  acid  was 
reported  as  having  been  produced  in  the  process  of 
copper  smelting.  The  burner  gases  from  copper 
smelting  are  (juite  lean  in  sulphur,  yet  as  long  ago  as 
1872  they  were  used  at  ^Vltenau,  Germany,  in  making 
sulphuric  acid.  By  the  use  of  a  contact  process  their 
utilization  becomes  still  more  feasible.  The  Census 
report  on  mines  and  ([iiarries  for  1902  states  that 
1 1 ,780,064  tons  of  copper  ores  were  mined  in  that  census 
year,  and  it  is  well  known  tliat  a  large  percentage  of 
them  were  sulpiuir  bearing  ores. 

No  reports  of  sulphuric  aciil  productioii  liave  l)een 
received  from  any  j)roce.sses  of  smelting  lead  ores. 
Referring  to  galenite,  Lunge  says:'  "Galena  is  prob- 
ably nowhere  worked  in  such  a  way  as  to  extract  its 
sul[)luir  in  the  Hlin|)e  of  Midplinric  acid.  The  purest 
galena  contains  only  13.4  per  cent  of  sul|)hnr."  The 
Census  report  on  mines  and  <|iiiiriics  for  1902  states 
that  132,:'i.'50  Ions  of  nonargcnl  iferoiis  lead  ore  were 
niineil  in  lliat  census  year.  The  greater  jjarl  of  t  ids  wiis 
sulphide  ore.  In  additifni,  9,787,804  tons  of  guld  nnd 
silver  ores  wrTc  report (•(!  as  being  trenteil  in  liial  census 
year,  much  of  which  consisted  <if  .suij)liurets,tliesuli)hur 


from  all  of  which  was  evidently  lost  in  treatment.  Bv 
Salom's  process  of  electrolyzing  galenite,  however, 
hydrogen  sidphide  is  obtained,  and  this  may  be  con- 
verted into  sulphuric  acid. 

According  to  W.  D.  Ilarkins,^  the  amount  of  mate- 
rial of  industrial  value  given  out  in  smelter  smoke  in 
the  United  States  is  often  enormous.  The  analysis  of 
the  smoke  of  one  smelter  showed  an  approximate 
daily  output  in  smoke  of  55,000  pounds  of  arsenic 
trioxide,  1,500  to  2,000  tons  of  sulphur  dioxide,  150 
tons  of  sulphur  trioxide,  6,000  pounds  of  zinc,  5,000 
pounds  of  copper,  6,000  pounds  of  lead,  and  5,000 
pounds  of  antimony.  From  private  communications 
it  is  learned  that  1  establishment  is  daily  liberating 
into  the  atniosphere  850  tons  of  sulphur  in  various 
states  of  combination,  and  that  another,  in  a  widely 
different  section  of  the  country",  is  sending  off  in  its 
smoke  approximately  237,500  tons  of  sulphur  dioxide 
per  annum.  It  has  been  estimated^  that  a  half  mil- 
lion tons  of  sulpliuric  acid  could  be  produced  annually 
from  the  sulpluu'  in  the  fuel  burned  in  London. 

This  sulphur  is  not  only  wasted,  but  the  emanations 
from  smelters  render  the  atmosphere  noxious  to  man 
and  other  animals,  and  seriously  affect  the  vegetation 
for  considerable  distances  about  the  smelters.  This 
has  repeatedly  led  to  litigation.  So  long  ago  as  1864 
the  owners  of  the  works  at  Freiberg,  Germany,  were 
compelled  to  pay  upward  of  $14,000  damages  on 
account  of  the  emanations  from  their  works.  The 
recovery  and  utilization  of  these  gases  and  fumes  will 
not  only  abate  the  evils  to  which  they  give  rise,  but 
will  greatly  increase  the  available  supply  of  the 
sulphur  compounds  and  other  substances  which  are 
much  used  in  our  industries. 

The  Tennessee  Copper  Company  has  recently  erected  a  plant  for 
making  acid  from  the  gases  of  its  smelting  furnaces  at  Copperhill, 
Tenn.,  which  are  now  operated  on  tlie  pyrite  principle.  It  lias  been 
determined  that  these  gases  average  about  (>  per  cent  in  snliihur 
dioxide,  aiul  when  the  plant  is  in  full  (ipcratinn  (heir  (puinlity  will 
enable  the  production  of  upward  of  "00, 000  Ions  of  sul])lnn'ic  acid 
of  .50°  li.  per  annum.* 

Other  sources  of  suipliur  are  ft)iind  in  the  sj>ent  oxides 
from  gas  works,  the  waste  liquors  of  Le  Blanc  soda 
works  and  of  anunonia  works,  and  in  i)etroi(>iun,  such 
as  the  oils  of  Lima.  ( )hio,  and  of  Canada.  According  to 
Pennock,^  tlic  iiydr-ogcn  sulphide  recoverable  fi-om 
l)y-prodiict  coke  ovens  is  .suHicient ,  wluMi  oxidized,  to 
suj)j)ly  nearly  one-half  the  sulpiuir'ic  acid  recpiired  in 
converting  the  iniiinoniii  into  sulpiiale.  According  to 
Mabery,"  "])rol)Ml)ly  50  tons  of  sulpiuw  daily  is  a 
conservative  esliniMlc  of  the  amount  extracted  from 
(Hiiii  oil  iind   Imrnril   dlf  iiilo  liio  iil  iniis|)here,"     The 


'  Manufacture  of  fiulphuric'  Acid  and  Alk.'ili.  edition  1903,  Vol.  T, 
page  85. 


'Science,  1007,  vol.  25,  page  •107. 

»  Nalinc.  1007.  v<.l.  7(i,  page  110. 

<Tlic  Miri(i;d  liidusliv,  lOOIl,  vol.  I.''),  page  70S. 

■Moiiiiial  of  American'!  lieinica!  Sociely.  1000.  vol.  2H.  page  1257. 

'  liihl.,  pago  432. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


409 


sulphur  may  l)o  ohiaincd  from  sulphur  bearing  petro- 
leum in  the  form  of  hydrof^en  sulpliiilc  which  can  be 
burned  to  sulphuric  acid.  This  uicthod  is  j)racticed  to 
.some  extent  in  the  I'liited  States,  but  until  it  becomes 
more  general  the  product  must  appear  in  census  statis- 
tics as  being  produced  from  sulphur. 

The  sulphur  gases  obtaine<l  l)y  the  l)uiiiing  of  ()yrites 
and  other  sulphurets  are  usually  impure  because  of  the 
other  minerals  naturally  occurring  in  the  ore.  As 
pointed  out  in  the  report  for  1900,  in  the  contact 
process  there  described,  these  gases  are  purified  before 
being  brought  into  the  presence  of  the  contact  mai3s. 
In  the  chamber  process  it  has  been  customary  to  use 
these  gases  as  producetl  and  then  to  purify  the  sulphu- 
ric acid  when  it  was  specially  desired.  According  to 
Schatterl>eck,'  several  hundred  tons  of  arsenic  sul- 
phide, which  is  ol)taine(i  in  our  chemical  works  in 
purifying  sulphuric  acid,  are  thrown  away  every  year 
in  the  United  States,  yet  our  imports  of  arsenic  com- 
pounds have  for  several  years  past  amounted  to  from 
6,000,000  to  8,000,000  pounds,  having  a  value  of  from 
$243,:]S0  to  $410,5:2.-). 

In  tiie  Census  report  for  1900  it  was  pointed  out  that 
owing  to  the  contact  process  for  the  manufacture  of 
sulphuric  acid  having  been  made  a  commercial  success 
by  the  Badische  Anihne  und  Soda  Fabrik,  a  formidable 
competitor  to  the  long  used  chamber  process  had  been 
developed.  As  a  result,  the  period  since  1900  has  been 
marked  by  much  activity  in  endeavors  to  improve  the 
chamber  process  and  to  devise  contact  processes  that 
are  independent  of  the  Knietsch  process.  The  im- 
provements in  the  chamber  process  consist  largely  in 
a  reassembling,  proportioning,  and  arranging  of  the 
chambers,  with  the  introduction  of  dust  chambers, 
fans,  and  intermeiliate  towers,  and  the  use  of  atomized 
water  in  place  of  steam.  A  notable  departure  from 
previous  practice  is  found  in  the  Meyer's  tangent  svs- 
tem.  The  chambers  in  this  system  arc  cylindrical  in 
form,  with  the  entrance  pipe  for  the  burner  gases  so 
placed  that  the  gases  enter  the  top  of  the  chamber 
tangentially,  antl  travel  along  the  periphery  in  a  down- 
ward spiral,  leaving  the  chamber  by  an  opening  near 
the  l)ottom.  By  this  means  a  higher  efficiency  for 
unit  volume  of  chamber  is  obtained,  and  greater  com- 
pactness of  plant  results.  Hence  the  cost  of  installa- 
tion and  interest,  and  the  area  recpiired  for  the  plant 
are  materially  diminished.  According  to  Guttmann,' 
"the  production  of  acid  ft)r  a  given  chamber  space  is 
with  ordmary  chambers  now  frecjuently  3  kilos  of 
H.SOj  per  cubic  meter,  but  with  tlie  intensified  work- 
ing one  arrives  at  4  kilos.  With  atomized  water  and 
fans  in  ordinary  chambers  .5.84  kilos  have  been 
obtained.  A  set  of  Meyer's  chambers,  without  other 
unprovoments,  produces  4  kilos.     *     *     *     With  fans 

'United  Stales  Geological  Siirvev,  "Minenil  Resources  of  ilie 
United  States,"  1905. 

■Journal  of  Society  of  Clicinical  Induslry,  190:1,  page  1,334. 


and  atomized  water  a  Meyer  set  will  probably  reach  8 
kilos  and  more;  at  any  rate  the  first  chamber  of  the 
system,  which  is  not  worked  to  its  full  capacitj-,  pro- 
duces 10  kilos,  and  more."  Further,  in  comparing  the 
chamber  processes  with  contact  processes,  he  says: 
"  The  conclusion  is  therefore  justified,  that  a  factory 
burning  about  100  tons  of  j)yrites  j^er  week,  and  hav- 
ing a  chamber  plant,  equij)ped  with  all  recent  im- 
provements, can  successfully  compete  with  a  contact 
plant  for  even  the  strongest  sidphuric  acid  in  the 
nuirket." 

According  to  Lunge, ^  there  are  six  contact  jtroc- 
esses  now  in  use,  styled  respectively,  Badische,  or 
Knietsch,  Hochst,  (irillo,  Mannheim,  Freiberg,  and 
RaVje,  about  which,  tiu-ough  ])atent  specifications, 
publications,  or  special  comniiuiications,  considerable 
detail  is  known,  and  several  others  which  have  been 
kept  secret.  In  the  Badische,  Iltichst,  Grillo,  and 
Mannheim  processes  the  conversion  of  S(X  into  SOj  is 
rendered  practically  complete  by  contact  action,  while 
in  the  Freiberg  and  Rabe  processes  the  contact 
action  is  supplemented  by  lead  chambers  for  work- 
ing up  the  residual  gases.  The  Grillo  process  is 
known  in  this  country  as  the  Schroeder  process. 
Of  the  processes  named  by  Lunge,  five  appear  to  be 
in  use  in  the  United  States — the  Knietsch,  Schroeder, 
Mannheim,  Hochst,  and  Rabe,  while  the  American 
inventions  of  J.  B.  F.  Ilerreshott'  are  also  used.  The 
Knietsch  was  described  at  length  in  the  report  for  1900, 
and  it  may  suffice  to  add  that  in  this  system  the  unit 
is  one  having  a  capacity  for  treating  5,000  tons  of  50 
per  cent  ore  a  year.  The  Schroeder  process  was  made 
the  subject  of  a  symposium  before  the  Xew  York 
Section  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry  in  Feb- 
ruary, 190.3,  and  from  the  report^  of  this  symposium 
it  appears  that  the  process  is  distinguished  by  the 
use  of  a  contact  mass  composed  of  soluble  salts,  prin- 
cipally sulphates,  carrying  the  platinum.  According 
to  this  report  the  following  advantages  are  claimed 
for  this  method: 

(1;  The  contact  mass  is  easily  regenerated,  hence  the  kiln  gases 
do  not  need  to  lie  purified  as  ])erfectly  as  if  working  with  platinized 
insoluble  vehicles. 

(2)  The  calcined  crusts  are  very  porous,  so  that  the  contact  mass 
made  from  them  offers  much  less  resistance  to  the  gases  passing 
through  them  than  the  tightly  packed  asbestos  formerly  used. 

(3)  The  catalytic  action  of  the  contact  mass  made  from  soluble 
salts  is  far  superior  to  that  of  platinized  insoluble  carriers,  and  the 
contents  of  the  platinum  in  the  contact  mass,  which  were  from  8 
to  10  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the  a.sbostos  in  the  old  Schroeder 
plates,  have  been  decreased  to  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent  without  re- 
ducing the  efficiency  of  the  contact  material. 

At  present  (1903)  there  are  23  Schroeder  plants  built  or  building — 
7  in  Germany,  2  in  Russia.  1  in  Poland,  1  in  Italy,  2  in  France,  1 
in  Chile,  1  in  Mexico,  2  in  South  Africa,  and  6  in  the  United  States. 
Some  are  using  blendes,  some  pyrites,  some  brimstone,  and  one  a 

^Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid  and  Alkali,  edition  1903.  vol.  1, 

)>ai;e  1012. 

*  Journal  of  Society  of  f'liemical  Industrv.  1903.  vol.  22.  page  348. 


410 


MANUFACTURES. 


low-grade  gold  ore.  Some  of  the  ores  are  quite  free  from  objection- 
able impurities,  while  others  are  very  impure,  which  necessitates 
different  methods  of  purification. 

The  cost  of  the  plant  is  less  than  that  of  ii  cliamber  and  concen- 
trating plant  of  the  same  capacity. 

The  advantage  of  the  contact  process  is  greater  the  stronger  the 
acid  made,  the  cost  being  the  same  per  unit  of  sulphur  for  all 
strengths.  For  acid  stronger  than  60°  B.  it  is  cheaper  than  cham- 
bers: but  for  50°  B.,  and  perhaps  for  00°  B.,  it  has  at  present  but 
little,  if  any,  advantage. 

One  application  of  the  process  that  promises  to  lie  of  great  im- 
portance is  its  use  in  connection  with  cliamber  jilants  to  make 
strong  acid,  in  place  of  concentrating  in  the  usual  manner.  A 
plant  is  now  being  built  for  tliis  purpose,  and  there  is  every  reason 
to  believe  that  it  will  show  a  marked  economy,  both  in  first  cost 
and  in  operating  expenses. 

The  Mannheim  process  was  described  by  Wilke '  be- 
fore the  New  England  Section  of  the  Society  of  Chem- 
ical Industry  in  December,  1905,  as  follows: 

This  process  is  based  on  the  following  fundameiUal  principles: 

First.  To  use  the  heat  of  the  ordinary  roasting  process  for  carrying 
on  the  catah-tic  action  of  the  oxide  of  iron  upon  the  sulphurous  acid. 

Second.  The  purification  of  the  burner  gases  is  a  dry  process. 
In  all  other  processes  the  gases  are  washed  and  liave  to  be  dried 
again. 

Third.  The  conversion  or  catalytic  oxidation  of  that  part  of  the 
sulphuroas  acid  which  passed  through  the  iron  contact,  but  had  not 
been  converted,  is  brought  about  liy  m(ans  of  the  waste  heat  of 
the  burner  gases. 

Foiuth.  The  whole  process  is  carried  on  by  moving  the  gases  by 
means  of  exhausted  only. 

The  roast  gases  leave  the  kUns  at  a  temperature  of  about  700°  C. 
This  is  the  proper  temperature  necessary  in  the  iron  oxide  to  pro- 
duce the  conversion  or  catalytic  action  to  transform  the  sulphurous 
acid  into  sulphuric  anhydride'.  The  iron  oxide,  at  the  above-men- 
tioned temperature,  forms  iron  arsenate,  with  the  arsenious  acid 
which  is  contained  in  the  roa.st  gases.  If  roast  gases  are  taken  at 
the  temperature  of  the  furnace  through  the  c>xide  of  iron,  a  large 
proportion  of  the  sulphurous  acid  (50  to  60  per  cent)  is  converted 
into  sulphuric  anhydri<le,  while  the  arsenic  contained  in  these  roast 
gases  combini'S  with  the  oxide  of  iron. 

Water  contained  in  the  gases  to  be  converted  reduces  the  catalytic 
property  of  the  iron  oxide.  It  is  therefore  nece.s.'<;iry  to  [jroduce  the 
roaat  gases  with  drierl  air.  The  drying  of  tlu'  air  ncce.s.sary  for  the 
process  is  accomplished  with  sulplniric  acid  which  is  i)roduced  in 
the  process. 

The  roast  gases  are  produced  in  a  furnace  which  i.s  ])rotected  with 
an  air-tight  iron  shell  against  any  entrance  of  moist  atmospheric 
air.  The  air  neces.'tary  for  the  roasting  proc(!ss  passes  through 
towers  which  are  .-icnibbid  with  sulphuric  acid  and  is  then  con- 
ducted through  air-tight  jiipi's  enlcring  tlu^  furnace  or  kilns  below 
thi^  grate  bars.  The  dry  and  hot  roast  gases  so  obtainecl  are  con- 
ducted to  a  shaft  which  is  attached  to  the  furnace  and  (illcd  with 
oxide  of  iron  ^pyrites  cinders).  In  this  shaft  part  of  the  conversion 
takes  place;  that  is,  part  of  the  sulphurous  acid  is  converted  into 
sulphuric  anhydride,  while  at  the  same  lime  the  arsenic  obtained 
in  the  rf«urt  gases  i-f  retained. 

The  roast  gases  therefore  are  subjected  to  a  dry  purilicalion,  and 
are  consiilcrably  reduci'd  in  their  contents  of  sulphurous  aciil. 
After  the  sulphuric  anhyilridi'  which  is  formed  in  llii.>'  lirsl  part  of 
the  process  hiLs  been  absorl«'d,  the  re,'<t  of  the  Hulphiiroiis  acid  con- 
tained in  the  gases  can  be  convertid  into  sul])huric  atdiydriile  by 
means  of  a  very  small  iimoiuit  of  plalinuin.  To  do  this,  it  is  nifces- 
Bary  tf)  remove  any  small  (|uaiililii'Sof  Hiilphiiric  acid  Cmonohydrate) 
which  have  not  l)e('n  al>sorb('d.     This  is  accomiilished  by  passing 


the  gases  through  layers  of  porous  material  which  is  not  affecte/1  by 
sulphuric  acid.  The  main  part  of  the  sulphuric  acid  which  is  car- 
ried over  mechanically  is  eliminated  or  retained  in  this  way.  The 
purilied  gases  are  now  allowed  to  pass  through  layers  of  granulated 
basic   blast-furnace  slag. 

The  gases  which  have  passed  through  the  iron  contact  ma.ss  con- 
tain sufficient  heat  to  reheat  the  filtered  gases  to  the  temperature 
necessary  for  catalytic  action  in  the  platinum  contact. 

It  would  be  possible  to  utilize  this  heat  by  giving  it  off  to  the 
filtered  gases.  But  the  sulphuric  acid  (monohydrate)  must  be 
carried  along  in  the  form  of  vapor.  The  heat,  therefore,  must  not 
be  reduced  too  much  to  keep  the  monohydrate  in  a  gaseous  state. 
The  heat  given  off  in  the  heater  located  over  the  iron  contact  is  not 
sufficient  to  raise  the  filtered  gases  to  the  temjieratiue  nece.s.'^ary  to 
carry  oij  catalytic  action  in  the  platinum  contact.  It  is,  therefore, 
necessarj'  to  have  a  small  coal  fire  to  raise  these  gases  to  their  proper 
temperature. 

The  platinum  contact  apparatus  must  l;e  built  in  such  a  way 
that  it  does  not  offer  much  resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  gases, 
in  order  to  move  them  with  an  ordinary  exhauster.  This  is  ac- 
complished by  using  a  number  of  platinized  asliestos  nets,  the 
meshes  of  which  aie  such  that  the  resistance  in  the  whole  appa- 
ratus does  not  represent  more  than  the  pressure  of  a  column  of 
water  about  .30  millimetei-s  high.  In  constructing  the  platinum 
contact  apparatus  in  this  way,  it  is  possible  to  exchange  a  single 
element  during  the  process  in  the  course  of  a  few  minutes  without 
interruption.  In  this  process  it  is  possible  to  have  a  conversion  of 
the  roast  gases  \ip  to  95  per  cent. 

The  fii'st  plant  in  the  Ignited  Stales  was  erected  in  lOOli,  in  the 
works  of  the  Schoellkopf,  Hartford,  and  Hanna  Comjiany,  in  the 
city  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  This  plant  consisted  then  of  one  unit  with 
a  capacity  of  about  l.tiOO  Ions  of  sulphuric  acid  or  its  equivalent. 
The  original  ])lant  has  since  been  enlarged  to  four  times  its  original 
capacity.  Besi<les  this  plant,  four  other  firms  have  adopted  this 
process,  and  there  are  now  in  use  twenty-two  units  with  a  capacity 
of  about  35,000  tons,  and  in  the  course  of  construction,  ten  more 
units  with  a  capacity  of  Hi, 000  tons.  This  is  a  total  capacity  of 
over  50,000  tons  per  year.  This  has  been  accomplished  in  a  little 
over  two  years  since  the  process  has  first  been  introduced  here. 

This  jjrocess  does  not  require  complicated  or  delicate  pieces  of 
apparatus,  a  staff  of  scientific  men,  nor  any  special  apparatus  for 
the  purification  of  the  roast  gases,  as  this  is  done  in  the  furnace 
itself.  The  amount  of  fuel  consumed  and  motive  po.ver  required 
is  smaller  than  in  any  other  known  process,  and  the  plant  can  be 
built  up  gradually  on  account  of  the  units  being  small  and  being 
easily  arranged  in  groups.     The  cost  of  repairs  is  very  low. 

According  to  Falding  (V.  Internationaler  Kongress 
fiir  Angewundte  Chemio,  1004,  vol.  1,  page,  76S),  the 
following  sulphuric  acid  ])!attts  were  completed  or  in 
course  of  coustriicl  inn  ill  llic  Uiiilcd  States  between 
1000  Mild  100:5: 

Coiilnrl  jiruciss  jilanls. 


NAMK   ANll   LOCALITY, 


Ncw.Iorsoy  ZInr  Co.,  Mlnoml  Point,  Wis 

Now  .liTscy  Zinc  Co..  Ilns'.urd,  Tii 

Peyton  ('iKMiiicnl  Co..  Ciil 

Itopaiino  Chcniicjil  Co.,  near  Wihninfjtoii,  Dol 

Dlipont  l't>«ili'r  Cn..  noiir  Wihumtilun.  Dpi 

Ilurrtsiin  llms.  .V  Co..  npiir  rhil.i'li'lpliiii.  I'li 

I!nllpcl  Zinc-  \- Chcminil  Co.   ArKPntino,  Kans 

Itnllnlo.  N.  V 

(Icni-nil  Chonili'iil  Co..  noiir  Now  York,  two  plants 


Process. 


Schropder. 
Schrocdcr. 
Schropdpr. 
Sell  ropdpr. 
.Sell  ropdpr. 
Sell  ropdpr. 
Fruaeh  eonvprtor. 
Manntiplin. 
CI 


'Journiil  of  .Socifiy  <if  t'hcmital  IndiiMlry,  lOOli,  vol.  L'o,  page  4. 


'  IniinlrvlinRdevPlopwI  tlipfiiet  tlint  tlw  ConernlCliemlenl  Compiuiy  Is  opor- 
iitlriK  u  liirKP  ininilKT  of  eontiiet  pliints,  nnd  tlint  iis  mpldly  iis  ll.s  ehiMnlirr  sys- 
teniH  wi'iir  niil  il  i»  rcphieiiit;  lliern  liv  eonliicl  plioit.s.  'I'liis  ecnnpiiiiv  ciperiiies 
under  llu-  llerreNlw.ir  pjil.-nl»  inid  it  iil.Hn  iiwn«  loi.l  nllllzeN  llie  Knii'lwli.  lli«'liHl. 
and  lOilie  piileiils.  Tills  enmpnnv  expresse.H  iireiit  siitisfiietion  with  tin'  workliiR 
otllsenntiiet  priieeHNi'Sioid  llnils  lliiit  llieiield  llnis  prndneed  from  pyrites  Is  Hill i- 
■tnntliilly  tree  Ironi  Iron  mid  Is  superior  to  hrhnstone  iield  In  Its  freecUnn  (rom 
araetilc. 


CHEMICALS  AM)  ALLn:i)  PliODUCTS. 


411 


Chamber  process  plants. 


NAME   AND   LOCALITY. 


Total. 


Richrnoiul  (JUfinn  V  <.,  Uicliniond.  \'ii.  .. 
K.  Krank<'(M^  (V  Co.,  lijirn-n  IhIjiihI,  N.  V. 
Southwest    Clieimciil    Cn..    Arguutinc, 

Kana. 
Laziirctto  Guano  Cci.,  Biiltimore,  Md 

Wostorn  ('hcmicjil  Co.,  Donvi^r,  Colo . . . . 

Meridian  Fertilizer  Co.,  Meridian,  Mi.ss. . 

Blls.^ey  tV:  Son.'i,  Coluinbu.s.  Ga 

Greenville  Fertilizer  Co.,  Greenville,  S.  C. 

Virginia-Carolina  Chemical  Co.,  Meni- 
phi.s,  Tenn. 

Aiuiersnii  Fertilizer  Co.,  Ander.son,  S.  C. 

Georgia  Cliemieal  Works,  Home,  Ga  .  ..  . 

rhilip  Carey  Ma.nn[aeturing  Co.,  Lack- 
land, Ohio. 

E.  Rauh  Sons  Fertilizer  Co.,  Indianap- 
olis, Ind. 

Jackson  Fertilizer  Co.,  Jackson,  Miss — 

Scott  Bros.  FertiUzerCo.,  Elkton,  Md.  . 

C.  II.  Dempwolf  &  Co.,  York,  Pa 

A.  1'.  Brantley  Sons  Co.,  Blackshear,  Ga. 

Virginia  State  Fertilizer  Co.,  Lynch- 
burg, Vh. 

Grusellt  Cheniieal  Co.,  Itinningham,  Ala. 

Jareeki  Ctiemiejil  Co.,  Ciueiiuiati,  Ohio... 

Detroit  Clieniieal  Co.,  Detroit,  Mich 

Federal  Chemical  Co.,  Nashville,  Tenn... 

Southern  States  Fertilizer  Co.,  Savan- 
nah, Ga. 

Virginia-Carolina  Chemical  Co.,  Do- 
than,  .Via. 

Ohio  Farmers  Fertilizer  Co.,  Columbus, 
Ohio. 

Armour  Fertilizer  Co.,  Atlanta,  Ga 

Virginia-Carolina  Chemical  Co.,  Savan- 
nah, Ga. 

Merriinac  Chemical  Co.,  Boston,  Mass.. . 

Sayles  Uleaeheries.  SavlesviUe,  R.  I 

Bo'wker  Fertilizer  Co..  St .  Hernard,  Ohio. 

T.  I".  Shepard  iV-  Co.,  ITovidenee,  R.  I... 

Virginia-Carolina  Chemical  Co.,  Albany, 

Ga. 
Standard  Chemical  and  Oil  Co.,  Troy, 

Ala. 

F.  S.  Roystcr  Guano  Co.,  Colimibia,  S.  C. 

Grimth  &  Boyd 

Virginia-Carolina  Chemical  Co.,  Green- 

viUe,  S.  C. 


K(]uipinent. 


Four  intermediate  towers. 


Fifti'en   Gilchrist  eolunms 

and  fans. 
Nine  Gilchrist  (columns  and 

fans. 


I'ratt  system. 
I'ratt  system. 


Chamber 

capacity 

(cubic 

feet) . 


6,4(X),00O 


Two  Gilclirist  columns 

Three  Gilchrist  columns 


Four  intermediate  towers. . 


Five  tiilchrist  columns 

Thirteen  Gilchrist  columns. 
I'ratt  system 


lIolTman  intensifier. 


Seven  Gilchrist  columns, 
Meyer  Tangential 


178,  OOO 
22.5, 000 
435,000 

:)3i;,ooo 

4.50. 000 
143.0110 
90,000 
135,000 
135,000 

124,000 
200,000 
158,000 

101,000 

220, 000 
83, 000 
170, 000 
101,000 
148,000 

400,000 
140.000 
173, 000 
278, 000 
130,000 

100,000 


100,000 
120, 000 

202, 000 
10, 000 
141,000 
140,000 
100, 000 

150,000 

173, 000 

75,000 

200,000 


Sulphuric  acid  is  probably  useil  for  a  gi-eater  variety 
of  purposes,  especially  in  the  chemical  arts,  than  any 
other  substance.  Accor<lin<j  to  lounge,'  the  principal 
applications  are  the  following: 

I.  Ill  (I  more  or  less  iJihite  slalc  (.say  from  144°  Tw.  downwards). 
For  making  siil])liate  of  soda  (salt  cake)  and  hydrocliloric  acid,  and 
therefore  tiltimately  for  soila  ash,  bleaching  powder,  soap,  glass,  and 
inmnneralile  other  products.  Further,  for  superphosphates  and 
other  artilicial  manures.  These  two  apjjlifations  jiroljably  consume 
nine-tenths  of  all  the  sulphuric  acid  produced.  Further  applica- 
tions are  for  preparing  sulphurous,  nitric,  phosphoric,  hydrofluoric, 
boric,  carbonic,  chromic,  oxalic,  tartaric,  citiic,  acetic,  and  stearic 
acids;  in  preparing  phosphorus,  iodine,  iDromine,  the  sulphates  of 
potassium,  ammonium,  liarium  (blanc  fuc),  calcitim  (pcarl-hardcn- 
ing ) ;  esjiecially  also  for  precipitating  liaryta  or  lime  as  sulphates  for 
chemical  processes;  sulphates  of  magnesium,  aluminum,  iron,  zinc, 
copper,  mercury  (as  intermediate  stage  for  calomel  and  corrosive 
sublimate);  in  the  metallurgy  of  cojjper,  cobalt,  nickel,  platinum, 
silver;  for  cleaning  copper,  silver,  etc.;  for  manufacturing  potas- 
sium bichromate;  for  working  galvanic  cells,  such  as  are  used  in 
telegraphy,  in  electroplating,  etc. ;  for  manufacturing  ordinary  ether 
and  the  composite  ethers;  for  making  or  ]5urifying  many  organic 
coloring  matters,  especially  in  the  oxidizing  mixture  of  potassium 
bichromate  antl  sidphm-ic  acid;  for  parchment  j)ai)er;  for  purifWng 
many  mineral  oils,  and  sometimes  coal  gas;  for  manufacturing 
starch,  sirup,  and  sugar;  forthesaccharificationof  corn;  forneutral- 

'  Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  .Void  and  .Mkali,  c<lition  190.3,  pages 
11(19  and  1170. 


izing  the  alkaline  reaction  of  fermenting  licjiiors,  such  as  molasses; 
for  effervescent  ilrinks;  for  preparing  (allow  previously  l<j  melting 
it;  for  recovering  the  fatty  acids  from  soapsuds;  for  deslroj'ing  vege- 
table fibers  in  mixed  fabrics;  generally,  in  dyeing,  calico  printing,, 
tanning,  as  a  chemical  reagent  in  innunieralde  cases;  in  medicine 
against  lead  poisoning,  and  in  many  other  cases. 

II.  In  a  concenlraled  stale.  I'Vjr  manufacturing  the  fatty  acids  by 
distillation;  puiifying  colza  oil;  for  ptnifj-ing  benzene,  petroleum, 
parallin  oil,  and  other  mineral  oils;  for  drying  air,  especially  for 
laboratory  purjioses,  but  als<i  for  drying  ga.ses  for  manufacturing 
processes  (for  this,  weaker  acid  also,  of  140°  Tw.,  can  be  u.sedj;  for 
the  production  of  ice  liy  the  rapid  evaporation  of  water  in  a  vacuum; 
for  relining  gold  and  .41ver,  desilvering  copper,  etc.;  for  making 
organo-sulphonic  acids;  manufacturing  indigo;  jjreparing  many 
nitro  compounds  and  nitric  ethers,  especially  in  manufacturing 
nitroglycerin,  pyroxylin,  nitrobenzene,  jiicric  acid,  and  so  forth. 

III.  -Is  Sordhavsen  fii iiiirK]  oil  of  vitriol  (anhydride).  For  manu- 
facturing certain  organo-sulphonic  acids  (in  the  manufacture  of 
alizarin,  eo.sin.  indigo,  etc.);  for  p.urifjTng  ozokerite;  for  making 
shoe  blacking;  for  bringing  ordinary  concentrated  acid  up  to  the 
highest  strength  as  required  in  the  manufacture  of  pyroxylin  and 
other  purposes. 

It  is  of  value  to  know  the  extent  to  wluch  .suljiluiric 
acid  is  used  in  the  more  important  industries  in  which  it 
is  employed,  and  an  atteni])t  ha.s  been  made  to  ascer- 
tain tliis  by  an  investigatiijn  of  the  data  of  the  census 
of  1900.  For  purposes  of  comparison  the  various 
grades  of  acid  occurring  have  been  reduced  to  a  com- 
mon standard  of  5U°  liaunie.  The  results  of  this  in- 
vestigation are  set  forth  in  Table  17. 

Table  17. — Qiiaiititii  of  siil jilmrir  arid  roiisinmdjnr  ,'iperijie  purposes: 

WOU. 


Total  domestic  production 

Purposes  for  which  consumed : 

Fertilizer  manufacture 

Petroleum  refining 

Pickling  iron  and  steel 

.Mum  manufactiu'e 

Mixed  acids  manufacture 

Textile  industry 

Muriatic  acid  manufactine 

Nitric  acid  manufacture 

-\cetic  acid  manufacture 

Anunonium  sulpliate  manufacture 

Explosives  maiuifacture 

Blue  vitriol  manufacture 

Epsom  salt  manufacture 

Storage  l.iatteries 

Tartaric  acid  manufacture 

Iron  liquors  manufacture 

Boric  acid  manufacture 

Zinc  sulphate  manufacture 

All  other  purposes 


Tons. 


1,548,123 


S03,35S 

181, 7S2 

125,000 

71,426 

63,059 

50,000 

4S,7SO 

47,348 

17,814 

13,908 

13,500 

10,645 

2,773 

2,640 

1,503 

1:220 

707 

415 

92,275 


The  first  and  largest  item  for  the  separate  industries 
is  the  amount  actually  returned,  as  "'materials  usetr' 
and  as  "products  consumed,"  by  the  fertihzer  estab- 
lishments. The  second  is  estimated  from  the  amounts 
reported-  at  the  censuses  of  1880,  1890,  and  1905, 
since  no  report  was  recorded  for  1900.  The  third  is 
estimated  from  the  statement  of  F.  J.  Falding.'  in 
1905,  that  -'about  150,000  tons  of  60°  Baume  aciil  are 
used  yearly  in  the  iron  and  steel  industry  for  pickhng 
sheets,  wire,  etc.,  previous  to  galvanizing  or  tinning, 

-  Census  of  Mantifaclures,  190.5,  Bulletin  70.  page  11. 

^  Journal  of  Society  of  (Tiemical  Industry.  1905,  ^ol.  25,  page  403. 


412 


MANUFACTURES. 


and  this  must  contain  less  than  0.002  per  cent  of  As." 
Most  of  the  other  figures  were  obtained  by  stoiclaio- 
metrical  calculation  from  the  quantities  of  the  given 
products  returned.  It  has  been  the  endeavor  to  make 
the  estimates  conservative  and  to  avoid  duplication. 
Possibly  an  error  may  exist  in  the  item  of  alum,  owing 
to  the  use  of  ammonium  sulphate  or  of  sodium  sulphate 
from  nitric  or  hj-tlrochloric  acid  manufacture,  or  of 
natural  potassium  sulphate,  in  the  manufacture  of  the 
product  named,  but  the  quantity  of  sidphuric  acid  re- 
quired for  the  aluminum  sulphate  produced  is  large. 
It  is  to  avoid  duplication  that  certain  industries, 
known  to  make  use  of  large  quantities  of  sulphuric 
acid,  do  not  appear  in  the  list.  An  example  of  tlus  is 
found  in  the  manufacture  of  dyestuffs,  wliich  is 
omitted,  because  the  sulphuric  acid  of  tliis  industry  is 
already  accounted  for  in  the  nitric  and  mixed  acids 
placed  on  the  list.  Accepting  the  figures  of  this  list 
as  fairly  approximate,  it  appears  that  the  .sidphuric 
acid  used  in  the  fertilizer  industrj^  at  the  census  of  1900 
constituted  51.9  per  cent  of  the  total  quantity  of  sul- 
phuric acid  ])ro(liiced  in  that  census  year.  The  sul- 
phuric acid  used  in  petroleum  refuiing  formed  11.7  per 
cent,  and  that  used  in  pickhng  iron  and  steel  8.1  per 
cent,  or  these  tliree  industries  together  consumed  71.7 
per  cent  of  the  total.  Tliis  is  lower  than  the  estimates 
usually  given,  and  may  arise  from  the  fact  that  in  this 
investigation  the  acid  of  all  grades  has  been  reduced  to 
a  common  basis,  as  the  sulphuric  acid  used  in  the  fer- 
tilizer industry  is  50°  Baume  acid,  so  that  if  the  strong 
acid  used  in  many  other  industries  had  not  been  so 
reduced  for  ))urposes  of  comparison,  the  acid  used  in 
the  fertilizer  industry  would  have  appeared  to  form  a 
larger  percentage  of  the  total. 

Nitric  acid. — Nitric  acid,  th(>  second  suljstance  in 
this  subclass,  has  been  known  from  early  times.  The 
first  description  of  its  production,  so  far  as  is  now 
known,  appeared  in  778,  in  the  writings  of  Geber,  who 
made  it  by  distilling  niter  (potassium  nitrate)  with 
copper  sulphate  and  alum.  Raymond  Lullius,  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  gave  directions  for  making  it  by 
distilling  niter  with  .sulphate  of  iron.  Soon  iifter- 
wanls  Cilauber  oblainerl  it  by  distilling  niter  with  oil  of 
vitriol.  Nitric  acid  of  1  ..'!75  s[)e(ilic  gravity,  known  as 
gilder's  a((ua  fortis,  and  niailc  by  this  methfxl,  sold  in 
England  in  1771  for  57  cents  |)cr  pound,  \itric  acid 
was  manufactured  at  I'liiladclpliia  by  Carter  Miid 
Scattergooil  in  1s;m.  It  is  lo-day  niiulc  i-omiiicrciiilU' 
by  distil  ling  sod  in  in  nitrate  with  sidpiiuric  acid,  tliougli 
other  metliorls  are  now  compel ing  for  recognilion. 

The  quantity  and  \  nine  of  I  lie  I  olid  ii  mount  of  nil  tie 
acid  niaiiuraclured,  inciuiliiig  thai  produced  as  a  sub- 
sidiary product  and  lliat  jiroduced  and  consumed  in 
the  same  establishment,  was  ascerlaini'ii  iil  llie  ci'iisus 
of  1900,  the  value  assigiiecl  I  bat  |)roduced  and  con- 
sumr'd  in  the  .same  eslablislurieni  being  tlie  average 
valu(^  per  unit  for  llml  reported  for  I  lie  acid  produced 


for  sale.  Proceeding  in  the  same  way  for  the  census 
of  1905,  a  comparison  ma}"  be  instituted  between  the 
returns  for  each  census.     This  is  shown  in  Table  18. 

Table   18. — Xitric  acid — quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and 

1900. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per  cent 

1905 

1900 

increase. 

■108,380,387 

$5,232,527 

SO.  048 

'63,084,722 

$2,964,700 

$0,047 

45,295,665 
$2,267,827 

Value                            

76  5 

Value  per  pound 

1  Includes  62, UG.SOO pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $2,981,583.  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 
I         2  Includes  32,123,221  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $1,509,791.  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manulactured. 

The  increase  in  value  per  pound  may  have  arisen 
from  the  increased  cost  of  nitrate  of  soda,  or  from  the 
fact  that  a  larger  quantity  of  the  higher  grade  acid  was 
produced.  The  Census  form  of  inquiry  does  not 
specify  the  different  grades  of  nitric  acid,  and  all  of 
those  returned  are  embraced  in  a  common  total  in  the 
above  statistics. 

In  1900  it  was  estimatetl  that  to  produce  the  total 
amount  of  nitric  acid  reported  at  that  census  there 
would  have  been  required  43,841  tons  of  nitrate  of  soda 
and  47,348  tons  of  sulphuric  acid,  and  there  would 
have  been  52,609  tons  of  niter  cake  jiroduced  as  a  b)'- 
product.  Using  the  same  ]iroportions  for  the  returns 
at  the  census  of  1905,  there  would  have  been  required 
75,319  tons  of  nitrate  of  soda  and  81,344  tons  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  there  wouKl  have  been  produced 
90,383  tons  of  niter  cak(>  as  a  by-product.  These 
results  ai(>  necessarily  l)ut.  approximations,  because, 
as  mentioned  above,  the  many  different  commercial 
grades  of  nitric  acid  are  all  combined  in  tiie  figures 
used,  and  becaus(>  the  did'cHMit  methods  employed  give 
differiMil  yields. 

Tauli:    I'.K      .Xitricarid    nuinhcr  of  istahlishmnitx.   hij  .itatc.i:  1905 
and  1900. 


United  States. 


California... 

Colorado 

Connecticut. 


Illinois. 

Indiana 

Kansas 

MassachusettB. 

Maryland 

Micliiptn 

Missouri 

New  .lersoy. , .. 


41  1 

38 

7l 
1 

4 
1 

1 
3 

1    .. 
3 

1 

2 

..... 

I 

1 

New  York, 
ronnsvlvaiiia . 

Ohio 

Rhode  Island . 


1 

12 
4 
4 


Table  19  shows  a  total  gain  of  '■',  eslnhlishmenls.  At 
both  censuses  New  Jersey  innked  litsl  and  Calirornia, 
second.  Pennsylvania,  wliicii  shaicd  ihi' second  place 
with  Ciilirornia  and  .New  York  in  1900,  in  190.")  fell  to 
ihr  ihifd  place,  while  New  "^'otk  bccume  foiitlii. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALIAEI)  TJiUDUCTS. 


413 


Nitric  acid  is  usuiiliy  manufacturod  by  heating 
sodium  nitrate  witii  sidpliuiic  acid  in  iron  retorts. 
The  reactions  takinu;  place  arc  ](i()l)al)iy  somewhat 
complex,'  but  tlu^  initial  and  final  stajijes  may  be 
representetl  I)}'  tiie  etjiuilions: 

(a)  2NaN03+II,,SOi=N%SO,4-2HN03,  or 

(b)  NaXO;,4-ll2SO,  =  NaIISO,,  +  H.\0.,. 

If  the  proportions  of  the  nuxterials  used  be  such  that 
the  first  equation  holds,  the  temperature  which  ob- 
tains must  be  very  hi^h  in  order  that  it  may  be  real- 
ized, and  as  a  consequence  the  nitric  acid  produced 
may  be  partly  decomposed  before  it  leaves  the  retort. 
This  results  in  a  diminislied  yield,  and  a  product  lu<2;h  in 
nitrogen  oxides,  and  therefore  discolored.  Moreover, 
the  normal  sodium  sulphate  which  remains  solidifies  in 
the  retort  and  is  dilHcult  to  remove.  If,  on  the  con- 
trary, the  proportions  of  the  materials  be  those  indi- 
cated in  the  second  equation,  too  much  sulphuric  acid 
would  be  required  for  economic  operation,  unless  the 
nitric  acid  works  were  carried  on  in  connection  with 
soda  or  muriatic  acid  works  where  the  sodium  hydro- 
gen sulphate  coukl  be  used  in  a  "salt  cake"  furnace. 

As  a  rule  the  proportions  of  the  materials  put  into 
the  retort  are  such  as  to  produce  a  mixture  of  the  two 
sodiimi  sulphates  which  remains  liquid  at  the  final 
temperature  employed,  so  that,  after  the  nitric  acid 
has  been  formed  and  distilled  from  the  retort,  the 
niter  cake  may  be  run  off  from  the  retort. 

The  sodium  nitrate  used  is  purified  Chile  saltpeter 
containing,  when  dried,  from  9S  to  99  per  cent  of 
NaNOj,  and  should  be  free  from  sodium  chloride  in 
order  that  the  nitric  acid  may  not  be  contaminated 
with  hydrochloric  acid.  The  sulphuric  acid  used 
differs  with  the  strength  of  the  nitric  acid  sought. 
For  nitric  acid  above  1.38  specific  gravit}',  66°  Baume 
sulphuric  acid  is  used;  but  for  weaker  grades,  sul- 
phuric acid  from  the  lead  pan  evaporation,  of  about 
1.7  specific  gravity.  The  size  of  the  charge  emploj^ed 
in  difl'erent  factories  varies  necessarily  with  the  quan- 
tity of  acid  required,  but  charges  of  over  2,000  jiounds 
of  nitrate  with  somewhat  more  than  an  equal  weight 
of  sulphuric  acid  are  now  not  uncommon. 

The  retorts  used  most  commonly  have  been  cylin- 
drical in  form.  They  are  set  in  a  horizontal  position 
and  partly  inclosed  in  brickwork  above  a  grate.  More 
recent  forms  approach  the  shape  of  a  short  cylinder 
or  inverted  cone.  They  are  set  in  a  vertical  position 
and  entirely  inclosed  in  brickwork,  so  that  the  flame 
may  play  all  about  them.  The  horizontal  retorts  are 
provided  with  a  manhole,  and  the  vertical  with  a  tube, 
through  which  the  molten  niter  cake  maj'  be  run  off. 

A  system  long  used  for  condensing  the  nitric  acid 
vapors  from  the  retort  is  that  of  passing  them  through 
a  series  of  air-cooled  earthenware  Woulfe  bottles,  or 
hombonnes,  and  finally  to  a  coke  tower,  fed  with  water 


'  Journal  of  American  Chemical  Society.  1900,  vol.  23,  page  489. 


or  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  to  dissolve  the  vapors 
which  have  ('scajjcd  condensation.  I'sually  n(j  water 
is  ])hic('d  ill  the  Won  He  bottles  unless  a  weak  acid  is 
rccjuircd.  Sometimes  the  ^\  oulf(?  bottles  are  arranged 
in  step-like  positions,  caliecl  en  (osrade,  so  that  the 
acid  vapors  may  enter  the  system  in  the  oj)posite 
direction  from  that  in  wliicli  the  condensed  acid  is 
/lowing  down. 

(lutlmann  has  constructed  a  nitric  acid  condensing 
aj)j)aratus  of  vertical  (>arthenware  j)ij)es,  having  very 
tiiin  walls,  and  joined  at  tlu^  to])  by  1S()°  Ijends  of  the 
same  nuiteiial.  These  pipes  open  at  the  bottom  into 
a  slightly  inclined  collecting  pipe  of  earthenware,  which 
is  divided  by  diaj)hragms  into  sections  joined  by  U- 
tubes  passing  under  the  diaphragms.  The.se  dia- 
phragms force  the  acid  vapors  to  pass  up  one  l)ipc 
and  down  the  next  in  order  to  traverse  the  .system. 
The  system  of  pipes  may  be  air  cooled  or  water  cooled, 
and  thereby  the  acid  vapors  are  rapidly  condensed. 
The  inventor  also  introduces  an  injector,  fed  with  com- 
pressed air,  immediately  behind  the  exit  tube  from 
the  still,  and  thus  the  nitric  acid  vapors  are  rapidly 
drawn  off  and  mixed  with  hot  air. 

Hart's  condensing  apparatus  consists  of  a  series  of 
superposed  glass  or  earthenware  tubes,  slightly  in- 
clined to  the  horizontal,  which  starts  from  one  ver- 
tical standpipe  and  ends  in  anotlier.  Jets  of  water 
are  allowed  to  play  upon  the  tubes  from  above, 
which  by  evaporation  cools  the  nitric  acid  vapors 
within  the  inclined  tubes. 

In  the  Greisheim  process  a  reflux  cooler,  consisting 
of  a  Kohrmann  stoneware  worm  immersed  in  water 
kept  at  a  temperature  of  about  60°  C.  hj  the  heat  of 
the  operation  itself,  is  placed  l)ehind  the  retort  so  that 
the  acid  vapors  are  j)artly  condensed,  while  the  nitro- 
gen oxides  pass  on  to  a  tower  where  they  are  con- 
densed or  converted  and  recove  ed.  Through  this 
modification  a  very  pure  colorless  nitric  acid  may  be 
made  in  one  ojieration. 

Rohrmann  and  Lunge  have  devised  plate  towers, 
or  columns,  which  take  the  place  of  coke  towers,  and 
consist  of  large  stoneware  cylinders  filled  with  ))er- 
forated  ])lates  of  the  same  material,  of  such  form  and 
so  disj)osed,  one  above  the  other,  as  to  condense  anel 
concentrate  rapidly  the  vapors  rising  in  the  column. 
Such  towers  are  not  only  more  eflicient  than  coke 
towers,  but,  as  coke  reduces  nitric  aciil,  they  give 
better  yields. 

Valentiner's  process  is  one  in  which  a  vacuum  is 
produceil  in  the  retort  and  contlensing  apparatus  dur- 
ing the  distillation  of  the  nitric  acid. 

All  of  these  processes  are  in  use  in  this  country  in 
tliflerent  establishments.  The  results  of  the  ojieration 
of  Valentiner's  apparatus,  which  has  been  installed  in 
this  country-  since  the  taking  of  the  census  of  1900,  are 
set  forth  in  Table  20. 


414 


ALWUFACTURES. 


Table  20. 


-RESULTS  OF  NITRIC  ACID  DISTILLATION  OBTAINED  ^\TTH  THE  FIR,ST  TWO  VALENTINER  VACUUM 
APPARATUS  INSTALLED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES:  190-!. 


CHARGE. 

Theo- 
retical 
yield  in 
pounds 
of  100 
per  cent 
nitric  acid 
(Dounds). 

Recov- 
ered acid 

as  100 

per  cent 

nitric  acid 

(pounds) . 

DATE   OF  RUN. 

Niter. 

Sulphuric  acid. 

Nitric  acid. 

Per  cent 

01 
theory. 

Pounds.    Percent. 

Pounds.    Percent. 

Pounds. 

Percent. 

2,175 
2,200 

2,200 
2,200 
2,200 
2,200 
2,200 
2,200 
2.319 
2.200 
2,200 
2,200 
2,200 

97.7 
97.3 

97.3 
9S.5 
M.3 
9U.3 
96.3 
9ti.3 
96.3 
90.3 
96.3 
90.3 
96.8 

2,466 
2,466 
2,466 
2,5()0 
2.430 
2, -400 
2.3S3 
2.3S3 
2.475 
2.383 
2.3S3 
2,465 
2.600 
1.935 
2;  350 

95.8 
95.6 
95.6 
93.5 
96.0 
96.0 
93.6 
93.5 
93.5 
93.5 
93.5 
93.5 
96.0 
90.0 
93.5 

1,574 
1,587 
1,587 
1,605 
1,509 
1.569 
1.569 
1.569 
1,657 
1.669 
1,569 
1,569 
2,230 
2,166 
1,304 

1.559 
1,609 
1,537 
1,596 
1,544 
1.554 
1.060 
1.553 
1.649 
1,538 
1,564 
1,551 
2,20s 
2,153 
1,300 

99.0 

101.3 

96.8 

93.4 

98.4 

Mays 

99.0 

May  12                                                                                  

99.7 

Mav  13                                                                                                   

99.1 

Mav  14                                           1 

99.5 

May  10 

98.1 

99.7 

May  18                                                                                              

98.9 

Junf  4 

923 
2,735 
2,086 

71.3 
79.2 
62.5 

9S.7 
99.4 

99.7 

The  first  twelve  distillations  were  made  with  niter 
and  sulphuric  acid  nf  different  strencrths.  The  thir- 
teenth was  a  distillation  with  niter  and  Sulphuric 
acid,  but  charging  at  the  same  time  some  weak  and 
dirty  nitric  acid.  The  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  dis- 
tUlations  were  redistillations  of  weak  and  dirtj'  nitric 
acid  with  sulphuric  acid  only.  Ninety  per  cent  of 
the  yield  was  obtained  as  nitric  acid  of  93  to  96  per 
cent,  with  five-tenths  of  1  per  cent  and  less  of  nitrous 
acid.  By  redistillation  in  the  same  apparatus,  the 
nitric  acid  was  purified  and  concentrated  to  a  strength 
of  90  to  98  per  cent,  with  less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per 
cent  of  nitrous  acid. 

Although  for  a  long  time  sodium  nitrate  has  been 
practically  the  sole  commercial  source  of  nitric  acid, 
yet  in  the  last  five  years  many  attempts  have  been 
made  to  obtain  it  in  other  ways.  Ostwald  has  sought 
to  produce  it  from  ammonia  and  air  by  a  contact  proc- 
ess. This  would  necessitate  a  supply  of  cheap  am- 
monia in  order  that  the  manufacture  may  be  carried 
on  profitably.  Frank  proposes  to  make  this  am- 
monia from  calcium  cyananiid  prepared  from  ntmos- 
pheric  nitrogen. 

The  atmosphere  in  which  the  earth  is  enveloped 
consists  of  79.2  per  cent  of  nitrogen  and  20. n  jmt  cent 
of  oxygen  by  volume.  Its  depth  is  such  that,  calcu- 
lating from  the  i)ressure  it  exerts,  it  is  estimated  that 
the  air  existing  above  eacii  a<Te  of  ground  ((nitaiiis 
approximately  .3.'5,S.s()  tons  of  fi-ee  nitrogen.  .Natu- 
rally many  have  realize<l  what  important  icsults  would 
follow  if  a  means  could  be  devised  by  which  tills  nitro- 
gen could  ]>(•  made  to  combine  witii  the  o.wgeii  with 
which  it  is  inteniiingled  in  the  atmos])iieie.  As  early 
as  177-">  T'rieslley  n<ited  ihiit  nilrogi'ii  coniiiiiiiiids 
were  formed  when  electric  sjiai'ks  wei'e  ])assed  tlu'oiigh 
the  air,  and  not  Intig  after  ("avendish  produced  salt- 
peter by  ab.sorl>ing  air,  .so  treated,  in  caustic  pottish 
Hohitir>n.  Although  many  subse<|nent  observalioiis 
along  this  line  were  made  l)y  lierl  heiol ,  iiHiil  Kay- 
leigii,  and  many  others,  iid  niellKxl  for  iicciiiii|)iishing 


this  end  which  appeared  in  the  least  promising  was 
devised  until  Bradley  and  Lovejoy  were,  on  Septem- 
ber 30,  1902,  granted  United  States  patents  for  a 
method  and  apparatus.  Their  process,  which  was 
tried  by  the  Atmospheric  Products  Com]iany  of  Niag- 
ara Falls,  N.  Y.,  consisted  in  producing  in  the  air  a 
flaming  electric  arc  of  minimum  volume  by  the  rapid 
rotation  of  electrodes  carrying  high  tension  currents. 
While  nitric  acid  was  thus  produced,  the  process 
proved  too  costly,  and  the  experiments  ceased. 

Since  then  Birkeland  and  Eyde  have  devised  a  proc- 
ess wlaicli  has  been  put  into  operation  at  Nottoden, 
Norway.  In  their  device  the  flaming  arcs  produced 
by  high  tension  currents  are  made  to  move  to  and  fro 
tlirough  the  atmosphere  in  the  apparatus  by  exposure 
to  the  attraction  of  powerful  magnets.  This  apparatus 
is  characterized  by  a  narrow  air  chamber  through 
which  air  is  passed,  and  within  which  the  electrodes, 
placed  near  together,  are  arranged  between  the  poles 
of  a  strong  magnet  and  at  right  angles  to  these  poles. 
A  disk-shap(>d  or  deflected  electric  arc  is  thus  obtained 
perpendiciiliir  to  the  lines  of  force  of  the  magnetic 
field.  Three  such  furnaces  at  Nottoden,  using  .500 
kilowatts  and  .5,000  volts,  give  deflected  arcs  about  3 
feet  in  diameter.  This  process  has  been  operated  on 
a  very  considerable  scale.  According  to  ().  N.  Witt,' 
the  daily  jiroduction  now  amounts  to  1  ..'JtX)  kilos  of 
anhydrous  nil  tic  acid,  and  an  duljiut  of  .'iOO  to  (iOO 
kilos  of  nitric  acid  ])er  kilowatt  year  can  be  regularly 
maintained.  It  is  eviilent  that  Witt's  figures  siiii])ly 
set  f'lil  li  I  hr  nitric  acid  content  of  the  ])roduct  actually 
obtained,  lur  llie  W(>ak  nitric  acid  which  is  directly 
]iroduce<l  ill  tile  atmosphere  abdul  the  ele<lric  dis- 
charges must  he  combined  witii  a  i)asic  radical  in  order 
to  be  recovered.  I'^ir  this  puipose  the  nitrogen  com- 
pounds formed  are  absorbed  in  water  in  towei-s,  the 
weak  acid  being  expo.sed  repeatedly  lo  (lie  nitrogen 
oxides  until  it  attain.s  a  strength  of  .")i)  jxt  icnl.     The 


'  .Ii)iirii;ilnl  Sinii'ly  ..flliciiiiinl  I  lid  ii.'^t  ry,  1110.5,  vol.  -K,  ]>:ige699. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALTJED  P1U)DTTTS. 


415 


incompletely  oxidized  iiilr(i<;;en  oxides  wliieli  leave  the 
absorption  towers  are  ])assed  tlirouf^h  milk  of  lime  and 
then  over  ((uicklime,  and  are  tlierel)y  cunverted  {liieily 
into  calcium  nitrite.  This  is  treated  with  tlie  nitric 
acid,  throuijh  wliicli  calcium  nilra((!  is  formed  and 
nitrous  acid  set  free.  Tlie  latter  is  then  oxidized  to 
nitric  acid  and  sent  to  the  absorption  towers.  Tlie 
calcium  nitrate  has  hocn  offered  in  commerce  for  u.se 
as  a  fertilizer,  but,  as  the  normal  salt  is  extremely  de- 
licpiescent  and  therefore  troublesome,  it  is  now  con- 
verted into  the  more  ])ermanent  basic  calcium  nitrate 
by  the  addition  of  more  (luicklinic  or  of  calcium  sid- 
phate.  To  ol)tain  nitric  acid  of  merchantable  strength 
this  calcium  nitrate  must  be  distilled  with  sulphuric 
acid,  but  there  are  difficulties  in  the  way,  such  as  the 
formation  of  calcium  sulphate  that  is  not  easily  fusible. 
Thus  far  no  commercial  nitric  acid  seems  to  have  been 
formed  by  this  process. 

Notwithstanding  that  proces.ses  for  the  direct  pro- 
duction of  nitric  acid  from  atmospheric  nitrogen  have 
not  3'et  been  made  commercially  successful,  the  neces- 
sity for  other  sources  of  supply  is  so  pressing  and  in- 
creasing that  this  problem  will  ]irobably  be  solved 
before  the  next  census. 

Niter  cake,  the  by-product  of  tliis  industry,  is  known 
also  as  "sal  enixum;"  "Sally  Nixon,"  and  "cylinder 
cake."  Its  composition  approaches  that  of  sodium  hy- 
drogen sulphate  or  sodium  bisulphate,  but  it  frequently 
carries  considerable  adherent  sulphuric  acid.  It  gen- 
erallj'  contains  from  25  to  30  per  cent  of  "free  acid" 
or  "bisulphate  acid,"  calculated  as  SO3,  and  only  traces 
of  nitrate.  Much  of  this  material  has  in  the  past  been 
thrown  t)n  the  dumps,  greatl}*  to  the  injury  of  neigh- 
boring water  courses  and  of  surrounding  vegetation, 
but  it  may  be  utilized  in  many  ways.  By  fusing  it 
with  common  salt  the  latter  reacts  with  the  excess  sul- 
phuric acid  in  the  niter  cake  to  form  hydrochloric 
acid,  which  distills  otf  and  leaves  the  residue  composed 
entirely  of  salt  cake.  By  treating  phosphate  rock  with 
niter  cake,  superphosphate,  mixed  with  sodium  sul- 
phate, is  produced.  By  reaction  of  a  solution  of  niter 
cake  in  water  with  lime  water,  calcium  sulphate, 
which  may  be  used  as  a  pigment  in  paint  making  or  as 
a  filler  in  paper  making,  is  produced,  together  with 
Glauber's  salt.  Other  instances  occur  in  which  the 
excess  acid  in  niter  cake  may  be  used  in  substitution 
for  the  more  costly  sulphuric  acid,  and  its  use  is  ex- 
tending. 

Mixed  acids. — Mixed  acids,  produced  by  mixing  sul- 
phuric acid  with  nitric,  have  been  used  in  this  country 
on  a  consideral)le  commercial  scale  since  the  gun 
cotton  and  nitroglycerin  industries  were  established, 
and  their  use  has  become  common  in  other  chemical 
industries.  The  statistics  of  this  industry  were  re- 
])orted  separately  only  at  the  census  of  1900  and  at  the 
present  census.  By  assigning  to  the  acid  reported  as 
produced  and  consumed  the  same  value  per  unit  as 


that  found  for  the  acid  reported  as  produced  for  sale, 
the  comparison  set  forth  in  Table  21  may  be  made. 

Table  21. — Mixed  acids — quaidUy  and  lalue  0/  products:  190.5  and 

I'JOO.. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

1905 

191)0 

O'Kintitv,  pound.s  

>no,(m,'.m 

$4,142,147 
so, 029 

=  13.5, 010, Oll.j 

S.1,.';3.'i,43l 

SO.  020 

5,0.W,Sri4 

sax;,7iu 

3,7 

\alur..'. 

17.2 

Vahn*  per  pound. ..  .          .  . 

'  Includes  7.5,337,632  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  S2,184,791,  consumed 
in  establishnionts  whpro  nuinnlactured:  and  also  the  mixed  acids  produced  in 
establishments  cng.igi-d  pntnarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

'-=  Includes  03,241.27tt  pfiinds,  with  tin  assi^ed  value  of  S2, 424. 273,  consumed 
in  establishments  where  manufactured;  and  also  the  mixed  acids  produced  in 
establishments  engaged  primarily  in  llu;  manufacture  of  other  products. 


The  data  ])resented  in  Table  21  show  that  this 
industry  is  steadily  growing  and  that  the  larger  part 
of  the  material  is  produced  in  establishments  in  which 
it  is  consumed  in  further  manufacture.  This  fact 
tends  to  make  it  difficult  to  .secure  complete  returns 
of  the  industry,  for  while  manufacturers'  books  usually 
show  records  of  the  materials  purchased,  the  stock  on 
hand,  and  the  products  sold,  they  often  may  fail  to 
show  the  materials  produced  and  consumed  in  further 
manufacture.  This  may  explain  the  decrease  in 
amount  of  produced  and  consumed  mixed  acids  that 
was  returned  at  the  census  of  1905  as  compared  with 
that  for  1900.  The  decrease,  however,  may  be  but 
partly  due  to  this  cause,  for  during  the  period  since 
1900  the  practice  of  rebuilding  the  .spent  acids  for 
further  use  has  been  greatly  extended.  Hence  wliile 
from  the  standpoint  of  use  and  of  the  (piantity  of 
material  nitrated  the  quantity  of  mixed  acids  employed 
may  have  increased  largeh',  yet  as  the  larger  portion 
of  this  rebuilt  acid  is  used  over  and  over  again,  the 
total  quantity  used  in  the  industry  ma}-  have  been 
less. 

Table  22. — Mixed  acids — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905 

and  1900. 


1905 


United  States. 


California 

Connecticut 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iviinsas 

Massachusetts. 

Mirhigan 

New  .lersey 

New  York 

Pennsvlvania.. 
Ohio.; 


1900 


There  has  been  an  increase  in  the  total  number  of 
establishments  at  the  census  of  1905  as  compared  with 
1900  of  10,  or  45.5  per  cent.  New  Jersey  has  ranked 
first  at  both  censuses,  and  is  followed  at  the  cen.sus  of 
1905  by  New  York  and  California  in  the  order  named. 
No  other  state  has  at  this. census  shown  m  >re  than  two 
establisliments. 


416 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  23  shows  the  distribution  of  this  industry, 
based  on  the  output  of  the  different  geograpliic  divi- 
sions at  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905. 

Table  23. — Mixed  acids — quantity  of  products,  by  geographic  divi- 
sions: 1905  and  19U0. 


DIVISION. 

1905 

1900 

United  States 

Pounds. 
140,668,9.59 

Pounds. 
135, (UO, 095 

North  \tlaDtic                                                   .... 

96,400,122 
29,400,758 
14,868,079 

49,834,129 

31,053,966 

54,720,000 

.Although  there  was  an  increase  of  46,565,993  pounds 
in  the  North  Atlantic  chvision,  yet  in  the  North  Cen- 
tral and  Western  di\'isions  tliere  was  a  decrease  due 
undoubtedly  to  the  operation  of  the  causes  set  forth 
above  in  the  discussion  of  Tal)le  21. 

Mixed  acids,  as  used  in  the  various  industries  and  for 
different  purposes,  vary  in  their  relative  contents  of 
nitric  and  of  sulphuric  acid.  As  an  example  there  may 
be  cited  the  following: 

Percentage  composition  of  various  mixed  acids. 


UANUFACTUBE. 


Nitroglycerin 

Gun  cot  ton 

Pyrocellulose 

Pyroxylin  for  plastics 

Pyroxylin  for  smokeless  powder.. 


These  percentages  are  generally  approximations, 
and  the  data  are  given  in  terms  of  real  sulphuric  and 
nitric  acids.  Tliere  are  other  compositions  used  in  the 
coal  tar  dye  industry  and  otlicr  industries,  1ml  by  far 
the  largest  amount  is  consumed  in  the  manufacture  of 
nitri)glycerin.  It  may  therefore  l)e  fairly  a.ssuined  that 
the  average  composition  of  the  entire  cjuantity  of 
mixed  acid  is  approximately  62  per  cent  of  ILSO.,  and 
30  i)er  cent  of  nitric  acid,  the  remainder  consisting  of 
water,  nitrogen  oxides,  and  impurities.  Proceeding 
in  this  way  it  wouM  appear  that  at  the  census  of  1900 
there  were  used  in  tlie  making  of  mixed  acids  63,059 
tons  of  50°  Baum6  sulphuric  acid  and  20,342  tons  of 
nitric  acid,  and  that  at  the  census  of  1905  there  were 
used  for  this  |)iirp<)se  65,411  tniis  of  50'^  Baiime  sul- 
phuric acid  and  21,10(1  ions  (if  nitric  acid. 

Mixed  acids  are  iiuiiiufncliin'd  l)y  mixing  siili)liiiric 
and  nitric  acids,  of  I  lie  strength  and  in  the  |)ro])()rtioiis 
rec|uired  for  thi'  |)iir|)iisc  tn  whirli  (lie  |)r<idiict  is  to  be 
put.  The  Mii.xtiire  takes  piiicc  in  iron  tanks,  and  is 
proiiinted  liy  stirring  with  paddles  or  with  compressed 
air. 

The  melliod  of  rebiiililiiig,  or  regenerating,  mixed 
acids,  which  is  in  use  at  the  I 'iiiteci  Stales  .Naval  Smoke- 
less P()W<ler  Factory  at  Jndiiiii  I  Icail,  Mil.,  has  been  de- 
scribed by  G.  W.  Patterson.'     At  thi.s  factory  the  acid 

'  Hericht  V.  Inlfirnationalr-r  Kongroiw  fCir  AnKcwaiidtf  fhrniio, 
1004,  Vol.  II,  i.!ig(-)7'l. 


is  used  in  making  a  cellulose  nitrate  which  must  contain 
12.5  per  cent  of  nitrogen  and  be  soluble  in  a  mixture  of 
two  volumes  of  ethyl  ether  and  one  volume  of  95  per 
cent  ethyl  alcohol. 

The  allowed  limits  of  variation  in  this  product  are  so  small  that 
every  detail  in  the  nitrating  process  requires  to  be  carefully  checked 
and  accounted  for.  The  exact  strength  of  the  nitrating  acids  is  most 
important,  and  every  batch  of  acid  must  confoi-m  to  a  certain  stand- 
ard. The  acids  used  for  the  manufacture  of  this  grade  of  nitrocellu- 
lose are  a  mixture  of  approximately  56  per  cent  of  HoSO^,  29  per  cent 
of  HNO3,  and  15  per  cent  of  HjO.  With  such  a  mixture,  it  is  the 
usual  practice  to  regenerate  the  spent  acids  by  the  addition  of  a  mix- 
ture of  strong  sulphuric  and  nitric  acids,  this  mixture  being  given  the 
name  of  fortif\-ing  acid. 

*  *  *  All  luindling  of  mixtures  of  nitric  and  sulphuric  acid  is 
carried  on  in  cylindrical  steel  tanks,  connected  by  hea\'y  2J-incli 
pipes,  one  pipe  for  receiNing  acid,  the  other  for  deliACring.  Iron 
cocks  on  these  pipes  control  the  flow  of  acid.  <'ompressed  air  at  20 
pounds  pressure  is  used  entirely  for  mixing  and  transfer  of  acid. 
The  air  pipes  are  1  inch  in  diameter,  and  in  tanks,  where  mixing  is 
done,  the  pipe  is  extended  inside  the  tank  and  along  its  entire  length 
just  clearing  the  bottom.  The  end  of  the  pipe  is  plugged  and  a  row 
of  holes  drilled  in  the  underside  of  the  pipe  forms  an  air  chamber  of 
the  pipe,  allowing  the  air  to  escape  along  its  entire  length  simultane- 
ously. A  tank  23  feet  6  inches  long  and  5  feet  in  diameter  holds  con- 
veniently 42,000  pounds  of  mixed  acid;  one  35  feet  long  and  6  feet 
in  diameter  holds  90,000  pounds.  Each  tank  is  provided  with  a 
1-inch  vent  hole  through  a  flange  in  the  top.  Wieii  air  pressiu-e  is  lo 
be  applied  to  the  tank  this  hole  is  closed  by  a  wooden  plug. 

The  tanks  are  arranged  close  together  in  a  l)attery,  two  of  the 
90,000-pound  tanks  for  spent  acids;  8  of  the  42,000-pound  tanks  for 
mixed  acid,  fortifpng  acid,  and  98  per  cent  .sidphuric  acid;  one 
42,000-pound  tank  mounted  on  a  platform  scale  as  a  woigliing  tank  is 
connected  by  permanent  2i-in(li  pipe  to  the  other  tanks,  as  it  is 
founil  that  a  15-feet  lead  of  pipe  is  sulHcient  to  prevent  any  influence 
on  the  weighing. 

Spent  acid  having  been  collected  in  a  tank  to  the  amount  of  85,000 
lo  90.000  pounds,  it  is  mixed  by  blowing  air  through  it  for  one  hoiu', 
sampled,  and  carefully  analyzed.  The  proper  quantities  of  fortify- 
ing acid  and  sulphuric  acid  or  nitric  acid,  as  the  case  may  be,  to  be 
added,  are  calculated;  34,000  pounds  of  the  spent  acid  arc  trans- 
ferred to  the  weighing  tank,  and  the  other  necessary  acids  are  then 
transferred  to  the  weighing  tank.  .\ir  pressure  is  now  put  on  the 
weighing  tank  and  the  whole  charge  transferred  to  a  mixing  lank, 
where  it  is  mixed  one  hour  by  bhnnng  air.  .\naly.scs  of  the  mixed 
acid  invariably  agree  with  the  calculation.  Two  imporlanl  reciuirc- 
ments  are  necessary  for  accurate  work:  (1)  The  weighing  tank  must 
have  an  inside  air  pipe  to  give  a  preliminary  mixing  and  lo  entirely 
clear  the  tank  of  acid;  (2)  If  less  than  one-half  a  lank  of  acid  is 
liciiig  mixed,  the  circulation  is  not  so  good,  and  a  longer  time  is 
r('c|uirod  to  mix  the  charge,  up  to  one  hour  and  a  half  or  two  houi-s. 
.\n  air  pressure  of  20  jiounds  will  IniiislVr  1,000  pounds  of  acid  |icr 
minute. 

*  *  *  The  numl)er  of  limes  (hat  a  sjient  acid  may  l>o  regener- 
ated appears  to  1)0  unlimiled,  jirovided  (he  amounl  of  X.jOj  docs  not 
exceed  the  limit  of  5.5  per  cent.  The  acid  at  j)re.sent  in  use  in  ihc 
factory  has  been  regenerated  at  least  150  limes  and  remains  piacli- 
cally  unchanged.  The  amount  of  suspended  nitrocellulose  in  (lie 
spent  aciil  under  normal  condilions  is  less  than  O.Ol  per  ccnl ,  w  liilr 
tlio  total  iron  jiresenl  calculaled  as  Fe  is  only  0.025  per  ccnl  I  )ui- 
ing  the  winter  nionllis  there  is  a  slight  but  constant  decrease  in  lower 
oxides  in  llie  spent  aci<l,  while  in  Ihe  summer  monllis  ilu'y  increa.se. 
The  nilroccllulo.sc  in  suspension  in  mixed  a<'ids  is  conlinually  dis- 
composing, and  if  allowed  tosland  umlislurbed,  enliri'ly  ili.sapjicars. 

*  •  *  Tlic  f.irdfyingacid  con(ains  44  iier  cen(  lt,S(lj,  IS  lo  l!l 
perceiU  II  N(  );„  and  0,2  to  2  percent  N./)4,  with  a  total  acidily  of  91 
|icr  <  ciil       I II  preiiaring  tliis  acid,  the  precaiKioii  is  lakcn  lo  have  a 


("iii:mi('als  and  allied  imjoducts. 


417 


surtk'ieiil  ainoiinl  of  nitri<'  arid  coiituineci,  so  ihut  no  nitric  acid,  as 
such,  must  1)C  added  to  the  wpent  acid  for  rcgoncralion.  It  is  ana- 
lyzed by  the  same  methods  as  are  used  for  other  mixed  acids,  and 
must  contain  only  traces  of  clilorine  and  no  metallic  salts,  except 
salts  of  iron.  This  acid  is  handled  and  treated  in  exactly  the  same 
way  as  mixed  acids  of  less  sirength. 

Class  I.  B. — Other  Acids. 

The  subclass  "other  acids"  includes  all  of  the  sub- 
stances a])pearing  in  commerce  which  are  styled  acids 
by  the  chemist,  except  sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed 
acids.  At  the  census  of  1900  the  ([uantities  and  values 
of  the  hytlrochloric,  boric,  acetic,  tartaric,  tannic,  and 
gallic  acids  reported  were  set  forth  separately.  The 
quantities  and  values  of  the  lactic  and  citric  acids  re- 
ported were  combined  in  the  presentation,  since  there 
were  less  than  three  independent  establishments  re- 
porting these  ])roducts.  As  our  industries  expand  and 
become  more  diversified,  the  number  of  ilill'erent  acids 
for  which  returns  may  be  separately  published  will 
undoubtedly  increase,  ft)r  new  and  useful  purposes  to 
wliich  they  may  be  applied  in  the  arts  are  frequently 
being  discovered. 

Table  2-t. — "Olhrr  acids" — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and 
per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Safaried    officials,    clerics,    etc. 

num  ber 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Misct'llaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


1905 


1900 


11 
S4, 867,350 

123 

$208, 310 

G92 

8428, 989 

S203, 390 

$1,605,649 

$2, 726,  487 


$2,360 


$90; 

8205, 

869, 

$945, 

$1,848, 


13 

787 

09 
440 
446 
715 
770 
955 
348 


Percent 
Increase.  ,       of 

increase. 


12 
$2,496,503 

54 
,870 
246 
$163,274 
$133, 620 
$059, 094 
$878, 139 


$117 


115.4 
105.8 

78. 3 
130.0 
55.2 
61.4 
191.5 
69.7 
47.5 


1  Decrease. 


From  Table  24  it  appears  that  though  there  has  been 
a  decrease  in  the  number  of  principal  est  ablishme tits  in 
this  subclass,  due  probably  to  the  products  being  more 
frequently  manufactured  in  establishments  where  other 
substances  having  a  larger  value  are  also  produceil,  yet 
in  every  other  item  there  has  been  a  marketl  increase. 
The  percentage  of  increase  in  miscellaneous  expenses 
and  co.st  of  materials  has  been  far  greater  than  in  value 
of  products;  and  the  percentage  of  increase  in  salaries 
much  greater  than  that  in  wages. 

Muriatic  acid. — Muriatic  acid,  in  some  respects  the 
most  important  member  of  this  subclass,  lias  been 
known  also  as  spirit  of  salt,  chlorhydric  acid,  and  hy- 
drochloric acid.  It  is  a  solution  of  hydrogen  chloi-ide, 
HCl,  in  water,  and  occurs  in  commerce  in  various 
strengths.  Basil  Valentine,  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
was  the  first  to  describe  its  preparation,  prod.ucing  it  by 
heating  a  mixture  of  common  salt  and  green  \-itriol, 
although  Geber,  whose  work  was  accompUshed  in  the 
second  half  of  the  eighth  century,  made  use  of  aqua 
regia,  which  is  a  mixture  of  hydrochloric  ami  nitric  acids. 


It  is  a  curious  point  in  chemical  history  that  muriatic 
acid,  which  at  [)res('n(  is  so  chea|),  and  which  has  at 
timesbeen  considered  almost  wcjrt  hless,  was  in  Glauber's 
time  (1604  to  IGOS)  the  most  costly  of  the  mineral 
acids.' 

The  condition  of  the;  muriatic  acid  industry  as  such 
is  ascertained  by  combining  the  returns  from  all  estab- 
lishments in  which  it  was  manufactured  either  as  a 
princi[)al  or  subsidiary  product  together  with  the  fig- 
ures for  that  consumed  in  further  manufacture,  the  lat- 
ter being  given  the  same  value  per  unit  as  was  found 
for  the  former.     The  results  are  set  forth  in  Table  25. 

T.\BLE  35. —  Muriatic  acid — quantity  and  value  of  products:   1905 
and  moo. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

190S 

1900 

1188,538,390 

$1,730,231 

SO.  0(19 

M.34,229,012 

$1,173,900 

$0,009 

54,309,384 
8556,331 

Value 

47  4 

Value  per  pound 

1  Includes  61,035,714  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $549,321,  consumed 

in  establishrnL'nis  where  manufactured;  and  also  the  muriatic  acid  produced 
in  est  a  hi  us  h  men  ts  engaged  primarily  n\  the  manufaettire  of  other  products. 

2  Includes  17. .J.53,9U.i  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $1.57,985,  consumed 
in  establishments  where  manufactured:  and  also  the  muriatic  acid  produc-ed 
inestaJjlishmeuts  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

The  marked  increase  shown  in  the  amount  pro- 
duced and  consumed  indicates  that  in  this  industry, 
as  in  those  previoush^  discussed,  there  is  a  healthy 
tendency  to  realize  the  profit  which  accrues  from 
further  elaboration  of  the  jiroducts  of  a  chemical 
industry. 

The  quantity  of  muriatic  aci<l  given  in  the  table 
includes  all  grades.  The  ordinary  muriatic  acid  of 
commerce  contains  40  per  cent  by  weight  of  dr}' 
hydrogen  chloride.  Assuming  the  entire  product 
reported  in  1900  to  be  of  this  grade,  there  would  have 
been  required  for  its  production  about  41,427  tons  of 
common  salt  and  54,582  tons  of  50°  Baume  sulphuric 
acid,  while  there  would  have  been  produced  52,624  tons 
of  salt  cake.  For  the  quantity  returned  in  1905  there 
woulil  have  been  required  59,700  tons  of  salt  and 
78,659  tons  of  50°  Baume  sulphuric  acid,  while  there 
would  have  been  75,836  tons  of  salt  cake  produced. 
The  above  calculation  is  based  on  the  further  assump- 
tion that  the  acid  was  producetl  entirely  l)y  the  action 
of  suli^huric  acid  on  common  salt,  for  if  niter  cake 
were  used  with  the  common  salt  it  would  not  only 
replace  the  sulphuric  acid,  but  also  a  part  of  the  salt 
required  for  the  production  of  the  quantity  of  salt 
cake  desired.  No  definite  information  is  at  hand  as 
to  the  extent  to  which  niter  cake  is  used  in  this  in- 
dustry, but  there  are  indications  which  suggest  that 
upward  of  20  per  cent  of  the  common  salt  may  be 
thus  re]ilace(l,  and  of  course  a  lesser  amount  of  sul- 
phuric acid. 

'E.  von  Meyer,  History  of  Chemistry,  1891,  page  507. 


418 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  26. — Muriatic   acid — number  of   estahlishmaUs.    by   stales: 
1905  and  1900. 


1903 


1900 


United  States. 


California  — 

Colorado 

Connecticut. 
Illinois. 


130 


2  31 


Indiana 

Kansas 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan 

Missouri 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Pennsylvania.. 
Ohio 


1  Includes  25  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products.  ,  ,    ^^ 

s  Includes  18  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

From  Table  26  it  appears  that  there  has  been  an 
increase  of  5  in  the  number  of  estabhshments,  or  16.1 
per  cent.  Pennsylvania,  which  was  second  in  rank  in 
1900,  passes  to  the  first  place,  while  New  York,  which 
was  third,  now  shares  second  place  with  New  Jersey, 
which  was  first  in  1900.  California  now  ranks  third. 
No  other  of  the  states  reports  more  than  3  establish- 
ments. 

Table  27  shows  the  geographic  distribution  of  the 
industry  according  to  the  quantity  of  the  output  at 
the  censuses  of  1900  and  190.5. 

Table  27. — Muriatic  acid— quanlitij  of  products,  by  geoyrapliic  divi- 
sions: 1905  and  1900. 


DmSION. 

1905 

1900 

Pounds. 
188, 538,  .196 

POUTUIS. 

134,229,012 

121,125,924 

61,861,4.« 

5,551,019 

89,257,974 

37,495,038 

7, 476, 000 

From  Table  27  it  appears  tliat  there  has  been  an  in- 
crease in  every  one  i)f  the  divisions  ])rosented  except 
in  the  Western.  There  a|)i)ears  no  evident  cause  for 
this  exceptioti. 

Muriatic  aciil  is  inanufuctured  by  heating  common 
salt  witli  suijiliiiric  acid  or  with  niter  cake.  The  roast- 
ing is  carried  on  in  salt  cake  furnaces  of  either  t lie  form 
known  as  tlie  "  open  roaster,"  which  consists  of  a  cast- 
iron  pan  and  a  revcrlx'ratorv  lieartli,  or  the  "closed 
roaster,"  in  wliiili  llir  |>iiii  and  hcurlli  iiic  iiiduscd  in  a 
brick  or  fire  clay  niulllc  in  order  to  j)revent  the  soot  and 
dust  from  the  lire  reaching  tlie  acid  vaj)ors  and  min- 
gling with  them.  During  the  .second  stage  of  tlic  (noc- 
ess,  when  sul|)luiric  acid  is  used,  or  throughout  it,  wiien 
niter  cake  is  used,  tlie  cliarge  must  Ix'  constantly 
stirred  to  prevent  "crusting,"  of  Jidhrrin^'  to  i  lie  hcnrth. 
This  has  1)een  accomplished  l)y  tlu'  use  of  a  "ral)l)lc" 
workc<i  liy  liHiid,  but  in  the  more  modern  Mactear  fur- 
nace it  is  cfrcctcd  i)y  n  mci'lianical  device.  Tin'  iidd 
vapors  are  ai)sorl)ed  in  water.  Formerly,  and  to-day 
still  to  some  extent,  this  was  done  by  the  passage  of  tiie 


vapors  through  Woulfe  bottles,  placed  en  cascade  and 
leading  to  a  coke  tower.  The  Lunge-Rohrmarm  plate 
tower  will  largely  replace  both,  especially  when  com- 
bined with  long  cooling  pipes  exposed  to  the  air,  so 
that  the  vapors  may  be  cooled  before  coming  in  con- 
tact with  the  water.  A  recent  device  for  absorbing 
the  vapors  is  found  in  the  Cellarius  tourill,  or  jar. 

The  results  of  a  year's  run  with  air  cooling,  using 
salt  containing  from  97  to  98  per  cent  of  sodium  chlo- 
ride, is  shown  in  Table  28. 

Table    28. —  Muriatic  ofid  produced  icith    Cellarius  jars  during  a 
twelve  months'  run. 


September 
October. . . 
November. 
December. 
January... 
FeliruaVy. 
March-.'... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 


Salt 
(pounds) . 


20°  acid 
produced 
(pounds) . 


205, 926 
229,  416 
215,309 
213,688 
250.6.')4 
197,802 
187, 160 
101,560 
245, 858 
226,311 
210,080 
218, 196 


431,992 
456, 156 
397,370 
412.660 
490.490 
390, 337 
3.55,605 
190, 740 
469.396 
442. 064 
405. 556 
416, 699 


Yield 
per  100 
pounds 
of  salt. 


209.8 
198.8 
184.6 
193.1 
195.7 
107.3 
190.0 
187. 8 
190.9 
195.3 
193.  0 
191.0 


Acetic  acid. — Acetic  acid,  as  considered  in  the  census 
returns,  does  not  include  the  dilute  acetic  acid,  pro- 
duced by  the  fermentation  of  diluted  alcoholic  liciuids 
or  by  the  oxiilation  of  alcohol,  and  known  as  vinegar. 
The  grades  of  acetic  acid  fouml  in  commerce  contain 
from  28  to  90  per  cent  of  real  acetic  acid,  and,  unlike  the 
other  liquid  acids  in  commerce,  it  is  graded  by  its  real 
acetic  acid  contents  instead  of  hy  its  specific  gravity, 
because  a  50  per  cent  solution  of  acetic  acid  possesses 
about  the  same  specific  gravity  as  anhydrous  acetic 
acid. 

This  acid,  in  the  form  of  vinegar,  was  known  to  the 
ancients.  It  is  mentioned  by  Mo.ses  in  Numlicrs  vi,  3. 
Hippocrates  employed  it  in  medicme.  Hannibal  is 
said  to  have  softened  rock  by  fire  and  vinegar  during 
his  passage  over  tlie  Alps.  Acetic  acid  in  its  more  con- 
centrated form  was  known  to  (iel)er  and  to  Stall!  as 
being  produced  by  the  distillation  of  verdigris,  wliicii 
is  an  acetate  of  cojipcr.  It  is  to-day  made  by  di.s- 
tilling  brown  or  gray  acetate  of  lime  witli  concentrated 
muriatic  acid,  or  sodium  acetate  w  itli  sul|)lniric  acid. 

'Pahle  20. — Acetic  acid — ipiuntily  ami  raliir  if  priiductx:  1905  and 

1900. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

I'cr  cent 

of 
incrtsose. 

1905 

1900 

Quantity,  poundH 

120,600,021 

1.507,235 

to.  02 

■27,875,222 

t440,320 

$0,010 

1.6,30,709 
$1.W,909 

.5.9 

Value 

33.8 

'  Includes  2,431.741  ponnds.  witli  an  iisulKned  value  of  J2S.(l.ri,  couNunied  In 
rstHblmliiiieiilH  whiTi'  iiiiimifiiclnrcd;  iiml  iilso  nccllcncid  prnduci'd  In  cstublixh- 
iiir-nlH  ciigiigi'd  prjiuiirilv  in  Uic  iniinufuctnny  of  other  produi-t.s. 

'Includes  I.L'M.iai?  JmmiiicI..-.  wlili  iin  asslt;ne<l  value  of  JHi,434.  coimumed  In 
estijblisliinents  where  iniinuliielnreil:  iind  iilsriaeellciicld  produced  In  eNliilillsh- 
mi'Uls  cngiigeil  priniiirlly  In  the  iniiinifiictun'  ot  other  products. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


419 


This  comparison  .sliows  fliat  tlic  iicetic  acid  industry 
is  characterized  hy  the  same  tendency  as  that  pointed 
out  in  industries  already  ])resentcd,  for  wliile  the  in- 
crea.se  in  the  total  quantity  of  acetic  acid  is  but  5.9 
per  cent,  the  increase  in  tiiat  produced  and  consumed 
is  100.2  per  cent. 

Table  .'iO. — Acetic  acid — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1H05 
and  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

■ 

United  States - 

12 

14 

Illinois 

2 

1 
3 

Massachusetts         

2 

2 

5 
1 
2 

2 

New  York                                                                  

3 

3 

From  Table  30  it  appears  that  the  number  of  estab- 
lishments returned  as  produciuij  acetic  acid  was 
smaller  bj'  2  in  190.5  than  in  1900.  Nevertheless  both 
the  quantity  and  value  of  the  product  for  1905  were 
larger  than  for  1900. 

All  other  acids. — Table  31  contains  the  returns  for 
all  acids  not  already  presented,  by  quantity  and 
value,   for  the  censuses  of   1905  and  1900. 


Tahle    .31. — Minor   acids — number    of  establishments   and  quan- 
tity and  value  of  products:  1905  and  1900. 


1906 

1900 

ACID. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
Ush- 
ments. 

Quantity 
(pounds). 

Value. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Quantity 
(pounds). 

Value. 

7 
4 
6 
3 
9 
5 
3 
7 

6,956,896 

*.i?7-i<in 

3 

>3 

i 

w 
u 

2,684,935 

"3,888,382 

698,000 

(»\ 

(') 
282,S1S 

S198,212 

Citric 

2,265,6:11       .=¥18.718 

'  xa,  297 
34,890 
(•) 

^:; 

135,662 
1,151,819 

Uydrotiuoric 

Lactic 

Phosphoric 

Pyroiigncous 

Tannic 

2,9:i2,:j5S 
2,!«6,Sri5 

991,050 
11,240 

715,500 

151,218 
1.58,911 
68,541 

i',4:ii 
195, i:« 
975,551 

1  Includes  lactic. 

2  Inciuded  in  citric. 

3  Less  than  3  estat)lishntents:  included  in  "other  acids." 
*  None  reportt'd. 

i-  Includes  ptiUic.  salicylic,  stearic,  and  tartaric  acids  in  1905  and  1900.  and 
phosphoric  and  oleic  wids  in  1900. 

The  figures  of  Table  31  are  only  for  acids  produced 
for  sale  and  do  not  include  such  as  were  consumed 
where  produced. 

The  statistics  for  acids  imported  from  1891  to  1905 
are  given  m  Table  32.  The  data  have  been  compiled 
from  Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States, 
published  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics. 


Table  32.— ACIDS— IMPORTS  FOR  CONSUMPTION:  1891  TO  190.5. 


TEAK  ENDING 
JUNE  30— 


SVLPHURIC  ACID, 
OR  OIL  OF  VIT- 
RIOL   (N.  E.  S.V  I 


SULPHURIC   ACID.l 


1891 

15,377 

1892 

8,277 

1893 

634 

1894 

17,053 

1895 

12,574 

1896 

36,798 

1897  

3,200 

1898 

25,360 

1899  

40,175 

1900 

34,944 

1901 

77,492 

1002 

132,491 

1903 

307,687 

1904 

03,400 

1905 

288,630 

VuiLio.       I'ounds.      \'alue. 


S836 

478 
43 
405 
186 

475 

43 

786 

1,874 

972 

2.312 
2.427 
4.317 
1,383 
4,145  1 


8,735 

8,735 

400 

7,459 

48,7,59 
59,729 


1,628 


4,480 
570 


$339 

1,033 

32 

461 

1,606 

4,074 

40 


23 


BORACIC   ACID. 


CHROMIC  ACID. 


Commercial.  Pure.  '  All  kinds. 

..  Pounds. 

Pounds.      Value.    !  Poimds.      Value.    1  Pounds.      Value. 


152,093 


$7,975  !   39,394  '      $2,906 


I 


475,378  i 

701,625 
771,775 
292,900 
925,154 


$30,138 

39,418 
40,568 
19,282 
42,056 


Value. 


134,707  , 


4,053  . 


244,073 
436,958 
466,879 


555,769'  21,899 

548,603  19,494 

7,994  45,265 

14,303  56,428 

17,467  53,625 


648,994 
795,024 
783,987 
721,532 
660,150  I 


23,485 
29,779 
29,651 
29,651 
23,626 


506 

426 

3,318 

5,048 

4,461  I 

2,440 
2,708 
6,720 


$1,587 
155 
156 
609 
824 
707 

409 
430 
906 


CHROMIC  AND 
LACTIC  ACID. 


Pounds. 


61,066 
23,969 
34,741 

46,993 
58,782 
84,918 
82,900 
68,732 


Value. 


$4,917 
4,843 
6,044 

9,881 
10,860 
8,339 
9,184 
8,481 


YEAR    ENDING 
JUNE  30— 


1891 
1892 
189:i 
1894 
1895 

1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 

1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 


CITRIC   .\i  lU. 


TARTARIC   .VCID. 


Pounds.       Value. 


45, 197 
80,034 
13.315 
5.502 
8,895  i 

39.671 
73,133 
4.323 
65.190 
60.354 

76,805 
74. 712 
12,338 
5,546  1 
2.778  I 


$15,482 

27,461 

4.633 

1,810 

2,480 

12. 521 
IS. 158 
1.108 
16.659 
14,213 

23.0:!8 

21,085 

3,544 

1,461 

728 


Pounds. 


1,511 

10 

130 

113 

355 

212 
225 
455 
23.298 
954 

1,068 

1.483 

5,950 

849 

446 


$468 

5 
39 
32 

88 

66 
71 

128 
5,737 

252 

299 
377 
1.482 
215 
132 


OXALIC   ACID. 


SALICYLIC   ACID. 


Pounds. 


2,743.222 
2.209.940 
2. 464. 443 
2.783.S76 
2.889,513 

3,164.969 
3,602,124 
3.747.041 
3;  981, 768 
4,990,123 

5,622.909 
S.6."S.  159 
.5.363.646 
6,726.159 
7.906,886 


Value. 


$200,595 

150,529 
143. 194 
159.026 
189,306 

219.630 
246.200 
242.2"i6 
246,027 
275,747 

300.879 
301.675 
257. 289 
329.836 
360.951 


Pounds. 


TANNIC   ACID  OR 
T.IXXIS. 


ALL  OTHER  ACIDS. 


Pounds.   I    Value. 

I 


Pounds. 


Value. 


260.027 
252,332 
196,974 

335.354 
616, 187 
92,943 
185,358 
240,687 

222,270 
219. 127 
78,286 
32,759 
7,455 


$254,022 
231.946 
140, 197 

138.013 
201.980 
28.688 
57,192 
89, 175 

76,786 
57,852 
19,012 
7.  .305 
2,302 


639  I 
564 

1,443 
794 

1.500 

1.745  I 

3,144 

2.335 

3.697 

1,415 

2.007 
1.938 
1.847 
5.855 
7,652 


$239  il  1.330.710 

216  1.024,580 

597  685.677 

2S7  Si5.215 

597  1.798.417 

681     1.027,235 
1.296     3.040,323 

927  

1,3U  , 

671  

1 

1.092  

1.116  

918  

2,829 

3,108  


$380,054 
347. 510 
175.617 
134.665 
228,430 

240, 522 

223.458 

45.263 

56,428 

53.625 

42.838 
61.2S6 
27.026 
23,793 
37,404 


I  From  the  value  given,  this  would  appear  to  be  fuming  sulphuric  acid. 


420 


MANUFACTURES. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

DrvERS,  E.     Raschig's  Theory  of  the  Lead-chamber  Process,  Journal 

of  Society  of  Chemical  Industrj-,  1904,  vol.  23,  page  1175. 
Dr.vx.  J.  T.     TheLife  ai\d  Work  of  John  Glover,  Inventor  oftheOlover 

Toiler,  Journal  of  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1903,  vol.  22, 

page  1181. 
Faldixg,  F.  J.     Progress  in  the  Sulphuric  Acid  Industry  during  1901- 

1902,  Mineral  Industiy,  1902,  Vol.  X,  page  599;  1903,  Vol.  XI, 

page  580. 

Sulphuric  Acid.  Review  of  Progress  in  the  United  States  since 

1900,    Bericht    V.    Internationaler    Kongiess    fiir    angewandte 
Chemie,  1904.  Vol.  I,  page  768. 

The  Substitution  of  Pyrites  forBrimstoneinthe  Manufacture  of 

Sulphite  Pulp.  JoMraal  of  Society  of  Chemical  Industry.  1906,  vol. 
25.  page  403. 

Ferguson, W.  C.     I)esiript  ion  of  Methods  Employed  in  Pnparingthe    ] 
Tables  of  Specific  Gravity  of  Sulphuric  Acid.  Xilric  Acid.  Hydrochloric 
Acid,  and  Ammonia  Adopted  by  the  Mnnufacturimj  Chemists'  Asso- 
ciation of  the  United  States,  Journal  of  Society  of  Chemical  Indus- 
trj',  1905,  vol.  24,  page  781. 

Fr.\xkl.\xd,  Perot  F.     TheUtilization  of  Atmospheric  Nitrogen  for 
Industrial  Purposes,  Journal  of  Society  of   Chemical   Industry,    ! 
1907,  vol.  26,  page  175.  I 

Frazer,  Persifor.  Search  for  the  Causes  of  Injury  to  Vegetation 
in  an  Urban  Village  Xear  a  Large  Industrial  Establishment,  Bi- 
monthly Bulletin  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  Xo. 
15,  pages  377  to  398,  May,  1907. 

Bibliography  of  Injuries  to  Vegetation  by  Furnace  Gases,  Bi- 
monthly Bulletin  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers, 
No.  15,  pages  399  to  434.,  :May,  1907. 

GuTTM.ANX,  Oscar.  The  early  Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  and 
Nitric  Acid,  Journal  of  Society  Chemical  Industry,  1901,  vol.  20, 
pages  5  to  8. 

Progress  in  the  Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid,  and  its  Effect, 

Journal  of  Society  of  Chemical  Indu.stry,  1903,  vol.  22,  page  1331. 

GuvE,  Phillippe  a.      The  Electrochemical  Problem  of  the  Fi.tation 

of  Nitrogen,  Journal  of  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1906,  vol. 

25,  page  567. 
Hardwick,  W.  Roscoe.     The  Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid  from 

Arsenical  Pyrites,  Journal  of  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1904, 

vol.  23,  page  218. 
HowLES,  F.     The  Electro-thermic  Combustion  of  Atmospheric  Ni- 
trogen, Journal  of  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  vol.  26,  290  to 

298,  April  15,  1907. 
Ingiis,  J.  K.  H.      The  Loss  of  Nitre  in  the  Chambir Process,  Journal 

of  Society  of  Chemical  Indu.stry,   1904.  vol.  23,  page  643,  and 

1900,  vol.  25,  page  140. 
Kestser,   Paul.     Artificial   Draught   in   Vitriol  Chambers  ami  the 

use  of  Atomized   Water    instead  of  Siram.  Journal  of  Society  of 

Chemical  Indu-stry,  1903,  vol.  22,  page  333. 

On  the  use  of  Automat  ic  Acid  Elrvalorsfor  Feeding  Glover  and  Gay 

Lussac  Towers,  Journal  of  Society  of   Chemical  In<lustry,  1903, 
vol.  22,  page  337. 

Lunge,  George.  A  Theoretical  and  Prnrllrdl  Treatise  on  the  Manu- 
facture of  Sulphuric  Acid  and  Alkali,  1!I03,  vol.  1,  Parts  land  II, 
Sulphuric  Acid,  third  edition,  revised  and  enlargc(l.  I,on<lon. 

Theory  of  the    Chambir  Process,  Zeitsclirifl   fiir  angewandte 

Chemie,  1904,  vol.  17,  page  1659. 

and  PoLLiTT.  G.  P.     Formation  of  Sulphur    Trioxide  by  the 

Contact  Action  of  Ferric  Oxide,  Journal  of  Society  of  Cliemical  In- 
dustry, 1903,  vol.  22,  page  79. 

Meyer,  Franz.  History  and  Commcrrinl  F>erelopmml  of  the  Srhroe- 
der  Contact  Process  of  Sulphuric  Arid  Manufiirture,  Journal 
of  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1903,  vol.  22,  page  .348. 

Mevek,  Theodor.  The  Tangent  System  of  Sulphuric  Acid  Manu- 
fnrlure,  Transhited  and  edited  hy  C.  Glnser,  Baltimore,  Mnrj'- 
land. 

Pattkrhon,  (i.  W.  Mixed  Acids  for  Nitrocellulose  Manufacture, 
Kericht  V.  Internationaler  Koiigrcss  fUr  angewandli-  Clieiuie, 
1904,  vol.  2,  page  474. 


Raschig,  F.  Theory  of  the  Chamber  Process,  Zeitschrift  fur  ange- 
wandte Chemie,  1904,  vol.  17,  pages  1398  and  1777. 

Reese,  Ch.\rle.s  L.  E.eperimcntal  Investigations  and  Observations 
on  the  Schroedcr  Contact  Process  of  Sulphuric  Acid  Manufacture, 
Journal  of  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1903,  vol.  22,  page  351. 

Speci.il  Consular  Reports.  Acetic  Acid  in  Foreign  Countries, 
1900,  vol.  22,  Part  I. 

Stone,  George  C.  Manufacturing  by  the  Schroeder  Contact  Process 
of  Sulphuric  Acid  Manufacture,  Journal  of  Society  of  Chemical 
Industry,  1903,  vol.  22,  page  350. 

Wilke,  Wm.  The  Contact  Process  for  Manufacturing  Sulphuric 
Acid  of  the  Vercin  Chemisehcr  Fabriken  in  Mannlieim,  Journal 
of  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1906,  vol.  25,  page  4. 

Class  II. — Sodas. 

Tliis  class  comprises  soda  ash,  iiichiilino;  white  al- 
kah  and  refmed  alkah ;  sal  soda,  including  natural  soda, 
mild  mineral  alkali,  soda  crystals,  wasliing  soda,  and 
crystallized  sodium  carbonate;  bicarbonate  of  soda, 
inchuhng  bread  soda,  saleratus,  sodium  bicarbonate, 
and  sotiium  hydrogen  carbonate;  caustic  soda,  in- 
cluding soda  lye  and  sotiium  hydroxide;  and  borax, 
including  borax  glass,  lime  and  sochum  borates,  and 
sodium  biborate.  Salt  cake,  or  anhydrous  sodium  sul- 
phate, and  socUum  silicate  may  be  included  here  when 
products  of  a  soda  establishment.  In  addition  to  the 
original  establishments,  there  are  those  in  wliich  soda 
a.sh  is  converted  into  sal  soda  and  bicarbonate  of  soda, 
and  those  of  the  compounders  or  packers  who  give  an 
added  value  to  soda  lye  or  the  carbonate. 

The  term  "soda"  has  acquired  in  use  a  variety  of 
meanings.  In  the  laboratory  the  term  has  been  used 
in  the  past  to  designate  the  sodium  oxide  or  hydroxide. 
In  technology  it  has  long  been  used  to  designate  the 
normal  .sodium  carbonate;  yet  the  mixture  of  normal 
and  acid  carbonates  found  in  nature  is  styled  natural 
soda,  and  the  industry  in  wliich  soda  ash,  normal  and 
acid  sodium  carbonates,  and  caustic  soda  are  manu- 
factured is  called  tlie  soda  industry. 

Soda  was  known  to  the  ancients  and  was  used  by 
them  in  making  gla.ss.  They  may  have  obtained  it  in 
the  form  of  natural  soda,  for  tliis  exists  in  the  waters 
of  many  lakes  or  in  the  residues  from  them.  Up  to 
a  recent  date'  5,000  tons  of  natural  soda  have  been  ex- 
ported annually  from  Alexandria,  Egypt.  Or  they 
nuvy  have  obtained  it  by  extracting  the  asli  of  sea- 
weeds and  marine  plants  with  water  and  evaporating 
to  dryness.  These  remained  the  only  sources  of  soda 
until  (he  latt(T  ])art  of  (lie  eighteenth  century,  wh<Mi 
Le  Blanc,  sliniulated  liy  a  i)rize  offered  by  the  Frencli 
Academy  about  177.'").  followed  out  the  |)roposal  of 
Duhaniel  de  Monceau  to  prepare  soila  from  coninum 
salt.  This  he  acconii)lished  by  acting  upon  the  salt 
with  sulphuric  acid,  ol)laining  hydrocliloric  acid  and 
sodium  suijihate,  and  then  converting  the  sodium  sul- 
phate into  carlionate  by  fusing  it  with  lime  and  coal. 
Tills  process  liecaiiii^  established  on  a  sound  conimer- 
ciid  footing  wlieii  inlrodiiced  into  Kngland  by  Losh  in 
isl  1. 


I 


'  Waffner's  Manual  "f  <  h 


Tecliiioldgy,  1H92.  Jiage  309. 


CHEMK^ALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


421 


etc.. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

SalariRd    ofTicials,    clerks, 

number 

S)i  1)1  ric's 

W  iip-carners,  average  number. 

Tcital  wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 


1905 


$22,728,369 

784 

81,046,891 

.%'JSl 

$3,310,210 

$2, 1.50,  409 

Tcist  of  ma terials  used i  $8, 255, 037 

Value  of  products ,i81S,400,.'iC4 


1900 


38 
$14,951,900 

370 

$521,492 

.5,788 

$2,  .503. 203 

$979,  7.''i9 

$.1,331,823 

'$11,073,406 


Increase. 


1 
$7,776,409 

414 

$525, 399 

193 

$807,013 

$1,170,710 

$2,923,214 

$7,393,098 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


2.6 
52.0 

111.9 
100.7 
3.3 
32.2 
119.5 
54.8 
66.8 


At   tlio,   (inio   (lie   T^e   Blanc,   process  wa.s  l)cf()ro   the       Table   ',i:i.— Sodas— mmparalive  summary,   with  amount  and  per 
French  Irilnmal,  it  was  placed  in  competition  with  a  cau  of  increase:  r.mr,  and  i:m. 

process  ofTered  liy  Fresnel,  which  was  ba.sed  on  the 
reaction  lakiiiK  jilace  when  a  solution  of  coninion  .salt 
is  brought  in  contact  with  a  solution  of  ammonium 
carbonate,  by  which  sodium  hydrogen  carbonate,  or 
bicarbonate  of  soda,  and  ammonium  cliloride  are 
formed;  but  Fresnel's  process  was  rejected  because  at 
that  time  no  method  for  the  recovery  of  ammonia  was 
known.  It  was  revived  by  II.  G.  Dyar  and  J.  Hem- 
ming in  England,  about  1838,  and  was  tested  on  a  con- 
siderable scale,  but  failed  of  success  because  of  mechan- 
ical dilliculties.  These  were  finally  overcome  by 
Ernest  Solvay,  a  Belgian,  who  made  the  process  a 
commercial  success  in  1863.  To-day  the  Le  Blanc 
and  Solvay  processes  are  the  chief  sources  of  soda, 
though  some  is  made  fi-om  cryolite,  and  caustic  soda  is 
obtained  in  the  electroly.sis  of  common  salt. 

Saleratus,  wliich  is  bicarbonate  of  soda,  was  re- 
ported at  the  census  of  1860  as  being  manufactured 
in  this  country  in  11  establishments,  the  product  hav- 
ing a  value  of  $1,176,000.  For  1S70,  -1  establishments 
were  returned,  with  a  product  valued  at  $231,647.  At 
the  census  of  1880  and  at  each  subsecjuent  census 
the  statistics  for  soda  products  have  been  made  a 
feature  in  the  special  report  on  chemicals  and  allied 
products. 

Table  33  shows  an  actual  increase  for  1905  over  1900 
in  every  item.  The  increases  in  capital  and  value  of 
products  were  especially  noteworthy,  being  over 
$7,000,000  in  each  case,  wliile  the  increase  in  value  of 
products  was  more  than  double  that  in  cost  of  mate- 
rials. The  largest  proportional  increase  was  in  miscel- 
laneous expenses,  while  the  next  largest  was  in  number 

_        -       .     ,  ^^    .    ,  *  Includes  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 

or  salaried  oihcials.  products. 

Table  35.— SODAS— QUANTITY  AND  VALUE  OF  PRODUCTS,  WITH  AMOUNT  AND  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1890  TO  1905. 


1  Includes  "all  other  products." 

Table  34  shows  that  from  1S80  on  there  has  been  a 
steady  growth  in  both  the  quantity'  and  value  of  the 
sodas  produced.  The  percentage  of  increase  in  quan- 
tity was,  up  to  1905,  greater  than  that  in  value,  but  at 
the  present  census  this  condition  was  reversed.  In 
the  figures  for  1905  and  1900  borax  and  "all  other 
products"  were  omitted  from  the  list  in  order  to  make 
the  statistics  fairly  comparable  with  those  for  the 
earlier  censuses. 

Table  3-4. — Sodas — quanlily  and  value,  ii  ilh  per  crnt  of  increase: 
1S8U  to  1905. 


CENSUS. 

Number  of 
establish- 
ments. 

Quantit.v 

Value. 

PEE  CENT  OF  IN- 
CREASE. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

1905 

■63 

'50 

32 

3 

734.209 
639.541 
166,562 
20,130 

$13,357,983 

10,237,944 

5, 432, 400 

866,560 

14.8 
284.0 
727.4 

30.5 

1900 

88.5 

1890 

526.9 

1880. 



CENSUS. 

INCREASE. 

PEE  CEST  OF 
INCREASE. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1900  to  1905    1890  to  1905 

1900  to'l890  to 
1905   j    1905 

"Total: 

Tons 

734.209 
$13,357,983, 

68,867 
$1,135,610 

80.840 
$3,185,959 

59.548 
$831,869 

518.954 
$8,204,545 

(i39.541 
$10,237,944 

68.856 
$1,332,765 

106.783 
$3,170.2«0 

03.2^9 
$875,243 

390,003 
$4,899,656 

106.51i2 
$5,432,400 

30,339 
$2,009,800 

10.501 
$(i61,114 

72.322 
$1,581,766 

47,400 
$1,179,720 

94,668               567,647 
$3,120,039         $7,925,583 

11                 38,528 
i  $197,155  1        >  $874. 190 

» 79, 943  1             70.339 
$15,679         $2,524,845 

14.8 
30.5 

(') 
«14.8 

>47.9 
0.5 

•5.9 
>S.O 

32.9 
68.8 

340.8 

145.9 

Bicarbonate  of  soda: 

Tons 

127.0 

Value 

>43.S 

t^austic  soda : 

Tons 

426.3 

381.9 

Sal  soda: 

Tons 

Value 

'3,701 
:  $43, 374 

128.351 
$3,344,889 

■-12.774 
'$749,897 

471.554 
$7,024,825 

«17.7 
»47.4 

Soda  ash: 

Tons 

Value 

994.8 
595.5 

1  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


The  figures  of  Table  .35  show  tliat  while  there  was 
an  increase  in  the  total  quantity  and  value  of  sodas 
produced  at  each  census  as  compared  with  the  previous 
one,  tliere  was  at  the  census  of  1900,  as  compared  with 
that  of  1890,  a  decrease  in  the  total  value  of  tiie  bicar- 


bonate of  soda  and  also  in  the  quantity  and  value  of 
the  sal  soda.  At  the  census  of  1905  there  was  a  de- 
crease in  the  value  of  the  bicarbonate  of  soda,  and  in 
both  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  sal  soda.  These 
decreases  are  largely  due  to  the  increased  use  of  these 


422 


MANUFACTURES. 


substances  in  the  establishments  in  which  they  are  pro- 
duced. In  such  a  summary  as  Table  35,  if  the  pro- 
duced and  consumed  productswere  included,  the  figures 
would  be  duplicated,  for  the  other  sodas  are  as  a  rule 
produced  from  the  bicarbonate  or  the  soda  ash.  There- 
fore, with  the  increased  practice  of  soapmakers,  wood 
pulp  manufacturers,  and  others  of  causticizing  soda  ash 
and  using  the  caustic  soda  produced  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  soap  or  wood  fiber,  the  quantity  produced  for  sale 
would  be  likely  to  be  reduced.  As  explained  in  the 
report  for  1900,  the  decrease  in  the  proiluction  of  sal 
soda  is  due  to  the  increasing  use  of  soap  powders  and 
other  specially  prepared  washing  materials. 

At  the  census  of  1S90  sodas  manufactured  from 
natural  soda  were  reported  to  tlie  amount  of  10,964,390 
pounds,  having  a  value  of  $124,783;  and  at  the  census 
of  1900,  20,420.000  pounds,  valued  at  .!;106,600.  At 
thecensusof  1905  the  number  of  establishments  report- 
ing was  not  sufficient  to  permit  of  the  statistics  being 
published  separatelj^,  but  they  are  incorporated  with 
soda  ash  in  the  data  of  Tables  36  and  37  for  each  census 
enumerated. 

At  the  census  of  1900,  7  establishments  reported  a 
product  of  11,756,000  pounds  of  borax,  having  a  value 
of  §541,160.  At  the  census  of  1905,  7  establishments 
reported  41,764.000  pounds  of  borax,  having  a  value 
of  .S2, 122, 808.  This  does  not  include  the  borax  which 
was  produced  and  consumed  in  the  same  establish- 
ments in  the  further  manufacture  of  boric  acid  or  other 
products. 

Table  36. — Sodas — number  of  islahlishiiinits,  by  slates:  W05  and 

1900. 


Table  37. — Sodas — imhw  of  products,  hy  geographic  divisions:  1905 
and  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

Unltcil  States 

C3 

155 

California 

Colorado 

Illinois 

Jn'lianii 

Kansas 

Mjirylaml 

M;i><«jir-husett9. 

Mi'lii^jjin 

Mi-*sof]ri 

Moritiinn 

N*'W  .J*'rwy 

NVw  York 

N*'Vtt<lH 

Ohio 

PcnnHylvanla.. 
UhoHi'  iMland.. 

VirKinia 

Wlwonitin 

Wyoming 


'  InoItKlffl  .'» i-.Htabii-HhincntH  prodiicin':!  "  Koda  iinidnci.s."  Ijiii  iki  ■■  sodas. " 

From  Tahlo  36  it  appears  thnt  nt  tit**  f(*nsiis  of  HH)5 
as  cornpan'*!  with  the  census  nf  I'.hmi,  ilic  (>slal)lisli- 
nicnls  of  the  soda  inrliislrv  haw  increased  s  in  num- 
ber, or  14.5  percent.  The  relative  ]K)silions  of  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania  remained  nruliant^^'d  in  1005. 
the  f<»rmer  still  rankinj;  first  and  the  latter  second 
amont^  the  states.  New  Jersey,  however,  advanffd 
from  seventh  to  third  place,  wntli  California  i'ninili 
an(l  Miehijjan  fifth.  No  other  state  or  territory  re- 
ported as  jnany  as  5  establishments  in  HK)5. 


DIVISION. 

1905 

1900 

'819,785,385 

■$10,922,536 

10,512,852 

8,745.382 

527,151 

6,559,295 

North  Central       

3,694,436 

t»<8.805 

G 

0 

1 

i 

4 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

I 

5 

3 

2 

2 

1 

n 

12 

'  Includes  products  other  than  sodas  reported  by  establishments  engaged 
primarily  in  this  industry;  and  also  the  sodas  produced  by  establishments 
engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  6ther  products. 

The  figures  of  Table  37  show  an  increase  in  the  value 
of  sodas  in  all  divisions  shown  except  in  the  Western, 
the  greatest  increase  being  in  the  North  Central.  The 
decrease  shown  in  the  Western  division  can  not  be 
accounted  for  except  perhaps  by  the  fact  of  the  exist- 
ence of  small  establishments  working  natural  soda 
or  borax  deposits  as  neighborhood  industries,  which 
would  not  under  the  rule  be  included  in  the  establish- 
ments enumerated  at  the  last  census. 

Up  to  the  date  of  the  commercial  success  of  the  I^e 
Blanc  process  for  making  soda,  potash,  or  "vegetable 
alkali,"  was  much  cheaper  and  more  largely  used  than 
soda,  or  "mineral  alkali."  Since  the  development  of 
the  Le  Blanc  process  the  reverse  has  held  true.  Singu- 
larly, notwithstanding  that  the  United  States  has  been 
a  large  consumer  of  sodas,  and  that  muriatic  arid,  and, 
on  further  treatment,  chlorine  and  bleaching  powder, 
are  side  products  of  the  Le  Blanc  process,  it  never  se- 
cured a  firm  foothold  in  this  country. 

The  ammonia-soda  process,  on  the  other  hand,  has 
become  a  factor  in  our  industries.  The  first  to  experi- 
ment with  this  process  in  the  United  States  were  Her- 
man and  Hans  Frasoh,  who  located  a  plant  at  Bay 
City,  Mich.,  about  1880,  but  the  enterprise  was  not  a 
success  and  the  plant  was  abandoned  some  two  or 
three  years  later.  In  ISSl  the  Solvay  Process  Com- 
pany, of  Solvay,  near  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  and  Dclray, 
near  Detroit,  Midi.,  was  organized  under  tlie  laws  of 
the  state  of  New  York.  According  to  Pennock,'  the 
following  plants  in  tlie  United  States  were  in  1900  en- 
gaged in  manufacturing  sodas  bv  cliemical  metliods  as 
distinguishcil  from  electrolytic  methods:  Tlie  Solvay 
Process  CoinpMiiy  :U  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  nnd  Detroit, 
Midi.:  till'  Michignn  .Mknli  Cnni]iany  at  Wyandotte, 
!Midi.;  llic  Mat  liicssdii  .Mkali  Company  at  Saltville, 
Va. :  and  llir  rninsylvania  Salt  Company  at  Natrona, 
Pa.  Px'lwccii  1900  and  1 '.)():;  the  i>laiit  of  the  Columbia 
('licmical  C()m|);my  was  installed  at  Barberton,  Oliin, 
ainl  I  he  l""|-.-isdi  process  at  Cleveliilld.  Ohio.  .Ml  of 
these  plants  used  I  he  aminoiiia-sodii  process  exce])t  the 
PennsyUania  .Salt  Company,  which  jH-oduced  its  sodas 
from  ciyolite. 

In  t  he  ope  rat  ion  of  the  ammonia-soda  ])ro('e.ss  a  i)nri- 
(ied  and  eimeenl  rated  salt  brine  is  salurateil  with 
aliunouia.      'i'liis     brine     is     then     sent      through     ii'on 

'IJericlii  \' .  liihTiiji iiiinlcT  Kiiiigretw  fdf  AtiKinviiiidii' chcMiio, 
1004,  vol.  I.  |);i),'<'  lilll. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


423 


towers,  whero  it  encountors  carhoii  dioxide'  <^as,  result- 
ing ill  the  foniuition  of  bi(•ar^)oIlllt(^  of  soda,  which 
separates  out  in  cr^'stals,  wiiile  tiic;  ii<(uid  containing 
the  ammonium  chloride  formed  by  the  reaction,  to- 
getlier  witli  some  ammonium  carhoiiatc^  and  the  residue 
in  the  brine,  passes  on  and  is  collected  for  subsequent 
use. 

The  bicarbonate  of  soda,  after  wringing  and  washing 
in  a  centrifuge,  is  dried  in  an  atmosphere  of  carbon  di- 
oxide and  may  be  sold  as  bicarbonate,  or  it  is  calcined 
and  converted  into  soda  ash.  Wiicn  th(^  soda  ash  is 
dissolved  in  warm  water  and  the  hot  solution  is  al- 
lowed to  stand  until  all  sediment  is  deposited,  large 
crystals  of  quite  pure  sal  soda  will  be  deposited  as  the 
solution  cools.  If  the  soda  asii  solution  be  treated 
with  lime  water,  calcium  carbonate  will  be  formed  and 
precipitated,  while  sodium  hydroxide  or  caustic  soda 
will  remain  in  solution  and  may  be  obtained  as  a  solid 
by  evaporation  of  the  solution.  In  the  Hewitt  and 
Mond,  or  Loewig's  process  the  soda  ash  may  be  fused 
with  iron  oxide  forming  sodium  ferrate,  wliich  is  easily 
decomposed  by  warm  water  into  caustic  soda  and 
ferric  oxide.  Pure  iron  ore  or  pyrites  cinder  may  be 
used  in  tliis  process. 

Since  the  common  salt  usetl  in  the  ammonia-soda 
process  must  be  in  solution,  natvu-al  brine  supplies  tliis 
requirement  in  the  most  economical  way.  By  reference 
to  the  bulletin  on  salt  it  will  be  noticed  that  most  of  the 
establishments  cited  above  from  Pennock's  article  are 
located  near  salt  deposits,  where  natural  salt  brine,  or 
that  formed  by  sinking  shafts  to  salt  deposits  and  dis- 
solving the  salt  in  place,  is  cheaply  obtained. 

Since  ammonia  is  so  largely  used  in  this  industry, 
soda  works  are  frequently  operated  in  conjunction  with 
by-product  coke  ovens.  Much  of  the  combined  and 
free  ammonia  in  the  liquid  rimning  off  from  the  bicar- 
bonate of  soda  crystals  in  the  carbonating  tower  is, 
however,  recovered  for  further  use  by  heating  the 
liquid  alone  or  with  lime.  Such  repeated  utilization 
must  be  taken  into  account  in  any  attempt  to  estimate 
the  quantity  of  ammonia  used  in  this  industry. 

The  carbon  dioxide  used  for  carbonating  is  originally 
obtained  by  calcining  limestone,  but  much  of  it  is  re- 
covered when  calcining  the  bicarbonate  of  soda  to  soda 
ash,  and  from  the  treatment  of  the  ammoniacal  solu- 
tion from  the  carbonating  tower.  Carbon  dioxide 
might  be  obtained  from  the  Viurning  of  coke  or  coal,  but 
as  quicklime  is  needed  both  in  caustic  soda  manufac- 
ture and  in  the  ammonia  recovery  process,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  calcine  limestone. 

The  lime  is  recovered  partly  in  a  salable  condition, 
either  as  crystallized  calcium  sulphate,  used  as  a  filler  in 
paper  making  and  for  weighting  cloth,  under  the  names 
of  "crown  filler"  and  "pearl  hardening,"  or  as  calcium 
chloride,  which  is  used  in  the  brine  tanks  of  ice  ma- 
chines. 

In  his    address '  before    the   Congress   of   Applied 

'BerichtV.  Internationaler  Kongress  fiir  Augewandte  Chemie, 
1904,  vol.  1,  page  108. 


Chemistry,  Ernest  Solvay  reviewed  the  history  of  the 
soda  industry  and  presented  the  data  for  the  total  pro- 
duction of  sodas  from  1850  to  1902,  set  forth  in  Tal)le 
38,  but  with  the  metric  tons  converted  into  short  tons 
and  the  francs  into  dollars. 

Table  :iH. —  World's  pTodwHon  of  sodas:  1850  lo  1902. 


TEARa. 

Total 
quunlity 
produced 

(tons). 

Produci'd 

by  till- 

Lc  Blanc 

process 

(tons). 

Produced 
liy  ttie 

ammonia 
process 
(tons). 

Average 

selling  price 

per  ton 

taken  at 

the  factory 

In  Europe. 

18.50 

165,345 

330,690 

413,303 

496,03.') 

578,708 

744,053 

881,000 

1,127,&53 

1,377,875 

1,940,048 

165,345 
330,690 
412,260 
492,728 
545,639 
600,754 
479,  .iOl 
429,897 
492,109 
165, 345 

SI35.  ID 

laa 

ISM  to  1808 

331 

2,865 

33,069 

149,913 

402,340 

097,756 

1,085.765 

1,744,703 

77.20 
54.04 
54.04 
32.81 
23.16 
22.20 
21.23 
21.23 

IXIillto  1873 

1874  to  1878 

1879  to  1883 

1884  to  1888 

1889  10  1893 

1894  to  1898. 

1902 

Thorp  describes  the  manufacture  of  .sodas  by  the 
cryolite  process  as  follows :  • 

The  ground  cryolite  is  mixed  with  powdcrod  limestone,  and  cal- 
cined at  a  red  heat.  Carbon  dioxide  escapes,  and  a  mixture  of  cal- 
cium fluoride,  sodium  oxide,  and  sodium  aluminate  remains.  On 
lixiviating  this  mixture  with  water  another  sodium  aluminate  is 
formed  and  goes  into  solution,  leaving  the  calcium  fluoride  as  an 
insoluble  residue.  The  solution  of  sodium  aluminate  L?  then  de- 
composed according  to  the  third  reaction,  by  passing  into  it  purified 
limekiln  gases,  or  the  furnace  gases  of  the  calcining  operation. 
Hydrated  alumina  is  precipitated,  while  sodium  carlxmate  remains 
in  solution.  Sal  soda  may  be  made  by  evaporating  the  solution,  and 
was  formerly  the  chief  source  of  Ijicarbcjnate  for  culinar)-  and  medic- 
inal purposes.  If  carried  to  complete  drjTiess  and  calcined,  a  high 
grade  of  soda  ash  is  obtained.  By  causticizing,  it  yields  a  very 
excellent  caustic. 

The  by-products  aluminum  hydroxide  and  calcium  fluoride  are 
used  in  the  alum  and  gla.ss  industries,  respectively. 

Soda  ash  appears  in  the  market  ^s  58  per  cent,  dense 
58  per  cent,  48  per  cent,  special  48  per  cent,  and  36  per 
cent;  caustic  soda,  as  high  test  76  per  cent,  74  per 
cent,  70  per  cent,  special  70  per  cent,  60  per  cent,  and 
special  60  per  cent;  soda  crj-stals,  as  monohydrate 
crystals,  49.8  per  cent,  and  snow  flake  crj-stals,  40.9 
per  cent ;  and  bicarbonate  of  soda,  as  pure  bicarbonate, 
99  per  cent,  for  baking  soda,  and  anchor  dust,  which 
is  an  inferior  grade  used  as  a  source  of  carbon  dioxide 
in  charging  "soda  water."  The  percentages  refer  to 
the  NajO  contents  in  each  case  except  that  of  the 
bicarbonate,  where  it  refers  to  XaCOj.  In  the  census 
returns  no  cognizance  is  taken  of  these  many  grades, 
so  that  the  figures  given  for  any  item  in  the  tables 
are  the  gross  amount  for  all  grades. 

Sodas  are  used  in  gla.ssniaking.  Thus  at  the  census 
of  1890  3  there  were  reported  as  used  bj-  this  industry 
96,777  tons  of  soda  ash  and  38,092  tons  of  salt  cake; 
at  the  census  of  1900,  157.779  tons  of  soda  ash  and 
53,257  tons  of  salt  cake;  and  at  the  census  of  1905,* 

^  Outlines  of  Industrial  Chemistry,  1905,  page  96. 
'Twelfth  Census,  Manufactures,  Part  III,  page  983. 
*  Census  of  Manufactures.  1905,  Bulletin  57.  page  46. 


45254— MFG  1905— PT  4—08- 


-29 


424 


MANUFACTURES. 


215,462  tons  of  soda  ash.  They  are  used  in  soap- 
making,  53,777  tons  of  soda  ash  and  71,551  tons  of 
caustic  soda,  having  been  reported  as  used  in  this 
industry  at  the  census  of  1905.'  Soda  ash,  caustic 
soda,  and  salt  cake  are  used  in  the  treatment  of  wood 
in  the  manufacture  of  wood  fiber.  The  statistics  of 
consumption  are  not  at  hand,  but  at  the  census  of 
1900,-  94,042  tons,  and  at  the  census  of  1905,'  120,978 
tons  of  soda  wood  liber  were  reported  as  having  been 
purchased  for  use  in  paper  making.  According  to 
Griffin  and  Little,^  with  indirect  steam  in  rotaries, 
about  700  gallons  of  a  liquor,  containing  fi-om  6  to  9 
per  cent  of  XaOH,  are  used  to  a  cord  of  wood,  while 
upright  digesters  require  considerably  more.  As  the 
liquors  from  the  digesters  are  treated  so  as  to  recover 
their  soda  contents  for  further  use,  it  is  difficult  to 
estimate  the  quantity  of  sodas  actually  used  in  the  wood 
pulp  industry,  but  it  is  large.  There  is  a  great  variety 
of  other  uses  to  which  sodas  are  put,  but  the  three  in- 
dustries named  are  the  largest  consumers. 

The  natural  soda  industry  was  described  with  much 
detail  in  the  special  report  on  chemicals  and  allied 
products  at  the  census  of  1900. 

The  borax  industry  is  closely  associated  with  the 
natural  soda  industry  since  both  substances,  or  at 
least  boron  compoimds  from  which  borax  may  be  ob- 
tained, are  found  as  residues  in  arid  regions.  In  fact, 
deposits  of  a  mixture  of  natural  soda,  common  salt, 
and  borax  are  known  in  California  as  "borax  beds." 
According  to  Bailey^  borax  was  first  discovered  in  the 
United  States  on  January  8,  1856,  by  Dr.  John  A. 
Yeatch,  on  evaporating  water  from  the  Tuscan 
springs,  Tehama  county,  Cal.  Bailey  describes  the  de- 
velopment of  the  industry  as  follows: 

California  in  1849  started  the  Rold  inininf;  industry  in  the  United 
States,  and  fifteen  years  later  followed  it  with  tin;  estal)lishinent  of 
the  borax  industry.  The  12  tons  made  at  Bora.x  Lake,  on  the  mar- 
gin of  Clear  Lake,  in  Lake  county,  were  the  first  produced  on  the 
American  continent. 

The  youiif!  indu.strj-  thrived  for  the  next  four  years,  although  the 
maximum  output  of  220  tons  in  one  year  would  seem  .small  now. 

The  next  three  years,  18()9,  1.S70,  and  1871,  were  dark  years  for 
those  watching  the  growth  of  the  youngster,  for  tlie  supjily  of  the 
pure  crystals  in  tlie  blue  mud  of  the  fanioiis  little  lake  luid  given 
out.  and  an  unruly  artesian  well  liad  ruimd  tlie  waters  of  tlie  lake  liy 
diluting  them  beyond  the  prolit  point. 

The  deposit.s  of  Lake  llacliinliaiMa.  on  the  ^|lp(l^il(•  sjilcnf  dear 
Lake,  exhausti'd  themselves  in  yiilding  llO  Ions  in  1872. 

The  prospectors,  however,  had  been  aroused  to  interest  in  the 
mineral  that  was  worth  over  $(i(M)  per  ton  and  "only  had  to  be  shov- 
eled up  to  be  ready  for  the  markr't,"  and  (lis<overies  in  the  deserts 
of  California  and  Nevada  followed  i!i<  b  ndicr  with  bi«  il(bring 
rapidity. 

In  187.'{  San  Heriiardino  county  began  her  big  record  with  the 
pro<luction  of  .51.5  tons  from  the  so-called  borax  "marshes,"  or  the 
"dry  lakes"  of  the  ileaert.  Inyo  county  s<M)n  followed  in  lively 
rivalry,  and  the  high  water  mark  of  the  early  years  was  reached  in 
1876,  when  1,437  tons  were  prwiuced,   worth   at  that   lime  o\cr 

'  Ccnuus  of  Mnniifar'tiires,  100.5,  Itiilletin  .57,  page  43. 
'Twelfth  Cen.i<us,  Manufactures,  fart  111,  page  1030. 
'Census  of  Manufactures.  I!l().5.  liulleliii  57,  page  38, 
•  The  Clieinistry  of  I'aiM-r  Making,  page  1(12, 
'Saline  Deposit!)  of  California,  [>age  3G, 


§312,000.  From  1880  to  1888  the  production  increased  slowly  but 
steadily  from  609  to  1,405  tons  in  a  year.  The  year  1887  saw  tlie  sus- 
pension of  work  on  the  "marsh  "  beds,  and  the  establi.shment  of  works 
on  "colemanite"  or  borate  of  lime  ores,  in  the  Calico  district,  San 
Bernardino  county.  Since  the  discovery  of  these  beds,  large  estab- 
lishments have  lieen  erected  in  .Vlameda,  near  San  Francisco,  at 
Marion  and  Das^ett,  and  at  Bayonne,  N.  J.,  for  the  treatment  of 
borates,  and  the  production  has  risen  from  1,405  tons  in  1888  to 
25,837  tons  in  1900.  The  discoveries  in  Kern  and  Ventura  counties 
also  led  to  the  establishment  of  boric  acid  manufacturing  by  the  Stauf- 
fer  Chemical  Works  of  San  Francisco,  and  the  making  of  borax  by 
the  Chas.  Pfizer  &  Co.  works  of  New  York. 

\\lien  liorax  was  first  made  in  California,  in  1864,  the  value  of  the 
refined  article  was  39  cents  per  pound,  or  §780  per  ton.  In  spite  of 
the  discovery  in  Lake  county,  the  price,  while  gradually  declining, 
did  not  fall  Ijelow  30  cents  until  1873,  when  the  borax  "raai-shes" 
of  San  Bernardino  county  produced  over  1.000,000  pounds,  worth 
24J  cents  per  pound,  or  !!!496  per  ton. 

The  next  year,  1874,  saw  the  price  fall  to  14^  cents  per  pound,  or 
$284  per  ton,  and  the  decline  continued  until  1879,  when  it  stood  at 
9  cents  per  pound,  or  $180  per  ton.  From  1880  to  1883  the  price 
varied  from  12i  to  14J  cents  per  pound,  or  from  $245  to  $295  per  ton. 
Prices  in  New  York  varied  more  widely  than  on  the  Western  coast, 
as  may  be  noted  from  one  incident  of  many  that  might  be  quoted. 
In  .January,  1883,  a  tariff  law  was  enacted  that  went  into  force  in 
July  of  that  year.  During  this  six  months,  while  imports  were  free 
from  duty,  2,500  tons  of  boric  acid,  equivalent  to  3,500  tons  of  borax, 
were  imported.  This,  added  to  the  large  accumulations  of  the 
home  manufacturers,  caused  the  price  to  drop  to  4  J  cents  per  pound 
in  New  York,  or  less  than  the  cost  of  production. 

On  the  Coast,  the  result  was  that  the  producers  combined  and 
waited  for  living  prices.  From  1888  to  1894  the  price  stood  still, 
practically,  ranging  from  6  to  7^  cents  per  pound,  or  from  $120  to 
$150  per  ton.  Since  tliat  time  the  value  of  the  refined  article  has 
been  5  or  6  cents  per  jiound  on  the  Coast,  and  about  a  cent  liigher 
in  the  East. 

Owing  to  the  establishment  of  the  immense  works  in  New  Jersey, 
the  shipments  to  the  East  are  mainly  in  the  form  of  crude  borates, 
worth  from  $20  to  $35  per  ton,  according  to  purity.  The  depression 
in  prices,  owing  to  rivalry  between  companies  competing  for  the 
market,  has  been  done  away  with,  and  the  industry  has  outlived 
the  disturliing  features  incident  to  youtli,  and  has  finally  settled  to 
a  more  certain  and  stable  basis. 

While  the  margin  of  profit  is  too  small  to  permit  the  working  of 
any  but  tlie  most  favoralily  located  and  economically  handled  de- 
posits, yet  the  prevailing  low  prices  are  evidently  causing  an  in- 
creased consumption  of  borates  in  the  arts  and  manufactures  in 
whi(  li  they  have  been  employed,  and  new  uses  arc  being  contin- 
ually found  for  the  various  coiuiiounds  of  boric  acid.  In  this 
extended  and  ever  growing  consumption,  the  manufacturers  find 
their  compensation  for  low  prices, 

lie  further  describes  the  process  of  ]ircpariiig  com- 
mcrciid  bora.x  as  follows: 

Every  year  lias  seen  some  iiiiprovement  made  in  the  industry  in 
the  way  of  more  perfect  appliances  and  pro(e.s,ses.  The  process  at 
first  used  in  Lake  county  consisted  in  lioiliiig  the  liorax  and  cry,stal- 
liziiig  it  in  small  pans  holding  from  2  to  3  gallons  eaih;  and  the 
plant  that  produced  the  lirst  12  tons  in  1864  consisted  of  ,som(>  4,000 
Hudi  jiaiis.  The  ]iroceK,Hes  at  tlie  period  when  the  "marsh"  beds 
were  worked  consisted  of  boiling  the  crude  material  in  large  iron 
tanks  and  then  running  the  solution  into  wood  or  iron  settling  tanks, 
the  crude  borax  obtained  being  purified  by  recrystallization. 

In  ilii'  I'alico  district  the  colemanite  ore  is  treated  oh  follows  at 
Maiion:  Low-grade  ores,  that  were  formerly  rejected,  are  roasted  in 
a  lloltboff-Witliey  furnace,  with  two  hi'arths  having  a  caiincily  of 
100  Ions  a  day,  six  ojl  biiniiTs  furnishing  the  IkmI  Colemanite 
when  mililly  healed  is  rediii'ed  to  a  line  jiowcIit.  wliirli  is  bolted, 
sacked,  and  slii|i|Mil   Id  ilic  ccirDpuny's  works  at   Hayoniie,   N.  J,, 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


425 


where  the  "flour"  in  Ixiih'd  witli  bocUi  to  form  borax.  Any  pander- 
mite  ore  present  ia  not  affected  liy  the  heat  and  is  lost  in  the  waste, 
known  locally  as  "dry  bono."  This  waste  often  amounts  to  .50  per 
cent  of  the  "flour"  secured. 

At  liayonne  the  huge  machinery  is  driven  l)y  sets  of  independent 
electric  motors.  The  crude  colemanite  readies  the  works  in  sacks, 
as  sliipped  from  this  state.  It  is  first  coarse-crushed  on  the  ground 
floor  of  thi'  works,  and  then  conveyed  to  a  Griflin  mill,  which  re- 
duces it  to  the  fineness  of  flour.  It  is  then  carried  l>y  a  screw  con- 
veyor to  the  foot  of  an  elevator,  which  raises  it  to  the  first  floor. 
Here  it  is  dropped  into  a  100-ton  tank  and  boiled  with  water.  After 
boiling,  it  is  drawn  into  settling  tanks  on  the  second  floor,  where 
the  clear  solution  is  run  back  to  crystallizing  vats  on  the  first  floor, 
the  sediment  being  raised  by  a  centrifugal  pump  to  a  tank  on  the 
third  floor,  and  thence  into  a  filter  press  of  50  pounds  per  square 
inch,  the  pulp  receiving  finally,  however,  douViIe  that  pressure. 
The  liquor  drawn  from  the  press  goes  liack  to  the  settling  tank, 
and  the  refuse  cakes  go  to  the  dump. 

The   crystallizing  vats   are  of  sheet  iron  '20  feet  long  liy  6  feet 


wide  and  OJ  feet  deep.  Two-inch  iron  pipes  are  laid  acrow?  the  top 
of  the  vats,  from  which  wires  5  feet  long  and  0.25  inch  in  diameter 
hang  into  the  vats.  As  the  solution  cooLs,  the  borax  crystallizes 
upon  the  wires  and  on  the  sides  and  bottoms  of  the  vats.  After 
crystallization,  the  mother  liquor  is  pumped  out  and  used  again 
as  a  solvent,  and  the  borax  crystals  removed.  The  crystallized 
Vjorax  is  raised  to  the  fourth  floor  to  crushing  rolls  and  screens  and 
sorted  into  three  sizes,  viz:  (1)  Refined  crystals;  (2)  refined  screen- 
ings; (3)  granulated  borax.  The  granulated  borax  is  then  dried  by 
hot  air,  in  an  indinefl  rotary  cylinder;  then  pulverized  in  a  cyclone 
pulverizer;  then  caught  in  dust  chambers;  and  finally  barreled 
for  the  market. 

It  is  found  that  while  the  borax  from  the  wires  in  the  vat  is  pure, 
that  from  the  sides  and  bolloin  has  to  be  redissolved  and  refined. 

The  .statistics  of  inijjorts  are  from  "Coiriiiicrce  and 
Navigation  of  the  Unitod  States,"  published  by  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  Department  of  Commerce  and 
Labor. 


Table  39.— SODAS— IMPORTS  ENTERED  FOR  CONSUMPTION:  1891  TO  1905. 


YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30 — 

SODA. 

ASH. 

SAL  SODA. 

CAUSTIC  SODA. 

ALL   OTHER  SALTS 
OF  SODA. 

BORAX. 

BORATES  OF  LIUE  OB 
SODA,      OR     OTHER 
BORATE  MATERIAL. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1891 

1354.744,335 

1339,057,006 

388,910,183 

256,293,395 

300,599,257 

251,067,856 

162,585,074 

87,809,619 

45,  444,  .305 

78,571,870 

34,451,228 

27.  C.?.r„  7.57 

24,688,625 

19,563,349 

17,930,376 

54,382,917 

4,496,597 

4, 855. 098 

2,  .520. 921 

2. 367, 109 

1,9.50.981 

1.241,321 

589,  714 

.310.  742 

648. 450 

.307,298 

2r■2.^X 

232,201 

188,7.50 

166,279 

27,531, .554 
16, 893, 7(» 
28,761,108 
17,966.996 
18. 875, 029 
8.851.011 
4. 224, 680 
6. 624, 314 
5, 191,  350 
.3,.5Ca,40O 
4,083,961 
3,705,930 
2,901,544 

m 
m 

»238,029 
120, 794 
167,325 
84,423 
82,695 
40,266 
20,905 
31,072 
28,229 
21,084 
23,298 
20,855 
18,344 

78,743,976 

64,741,106 

57, 485, 106 

.38,987,832 

57,653,959 

61,713,044 

66, 476, 152 

29, 697, 185 

18,405,272 

11,429,989 

5,119,099 

4,297,a50 

2,657,751 

2,945,709 

2,190,820 

$1,874,700 

1,598,903 

1,344,525 

850,753 

1,044,809 

1,071.169 

1,147,763 

476. 032 

2,52, 297 

177,857 

106,248 

100. 557 

66, 176 

74,072 

54,474 

18.1.36,888 
22,348,570 
47,664,938 
14,829.622 
11.803,171 
9, 090, 367 
3,919,339 
21,40O,5&5 
23,891,135 
23, 6,32,  .374 
16,7.57,354 
15.422,281 
17,705,615 
10,  .550,  404 
10,044,341 

$118,713 
167,634 
297,761 
104,800 
141,070 
149,248 
67, 684 
225,628 
317,0.32 
314,425 
178,205 
276. 2.39 
281,. 505 
278,333 
230,570 

10,725 
3.970 

11,230 

1,812 

612,730 

11.376 
2.209 

42,  407 

35,228 
1.36, 610 
501, 136 
849. 0.88 

72, 479 

72,8.88 
192,950 

$1,062 
426 

1,327 

225 

26,429 

796 

249 

2,541 

2,755 

5,960 

18,291 

2fi,  865 

4,441 

5,464 

13,002 

414,151 

40 

543, 967 

441,066 

4,234,361 

4,  .307, 100 

6,946,205 

1,381,175 

1,161,808 

36,266 

84,200 

121,686 

206,839 

122,848 

27,056 

$17,681 

1892 

6 

1893 

13,659 

1894          

11,427 

1895 

105,604 

1896          

104,9.52 

1897 

171,101 

1898 

.31,726 

1899 

24,903 

1900              

3,594 

1901 

7,491 

1902                         

10,746 

1903 

13,841 

1904 

11,021 

1905 

1,157 

1  IncUidps  sal  soda. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Bailey,  Gilbert  E.  The  Saline  Deposits  of  California,  Bulletin  No. 
24,  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  1902. 

Griffin,  R.  B.  and  Little.  A.D.  The  Chemislry  of  Paper- Maivng , 
New  York,  1894. 

Hart.  P.  A  feie  Facts  in  the  Historti  of  Solid  Caustic,  Journal  of  So- 
ciety of  Chemical  Industiy.  vol.  5,  188G,  page  283. 

KocKERSCHEiDT,  J.  WiLK.  Ubcr  die  Preishewegimy  Chemischer  Pro- 
dukle,  Jena,  Gustav  Fischer,  1905. 

Lamborn.  Leebert  LioYD.  Modern  Soaps,  Candles,  and  Glycerin, 
New  York,  1906. 

LuciON,  R.  Contribution  to  the  History  of  the  Ammonia  Soda  Process, 
Journal  of  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  vol.  8,  1889,  page  460. 

Lunge,  George.  Sulphuric  Acid  and  Alkali,  London,  1895,  Vol. 
II:  1896,  Vol.  III. 

Martyn,  William.  Production  of  Soda  Crystals  in  the  United  States, 
Journal  of  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  vol.  4.  1885.  page  28. 

Pennock,  John  D.  Progress  of  the  Soda  Industry  in  the  United 
States  since  1900,  Bericht  V.  Internationaler  Kongress  fur  ange- 
wandte  Chemie,  1904,  vol.  1,  page  661. 

Recent  Progress  in  Industrial  Chemistry,  Journal  of  American 

Chemical  Society,  1906,  vol.  28.  page  1242. 

SoLVAY.  Ernest.  Coup  d'a'il  retrospcctif  sur  la  procede  de  fabrica- 
tion dc  la  soudc  a  V ammoniaquc .  Bericht  V.  Internationaler  Kon- 
gress fiir  angewandte  Chemie,  1904.  vol.  1,  page  108. 

Tariff  hearings  before  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  Fifty- 
first  Congress,  Istsession,  1889-90.  Misc.  Doc.  No.  176.  Soda  Ash. 
page  341.     Borax  and  its  Products,  page  361 .     Washington.  1890. 


-  Not  reported  separately. 

Tariff  hearings  before  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  Fifty- 
third  Congress,  1st  ses.sion,  1889-90.  Misc.  Doc.  No.  43.  Alum 
and  Soda,  page  15.     Borax,  page  18.     Washington,  1893. 

The  Solvay  Process  Company.  The  Solvay  Process  Alkali;  Its 
Various  Forms  and  Uses.     Syracuse.  N.  Y..  1896. 

Thorp,  Frank  Hull.  Outlines  of  Industrial  Chemistry,  second 
edition.  New  York,  1905. 


Class  III. — Potashes. 

The  class  of  potashes  comprises  stone-ash  (known 
also  as  crude  potash  and  kimp  potash),  which  is  a  mix- 
ture of  caustic  potash,  potassium  carbonate,  and  po- 
tassium sulphate  with  organic  and  various  kinds  of  in- 
organic matter;  ])otash,  or  black  salts,  or  black  flux, 
which  is  the  unrefined  potassium  carbonate  produced 
bv  calcining  stone-ash  or  argols,  or  wine  lees;  and 
peariash,  or  white  flux,  wliich  is  refined  potassium  car- 
bonate. The  term  "potash  "  has  also  long  been  used  to 
designate  caustic  potash,  known  also  as  vegetable 
alkah,  potassium  hydrate,  or  hydroxide,  but  as  here 
used  the  term  is  more  comprehensive.  Caustic  potash  is 
properly  included  here  with  the  potassium  carbonate, 
as  caustic  soda  was  with  the  sodiiun  carbonates  under 
''  sodas."     Were  any  jiotassium  hydrogen  carbonate  or 


426 


MANUFACTURES. 


bicarbonate  of  potash  to  be  reported,  the  data  for  it 
would  be  entered  under  tlus  class. 

A  detailed  description  of  the  American  process  for 
the  production  of  potashes  from  the  ashes  of  plants,  to- 
gether with  a  resume  of  the  processes  in  use  abroad,  and 
of  those  proposed  for  use  in  the  production  of  potashes 
from  various  sources,  was  given  in  the  special  report  on 
chemicals  and  allied  products  for  the  census  of  1900. 
It  is  evident  from  the  nature  of  the  operations  and  the 
character  of  the  materials  used  in  the  American  process 
that,  in  a  majority  of  instances,  the  industry  is  a  neigh- 
borhood industry-,  and  hence  one  wliich  does  not  come 
within  the  scope  of  the  census  of  1905.  Statistics  for 
production,  however,  were  taken  within  the  states,  and 
it  therefore  becomes  possible  to  present  their  results  in 
comparison  with  those  presented  separately  at  each 
census  beginning  with  that  of  1850.  The  quantity  and 
value  of  the  potashes  reported  at  each  census  from  1850 
to  1905  are  set  forth  in  Table  40. 

T.\BLE  -40. — Potashes — quanlily  ami  value  of  products:  1S60  to  1905. 


Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

PRODUCT. 

Average 

Pounds. 

Value. 

pound. 

1905                                          

■39 
'67 
75 
68 
105 
212 
569 

1,811,037 
3,864,766 
5,106,939 
4.571,671 

$104,655 
178, 180 
197,507 
232, 643 
327,671 
538,550 
1,401,533 

SO.  058 

1900 

0.046 

1890                                 

0.039 

1880 

0.051 

18<W                                                       

'Includes  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

The  statistics  in  Table  40  show  a  constant  decrease 
in  the  total  value  of  the  product  since  1850  and  a 
steady  decrease  in  the  quantity  of  the  product  since 
1890.  This  seems  quite  reasonable,  in  consideration 
of  the  destruction  of  the  forests  during  recent  years, 
and  the  resulting  decrease  in  the  quantity  of  ashes 
readily  available  for  the  manufacture  of  potashes; 
also  in  consideration  of  the  decrease  in  the  native  fer- 
tility of  the  soil,  witii  wliich  has  come  an  inclinaticm 
to  return  potasli  to  the  soil  as  it  occurs  in  I  lie  iisiics 
rather  than  to  extract  and  market  it;  and  also  in  con- 
sideration of  the  cheapening  of  so(hi  or  hard  soaps  and 
increa.se<l  facilities  for  bringing  tlicni  to  agricultural 
communities,  whereby  the  temptation  to  extract  pot- 
ash from  ashes  for  the  manufacture  of  jiotasli  or  soft 
sf)aps  is  les.sened.  These  causes,  combincil  with  the 
comparative  cheajjucss  of  foreign  potashes,  tend  to 
destroy  the  domestic-  industry.  The  data  of  Table  40 
indicate  that  the  industry  is  a  waning  one,  and  I  lint  it 
may  come  to  be  of  so  slight  iiiipoiliiiice  iis  not  to  war- 
rant separate  consideration  in  sul)sc<|U(iil  ccnsu.ses, 
unless  other  causes,  recently  set  in  ii|ici'iil  ion.  shall 
revive  it  in  another  form. 

Although  j)otassimn  occurs  in  considerable  (luanti- 
ties  in  India  saltpeter,  in  orthoclase  feldspar,  and  in 
many  other  minerals  which  havt!  long  been  used  for 
many  purposes  in  the  nrl-.  yd   up  to  iiIkjiiI   the  inidillc 


of  the  nineteenth  century  the  ashes  of  plants  were  prac- 
tically the  sole  source  of  supply  of  potashes.  In  the 
beginning  of  that  century  Stassfurt,  in  Germany,  was 
noted  for  its  salt  works,  in  which  salt  was  produced  by 
the  evaporation  of  natural  brine  obtained,  by  pumping, 
from  driven  salt  wells.  With  the  utilization  of  rock 
salt  deposits  in  various  localities  the  price  of  salt  was 
reduced  to  such  a  point  that  the  Stassfurt  works  ceased 
to  yield  their  former  large  revenue  to  the  Prussian  Gov- 
ernment, and  with  a  \dew  of  making  them  again  valu- 
able the  Government  began  boring  for  rock  salt  in  this 
localit3-inlS39.  In  1S57  a  shaft,  which  was  begun  in 
1852,  reached  at  a  depth  of  1 ,080  feet  a  stratum  of  rock 
salt ,  Init  in  doing  so  it  passed  through  a  heavy  deposit  of 
so-called  "  abraumsalze,"  or  refuse  salts,  which  con- 
sisted largely  of  compounds  of  potassium  and  niagne- 
siuni,  which  were  then  considered  worthless.'  This 
deposit  is  now,  and  has  long  been,  the  chief  source  of 
the  potashes  and  the  potassium  salts  of  commerce. 
These  native  Stassfurt  potash  salts  consist  of  the  min- 
erals carnallite,  which  is  a  magnesium  potassium 
chloride;  sylvite,  which  is  potassium  chloride;  and 
kainite,  which  is  a  magnesium  potassium  chloride  con- 
taining also  magnesium  chloride. 

As  early  as  1661  patents  were  granted  to  A.  Frank  for 
the  extraction  of  potassium  chloride  from  the  abraum 
salts,  and  since  then  a  variety  of  processes  of  extraction 
have  been  invented  and  put  into  use.  By  treating  this 
pota.ssium  chloride  with  sulphuric  acid,  limestone,  and 
coal,  as  Le  Blanc  treated  sodium  chloride,  jjotassium 
carbonate  is  obtained.  By  means  of  a  ]>rocess  anal- 
ogous to  the  ammonia-soda  process,  potassium  chlo- 
ride being  used  in  ]>lace  of  sodium  chloride  and  tri- 
methylamnioiiium  carbonate  in  place  of  ammonium 
carbonate,  potassium  hydrogen  carbonate,  or  bicar- 
bonate of  potash  is  obtained.  By  caiisticizing  these 
carbonates  with  lime,  caustic  potash  is  obtained. 

The  Stassfurt  deposit  of  potassium  salts  has  been 
cxjilored  since  its  discovery  and  it  has  been  found  to 
cover  an  area  of  about  1  DO  scpiare  miles.  The  stratum 
of  carnallite,  which  is  the  most  abundant  and  com- 
mercially most  important,  is  from  51)  to  1 50  I'eet  in  thick- 
ness. This  dcfxisit  continues  to  be  llic  chief  source 
of  the  world's  siqiply  of  potassium  salts,  except  the 
nitrate,  and  the  mining  of  them  and  thcMr  conversion 
into  ixilashi's  and  other  coinmcrcial  salts  gives  em- 
|)loymeiit  to  a  large  force  of  men.  It  is  stated  that 
tiie.sc  German  min(>s,  and  the  chemical  works  con- 
necteii  with  I  hem,  employ  10, 000  miners,  15,000  la- 
borers, and  .SOI)  eliemists  and  technical  e\"|)crts,  be- 
sides a  large  clerical  force. ' 

Consideration  is  now  being  given  to  dejiosits  of  ])o- 
ta.ssium  salts  within  tlie  territory  of  oiii'  own  country, 
and  this  subject  is  discussed  at  length  iiy  William  M. 
Courtis,  who  says:-' 


'  PoIiihIi  in  AKririilfiiri',  The  Cicriiiiin  Kiili  WiirkH.  I>ii|j;e  .'). 
^MiiK'ial  liKhiHlrv,  l!)07,  Vol.  XV,  page  (i5i). 
■'  Iliid..  pane  Wu\' 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


427 


There  are  several  large  and  well-known  supplies  of  surface  potash 
in  this  country,  which  could  lie  utili/.e<l  in  the  event  of  the  im- 
ports of  the  United  States  being  entirely  cut  off,  but  at  present 
tliey  are  remote  from  railroads,  in  the  desert  portion  of  this  country, 
and  the  cost  of  working  would  be  jjrohibitive.  These  deposits  are 
largely  mixed  w-ith  soda  sails  and  would  require  washing,  and  this 
would  be  costly.  The  .salts  consist  of  sulphates  and  nitrates  only, 
the  (-hloride  not  having  been  found  in  any  quantity.  It  is  prob- 
able that  with  so  many  surface  indications,  occurring  whore  condi- 
tions are  similar  to  those  of  the  Sta.ssfurt  district,  lioring  on  a  large 
scale  would  supply  information  whicli  would  eventually  lead  to 
the  discovery  of  a  bed  similar  to  that  of  (iermany,  but  it  would 
require  a  large  expenditure  for  blind  boring.  However,  in  Ger- 
many the  surface  indications  were  so  slight  that  the  immense  de- 
posits were  not  discovered  until  a  comparatively  few  years  ago,  and 
then  only  by  accident. 

Since  the  census  of  1900  a  new  metliod  for  the  manu- 
facture of  caustic  potasli  from  potassium  chloride  has 
been  put  in  operation  in  this  country.  This  is  de- 
scribed as  follows:' 

The  Roberts  Chemical  Company,  of  Niagara  Falls,  electrolyze 
potassium  chloride.  At  the  cathode  caustic  potash  is  produced 
and  hydrogen  is  set  free,  while  at  the  anode  chlorine  is  set  free. 
The  quantities  of  hydrogen  and  chlorine  are  in  equivalent  pro- 
portions, so  that  they  may  be  combined  to  form  hydrochloric  acid. 
This  is  done  by  the  Roberts  Chemical  Company,  the  two  products 
of  which  are,  therefore,  hydrochloric  acid  and  caustic  potash.  In 
the  September  issue  of  Things  Chemical,  of  the  Charles  E.  Sholes 
Company,  who  are  the  sales  agents  of  the  Roberts  Chemical  Com- 
pany, it  is  pointed  out  that  on  account  of  its  method  of  produc- 
tion, this  hydrochloric  acid  can  not  contain  the  ordinary  impurities 
of  muriatic  acid  unless  they  were  expressly  and  intentionally  added. 
Its  only  impurity  is  a  small  amount  of  free  chlorine,  which  gives 
it  a  pale  yellow  color.  The  acid  is  of  special  interest  to  manu- 
facturers of  fine  chemical  products,  gas  mantles,  cereals  and  food- 
stuffs (where  there  must  be  no  arsenic),  high  grade  and  fancy 
leathers,  and  in  general,  for  all  purposes  wliere  quality  is  of  more 
importance  than  a  slightly  increased  first  cost.  The  electrolytic 
caustic  potash  is  made  in  three  forms:  Fused  (solid),  in  drums  of 
100,  200,  and  800  pounds;  broken,  in  drums  of  100,  2.50,  500,  and 
1,000  pounds;  and  caustic  potash  solution,  in  drums  of  325,  650, 
and  1,350  pounds.  The  solid  and  broken  grades  analyze  not  less 
than  85  to  87  per  cent  KOH  and  10  to  15  per  cent  carbonate  and 
chloride  of  potassium.  The  solution  contains  45  to  47  per  cent 
KOH.  Caustic  potash  is  now  very  largely  used  in  electroplating 
shops  for  remo\-ing  grease  from  metallic  surfaces  before  plating.  In 
the  laundry  a  dilute  solution  of  caustic  potash  is  an  excellent 
"builder,"  for  the  soap  will  remove  all  grease  and  produces  excel- 
lent suds,  without  injury  to  the  fabric.  Soapmakers  use  caustic 
potash  especially  for  all  the  finest  soaps,  whereas  caustic  soda  is 
used  for  the  common  grades. 

Another  direction  in  wliich  the  potash  industry 
tends  to  develop  is  in  the  production  of  potashes  from 
the  pota.sh  or  orthoclase  feldspar  and  from  other  min- 
erals containino;  potassium.  Several  inventions  for 
the  extraction  of  potash  from  these  minerals  have  been 
patented,  the  latest  patent,  No.  851922,  of  April  30, 
1907,  having  been  granted  Dr.  AUerton  S.  Cushman, 

'  Electrochemical  and  Metallurgical  Industry,  1906,  Vol.  IV, 
page  382. 


assistant  director  of  the  United  States  road  material 
laboratory,  for  a  process  for  the  extraction  of  potash, 
soda,  and  other  soluble  bases  from  ground  rocks. 
This  is  described  as  follows: ' 

Fcldspathic  or  other  potash  b(!aring  rock  is  ground  to  fine  powder, 
slimed  with  water,  jind  placed  inside  of  a  suitable  wooden  container, 
which  is  then  set  inside  of  another  larger  vessel.  Water  is  now 
placed  in  the  outer  veasel  and  electrodes  inserted,  so  that  the  inner 
or  slime  chamber  becomes  connected  with  the  positive  pole,  and  the 
outer  chamber  with  the  negative  pole.  A  current  of  electricity 
from  a  dynamo  is  then  turned  on.  ^\'hen  this  is  done  the  potash, 
soda,  and  other  soluble  bases  are  partially  set  free  from  the  combi- 
nations with  alumina  and  silica  in  which  they  exist  in  the  fcld- 
spathic rocks. 

Under  the  influence  of  electrolysis  the  soluble  bases  pass  through 
the  wooden  partition  and  the  water  in  the  outer  vessel  becomes 
alkaline,  owing  to  the  accumulation  of  pota.ssiuin  and  sfjdium 
hydroxide.  The  electrical  resistance  of  the  cells  arranged  in  this 
way  is  so  high  that  only  a  small  fraction  of  an  amper<"  passes  through 
under  a  potential  of  110  volts.  Alter  a  certain  percentage  of  the 
alkali  has  been  extracted  in  this  manner,  the  action  slows  down, 
and  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  devise  methods  to  accelerate  the 
action. 

Doctor  Cushman  has  discovered  two  methods  for  accelerating  the 
decomposition  of  the  rock  slime  and  hastening  the  extraction  of  the 
potash:  (a)  By  a  suitable  grinding  or  churning  arrangement  the 
slime  in  the  inner  chamber  can  be  kept  in  a  continual  agitation, 
which  causes  the  necessary  reactions  to  go  on  more  rapidly,  (b)  If 
a  small  quantity  of  hydrofluoric  acid  is  added  to  the  slime  a  very 
great  acceleration  in  the  rate  of  decomposition  and  extraction  is 
obtained,  and  it  is  possible  in  a  reasonably  short  time  to  make  a 
complete  extraction  of  all  the  potash  contained. 

If  instead  of  caustic  potash  it  is  desired  to  make  various  salts  of 
potash  such  as  are  in  ordinary  use  for  fertilizers  and  other  purposes, 
that  is,  nitrate,  -sulphate,  chloride,  and  phosphate,  the  correspond- 
ing acids — nitric,  sulphuric,  hydrochloric,  and  phosphoric — are  fed 
in  a  dilute  form  into  the  outer  or  so-called  cathode  chamber,  fast 
enough  to  neutralize  the  caustic  alkali  as  it  forms.  By  varying  the 
amount  of  acid  added,  the  resistance  of  the  cell  can  be  controlled 
and  the  decomposition  of  the  rock  carried  on  under  the  best  and 
most  economic  conditions. 

The  consumption  of  potash  or  pearlash  in  the  glass 
industry  of  the  United  States  was,  at  the  census  of 
1890,'  2,544,978  pounds,  valued  at  §135,047,  and  at 
the  census  of  1900,'  4,406,211  pounds,  valued  at 
$186,847.  The  quantity  of  potash  used  in  the  soap 
industry  at  the  census  of  1905  *  was  4,453,800  pounds, 
valued  at  $191,933,  but  this  does  not  include  the  quan- 
tity of  potash  produced  and  consumed  in  the  same 
establishments  in  the  manufacture  of  soft  soap. 
These  are  two  of  the  industries  in  which  the  largest 
quantities  of  potashes  are  used. 

Table  41  shows  the  imports  and  exports  of  potashes 
and  ashes  as  taken  from  Commerce  and  Navigation  of 
the  United  States,  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Sta- 
tistics. 

-  The  Chemical  Engineer,  1907,  Vol.  V.  page  21. 
'  Twelfth  Census,  Manufactures,  Part  III,  page  983. 
*  Census  of  Manufactures,  1905,  Bulletin  57,  page  43. 


428 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  -11.— IMPORT.S    OF     POTA,SHE.S,    A.SHES  (WOOD)  AND    LYE    OF.    AND    BEET    ROOT   ASHES.    ENTERED    FOR 
CONSUMPTION;  AND  DOMESTIC  EXPORTS  OF  POTASHES  AND  PEARLASHES:  1891  TO  1905. 


IMPORTS  OF  BICAR- 
BONATE OF  POTASH. 

IMPORTS  OF  CARBONATE  OF  POTASH. 

IMPORT.S  OFCAtJSTIC  OR  HYDR-VTE  OF  POTASH. 

Imports 
of  ashes 
(wood) 
and  lye 
of,  and 
beet  root 
ashes 
(value). 

DOMESTIC   EXPORTS 

OF  POTASHES  AND 

PEARLASHES. 

ENDING 

JXJNE 
30- 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Crude  or  black  salts. 

Refined. 

Not  including  refined, 
in  sticks  or  rolls. 

Refined,  in  sticks  or 
rolls. 

Poundi>. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

value. 

1891 

76.828 

40. 759 

74,983 

2,716 

117,674 

71,350 

303,447 

115,711 

132,431 

162.798 

73.  770 

56.970 

19,130 

93,769 

76,983 

$4,344 
2,290 
3,903 

168 
7,401 
3,457 
15,053 
5,936 
7,239 
S,666 
8,054 
3,625 
1.518 
4.778 
4,504 

I  6, 207, 419 

8,745,268 

10,115,017 

■8,130,975 

11,602,272 

12,439,180 

7.  501,  497 

15,844,374 

16,  018, 889 

21,191,258 

18,  888, 612 

18,671,566 

11,130,789 

8, 193,  872 

7,166,569 

$219,557 
309,585 
329,895 
262,818 
364,506 
401,. S19 
229.029 
471.919 
437. 675 
625.922 
627. 601 
624,042 
141,033 
224,396 
218,816 

1,882,461 

1,  810,  604 

2,338,868 

SI,  471,511 

2  3,  015. 361 

=  3.322.261 

=  4.011.996 

=  3.354.245 

3.  454. 7.39 

3.  612.  .595 

3,  840. 777 
4,118.079 

4,  499, 555 
4,810,993 
5,269,804 

$84,429 
79,  649 
99,177 
62,  671 
123,  798 
135,826 
165,735 
125,591 
132,331 
157,842 
180,277 
191,281 
193,350 
194,839 
217, 041 

9,145 
56, 075 

9,513 
36,510 

1,305 

$1, 106 

3,035 

1,781 

1,877 

194 

$42, 624 
.54,855 
76,306 
74,050 
77,708 
67,393 
66,423 
62,206 
59,970 
66,453 
76,306 
88,096 
7C..  ir.t'. 
Ii2.  641 
611.713 

430,582 

1,307,634 

634,421 

650,  261 

664,876 

969.  874 

511.830 

869.  841 

745.  433 

1,273,905 

1,043.817 

1,363.355 

1.193.  2.iS 

l.fC7.1M 

542,832 

$24,432 
99,  .566 
31  775 

1892 

1893    .  . 

1894 

1895.    . 

29.205 
30,188 

1896 

1897 

420.513 
22.941 
637.587 
2, 9f.S,  051 
3.  44.S.  249 
3.  809. 549 
17.  689. 935 
13, 5S(J.  306 
13.687.083 

$24,  727 
727 
16,783 
87.987 
112.783 
125.445 
507. 219 
397. 104 
440. 139 

21  727 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901.... 

190Z 

1903 

1904 

1905 

15,577 
36,055 
23,297 
86,798 
33.518 
31,632 
36,048 
22,313 

2,119 
3,643 
2,715 
7,195 
4,526 
3,853 
4,879 
2,537 

33,202 
29,676 
49,566 
56,072 
62,529 
60,376 
,56,800 
30.156 

1  Fused. 


Class  IV. — Alums. 


=  Includes  some  refined  admitted  free. 


Table  42. 


-Alums — comparative  summary,   with   amount  and  per 
cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


The  class  of  alums  comprises  potash,  ammonia  and 
soda  alums,  and  all  other  double  sulphates  of  alumi- 
num wath  the  alkali  metals,  or  their  isomorphs,  such 
as  chrome  alum;  burnt  alum,  known  also  as  dried 
alum  and  alumen  exsiccatum,  or  ustum;  porous  alum, 
which  is  effloresced  soda  alum,  or  else  the  product  ob- 
tained b}'  mixing  soda  ash  with  alum  cake;  aluminum 
sulphate;  concentrated  alum,  which  is  crystallized 
aluminum  sulpliate;  alum  cake,  which  is  crude  alumi- 
num sulphate;  aluiiiino-ferric  cake,  which  is  alum 
cake  containing  a  considerable  amount  of  iron;  and 
aluminum  hydrate,  or  hydroxide. 

Statistics  for  the  alum  industry  have  been  reported 
separately  at  each  census  beginning  with  that  of  1880. 
At  the  census  of  1900  the  quantity  and  value  of  each 
of  the  chief  varieties  of  alums  were  also  set  forth. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salarii'd    ofhcials,    clerks,    etc., 

nuinber 

Salaries 

Wagc-oarners.  average  number. 

Tcital  wages 

Miseellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products  i 


$11,836,933 

87 

$135,226 

2,659 

$1,331,776 

$467,113 

$2,583,173 

$5,068,395 


1900 


$5,553,313 

27 

$64,328 

1.496 

$773,356 

$214,997 

$1,318,906 

$2.8S2.42l 


Increase. 


$6,283,620 

60 

$70,898 

1,063 

$558,420 

.  $252, 116 

$1,264,267 

$2,175,974 


Per  cent 

Of 

increase. 


100.0 
113.2 

222.2 
110  2 
71.1 
72.2 
117.3 
95.9 
75.5 


'  Includes  "all  Other  products." 

Table  42  presents  the  statistics  for  the  principal 
establishments  only.  An  increase  is  shown  in  every 
item,  the  largest  per  cent  of  increase  being  in  the  num- 
ber of  salaried  ofTicials,  clerks,  etc.,  and  the  next 
largest  being  in  miscellaneous  expenses. 


Table  43 ALUMS— QUANTITY  AND  VALUE:  1880  TO  1905. 


Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Quantity 
(pounds). 

Vftluo. 

INCREASE. 

PER  CENT  or  INCREASE. 

CENSUS. 

Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Quantity 
(pounds) . 

Value. 

Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Quantity 
(pounds). 

Value. 

1805                                

17 
13 
10 
6 

225,643,308 

>  184,I>45,2'.I7 

93,«H8,0(IS 

39,217,725 

$2. 9.56. .844 

'  2,51(i,42(l 

1,616,710 

»U8, 165 

4 
3 
4 

40.898,011 
90.647,289 
54,780,283 

$440,424 

,S99,710 
808,, 545 

.30.8 
.10. 0 
66. 7 

22.1 
96.4 
139.7 

17.5 

1900 

SS.7 

1890                  

100.0 

1880                                                                                     

'  Includes  S.177.826  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $09,844,  con8innc<l  fn 
ments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

The  data  of  Table  43  shows,  when  the  iinliislry  is 
considered  as  a  whole  as  well  as  when  only  (lie  o|>era- 
tion  of  tlu^  principal  establishments  is  considered,  that 
there  has  been  an  increase  in  every  item  nl  ciu  li  .suc- 
ceeding census,  and  that  the  industry-  was  in  a  Nourish- 
ing condition  at  tlio  census  of  100.5.  A  comijarisoii  of 
the  increases  at  tlie  various  periods  shows  that  while 


'.•itrtblisluniMits  where  manufactured;  and  nha  the   alum  n-portod  by  cstablfsh- 

the  greatest  percentage  of  increa.sc  in  every  item  oc- 
curred in  the  interval  from  ISSO  lo  1.S90,  (he  largest 
actual  increase  in  both  (|iian(ity  and  vahn>  occurred  in 
the  iiitcrxiLl  from  I.SIKI  to  I'.IOO.  It  is  to  be  observed 
that  the  diila  for  1  •)()()  includes  (he  (|uantity  and  value 
of  ahiin  which  was  produced  and  consumed.  No  in- 
formal inn  on  this  point  is  availal)lc  for  i!H)r). 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


429 


Tahlh  44. — Kinds  of  alum — quantity  and  value  of  prodacta:  1905 

and  1900. 


1»0S 

1900 

Pounds. 

Viilun. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Total 

225,54.3,308 

12,956,844 

179,467,471 

$2,446,576 

3,  467, 104 
1.5,8.58,335 
80.919.272 
10.  307. 154 
82.0)0 
19,49(i.047 
95, 413, 346 

59,774 
364,328 
972.892 
156,  448 
4,923 
161,906 
1,230,573 

6,580,373 

6, 628,  914 

103,016,815 

14,200,  .mi 
9. 399,  .5.50 
4, 048, 655 

35,592,771 

102,308 

IJlirnt  uluin       .           

174,000 

Com«nlmled  lUuni 

l,062..'i47 
215,004 

228,  .500 

34, 047 

629,570 

The  tlata  of  Table  44  shows  that  a  larger  proportion 
of  the  alums  returned  at  the  census  of  1905  is  in- 
cluded under  the  heading  "other  alums"  than  at  the 
census  of  1900,  and  that  there  has  been  a  decrease  in 
every  other  item,  except  in  the  cpiantity  and  value  of 
burnt  alum  and  of  alum  cake,  items  which  show 
marked  increases.  The  greatest  decrease  is  in  the 
quantity  and  value  of  soda  alum ,  l>ut ,  as  pointed  out  in 
the  special  report  for  1900,  this  is  often  included  under 
burnt  alum;  there  is  reason  for  this,  since  as  sold  it 
does  not  usually  contain  the  water  of  crystallization, 
which  is  characteristic  of  the  crystallized  alums.  Some 
manufacturers  contend  that  soda  alum,  which  is 
known  in  trade  as  "C.  T.  S.,"  or  "cream  of  tartar  sub- 
stitute," is  not  an  alum,  and  accordingly  they  may 
have  reported  it  under  "all  other  products."  This 
would  reduce  the  total  (juantity  and  value  of  alums 
and  may  be  an  additional  means  of  explaining  why  the 
increases  shown  for  the  industry  at  the  census  of  1905 
are  not  proportionate  to  those  shown  at  the  census  of 
1900. 

Table  4.5. — Alums — number  of  establishments,  by  states:  1905  and 

1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

United  States                                          

U7 

US 

1 
3 
3 
1 
2 
1 
6 

Illinois 

1 

3 

1 

New  York 

2 

Ohio                         .             

6 

1  Includes  9  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

Table  45  shows  the  same  number  of  establishments 
in  operation  at  the  censuses  of  1905  and  1900  in  every 
state  except  Illinois,  where  there  has  been  a  gain  of  2 
establishments,  and  California  and  Ohio,  in  each  of 
which  1  plant  has  been  established.  Pennsylvania 
stands  first    at    each  census.     Massachusetts    stands 


second  at  each,  being  joined  in  this  place  at  the  census 
of  1905  by  Illinois.  \o  other  state  had  iiKjre  than  2 
establishments  at  either  census. 

Table  46. — Alums — value,  of  products,  by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

United  States 

$2,950,844 

$2,446,576 

Pennsylvania 1,479,340  '  1,411,6.52 

Massachusetts.-. 270.614  306,754 

Illinois 4M,7.54  '  (') 

All  otherstates« .'. 7^5,136  |  728,170 

•  Included  in  *'  all  other  states." 

3  Includes  in  1005  California,  Michigan,  New  York,  and  Ohio;  in  1000,  Illinoie, 
New  York,  and  Michigan. 

Table  46  shows  that  at  each  census  Pennsylvania 
stood  first  in  the  value  of  alums  produced  and  "all 
other  states"  second.  It  also  shows  for  the  later  cen- 
sus a  decrease  in  the  value  of  the  product  for  Massa- 
chusetts, and  an  apparent  decrease  for  "all  other 
states,"  but  as  the  value  of  the  product  from  Illinois 
was  reported  separately  at  the  census  of  1905,  while 
it  was  included  in  the  item  "all  other  states"  for  1900, 
the  only  real  decrease  is  in  the  returns  for  Massachu- 
setts. 

In  the  census  year  1900  there  were  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  alums,  including  those  produced  and  con- 
sumed, 39,000  tons  of  bauxite,  valued  at  .S263,850; 
5,000  tons  of  cryolite,  valued  at  .'51 10,000;  2,000  tons 
of  sodium  sulphate,  in  the  form  of  salt  cake  or  niter 
cake,  valued  at  .$4,100;  755  tons  of  soda  ash,  valued 
at  $8,744;  360  tons  of  ammonium  sulphate,  valued  at 
$21,900;  477  tons  of  potassium  sulphate,  valued  at 
$19,600;  and  71,426  tons^  of  sulphuric  acid,  in  the 
manufacture  of  which  were  used  3,323  tons  of  sulphur 
(valued  at  $66,000),  28,3.58  tons  of  pyrites  (valued  at 
$133,282),  and  720  tons  of  sodium  nitrate  (valued  at 
$25,200).  In  1905  there  were  used  in  this  industry 
53,246  tons  of  bauxite,  valued  at  $423,643;  4,867  tons 
of  aluminum  hydrate,  or  hydroxide,  valued  at  $223,- 
882;  4,141  tons  of  sodium  sulphate,  valued  at  SI  1.627; 
8,657  tons  of  soda  ash,  valued  at  $162, .394;  179  tons  of 
ammonium  sulphate,  valued  at  $11,165;  1,288  tons  of 
potas.sium  sulphate,  valued  at  $55.951 ;  and  80,672  tons 
of  sulphuric  acid  of  50°  Baume,  in  the  manufacture  of 
wliich  were  used  38,233  tons  of  pyrites  (valued  at 
$187,341)  and  807  tons  of  sodium  nitrate  (valued  at 
.$.32,280). 

Table  47  shows  the  imports  of  alums  and  materials 
for  alum  making  as  taken  from  Commerce  and  Navi- 
gation of  the  United  States,  published  by  the  Bureau 
of  Statistics. 

'  Recalculated  from  ascertained  yields  in  practice. 


430  MANUFACTURES. 

Table  47.— ALUMS,  CRYOLITE,  AND  BAUXITE— IMPORTS  FOR  CONSUMPTION:  1891  TO  1905. 


ALUH3. 

CEYOLITE. 

BAUXITE. 

YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30— 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Bauxite 

crude. 

Aluminum  hydrate 
or  reflned  bauxite. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1891                                                                                                                 *  ■ 

4,652,985 
4,140,916 
4,572,923 
1,838,728 
2,983,682 
5,525,825 
5,301,544 
2,787,639 
1,601,829 
2,186,266 
2,120,119 
1,970,961 
1,865,006 
1,465,709 
2,395,071 

558,863 
59,336 
73,806 
30,831 
46,815 
86,371 
96,529 
36,099 
14,244 
19,354 
21,179 
18,217 
17,321 
13,501 
23,600 
1 

7,129 
8,298 
8,459 

12,756 
8,685 
7,024 
3,009 

10,788 
5,529 
5,878 
6,167 
4,653 
7,565 
6,332 
998 

$95,405 

76,350 

1H,796 

170,215 

116,273 

93,198 

40,056 

144,178 

79,455 

78,658 

82,533 

61,116 

104,178 

84,359 

17,707 

1893                                                                                                                                           --,    - 

1894                                 

1895                                                                    .                                   

1896                   

1897                                                      ' 

8,722,074 

514,915 

1898                 

2,092,082 
2,955,339 
3,474,421 
5,584,477 
1,448,505 
1,520,273 
1,656,635 
16,291 

860,194 

1899                                    

7,722.(k')0 

li,S."i(),(HMT 

;f;i,.s2t',(HH) 

211,418, 01 «) 
33,534,240 
38, MS,  160 
19,100,000 

14,108 
11,413 
63,597 
52,245 
56,861 
62,452 
32,813 

92,019 

1900    

109,574 

1901                             

199,950 

1902 

53,557 

1903            i 

50,132 

1904                                                      ■ 

55,825 

1905 

1,388 

Class  V. — Co.4l  Tar  Products. 

The  class  of  coal  tar  products  comprises  the  mate- 
rials obtained  V)v  tlie  distillation  of  coal  tar,  known  as 
coal  tar  distiller}'  products,  which  include  pitch,  creo- 
sote oil,  dead  oil  and  other  tar  oils,  benzol  (benzene), 
toluol,  xylol,  naphthalene,  anthracene  and  other  coal 
tar  hydrocarbons,  phenol  (carbolic  acid),  cresol, 
naphthol,  resorcin,  or  resorcinol,  and  other  coal  tar  ter- 
tiary alcohols,  and  aniline,  toluidine,xylidine,  and  other 
coal  tar  amines;  and  chemicals  made  from  coal  tar 
distillery  products,  which  include  the  aldehydes,  acids, 
ketones,  salts,  and  various  other  so-called  benzene 
derivates.  These  cover  the  so-called  coal  tar  dyes, 
which  appear  also  under  "dyestuffs,"  and  many 
nitro-substitution  compounds  and  synthetic  prepa- 
ratiDns,  which  apjx-ar  a<,'iiin  under  "essential  oils" 
or  "fine  chemicals."  'I'hcic  is  a  further  duplication 
in  that  many  estal)lishmcnts  in  which  coal  tar  is  dis- 
tilled consume  part  of  the  product  in  the  further 
manufacture  of  roofinj;  felt,  roofing  paper,  and  roofing 
prcparatifins  which  Ix'lonj^  either  in  the  class  of  "roof- 
ing; and  roofing  materials"  or  of  "paints."  These 
duplications  are  necessary  in  order  to  sliow  tiie  con- 
dition of  the  industry  as  a  whole.  In  view  of  these 
facts  it  is  evident  tluit  the  cla.ssifying  of  tiie  coal  tar 
products  presents  verA'  serious  difru-ulties  and  ihnl  for 
this  iridustrs'  tlierc  will  necessarily  b(^  iif  (lie  dillcrcnt 
censuses  variations  in   the  statistics. 

Table  48. — Coal  tar  prorluctn — comparative  mimmanj,  irilh  amount 
and  per  rent  of  decrease:  1!)05  and  I'KIO. 


Number  of  e^talilishmpnts 

Canitnl 

Salaried    onicial!*,    t-lerks,    etc., 

nuintier 

HttlurliH 

Wd^f-oarnern,  average  number. . 

Tntdl  waKcH 

MlwcUHnc'ins  expenncfl 

(Vikl  rif  inntrrialH  UNed 

Value  of  prndncta 


1906 


1900 


tS37,IX)I 

41 : 
WK.fta  I 

120 
170.(172 

tn4..'iH(i 

tM8.r,|7 
1820,3011 


IS 
12,006,303 

84 

1152,817 

M4 

12.17.  R38 

t1(KI.041 

«I..141,.''>6I 

12,227,544 


Docrcnse. 


II 


11,267,372 

43 

tS7,0IS 

386 

liRo.mn 

175.052 

1802.1144 

11,407,236 


Per  eent 

rif 

decrease. 


OO.O 
60.0 

61.2 
67.0 
74.9 
72,  5 
39.  H 
60.9 
03.2 


Table  48  shows  a  decrease  in  every  item  for  1905  as 
compared  with  1900,  the  greatest  percentage  of  de- 
crease being  in  the  average  number  of  wasre-earners 
and  in  wages  paid,  and  the  least  in  miscellaneous 
expenses.  The  cause  of  the  decreases  is  due  chiefly, 
if  not  entirely,  to  the  fact  that  establishments  which 
in  1900  produced  coal  tar  distillery  products  as  their 
principal  product  and  roofing  materials  as  a  subsidiary 
product,  in  190,5  producetl  roofing  materials  as  their 
principal  product,  and  were  thus  taken  out  of  the  class 
of  coal  tar  products  establishments.  It  is  pointed 
out,  in  the  special  report  on  this  industry  for  the 
census  of  1900,  that  tarred  felt  and  tarred  paper,  in 
which  part  of  the  material  produced  from  the  coal 
tar  was  consumed  in  further  manufacture,  were  pro- 
duced to  the  value  of  $442,529. 

Statistics  for  this  industry  were  first  reported  sepa- 
rately at  the  census  of  IS.SO,  since  which  time  they 
have  been  reported  separately  at  each  cen.sus.  As 
no  data  are  at  command  by  which  to  ascertain  the 
(|imiitity  of  the  coal  tar  products  which  were  pro- 
duced and  consumed,  these  statistics  show  only  the 
totals  of  those  products  produced  for  sale. 

TAULii  49. — Coal  tar  products — number  of  eslablishmcntx,  by  states: 
l'M5  and  1900. 


STATE. 

moB 

1000 

United  States 

'39 

■'22 

1 
1 

1 

llllnoi.s 

1 

3 
3 

1 

2 

Mlnni'.icil  a 

1 

3 

8 
8 
3 

6 
1 

1 

3 

2 

New  Vorl«' 

3 

Oliio                               

2 

n 

1 

'tnrludea  33  establishments  enRiigoiI  primarily  In  I  he  iiininilai'luro  of  other 
prodncls. 

'  iJH-ludna  7  r-»liilillNlitiwnl..i  cnKiip'cI  priiiiiirlly  in  llw  iiiiiiiiifiLi-lnrc  cil  oilier 
prodncls. 

'I'ni)le  49  shows  liiiil  llicii-  luis  been  nii  incrcnsc  of  17 
ill   iinniber,  or  ll.'.i   per  cent,  for  the  estahlishniciits 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


431 


in  the  United  States  for  1905  as  compared  with  1900, 
the  increases  for  the  individual  states  reporting:;  in 
1900  being  6  in  New  Jersey,  5  in  New  York,  and  1  in 
Ohio,  while  Maine  reports  3  establishments  and  Illinois, 
Michigan,  and  Rhode  Island  1  each  for  the  first  time 
at  the  census  of  190.').  J  Louisiana  and  Minnesota  which 
reported  1  establishment  each  in  1900  did  not  report 
any  in  190.5.  At  the  census  of  1 900  Pennsylvania  stood 
first  in  the  number  of  estal)lishnients,  with  Missouri  and 
New  York  sharing  second  ])la('e.  No  other  state  re- 
turned more  than  2  establishments.  At  the  census  of 
1905  New  Jersey  and  New  York  shared  first  place, 
Pennsylvania  occupied  second,  and  Maine,  Massa- 
chusetts, Missouri,  and  Ohio  shared  third.  No  other 
state  returned  more  than  1  estal)lis]nnent. 

Table  50. — Coal  tar  products^ — value,  by  states:  1890  to  1905. 


1905 

1901) 

1890 

STATE. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Value  of 
products. 

Num- 
ber of 
estali- 
lish- 
ments. 

Value  of 
products. 

Value  of 
prod- 
ucts. 

United  States 

39 

S3. 984. 821 

22 

$1,421,720 

1687,591 

District  of  Columbia 

20,000 

Georgia            .  .  . 

20,000 

3 
3 
3 

8 
8 
t 

6 

55 

30,051 
175,978 
284,637 
1,664,136 
926,329 
463,001 
375, 757 

64,932 

Massachusetts 

3 

(') 
3 

m 

6 
10 

415,600 

44.016 

396,759 
665,345 

330,200 

New  York      

138, 324 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

168, 180 

10,887 

1  Showing  value  of  coal  tar  products  only. 

2  Included  in  "all  other  states." 

^Includes  in  1905  California,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Rhode  Island, and  Tennessee: 
in  1900.  California.  Louisiana,  Massachusetts.  Minnesota,  New  .Jersey,  Ohio,  and 
Tennessee;  in  1890,  Massachusetts  and  Tennessee. 

The  rank  of  the  states  at  the  different  censuses,  as 
determined  by  the  value  of  products,  has  varied  in 
an  erratic  manner.  New  Jersey,  which  ranked  first 
in  1890  and  again  in  1905,  was  classified  under  "all 
other  states"  in  1900;  Missouri,  which  ranked  first  in 
1900,  took  the  fifth  place  in  1905;  and  Pennsylvania, 
which  ranked  second  in  1900,  passed  to  the  fourth 
place  in  1905;  New  York,  which  ranked  third  in  1890 
and  in  1900,  rose  to  the  second  place  in  1905;  Ohio, 
which  had  not  been  reported  separately  at  any  pre- 
vious census,  took  the  third  j)lace  in  1905.  At  each 
census  the  largest  portion  of  the  product  has  been 
reported  from  the  Middle  Atlantic  states. 

Coal  tar  is  produced  in  the  destructive  distillation 
of  bituminous  coal,  and  is  therefore  a  by-product  of 
the  coal  gas  industry  and,  when  by-product  ovens  are 
used,  of  the  coke  industiy.  The  unit  of  measure 
used  in  treatises  on  this  material  is  sometimes  gallons 
and  sometimes  tons.  But  since  a  gallon  of  coal  tar 
weighs,  on  an  average,  10  pounds,  it  is  a  simple  mat- 
ter to  convert  the  quantities  given  in  one  of  these 
units  into  terms  of  the  other.  At  the  census  of  1900* 
it  was  estimated  that  the  quantity  of  coal  tar  pro- 

'  Twelfth  Census,  Manufactures,  Part  IV,  page  549. 


duced  m  the  gas  industry  in  this  countrj'  was  07,094 
tons,  and  the  quantity  of  water  gas  tar  j)roduced, 
222,868  tons.  At  the  census  of  1905'  the  quantity 
of  tar  reported  was  67,515,421  gallons,  or  ;J37,577 
tons.  This  includes  botli  the  coal  tar  from  the 
straight  coal  gas  i)rocess,  and  the  water  gas  tar  pro- 
duced chiefly  in  carbureting  the  water  gas.  As  the 
two  processes  are  often  carried  on  in  conjunction,  it 
is  not  a  simple  matter  for  the  {)roducers  to  give  sepa- 
rate returns  for  them,  and  hence  a  combined  return 
was  received.  Assuming,  liowever,  that  the  ratio  of 
each  approximated  that  reported  for  the  census  of 
1900,  which  was  closely  23  of  coal  gas  tar  to  77  of 
water  gas  tar,  the  amount  reported  for  the  cen.sus  of 
1905,  in  the  gas  industry,  was  equivalent  to  77,643 
tons  of  coal  tar  and  259,934  tons  of  water  gas  tar.  In 
the  coke  industry,  at  the  same  census,  the  quantity  of 
coal  tar  reported  was  26,223,323  gallons,  or  131,117 
tons.^  There  was  therefore  available  in  the  United 
States  in  1905,  208,760  tons  of  coal  tar  as  compared 
with  119,438  tons  in  1900,  and  468,694  tons  of  coal 
and  water  gas  tar  as  compared  with  342,306  tons  in 
1900.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  at  the  later  census  the 
coal  tar  production  from  coke  ovens  exceeded  that 
from  coal  gas  plants.  The  amount  of  coal  tar  reported 
as  used  in  the  United  States  at  the  census  of  1900 
was  110,023  tons,  and  at  the  census  of  1905,  127,756 
tons;  at  the  later  census  there  were  also  reported  as 
used  117,459  tons  of  oil  gas  tar. 

Among  the  products  of  this  industry  reported  at  the 
census  of  1905  were  61,100  tons  of  pitch,  valued  at 
$800,862;  577,750  gallons  of  refined  coal  tar,  valued  at 
.S22,704;  18,750  gallons  of  ready  niLxed  paints,  valued 
at  .$5,621,  these  three  products  evidently  having  been 
made  from  coal  tar  pitch  and  light  distillate;  288,817 
gallons  of  creosote  oil,  valued  at  .517,546;  17,175  tons 
of  oils,  including  light,  heavy,  and  dead  oils,  and  prob- 
ably some  creosote  oil,  valued  at  .8308,830:  coal  tar 
distiller}^  products,  probably  comprising  some  of  the 
foregoing,  valued  at  $7,613;  5,872,360  pounds  of  coal 
tar  dA-es,  valued  at  $2,348,189;  and  2,391,866  pounds 
of  chemicals  made  from  coal  tar  distiller}'  products, 
including  salicylic  acid  and  its  derivatives,  saccharine, 
and  phenol  preparations  and  derivatives,  valued  at 
$569,024.  It  is  believed  that  many  of  these  are  lost 
in  the  classifications  "druggists'  preparations"  and 
"patent  meilicines  and  compounds."  At  the  census 
of  1900  the  chemicals  made  from  coal  tar  distillery 
products  were  valued  at  $205,047.  P_%Tidine  and  its 
homologues,  some  of  these  chemicals,  are  used  for 
denaturing  alcohol,  and,  as  the  Commissioner  of  Inter- 
nal Revenue  has  ruled  that  alcohol  denatured  by  their 
use  may  be  used  tax  free  in  the  arts  and  manufac- 
tures and  for  domestic  purposes,  it  is  reasonable  to 
suppose  that  in  subsequent  census  returns  these  sub- 
stances may  be  enumerated  as  separate  items. 

2 Census  of  Manufactures,  190.5,  Bulletin  57.  page  42. 
'Census  of  Manufactures.  1905.  Bulletin  65.  page  17. 


432 


MANUFACTURES. 


A  comparison  of  the  coal  tar  reported  as  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  coal  tar  products,  with  the  coal 
tar  produced  in  the  coal  gas  and  coke  industries, 
shows  that  in  1900  there  was  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  coal  tar  products  92.1  per  cent  of  the  entire  amount 
produced,  and  in  1905  but  61.2  per  cent;  at  the  latter 
census  the  amount  of  oil  gas  tar  used  nearly  equaled 
that  of  the  coal  tar.  These  figures  indicate  that 
other  and  increasing  uses  for  coal  tar  than  that  of 
converting  it  into  coal  tar  products  are  being  foimd, 
such  for  instance  as  emplo^'ing  it  for  fuel  in  internal 
combustion  engines  of  the  Diesel  type.  Despite  these 
uses,  however,  our  resources  for  tar  are  b}'^  no 
means  exhausted;  it  is  estimated  that  in  1905,  28  per 
cent  of  the  tar  produced  in  by-product  coke  works 
was  consumed  as  fuel  in  the  works,  and  it  is  shown 
in  the  bulletin  on  coke  for  1905,'  that  had  all  the 
coal  wliich  was  coked  in  that  census  year  been  coked 
in  by-product  ovens,  at  the  average  rate  of  yield  which 
obtained  for  the  coal  actually  so  coked,  there  would 
have  been  produced  295,273,173  gallons,  or  1,476,366 
tons,  of  coal  tar  from  that  source  alone.  There  is 
therefore  no  lack  of  coal  tar  for  our  industries.  In 
fact,  the  difficulty  of  profitably  disposing  of  that  now 
produced  is  a  larg^  factor  in  delaying  the  erection  of 
additional  by-product  coke  plants.  Nor  is  there  yet 
any  restriction  on  the  amount  of  benzene  and  its  hom- 
ologues  available  for  use  in  the  aniline  dye  industry, 
for,  besides  that  which  occurs  in  the  coal  tar,  a  con- 
siderable amount,  which  might  be  utilized,  is  allowed 
to  i)ass  off  in  the  gas  from  by-product  ovens.  Of  the 
10,000  cubic  feet  of  gas  produced  from  a  ton  of  coal, 
6,500  cubic  feet  arc  required  in  the  coking  process. 
This  gas  contains  three-fourths  of  1  per  cent  of  ben- 
zene and  its  homologues,  which  may  l)c  removed  by 
wasliing  the  gas  with  petroleum,  or  coal  tar  oil;  the 
product  thus  obtained  is  a  benzolized  oil  containing 
from  2  to  3  per  cent  of  benzene.  On  distillation  a 
CHide  l)enzene  light  oil  is  obtained  which  contains 
only  slight  quantities  of  impurities,  such  as  carbon 
di.xiilphidc,  hydrogen  sulpliidc,  thiophonc,  and  naph- 
thuli'nc,  wliich  by  ])urificati(in  and  redistillation  yields 
a  100  per  cent  jiiirc  benzene,'  suitable  for  converting 
into  aniline.  The  extraction  of  the  benzene  and  its 
homologues  does  not  seriously  affect  the  heating  Nalue 
of  the  gas,  and  is  now  being  practiced  to  some  extent. 
At  the  census  of  1005  the  volume  of  gas  reported  as 
produced  and  con.sumed  in  by-product  ovens  was 
16,232, .309  thou.saiid  <iil.i<-  feet.  The  volume  which 
would  have  been  j)roduced  had  all  of  tiie  r()ii\  which 
wa.s  coked  in  that  year  l)een  cokeil  in  by-|)roducl  ovens 
is  estimated  at  183,025,147  thonsMiid  cubic  feet. 

The  .statistics  given  in  Tables  IS  and  50  show  that 
till'  iiianufacture  of  coal  tar  products  in  the  I'nitcd 
States  is  an  important  and  a  growing  industry,  yet 
when  compareil  with  the  same  industry'  in  Clcrinany 
it  sink.s  into  insigiiilicance. 


Table  51  sets  forth  the  imports  of  coal  tar  and  of  coal 
tar  products  from  1896  to  1905,  as  taken  from  Com- 
merce and  Navigation  of  the  United  States,  published 
by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics. 

Table  51. — Coal  tar  and  coal  tar  products — hnports  for  consumj)- 
tion:   1896  to  1905. 


COAL  TAR.   CRUDE 
AND   PITCH. 

Coal  tar 

products  not 

medicinal 

and  not 
colors  or  dves 

(value).' 

Preparations 
of  coal  tar 
except  me- 

YEAR  ENDING   JUNE  30— 

Barrels. 

Value. 

dicinal. 

colors  and 

dyes,  and 

products  of, 

not  sjDecially 

provided  lor 

(value). 

1896                                          .    -    .    - 

139,976 
111,534 
89,346 
26.704 
80, 047 
39,062 
28,390 
57.114 
38. 277 
46,057 

$288,750 
258,900 
158,589 

60,  500 
165,072 
104,  547 

84,410 
141,822 

83,323 
114,500 

(») 
(') 

$228,037 
393,602 
397, 780 
383,559 
368,098 
425,069 
391,645 
468,352 

$313,943 

1897            

373,224 

1898                                   

134,  416 

221.101 

1900                           

274 
342 
496 
544 
522 

946 

1901        

116 

1902                            

9-iS 

1903 

17fi 

1904                           

•>4? 

1905 

645 

830 

'  These  preparations  are  known  as  benzol,  toluol,  naphthalin.  xylol,  phenol, 
cresol,  toluidine,  xylidin,  cumidin,  binitrotoluol,  binitrobenzol,  benzidin, 
tolidin,  dianisidin,  naphthol,  naphthylamin.  diphenylamiu,  benzaldehyde, 
beuzvl  chloride,  resorcin,  nitroljcnzoi,  and  nitrotoluol. 

•Not  reported  separately. 

Class  VI. — Cy.vnides. 

The  class  of  cyanides  comprises  potassium  cyanide 
(cyanide  of  potash,  or  white  prussiate  of  potash), 
sodium  cyanide,  and  other  simple  cyanides  including 
"cj-an-salt,"  which  is  a  mixture  of  potassium  and 
sodium  cyanides;  potassium  ferrocyanide  (yellow 
prussiate  of  potash)  and  potassium  ferricyanide  (red 
prussiate  of  potash) ;  the  cyanates,  ammonium  and 
potassium  sulphocyanates  (thiocyanates  or  sulpho- 
cyanides),  and  other  sulphocyanates;  and  cyanamids. 

T.\BLE  52. — Cyanides — comparative  summary,  with  umDimt  and  per 
cent  of  decrease:  1905  and  1900. 


CENSUS. 

Decrease. 

Per  cent 

of 
decrease. 

1»05 

1900 

Number  of  establishments 

6 
$342,233 

7 

$12,538 

113 

$72,708 

$71,332 

$348,  490 

$586,581 

12 
$1,250,941 

20 

$36,  475 ■ 

.370 

$190,568 

$173,133 

$1,281,949 

$1,769,73(1 

6 

$908,708 

13 
$23,937 
203 
$117,800 
$101,801 
$935,  4.VJ 
$l,18:i,  155 

.lO.  0 

Capital 

72.6 

Salaried  olTicittls,  clerks,  etc.,  num- 
lier 

oa.o 

Salaries                      

65.6 

Wa^e-earners,  average  number 

09.9 
61.8 

58.8 

Co.Ht  of  materials  used 

72.9 

66.9 

'  ConHUH  of  Manufactures,  1905,  Bulletin  66,  page  18. 
'Journal  of  American  Chemical  Society  l!M)(i.  Vdj.  28, 


page  1254. 


The  statistics  of  Table  52  show  a  decrea.se  in  every 
ilcin,  the  greatest  in  amount  being  in  \aliie  of  products 
and  the  greatest  percentage  in  cost  of  the  niatciials 
iised  and  in  capital.  This  (•oin|)arison  is  made  between 
those  establishments  only  in  which  the  (Viinides  are 
the  |)rinci|)iil  products.  Since  in  1900,  .sevciiil  eslnb- 
lishinenls  produced  a  notable  amount  of  subsidiiiiy 
products,  pmi  of  this  rcdndiun  iiiiiy  be  nccomitcd 
for  through  these  subsidiary  imlustrics  outgrowing 
the  cyanide  industry  in  such  cslalilisliiuciits,  and 
tiiereby  carrying  these  establishnicnis  into  another 
Census  classification. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


433 


A  better  idea  of  tlio  condition  of  the  industry  at 
the  census  of  IDOo  may  Ix'  i^ained  ]>y  l)riiio;in^  to<;ctlier 
the  quantity  and  value  of  the  cyanides  jjroduced  (utiier 
as  a  principal  or  as  a  subsidiary  product,  and  com- 
paring these  results  with  similar  ones  for  the  census 
of  1900,  the  first  census  at  wliich  the  cyanides  were 
reported  separately. 

Table  5.3. — Cyanides — quantity  and  value  of  products,  with  amount 
and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


CENSUS.                   1 

Increase. 

Per  cent 

1905 

1900 

of 
increase. 

11,196,318 

$1,710,823 

$0,153 

8,460,989 

$1,595,505 

$0. 189 

2,735,329 
115,318 

32.3 

Value          .                      

7.2 

The  statistics  of  Table  53  show  an  increase  in  each 
item  reported,  though  the  increase  in  value  is  rela- 
tively less  than  the  increase  in  quantity.  The  cyanide 
process  for  the  extraction  of  precious  metals  from  their 
ores  was  first  made  commercially  successful  in  1890. 
Its  introduction  into  this  country  was  slow  at  first,  but 
very  rapid  after  its  utility  was  once  demonstrated.  In 
1905  there  were  132  establishments  operating  in  the 
United  States  in  which  the  cyanide  process  was  used. 
When  the  rapid  increase  in  the  use  of  cyanides  for  tliis 
purpose  and  the  constant  increase  in  their  use  in  the 
textile  and  paint  industries  are  considered,  and  espe- 
cially when,  as  shown  in  Table  56,  it  is  found  that  the 
imports  for  consumption  of  cyanide  of  potash  and  of 
yellow  prussiate  of  potash  were  less  in  1905  than  in 
1900,  while  the  imports  of  red  prussiate  of  potash  were 
but  slightly  greater,  it  is  believed  that  the  statistics 
available  at  the  census  of  1905  do  not  fairly  represent 
the  condition  of  the  cyanide  industry.  There  are 
probably  two  reasons  to  account  for  this:  The  first, 
that  possibly  some  manufacturers,  instead  of  making 
separate  returns  for  the  cyanides  which  they  produced 
for  sale  or  used  in  further  manufacture,  have  reported 
them  under  "all  other  protlucts;"  and  the  second,  that 
possibly  some  of  the  larger  consumers,  such  as  those 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  printed  fabrics,  or 
paints,  or  inks,  have  begun  the  manufacture  of  the 
cyanides  consumed  by  themselves  in  further  manufac- 
ture, and,  in  cases  where  this  manufacture  is,  relatively 
to  the  principal  product  of  the  establishment,  of  verj- 
minor  importance,  it  has  been  found  difficult  to  secure 
separate  returns. 

Table   54. — Cyanides — number    of  establishments,    by  states:   1905 
and  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

United  States 

111 

SIS 

1 

Massachusetts. 

1 
1 
1 
1 

2 
3 

1 

Missouri 

3 

New  York 

Ohio 

3 

Pennsylvania 

4 

1  Includes  5  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

2  Includes  0  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 


Table  .54  shows  a  decrease  of  7,  or  38.9  per  cent,  in 
the  number  of  cstalilishmeDts  of  all  classes  manufac- 
turing cyanides  at  the  census  of  1905  as  compared  with 
that  of  1900.  The  largest  decrease  is  in  New  Jersey, 
wliich  returned  0  estalilishments  in  1900  and  but  1 
in  1905.  The  other  decreases  are  2  in  Missouri,  and 
1  each  in  Maryland,  Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania.  At  the 
census  of  1900  New  Jersey  ranked  first  and  Pennsyl- 
vania second.  At  the  census  of  1905  Pennsylvania 
ranked  first,  with  .'J  establishments,  while  New  York 
and  Oliio  each  had  2  establishments. 

Table  55. — Cyanides — value  of  products,'  by  states:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

190S 

1900 

United  States 

$1,710,1823 

$1,595,505 

1,053.472 

Pennsylvania  .      .                          .      . 

434,770 

303,245 

Ohio 

St). 852 

All  other  states* 

1,276,053 

151,936 

*  Includes  value  of  cyanides  only. 

2  Includes  in  190.5  Massachusetts. 'Michigan,  Missouri.  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
and  Ohio;  in  1900,  Louisiana,  Tennessee,  Ohio.  California,  Minnesota,  Massachu- 
setts, and  New  Jersey. 

The  statistics  of  Table  55  show  that  New  Jersey, 
which  is  included  in  "all  other  states"  in  1905,  re- 
turned 66  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  products  in 
1900.  In  both  Pennsylvania  and  "all  other  states" 
there  is  an  increase  at  the  later  census.  The  in- 
crease in  "all  other  states"  is  due  partly  to  the  fact  that 
the  statistics  for  New  Jersey  and  Ohio,  which  in  1900 
were  set  forth  separately,  can  not  be  shown  in  1905, 
because  less  than  3  establishments  reported.  It  is 
worthy  of  note,  considering  the  extent  to  which  the 
cyanides  are  used  in  metallurgical  processes  in  the  far 
West,  that  their  manufacture  is  largely  confined  to 
the  Eastern  states. 

At  the  census  of  1900  there  were  reported  •  as  used 
in  this  industry,  9,315,080  pounds  of  potassium  car- 
bonate, valued  at  .$279,602;  3,456  tons  of  hoofs  and 
of  horn  waste,  valued  at  $87,502;  19,417  tons  of  scrap 
leather,  valued  at  S150.213;  1.200  tons  of  spent  iron 
oxide  from  gas  works,  valued  at  .$3,000:  300,000 
pounds  of  sodium,  valued  at  §93,183;  2,400  bushels  of 
lime,  valued  at  S4S0;  scrap  iron,  valued  at  -$9,520; 
and  2,401,180  pounds  of  potassium  ferrocyanide. 

At  the  census  of  1905  there  were  reported  as  used 
9,981,700  pounds  of  potassium  carbonate,  valued  at 
$215,664;  1,279,447  pounds  of  sodium  carbonate,  val- 
ued at  $5,037;  13,478  tons  of  scrap  leather,  valued  at 
$87,253;  3,248  tons  of  spent  iron  oxide,  valued  at 
$25,146;  2,478,966  pounds  of  sodium;  40,034  bushels 
of  lime,  A-alued  at  .$6,112;  175  tons  of  scrap  iron,  val- 
ued at  $7,000;  and  54,966  pounds  of  potassium  fer- 
rocyanide, A^alued  at  $7,695. 

Among  the  cyanides  reported  at  the  census  of  1900' 
there  were  6,165,407  pounds  of  potassium  ferrocyan- 
ide, valued  at  $994,014,  and  2,317.280  pounds  of  so- 
called  potassium  cyanide,  valued  at  $601,491.  At  the 
census  of  1905  there  were  reported  produced,  5,027,264 

'Twelfth  Census.  Manufactures.  Part  IV.  page  553. 


434 


MANUFACTURES. 


pounds  of  potassium  ferrocyanide,  valued  at  $683,277; 
7S,5S-t  pounds  of  potassium  cyanide,  valued  at 
817,438;  and  6,197,470  pounds  of  sodiiun  cyanide, 
valued  at  S923.210. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Fifth  International  Congress  of 
Applied  Chemistry  held  in  Berlin  in  1903,  Mr.  George 
Beilby  said  that  the  whole  "turnover"  of  the  Euro- 
pean trade  at  its  best,  in  the  cyanide  industry,  did 
not  exceed  .§2,919,000  a  year,  and  that  the  total  net 
profit  in  the  best  year  was  probably  under,  rather 
than  over,  S486,6.50.  He  estimated  that  the  con- 
sumption of  European-made  cyanide  tlrroughout  the 
world,  not  counting  that  exported  to  America,  was 
normally  about  5,500  tons  per  annum,  while  the  ca- 
pacity of  the  then  existing  works  in  Germany,  France, 
and  Great  Britain  was  12,600  tons,  and  with  the  then 
proposed  additions  would  soon  be  15,700  tons  per 
annum.  He  said  also  that  on  account  of  the  conges- 
tion of  the  European  market  during  the  two  or  three 
previous  years,  relief  had  been  sought  through  ex- 
ports to  America  at  a  low  price.  He  referred  to  the 
new  industrial  sources  of  the  cyanides,  such  as  the 
"Schlempe,"  or  residue  of  the  beet  root  molasses  re- 
fineries, which  through  Bueb's  process  had  been  made 
to  yield  a  gas  very  much  richer  in  ammonia  and  hydro- 
cyanic acid  than  coal  gas;  to  the  improved  processes 
for  the  production  of  the  cyanides  and  ferrocyanides 
from  coal  gas:  to  the  improved  Gelee  process  for  the 
production  of  ammonium  sulphocyanide  from  carbon 
disulphide  and  ammonia,  and  its  further  conversion 
into  ferrocyanide;  and  to  the  Siepermann  and  liisowTi 
process  for  obtaining  cyanide  from  potassium  carbon- 
ate, charcoal,  and  ammonia.  At  the  same  Congress, 
Dr.  F.  Ros.sler  traced  the  development  of  the  synthetic 
processes  of  manufacture.  Descriptions  of  all  these 
processes  are  given  in  great  detail  in  the  recently  pub- 
lished book  of  Robine  and  Lenglen. 

The  most  important  di.scovery  in  the  cyanide  in- 
dustrj',  in  the  interval  which  has  elapsed  since  the 
last  census,  is  in  the  manufacture  of  calcium  cyana- 
mid,  or  lime  nitrogen,  by  the  process  of  Frank  and 
Caro,  which  consists  practically  of  (he  passage  of 
nitrogen  over  lioated  calcium  (■ari)idc,  for  in  tliis  is 
fiiiind  a  {)ractic«l  and  economical  process  for  the  fixa- 
tion of  atmospheric  nitrogen,  a  further  use  for  cal- 
cium carbide,  and  a  valual)le  and  very  extensive 
field  for  tlic  iitili/.alion  of  li(|nid  air;  while  tlie  prod- 
uct itself  is  a  valiiabl(\  fertilizer,  wliidi  iiiiiy  he  used 
directly  as  siicli.  Fiitlhermore,  by  very  simple  means 
a  considera!)!!'  numlii'i'  of  useful  clH'mical.s  mny  be 
producf'd  from  it,  among  which  niiiy  he  incnl  idiicd 
potassium  and  f)tlier  cyanides,  iimmi>riia  and  iimmo- 
nium  .sulplmte  or  other  iimruonincni  salts,  lU'eu,  ginuii- 
diM,  dicyandiamid,  iiiiil  iiiliic  acid.  Since  this  proc- 
ess WHS  discovered,  between  ,S,()0()  and  9,000  gross 
tons  of  lime  nitrogen  have  been  mamifactured  by  it, 
and  for  more  than  a  year  past  n  plimi  Imvin;,'  n  cnpiH - 
ity  of  3,750  gro.ss  tons  pi-r  year  lias  been  in  upiml  imi 


at  Piano  d'Orta,  Italy.  This  plant  is  engaged  in  en- 
larging its  capacity  to  15,000  gross  tons  per  year, 
while  other  plants  having  a  combined  capacity  of 
26,250  gross  tons  per  year  are  under  construction  in 
Etu-ope.  There  is  little  doubt  but  that  this  industry 
will  have  been  established  in  this  country  by  the  time 
of  the  taking  of  the  next  census,  and  that  its  stimu- 
lating effect  on  related  industries  will  be  noted. 

Table  56  shows  the  imports  of  cyanides  from  1891 
to  1905,  as  taken  from  Commerce  and  Navigation  of 
the  United  States,  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Sta- 
tistics. 

Table  50. — Cyanides — imports  for  consumption:  1891  to  1905. 


YEAR  ENDING 
JUNE  30— 

YELLOW    PRUSSIATE 
OF  POTASH. 

RED   PRUSSIATE 
OF  POTASH. 

CYANIDE  OF 
POTASH. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1891 

2,223,154  !  J368,366 
1,302,632       232.058 

35,826 
35,933 
16,679 
11,125 
26,703 
30,390 
59,087 
77,246 
62,697 
53,716 
30,262 
47,200 
57, 169 
55,624 
60,699 

810,650 
11,111 
5,743 
3,339 
7,593 
8,579 
14,893 
18,674 
15,211 
12,954 
7,357 
11,355 
13,757 
13,508 
14,453 

1892 

1893 

1,047,910 

599, 103 

878,727 

1,056,562 

3,252,931 

1,340,305 

1,809,089 

1,771,394 

1,609,358 

594,295 

1,315,051 

1,736,564 

206,259 
114,826 
161,009 
157,457 
359,037 
132,508 
204,974 
224,274 
218,909 
66,756 
n9,859 
1.V,.275 

1894 

1895 



1896 

1897 

16,232 

549,697 

1,102,780 

$4,190 

1898 

120,252 

1899 

■J.'a  613 

1900 

2,064,974          444.703 

1901      . 

2,029,994 
3,054,254 
3,019,462 
1,513,849 
1,624,372 

475,833 

1902 

1903 

1904 

.595,587 
549,628 
279,204 

1905... 

1,165,192       103.193 

260,208 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Beilby,  George.  On  the  Present  Position  of  the  Cyanide  Industry, 

Bericht  V.  Internatinnaler  Kongresis  fiir  Angewandte   Cheiuie, 

Berlin,  1904,  vol.  1,  page  628. 
Erlwein,  G.    Ueber   ein    neues   Ausgangsmaterial    {Calcium    cyan- 

amid)  zur  Herstellung   von  Alkaliajaniden,   Bericht  V.   Interna- 

tionaler  Kongress  fiir  Angewandte  Cliemie,  Berlin,  1904,  vol.  1, 

page  64G. 
Frankland,  Percy  F.  The  Utilization  of  Atmospherir  Xilrogcnfor 

ItidustrialPurposes,Jnuma.\o{  .Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1907, 

vol.  20,  page  175. 
(Jlaser,  C.  Report  on  an  Examination  of  Calcium,  Ci/anamid  (lime 

nitrogen),  New  York,  1907. 
GuYB,  Phillippe  a.    The  Electro-chemical  Problem  of  the  Fixation  of 

Nitrogen,  Journal  oi  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1906,  vol.  25, 

page  567. 
MnNPOE,  Ciiahi,e.s  E.  Report  on  Calcium  Cyanamtd (lii7ie nitrogen), 

New  York,  1907. 
RouiNE,  H.  and  Lenglen,  M.   The  Cyanide  Industry;  Theoretically 

and  Pracl ically  Considered,  translated  l>y  .1.  Arthur  I>e  Clerc  with 

an  ai)pendix  by  Charles  E.  Mnnroe,  New  York,  190(1. 
Hii.sHLEH,  F.   Cyan   unter   besonderer   Bcrucksichtiguyig   der    synthe 

lisehen  Cyanidverfahrcn,  Bericlit  V.  Internationaler  Kongress  fiir 

.Vngewandte  Cheniic,  Herlin,  1904,  vol.  1,  page  638. 

Class  VII. — Wood   1)isiii,i,.\ii()n. 

The  cImss  oI  \\<ii)(I  (listilliil  iiiii  c(iiiipi'ises  \\(io<l  alco- 
iiiil  (mclliyl  alcohol),  both  cnnle  !in(l  refined,  acetate 
of  lime  ({'Mlciiim  iicetate),  both  lii'owii  and  gray,  ace- 
liilc  of  sod.'i,  iicetic  acid,  cli;irci);i I ,  formaldehyde, 
acetone,  |)yidligm'ous  acid,  ])yroligiiilc  of  iron,  dye 
li(|Uors,  M<)<id  creosote,  woo<I  oil,  wood  liir,  wood  ashes, 
spirits  of  t  iiipcnl  iiic,  iis  |)nidiicc(l  liy  the  distillation 
of  wood,   j)itic  oil,   I'cd   li(|iior,   wdod   prescrx  alive,  (ar 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PHODUCTS. 


435 


oil,  and  j)ine  tar.  Naturally  spirits  of  turpentine  and 
rosin,  with  other  products,  obtained  from  the  distilla- 
tion of  the  exuded  turpentine  of  the  long  leaf  pine 
are  reported  under  the  classification  of  "turpentine 
and  rosin." 

Tahi.k  .57.  —  Wood  distillation — comparative  summary,  with  amount 
and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Numl)or  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried    oincials,    clerks,    etc 

nuinlier 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expen.ses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


1905 


141 
$10,606,979 

301 

$297,528 
2  272 

Si,(«;r>!7.sr, 

$Hil,4:i7 
$4,847,770 
$7,813,483 


1900 


102 
$0,729,127 

235 
$213,025 

S70U,484 

S36S,305 

$.i, 455,015 

$6,001,023 


Increase. 


39 

$3,777,852 

06 

$84,503 

716 

$36tl,  302 

$263,132 

$1,392,755 

$1,812,460 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


38.2 
56.1 

28.1 
39.7 
46.0 
52.3 
71.4 
40.3 
30.2 


Table  .57  shows  a  marked  increase  in  every  item, 
the  largest  percentage  of  increase  being  in  the  item  of 
miscellaneous  expenses.  A  more  significant  increase 
is  in  the  item  of  capital,  which  shows  nearly  double 
the  percentage  of  increase  that  the  value  of  products 
does.  A  part  of  this  increase  is  due  to  the  introduc- 
tion into  the  South  and  West  of  distillation  processes 
for  the  treatment  of  pine  wood  and  stumpage. 


Statistics  for  this  industry  were  reported  separately 
at  the  census  of  1880  and  have  been  reported  sepa- 
rately at  each  subsequent  census.  The  figures  given 
in  1880  were  for  crude  wood  alcohol,  acetate  of  lime,  and 
charcoal,  and  for  purposes  of  comparison  the  figures  for 
these  items  are  shown  in  Tables  .58  and  .50  for  each 
census.  Since  ISSO,  following  the  general  trend  of  the 
development  of  chemical  manufactures,  a  number  of 
establishments  manufacturing  these  crude  products 
have  used  the  crude  alcohol  for  the  productionof  refined 
alcohol,  which  is  the  form  in  which  this  product  is 
offered  for  sale.  In  the  process  of  refining,  the  crude 
alcohol  is  reduced  in  volume  by  about  20  per  cent. 
To  ascertain  the  total  volume  of  crude  alcohol  pro- 
duced by  wood  distillation  processes  at  any  given 
census,  it  is  necessary,  not  only  to  add  together  ail  of 
the  crude  alcohol  produced  as  a  subsidiary  product, 
but  also  to  include  that  which  is  consumed  in  the 
wood  distillation  establishments  in  further  manu- 
facture. Frequently  this  is  not  reported,  but,  know- 
ing the  volume  of  refined  alcohol  produced,  the  volume 
of  the  crude  alcohol  can  be  determined  with  a  close 
approach  to  accuracy  by  multiplying  the  quantity 
of  refined  alcohol  bj^  1.25.  Such  a  method  of  pro- 
cedure was  followed  at  the  census  of  1890,  and  has 
been  followed  at  each  subsequent  census. 


Table  58.— WOOD  DISTILLATION— CRUDE  PRODUCTS;  1880  TO  190.5. 


CENSUS. 

Number 

of  es- 
tablish- 
ments. 

WOOD   ALCOHOL   (CRUDE). 

ACETATE  or  LIME.            j                      CHARCOAL. 

Gallons. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

1905 

129 
93 
53 
17 

•8.282,286 
4,945,963 
1,116,075 

•$2,672,507 

■    1,976.986 

688,764 

86,274 

110.383.997 

86.826.000 

26.778.415 

6,593,009 

$1,527,733 
981,286 
315.  430 
156.892 

>  40,944, 190 
17,154,302 

» $2, 038,514 
726,672 

1900 

1890 

1880 

31  770 

•  Includes  1,468,028  gallons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $470,546,  consumed  in  establishments  where  manufactured. 

'  Includes  11,026,978  bushels  of  charcoal,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $551,349,  consumed  in  establishments  where  manufactured. 

Table  59 — WOOD  DISTILLATION— CRUDE  PRODUCTS,  INCREASE  AND  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:   1880  TO  1905. 


INCREASE. 

PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 

KIND. 

1900  to  1905 

1890  to  1900 

1880  to  1890 

1900  to  190.i               1890  to  1900               1880  to  1890 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value.     Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Wood  alcohol  (crude),  gallons. 

3,336,323 
23.557,997 
23,789,888 

$695, 521 

546,447 

1.311,842 

3,829.888 
60,047,585 

$1,288,222 
665,866 

$602,490 
158,538 

67.5 
27.1 
138.7 

35.2             343.2 

187.0 
211.1 

698. 3 

Acetate  of  lime,  pounds 

Charcoal,  bushels 

20,185.406 

55.7 
180.5 

224.2 

306.2 

111.0 

Table  59  shows  an  increa.se  in  every  item  at  each 
census,  indicating  a  constant  progress  in  every  branch 
of  the  industry. 

Table  60  shows  that  the  number  of  establishments 
has  increased  by  39,  or  35.1  per  cent,  in  1905  as  com- 
pared  with    1900,  the    greatest    increase   in  any   one 


state  being  in  Georgia,  which  reported  9  in  1905  as 
compared  with  none  in  1900.  The  increase  in  Mich- 
igan was  7,  in  South  Carolina  5.  and  in  Xew  York, 
North  Carolina,  and  Pennsylvania  4  each.  It  will  be 
observed  that  a  large  part  of  the  gain  is  to  be  credited 
to  the  Southern  states. 


436 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  60. — Wood  dislillation — number  of  establishments,  by  slates: 
1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

1903 

1900 

United  States                             

1150 

nil 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 
9 

1 

1 
2 
2 
13 

1 
1 
1 
32 
2 
7 

4 

6 

Minnesota 

.28 

4 

3 

1 

64 
5 

60 

1 

2 
1 
1 

1 

'Includes  9  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

Ranked  by  the  nuiiiber  of  establishments,  Penn- 
sylvania stood  first  at  each  census,  New  York  second, 
and  Michigan  third.  Georgia  in  1905  stands  fourth, 
North  Carolina  fifth,  South  Carolina  sixth,  and 
Florida  seventh.  No  other  state  reported  more  than 
2  establishments. 

T.-vBLE  61. — Wood  distillation — value  of  crude  products,'  by  states: 
1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

Unlt<»d  States 

t6, 538, 769 

$3, 833, 266 

Georgia 

78, 313 
1,M3,163 
1,222,383 

74,501 
3,127,350 

15,419 
677,640 

Michigan 

505,069 

New  York             

786, 252 

18,409 
2,339,536 

184,000 

'  Includes  crude  products  manufactured  by  establishments  engaged  pri- 
marily in  the  rniinnfacturi'  of  other  products. 

At  the  census  nf  I'.HKI  i'cnnsylvaiiia  ranked  first  in 
the  value  of  its  crude  ptoducts,  New  York  second,  and 
Michigan  third.  At  the  present  census  Penn.sylvania 
ranks  first,  Michigan  second,  and  New  York  third. 
At  the  census  of  1900  the  value  of  the  crude  products 
(if  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  Michigan  amounted 
to  .S.'5,(J.'5(),S.57,  and  constituted  (11.7  per  cent  of  the 
total  for  the  United  States,  while  al  I  lie  census  of  190.') 
it  amounted  to  $.5,602,896,  iiiid  cdiisi  ituted  S7.I  per 
cent  of  the  total. 

At  the  census  of  I9()(i  tlieic  were  9  establisbnients 
re|)'irliug  llie  producliim  nf  lln'  ri-ude  material  and  1  lie 
refining  of  the  nlculwil  in  the  same  factory.  Tlie.se 
estabii.shments  ]ir(iilnced  6.37,8.56  gallons  fif  refined 
nlcohnl,  valued  al  S;{70,.513;  .5,12-1,000  pounds  of 
acetate  of  lime,  valued  at  .'?;r)l,92S ;  ami  2,726,120 
bushels  of  charcoal,  valued  at  SI  14,663.  At  the 
census  of  190.5  the  mimber  of  establishments  tlius 
reporting  was  S,  which  pHxhiced   1  .'_'l  n,7:>('i  gallons  of 


refined  alcohol,  valued  at  S503,884;  10,718,089  pounds 
of  acetate  of  lime,  valued  at  .$110,517:  and  9,275,543 
bushels  of  charcoal  (including  3,035,100  bushels  pro- 
duced and  consumed)  valued  at  .$536,926. 

The  quantity  of  wood  used  in  this  industry  at  the 
census  of  1900  was  490,939  cords,  valued  at  $1,241,972, 
or  an  average  of  $2.53  per  cord.  Of  this,  3,134  cords, 
valued  at  $7,822,  consisted  of  soft  wood,  namety,  long 
leaf  pine.  The  quantity  of  wood  used  at  the  census 
of  1905  was  1,049,503  cords,  valued  at  $3,755,627,  or 
an  average  of  $3.58  per  cord.  Of  tliis,  31,431  cords, 
valued  at  $112,742,  consisted  of  soft  wood,  principally 
long  leaf  pine.  It  was  estimated  in  1900,  on  the 
assumption  that  one  man  could  cut  on  the  average  1^ 
cords  of  wood  per  day,  that  the  cutting  of  the  wood 
required  for  the  wood  distillation  industry  for  that 
year  gave  employment  to  3,273  men  for  one  hundred 
days  each.  The  cutting  of  the  wood  required  for  the 
census  year  1905  at  the  same  rate  would  have  given 
employment  to  6,997  men  for  one  humlred  days  each. 

Up  to  the  census  of  1900  the  wood  distillation  in- 
dustry was  confined  to  the  distillation  of  the  hard- 
woods, but  at  the  census  of  1900,  4  establishments 
were  reported  as  being  engaged  in  the  distillation  of 
pine  wood,  and  at  the  census  of  1905,  31  establishments 
were  reported  as  being  so  engaged.  The  products  of 
the  distillation  of  pine  wood  are  so  unlike  those  of  hard- 
.woods  that  the  statistics  of  the  two  industries  should 
be  reported  separately.  This  was  not  done  in  the 
report  on  chemicals  and  allied  products  at  the  census 
of  1900,  because  the  (luantity  and  value  of  such  prod- 
ucts were  relatively  insignificant,  but  the  growth  of 
the  industry  requires  that  this  now  be  dime. 

Table  02. — Pine  wood  distillation  products:  1905  and  1900. 


1906 

1900 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Total 

1376,874 

$31, 148 

Wood  ftleohoi,  pallona  .. 

18,000 
277,  .SOO 
409, 6a5 
1,292,983 
176,849 
342,320 

1,800 
8,005 
176,-521 
75,923 
8,076 
25,046 
81,.';08 

62,238 
12,296 

7, 570 

316 

Tur|i(Mil  inc  sjjirils,  pallons 

Tiir.  KJ'lI'^n-'^ 

170,960 
1,138 

13,677 
137 

9,448 

Table  62  shows  an  increase  of  $345,726,  or  of  1,109.9 
per  cent  in  the  total  value  of  products  for  1905  as  com- 
])ared  with  1900,  and  an  increase  also  in  every  sepa- 
rate item  for  which  a  eonqiaiison  is  made  except  in  the 
(|iiiuilily  and  \alue  of  the  wood  alcohol  and  in  the 
valu(>  of  tar  oil.  b'urt  lieniiore,  an  inereasc'd  niinil)er 
of  products  is  shown  for  l'.l()5  as  compared  with  1900, 
which  indicates  a  inarkecl  iinpicix-eiiienl  in  nianufac- 
liiring  iiielliods  and  a  more  coiiiplcle  iil  ilizal  ion  of  the 
distillation   ]iroduel. 

Table  63  shows  thiit  the  in<Tease  in  I  lie  i|iiiiiitily  of 
refuieil  wi)o<l  alcohol  al  I  he  census  of  1900  over  I  hat  of 
ISOO  w  IIS  2,S71 ,79.S  gallons,  or  1 ,726.4  jier  cent,  and  that 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


437 


the  increase  at  the  census  of  1905,  as  compared  with 
that  of  1900,  was  2,S7fl,0i:?  .gallons,  or  94.8  per  cent, 
in  (jiiantity,  and  $]  .158,727,  or  50.  4  per  cent,  in  value. 
The  quantity  of  lime  used  at  the  census  of  1900  was 
524,508  hushcLs,  vahicd  at  .$80,685,  or  an  average  of 
$0.1(15  per  hushel,  and  at  tlie  census  of  1905,  811,902 
hu.shel.s,  valued  al  .8120.1X1,  or  an  average  of  $0,148 
per  bushel. 

Table  63. — Production  of  refined  wood  alcohol:  J 890  to  1905. 


CENSVS. 

Number 
of  estab- 
lishments. 

Gallons. 

Value. 

190.') 

15 
18 
4 

5,917,153 

3,038,140 

166,342 

J3, 455, 625 
2,296,898 

190U    ..                   ... 

1890 

The  (juantit y  of  caustic  soda  returned  as  used  at  the 
census  of  1900  was  1,270,84(1  pounds,  valued  at 
$33,717,  and  at  the  census  of  1905,  346,150  pounds, 
valued  at  $4,158.  This  very  considerable  shrinkage 
is  believed  to  be  due  to  the  failure  of  refiners  to  make 
separate  returns  for  this  item  of  materials  used. 
Chloride  of  lime,  sulphuric  acid,  and  muriatic  acid 
were  also  reporteil  at  each  census  among  tlie  materials 
used,  but  the  cpiantities  were  not  sufficiently  large  to 
warrant  them  being  presented  separately. 

In  addition  to  the  principal  products  of  this  industry 
there  were  returned  at  the  census  of  1900  as  subsidiary 
products  182,446  gallons  of  pyroligneous  acid,  valued 
at  $9,481 ;  308,400  gallons  of  dye  licpiors,  valued  at 
$29,440;  and  sundries,  sucli  as  wood,  creosote,  wood 
oil,  ashes,  and  tar  to  the  value  of  $71,452.  ilany  of 
these  substances  returned  at  the  census  of  1905  are 
accounted  for  in  Table  61 ,  tlie  pine  distillation  industry 
having  increased  so  greatly  since  1900  as  to  warrant 
separate  presentation.  But  there  were  also  returned 
from  the  hardwood  distillation  in  1905  as  subsidiary 
products  6,600  gallons  of  pyroligneous  acid,  valued  at 
$566,  and  55,960  gallons  as  produced  and  consumed; 
also  63,100  gallons  of  pyrolignite  of  iron,  valued  at 
$4,446;  22,000  gallons  of  red  liquor,  valued  at  $2,150; 
28,000  gallons  of  iron  liquor,  valued  at  $345;  388,760 
bushels  of  wood  ashes,  valued  at  $18,305;  62,700 
pounds  of  acetone,  valued  at  $6,897;  and  creosote  to 
the  value  of  $209. 

The  methods  of  manufacture  followed  in  this  in- 
dustry were  described  in  the  report  on  chemicals  and 
allied  products  for  the  census  of  1900.  The  chief  de- 
velopment of  the  intervening  period  has  been  in  pine 
wood  distillation  in  which  processes  for  the  utilization 
of  pine  stumps  and  of  pines  killed  in  the  extraction  of 
turpentine  have  been  sought.  Many  of  the  establish- 
ments have  failed  to  make  a  commercial  success  of 
this  industry  because  of  their  inability  so  to  conduct 
the  process  as  to  keep  the  products  of  the  destructive 
distillation  of  the  wood  separate  from  the  spirits  of 
turpentine,  but  apparently  this  problem  has  now  been 


solved  satisfactorily,  and  tin;  resources  of  the  country 
in  .spirits  of  turpentine  have  been  incnniscd  materially. 
Table  64  gives  the  exports  and  inii)orts  of  wood  dis- 
tillation products  from  1891  to  1905,  as  taken  from 
Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States,  pub- 
lished by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics. 

Table  64. —  Wood  disliUalion  products— exports  and  imports:  1801 

to  1905. 


YEAR 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORT.**. 

Charcoal 
(value). 

1      IMPORTS  FOE 
CONSUMPTION. 

END- 
ING 
JUNE 
30— 

Wood  alcohol. 

Acetate  of  lime. 

1   Acetic  or  pyro- 
j    ligneous  acid. 

Gallons. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1891  ... 

$56,020 
48,029 
51,634 
40,249 
20,272 
42,970 
32,106 
2,404 

(■) 

14,844 
478 

10,946 

ti  ran 

1892  . . . 

, 

1893  . . . 

18,421 
22,244 
92,889 

2,795 
3.959 
8,938 

1894 . . . 



1895 . . . 



1896... 

1897  . . . 

1898... 
1899... 
1900... 
1901... 
1902  .. . 
1903 . . . 
1904 . . . 
1905... 

385,938 

727,062 
540.799 
919.504 
626,925 
833,629 
1,194,466 
1,097,451 

8199,230 

414,875 
320,306 
476,582 
3;j8.619 
4.52,892 
585,359 
603,385 

37,496,288 
48,'987,5U 
47,790,765 
61,296,544 
60,488,509 
59,449,811 
64,256,945 
55,170,131 

$537,856 

700,900 

776,413 

1,101,037 

962,265 

987.067 

1,103,389 

1,245,776 

127,949 
202,838 
292,891 
291,801 
139,028 
125,983 
142,620 
141,662 

14,467 
19,189 
21,182 
14,629 
11,623 
9,262 
18,058 

'  Not  reported  separately. 

Class  VIII. — Fertilizers. 

The  class  of  fertilizers  comprises  superphosphate 
(acid  phosphate'),  which  is  a  mixture  of  the  hydrated 
mono-calcium  tetra-hytlrogen,  and  di-calcium  di-hydro- 
gen  phosphates  with  hydrated  calcium  sulphate; 
double  superphosphate,  which  is  hydrated  mono- 
calcium  tetra-hyiirogen  phosphate;  ammoniates  or 
substances  containing  nitrogen;  ammoniated  super- 
phosphate, which  is  a  mixture  of  ammoniates  with 
superphosphate;  complete  fertilizers,  which  consist  of 
mixtures  of  superphosphate,  potash  salts,  and  ammo- 
niates; bones,  tankage,  and  offal;  ground  bone;  fish 
scrap;  cottonseed  meal;  basic  calcium  nitrate;  and 
cyanamid,  or  lime  nitrogen.  A  comparison  of  the 
substances  above  enumerated  with  the  materials  used 
indicates  that  several  of  the  substances  are  itlentical. 
This  arises  from  the  fact  that  each  of  these  substances, 
as  used  in  the  manufacture  of  compounded  fertilizers, 
possesses  of  itself  fertilizing  properties,  and  is  some- 
times used  as  fertilizer.  This  is  true  even  of  phosphate 
rock,  which,  under  some  circumstances  is  ground  fine 
and  applied  to  the  soil,  also  of  the  phosphatic  slag, 
Thomas  slag,  or  Belgian  phosphate,  produced  in  the 
basic  process  of  manufacturing  steel,  and  of  g;s'psum, 
or  plaster.  Where  such  substances  are  reported  as 
being  manufactured  for  sale  as  fertilizers,  they  are 
entered  in  this  cla.ssification,  together  with  special 
compositions  not  pro^^ded  for  above,  under  ■"all  other 
fertihzers."  Frequently  they  belong  to  the  class  of 
products  consumed  in  further  manufacture  in  the 
establishment  where  they  were  produced. 


438 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table   65. — Fertilizers — comparative  summary,  with   amount  and 
per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Kumber  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried   oiticials,    clerks,   etc., 

number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number. . 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


1905 


1900 


400 
$69,023,264 

1,618 

$1,940,712 

14.201 

$5,142,147 

$4,919,824 

$39,343,914 

$56,632,853 


422 
$60,685,753 

1,712 

$2,124,972 

11,581 

$4,185,289 

$3,734,285 

$28,958,473 

$44,657,385 


Increase. 


122 
$8,337,511 

'94 

'$184,260 

2,620 

S956.858 

$1,185,539 

$10,385,441 

$11,975,468 


Per 
cent  of 


Table  07. — Fertilizers — number  of  establishments,'  by   stales   and 
territories:  1905  and  1900. 


'5.2 
13.7 

'5.5 
'8.7 
22.6 
22.9 
31.7 
35.9 
26.8 


'  Decrease. 

The  data  of  Table  65  .shows  an  increase  in  every 
item  for  1905  as  compared  with  1900,  except  in  those 
of  the  number  of  establishments,  the  number  of  sal- 
aried officials,  clerks,  etc.,  and  the  amount  of  sala- 
ries paid.  As  all  the  other  items  increased  by  from 
13.7  to  35.9  per  cent,  there  appears  to  have  been 
consolidations  in  this  industry  in  the  interval  which 
has  elapsed  since  the  census  of  1900.  The  largest 
absolute  increase  appears  in  the  value  of  products, 
and  the  largest  percentage  of  increase,  in  cost  of 
materials  used. 

Table  66. — Fertilizers' — quantity   and    value    of    products,    with 
amount  and  yer  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per 
cent  of 

_ 

1905 

1900 

m- 
crease. 

Superphosphates: 

Tons 

Value 

'1,670,978 
'$16,495,206 

781,354 
$1.3,020,825 

1,IKB.»17 
$;il,3a5,057 

419.803 
$4,820,056 

'1,480,414 
'$13,575,393 

143,648 

$2,462,888 

1,478,826 
$26,318,9^5 

327,522 
$4,723,430 

190,664 
$2,919,813 

637,706 
$10,5.57,937 

125, 021 
$4,986,062 

92,281 
$103,226 

12.9 
21  5 

Ammonittted  superphosphates; 

Tons 

Value 

443.9 

Complete  fertilizers: 

Tons 

Value 

All  other  fertilizers: 

Tons 

Value 

as 
lag 

21.9 
2.2 

'  Not  including  cottonseed  meal. 

'Includes  884,211  tons  of  superphosphates,  with  an  assigned  value  of 
$8,674,110.  consumed  in  establishments  where  manufactured. 

•  Includes  543,406  tons  of  superphosphiites,  with  an  assigned  value  of 
$4,98.3, 1)3.3.  consumed  in  establishments  where  manutuctiiri'd. 

l'"riiiii  Tabic  (')()  it  is  .seen  llint  by  far  tlic  lari,n'st  in- 
crease in  (|uantity  and  in  value  of  the  (lilVcrcnt  kinds 
of  fertilizers  was  in  aniiiioniatcd  sup('ii)li(is|)luil('s, 
which  have  increased  in  botli  rcsiiects  more  lliaii  400 
per  cent.  The  marked  relative  increase  in  ihc  value 
of  complete  fertilizers  is  l)ri)iiglit  out  slrikitii^dy  bv  the 
percentage  column,  an  increa.se  in  (|iiiiiitity  ui'  onlv 
8.5  per  cent  being  accompanied  by  an  increa-se  in 
value  of  18.9  per  cent.  Hesidcs  compounded  IVi- 
tilizers  not  provided  for  under  ammoniatcd  super- 
phosphates or  complete  fertilizers,  ground  gypsum, 
marl,  pliosphale  r(»ck,  bones  or  slag,  w<po(l  ashes, 
leac^hed  and  unleached,  and  nt  iici-  suiii  materials  arc 
included  under  "all  other  fertilizers."  iMidenlly 
much   of  such    material   which   is  |>roduced   and    used 

escapes  cen.sus  enumeration,  and    returns  lii    thi.s 

heading   will    necessarily   lack  uniformil\    al    (lie    dif- 
ferent   censii.se.s. 


STATE  OR  TEKEITORT. 

1905 

1900 

United  States 

•553 

'475 

21 

1 

20 

3 

11 

9 

4 

8 

57 

25 

22 

6 

11 

6 

4 

4 

41 

15 

2 

8 

5 

7 

5 

1 

28 

31 

28 

24 

2 

56 

2 

20 

12 

4 

39 

4 

2 

4 

1 

21 

Alaska 

9 

Connecticut..... 

9 

District  of  Columbia 

7 

Florida 

Georgia 

45 

12 

Indiana 

16 

1 

3 
4 

Louisiana 

6 

3 

Maryland , 

42 

Massachusetts 

•  10 

Minnesota 

1 

Missouri 

4 

Nevada 

New  York 

37 

20 

Ohio 

28 

1 

Pennsylvania 

66 

1 

South  Carolina 

24 

fi 

Texas 

2 

42 

Washington 

1 

West  Virginia 

2 

Wisconsin 

'  Does  not  include  establishments  making  cottonseed  meal. 

s  Includes  153  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

3  Includes  53  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 


Table  67  shows  an  increase  in  the  number  of  estab- 
lishments in  27  states  and  a  decrease  in  10,  the  actual 
increase  for  the  whole  United  States  being  78.  The 
increase  in  Illinois  was  13,  in  Georgia  12,  and  in  Cali- 
fornia 11.  There  was  a  tlecrease  of  10  in  Penn.sylva- 
nia;  of  6  in  New  York;  and  of  4  each  in  Ohio  and 
South  Carolina.  Georgia,  which  held  the  second  place 
in  1900,  takes  the  first  place  in  1905,  and  I'ennsylvania, 
which  held  the  first  place  in  1900,  drops  to  second  place. 
Maryland,  \'irginia,  New  York,  anil  New  Jersey  now 
hold  third,  fourth,  fifth,  and  si.xth  place\s,  respec- 
tively. North  Carolina  pa.sses  from  the  ninth  place 
to  the  si.xth,  sharing  this  jilace  with  New  Jersey  in 
1905.  Illiiu)is  rises  from  the  eleventh  to  the  seventh 
place  and  Indiana  from  tbe  tenth  to  the  ninth.  Ohio 
falls  from  the  sixth  to  the  eighth  ))lace.  .\labaina 
falls  from  the  eighth  to  the  tenth  place.  California 
rises  from  tbe  fourteenth  to  share  with  Soutli  Caro- 
lina, which  falls  from  the  .seveiitii  to  the  (>l(>venth 
I'iace.  Massachusetts  rises  from  the  thirteenth  to  the 
twelfth  and  TeniK'ssee  from  the  sexcnleeiith  to  the 
t  liiitei'iith  ])lace.  Connecticut  remains  in  liie  four- 
tei'iilh  |)lace,  sharing  it,  at  the  census  of  1905,  with 
Kansas,  which  has  risen  from  the  nineteenth  place. 
Delaware  falls  from  the  twelfth  to  [ho  lifleeiith  place, 
an<l  I'loiida  from  the  (ifteenth  to  th(>  sixteenth,  shar- 
ing this  place  with  Minnesota,  which  has  risen  from 
below  the  line  of  less  than  3  (>sf abishments.  Missouri 
rises    from    the  eighteenth    ti>  IIk-  seventeenth  place. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


439 


Kentucky  retains  the  eighteenth  place,  but  shares  it  at 
the  present  census  with  Iowa,  which  has  risen  from 
below  the  line.  Mississippi  retains  the  nineteenth, 
but  shares  it  with  Nebraska,  which  has  risen  from 
below  the  line.  Maine  falls  from  th(^  nineteenth  to 
the  twentieth.  The  District  of  ('olumhia  has  fallen 
from  the  fifteenth  place,  Louisiana  from  the  sixteenth 
place,  sharing  the  twentieth  place  with  Texas  and 
Washington,  which  rise  from  below  the  line,  and  with 
"Wisconsin,  which  first  appears  at  this  census.  Colo- 
rado, which  also  first  appears  at  this  census,  occupies 
the  twenty-first  i)la(;e.  At  the  census  of  1900  there 
were  25  states  in  which  there  were  3  or  more  establish- 
ments and  9  states  in  which  there  were  less  than  3. 
At  the  census  of  1905  there  were  32  states  in  which 
there  were  3  or  more  and  7  states  in  which  there  were 
less  than  3  establishments. 

Although  a  consideration  of  the  returns  of  the  estab- 
lishments primarily  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  fer- 
tilizers as  set  forth  in  the  comparative  summary  in 
Table  65  indicates  that  there  has  been  a  concentration 
of  the  industry  in  the  interval  from  1900  to  1905,  yet 
when  the  inquiry  is  extended  so  as  to  include  also  those 
establishments  which  manufacture  fertOizers  as  a 
secondary  product,  it  becomes  evident  that  this  indus- 
try has,  as  a  fact,  become  more  widely  diffused. 

Table  68  shows  that  at  both  censuses  the  South 
Atlantic  division  leads  in  both  quantity  and  value  of 
products,  with  the  North  Atlantic  second,  the  South 
Central  third,  and  the  North  Central  fourth.  At  the 
census  of  1900  the  product  of  the  Western  division 
exceeded  that  of  "all  other  states"  in  value  but  was 
less  in  quantity.  At  the  census  of  1905  the  product 
of  the  Western  division  stood  fifth  in  both  quantity 
and  value. 


Table  08. 


-Fertilizers — quantity  and  value  of  products,  by  states 
and  geographic  divisions:  1905  and  1900. 


I»0.'>                 J                 1900 

STATE  OR   DIVISION. 

Quantity 

(tons). 

1 

Value. 

United  States 

3,591,771 

$56,973,634 

2,887,004 

$42,097,673 

North  Atlantic  division. 

709,875 

12,320,747 

685,893 

11,978,666 

Maine 

4,613 

82,598 

19,506 

106,010 

285,613 

211,535 

1,924,623 

74,991 
1,972,988 
609,705 
1,695,949 
4,623,675 
3,443,439 

28,039,923 

1,828 
83,733 
11,077 
164,266 
247,144 
177,845 

1,531,688 

27,902 
2,108.. 075 
313,<il0 
2,610,4.^5 
3,820.189 
3,097,955 

19,462,816 

Connecticut 

New  Yorlc 

Pennsylvania 

13,673 
523,493 

(') 
250,877 
181,330 
254,408 
629,250 

71,592 

405,236 

225,348 
6,715,402 

(■) 
3,902,938 
2,865,501 
3,498,127 
9,242,836 
1,589,771 

7,487,078 

49,942 
386,133 
3,859 
258,474 
139,582 
388,572 
278,982 

6.34.213 

S,2i:i.W!5 

76.  4>iO 

3, 325.  .542 

Marvland 

District  of  Columliia 

4,057,275 
3,331,409 

Florida 

North  Central  division 

258,726  1       4,349,157 

Ohio 

149,855 

30,022 

155,602 

1,419 

7,503 

5,686 

17,078 

16,750 

21,321 

512,482 

2,262,711 
447,158 

2,758,473 
31,081 
156,749 
121,540 
369,547 
545,369 
794,450 

8,001,153 

103,814         1,562,638 

11,668             238.161 

104,120  1       1,842,300 

L*\         1          (i\ 

Indiana 

Wisconsin 

(') 
0) 

8,753 
(') 
30,371 

352,778 

Iowa 

0) 

Nebraslca 

549,943 
5,053,504 

Kflnsns 

32,137 
159,593 
163,221 
60,372 
88,916 
8,243 

28,160 

541,553 
2,663,062 
2,367,258 

933,877 
1,289,659 

205,744 

867,383 

17,315 
93,054 
139,282 
37,704 
65,423 
(.) 

22,131 

Tennessee...  . 

1  464  788 

Mississippi. . .. 

'492' 772 

Texas 

636,687 

Western  division 

California.. 

28,160 
11  395 

867,383 
257,350 

22,131 
35,788 

636,687 
616,783 

AU  other  states  3. . 

I  Included  In  "all  other  states." 

*  Not  reported. 

3  Includes  in  1905  Alaska,  Colorado.  District  of  Columbia.  Michigan,  Nevada, 
Oregon,  Rhode  Island,  Washington,  West  Virginia,  and  Wyoming;  and  in  1900, 
Iowa,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Oregon,  Rhode  Island.  Texas.  Washing- 
ton, and  West  Virginia. 


Table    01).— FERTILIZERS- 


-NUMBER   OP   ESTABLISHMENTS    AND    QUANTITY   AND    VALUE  OF  PRODUCTS,   WITH 
AMOUNT  AND  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:    1860  TO  1905. 


' 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Quantity 
(tons). 

Value. 

DJCKEA8E. 

PER  CENT  or  INCBEASE. 

CENSUS. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Quantity 
(tons). 

1 
Value. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Quan- 
tity 
(tons). 

Value. 

1905 

553 
475 
392 
278 

19fi 

3,591,771 

2,887,004 

1,898,806 

727,453 

$56,973,634 
42, 097, 673 
35,519,841 
19,921,400 
5,815,118 
891,344 

•   78 
83 
114 
152 
79 

704,767 

988,198 

1,171,353 

$14,875,961 
6,577,832 
15,598,441 
14,106,282 
4,923,774 

16.2 
21.2 
41.0 
120.6 
168.1 

24.7 
52.0 
161.0 

35.3 

1900 

las 

1890 

78.3 

1880     ...                     

242.6 
552.4 

1870 

1860 47 

The  statistics  of  Table  69  show  a  constant  increase 
in  every  item.  As  compared  with  the  returns  for  1860 
the  product  has  at  the  census  of  1905  increased 
$56,082,290,  or  6,291.9  per  cent  in  value,  and  as  com- 
pared with  the  returns  of  the  census  of  1880,  which  is 

45254— MFG  1905— PT  4—08 30 


the  first  at  which  the  ([uantity  is  recorded,  it  has  in- 
creased 2,864,318  tons,  or  393.7  per  cent,  in  quantity. 
Table  70  sets  forth  the  materials  used  in  the  prin- 
cipal estabUshments  only,  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and 
1905,  together  with  the  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase. 


440 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  TO. — Fertilizers^ — quantity  and  cost  of  principal  materials 
used,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

1905 

1900 

Fish: 

923,305 
$880,142 

190, 493 
$1,891,073 

20,281 
$10, 731 

888, 571 
$4,244,554 

342,962 
$2,020,759 

4,210 
$92,234 

22,131 
$3,475 

122,107 
$3,606,701 

1,160 
$39,039 

42,213 
$1,760,432 

17,083 
$2,050 

197,865 
$1,084,304 

320,559 
$2,912,010 

125,888 
$2,445,051 

10,540 
$600,856 

2,406 

$13,245 

$2,376,448 

$5,094,149 

458,963 
$183,542 

54,700 
$520,833 

7,158 
$7,322  1 

787,927 
$3,554,174 

288,778 
$1,466,285 

12, 728 
$268,670 

13, 130 

$887 

464,342 
$696,600 

135,793 
$1,370,240 

13,123 
$3, 409- 

100,644 
$690,380 

54,184 
$554,474 

28,518 
2 $176, 436 

9,001 
$2,588 

101.2 

Cost 

379.5 

Kainit: 

248.3 

263.1 

Limestone: 

Tons             

183.3 

Cost     

46.6 

I'hosphate  rock: 

12.8 

Cost                 

19.4 

Pyrites: 

Tons                       

18.8 

Cost 

37.8 

Sulphur: 

'66.9 

Cost                               

'65.7 

Lime: 

68.6 

291.8 

Potash  salts; 

Cost 

$3,098,400 

884 
$32,156 

19, 518 
$709,841 

$508,301 

276 
$6,883 

22,695 
$1,050,591 

16.4 

Nitrate  of  potash: 

31.2 

Cost                   .           

21.4 

Nitrate  of  soda: 
Tons 

116.3 

Cost        

148.0 

Wood  ashes: 

Cost 

Sulphuric  acid: 

231,527 
$1,355,382 

286,898 
$2,176,245 

'33,662 
»$271,078 

33,661 
$735,765 

'14.5 

Cost               

'20.0 

Superphosphate: 
Tons     

11.7 

Cost  

33.8 

Ammoniates: 

Cost 

Ammonium  sulphate: 

Tons 

3,678 
$186,609 

481 

$2,211 

$167,410 

$9, 766, 735 

6,862 
$414,247 

1,925 

$11,034 

$2,209,038 

'$4,672,586 

186.6 

Cost         

222.0 

Common  salt: 

Tons 

400.2 

Cost 

499.1 

Cottonseed  meal 

1,319.  5 

=  47.8 

1  Includes  materials  used  in  principal  establishments  only. 
'  Decrease. 

The  statistics  presented  in  Table  70  show  an  increase 
in  even,'  item  except  in  the  (luiinlity  and  vakie  of  sul- 
phur, in  the  (juantity  and  value  of  sulphuric  acid,  and 
in  the  value  of  bones,  tankage,  etc.  Sulphur  is  used 
in  the  fertilizer  industry  in  the  manufacture  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  which  is  consumed  in  the  manufacture  of 
superphosphate  from  bones  or  from  phosphate  rock, 
and,  a.s  pointed  out  when  discussing  the  manufacture 
of  sulphuric  acid  under  Class  I,  it  is  good  practice  to 
substitute  pyrites  for  sulplnir  in  the  maiuifactun*  of 
the  same,  especially  when  it  is  to  lie  used  in  tlic  inmui- 
facture  of  superphosj)hate.  Inspection  of  the  table 
.shows  that  while  then-  was  a  <iecrea.se  of  ,S,.')18  tons  in 
the  c|uantity  of  siil]iliiir  used,  ihcre  was  an  increase  of 
.54,184  tons  in  the  (|uanlily  of  pyrites  used.  The 
decrease  in  tlie  (juantily  and  value  of  the  sui|)liuri(' 
acid  purchased  is  aecouipanied  also  by  a  decrease  in 
thr-  (|uantity  and  value  of  the  sui[)liuric  acid  pi-oduced 
for  sail'  by  these  princi|)al  establishments,  for,  while 
in  1000  there  were  reported  as  thus  produced  2,816 
ton.H  of  iW  Uaum^-  acid,  valued  at  !S.')(),(I()4,  and  (;(),( I,'') 2 
tons  of  .')()"  Iiaum<!  acid,  valued  at  S:{87,021,  in  I'.K).") 
there  were  reported  a.s  thus  produced  but  3.37  tons  of 


66°  Baum6  acid,  valued  at  $9,521,  and  23,997  tons  of 
50°  Baume  acid,  valued  at  !S185,327.  These  statistics 
together  with  those  for  pyrites  and  sulphur  combine 
to  show  that  the  practice  of  consuming  in  further 
manufacture  the  sulphuric  acid  made  is  increasing. 
The  decrease  in  the  value  of  the  bones,  tankage,  etc., 
used  may  be  partly  accounted  for  by  the  separate 
presentation  of  the  statistics  for  ammoniates  at  the 
census  of  1905.  As  bones  and  tankage  furnish  phos- 
phorus and  nitrogen,  the  decrease  in  this  item  as 
regards  its  phosphorus  contents  is  offset  by  the 
increase  in  the  quantities  of  fish  and  phosphate  rock 
used,  and  as  regards  its  nitrogen  contents,  by  the 
increase  in  the  quantities  of  nitrate  of  potash,  nitrate 
of  soda,  ammonium  sulphate  and  cottonseed  meal 
used.  It  is  probable  that  much  of  the  blood  and  bone 
tankage  is  now  prepared  for  marketing  by  drying  and 
pulverizing,  and  sold  for  use  as  a  fertilizer  wathout 
further  compounding. 

It  should  he  definitely  borne  in  mind  that  the  mate- 
rials enumerated  in  Table  70  are  imly  those  which 
were  reported  as  used  in  principal  establishments, 
while  the  statistics  for  production  given  in  Table  66 
include  both  the  products  of  establishments  in  which 
the  manufacture  of  fertilizers  is  a  primary  industry 
and  those  in  which  it  is  a  secondary  industry.  But  in 
establishments  such  as  those  engaged  in  slaughtering 
and  meat  packing,  which  alone  returned  at  the  census 
of  1905  a  product  of  211,137  tons  of  complete  fer- 
tilizers, valued  at  »4,397,626,  and  157,937  tons  of 
fertilizing  material,  such  as  tankage,  valued  at 
$2,806,435,  the  materials  used  in  the  fertilizers  other 
than  the  animals  from  which  the  blood,  tankage  and 
offal  were  obtained,  formed  so  small  a  proportion  of 
the  whole  that  they  were  not  enumerated  separately 
and  therefore  could  not  be  directly  ascertained  for 
insertion  in  Table  70.  It  is  true  that  in  the  past 
complete  fertilizers  have  averaged  8  parts  of  super- 
phosphates to  2  parts  of  potash  salts  and  2  of  ammoni- 
ates, the  proportions  being  based  upon  the  phosphorus, 
potassium,  and  ammonia  contents  or  ecjuivalents,  but 
as  in  recent  years  there  has  been  an  incn^asing  demand 
for  compositions  of  the  ratio  of  10  :  2  :  2  any  estimate 
of  the  (luantity  of  these  substances  u.sed  must  be  quite 
rougli,  especially  as  by  ammoniates  in  this  c(mnection 
all  substances  containing  nitrogen  are  meant. 

The  <|uantiti('s  of  lunteriiils  available  for  use  may  be 
indicated  t)y  liic  I'.icl  llnil  tlie  liy-product  coke  indu.s- 
try  produced  15,773  ttms  of  ammonium  sulphate  in 
1905,  wliile  the  priiicii)Ml  fertilizer  establishments  u.sed 
but  10,510  tons.  In  I  he  same  year  the  cottonseed-oil 
fiiclni-ii's  produced  .|27,428,7()2  worfli  of  cotfoii.seed 
meal  and  cake,  while  the  principal  fertilizer  eslablisli- 
menls  used  l)ut  $2,376,44S  worth,  or  less  than  one- 
lenl  li  of  I  lie  total  produclion. 

Tile  ^laugiiterhouse  fell  iii/.ing  iiialciiids  arc  miii"- 
kctcd  in  three  grades  kmiwn  to  llie  trade  as  "blood," 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


441 


which  is  merely  dried  blood  containing  approximately 
14  per  cent  of  nitrogen;  "tankage  Xo.  1,"  containing 
approximately  S. 2  j)er  cent  of  nitrogen;  and  "tankage 
No.  2,"  containing  nearly  5.8  per  cent  of  nitrogen. 


Table  71  gives  the  imports  of  fertilizers  for  the  years 

1890,  1900,  and  190.5  as  taken  from  Commerce  and 
Navigation  of  the  United  States,  published  by  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics. 


T.\BLE  71.— FERTILIZERS— IMPORTS  FOR    CONSUMPTION:  1890  TO  1905. 


YEAR  ENDING   JUNE  30 — 

PHOSrilATE,  CRUDE 
OK  NATIVE. 

KIE.SERITE,  KYAN- 

ITE,  OK  CVANITE, 

AND  KAINITE. 

i 

GUANO. 

BONE  DU.ST  oil  ANI- 
MAL CARBON  AND 
j        BONE  A.SH,  FIT 
ONLY  FOB  FERTI- 
LIZING PURPOSES. 

APATITE. 

ALL  OTHER  SUB- 
STANCES, NOT  EL8E- 
WUERE  SPECIFIED. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

1890 

31,179     $.■(09-764  1 

62,871 
133,244 
240,790 

$422,225 

762,493 

1,143,296 

8,432 
4,765 
34,431 

$111,811 

58,474 

545,354 

3,219 
1,968 
5,551 

$59,a;9 

30,189 
89,110 

126 
333 
98 

$1,297 
4,019 
1,276 

21,277 
99,169 
130,149 

$333,109 

743,724 

1,973,588 

1900 

19ft5 

14,075 
131, 196 

86,763 
753,004 

Class  IX. — Bleaching  Materials. 

The  class  of  bleaching  materials  comprises  chlorine, 
chloride  of  lime  (chlorinated  lime,  bleaching  powder), 
chloride  of  soda  (chlorinated  soda,  solution  of  chlori- 
nated soda,  liquor  sodae  chloratae,  Labarracjue's  solu- 
tion, eau  de  Labarraque),  anil  other  hj^ochloriies, 
hydrogen  dioxide  (peroxide),  sodium,  magnesium, 
calcium,  barium,  and  other  dioxides  (peroxides),  sul- 
phur dioxide  or  sulphurous  acid,  sulphites,  and  sodium, 
potassium,  calcium,  and  other  bisulphites  (hydrogen  or 
acid  sulphites). 

With  the  progress  of  invention  in  chemical  manu- 
facture manj"  of  these  substances  have  come  to  be 
manufactured  by  the  aid  of  electricity,  and  when  so 
made  they  arc  grouped  under  Class  X.  They  are, 
however,  included  in  the  discussion  of  Class  IX  when 
it  is  sought  to  ascertain  the  total  quantity  and  value 
of  the  bleaching  materials  manufactured,  the  number 
of  establishments  engaged  in  the  manufacture,  and 
the  geographic  distribution  of  the  industry  considered 
as  a  whole. 

Table  72  gives  a  comparative  summary  of  the  bleach- 
ing materials  industry  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905, 
together  with  the  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase, 
those  estabUshments  only  being  considered  in  which 
bleaching  materials  are  the  principal  product,  and  in 
which  they  are  made  by  processes  other  than  by  the 
aid  of  electricitj'. 

Table    72. — Bleaching      materials — comparative      summary,     with 
amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 9 

Canit al $221, 874 

Salaiied  officials,  clerks,  etc.,  number..  54 

Sahiries $60, 339 

\V age-earners,  average  number 66 

Total  wages $38. 049 

Miscellaneous  expenses i  $67,352 

Cost  of  materials  used $160,547 

Value  of  products $418,730 


1905 


1900 


$95,713 

10 

$12, 734 

66 

$31,893 

$S.3SS 

$37,006 

$104.  SOI 


Increase. 


4 

$126, 161 

44 

$47,605 


Per  cent 

ol 
increase. 


$6, 1.56 

$.58, 964 

Sri'i.451 

$313,929 


80.0 
131.8 
440.0 
373.8 


19.3 
703.0 
3,T2.S 
299.5 


The  statistics  of  Table  72  show  an  increase  in  every 
item  except  that  of  the  number  of  wage-earners  for 
1905  as  compared  with  1900,  the  large  gain  of  .S.313,929 
being  reported  for  value  of  products.  The  greatest 
proportional  increa.se  is  found  in  miscellaneous  ex- 
penses and  the  smallest  in  total  wages. 

Table  7.3  sets  forth  the  quantity  and  value  of  the 
bleaching  materials  produced  at  the  censuses  of  1900 
and  1905,  together  with  the  amount  and  per  cent  of 
increase.  The  figures  for  bleaching  materials  manu- 
factured as  a  subsidiary  product  are  included. 

Table  73. — Bleaching  materials — quantity  ami  value  of  products, 
with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Hypochlorites: 

Tons 

Value 

Hydrogen  dioxide: 

Pounds 

Value 

Sulphur  dioxide: 

Pounds 

A'alue 

Bisulphites: 

Tons 

Value 

Chlorine,  pounds 

All  other  products,  value. 


1905 


19,588 
$535,835 

4.370,614 
$413,221 

'8,725,124 
■$45,983 

6,223 

$110, 155 

'15,670,000 

$98,396 


Increase. 


1900 


10,979 
$462, 949 

.588.335 
$63,754 

> 684. 000 
'$9,493 

1,461 

$34,486 

8,784,000 

$28,643 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


8,609 
$72,886 

3.782.279 
$349. 467 

8,041.124 
$36,492  [ 

4,762 

$75,669 

6,886,000 

$52,163 


78.4 
15.7 

642.9 
548.1 

1.175.6 
384.4 

325.9 

219.4 

78.4 

195.  S 


1  Includes  8,684.000  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $45,526,  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 

*  Includes  333.415  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $4,667,  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 

'Consiuned  in  establishments  where  manufactured. 

The  statistics  of  Table  73  show  that  the  largest 
actual  increase  at  the  census  of  1905  as  compared  with 
that  of  1900  was  in  the  ({uantity  of  hypochlorites  pro- 
duced, although  in  percentage  of  increase  this  item  is 
the  lowest.  The  greatest  percentage  of  increase  in 
quantity  produced  was  reported  for  sulphur  dioxide, 
the  largest  part  of  which  product  was,  however,  con- 
sumed in  further  manufacture  in  the  establishments 
where  j)roduced.  In  values  reported  the  greatest 
actual  increase  as  well  as  the  largest  percentage  of 
increase  was  in  the  production  of  hydrogen  dioxide. 
It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  all  of  the  chlorine  reported 
in  the  table  was  produced  and  consumed. 


442 


MANUFACTURES. 


T.\BLE    74. 


-Bleaching  materials — number  of  establishments,  by 
states:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

133 

'26 

3 

1 
4 
2 
2 
3 
11 
3 

y 

1 

Missouri                         

2 

3 

New  York                              

10 

Ohio                                                                      

1 

Pennsylvania 

6 

1  Includes  24  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

'Includes  21  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products . 

The  statistics  of  Table  74  show  a  net  gain  of  7  in 
number  of  establishments  in  1905  as  compared  wdth 
1900,  or  26.9  per  cent.  Illinois,  which  reported  3 
estabhshments  in  1900,  reported  none  in  1905,  while 
Massachusetts,  from  which  no  estabhshments  were 
returned  at  the  census  of  1900,  reported  4.  New 
York  ranked  first  in  the  number  of  establishments 
at  each  census,  and  Pennsylvania  second.  Massa- 
chusetts, which  appears  for  the  first  time  at  this 
census,  held  third  place.  No  other  state  reported 
more  than  3  establishments  at  either  census. 

Table  75  shows,  for  the  establishments  manufac- 
turing bleaching  materials  either  as  a  principal  or 
subsidiary  product,  the  quantity  and  value  of  the 
materials  used  as  reported  at  the  censuses  of  1900 
and  1905,  together  with  the  increase  and  per  cent  of 
increase. 

Table  7 S.— Bleaching  materials — quantity  and  cost  of  principal 
cojnpcments  used,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and 
1900. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per  cent 

of 
Increase. 

1905 

1900 

Salt: 

Tons                                        

'15,713 
'$38,141 

•358,074 
"$30,600 

324 
$13, 176 

84,444 
$1,200 

2,'il 
$6,276 

7.33 
$I6,3.'>3 

11 

$1,084 

2,  171 
»l5,62a 

218 
$63,849 

•661,206 
•$101,286 

65 

$1,600 

•180,000 

9,055 
$19,105 

158,561 
$20,532 

168 
$7,018 

93,000 
$1,325 

227 
$4,32.'-. 

974 
$23,368 

7 
$420 

171 
$4,000 

74 
$16,640 

74,490 
$14,81)8 

44 
$1,670 
92,000 

6,658 
$19,036 

199,513 
$10,068 

$5,557 

•8,560 
>$125 

24 
$1,9.10 

•241 
•$8,015 

4 

$064 

2,000 
$41,626 

144 

$37,  .309 

476,710 
'     $811,388 

11 

1          '$70 

87,400 

73.5 

Cost      

99.6 

Lime: 

125.8 

Coat 

49.0 

Caustic  soda: 

Tons     

92.9 

Cost    

72.9 

MunsanoHo  dioxide: 

•9.2 

•9.4 

Muriatic  iicld; 

10.6 

Cost.. 
8oda  ash ; 

Tons.. 

Cost 

Potoah: 

Tons 

Cost 

Sulphur: 

Tons       

45.1 

•24.7 
•34.3 

67.1 
168.1 

1,160.6 

Cost     

1,038.2 
104.0 

Burluni  dioxide: 

Tons 

Cost 

226.6 

Phosphoric  acid : 

0)0.0 

Cost 

bleaching  powil.  r 

Tons 

Cost 

000.0 

26.0 
■4.6 

94.4 

'  Includes  13,(K!0  tons  of  salt  from  hrino  or  tho  by-product  of  other  Ihdus- 
trlos  having  an  I'stlniatcd  cost  of  $29,823. 

'  InrhKlf^s  9,814  bushels  of  lime,  having  nn  estimated  eo.it  of  $102,  consumed  In 
^l^lh)■r  inaiinfaeture. 

»  Di-erease. 

•  Kstimated. 


From  Table  75  it  will  be  seen  that  there  is  an 
increase  in  every  item  except  in  the  quantity  and 
value  of  manganese  dioxide,  the  quantity  and  value 
of  soda  ash,  and  the  value  of  bleacliing  powder.  The 
manganese  dioxide  is  used  with  muriatic  acid  in  mak- 
ing chlorine  bleach,  such  as  the  chloride  of  soda  from 
soda  ash,  and  is  of  minor  importance,  particularly  as 
electrolytic  clilorine  is  now  being  produced  most  abun- 
dantl}'  and  cheaply,  while  the  product  may  also  be 
obtained  easily  from  bleaching  powder.  The  decrease 
in  cost  of  bleaching  powder  has  no  significance  when 
the  small  quantities  used  are  considered. 

Tlie  greatest  increase  in  quantity  is  found  in  phos- 
phoric acid,  the  next  greatest  in  lime,  and  the  third  in 
salt.  The  greatest  increase  in  cost  is  found  in  phos- 
phoric acid,  the  next  greatest  in  sulphur,  the  tliird  in 
barium  dioxide,  and  the  fourth  in  salt.  The  greatest 
percentages  of  increase  are  found  in  the  quantity  and 
cost  of  sulphur  and  the  next  greatest  in  the  quantity 
and  cost  of  phosphoric  acid,  while  barium  dioxide 
rank  tliird. 

Table  76. — Bleaching  materials — value  of  products,  by  states:  1905 
aiid  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

United  States 

'$1,158,064 

'$592,658 

42,399 

41,746 

46,595 

799.521 

13,774 

37.761 

218,667 

39,171 

407.327 

Ohio 

C) 

15,878 

87,883 

'  Includes  value  of  products  consumed  in  establishments  where  maaufactured. 
'Included  in  "oil  other  states.*' 

•Included  in  1905,  Maryland.  Michigan,  and  Missouri;  in  1900,  Michigan, 
Missouri,  and  Ohio. 

The  statistics  of  Table  76  show  that  New  York  ranked 
first  at  each  census  in  the  value  of  ])roducts.  New 
Jersey  passed  from  the  third  place  in  1900  to  the  second 
place  in  1905,  displacing  Illinois,  which  did  not  report 
anj'  production  of  bleaching  materials  at  the  last 
census.  Ma.'^sachu.setts,  which  appeared  in  1905  for 
the  first  time,  ranked  third.  'V\w  returns  for  the  state 
of  Illinois  at  the  census  of  1900  were  from  establish- 
ments ill  which  bleaching  materials  were  packed.  At 
the  census  of  1905  the  rejiorts  from  such  establish- 
ments were  included  under  another  category. 

From  the  returns  it  ap])ears  that  all  of  the  bleach- 
ing powder  was  made  from  electrolytic  chlorine  ])ro- 
ducccl  fidiii  salt.  The  ])riiicipiil  comjieting  jirocess  is 
that  in  wliicli  the  salt  is  first  decomposed  by  the  Lc 
Blniic  method  fur  jircdncing  soda  jiroducts,  forming 
hvdiociiinric  ncid,  wliich  is  then  oxidized  to  set  its 
chlorine  free.  Although  llie  latter  is  the  older  proc- 
ess and  was  well  and  widely  established,  yt^t,,  accord- 
ing to  llasenclever,'  of  the  260,000  tons  of  blenching 
powfler,  re])r(>senting  the  world's  producfioii  in  1905, 
one-hiilf  was  ])iodiiced  electrolytically.  Tlic  totnl 
])roduction  of  bleachhig  powder  in  (iermany  in  1905 

'  Journal  i)f  Snripty  iif  rhriiiifal  Industry,  liH)7,  vol.  25,  page  1011. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODITCTR. 


443 


was  60,000  tons,  of  which  65  per  cent  was  prepared 
electrdlyliciilly  fnnii  potn.s.siiini  cliloridt'. 

Althoui^h,  through  thediscovciics  of  Iviiict.sch,  liquid 
chlorine  has  been  made  an  article  of  commerce  and  is 
found  extremely  u.seful  and  convenient  in  many  in- 
dustries and  lV)r  laboratory  ])urposes,  and  although 
efforts  are  also  being  made  to  find  new  avenues  for  the 
disposal  of  the  chl()rin(^  output  of  this  country,  yet  at 
no  census  has  there  been  any  return  made  of  litjuid 
chlorine  as  a  product. 

The  most  novel  advance  in  this  industry  since  the 
census  of  1900  is  perhajjs  that  found  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  dioxides  or  peroxides  and  their  deriva- 
tives. The  preparation,  properties,  and  uses  of  sodium 
dioxide  were  set  forth  to  some  extent  in  the  report  on 
chemicals  and  allied  products  at  the  census  of  1900. 
Harold  J.  Turner'  has  devised  a  very  ingenious  method 
for  utilizing  this  material  as  a  source  of  oxygen. 

The  action  of  water  on  fused  sodium  peroxide  is  one  of  the  most 
convenient  and  elegant  methods  for  the  preparation  of  oxygen  for 
laboratory  or  lecture  purposes.  The  liberation  of  the  gas  is  so  lively, 
however,  that  a  specially  constructed  generator  is  usually  required 
to  enable  one  to  control  the  evolution  of  it.  To  prepare  a  small 
quantity,  the  most  efficient  method  is  the  decomposition  of  the 
substance  by  means  of  water  of  crystallization.  A  mixture  of  equal 
parts  of  fused  sodium  peroxide  and  crystallized  sodium  sulphate 
or  carbonate,  upon  being  gently  warmed,  evolves  oxygen  in  a  steady 
stream,  under  perfect  control  of  the  operator.  A  10-gram  piece  of 
"oxone"  readily  evolves,  by  this  process.  4  liters  of  oxygen.  The 
oxygen  is  99  per  cent  piu"e,  perfectly  odorless,  tasteless,  and  color- 
less. Within  the  last  few  months  calciuTn  carbide  has  been  decom- 
posed by  a  like  process,  known  as  the  Atkins  system,  with  the  pro- 
duction of  the  so-called  "sun  gas,"  which  is  being  developed  by 
the  Sun  Gas  Company,  of  London. 

Fused  sodium  dioxide  is  now  put  upon  the  market 
under  the  trade  name  of  oxone.  This  product  has  a 
specific  gravity  of  2.43;  it  is  hard,  but  not  brittle,  and 
is  capable  of  being  cast  into  any  convenient  shape;  it 
can  be  easily  transported,  without  detriment  or  any 
mechanical  or  chemical  change,  and  can  be  stored  and 
protected  fi-om  moisture,  without  any  danger  or  risk  of 
deterioration.  Upon  contact  with  water  oxone  liber- 
ates pure  oxygen  gas,  just  as  calcium  carbide  in  water 
liberates  acetylene  gas.  The  amount  of  gas  thus  yielded 
averages  2.2  cubic  feet  per  pound,  or  60  liters  reduced 
to  normal  pressure  and  temperatm-e,  which  corresponds 
to  322  times  the  volume  of  the  body.  The  oxygen 
evolved  is  of  99  to  100  per  cent  purity,  the  only  im- 
purity consisting  of  a  slight  vapor  caused  by  the  energy 
of  reaction,  which  is  easily  absorbed  by  passing  the  gas 
through  water,  thus  fiu'nishing  an  absolutely  pm-e 
•material.  This  chemical,  furthermore,  has  the  prop- 
erty of  absorbing  carbon  dioxide  and  moisture,  a 
quality  which,  combined  with  its  oxidizing  capacity, 
makes  it  an  ideal  disinfectant  and  air  purifier.  Oxone 
is  sold  in  the  following  shapes:  In  crude  form,  in 
2-pound  and  10-pound  tins,  and  in  bulk;  in  cartridges, 
in  boxes  of  20,  generatmg  7  to  8  gallons  of  pure  oxygen 

'  Dry  Method  for  the  Generation  of  Oxygen  from  Sodium  Per- 
oxide. American  Chemical  Journal,  vol.37.  No.  I.January,  1907. 
page  106. 


gas;  and  in  square  cakes,  16  in  one  tin,  for  calcium 
lights,  averaging  160  liters  of  oxygen  gas. 

The  use  of  oxone  for  the  purpos<'  of  making  confined 
spaces  habitable  has  been  carefully  studied  by  G.  F. 
Brindley  and  R.  von  Foregger,^  who  find  that  one  kilo- 
gram of  oxone  would  enable  a  man  to  live  for  five 
hours  and  twelve  minutes  in  a  supply  of  air  sufficient 
for  a  single  res])iration. 

Elven  more  novel,  j)ossibly,  is  the  manufacture  on  a 
commercial  scale  of  other  peroxides  and  tlicii-  deriva- 
tives. 

Table  77. — Peroxides  now  offered  in  commerce,  other  than  sodium. 

peroxide. 


KIND. 

Per  cent  c  f 
peroxide. 

Per  cent 

of 
available 
oxygen. 

Volumes 
of  active 

oxygen 
compared 
with  one 

volume 
of  water. 

Method  of 
pa<king. 

Peroxide  of  calcium 

70-85  CaOj 

16-18 

7-9 

8-10 

12-12.75 

9-10 

7-8 
9-10 

120 
60 
70 
90 

70 

55 
70 

}-lb.  tins  and 

Peroxide  of  magnesium. . 
Peroxide  of  zinc 

25-32  MgOs 

50-60  ZnOa. 

upward. 
J-lb.  tins  and 

upward. 
J-Ib.  tins  and 

90-95  SrOi 

upward. 

Perborate  of  sodium .... 

100NaBO3-l-4n2O. 

upward. 
(Hb.cartons. 
{l-lb.cartons. 
[25  and  50  lb. 

kegs. 

upward. 

upward. 

The  peroxides  named  in  Table  77  are  active  bleaching 
agents  and  hence  efficient  disinfectants.  The  various 
compounds,  however,  differ  in  solubility  in  water  and 
hence  in  the  rate  at  which  they  evolve  ozone.  Because 
of  their  relative  insolubilities  and  slow  rate  of  reaction, 
calcium  and  magnesium  peroxides  have  come  to  be 
used  to  some  extent,  either  alone  or  in  admixture 
with  other  substances,  for  tooth  powders,  the  ozone 
set  free  or  hydrogen  peroxide  formed  serving  to 
cleanse  and  purify^  the  teeth. 

Table  78  sets  forth  the  imports  of  chloride  of  lime, 
or  bleaching  powder,  for  the  years  1891  to  1905,  as 
taken  from  Commerce  and  Xa^'igation  of  the  United 
States,  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics. 

Table  78. — Chloride  of  lime,  or  bleaching  powder — imports:  1891 

to  190.'). 


TEAK  ENDING  JtTNE  30— 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1891 

107,475,715 
110,748,289 
120,811,918 

81,610,463 
100,456,774 
104.053,877 

99,274.138 
114,232.578 
113,107,250 
136.403,151 
110.960,523 
130.251,696 
107.827.117 

99,085,386 

96.119.711 

$1,429,509 

1892                        

1.839,640 

1893                                                     - 

2,213,121 

1894 

1  507  076 

1895 

1.644.835 

1896           

1.579,358 
1.375  560 

1897                      

1S9S 

1.421.920 

1899               

1,159  271 

1900 

1.464.019 

1901               

1  371  028 

1902 

1,788.354 

1903             

1.126  666 

1904 

772, 532 

1905 

776,281 

-  Report  of  Experiments  with  Fused  Sodium  Peroxide  for  the 
Regeneration  of  Air  in  Submarines.  Ninth  General  Meeting  of  the 
American  Electrochemical  Society,  Ithaca.  N.  Y.,  lilay  1,  2,  and  3, 
1906. 


444 


MANUFACTURES. 


Class  X. — Chemicals   Produced    by   the    Aid   of 
Electkicity. 

This  classification  appeared  for  the  first  time  in 
the  special  report  on  chemicals  and  allied  products 
for  the  census  of  1900.  In  the  comparatively  short 
time  that  has  elapsed  since  electricity  was  first  prac- 
tically employed  in  the  manufacture  of  chemicals, 
many  new  and  advantageous  processes  have  been 
found,  which  have  resulted  not  only  in  the  more 
economical  production  of  substances  already  ob- 
tained by  other  methods,  but  also  in  the  addition  of 
some  hitherto  unknown  to  commerce.  With  the  con- 
stant progress  of  discovery  and  invention  in  this 
field  it  is  to  be  expected  that  the  industry  will  show 
an  ever  widening  range  in  the  substances  produced,  as 
well  as  a  steady  increase  in  the  quantity  and  value  of 
its  products.  At  the  present  time  these  products 
include,  commercially,  aluminum,  bromine,  carbon  (in 
its  allotropic  form  of  graphite  or  plumbago),  lead, 
phosphorus,  silicon,  and  sodium  among  elementary 
substances;  ferrochrome,  ferromanganese,  ferrosilicon, 
and  the  titanium,  timgsten,  and  vanadium  composi- 
tions among  alloys;  and  adamite  (fused  corundum), 
alundum  (artificial  conmdum),  barium  hydroxide, 
calcium  carbide,  carbon  disulphide  (bisulphide),  car- 
borundum (silicon  carbide),  caustic  soda  (sodium 
hydroxide),  hydrochloric  acid,  litharge  and  other 
lead  oxides,  potassium  chlorate  (chlorate  of  potash) 
potassium  hydroxide  (caustic  potash),  siloxicon,  and 
white  lead  among  compound  substances. 

In  this  report  all  estal)lishments  producing  the 
above  substances,  as.  described,  by  electricity  are  in- 
cluded under  the  present  classification.  Further- 
more, there  are  establishments  in  which  the  direct 
products  of  these  electrical  processes,  such  as  bro- 
mine, chlorine,  carborundum,  hydrogen  sulphide, 
phosphorus,  sodium,  and  the  like  arc  partly  or 
wholly  consumed  on  the  premises  in  which  they  are 
produced  in  the  further  manufacture  of  potassuun 
bromide,  bleaching  powder,  graphite,  sulphuric  acid, 
phosphonis  acids,  sodium  cyanide,  sodium  and  other 
dio.xides,  or  other  substances,  and  such  establish- 
ments are  also  includccl  here,  although  other  estab- 
lishments which  use  tlicir  original  ])n)du(t  to  pro- 
duce the  same  final  indiluct,  hut  witlioul  the  aid  of 
electricity,  are  classified  elsewhere. 

Table  70. — Elcctrri-rhr.miraLi — comparative,  numwanj,  vnlh  amount 
and  pir  cetil  of  iricreasc:  I'M.')  arul  I'MO. 


NiimTwr  o(  c.italiliflhmnntn j  2<» 

< 'i.i.lt 111 til,  40S,  637 

Hiiliiriffi    ofUcials,   chTkB,   etc., 

nnmlMT |  24.'; 

SaliirlcJi 1.14.1, 47.'> 

W»iK(wBrnpr.n,avGragenuint)fr. .  i;,0K2 

T'ltiil  wiiK"'"  »I,1I1,X.'KI 

MI'w-i.|lftTi*-nii'»iixp*'nH"'H . .  Sl.l.'iT,  101 

Ciist  of  niutiTlnlH  usril t'i,  442,  U»\ 

Value  ol  products i  I7,04M,240 


HUH. 

i 
Incroaso. 

1  !)l)l) 

13 
19,170,760 

7 
12,324,787 

H8 

1134,033 

7.13 

t;i74,  KKI 

I2!I:),I10H 

tZ,03U,2«l 

!                l.',7 
1211,442 
;            1,340 
'      1737,014 
SI,  1113,683 
.  tl, 042,042 
1  M,0ll,etl6 

Percent 

of 
Increase, 


53. « 
25.4 

178.  4 
167.8 
184.0 
190.  B 
390.8 
171.2 
240.1 


The  statistics  of  Table  79  show  an  increase  in  every 
item,  the  value  of  products  making  the  substantial  gain 
of  $5,011,985,  or  more  than  doubling.  The  greatest 
proportional  increase  is  presented  in  miscellaneous  ex- 
pense>,  and  the  next  in  the  value  of  products.  In  con- 
sidering Table  79  it  should  be  noted  that  the  statistics 
for  1905  include  those  for  the  manufacture  of  aluminum, 
wliile  in  1900  the  returns  for  tlfis  industrA'  were  pre- 
sented under  another  heading.  It  must  also  be  pointed 
out  that  these  figures  give  but  a  ph,rtial  indication  of 
the  extent  to  which  electricity  is  employed  in  chemical 
processes  of  manufacture.  The  returns  from  the  re- 
cove  ly  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  and  other  strictly 
metallurgical  products  are  included  in  other  categories, 
while  no  report  at  all  is  made  of  the  oxygen  and  hydro- 
gen which  some  establishments  manufacture  exten- 
sively for  the  purpose  of  employment  in  producing  liigh 
tem]>eratures,  or  of  the  bleaches  which  textile  estab- 
lishments produce  for  their  o^vn  use  exclusively ;  and 
other  exceptions  could  probably  be  found. 

T.\BLE  80. — Electro-chemicals — number  of  establishments,  by  states: 
1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

United  States 

■21 

U4 

Connecticut 

1 

1 
4 

1 

Michigan...                

1 

1 

New  York .... 

14 
1 
1 

10 

West  Virginia          ... 

'  Includes  1  establishment  engaged  primarily  in  the  m.anufactiire  of  other 
products. 

New  York  ranked  first  at  each  census  in  the  number 
of  establi.shments  engaged  in  this  industry,  rejiorting 
two-third.s  of  the  total  number  returned  in  1905.  At 
the  census  of  1 905  Michigan  reported  4  establishments. 
No  other  state  returned  more  than  1  establishment  at 
cither  census.  This  overwhelming  sujircmacy  of  New 
York  is  a  consequence  of  the  fact  that  hitherto  the 
electro-chemical  industry  has  depended  ju'iiiiarily  for 
its  success  on  clu^a])  and  abundant  sui)]ili('s  of -water- 
power,  such  as  are  lound  at  Niagara  Falls.  \\'itli  tlie 
imjirovements  in  tli(>  ellicicncy  of  internal  comi)Ustion 
engiiu^s,  however,  through  which  ])ro(liicer  gas,  the 
surplus  gas  from  hy-product  coke  ovens,  and  the  waste 
gases  from  Mast  furnaces  may  be  utilized  economically, 
and  with  the  constant  inventions  through  wliicli  other 
sources  of  energy  in  nature  may  he  iiuuh'  use  of,  it  is 
reasonable  to  ex])('it  a  wider  distril)iitioii  of  this 
in<liistry  in  tiie  future.  indeed  il  seems  po.ssihio 
that  other  hitiirrto  unused  sources  of  energy  may  be 
available  at  the  present  lime,  since  il  !i])])ears  by  no 
means  inipracticalile  to  employ  hydrogen  sulj)liide, 
snlpiiur  vapors,  and  otiicr  ((imliustiMe  ga.ses  as 
the  fiK'l  in  internal  combiislion  engines  and  (hen  to 
utilize  their  proilucts  of  coinbiislion  in  further  man- 
ufiiil  uri'. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


445 


Table    81. — Eleclro-chemicals — value    of   products,    by   geographic 
divisions:  1905  and  1900. 


divisiok/ 

1905 

1900 

United  States 

$7,068,246 

$2,045,635 

North  Atlantic 

6,037,533 
827,583 
203,130 

1,852,279 

(') 

193,256 

^  Included  in  "  all  other  divisions." 

Out  of  the  total  value  of  produc^ts  returned  at  the 
census  of  1900,  New  York  reported  $1,836,606,  or  89.8 
per  cent;  while  at  the  cen.sus  of  1905,  out  of  the  total 
of  $7,068,246,  that  state  also  reported  substantially 
all  shown  for  the  North  Atlantic  division. 

Table  82. — Electro-chemAcals — quantity  and  cost  of  principal  ma- 
terials used,  with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

1905 

1900 

Alumina  and  bauxite: 
Tons 

14.164 
8591,563 
8230,744 

19,125 
897,281 

1,309,716 
8133,333 

3,459 
854,539 

6,189 
844,437 

3.908 
$200,008 

13, 175 
$30,259 

1,717 

$72, 1S8 

8338.522 

832,121 

11,614 
$46,229 

« 

8198,623 

7.511 
$51.0.'i2 

(') 
(■) 

61S.  4 

Coal  and  coke: 

Tons                            .  . 

64.7 

Cost             

110.4 

Lime: 

Bushels  

(') 

Cost 

(1) 

Ores,  chrome  and  iron: 

Tons 

Cost                             ... 

Phosphate  rock  and  other  minerals: 
Tons                              

3,364 
$24,812 

1,900 
$80,097 

(') 
C) 

(') 

(') 

$247,300 

2,825 
$19,625 

2.008 
$119,911 

(>) 
(') 

(') 

(■) 

$91,222 

84.0 

Cost 

Potassium  salts: 

Tons 

Cost 

Salt: 

Tons 

Cost                      

79.1 

105.7 
149.7 

(') 
(') 

(') 

Sodas: 

Tons         .                    .  . 

Cost 

(1) 

All  other  materials,  cost ...  . 

36  9 

1  Included  in  ' '  all  other  materials." 

The  statistics  of  Table  82  show  an  increase  in  the 
case  of  each  substance  presented  separately  at  both 
censuses,  the  largest  increase  in  quantity  being  found 
in  coal  and  coke  and  the  next  in  phosphate  rock.  The 
greatest  increase  in  cost  among  the  materials  enumer- 
ated is  found  in  carlions  and  the  next  in  potas.sium 
salts.  This  latter  includes  muriate  of  potash  and  pot- 
ash salts.  The  percentages  show  some  exceptionally 
large  increases,  but  this  is  a  necessary  consequence  in 
an  industry  which  came  into  existence  but  a  short 
time  before  the  census  of  1900  and  at  the  census  of 
1905  had  just  attained  to  a  re.spectal)le  importance. 
It  may  cause  remark  that  coal,  coke,  and  charcoal, 
which  are  usually  used  as  fuels,  appear  as  materials 
used,  but  as  a  fact  carbon,  in  one  of  these  various  forms, 
enters  as  one  of  the  components  into  the  production 
of  calcium  carbide,  carbon  disulphide,  carbon  tetra- 
chloride, carborundum,  an<i  other  carbon  compounds. 

As  already  indicated,  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  is  to-ilay 
the  chief  seat  of  the  electro-chemical  industry  and  it 
has  held  this  rank  since  the  industry  was  introduced 
into  this  countrv.     On  the  occasion  of  the  holding  of 


the  International  Electrical  Congress  in  September, 
1904,  a  guide  '  for  visitors  from  abroad  attending  the 
congress  and  visiting  Niagara  Falls  was  prepared  umier 
the  auspices  of  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical 
Engineers,  from  which  it  appears  that  in  1904  there 
were  two  companies,  tlie  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic 
Power  and  Manufacturing  Company  and  the  Niagara 
Falls  I'ower  Com|)any,  both  situated  on  the  American 
side  of  the  Niagara  river,  engaged  in  transforming  the 
energy  of  the  water  into  electricity,  while  three  com- 
panies were  then  engaged  in  develojiing  [ilants  on  the 
Canadian  side  for  the  jjurposc.  The  Niagara  Falls 
Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing  Companj^  estab- 
lisheil  its  first  station  for  supplying  electricity  for  com- 
mercial purposes  in  1881,  and  it  was  here  that  the 
public  distribution  of  electricity  from  Niagara  Falls 
began.  In  1904  current  was  lieing  sujiplied  from  its 
power  house  to  the  Pittsburg  Reduction  Company  for 
use  in  the  isolation  of  aluminum;  to  the  National  Elec- 
trolytic Company  for  the  manufacture  of  chlorate  of 
potash;  and  to  the  Acker  Process  Company  for  the 
manufacture  of  caustic  soda,  lileacliing  powder,  tetra- 
chloride of  tin  (known  to  the  trade  as  bicliloride  of  tin), 
oxide  of  tin,  tin  crystals,  and  carbon  tetrachloride. 
The  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  supplied  current 
to  the  Pittsburg  Reduction  Company;  to  the  Carbo- 
rundum Company  for  the  manufacture  of  silicon  car- 
bide and  silicon;  to  the  Union  Carbide  Company  for 
the  manufacture  of  calcium  carbide;  to  the  Electrical 
Lead  Reduction  Companj-  for  the  manufacture  of 
spongy  lead,  litharge,  red  lead,  and  white  lead;  to  the 
International  Acheson  Graphite  Company  for  the 
manufacture  of  grapliite,  graphite  paint,  and  graphit- 
ized  electrodes;  to  the  Roberts  Chemical  Company  for 
the  manufacture  of  caustic  potash  and  hydrochloric 
acid;  to  the  Norton  Emery  Wheel  Compan}-  for  the 
manufacture  of  alundum;  and  to  the  Niagara  Re- 
search Laboratories,  where  new  electro-chemical  proc- 
esses are  tested  on  a  large  scale  and  with  a  view  to  their 
commercial  form  until  factory  conditions  are  deter- 
mined. 

There  appear  to  have  been  other  establishments 
making  electro-chemical  products  at  Niagara  Falls 
that  are  not  enumerated  in  the  publication  just  men- 
tioned. Taking  into  account  all  the  establishments, 
it  is  reported  that  the  average  consumption  of  electric 
energA'  in  the  electro-chemical  industries  of  Niagara 
Falls  was,  at  the  census  of  1900,  15,161  kilowatts  and, 
at  the  census  of  1905,  .37,910  kilowatts.  The  peak 
load  figures  were  naturally  higher  than  this,  being 
about  50  per  cent  greater  at  the  census  of  1900  anil 
about  23  per  cent  greater  at  that  of  1905.  It  is  reason- 
able to  expect,  as  the  manufacture  of  electro-chem- 
icals increases  in  magnitude  and  operating  methods  are 
perfected,  that  the  percentage  of  difference  between 
the  average  and  tlie  peak  load  will  be  a  diminishing 
quantit}-. 

'  The  Niagara  Falls  Electrical  Handbook. 


446 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  83,  taken  from  The  Mineral  Industry/  sets      diiced,    imported,    exported,    and    consumed    in    the 


forth  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  aluminum  pro- 


United  States  from   1897   to   1906. 


'The  Mineral  Industry,  vol.  15,  page  11. 
Table  83.— ALUMINUM— PRODUCTION,  IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  AND  CONSUMPTION:  1897  TO  1906. 


PRODUCTION. 

IMPORTS. 

Exports 
(value) . 

YEAR. 

Pounds.           Value, 

Per 
pound. 

Crude. 

Manu- 
factures 
(value). 

Consump- 
tion 
(value). 

Pounds. 

Value. 

14,350,000  i     $5,166,000 

$0.36 
0.32 
0.29 
0.31 
0.31 
0.31 
0.32 
0.33 
0.33 
0.35 

770,713 

530,429 

515,416 

498,655 

745,217 

564,803 

258,559 

53,622 

60 

1,822 

$154,292 

106,108 

128,350 

139,298 

215,032 

104, 168 

44,455 

9,425 

30 

1,082 

$1,866 
33 

478 
4,273 
3,819 
5,580 
5,989 
7,828 
13,840 
3,647 

$364,251 
290,777 
166,876 
157, 187 
116,052 
183,. 579 
281,821 
291,515 
238,997 
(') 

$4,957,907 

1905                                                         

11,350,000 
7,700,000 
7,500,000 
7,300,000 
7,150,000 
7,150.000 
6,500.000 
5,200.000 
4,000,000 

3,632,000 
2,233.000 
2,325.000 
2,284,590 
2,238,000 
2,288.000 
2,) 12,. 500 
1,600.000 
1,400,000 

3,015,364 

2,494,952 

1903                                                        

2,311,384 

2,387,389 

1901                                                     

2, 164, 169 

2,0.56,623 

Iggg                                                    

1,838,238 

1,474,268 

189f7                                                    

1,404,729 

1  Not  reported. 


Continuing,  The  Mineral  Industry  says: 

Aluminum  is  now  a  strong  competitor  ^vith  copper  and  other 
metals,  and  doubtless  the  increase  in  the  price  of  copper  has  been 
in.slrumental.  on  this  account,  in  the  rise  in  price  of  aluminum 
which  occurred  during  1906.  However,  the  fact  that  the  demand  is 
far  in  excess  of  production  is  the  chief  rea.son  for  the  present  high 
price  of  aluminum.  The  amount  of  aluminum  consumed  is  limited 
only  by  the  number  of  furnaces  which  are  now  in  operation,  and  by 
the  capacity  of  the  dj-namos  which  operate  the  furnaces. 

The  Pittsburg  Reduction  Company  (now  the  Aluminum  Com- 
pany of  America)  was  the  only  producer.  It  owns  large  bauxite 
deposits  in  Cleorgia,  Alabama,  and  Arkansas,  obtaining,  however, 
most  of  its  ore  from  Saline  county  in  the  latter  state.  It  has  done  a 
large  amount  of  stri[)ping  and  development  work  at  its  mines  at 
Bauxite,  .\rk. ,  al.so  is  j  List  completing  there  a  new  crushing,  grinding, 
and  drNTTig  j)lant,  and  has  built  a  railroad  called  the  Ilauxite  and 
Northern,  connecting  all  of  its  mines  in  that  region  with  the  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  and  Pacific  Railroad  and  the  Missouri  Pacilic  and  Iron 
Mountain  systems.  Tliis  company  has  realized  that  reserve  stores 
of  bauxite  are  as  essential  to  the  welfare  of  a  large  aluminum  com- 
pany as  reserves  of  iron  ore  are  to  a  great  steel  corporation,  and  it 
has  accordingly  spent  large  sums  of  money  in  jiurcliasiiig  bauxite 
lands  both  in  the  eastern  district — Georgia  and  .\labama — and  in 
Arkansas. 

Concerning  the  production  of  pure  alumina,  this  company  hiia 
enlarged  to  great  dimensions  its  chemical  plant  at  Kast  St.  Louis. 
The  process  used  is  the  same  a-s  heretofore,  but  the  capaiity  of  the 
plant  has  been  increased  several  times.  The  power  for  the  jilant  is 
furnished  by  condeii-sing  turbine  engines;  the  cvajioraling  plant  is 
the  most  complete  and  largest  of  it.s  kind  ever  bnill. 

The  carbons  used  in  the  reduction  are  now  manufactured  entirely 
by  this  company,  being  baked  in  electrically  hcate<l  furnaces  j)at- 
ented  by  Charles  M.  Hall.  The  old  plant  for  making  carbons,  at 
the  tipper  Niagara  works,  lias  lieen  practically  torn  down  and 
rebuilt  to  three  limes  its  previous  capacity;  the  buildings  are  of 
eleel,  with  traveling  cranes  and  every  up-to-date  conveying  aj)])!!- 
ance;  the  new  plant  has  an  eciiiipment  and  capacity  equal  to  that 
of  any  other  carbon  eiectrixle  jilaiit  in  the  world. 

The  rolling  and  sheet  mills  of  the  comjjany  have  been  correspond- 
ingly enlarged;  a  new  mill  for  this  purjiose  is  in  course  of  coiiHtruc- 
tion  at  Niagara  Falls.  This  is  of  reinforceil  concrete,  and  when 
linislietl  will  Ik;  one  of  the  largest  and  most  coinplctc  sliccl  Kijiiiijr 
mills  in  Aincriia. 

The  work  Ihiis  done  by  this  company  within  the  last  thie(^  years, 
in  plant  sand  proces-iesentindyoiitsiiW-of  the  reduction  of  t  lie  metal, 
has  been  on  a  scale  which,  remembering  the  former  infancy  of  (he 
aluminum  indiistrj',  may  be  jiroperly  characterized  as  stupenrlous. 


The  investments  thus  made  in  these  accessory  enterprises  have 
amounted  to  several  millions  of  dollars. 

The  reduction  plants  of  this  company,  at  Niagara  Falls,  Massena, 
N.  Y.,  and  Shawenegan  Falls,  Quebec.  Canada,  are  all  in  process  of 
being  greatly  enlarged.  At  Niagara  Falls,  the  lower  plant,  using 
power  supplied  from  the  canal  of  the  Niagara  F'alls  Power  and 
Manufacturing  Company,  winch  has  heretofore  lieen  reported  as  of 
12,000  horsepower  capacity,  has  been  increased  by  the  building  of 
a  very  large  plant  to  use  45,000  horsepower,  consisting  of  five  units 
of  9,000  horsepower  each.  Two  of  these  units  (18,000  hoi-sepower) 
will  be  in  operation  by  May,  1907,  and  the  whole  plant  in  June, 
1907.  At  Shawenegan  Falls,  the  company  is  quadrupling  its 
already  large  capacity  and  expects  (he  new  plant  to  1)0  finished 
ready  for  operation  in  April,  1907.  This  plant  is  nominally  con- 
trolled by  the  Northern  Aluminum  Company,  which  is  a  subsidiary 
company  of  the  American  company,  and  manufactures  aluminum 
chiefly  for  export;  it  is  expected  that  this  increased  capacity  will 
exceed  the  demands  for  export,  but  the  company  is  intent  upon 
providing  reserve  facilities  equal  to  all  possilile  demands  of  the  near 
future.  -Vt  Massena,  the  company  has  purcha.sed  the  entire  i)lant 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  Power  Company,  with  its  canal  and 
power  house  of  40.000  horsepower  capacity,  and  is  actively  pre- 
paring to  dredge  out  the  canal  to  double  this  capacity.  One  of  the 
largest  of  modern  dipper  dredges  and  the  most  powerful  elevator 
dredge  ever  Iniilt  have  been  installed  ready  to  commence  oi)eration8 
as  soon  as  the  winter  is  over.  The  complete  dredging  i)lant  has  cost 
over  a  million  dollars.  A  new  power  house  for  this  enlarged  capacity 
will  be  started  in  1907,  and  eight  large  water  wheels,  to  absorb  the 
capac  ity  of  the  first  canal,  have  been  purchased  and  will  be  placed 
in  jiositionin  the  old  power  house  within  a  few  mcuiths.  The  output 
of  this  pl;nil  in  1!III7  will  be  from  two  to  three  times  the  output  of 
190(i. 

Bradley's  United  States  Patciil  .No.  1  (is MS,  cover- 
ing the  production  of  iihiiiiimini  fnnii  it  iiioltcii  elec- 
trolyte liy  the  iK'tioii  of  tlio  iiitcniiilly  gciicriilcd  elec- 
trical heat  of  llic  decomposing  (•(inciil  mid  williout 
the  aid  of  c.xlcniiil  iieat,  was  coiiliriiied  hy  the  I'liiteil 
Stales  cicciiit  court  of  ai)peiils,  iiml  litis  |)iUciit  holds 
until  l''i'l)iiiiifv,  l'.t(l'.».  Hull's  (ifigiiiiil  piilciil,  covcr- 
iltg  till'  clrc-lrcilxsis  cif  a  liicltcd  liatli  of  dollhlc  llllofide 
of  iiltiiiiiiiiiiii  iitid  11  iiiorc  positive  iiiclal,  its  ii  solvciil. 
fof  jiliiiniiiii,  cNpifcd  on  Apiil  2,  liKKi,  iiiiii  its  such  is 
now  (he  piiipcfly  of  (he  |)iil)lic,  htit  il  iiitisl  he  oper- 
ated hy  e.xicriiiilly  iijijiliccl  heat. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


447 


Aluminum  '  is  largely  supplanting  phosphide  of  copper  as  a 
deoxidizor  in  brass  and  bronzp,  in  which  it  acts  by  reducing  the 
oxides  of  copper,  zinc,  or  tin  with  which  the  metal  may  be  con- 
taminated. A  small  excess  of  aluminum  does  not  injure  the 
metal  so  mu(*}i  as  a  small  excess  of  j)hosphonis.  Care  must  be 
taken,  however,  not  to  cast  the  alloy  immediately  after  using  the 
deoxidizer,  since  the  alumina  formed  must  be  given  an  oppor- 
tunity to  rise  out  of  the  metal  and  enter  the  slag.  If  this  is  not 
done,  the  quality  of  the  metal  may  be  injured  by  the  intermingled 
alumina.  With  pure  copper  used  for  electrical  purposes,  silicon 
is  found  superior  as  a  deoxidizer  to  aluminum,  because  the  silica 
formed  is  less  infusible,  tends  to  unite  with  copper  oxide  to  a  fusible 
slag,  and  thus  gets  out  of  the  melted  metal  quicker  and  more  com- 
pletely, leaving  it  with  higher  electric  conductiv'ity. 

Dr.  Hans  Goldschmidt,  the  inventor  of  the  process  of  reducing 
metallic  oxides  by  powdered  aluminum,  has  recently  patented 
improvements  in  his  method  of  obtaining  fluid  iron  at  high  tem- 
perature for  welding  purposes.  In  place  of  aluminum  as  the  sole 
reducing  agent  acting  upon  iron  oxide,  producing  the  difficultly 
fiisible  alumina,  he  uses  a  granulated  alloy  of  calcium  and  alumi- 
num, or  a  mixture  of  these  two  metals  in  granular  form.  This 
alloy  gives  a  very  high  thermal  effect,  higher  even  than  aluminum 
alone,  while  the  heat  of  formation  of  the  aluminate  of  lime  slag  is 
also  utilized,  and  the  slag  is  much  more  fusible  than  alumina  alone. 

According  to  The  Mineral  Industry,  volume  15, 
page  28— 

The  manufacture  of  alundum  was  begun  by  the  Norton  Emery 
\\'heel  Company,  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  in  1904.  It  is  an  artificial 
product  formed  in  the  electric  furnace  from  bauxite,  and  is  used 
as  an  abrasive.  Its  chemical  composition  is  exactly  the  same  as 
that  of  natural  corundum.  The  production  of  alundum  has  been 
as  follows:  In  1904,  4,020,000  pounds,  valued  at  $281,400;  in  1905, 
3,612,000  pounds,  valued  at  $252,840;  in  1906,  4,331.233  pounds, 
valued  at  $303,186. 

Before  the  invention  of  the  electric  furnace,  artificial  abrasives 
suitable  for  grinding  pui-poses  were  unknown,  and  manufacturers 
necessarily  depended  upon  natural  products,  chiefly  corundum, 
emen,',  and  garnet.  Briefly,  the  process  tif  making  alundum  con- 
sists in  taking  the  mineral  l)auxite  (oxide  of  aluminum),  purif^'ing 
it  and  melting  in  an  electric  furnace  into  a  large  homogeneous  mass. 
Upon  cooling,  this  molten  fluid  solidifies  and  crystallizes  in  solid 
masses  of  alundum  of  gi'eat  purity  and  uniformity. 

The  bauxite  is  heated  in  large  preliniinary  fiirnaces  to  drive  off 
its  combined  water  and  is  then  melted  directly  in  electric  furnaces 
of  special  design.  There  are  11  electric  furnaces  installed  at  the 
company's  plant  at  Niagara  Falls.  X.  Y..  each  furnace  being  capa- 
ble of  producing  three  tons  of  alundum  per  twenty-four  hours. 
The  temperature  at  which  the  bauxite  melts  into  a  homogeneous 
mass  is  estimated  at  between  6,000  and  7.000  degrees  Fahrenlieit. 

After  the  large  masses  of  molten  bauxite  have  cooled  in  the  fur- 
nace, the  fusion  is  broken  up  by  crushers  and  passed  through  rolls 
to  reduce  the  product  to  various  sizes  of  gi'ain,  which  are  finally 
graded  by  passing  through  sieves  of  different  mesh  in  preparation 
for  manufacture  into  grinding  wheels  and  blocks,  polishing  stones, 
etc. 

Alundum  is  much  harder  than  the  correspondingly  natural  prod- 
uct, corundum,  represented  by  the  sapphire  or  ruliy,  and  alun- 
dum powder  is  used  for  cutting  and  drilling  niliies  and  sapphii-es 
for  watch  jewels,  but  its  chief  use  is  in  the  manufacture  of  "arti- 
ficial emery"  grinding  wheels,  as  they  are  called. 

Many  new  applications  of  carlxirundiim  have  re- 
cently been  made  in  the  arts,  but  notwithstanding  its 
varied  uses  in  the  mechanical,  chemical,  and  metal- 
lurgical fields  its  application  as  an  abrasive  is  still  of 
chief  importance  and  consumes  the  major  part  of  the 
production. 

'  The  Mineral  Industry,  vol.  15,  page  23. 


In  this  field  a  development  of  great  interest  is  the  application  of 
carborundum  to  the  marble  industry.  The  methods  of  cutting, 
dressing,  and  polishing  marble  are  now  in  a  process  of  rapid  and 
complete  revolution  owing  to  the  use  of  carborundum  wheels.  A 
complete  line  of  machinery  has  been  develojied  for  the  various 
operations  of  coping,  countersinking,  molding,  rubliing,  and  jjolish- 
ing,  which  largely  dispenses  with  the  old  style  machine  tools  and 
also  with  skilled  labor.  The  molding  machine  equipped  with  car- 
borundum wheels  is  capable  of  remo^■ing  stock  at  the  rate  of  60 
cubic  inches  per  minute.  The  carborundum  drum  rubber  dis- 
places five  of  the  old  style  rubbing  lieds. 

The  methods  of  beveling  plate  glaas  ha\e  undergone  ra<lical 
changes  and  one  operator  is  now  able  to  be\el  6,500  feet  per  day, 
using  in  this  time  10  pounds  of  carborundum  grains.  The  use  of 
carborundum  has  long  lieen  general  throughout  the  granite  indu.«try 
and  its  introduction  in  the  marble  and  glass  industries  naturally 
follows  and  promises  equally  important  economies. 

Carborundum  paper  is  now  being  introduced  in  the  woodworking 
trades,  where  it  displaces  garnet  paper,  and  into  the  hat  trade,  in 
competition  with  fine  flint  paper  for  pouncing  and  finishing  hats. 
The  paper  industry  now  utilizes  carborundum  in  the  form  of  blocks 
for  the  construction  of  bedplates  in  the  beaters  and  for  the  lining  of 
Jordan  engines.     It  assists  in  refining  the  pulp. 

Carborundum  applied  to  nonslipping  stair  treads,  carriage  treads,' 
and  to  nonslipping  horseshoes  has  been  made  the  subject  of  .several 
recent  patents.  This  branch  of  the  trade  consumes  an  important 
amount  of  product.  Carborundum  is  being  introduced  for  the  same 
purpose  in  the  construction  of  cement  pavements  and  .sidewalks. 

Amorphous  carborundum,  or  as  it  is  commercially  called,  carbo- 
rundum fire-sand,  is  now  ■nndely  used  as  a  refractor^' material,  and 
the  methods  of  using  it  in  the  form  of  bricks  and  various  furnace 
linings  have  been  the  subject  of  a  large  number  of  patents  both  in 
this  country  and  abroad.  This  product  occurs  in  the  carborundum 
furnace  immediately  outside  the  crj'stalUne  zone  and  contains  car- 
bon, silicon,  and  oxygen  in  the  form  of  various  compounds  repre- 
senting the  partial  reduction  of  silica  by  carbon.  It  is  used  in  lin- 
ing crucible  furnaces  for  melting  brass  and  also  in  the  later  de.»igns 
of  tilting  brass  furnaces,  especially  in  those  burning  crude  oil  fuel. 
It  resists  severe  flame  action  as  do  few  refractor^'  materials  available 
to  the  furnaceman.  The  material  is  ground  to  the  fineness  of  about 
^io.  20  mesh  and  is  mixed  according  to  the  following  formula: 
Carborundum  fire-sand,  70  parts:  fire  clay,  15  parts:  silicate  of 
soda,  52°  B.,  8  parts;  water,  7  parts.  This  mixture  is  tamped  in 
place  and  slowly  dried,  ^^'hen  subjected  to  furnace  temperatures 
it  bums  into  a  strong  refractory  body.  Amorphous  carborundum 
is  one  of  the  few  refractories  which  can  withstand  the  heat  of  the 
powdered  coal  flame.  Fire  bricks  made  from  carborundum  are  now 
on  the  market  and  have  given  favorable  results  in  the  arches  of  cop- 
per reverberatory  furnaces  and  also  in  Ixjiler  furnaces  where  special 
smoke  consuming  de\ices  are  used.  The  use  of  both  crystalline  and 
amorphous  carborundum  for  the  manufacture  of  zinc  retorts  is 
increasing,  espec  ially  among  foreign  smelters,  and  many  hundreds 
of  tons  were  exported  for  this  purpose  during  1906.  The  best  results 
are  obtained  by  making  the  inner  lining  of  the  retort  of  carborun- 
dum and  the  exterior  of  fire  clay.  W.  A.  McAdam  (British  patent 
Xo.  16168.  Jidy  17,  1906^  uses  powdered  carborundum  in  molds  for 
the  casting  of  aluminum  and  obtains  a  rapid  chilling  of  the  metal, 
which  increases  its  tensile  strength. 

Carborundiun  lias  iVmnd  important  use  as  a  resistance  material, 
especially  in  the  manufacture  of  resistance  rods  for  lightning  arrest- 
ers. In  one  method  of  manufacture  the  rods  are  made  up  from  a 
mixture  of  plastic  clay,  powdered  carborundum,  graphite,  etc., 
and  are  fired  in  a  potter's  kiln.  The  rods  are  then  glazed  through- 
out their  length  to  prevent  the  absorption  of  moisture  and  the  ends 
are  electroplated  or  otherwise  treated  to  pro\ide  good  electrical 
contact  to  the  terminals.  These  rods  are  generally  made  in  small 
sizes,  from  6  to  10  inches  long,  and  are  used  to  protect  circuits  of 
comparatively  low  voltage.  For  high  potential  lines  rods  made  of 
No.  40  to  60  carborundum  grains  with  a  \-itrified  porcelain  binder 


448 


MANUFACTURES. 


are  gi\'ing  sarisfactorj'  ser\-ice  for  potentials  of  fiO.OOO  volts.  These 
rods  are  6  feet  in  length  and  3  inches  in  diameter.  \\Tien  measur- 
ing the  electrical  resistance  of  the  rods  no  readings  can  be  obtained 
with  the  ordinarj'  ^\'heatstone  bridge.  ^Tien,  however,  they  are 
subjected  to  a  potential  of  10.000  volts  current  readings  are  obtained 
which  indicate  a  resistance  of  from  120.000  to  150.000  ohms.  Sie- 
mens Brothers,  of  Charlottenburg.  in  a  recent  patent  propose  to 
make  electric  resistance  rods  and  anodes  for  electrolytic  batlis  from 
a  mixture  of  silicon  carbide  and  silicon.  Another  inventor  makes 
resistance  rods  for  heatere,  rheostats,  and  the  like,  using  carborun- 
dum with  a  \-ulcanized  rubber  bond. 

A  carborundum  wireless  detector  was  developed  in  1906  by  Gen. 
H.  H.  C.  Dunwoody  of  the  American  DeForest  Wireless  Telegraph 
Company  and  is  being  used  in  a  large  number  of  the  company's 
installations.  The  de%-ice  consists  of  a  minute  fragment  of  carbo- 
rundum held  in  place  between  two  metallic  terminals  or  conductor 
plugs  of  copper  or  brass. 

As  a  result  of  several  years'  research  work.  Prof.  H.  ('.  Parker  and 
W.  G.  Clark  brought  out  in  1906  the  Helion  lamp.  The  filament 
of  this  lamp  is  formed  by  subjecting  a  heated  carbon  filament  to 
vapors  of  silicon,  whereby  there  is  produced  a  conductive  com- 
pound of  silicon  and  carbon,  which  doubtless  coincides  chemically 
with  the  silicon  carbide.  The  Helion  lamp  is  claimed  to  have 
remarkable  life  and  efficiency,  surpassing  in  tliis  respect  the  new 
tantalum  and  tungsten  lamps. 

The  calcium  carbide  industn'  has  been  given  a 
marked  impetus  l)v  the  invention  of  the  Frank  and 
Caro  process  for  the  manufacture  of  calcium  cyanamid 
from  calcium  carbide  and  atmospheric  nitrogen,  which 
has  already  been  felt  abroad  and  which  will  probablv 
be  shown  statistically  in  the  report  of  the  next  census. 
According  to  The  Mineral  Industry-'  the  production  of 
calcium  carbide  in  the  United  States  is  now  controlled 
by  the  Union  Carbide  Company,  operating  at  Niagara 
Falls  and  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  as  the  only  other  pro- 
ducer is  operating  on  a  small  scale  and  is  involved  in 
litigation. 

The  utilization  of  electrolytic  chlorine  in  the  manu- 
facture of  carbon  tetracblorido  has  so  cheapened  the 
cost  of  tliis  verj'  usefid  article  that  since  1900  it  has 
passed  from  the  category  of  rarely  occtuTing  chemicals 
found  in  lal)oratories  to  that  of  the  coinninnly  ticcuri'ing 
bodic>i  api)lie<l  lo  common  uses. 

Carbon  tetracliloridr  is  n  heavy,  colorless,  transpar- 
ent lifpiid  witli  an  agreeable  and  aromatic  odor.  Its 
specific  gravity  is  l.fiOt  and  one  gallon  weighs  \:].:i 
pounds.  It  is  niinindamniable,  noncombustiblc,  and 
none.\pli)sive,  ami  its  vapor  extinguishes  flame.  Its 
boiling  point  is  77°  C.  It  can  be  evnporittcil  off  com- 
pletely without  re.si(hie.  It  is  insolui)lc  in  wnlcr,  in 
alcohol  containing  less  Ihan  7.')  percent  by  volinnc  i)f 
absolute  alcohol,  and  in  glycerin.  ]t  is  freely  soluble  in 
acetone,  glacial  acetic  acid,  oleic  acid,  ethyl  nrid  nniyl 
alcohol,  chloroform,  carbon  disul|)hid(',  benzole,  ben- 
zine, ether,  aniline  oil,  spirits  of  tnrpcnline.  petroleinn 
and  all  petroleinn  oils,  and  fixed  mid  volutilc  oils. 

C-arbon  tetrachloride  is  one  of  the  greatest  of  sol- 
vents. It  dissolves  oils,  fats,  resins,  wax,  gutta-per- 
cha, ceresin,  spermaceti,  paraflin,  stearin,  viunish, 
asphaitum,  pilch,  balsams,  coal  tar,  pine  tnr,  rubber, 

'The  Mineral  InduHlry.  vol.  1.5.  page  89. 


salicyUc  acid,  carbolic  acid,  iochne,  bromine,  iodoform, 
bromoform,  menthol,  thymol,  camphor,  naphthalene, 
sulphur  chloride,  soda  antl  potash,  soaps,  ammonia, 
ami  numerous  other  chemicals  and  products.  It  is  not 
acted  upon  by  either  strong  acids  or  alkali.  As  an 
extracting  medium,  it  has  found  witle  application  in  the 
extraction  of  fats  and  oils  from  oil  seeds,  oil  cake,  ani- 
mal tankage,  wool,  wool  and  cotton  waste,  and  other 
oil  and  fat  bearing  materials.  They  are  extracted 
pure,  absolutely  free  from  residual  solvent  and  con- 
taminating odor,  taste,  or  "chemical  smell,"  and  the 
extracted  materials  may  be  produced  absolutely  free 
from  solvent  and  %\dth  no  odor  or  taste  imparted  to 
them. 

Oil  cake  extracted  with  carbon  tetrachloride  is  a  feed- 
ing stuff  of  excellent  cjuality,  better  than  unextracted 
cake,  in  wliich  the  high  oil  content  is  worthless  and 
generally  considered  objectionable.  It  is  verv  much 
better  than  cake  extracted  with  other  solvents,  wliich, 
because  of  the  residual  solvent,  usually  is  of  poor  taste, 
and  has  an  objectionable  physiological  action  on  cattle, 
j  so  that  material  extracted  with  such  other  solvents  has 
to  be  used  for  purposes  which  command  a  much  lower 
price. 

Its  remarkable  solvent  properties  make  it  an  ex- 
tremely valuable  constituent  in  rubber  and  gutta- 
percha cements  and  in  the  rubber  and  gutta-percha 
industries,  likewise  in  the  lacquer,  varnish,  and  paint 
remover  industries,  and  for  innumerable  other  pur- 
poses of  similar  nature. 

A  carbon  tetrachloride  solution  of  sulphur  chloride 
is  a  vulcanizing  agent  of  great  value. 

It  is  a  very  excellent  cleansing  agent,  as  it  does  not 
affect  in  the  least  the  most  delicate  fabrics,  including 
silk,  satin,  wool,  cotton,  lace,  feathers,  etc..  ami  the 
most  delicate  shades  of  color  are  not  injured  in  the 
slightest  degree  when  carbon  tetrachloride  is  properly 
applied.  It  is  therefore  of  peculiar  value  for  dry  clean- 
ing and  cleansing  establishments,  wliich  have  hereto- 
fore used  naphtha  and  benzine. 

Aside  from  its  advantage  as  a  solvent  it  has  the  addi- 
tional advantage  of  being  fireproof,  noninllammable, 
and  nonexplosive,  an<l  therefore  eliminates  the  extreme 
fire  insurance  i)reniiiims  which  are  cliar<red  when  ben- 
ziiir,  brnziilc,  naphtha,  and  similar  so1v(miIs  are  used. 
In  a  suitable  ap])aralus  the  loss  of  carbon  tetrachloride 
is  very  miiuite,  so  that  many  important  ec(momies  in 
operation  are  permitted,  and  the  products  ])ro<luced  by 
its  use  command  higher  selling  jirices  as  well  as  opeii 
and  larger  markets.  Ciarmeuts  cleaned  with  t(>tra- 
chloride  of  carbon  do  not  have  an  oifeiisive  smell,  as 
they  may  have  when  cleaiie(l  with  benzine,  naphtha,  or 
gasoline.  Carbon  tetrachloride  can  be  Miix<'d  with  tur- 
])('nlin(',  na|>lii  ha,  gasoline,  benzine,  benzole,  <"lc.,  so  as 
to  render  I  liese  pr-odiiets  nonindanunable  and  nonex|)lo- 
sive  at  an  onlinary  tein|)erat  lire,  and  is  therefore  of 
decided  iiii|)ort  aiiee  to  those  who  are  obliged  to  use 
roiisideralile  (iiiiinl  it  ies  of  the  solvents  named. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


449 


Carbon  tetrachloride  is  packed  in  steel  drums  holding 
approximately  "215  ]>()iiiuls,  050  ixdinds,  and  1,350 
pounds,  and  also  in  10-gallon,  5-gallon,  'i-gallon,  and 
1-gallon  cans,  weighing  approximately  140  pounds,  68 
pounds,  27  pounds,  and  14  ])oun(ls,  respectively. 

A  recent  development  of  scientific  interest  is  the 
use  of  the  electric  furnace  in  the  process  of  melting 
quartz  or  rock  crystal,  which  is  a  pure  form  of  silica 
occurring  m  nature,  for  it  becomes  possible  b}-  this 
means  to  produce,  for  use  in  chemistry  and  physics, 
vessels  which  endun^  Iiigh  temperatures  without  melt- 
ing, great  variations  in  temperature  without  cracking, 
and  the  corrosive  action  of  the  larger  number  of  con- 
centrateil  acids. 

Accordmg  to  Dr.  L.  H.  Baekeland,'  a  marked  im- 
provement has  been  eflfected  in  the  manufacture  of 
alkaline  hydroxides  and  chlorine  by  the  electrolysis  of 
alkali  chlorides  through  the  use  of  the  cell  invented  by 
Clinton  P.  Townsend.  This  has  been  worked  on  a 
commercial  scale  at  the  Niagara  plant  of  the  Develop- 
ment and  Funding  Company,  which  has  an  average 
daily  capacity  of  5  tons  of  caustic  soda  and  1 1  tons  of 
high-graile  bleach,  and  the  results  have  been  so  encour- 
aging that  the  plant  is  about  to  be  increased  to  four- 
fold this  capacity.  The  form  of  the  cell  is  such  that 
the  anode  space  contains  saturated  brine  while  the 
cathode  compartment  contams  kerosene  oil.  On  ac- 
count of  the  difference  in  specific  gravity  between  the 
two  liquids  there  is  a  hydrostatic  pressure  from  the 
anode  compartment  toward  the  cathode  compartment. 
Even  if  the  level  of  the  two  liquids  be  the  same,  there 
is  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  brine  in  the  anode 
compartment  to  press  through  the  diaphragm  anil  flow 
into  the  kerosene.  If  the  electric  current  be  turned  on, 
the  percolating  brine  becomes  cathode  liquid  and  car- 
ries caustic  hydrate.  The  strength  in  caustic  will 
increase  according  to  the  number  of  amperes  which 
are  sent  through  the  cell.  Furthermore,  each  drop  of 
liquitl  as  soon  as  it  traverses  the  diaphragm  runs 
through  the  perforations  of  the  anode  plate  and 
acquires  a  globular  shape,  by  a  capillary  phenomenon, 
produced  on  contact  with  the  kerosene  oil.  This  pro- 
.  vokes  a  rapid  separation  of  the  aqueous  liquid,  so  that 
every  drop  as  soon  as  it  forms  detaches  itself  rapidly, 
sinks  to  the  bottom  of  the  oil,  and  accumulates  in  a 
small  caustic  pocket.  This  puts  it  entirely  outside  of 
the  zone  of  possible  chemical  or  phj'sical  action.  A 
goose-neck  tube  drains  this  liquid  from  the  super- 
natant oil,  and  thereby  avoids  its  accumulation  in 
quantities  more  than  ilesired.  The  mflow  and  out- 
flow of  the  brine  at  the  anode  compartment  are  so 
regulated  as  to  maintain  a  steady  level.  By  a  simple 
contrivance  this  level  can  be  increaseil  or  decreased  at 
will,  thus  controlling  the  hydrostatic  pressure  on  the 
inside  of  the  anode  compartment.  This  gives  a  simple 
means  of  increasing  the  rate  of  percolation,  and  thereby 

'"The  New  Electrolytic  Alkali  Works  at  Niagara  Falls"— 
Electro-Chemical  and  Metallunjical  Industry.  1007,  vol.  5.  pasro  209. 


producing  stronger  or  weaker  caustic  liqurjr,  in  accord- 
ance with  flic  (h'nsily  of  the  electric  current. 

The  first  diiijjhragms  used  in  the  TowTisend  cell  were 
made  of  asbestos  paper,  but  this  necessitated  deli- 
cate handling,  and  the  expense  for  renewals  was  con- 
siderable. During  the  last  fourteen  montLs  the  whole 
plant  has  been  operated  with  diaphragms  after  Baeke- 
land's  ])atent.  These  latter  con.sist  of  a  woven  sheet 
of  asbestos  cloth,  the  pores  of  which  are  filled  with  a 
special  mixture  of  oxide  of  iron,  asbestos  fiber,  and 
colloid  iron  hydroxide.  The  hitter  material  produces 
a  sort  of  l)indcr  for  f  lie  asl)estos  fiber  and  the  oxide  of 
iron;  its  function  is  .somewhat  similar  to  that  of  rosin 
or  glue, size  in  the  manufacture  of  asbestos  paper,  ])ut 
it  has  a  great  adA- antage  over  organic  sizes,  in  that  it 
does  not  become  gummy  in  contact  with  sodium 
hydrate.  The  mixture  is  a])plied  with  a  brush  and 
painted  on  as  ordinary-  paint.  Whenever  a  diaphragm 
has  to  be  renovated  the  surface  is  simply  scrubbed  and 
washed  with  water:  a  new  coat  of  paint  is  applied, 
and  after  this  is  drj^  the  diaphragm  is  again  ready  for 
use.  This  process  has  only  to  be  repeated  at  long 
intervals,  and  requires  but  a  few  minutes.  A  dia- 
phragm may  not  require  repainting  for  several  months. 
Even  when  impure  or  unsettled  brine  is  used  the 
painting  has  to  be  done  only  about  once  in  five  weeks. 

If  the  cells  are  run  with  proper  care,  the  Acheson 
graphite  anodes  used  last  an  astonishingly  long  time. 
In  some  experiments  where  cells  were  operateil  with 
especial  attention,  corrosion  was  so  shght  that  delicate 
scratches  wliich  had  been  made  with  the  point  of  a 
needle  on  the  surface  of  the  anodes  showed  very  dis- 
tinctlj'  and  with  no  alteration  after  several  months 
of  continuous  operation.  Even  under  the  worst  con- 
ditions the  anodes  only  refpiire  partial  renewal  after 
one  year  of  continuous  hard  service. 

The  strength  of  the  caustic  liquor  produced  in  tlie 
Townsend  cell  can  be  regtilated  at  will  by  increasing  or 
decreasing  percolation  in  conjunction  with  the  strength 
of  the  current.  By  reducing  percolation,  cathode 
liquor  containing  250  grams  of  XaOH  per  hter  or  more 
can  be  produced.  In  practice  it  is  found  advanta- 
geous to  produce  hquor  containing  about  150  grams  of 
NaOII  per  liter.  Such  liquor  carries  also  about  213 
grams  of  salt.  The  latter  is  .separated  by  evaporation 
from  the  caustic  lye  and  is  used  over  again. 

Among  notable  suggestitms  relative  to  the  utiliza- 
tion of  sodium  is  the  proposition  to  use  it  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  copper  in  electric  conductors,  since  sodium 
has  the  greatest  conductivity  per  unit  of  weight  of  any 
of  the  common  metals.  ^Ir.  Anson  G.  Belts-  con- 
structed such  a  conductor  in  January,  1906.  by  filling 
lengthsofl'. -inch  wrought  iron  juiicwith  molten  sodium 
and,  when  the  sodium  was  solidified,  screwing  the 
lengths  together  to  form  a  fine.  For  the  same  con- 
ductivity the  price  of  the  complete  sodium  conductor 

^Electrical  World.  190G,  vol.  48,  page  914. 


450 


MANUFACTURES. 


is  much  below  that  of  copper  cables,^  being  in  small 
sizes  not  more  than  50  per  cent  and  in  large  sizes  not 
more  than  20  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  copper.  For 
instance,  a  half-inch  ^v^ought  iron  pipe  filled  with 
sodium  has  a  capacity  of  109  amperes,  and  costs  about 
3*  cents  per  foot,  against  8^  cents  for  a  copper  hne  of 
the  same  capacity.  A  6-inch  sodium  conductor  would 
carry  8,1.30  amperes,  the  cost  of  the  hne  being  about 
S1.40  per  hnear  foot,  as  compared  wnth  .$6.30  per 
linear  foot  for  copper.  These  figures  were  estimated 
on  the  basis  of  7^  cents  per  pound  for  sodium  and  16 
cents  per  pound  for  copper. 

Another  product  of  electro-chemical  establishments, 
which  consumes  surplus  chlorine,  is  sulphur  chloride, 
which  is  a  yellowish  red,  oily  litpiid,  having  a  specific 
gravity  of  1.709,  and  mixes  in  all  proportions  with 
carbon  tetrachloride,  benzol,  carbon  disulphide,  etc., 
also  with  petroleum  or  naphtha.  It  is  used  in  the  cold 
or  dip  process  of  vulcanizing  rubber;  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  rubber  substitutes,  artificial  dr^ang  oils,  linseed 
oil  substitutes  from  menhaden,  and  fish  oils,  corn  oils, 
etc.,  and  for  the  thickening  of  oils,  rapid  manufacture 
of  printers'  ink,  and  other  manufacturing  and  special 
purposes.  It  is  sold  in  lead-lined  steel  drums  holding 
about  675  pounds  and  1,300  pounds,  respectively,  in 
5-gallon  boxed  jugs,  and  in  1 -pound  and  5-pound 
bottles. 

Other  developments  worthy  of  special  note  in  this 
industry  are  found  in  the  electric  smelting  of  iron  ore 
for  the  production  of  iron  and  steel,  there  being  in  1906 
five  electric  smelting  furnaces  for  this  purpose  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  furnaces  of  the  induction 
type  of  Colby,  KjeUin,  and  Ileroult  being  used;  in 
the  manufacture  of  phosphorus,  since  the  nodules  of 
wavellite  found  with  iron  and  manganese  ores,  in  the 
day  dejKJsits  near  Carlisle,  Pa.,  are  mixed  with  apatite 
and  used  as  a  source  of  phosphorus;  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  graphite,  since  Acheson  has  been  able  to  pro- 
duce a  form  which  remains  suspeniled  indefinitely  in 
lubricating  oil,  thus  forming  an  itleal  lubricant;  and 
in  the  manufacture  of  barium  hydroxide  and  silicide, 
fur  wliich  c'Diisiderable  Commercial  uses  are  being 
fipiniil. 


Tahi.k  .S4.     I'tiunbatjo — imports  inlrral  far  nninKiiijitidii: 

1905. 


IS9I   to 


YEAK  ENDINO  JUNE  30— 

Tons. 

Value. 

INOl... 

10. 135 
13,511 
14,207 
7,935 
7,051 
11,891 
12,4.19 
11,154 
15,970 
20, 597 
13,077 
10,0X1 
IK, 354 
13,3(12 
13. 070 

$.109. 809 

IXU 

72(i.U4K 

|M)3 

8«i(i.  309 

1804 

410.819 

IW6 

20.S.  035 

IHUfl 

.384. 554 

1(«7.. 

321.. 1.15 

1808 

472,  401 

INDD 

1 ,  081 ,  859 

I(MO 

2, 345, 294 

1001 

929, 98(1 

1«B 

lOOH..   . 

1004 

1806... 

(H«,:i5(i 

1.247,584 

l«tl,134 

915, 3()(i 

Table  84  sets  forth  the  imports  of  plumbago  for  the 
years  1891  to  1905,  inclusive,  as  taken  from  Commerce 
and  Navigation  of  the  United  States,  published  by  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics. 

Class  XL — Dyestuffs. 

The  class  of  dyestuffs  comprises  natural  dyestuffs, 
including  logwood,  fustic,  quercitron,  cocliineal,  lac 
dye,  kermes,  gambier,  Persian  berries,  curcuma, 
Brazil  wood,  madder,  cutch,  and  yellow  oak  bark,  the 
ground  and  chipped  wood,  bark,  or  berries  of  these 
natural  dyestuffs,  and  extracts  such  as  logwood 
extract;  artificial  dyestuffs,  such  as  the  aniline, 
phenol,  azo,  quinoline  and  anthracene  colors,  sjmthetic 
indigo,  the  so-called  coal  tar  dyes,  special  composi- 
tions or  mixtures  of  dyes,  and  mineral  dyes  used  in 
printing,  such  as  chrome  yellow,  orange  and  green, 
iron  buff"  or  nankin  yellow,  prussian  blue,  ultramarine, 
and  manganese  brown;  mordants  such  as  myrobalans, 
valonia,  diNa-divi,  chestnut,  nutgalls,  oak  and  hem- 
lock bark,  the  ground  product  and  the  extracts  of 
these  materials,  special  mordanting  li([uids  containing 
inorganic  compounds,  and  assistants  such  as  turkey 
red  oil,  iron  liquor  (black  liquor,  pyrolignite  of  iron), 
red  li((uor  (aluminum  sulpho-acetate),  gums,  dextrins, 
and  .sizes. 

Table  85. — Dyestuffs — comparative  summary,  with  amount  and  per 
cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Pcrc(3nt 

of 
increase. 

1905 

1900 

Number  of  establishments '. 

Capital                     

51 
$7,507,837 

193 

$348,318 

810 

$470, 041 

$428,327 

$3,471,236 

$5,277,523 

44 
$6,279,877 

165 

$236,084 

1,093 

$580,605 

$379,238 

$3,725,149 

$5,637,464 

7 
$1,227,960 

28 
$112,234 

1277 

'$104,564 

$47, 089 

1  $2,13, 913 

'$,3.19,941 

15.9 
19.6 

Salaried    ollicial.s.    eiorlcs,    etc., 
number.           

17.0 

47.5 

Wage-earners,  average  number. . 

'25.3 
'18.0 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

12.4 

'6.8 

Value  of  products  

i(i.4 

<l  Traflf  Ki'|Miri-,  I!MI7.  .\ii.  2707.  ]y.\\if  M. 


'  Decrease. 

'I'hc  statistics  of  Table  85  shi)\v  an  iucrciise  in  the 
numl)er  of  estal)lishnu'nts  and  of  sahvried  ('nii)i(>yecs, 
and  in  the  amount  of  caijitai,  salaries,  and  miscella- 
neous expenses  for  1905  as  compared  M-ith  1!)()0,  l)ut 
they  show  a  decrease  in  every  other  item,  the  largest 
decrease  a|)|)('ariiig  in  the  value  of  products  and  the 
ne.\t  largest  in  the  cost  of  materials  used;  while  the 
largest  decrease  in  per  cent  appears  in  the  average 
nund)er  of  wage-earners  and  the  second  largest  in  the 
total  wages  paid.  As  the  dyeing  and  printing  in- 
'lustries  have  prospered  and  should  then'forc  con- 
sume more  rather  than  less  dye-stuffs  at.  the  later 
census,  it  would  a])pear  that,  following  the  course  of 
industrial  (lev<^lo|)nicii(  so  strongly  cniphasi/.cd  in  this 
census,  the  dy(>  iiml  jirint  works  ha\'c  nianiifact  iii('(l 
a,  large  i)ai(  of  I  he  dyestuffs  wliich  I  hey  luivc  con- 
suined  in  the  manufacture  of  their  (inish(Ml  |)r'()(.lucts, 
in  placcv  of  purchasing  llicui  froni  olhcr  uianuracl  urers 
as  formcrh'. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


451 


Table  86. — Dyestuffs — quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905  and 

1900. 


Total. 


Artificial  dyestuffs 

Ground  and  chippod  wood. 

Gum  anri  dextrin 

Iron  liquor 

Mordant.s 

Natural  dyestuffs 

Red  liquor 

eizes 

All  other  dyestuffs 


1906 


Pounds. 


72,421,070 


10,640,910 
9,033,867 
6,3W>,351 
2, 120,9<i8 
.5, 1,54,330 

31,7.W,8«(> 

(') 

7,349,358 


Value. 


$5,666,416 


2,6f>5,134 

83,106 

223,326 

45,316 

2411, 4.')2 

1,706,273 

(') 

223,326 
413, 443 


IBOO 


Pounds. 


60,729,671 


7,698,435 


r.^ 


3,344,568 

7.34,000 

48,245,628 

707,040 


$6,523,618 


1,280,899 

(•) 

32,065 

85,466 

1,43.5,808 

7,340 


682,040 


1  Not  reported  separately. 

The  statistics  of  Table  SB  show  an  increase  in  the 
total  quantity  but  a  tlecrease  in  the  total  value  of  the 
products  for  1905  as  compared  with  1900.  The  sepa- 
rate items  of  the  table  show  an  increase  in  every  item 
which  appears  at  both  censuses  except  in  the  quan- 
tity and  value  of  natural  dyestuffs,  the  quantity  of 
iron  liquor,  and  the  value  of  all  other  dyestuffs.  It 
is  believed  that  much  of  the  dextrin  is  manufactured 
as  a  subsidiary  product  in  another  industry  which 
does  not  report  it  separately,  and  therefore  it  is  not 
given  separately  in  Table  86. 

Table  87. — Dyestuffs — number    of  establishments,  by   states:  1905 

and  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

161 

»60 

Connecticut                                                                                

2 

2 

1 

Illinois 

I 

1 

15 
12 
8 
1 
6 
8 
1 

2 

Maino    

1 

Massachusetts 

15 

8 

New  York .                  .... 

20 

Pennsvivania                                         .                       .... 

7 

2 

2 

Vermont           

1 

1 

1 

1 

Wisconsin 

Table  88. — Dyestuffs— value  of  products,  by  states:  19t/5  and  1H00. 


1  Includes  10  establishiaents  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

!  Includes  16  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

Table  87  shows  that  the  total  number  of  establish- 
ments has  increased  by  but  1 ,  and  that  there  have  been 
some  marked  changes  in  the  different  states,  New  York 
decreasing  12  in  number,  while  Rhode  Island  has 
gained  6,  New  Jersey  4,  and  Maine  2.  Massachusetts 
ranks  first  at  the  census  of  1905,  New  Jersey  second, 
New  York  and  Rhode  Island  third.  It  is  interesting 
to  note  that  this  industry  is  practically  confined  to  the 
states  of  the  North  Atlantic  ilivision. 

The  statistics  of  Table  88  show  a  decrease  for  1905 
as  compared  with  1900  in  the  total  value  of  the  product 
and  in  the  value  of  the  protluct  of  every  state  except 
New  Jersey,  for  which  comparative  statistics  are  set 
forth.  New  Jersey,  which  ranked  fourth  at  the  census 
of  1900,  ranks  first  at  that  of  1905.  The  statistics  for 
Rhode  Island  and  Maine  are  presented  separatelj'' 
for  the  first   time   at    the   present  census. 


BTATE. 

1905 

1900 

United  States 

$5,666,416 

$6,523,618 

Maine : 

30,051 
863,496 
1,92.5,473 
1,611,244 
489, 167 
.513,006 
233,979 

1,377,822 

899,468 
2, 098,  402 

Massachusetts 

(') 

All  other  states' 

1,241,362 

•  Included  in  "all  other  .states." 

'  Includes  in  1905.  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Maryland,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  Vermont,  Wi'st  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin;  in  1900,  Connecticut,  Florida, 
Illinois,  Maine,  lihode  Islami,  Vermont,  and  West  Virginia. 

The  statistics  of  Table  89  show  a  decrease  in  each 
item  for  natural  dyestuffs  .set  f(jrth  at  both  censuses,  but 
an  increase  in  each  item  for  artificial  dyestuffs.  Sul- 
phuric acid  has  decreased  in  quantity  and  increased 
slightly  in  value,  while  other  acids  have  decreased 
in  quantity  and  increased  greatly  in  value,  facts  which 
indicate  a  greater  consumption  of  the  liigher  priced 
acids.  Chemicals  have  increased  in  value,  and  salt 
in  both  quantity  and  value. 

Table  89. — Dyestuffs — quantity    and   cost  of   principal   materials 
used:  1905  and  1900. 


KIND. 

1905 

1900 

Logwood: 

Tons 

45,556 
$793,865 

85,786 
$6,366 

51  955 

Cost 

$1,084,746 

Cutch: 

798,508 

Cost       

$61 , 697 

Fustic: 

Ton3                

3,204 

Cost 

$51,585 

Logwood  extract: 

264,394 
$21,785 

5,099,880 
$37,529 

1,321.567 
$636,617 

13.950.842 
$751,905 

96,500 
$82,000 

1,173.989 
$18,992 

2,995.946 
$81,029 

6.815.442 
$173. 103 

154 
$8,366 

1,885 
$60,521 

1,190 
$24,699 

110,608 
$38,265 

830,783 
$46,642 

1,003,669 
$30,110 

2,935 
$9,790 

2,364,792 

Cost                  

$163,408 

Fustic  extract: 

Pounds       .          

Cost 

Aniline  colors: 

Pounds 

1,734,717 

Cost                            

$849,229 
1.417.325 

Other  coal  tar  products: 

Pounds       

Cost 

$333,317 

Indigo: 

109,034 

Cost                 

$125,069 

Acids: 

Sulphuric- 

1,222,357 

$18,750 
4,135,328 

Other  acids — 

Cost                                      

$54,298 

Starch: 

(1) 

Cost         

(') 

Caustic  soda: 

f) 

Cost 

Soda  ash: 

Tons           

Cost          .          

0) 

Sulphur: 

Tons            

(') 

(I) 

Oils: 

Cost     

Fats: 

Pounds 

Cost 

(1) 

Chemicals: 

Pounds 

$14,510 
1,078 

Salt: 

Cost 

$5,298 
291  400 

Alum: 

Pounds 

Cost 

$9,065 

1  Not  shown  separately. 


The  dyestuffs  and  tamiing  extracts  industries  are  so 
closely  associated  that  combined  statistics  have  been 


452 


MANUFACTURES. 


compiled  for  them  since  the  census  of  1880  imder  the 
caption  "dyestuffs  and  extracts."  These  statistics 
are  set  forth  in  Table  90  for  each  census  from  1880  to 
1905. 

Table  90. — Dyestuffs  and  extracts — comparison  of  statistics:  ISSO 

to  1905. 


CENSUS. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

Number 
of  wage- 
earners. 

Value  of 
products. 

1905 

98 
77 
62 
41 

$14,904,150 
7,839,034 
8,645,458 
2,363,700 

2,707 

1,647 

2,111 

1992 

$10,893,113 

1900                     

7,350,748 

1890 

9,292,514 

1880...     *      

5,253,03S 

1  Includes  salaried  employees. 

The  statistics  of  Table  90  show  a  constant  increase 
in  every  item  at  each  succeeding  census  except  in  the 
amount  of  capital,  number  of  wage-earners,  and  value 
of  products  at  the  census  of  1900,  wliich  show  a  decrease 
as  compared  with  these  items  at  the  census  of  1890. 
It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  capital  invested  has  increased 
to  a  greater  extent  than  the  value  of  the  products,  for 
while  the  former  has  increased  from  1880  to  1905  to 
the  amount  of  812,540,450,  or  530.5  percent,  the  latter 
has  increased  but  85,640,075,  or  107.4  per  cent. 

It  has  been  said'  that — 

.\lmoBt  the  first  industries  established  in  the  American  colonies, 
after  they  were  settled,  and  after  they  had  taken  measures  to  estab- 
lish a  food  supply,  were  spinning  and  wea\'ing,  and  dyeing  came 
soon  after.  New  dyestuffs  were  found  here,  and  permanent  dye- 
houses  were  established  sooner  than  woolen  factories.  Butternut 
was  a  very  common  dye,  but  logwood  and  other  substances  pre- 
vented it  from  being  used  in  any  other  than  the  most  common  work. 
Indigo,  cochineal,  annotto,  quercitron,  and  Brazil  wood  were  among 
those  introduced  from  abroad  shortly  aflerwards,  and  have  stayed 
in  use  up  to  the  present  time.  Mordants  afterwards  becanu^  known, 
and  later  mineral  dyes.  Within  the  lifetime  of  the  present  genera- 
tion a  new  and  exceedingly  brilliant  series  of  colors  for  dyeing  has 
been  evolved  from  coal  tar.  The  industrj'  of  dyeing  is  now  very 
widely  spread.  Nearly  every  mill  devoted  to  textiles  has  a  dye- 
house,  and  there  are  many  independent  works  thn)ughout  the 
country. 

The  year  1906  marked  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the 
epoch  making  discovert'  l)y  Williiun  Henry  Perkin  of 
the  dyestuff  "mauve,"  by  which  tlic  foundation  of  the 
coal  tar  color  industry  was  laid  and  a  great  stimulus 
was  given  to  the  study  of  organic  clicmistry.  This 
anniversary  was  cclebrat('(i  on  mi  extensive  scale 
throughout  the  ciA'iiiz<'d  world,  mid  lioiiors,  tillcs,  and 
dignities  were  ccjnferred  on  tlie  {li.scovcfci-. 

The  discoverj^  which  was  destincil  i..  lia\c  such  fur- 
reacbing  con.seciuonces,  was  made  in  (lie  i^aster  vaca- 
tion of  1S50,  wiiile  Perkin,  then  oidy  ii  lad  of  IS  was 
working  in  a  private  laboratory  be  bad  lilted  ii|>  in  iiis 
fatbcr's  bou.se.  The  coloring  nialtcr  was  ])aleiite(l  on 
tiie  'JOtb  of  August  of  the  .same  year,  and  in  I  lie  early 
part  of  the  following  year  the  erection  of  lb(>  first  coal 
tar  color  worjta  was  coiinnciiccd  nt  (iiiitiford  Green, 


'CM.  Depew, 
1895,  page  071. 


()i\f   Iliiiiiiriij    Viiirp  of   Aincrifiiii   ('onimerce, 


near  Harrow^  England.  Here  mauve  was  soon  pro- 
duced in  quantity  and  here  also  were  maiiufactured 
later  other  coal  tar  dyestuffs,  including  artificial  aliza- 
rin. From  these  small  beginnings  the  industry  has 
now  grown  to  dimensions  wliich  neither  the  cUscoverer 
nor  any  man  of  Ids  time  could  have  foreseen.  Not 
only  has  an  enormous  and  highly  scientific  industry 
been  established,  which  with  its  collateral  branches 
has  an  output  with  an  estimated  value  of  upward  of 
$100,000,000  per  annum,  but  the  dyeing  and  related 
industries  hav^e  been  subjected  to  a  complete  revolu- 
tion by  wliich  empiric  methods  have  been  changed  to 
scientific  ones.  Side  by  side  with  tliis  technical  prog- 
ress and  closely  interrelated  with  it  is  the  immense 
stimulus  wliich  the  establishment  and  rapid  growth  of 
the  coal  tar  industry  have  given  to  the  study  of  pure 
organic  chemistry,  especially  that  of  ring  carbon  com- 
poimds.  The  development  of  this  industry  has  also 
exerted  a  large  influence  upon  the  entire  chemical  trade 
of  the  world,  and  directly  given  birth  to  several  deriva- 
tive industries,  such  as  the  manufacture  of  sjTithetic 
medicinal  agents,  antiseptics,  synthetic  perfumes, 
artificial  sweetening  materials,  and  explosives. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  to  note  that  although  French 
manufacturers  promptly  recognized  the  importance  of 
Perkin's  discovery  and  were,  in  fact,  the  first  to  put 
mauve  colored  cahcos  upon  the  English  market,  the 
manufacture  of  coal  tar  dyestuffs  has  passed  almost 
wholly  into  the  control  of  the  manufacturers  of  Ger- 
many where  it  gives  employment  to  thousands  of 
workmen.  It  was  stated  at  the  Perkin  Jubilee  that 
there  were  at  that  time  700  distinct  color  dyestuffs 
produced  from  coal  tar. 

The  first  mention  of  the  coal  tar  dyestuff  manufac- 
ture in  the  United  States  was  at  the  census  of  1880, 
when  3  establishments  were  reported  as  producing 
80,518  poumis  of  aniline  dyestuffs,  valued  at  .'i;i07,292. 

At  the  census  of  1905,  10,640,910  pounds  of  artiiicial 
dyestuffs,  valued  at  $2,665,154,  were  reported  as  pro- 
duced. Since  these  dyestuffs  inclutled  products 
obtained  by  mixing  purchased  coal  tar  dyes  to  give 
desired  shades  or  effects,  products  obtained  by  mixing 
extracts  with  coal  tar  dyes  to  form  special  composi- 
tions, and  compositions  formed  from  vegetable 
extracts  and  mineral  substances,  and  since  the  total 
annual  ]irodiiction  of  artificial  dyestulTs  througbout 
the  world  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  .f  100, 000,(100,  it  is 
evident  thai  the  (iiianfity  mul  vahic  of  th(>  dyestuffs 
])rodiic('(i  fioni  coal  tar  derivatcs  or  distillates  in  the 
I'nitcd  Stales  is  sliil  relatively  insigiiilicant. 

Schiiilz  and  .hiliiis  '  in  their  Tabular  Presentation 
of  ,\rlilieial  Organic  Dyestuffs  found  in  (\)ininer('e, 
|)ul)lish('(l  in  I9(r_',  give  a  list  of  ()3  linns  o|)eriitiiig  SS 
establishinenis,  then  engaged  in  llie  iiiaiuifact  lire  of 
coal  tar  dyesliiH's.  Tliirty-oiie  of  these  establish- 
ments were  in  (ierniaiiy,  19  in  Kiiince,  13  in  l*'.nglMiid, 

TiUHtave  Scliiillz  I   I';imI  .liilius,  Tal)ellarisclie  ilberHiclit  diT 

iiM   lliiricl.'l  liiliiiilli,  Inn   kiinl.'.JiilicH   I  IrnMiiiNilii'ii    l''iiiliFlnrf(.,   l!cr- 
liii.  I'.IIIJ. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PTU)DUCTS. 


453 


6  in  Russia,  (i  in  the  United  States,  6  in  Switzeriand, 
3  in  Tlollaiid,  2  in  B('l<,diiin,  and  2  in  Italy.  In  this 
book  OiSl  diflercnt  dy<'wtull's  an;  tU'scribed  which  the 
authors  found  were  prepared  for  sale  and  use.  Two 
hundred  and  forty-five  of  these  were  granted  the  pro- 
tection of  patents  in  the  United  States.  Out  of  these 
681  different  substances,  only  20  are  mentioned  as 
being  manufactured  in  the  Ignited  States  and  of  these 
20,  but  3  were  protected  by  patents,  so  that  we  may 
say  that  the  manufacture  of  artificial  organic  dye- 
stuffs  in  this  coimtry  is  confined  largely  to  those  whose 
manufacture  is  open  to  all. 

While  there  is  no  criticism  to  be  made  on  Schultz  and 
Julius'  estimate,  it  would  appear  that  the  number  of 
colors  made  in  this  country  is  larger  now  than  in  1902, 
for  in  a  circular  received  from  one  manufacturing  estab- 
lishment in  1906  tliere  are  enumerated  97  different 
colors:  49  acid  colors,  33  basic  colors,  and  15  direct 
colors,  divided  among  water  soluble,  alcohol  soluble, 
and  oil  soluble  colors,  and  in  some  instances  there  are 
as  many  as  six  grades  of  a  given  color. 

Inspection  of  Table  91  shows  that  coal  tar  colors  or 
dyes  not  specially  provided  for  to  the  value  of  $5,635,- 
164  were  imported  into  the  United  States  in  1905. 
This  value  is  larger  than  the  value  of  any  other  item 
shown  in  the  table  and  is  more  than  twdce  the  value  of 
all  the  artificial  dyestuffs  reported  as  manufactured 
in  the  United  States  at  the  census  of  1905. 

As  stated  above,  tliis  industry  is  controlled  by  Ger- 
many. Considering  the  foreign  trade  alone  of  that 
country  the  value  of  the  chemicals  exported  from  Ger- 
many •  in  1905  was  $131,395,500,  of  wliich  the  artificial 
dyestuffs,  valued  at  $48,665,000,  constituted  nearly  40 
per  cent.  Among  these  were  included  aniline  dyes, 
valued  at  $24,065,500,  and  alizarin  and  indigo,  valued 
at  $9,733,000.  The  extent  of  the  development  of  tliis 
industry  in  Germany  is  further  emphasized  by  the 
statement'  that  of  the  31  anOine  color  works  in  Ger- 
many, the  bulk  of  the  trade  is  in  the  hands  of  5  firms, 
forming  two  large  combinations.  The  combined  nomi- 
nal capital  of  these  5  firms  is  nearly  $24,332,500,  and 
the  net  annual  profits  $9,733,000,  60  per  cent  of  which 
is  paid  in  dividends  and  the  remainder  of  wluch  is  car- 
ried to  depreciation.  The  average  dividend  of  these 
aniline  dye  works  has  exceeded  20  per  cent  for  many 
years,  while  the  dividend  paid  by  individual  firms  has 
in  some  cases  exceeded  30  per  cent.  The  Badische 
Anilin  imd  Soda  Fabrick  began  business  in  1895  with 
40  men;  in  1905  it  employed  7,251.  Many  of  the  rea- 
sons that  have  been  advanced  for  the  acqiusition  of  the 
control  of  tliis  industry  by  Germany  are  set  forth  in 
the  prefatory  remarks  to  the  special  report  on  chem- 
icals and  allied  products  at  the  census  of  1900,  and 
others  ■will  be  found  in  revision  of  the  Tariff  Hearings 
before  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  Fift3'-first 

'  J.  T.  Conroy,  "The  Chemical  Trade  of  England  and  Germany," 
Journal,  Society  Chemical  Industry.  ]!K)0,  vol.  25,  page  1011. 


Congress,  1st  session,  1890,  pages  391  to  398,  and  Fifty- 
third  Congress,  1st  session,  1893,  pages  22  to  26. 

These  remarks  are  strongly  stated  in  a  History  of  the 
Development  of  the  Coal  Tar  Industry  in  the  United 
States,  i)repared  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Schocllkopf  for  presenta- 
tion to  Congress  when  the  Wilson  Turill'  liill  was  under 
consideration.  He  has  kindly  permitted  its  use  here, 
and  as  it  has  not  ])een  published  heretofore  and  as  there 
is  nnich  in  it  which  is  worthy  of  consideration  in  this 
connection,  it  is  given  below. 

To  properly  undenstand  the  causcH  of  the  slow  development  of  thiB 
indu.strj'  in  the  United  States,  it  will  lie  advisable  to  give  a  .short 
sketch  of  it,s  inception  and  progress  in  Europe  up  to  the  present  time. 

Though  Pcrkin  began  the  manufacture  of  coal  tar  dyes  in  England 
in  1857,  they  were  first  produced  on  a  considerable  commercial  scale 
in  France,  and  at  a  later  date  their  manufacture  was  taken  up  in 
Switzerland  and  Germany.  But  while  the  growth  of  this  new 
branch  of  industry  was  not  I'Xtraordinarj'  in  the  first-named  coun- 
tries, the  history  of  it  in  Germany  reads  like  a  fairy  tale.  One  can 
truthfully  .say  that  Germany's  greatness  and  present  supremacy  in 
the  chemical  arts  dates  from  the  time  it  actively  engaged  in  the  pro- 
duction of  coal  tar  dyes.  From  practically  nothing  in  1802,  the 
value  of  the  output  of  the  German  factories  had  risen  to  $0,000,000  in 
1874,  to  $10,000,000  in  1878,  $12,500,000  in  1882,  and  to  fully  $17,000,- 
000  in  1890.  This  is  in  the  face  of  the  fact  that  the  goods  were  not 
only  vastly  improved  in  quality,  but  also  very  materially  cheapened 
in  price;  magenta  for  instance  falling  in  this  time  from  $.300  per 
pound  to  90  cents,  and  aniline  blue  from  $800  per  pound  to  $1. 

Germany  lias  a  capital  of  at  least  $20,000,000  inve.ste<l  in  the  in- 
dustry which  gives  employment  to  fully  15,000  hands  directly  and 
to  at  least  as  many  more  indirectly.  The  amount  of  chemicals  and 
other  material  consumed  by  this  industry  is  simply  stupendous, 
one  factory  alone  using  100,000  tons  of  coal  annually.  The  main 
reason  for  this  wonderful  growth  in  Germany  was  probably  the  judi- 
cious cooperation  of  theory  and  practice,  the  working  together  of 
factorj'  and  university,  which  in  no  other  countrj'  was  carried  out 
to  the  extent  it  was  in  Germany.  During  this  period  of  rapid  devel- 
opment, it  is  obvious,  there  could  be  no  surplus  of  scientific  or  expert 
manual  help  to  start  factories  of  a  similar  nature  in  America.  The 
chemists  graduated  from  German  universities  who  had  chosen  this 
branch  of  chemistry  as  their  specialty  immediately  found  remu- 
nerative emplo\Tnent  in  one  of  the  home  factories.  No  one  thought 
of  lea-v-ingthe  "Fatherland,"  and  seeking  his  fortune  elsewhere. 

These  conditions,  however,  changed  radically  about  the  year  1880. 
The  universities  and  chemical  schools  had  continued  to  grind  out 
coal  tar  chemists  in  increasing  numbers,  until  the  home  factories 
were  no  longer  al^le  to  take  care  of  all  of  them,  and  naturally  they 
looked  around  for  other  fields  of  operation.  At  this  time  tlie  United 
States  apparently  presented  an  in\-iting  field.  The  consumption  of 
colors  was  already  large  and  constantly  increasing.  The  import  duty 
at  that  time  was  35  per  cent  ad  valorem  and  50  cents  per  pound 
specific,  which,  taking  into  consideration  the  low  price  the  dyes  had 
reached,  was  ample  protection.  There  were  as  yet  no  colors  pro- 
duced in  this  country,  if  one  excepts  the  magenta  turned  out  by 
the  now  extinct  .\lbany  Aniline  Color  Work%  They  produced  a 
small  quantity  of  poor  magenta  in  a  ven,-  crude  way  and  had  been 
doing  this  ten  years  back,  without  attempting  to  enlarge  by  adding 
new  colors  to  their  product.  As  stated  above,  America  presented 
an  in\ating  field  and  during  the  years  ISSO  to  1883  no  fewer  than  9 
different  plants  for  the  manufacture  of  coal  tar  dyes  were  established . 
The  prospect  of  becoming  independent  of  other  nations  for  our  sup- 
ply of  these  important  colors  was  bright  indeed  until  the  passage  of 
the  tariff  act  of  .luly  1.  1883.  This  act  abolished  the  specific  duty 
of  50  cents  per  pound,  lea\4ng  an  ad  valorem  duty  of  35  per  cent  on 
coal  tar  colors,  or  dyes,  and  20  ])er  cent  on  coal  tar  preparations  not 


454 


MANUFACTURES. 


colors,  or  dyes.  This  left  a  net  protection  for  the  colors  of  nominally 
15  per  cent,  but  it  will  appear  later  that  even  this  meager  protection 
■was  completely  neutralized  through  various  circumstances. 

The  evil  effects  of  this  adverse  tariff  legislation  showed  itself 
almost  immediately.  No  new  factories  were  started  and  within  one 
year  after  the  new  tariff  took  effect,  5  of  those  already  established 
were  forced  to  succumb  and  go  out  of  business.  The  remaining  4 
would  have  gladly  followed  their  examples,  but  they  had  invested 
large  sums  of  money  in  plant  (the  Buffalo  factory  having  expended 
about  $500,000  in  this  way),  which  would  not  have  brought  10  cents 
on  the  dollar  if  sold.  So  they  decided  to  continue  to  operate  their 
factories,  hoping  for  more  favorable  legislation  in  the  future.  But 
thus  far  they  have  always  been  bitterly  disappointed  in  this.  At 
ever}'  tariff  revision  this  industry,  which,  if  properly  fostered,  would 
be  of  such  enormous  importance  to  the  chemical  industry  at  large, 
has  been  treated  in  a  most  unfair  and  unkind  manner.  The  parties 
interested  have  repeatedly  asked  for  an  increase  of  duty,  which  has 
as  often  been  refused.  They  have  asked  for  a  decrease  of  duty  on 
raw  material,  which  has  also  been  refused.  As  their  raw  materials 
are  not  made  in  this  country,  and  never  will  be  under  existing  con- 
ditions, it  is  not  comprehensible  why  this  latter  request  has  not  been 
granted.  They  finally  petitioned  Congress  to  change  the  phrase- 
ology of  the  paragraphs  referring  to  coal  tar  colors  and  alizarin  red, 
to  prevent  fraud  and  misunderstandings  at  the  custom-house.  But 
even  this  just  request,  which  was  recommended  by  the  appraisers 
department  in  New  York,  was  not  acceded  to. 

It  can  be  safely  predicted  that  unless  the  policy  of  Congress 
toward  this  industry  shows  a  decided  change  for  the  better  very 
soon,  it  will  soon  entirely  disappear  in  America.  It  is  a  well-known 
fact,  that  since  1883  the  European  factories,  especially  those  in 
Germany,  have  been  distributing  ever  increasing  dividends,  the 
earnings  of  the  larger  concerns  for  the  past  few  years  having  amounted 
to  over  50  per  cent  on  their  enonuous  capital  invested.  During  all 
this  time  the  industry  in  America  has  languished.  The  factories 
have  been  barely  able  to  hold  their  own  and  as  to  making  any  prof- 
its or  even  interest  on  the  capital  invested,  that  was  out  of  the 
question  entirely. 

The  principal  causes  of  the  nondevelopment  of  the  industry 
in  America,  under  existing  conditions,  are  as  follows:  First,  high 
wages;  second,  greater  first  cost  of  plant  and  larger  annual  cost  of 
wear  and  tear;  third,  higher  cost  of  coal  tar  preparations  and  other 
chemicals  and  materials;  fourth,  high  tax  on  alcohol  for  industrial 
purposes.  Each  of  these  causes  will  be  discussed  separately,  and 
as  to  their  correctness,  each  reader  can  judge  for  himself  after  perus- 
ing the  following.  All  the  statements  made  and  the  figures  given 
are  tlie  results  of  actual  experience  and  positive  knowledge  and  are 
vouched  for  as  al)Siilutely  correct. 

First — High  v;agc.i. — It  must  be  taken  into  consideralion  that  in 
works  of  this  kind,  besides  the  regular  labor  engaged  in  the  produc- 
tion of  colors,  a  number  of  mechanics  are  permanently  employed 
such  as  engineers,  machinists,  carpenters,  nuwins,  pii)e  litters, 
etc.  This  class  of  help  is  necessary  to  renew  and  keep  tlie  plant 
in  repair  and  to  carry  out  the  frequent  changes  made  necessary  by 
improvements  o^  changes  in  the  processes.  This  class  of  labor 
forms  quite  an  important  item  in  the  weekly  pay  roil.  Its  remu- 
neration is  from  $2  to  $3  per  day  of  ten  liours,  while  tlie  same  men  in 
German  factories  receive  but  75  cents  per  day  of  eleven  hours. 
Ordinary  labor  in  yVmerica  costs  $1.50  per  day  of  ten  hours,  while 
the  tlcrinan  manufacturers  pay  only  (iO  cents  per  day  of  eleven 
hours  for  similar  help.  To  more  clearly  illustrate  the  advantage 
the  foreign  employer  possesses  over  his  American  competitor  in 
this  respect,  we  give  under  "  Exliibit  A  "  the  labor  cost  of  an  Ameri- 
can cf>al  tar  dye  factory,  with  a  capacity  valued  at  $25,000  per 
month,  as  compared  with  a  factor)'  of  the  same  kind  and  size  in 
Germany.  From  this  exhibit  it  appears  that  to  i)roduce  $25,000 
worth  of  colors  the  American  is  obliged  to  i)ay  directly  for  labor 
$•1,110,  while  his  German  rival  has  the  same  work  performed  for 
but  $1,798.20. 

Secfnul—GTculfT  first  cost  of  plant  ami  larger  annual  cost  of  iiimn- 
tcnimre.—ln  America  a  plant  designed  for  an  (pulpul  valued  at 
$25,000  \>vr  month  will  c'jst: 


For  land  and  building $100,  000 

For  machinery,  tools,  etc ISO,  000 

For  working  capital 200,  000 

Total 480,  000 

In  Germany  the  same  plant  would  cost  at  the  outside: 

For  land  and  building $75,  000 

For  machinery,  tools,  etc 100,  000 

For  working  capital 140,  000 

Total 315,  000 

This  shows  a  higher  first  cost  for  the  American  factory  of  $165,000, 
which  at  G  per  cent  per  annum  amounts  to  an  extra  yearly  charge 
of  $9,900.  If  we  allow  5  per  cent  for  depreciation  on  buildings 
and  10  per  cent  for  "wear  and  tear"  on  machinery,  etc.,  we  find 
that  these  items  amount  to  $1,916.67  per  month  in  America  and 
to  only  $1,145.83  per  month  in  Germany.     See  "Exhibit  B." 

Third — Higher  cost  of  coal  tar  preparations  and  other  chemicals  and 
materials. — "Exhibit  D"  shows  the  kinds  and  quantities  of  raw 
materials  used  for  producing  $25,000  worth  of  coal  tar  dyes.  It 
also  shows  their  cost  in  Germany  and  in  America  under  the  present 
law,  and  under  the  proposed  Wilson  bill.  This  is  the  class  of  raw 
materials  now  principally  used  by  the  American  manufacturers. 
"Exhibit  C"  shows  prices  of  these  products  per  100  pounds  in 
Germany,  and  in  America  under  the  present  law,  and  under  the  pro- 
posed Wilson  bill.  From  "Exhibit  D"  it  appears  that  the  mate- 
rials used  cost  22  per  cent  more  here  than  in  Germany  under  the 
present  tariff  and  under  the  proposed  Wilson  bill  would  still  cost 
19.75  per  cent  more.  Now  as  the  Wilson  bill  places  coal  tar  prepa- 
rations on  the  free  list,  the  small  benefit  shown  requires  some  ex- 
planation. By  referring  to  "Exhibit  D"'  it  will  be  observed  that 
the  coal  tar  preparations,  aniline  oil  and  aniline  salt,  which  con- 
stitute 60  per  cent  in  value  of  the  materials  used,  are  on  the  free 
list  to-day  and  are  therefore  not  cheapened  by  the  Wilson  bill.  In 
fact,  the  only  materials  cheapened  to  any  extent  are  the  soda 
products  and  naphthol. 

Fourth — High  tax  on  alcohol  for  industrial  purposes. — In  America 
alcohol  for  industrial  purposes  costs  about  $2.25  per  gallon.  In 
Germany  alcohol  for  industrial  purposes  costs  only  about  35  cents 
per  gallon.  It  is  obvious,  therefore,  that  coal  tar  colors,  requiring 
in  their  preparations  the  use  of  alcohol,  can  not  be  profitably  made 
in  the  United  States. 

"Exhibit  K"  shows  the  total  cost  of  producing  and  marketing 
$25,000  worth  of  coal  tar  dyes:  First,  when  made  in  the  United 
States  under  the  McKinley  tariff;  second,  when  made  in  the 
United  States  under  the  proposed  Wil.son  bill;  third,  when  made 
in  Germany  and  imported,  including  a  duty  of  35  per  cent  ad 
valorem.  It  is  clearly  shown  that  the  German-made  goods  can  be 
importe<l,  and  after  paying  a  duty  of  35  per  cent,  can  be  sold  as 
low  as  the  American-made  colors.  It  is  obvious,  therefore,  that  if 
the  duly  on  coal  tar  dyes  is  reduced  below  the  present  rate  of  35 
per  cent,  the  American  matuifacturers  will  be  ((uickly  driven  out 
of  business.  In  prc^paring  the  Wilson  bill  the  fa<-t  was  not  taken 
into  consideration  that  the  colors  now  being  maniifactined  in 
America  are  made  from  free  coal  tar  preparations,  and  that  those 
paying  a  duty  of  20  per  cent  can  not  be  used.  It  was  evidently 
taken  for  granted  that  coal  tar  preparations  constituted  the  item 
of  chief  value  in  the  make-up  of  coal  tar  dyes.  We  have  shown, 
however,  that  they  constitute  only  about  one-third  of  the  value  of 
the  finished  product.  The  Wilson  bill,  by  putting  all  coal  tar 
preparations  on  the  free  list,  will  permit  the  use  of  a  large  number 
of  products  for  the  manufacture  of  a  new  line  of  dyes,  but  only  if 
the  duty  of  35  per  cent  on  colors  is  retained. 

We  repeat;  The  Wilson  bill  ;u*  it  now  stands  nican.-i  llic  extinc- 
tion of  every  coal  tar  dye  factory  in  the  I'nited  Stales,  even  if  the 
20  per  cent  duty  is  honestly  paid.  But  there  is  a  iniragraph  in  the 
free  list,  which  in  a  short  time  will  admit  eveiy  iini>ortanl  coal  tar 
color  absolutely  free  of  duty.  The  paragraph  referred  to  is  No. 
366  in  section  2:  "Alizarin,  natural  or  artificial,  and  all  colors  or 
dyes,  commercially  known  as  alizarin  colors,  or  dyes."  Under 
this  provision  every  color  or  dye  of  any  importance  will  lie  rebap- 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


455 


tized  anil  liccdine  (■(iiiiiii<rri(ilhi  liimwii  as  alizarin  culor,  or  dye. 
Wliy  any  imxluct  shouM  1)0  adrnilled  uniloi-  ils  coiiinierfial  name 
i.s  iticninprolioiisihle  and  rpqniros  an  explanalii/n.  This  i.s  a  \-iriou8 
attack  cm  Iho  .\niprican  i-dlcii-  industry,  and  if  allowod  Id  stand  must 
bo  followed  by  disastrous  results,  no  matter  bow  higb  Ibe  <bity  on 
colors  may  noiiiinalhj  lie. 

If  it  l)e  desirable  to  retain  and  develop  the  coal  tar  dye  industry 
in  America,  the  present  duty  of  35  per  cent  must  not  be  disturbed. 
All  coal  tar  preparations,  not  colors,  or  dyes,  should  be  made  free, 
and  the  words  "and  all  colors,  or  dyes,  commercially  known  as 
alizarin  colors  or  dyes''  should  lie  stri<-ken  out  of  paragraph  .3fiG  of 
the  Wilson  bill. 

E.vuiniT  A. —  Table  showiiu/  employees  needed  for  a  coal  lar  ibjc/aetory 
having  a  capacity  valued  at  925,000  per  month. 


EMPLOVEE3. 


Total  wages  per  montli 

4  cliemists 

2  clerks 

60  men 

5  foremen 

1  mason 

2  carpenters 

1  engineer 

2  pipe  titters 

1  blaclcsmitli 

2  night  watchmen 

2  teamsters 

6  boys 


MONTHLY  WAQES  IN— 


United 
States. 


$4,110.00 


700.00 
200.00 
2,250.00 
250.  00 
•  7.5.  00 
130.  00 

7.5.00 
120.00 

15.  00 
1 10.  (K) 

90.00 

65.00 


Germany. 


$1, 798. 20 


4oaoo 

100.00 

900.00 

150.  00 

19.  .50 

39.00 

a5.oo 

39.00 
19.50 
39.00 
31.20 
26.00 


Exhibit  B. —  Tabic  shornnej  cost  of  coal  lar  plant  designed  for  a 
monthly  output  valued  at  $i,'>,000,  also  shaming  the  monthly  cost 
of  depreciation  of  bnildiiigs  and  wear  and  tear  of  the  machinery,  etc. 


Total  cost  of  plant S4S0, 000.  00 


COST  OF  PLANT  IN- 


United 
States. 


Germany. 


S315, 000. 00 


For  land  and  buildings. . . 
For  machinery,  tools,  etc. 
For  worliing  capital 


Total  monthly  cost  for  depreciation  and  wear  and 
tear 


Depreciation  per  month  on  land  and  buildings  at  rate 
of  5  per  cent  per  annum 

Wear  and  tear  per  month  on  machinery  at  rate  of  10  per 
cent  per  annum 


100.  OOO.  00 
180,000.00 
200, 000.  00 


1,916.67 


75, 000.  00 
100, 000.  00 
140,000.00 


416.  67 
1,  .500. 00 


312.  50 
833.33 


Exhibit  C. —  Table  shotving  principal  raw  materials  usedin  American 
eolor  factories,  giving  prices  for  same  here  and  in  Germany. 


PRICE  PER  100  POUNDS  IN  CENTS  IN— 

M.VTERHL. 

.America. 

Under 
McKinley 

tariff. 

Under 

proposed 

Wilson  bill. 

Germany. 

Sulphuric  acid 

&5.0 

100.0 

4.50. 0 

17.5 

33.0 

10.0 

60.0 

350.  0 

180.0 

72.5.0 

4.50.0 

700.0 

1,350.0 

1, 250. 0 

85.0 

100.0 

4.50.0 

17.5 

33.0 

10.0 

60.0 

300.0 

16&0 

725.0 

39.5.  0 

700.0 

1,350.0 

1,250.0 

3&0 

25.0 

Nitric  acid 

350.0 

12.5 

25.0 

Ice 

10.0 

Iron  liorintis 

45  0 

Caustic  soda 

22.5.0 

130.0 

Nitrate  soda 

.540.  0 

Zinc 

300.0 

700.0 

Aniline  oil 

1,250.0 

.\niline  salt 

1,200.0 

1,230.0 

l.ais.n 

961.0 

Benzoic  acid 

4,100.0  '•         4,100.0 

4,000.0 

l'>XHiBiT  D. —  Table  showing  the  quantity  and  cost  of  raw  materials 
used  for  the  production  of  ^:!'i.f>n>i  urrrth  of  coal  lar  dyes. 


Pounds 
used. 

COST  IS— 

MATERIAL. 

America. 

Under 

McKinley 

tarifl. 

Under 

proposed 

Wilson  bill. 

Germany. 

Sulphuric  acid 

Muriatic  acid 

Nitric  Mi-i(i 

Com m fin  salt 

155,590 

47,730 

12,4.50 

150,000 

5,280 

27,000 

4.50 

11,. 5.50 

5,  .520 

9,780 

6,000 

10,830 

61,200 

5,400 

10,020 

30 

$1,237.51 
477.30 
.560.24 
262.  .50 

17.60 

27.00 

2.70 

404.24 

99.36 

709.04 

270.  00 

7.58. 10 

8,262.00 

67.5.  00 

1.232.46 

12.00 

$1,237.51 

477.30 

.560. 24 

262.50 

17  60 

27.00 

2.70 

346.  .50 

92.74 

709.04 

237.  00 

7.5a  10 

8,262.00 

675.  00 

1,040.08 

12.00 

$5.ra.25 
119  33 

435  76 
188  SO 

13.20 

Ice 

27  00 

2.01 

Caustic  soda .... 

259  87 

71.76 

Nitrate  soda 

.52a  12 

Zinc 

180,00 

Benzole 

7.58  10 

Aniline  oil 

7,  r>50,  00 

64a  00 

Beta  naphthol 

8)2.92 

11.70 

Total 

518,830 

15,007.a5 
122% 

14,717.31 
119.  75% 

12,289  52 

100% 

Exhibit  E. —  Table  showing  total  cost  of  producing  $25,000  worth  of 
coal  lar  dijes  in  .imerica  as  compared  with  equal  quantity  produced 
abroad  and  imported. 


COST     WHEN    MADE    IN 
UNITED   STATES — 


Under  Mc- 
Kinley tar- 
iff. 


i 


Raw  materials  (see  "  Exhibit  D  ") 

Depreciation  and  wear  and  tear  (see  "  Ex- 
hibit B") 

Expense  for  steam  for  power  and  heating. 

Incidentals 

Labor  (see  " Exhibit  A") 


$15,007.05 

1.916.67 

1.000.00 

500.00 

4,110.00 


Under  pro 
posed    Wil- 
son bill 


$14,717.31 

1,916.67 

1.000.00 

.500.00 

4.110,00 


Cost  when 
made     in 
Germany 
and  im- 
ported. 


Totalcost 22,533.72       22,243.98 

Duty.  35  per  cent  ad  valorem I 

Selling  expense  10  per  cent 2,500.00  1      2.500.00 


$12,289.52 

1,145.83 

1,000.00 

400.00 

1,798.20 


Aggregate  cost '    25,033.72  1    24.743.1 


16, 633.  .55 
5.820.34 
2,500.00 

24,953.89 


Among  the  innovations  in  this  industn"  that  have 
come  into  special  prominence  since  the  census  of  1900, 
although  they  originated  much  earlier,  are  the  sulphur 
dyes.     According  to  ^latthews' — 

The  original  representative  of  these  colors  was  discmered  a  num- 
ber of  years  ago,  in  1873,  by  Croissant  and  Bretonni^re.  and  it  was 
given  the  name  of  "  cachou  de  Laval."  It  was  prepared  in  rather  a 
peculiar  manner  by  the  fusion  of  organic  vegetable  matter,  such  as 
sawdust,  etc.,  with  sodium  sulphide  and  sulphur.  The  resulting 
product  was  a  porous,  lumpy  mass  of  a  brownish  black  color  and 
readily  soluble  in  water,  and  decomposing  in  moist  air  with  the 
liberation  of  some  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  It  was  found  that  un- 
mordanted  cotton  could  lie  dyed  by  this  substance  a  brown  color, 
though  the  dye.stuff,  it  is  true,  had  but  slight  tinctorial  properties 
compared  with  the  other  artificial  dyes,  yet  the  color  obtained  with 
it  was  very  fast  to  washing.  It  was  on  account  of  its  fastness  that 
the  new  coloring  matter  received  a  considerable  amount  of  atten- 
tion. The  general  method  of  apphing  the  dyestuff  was  to  boil  the 
cotton  material  in  a  solution  containing  the  coloring  matter  together 
vnth  a  rather  large  proportion  of  common  salt.  This  was  for  the  pur- 
pose of  forcing  on  the  fiber  more  color,  as  otherwise  it  took  a  very 
large  proportion  of  the  dyestuff  to  produce  any  depth  of  color. 
Even  under  these  conditions,  however,  the  dyestuff  does  not  ex- 
haust from  the  first  bath  to  anj'  great  degree.  By  after-treating  the 
dyed  color  with  a  solution  of  potassium  bichromate,  the  intensity 
of  the  color  is  somewhat  enhanced  arrd  the  general  fastness  of  the 

'Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute.  190.5,  vol.  109. 


4.5254— MFG  190.5— i>T  4—08- 


-;n 


456 


MANUFACTURES. 


dyestuff  is  improved.  By  a  similar  after-treatment  of  the  color  with 
bluestone  or  copper  sulphate,  the  fastness  of  the  dyeing  to  light  ap- 
pears to  be  somewhat  increased. 

It  was  also  found  that  cachou  de  Laval  when  dyed  on  cotton  acted 
as  a  mordant  toward  a  large  number  of  other  coloring  matters,  such 
as  most  of  the  common  basic  dyes,  the  vegetable  dyewoods.  and  the 
alizarin  dyes.  The  shades  obtained  with  the  basic  dyes,  however, 
are  not  as  fast  to  washing  as  the  original  cachou  de  Laval,  also  those 
with  the  vegetable  dyewoods  are  not  so  fast  to  light;  but  the  shades 
obtained  in  conjunction  with  the  alizarin  dyes  are  as  a  rule  fast  to 
both  washing  and  light. 

Owing  to  the  small  tinctorial  powers  of  cachou  de  Laval,  it  never 
became  of  much  commercial  importance  in  dyeing.  It  was  looked 
upon  chiefly  as  a  curiosity  among  the  artificial  dyestuffs,  particu- 
larly on  account  of  its  peculiar  method  of  manufacture. 

A  number  of  years  passed  before  the  sulphur  dyes  received  any 
further  development.  It  was  not  until  about  1893  that  the  French 
chemist  Vidal  publicly  announced  his  discovery  of  a  black  sulphur 
dyestuff  which  he  called  'Vidal  black.'  This  coloring  matter  was 
made  by  fusing  para-amido-phenol  with  sulphur.  The  product 
obtained  was  of  uncertain  composition,  but  was  found  to  yield  black 
colors  on  unmordanted  cotton,  and  was  especially  characterized  by 
its  great  fastness.  The  dyestuff,  however,  was  liable  to  decomposi- 
tion on  exposure  to  the  air,  and  presented  certain  practical  diffi- 
culties in  dyeing  so  that  at  first  it  was  not  received  with  much  favor. 
A  number  of  years  passed  in  the  de^•elopment  and  perfection  of  this 
coloring  matter  and  a  study  of  its  properties  and  possibilities,  until 
it  had  passed  beyond  the  stage  of  experiment  and  finally  attained 
commercial  success.  This  led  the  attention  of  other  dyestuff 
chemists,  especially  those  of  the  large  German  color  factories,  to 
the  investigation  of  the  sulphur  dyestuffs,  with  the  result  that  great 
activity  was  soon  displayed  in  the  preparation  of  new  colors,  and 
the  purification  and  modification  of  those  already  known.  A  large 
number  of  these  dyes  have  appeared  in  trade  during  the  past  five 
or  six  years,  and  the  range  of  colors  has  been  so  extended  as  to  in- 
clude various  shades  of  black,  brown,  blue,  green,  olive,  yellow, 
and  orange  colors;  a  red  color  among  the  sulphur  dyes  is  still  lacking, 
the  nearest  approach  being  the  so-called  orange,  and  certain  very 
red  shades  of  brown.  All  of  these  colors  are  applied  in  about  the 
same  manner  and  are  only  used  on  cotton,  giving  shades  which  are 
very  fast,  especially  to  washing  and  acids,  and  on  this  account  are 
verj'  desirable  products. 

The  sulphur  colors  asually  appear  in  trade  in  llic  form  of  V)lackish 
lumps,  which  are  hygroscopic  and  rapidly  deteriorate  on  exposure 
to  the  air,  especially  in  the  presence  of  moisture.  On  this  account 
the  dyestuff  .should  l^e  used  up  as  soon  as  possil)le  after  the  package 
is  opened.  Recently,  however,  some  of  these  dyes  have  appeared 
in  the  form  of  dry  powders  and  are  not  so  hygroscopic,  being  mixed 
with  some  suitable  dryer,  and  consequently  are  not  so  liable  to  de- 
teriorate. The  manufacturers  also  seem  to  be  preparing  these  dyes 
in  a  much  purer  and  more  concentrated  form  so  that  their  tinctorial 
power  is  considerably  increased.  The  svilphur  dyes  nearly  all 
smell  more  or  less  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  especially  when  mois- 
tened or  dL^-solved  in  water;  they  also,  as  a  rule,  contain  more  or  less 
Wjdium  sulphide. 

Some  of  the  sidphur  dyes  may  Ije  dyed  directly  on  collon  wilh 
nothing  but  the  solution  of  the  coloring  matter;  in  other  cases, 
however,  a  considerable  amount  of  sodium  sulphide  must  be  added 
to  the  dye  bath  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  the  dyestuff  into  proper 
solution;  there  is  also  added  some  soda  a.-ih  for  the  purpose  of  cor- 
recting any  hardness  which  may  be  present  in  the  water  and  which 
would  cau.se  a  precipitation  of  the  coloring  matter.  In  general, 
these  dyes  are  ai)j)lieil  in  about  the  same  manner,  as  regards  the 
manipulation  of  the  cotton  materials,  as  when  other  dyes  are  em- 
ployed, ('are  must  be  taken,  however,  in  most  cases,  not  to  have 
any  copper  or  brass  fitting  present  in  the  dyeing  vats,  as  the  dyestuff 


is  decomposed  by  these  metals;  iron  and  lead,  however,  may  be 
used  without  danger.  Some  of  the  dyes  require  an  after-treatment 
with  certain  metallic  salts,  especially  potassium  bichromate  or 
copper  sulphate,  in  order  to  yield  the  full  development  and  fast- 
ness of  the  color.  In  their  general  fastness  they  far  surpass  the  other 
colors  available  for  cotton  dyeing,  and  are  comparable  in  fastness 
to  indigo  and  aniline  black.  They  are  especially  suited  to  the 
dyeing  of  material  contained  in  cotton  and  woolen  fabrics,  where 
the  cotton  is  dyed  first  and  the  wool  is  afterwards  dyed  in  acid  baths, 
as  these  colors  will  stand  the  treatment  with  hot  acid  baths.  The 
dyestuff  does  not  cause  any  injury  to  the  cotton  fiber,  though  the 
dyed  goods  should  be  carefully  washed  in  order  to  eliminate  all 
excess  of  sodium  sulphide,  the  retention  of  which  by  the  fiber  would 
eventually  cause  a  weakening;  but  beyond  this  the  dyestuff  itself 
does  not  weaken  the  goods.  One  drawback  to  these  colors,  however, 
is  that  in  dyeing  them  the  cotton  is  liable  to  become  somewhat  harsh 
to  the  feel,  although  the  fiber  may  be  softened  by  suitable  treatment 
with  oil  or  soap  baths.  The  sulphur  blacks  are  especially  adapted 
for  the  dyeing  of  fast  blacks  of  hosiery,  as  also  are  the  Ijrown  colors, 
as  the  dyestuffs  stand  the  repeated  washings  and  the  effect  of  the 
acid  preparation  to  which  the  color  of  hosiery  is  subjected. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  consumption  of  the 
products  of  the  d3^estuff  industr}-  at  the  different  cen- 
suses. Fortunately  this  may  be  done  ivith  the  aid 
of  the  following  tabular  statement  from  Bulletin  74 
of  the  census  of  1905/  which  shows  the  cost  of  chem- 
icals and  dyestuffs  used  in  all  textile  establishments 
(exclusive  of  shoddy  and  felt  hat  mills)  and  inde- 
pendent dj'eing  and  finishing  works  in  1S90,  1900, 
and  1905. 

Cost   of  chemicals  and  dyestuffs  ttsed  in  all   textile   establishments: 
1S90  to  1905. 


1905 

1900 

1890 

Total 

826,682,619 

825,392,573 

819,686,663 

Independrnt  dyeing  and  finishing  estab- 
lishments.  .    "...                

10,587,319       10,667,621 
16,095,300       14.724.n.'i'2 

8,407,693 

11,278,970 

4,573,375 

9,177,681 

1,677,252 

666,992 

5,718,107 

7,983,684 

1,023,161 

(») 

4,266,773 

Wool  inanufuctiires  s 

5,889,612 
664,053 
558,532 

Silk  manufactures 

1  IncIiKlcs  cotton  coods  and  cotton  small  wares. 

3  Includes  worsU'a  goods;  woolen  goods;  carpets  and  rugs,  other  than  ra^; 
telt  goods,  and  wool  hats, 

»Not  reported  separately  in  1000. 

Rather  more  than  one-half,  in  value,  of  all  the  materials  reported 
as  consumed  in  1905  by  independent  establishments  consisted  of 
chemicals  and  dyestuffs.  Inasmuch  as  the  value  of  such  articles 
shows  a  positive  decline  since  1900,  although  the  work  done  by 
these  establishments,  being  of  the  same  character  and  presumably 
divided  as  to  the  amount  of  each  particular  process  in  fairly  similar 
proportions,  has  largely  increased,  it  seems  a  reasonalile  inference 
that  the  average  i)rice  of  tliose  materials  dccn'ascd  lull  iJuil  the 
quantities  used  increased. 

Talilc  HI  sets  fortli  tlic  iiiip(irt,s  dl'  dyestuirs  for 
consumj)ti()n  during  the  years  ending  June  30,  1891 
to  1905,  as  lidvcn  from  Comnierco  and  Navigation  of 
the  Unilc<l  States,  pul)lislied  l)y  the  Bureau  of  Statis- 
tics. 

'  Rage  20n. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 

Tablk  1)1.— DYESTUFFS— imports  ENTERED  FOR  CONSUMPTION:  1891  TO  ir)05. 


457 


YEAR  ENDING 
JUNE  30— 


1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189(i 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905, 


LOGWOOD. 


Tons. 


84,381 
60,297 
56, 404 
53,709 
60,683 
(id,  074 
33, 462 
46,977 
37,518 
48, 190 
54,480 
53,625 
51,008 
48, 491 
36, 167 


Value. 


$1,842,954 

1,233,592 

1,218,9,34 

1,313,376 

1.478,618 

I,. '522,069 

611,010 

744, 135 

547, 334 

628, 464 

857,991 

774, 790 

748, 550 

663, 572 

459,824 


EXTRACTS  AND  DECOC- 
TIONS OF  LOGWOOD 
AND  OTHER  DYEW0OD8. 


Pounds. 


3,282, 

4,227, 
3,757, 
2,817, 
3,565, 
4,910, 
5,459, 
3,664, 
3,113, 
3,420, 
2,864, 
3,221, 
3, 480, 
3,121, 
3,686, 


Value. 


J275,802 
325,  ,576 
287, 723 
196, 397 
261,762 
287, 120 
277,798 
232,986 
207,406 
227,527 
191,852 
219,208 
237, 362 
269,228 
323,763 


CAMWOOD. 


Tons. 


Value. 


t220 
3,339 
3,745 
5,770 
1,676 
3,748 


131 


ALL  OTHER  DYEWOODS. 


Tons. 


Value. 


9,100 
8,490 
10,293 
7,765 
6,299 
6,832 
7,918 
9,923 
9,198 
4,440 
7,140 
4,353 
8,516 
4,618 
4,371 


$132,841 

125,067 
165,807 
126,309 
89,696 
90,389 
102,472 
137,  666 
121,  l»5 
60,886 
83,695 
.59,  .502 
114,569 
51,011 
59,909 


Tons. 


Value. 


1,002 

2,527 

479 

347 

553 

1,155 

6,39 

2,726 

8,834 

20,967 

14,985 

11,128 

28,  .560 

28,799 

849 


$28,989 
50,131 

8,978 

4,426 

12,,38« 

18,  ,583 

8,327 

.33,  475 

103,276 

205,, 351 

151,849 

101,188 

290, 473 

313,262 

17,700 


Pounds. 


402,241 

276,690 

320.348 

151.121 

148,024 

118,517 

66,004 

66,795 

.36, 487 

61,, 305 

44,a32 

00,909 

.50,117 

55,250 

66,088 


Value. 


$37,889 
24,597 
25,317 
12,666 
13,129 
9,256 
4,902 
4,795 
2,919 
3,944 
2,964 
3,779 
2,945 
3,558 
3,785 


YEAR  ENDING 
JUNE  30— 


GAHBIER,  OR  TERRA 
JAFONICA. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 


27.610,594 
25. 808,  495 
35, 762, 646 
26, 408, 458 
29, 022, 603 
32,343,256 
31, 349,  565 
42,  333,  486 
38, 123,  478 
38,857,515 
26,811,197 
28,  508, 836 
42, 719, 254 
28, 387, 698 
32, 192, 891 


$1,343,604 

1,069,043 

1,305,468 

981.328 

963. 255 

1,108,611 

959, 501 

1,021,288 

754, 497 

906, 282 

824,  444 

1,165,081 

2,042,036 

1,274,048 

1,112,660 


CRUDE  INDIGO. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


2.0,89.500 
2,  4m,  IXio 
3,226.314 
1,717,635 
3,411,539 
2,707.928 
3,010,005 
3,058,787 
3, 127, 182 
2, 747, 043 
3,139,063 
2,967,673 
4, 532,  021 
5,046,612 
4,8.30,955 


$1,600,865 
1,772,506 
3,137,511 
1,218,580 
1,940,250 
1,571,018 
1,586,309 
1,807,336 
1,698,583 
1,446,490 
1,402,894 
1,035,980 
1,202,342 
1,282,497 
873, 781 


INDIGO   CARMINE. 


Pounds.      Value, 


28,175 
23,600 
29,687 
12,504 
26, 173 
34,967 
52, 192 
25,671 
17,505 
18, 204 
11,061 
15, 555 
22,206 
18,731 
24,304 


$33, 145 
28, 636 
35, 304 
16.907 
33,405 
42,369 
59, 182 
26,642 
17, 172 
15,767 
9,789 
13,  401 
17, 190 
13, 775 
18, 629 


EXTRACTS  OR  PASTES 
OF  INDIGO. 


Pounds.      Value. 


S'J'i.  ss7 
l,3l7.,v;.-, 
829,  3S0 
605,750 
•690,664 
469, 729 
396, 760 
264,  531 
251, 538 
181,168 
145,024 
168,  484 
132, 247 
126, 070 


?.W,  28R 
■.,s,.S45 
1(11,347 
W,  474 
57, 3J7 
55,361 
61,153 
69,001 
23, 324 
20,094 
12,292  i 
9,022 
12,912 
9,622 
8,649 


Substi- 
tute in- 
digo 
(value) . 


8416 


2,793 

1,587 

187 


MADDER  OB  MCV- 
JEET,  OR  INDI- 
AN MADDER, 
GROUND  OR 
PREPARED. 


Pounds. 


673,260 
518,786 
653,779 
262, 563 
329. 477 
318, 313 
292, 462 
246, 218 
280, 081 
120, 736 
178, 872 
118, 316 
153, 171 
146. 382 
58, 218 


Value. 


I 


$39,806 

62,063 

61,720 

17, 576 

18,541 

15,746 

12,963 

11,816 

12,298 

5.869 

11,329 

6,615 

9,706 

9,073 

3,811 


1 

SaOlower 

and  ex- 

Orchil or 

tract  of 

orchilliquid 

sadron  and 

(value  ,1. 

saffron 

cake 

(value). 

$81,974 

$44,S88 

68,779 

55,391 

64,928 

27,697 

43,235 

24,341 

59,317 

16,462 

62,831 

33,765 

38,965 

38,022 

56,755 

52,482 

45,494 

32,477 

47, 134 

44,502 

31,937 

42,502 

44, 847 

35,005 

63.438 

43,664 

56. 0^28 

43, 145 

44,206 

60,132 

TEAR  ENDING 
JUNE  30— 

COCHINE.^L. 

OIL  OF  ANILINE. 

Salts  of 
aniline 
(value) . 

ALIZARIN,      NATURAL 
OR  ARTIFICIAL,  AND 
DYES      COMMER- 
CIALLY  KNOWN    AS 
ALIZARIN    YELLOW, 
ORANGE,          GREEN, 
BLUE,  BROWN,   AND 
BLACK,     INCLUDING 
EXTRACT    OF     MAD- 
DER. 

Coal  tar 
colors  or 
dyes,  not 
specially 
provided 

for 
(value) . 

ALIZARIN     ASSIST- 
ANT OB  SOLUBLE 
OIL,    OR    OLEATE 
OF  SODA,  OR  TUR- 
KEY RED  OIL, 

•         1 

ALIZARIN     ASSIST- 
ANT.    ETC.,    ALL 
OTHER. 

1 

DEXTRIN.        BURNT 
STARCH.  GUM  SUB- 
STITUTE, OR  BRIT- 
ISH GUM. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Gallons. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Founds. 

Value. 

1891    . 

86,797 
230.039 
215,512 
104.284 
130, 205 
160,422 
137,261 
158,056 

97,663 
158,911 
114,414 
138,821 
112,714 
162, 362 

84,332 

819. 935 
55.883 
52, 672 
28,124 
37,285 
50,988 
41,943 
45,762 
23, 207 
31,408 
20,414 
24,865 
24,215 
64,246 
36,876 

1,489,908 
1,428,070 
1,211,818 
951,671 
1,315,934 
1,364,674 

8299,662 
263,248 
163,539 
115,141 
143,426 
164,238 

$713,732 
536,  477 
432, 134 
396,575 
548, 110 
662, 459 
812,884 
1,087,704 
743, 130 
537,812 
589,  535 
631, 467 
789, 553 
686, 184 
712,926 

3, 443. 167 

4,838,220 
5,729.221 
3,960,079 
5,287,720 
6, 154, 156 
6,169,018 
6,871,962 
5, 226,  452 
6, 009, 552 
4,040.986 
6, 550, 083 
4,307,428 
4,666,007 
4  076  573 

8674,101 

1,029,122 

1,125,506 

722.919 

870,383 

994. 396 

1,023,426 

886,349 

700, 786 

771,336 

713, 392 

1,028,327 

660,  464 

636, 418 

625  076 

81.632,642 
1,640,024 
2, 322, 258 
1,429,101 
2,739,933 
2,918.332 
3, 163, 182 
3,723,388 
3, 900, 099 
4,792,103 
4,034,171 
4,911,668 
5,252.611 
4.903,077 
5, 636, 164 

653 

8437 

1  325 

S7I7 

6.319.362 

£212  QfiR 

1892 

1893 

:^  0'J7           2,262 
2.9111            1,157 
1,153              577 

3.275.326  ,       137,408 
4,650.216  1       161.430 

1894 

3,988,361 

121,963 

1896 

92.158 
82,376 

25,735 
24,626 

1896 

1897 

4,874,656 
3,737,575 
3,402,474 
5,950,487 
5,692,395 
6,544,470 
6,532,764 
4.784,981 
4,000,102 

124,719 
108,919 
99,056 

1898 

1899 

1900 

169,470 
164,120 

1901 

1,630,950 
1,928,920 
1,899,933 
2, 238, 840 
2,362,480 

143,268 
177,  415 
167,976 

200,  sm 

209,385 

1902 

-  . 

160,607 

1903 

149,637 
131,289 

1904 

1905 

128,779 

1 

Class  XII. — Tanning  Materials. 

The  class  of  tanning  materials  includes  the  ground, 
chipped,  and  comminuted  products  of  oak,  chestnut, 
chestnut  oak  and  hemlock  wood  or  bark,  palmetto 
roots,  sumac  leaves,  and  the  fluiil  or  solid  extracts 
from  these  materials  or  from  quebracho  wood  and 
quercitron  bark  or  other  tannin-containing  materials; 


tannic  or  gallic  acid:  and  chrome  tannage  or  other 
tannage  solutions.  The  statistics  presented  in  Table  92 
show  an  increase  in  every  item  for  the  census  of  1905 
as  compared  with  that  of  1900,  the  largest  increase  in 
amount  being  in  capital  and  the  next  largest  in  value  of 
products.  In  common  with  most  of  the  industries 
shown,  the  increase  in  capital  is  represented  by  a  much 
larger  percentage  than  the  increase  in  value  of  products. 


458 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table     93. —  Tanning      materials — comparalire     summary,     with 
amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Increase. 


etc.. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried    officials,    clerfes, 

number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  e.xpenses 

Cost  of  materials  used i  S3. 358, 104 

Value  of  products i  S5, 615, 590 


47 
$7,396,313 

168 

S260,472 

1,891 

S788,451 

$518,033 


33 

51,559,157 

64 

$76,025 

554 

$207,337 

$78,974 

$1,020,763 

$1,713,284 


14 
$5,837,156 

104 

$184,447 

1.337 

$581,114 

$439,039 

$2,337,341 

$3,902,306 


Per  cent 
of 


42.4 
374.4 

162.5 
242.6 
241.3 
280.3 
556,0 
229,0 
227,8 


The  statistics  of  Table  93  show  an  increase  in  every 
item  for  1905  as  compared  with  1900  except  in  the 
quantity  and  value  of  ground  bark,  ground  sumac, 
hemlock  extract,  and  sumac  extract,  and  in  the  value 
of  "  all  other  products."  The  largest  increase  in  both 
quantity  and  value  is  found  in  the. item  of  ground  and 
chipped  wood,  in  wliich  there  w"as  an  increase  of 
636,858.006  pounds,  or  336.4  per  cent  in  quantity  and 
of  S6..370,994,  or  336.6  per  cent  in  value,  but  it  will  be 
observed  that  these  figures  are  based  on  reports  of 
estimates  of  materials  used.  The  next  largest  increase 
is  found  in  oak  and  chestnut  extract,  in  which  an 
increase  of  121,846,126  pounds,  or  351.4  per  cent,  in 
quantity  corresponds  ^\•ith  an  increase  of  $1,750,065, 
or  264.7  per  cent,  in  value.  As  shown  by  the  table 
the  proportionate  increases  and  ilecreases  in  quantity 
among  the  different  products  are  remarkably  consist- 
ent with  the  corresponding  increases  and  decreases  in 
value.  It  is  believed  that  if  the  returns  of  the  indus- 
tr}^  in  tamiing  hides  could  be  obtained  in  detail,  the 
quantity  of  tanning  materials,  and  especially  of  tan- 
ning liquors  used,  would  be  greatly  increased,  since 
many  establishments  in  this  industry  manufacture 
their  own  tanning  materials. 


Table   93. —  Tanning   materials — quantity   and  value  of  products: 
1905  and  1900. 


Total . 


Grriund  bark 

Orniind  and  chipped  wood 

O round  f*ninuo 

Hf'intfK-k  rx tract 

Ofik  iin'l  {■best  nut  extract . 

SiiniiH-  rxtnict 

Tannic  jield 

Tanninj;  llfjuorH 

All  other  products , 


1905 


Quantlt.v  \„,,„. 

(pounds..  ^""" 


1,132,307,832  Itl3,943,ig0 


'74,847,272 

'826,147,006 

6,129,333 

18,833,450 

1 66,  .520, 123 

4,093,019 

5,  Ifi-^SOO 

41,571,529 


'  2119, 460 

•8,263, 884 

65,630 

40<i,6ig 

2,411,184 

95,958 

200,130 

1,018,821 

011,498 


1900 


Quantlt.v 
(l)ounds). 


Value. 


424,120,026  |    $5,648,522 


» 136, 380, 000 

< 189, 289, 000  1 

9,  .528,800 

.1.'),.W1,329 

34, 673, 907 

4,349,742  I 

(»)  ' 

14,307,158  I 


> 696, 125 
< 1,892,890 
114,r,li0 
.'■i72,  f«2 
('.(il,ll9 
103,flN5 
(') 

353,143 
1,154,618 


ijrri-'  -  ■"  ■":  120  pnunfln,  with  nn  nMlf^ed  value  of  $18,277.  consumed  In 
**tfibli  rr.  iniinnfiiriured;  and  also  Ific  tunning  niiitcriah  protluced 

*>y  entii'  iiKtiKfd  )iriniiirily  in  the  niunufiieturc  of  other  jtroduets, 

'I' i ,  .  .j.uoo  pfiurid.t,  U'illi  an  ii.'«NlKn''d  value  of  S.'VliiJi'pU,  cdnsumed  In 

ratalilMhrn.iili  wliir.^  rniinufiii  lured;  and  uIho  the  liiunlUK  uiiilerlnh  protluecd 
by  estiiblUhniinlH  .-nKiiKid  jirinnirllv  In  Ihe  niiiuulniluri' of  >,tbi'r  prodnctH, 

•InrliidiH  H2:,,\h\ .■Mil  i,i>un'lfi,  with  an  a»MlKnr(l  viilui'of  »t<.2r>l,hi:t.  cnnHumed 
InentnliliHlinients  wliin'Miiinufni'turi'd;  and  iilnothi' tunnlriK  "inti  rials  produced 
by  citalilifihTnentH  engagid  primarily  In  the  ninnulacturc  o(  otiiir  products. 

*KsLllnaterl. 

'Included  In  "oU  othiT  products." 


Table  94  shows  that  the  principal  increases  in  the 
number  of  establishments  at  the  census  of  1905  as 
compared  with  that  of  1900  were  in  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  and  Tennessee,  and  the  principal  decreases 
in  Pennsylvania  and  New  York.  Practically  all  of 
the  gains  were  in  the  Southern  states,  wliicli  in  1905 
contained  more  than  half  of  the  establishments  of  the 
country'.  Virginia  ranked  first  in  1905,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania first  in  1900. 

T.-\BLE  94. —  Tanning  materials — number  of  establishments ,  by  states: 
1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

190.5 

1900 

United  States 

151 

S47 

California             

2 

1 
2 

2 

Florida 

1 

1 

Kentucliv.                 -          

I 

1 

2 

Massachusetts                  .  . 

3 
1 

7 
2 
5 
5 
5 
13 
4 

1 

1 

New  Jersey             ,        

8 

6 

North  Carolina  .               

Pennsylvania 

11 

Tennessee 

I 

Virginia 

8 

West  Virginia                    ....                    ... 

4 

'  Includes  4  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

2  Includes  14  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

Virginia  and  New  Jersey,  which  shared  tlic  second 
place  in  1 900,  passed  to  the  first  and  second  rank,  respec- 
tively, at  the  census  of  1905.  North  Carolina,  which 
did  not  appear  at  the  census  of  1900,  Pennsylvania, 
which  stood  first  at  that  census,  and  Tennessee,  which 
was  in  the  sixth  rank  in  1900,  now  share  the  tliird  place 
in  rank.  West  Mrginia  has  held  the  fourth  rank  at 
both  censuses.  Massachusetts  has  passed  from  the 
sixth  to  the  fifth  rank.  California,  whicli  held  the 
fifth,  Florida  the  sixth,  and  New  York  the  third  place 
in  1900,  now  share  the  sixth  place  in  rank.  Connecti- 
cut, which  did  not  appear  in  1900,  with  Kentucky  and 
Michigan,  which  both  held  the  sixth  place  in  1900, 
now  share  the  seventh  place  in  rank. 

T.\ni.E  9.5. —  Tanning  materials — value  of  proiliiets.  by  states:  1905 

and  1900. 


STATE. 

190S 

1900 

United  States 

$6,673,100 

$3,108,872 

204,728 
288,727 

634,128 
482,882 
720,255 
73il,144 
240,965 
2,362,294 

(') 

New  .lersey 

New  'i'ork 

399,481 
301,756 

North  Carolina 

753,182 
(') 

Tennessi'i' 

Virginia                

470,223 
232,365 

West  Virginia 

All  other  states* 

951,865 

'  Included  In  "all  other  states." 

•InrludoN  In  1905  rnllfornla.  Connecticut,  Florida.  Kentucky,  Michigan,  and 
NewS'ork:  In  190(1,  ('ulifornln.  l''loridti.  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  Massachu- 
setts.  Mlchlgnll,  (irid  'r<'lHieSKce, 

Tlic  sliilislics  uf  Talile  95  show  lliiil  jis  iiu'iisiircd  liy 
tlic  \iiliii'  nf  |)riiiliicts  in  the  stales  wliicli  nrr  i-c|)iir1(Ml 


CHKMICAL8  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


459 


separately  at  each  census,  Virpnia,  w  liicli  stood  second 
in  niiik  at  the  census  of  1900,  stan(,ls  lirst  at  the  census 
of  1905.  Tennessee,  which  was  comhined  with  "all 
other  states"  in  1900,  now  ranks  .second,  and  North 
Carolina,  which  did  not  appear  at  the  census  of  1900, 
ranks  third.  At  tiie  earlier  census  the  value  of  the 
pro(hict  of  "all  other  states"  exceeded  that  of  any 
single  state  spcciallj^  enumerated.  This  condition  was 
still  more  marked  at  the  census  of  1905,  notwithstand- 
ing the  fact  that  the  returns  for  Massachusetts  and 
Tennessee  were  shown  separately,  because  of  the 
increase  in  the  number  of  establishments  in  these  states. 
The  table  also  shows  for  tliose  states  whose  returns 
have  been  presented  separately  at  each  census  that, 
while  there  has  been  an  increase  in  the  returns  for 
Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  there  has  been  a  decrease 
in  the  returns  for  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 
Inspection  of  the  returns  of  the  individual  establish- 
ments shows  that  the  decrease  in  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania  has  been  due  to  the  growing  remote- 
ness of  natural  raw  material. 

Table  !)(>. — Tanning    matirials — qimnlily    and   cost    of   principal 
materials  used:  1905  and  19O0. 


KIND . 

1905 

1900 

Hemlock,  oak,  and  chestnut  bark; 
Tons 

98,468 
$706,865 

247,295 
$750,591 

4,904 
$816,817 

4,476 
$93,959 
$466,916 

93, 104 

$436,071 

27,813 
$86,728 

0) 

Wood: 

Cost                                                                           

Quebracho  wood: 

Tons                                                               

Sumac  leaves: 

11,538 

Cost 

$176,353 
$155,469 

1  Included  in  "all  other  materials." 

Tlie  statistics  of  Table  96  show  an  increase  at  each 
census  for  every  item  except  sumac  leaves,  which  show 
a  decrease  in  both  quantity  and  value.  The  general 
increase  is  in  accordance  with  the  increase  noted  in 
the  value  of  products  in  Table  95. 

It  is  evident  when  we  consider  the  nature  of  this 
industry  that  a  complete  presentation  of  it  can  not  be 
made  for  several  reasons.  In  the  first  place,  logwooil 
and  other  materials  of  the  dyostufT  industry  are  used 
to  a  certain  extent  in  treating  leather,  but  as  there  is 
no  information  at  command  by  which  to  determine 
what  portion  of  the  logwood  is  u.setl  in  each  industry, 
the  whole  has  been  accredited  to  ih'estuffs.  Some 
tanning  materials,  on  the  other  hand,  are  used  in  dye- 
ing textiles,  and  as  in  this  instance  also  no  separation 
can  be  effected,  they  are  all  included  in  the  class  now 
under  treatment.  This  constitutes  an  offset  in  the 
bookkeeping.  A  more  serious  difficulty  is  met  with 
in  the  production  of  tanning  materials  in  tanning  fac- 
tories in  which  they  are  consumed  in  furtlier  manu- 
facture. 

The  extent  to  wliich  tanning  materials  from  all 
sources  are  used  in  the  manufactun^  of  leather  is  sliown 


in  Table  97,  tin;  <lata  Ix'ing  lakcu  lioui  Census  Bulle- 
tin .57. 

Table  !)7. — Tunniny  maleriuh  used  in  the  manufacture  of  leather: 

I'MI.',  iind  l!)OII.' 


1905 


Hemlock  bark: 

Cords 

Cost 

Oak  bark: 

Cords 

Cost 

Oak  bark  extract: 

Barrels 

Cost 

Quebracho  extract 

Chemicals 

All  other  materials  used  in  tanning. 


1,000,328 
$8,471,292 

422,209 
$3,765,509 

214,391 
$2,300,395 
$2,490,487 
$2,847,441 
$5,154,870 


1900 


1,170,131 
$7,347,242 

445,934 
$3,174,995 

54,231 

$550,065 

$292,133 

$2,257,751 

$3,.395,261 


1  Census  of  Manufactures,  1905,  Bulletin  57.  page  37. 

Examination  of  the  data  given  here  shows  that  the 
statement  made  at  the  census  of  1900  practically  holds 
good  to-day.     It  was  as  follows:  '  , 

The  early  tanners  were  conservative  in  adopting  new  processes. 
Various  tannages  and  substitutes  for  oak  and  hemlock  bark,  which 
furnished  all  the  tannin  of  former  years,  have  come  into  wide  use. 
Standard  tannages  are  now  made  from  hemlock  and  oak  barks,  from 
their  extracts,  from  gambier,  sumac,  and  quebracho,  and  from  chem- 
icals. Mechanical  devices  have  shortened  the  time  required  for 
getting  good  results,  but  the  tanner  is  constantly  on  the  alert  to 
secure  something  that  will  diminish  the  number  of  weeks  he  is  com- 
pelled to  wait  while  his  hides  are  assimilating  the  liquors  in  which 
they  are  placed.  Some  such  shortening  process  as  that  employed 
in  the  manufacture  of  kid  or  morocco  is  confidently  anticipated  by 
manufacturers  of  sole  leather,  calf,  upper,  etc.  In  the  case  of  kid, 
hyposulphite  of  sodium  added  to  the  chromium  compounds  makes 
the  tannage  more  permanent,  while  the  desired  results  are  obtained 
in  a  shorter  time.  To  this  discovery  is  due  the  sudden  growth  of  a 
most  important  branch  of  leather  manufacturing. 

Notwithstanding  the  numberless  inventions  that  have  to  do  with 
the  chemical  side  of  tanning,  hemlock  and  oak  liark  still  furnish  the 
great  bulk  of  the  material  upon  which  the  manufacturers  of  leather 
rely  for  their  tannin.  This  is  accounted  for  by  the  practically  un- 
limited supply  and  the  satisfactory  results  obtained  through  their 
use.  Inventive  genius  has  exhausted  almost  every  expedient  for 
getting  the  last  particle  of  tanning  material  from  the  bark,  so  that, 
whereas  not  long  ago  a  large  percentage  of  tannin  was  lost  to  the 
manufacturer,  he  is  now  able  to  utilize  practically  all  that  the  bark 
is  capable  of  yielding. 

The  process  of  chrome  tannage  above  referred  to  is 
described  by  Thorp  ^  as  follows : 

Chrome  tannage,  or  tawing  with  chromium  salts,  has  been  chiefly 
developed  in  this  country  and  is  now  in  general  use  here.  The 
principle  of  the  process  consists  in  precipitating  an  insoluble  chro- 
mium hydroxide  or  oxide  on  the  fibers  of  a  skin  which  has  been 
impregnated  with  a  soluble  chromium  salt,  usually  potassium 
bichromate;  basic  chromium  chloride,  chromium  chromate,  and 
chrome  alum  are  also  used.  The  skins,  ha^dng  been  limed,  un- 
haired,  fleshed,  bated,  drenched,  and  scudded,  are  worked  in  a 
solution  of  potassium  bichromate  to  which  some  common  salt  has 
been  added,  together  with  one-fourth  to  three-fourths  of  the  theo- 
retical amount  of  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric  acid  necessarj-  to  liberate 
all  the  chromic  acid  (Cr03).  After  several  hours,  when  the  skin 
shows  a  uniform  yellow  color  when  cut  through  the  thickest  part,  it 
is  removed,  the  excess  of  water  pressed  out  or  drained  away,  and  the 

'Twelfth  Census,  Manufactures,  Part  III.  page  716. 
-'Frank  Hall  Thorp.   Outlines   of   Industrial   Chemistry,    1905, 
page  540. 


460 


MANUFACTURES. 


skin  worked  in  a  bath  of  sodium  bisulphite  (NaHSOj),  or  thiosul- 
phate,  to  which  has  been  added  some  mineral  acid  to  liberate  the 
sulphur  dioxide: 

(1)  K2Cr207+2  HC1=2  KCH-H,0+2  CrOa. 

(2)  Na,S203+2  HC1=2  XaCI+HjO+S+SO,. 

(3)  2  CrOa+S  S0,+3  H20=3  HjSOj+CrA- 

The  chromic  acid  is  absorbed  by  the  fiber  and  is  later  reduced  in 
situ  by  the  sulphurous  acid.  It  is  necessary  to  use  a  strong  solution  of 
the  reducing  agent,  so  that  the  reduction  may  be  fully  accomplished 
before  the  chromic  acid  has  time  to  "bleed"  from  the  skin.  The 
strength  of  solutions  recommended  vary  somewhat  in  the  various 
processes,  but  are  usually  made  from  10  to  30  grams  per  liter  for  the 
bichromate,  and  30  to  50  graans  for  sodium  thiosulphate.  Calculated 
on  the  weight  of  the  skin,  from  4  to  9  per  cent  of  bichromate,  and 
about  15  per  cent  thiosulphate  are  usually  employed.  The  amount 
of  chromic  acid  fixed  on  the  fiber  is  about  4  to  6  per  cent,  calculated 
as  bichromate,  K^CrjO,. 


Chrome  leather  is  tough  and  resists  moisture  very  thoroughly. 
On  this  latter  account,  skins  which  are  to  be  dyed  should  be  intro- 
duced into  the  dye  at  once  after  reducing  and  washing,  for  if  allowed 
to  dry  the  dyeing  is  incomplete.  Theleather  may  be  heated  to  80°  C. 
or  more  without  injury,  and  hence  can  be  dyed  with  some  of  the 
alizarin  colors.  It  is  a  very  rapid  process,  the  time  of  steeping  in  the 
chrome  bath  being  only  a  few  hours  and  even  less  in  the  reducing 
bath.  It  is  a  very  light  tannage,  and  on  thick  skins  has  considerable 
tendency  to  contract  the  fiber,  and  so  is  not  used  for  sole  or  upper 
leathers.  It  is  chiefly  employed  for  glazed  kid,  calf  Idd,  and  glove 
leathers.  The  tanned  or  colored  skins  are  oilod  and  stuffed  before 
drying. 

Table  98  sets  forth  the  imports  and  exports  of  tan- 
ning materials  for  the  years  ending  June  30,  1891  to 
1905,  as  taken  from  Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the 
United  States,  published  liy  the  Bureavi  of  Statistics, 


T.\BLE  98.— TANNING  MATERIALS— IMPORTS  FOR  CONSUMPTION  AND  DOMESTIC  EXPORTS:  1891  TO  1905. 


IMPOKTS. 

DOMESTIC 
EXPORTS. 

TEAR 

ENDING 

JDNE  30— 

Sumac,  extract  of. 

Sumac,  ground. 

Sumac,  unmanufac- 
tured. 

Hemlock  hark. 

Hemlock 
extract. 

Extracts  other 
than  hemlock. 

Hemlock 

and 

other 

extracts 

(value) . 

other  arti- 
cle:; in 
crude  state 
used  in 
tanning, 
not  spe- 
cially pro- 
vided for 
(value) . 

Bark  and 

extracts 

for  tanning 

(value) . 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Cords. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1891 

2,399,028 
1,902,089 
2,880,210 
1,277,609 
1,604,024 
2,472,923 
2,907,521 
1,266,542 
1,133,662 
1,419,827 
1,613,178 
1,431,354 
1,356,020 
1,341,762 
1,213,494 

J77, 152 
68,853 

108,447 
54,535 
63,260 
78, 504 
84, 150 
48, 399 
38,709 
50,295 
52, 105 
45,375 
50,681 
50,045 
38,572 

11,412,297 

10,822,614 
14,363,922 

8,315,551 
12,242,216 
13,349,233 
18,530,104 

8,336,117 
14,156,344 
10,644,001 

9,935,746 
13,047,249 
13,659,289 
18,007,931 
16, 413,  .560 

8235,729 
225,891 
289,953 
191,333 
236,541 
231,324 
245,992 
121,  461 
202.605 
233,846 
179,  801 
209,324 
199,290 
289,459 
235,403 

2,953,202 
2,841,200 
3, 817,  .568 
970,207 
2,203,645 
1,027,824 
2,117,439 
3,754,307 
3,011,810 
1,048,955 
1,422,822 
1,204,030 
1,131,629 
2,660,936 
3,745,016 

$65,802 
60,657 
70,152 
21,427 
40,021 
24,861 
30,554 
62,553 
42,297 
20,800 
26,138 
20,886 
16.553 
38,723 
51, 162 

57,255 
.53,019 
50,689 
46, 173 
47,286 
43,964 

$274.  426 
2.56, 346 
241,244 
212,350 
230,943 
214, 891 

768,710 

$14,958 

3,310 

12,973 

672 

$229 
408 

"1 

$2,603 
1,918 
8,361 
10,630 
16,629 
23,499 

$241,382 

1892. 

239,708 

1893 

232,269 

1894. 

271,  236 

1895 

S3, 470 
19,046 

290,362 

1890. 

354,007 
241,979 

1897 

1898. 

329, 994 

1899 

309, 693 

1900. 

376, 742 

1901 

16,749 
24,901 
17,041 
14,147 
13,492 

65,313 
103,930 
75, 283 
63,632 
64,098 

46,739 
82,913 
56,592 
92,919 
157,612 

386,238 

1902. 

288,012 

1903. 

239,786 
291,783 

1904.  .  . 

1905. 

552,909 

Class  XIII. — Paints  axd  Varnishes.' 

The  products  of  tliis  class  embrace  pigments,  includ- 
ing dry  white  lead  (basic  lead  carbonate,  corroded  lead, 
ceruse),  sublimed  white  lead  (l:)asic,  oxy-,  or  anhydro- 
Icad  sulphate  usually  containing  some  zinc  oxide),  dry 
white  zinc  (zinc  oxide,  Chinese;  white),  zinc  lead  wliite 
(composed  of  about  equal  parts  of  lead  sulphate  and 
zinc  oxide),  leaded  zinc  o.xidc  (zinc  oxide  containing 
varying  amounts  of  lead  sulphate),  lead  oxides  (lith- 
arge, lead  monoxide,  red  lead,  minium,  orange  lead, 
orange  mine,  orange  mineral),  lampblack  and  other 
carbon  blacks  (vegetable  black,  gas  black,  ivory  black, 
animal  black,  Frankfort,  German,  or  drop  black,  can- 
dle V)lack,  graphite,  plumbago),  barytes  (barium  .sul- 
pliatc,  heavy  spar,  "sugar,"  blanc  fixe),  fine  colors 
(artists'  colors,  including  among  others  true  vermilion, 
Chinese  vermilion,  cadmium  yellow,  trvu;  chrome  green, 
cobalt  green,  cobalt  blue,  ultramarine  blue,  Chinese 
blue,  cerulemii,  umber,  Vandyke  bnjwn,  sepia,  and 
bister),  iron  oxides  and  other  eartli  colors  (rouge,  light 
red,  Indian  red,  red  oxide,  Venetian  red,  purjjle  oxide, 
scarlet  red,  burn  tsien  till,  1)1  lint  umlirTs,  utid  other  colors 


'  Including  Ixme,  ivory,  aii'l  Imiii|>  lil:ii'k 


obtained  artificially  from  iron  compounds  or  iron  and 
other  earthy  minerals),  dry  colors  (iiicludiiig  all  other 
pigments  in  the  dry  condition  either  simple  or  com- 
pounded), and  pulp  colors  sold  moist;  paints,  includ- 
ing white  leail  and  other  white  pigments  in  oil,  "paints 
in  oil  and  in  paste,"  and  "paints  in  oil  already  mixed 
for  use;"  varnishes  and  jii|)ans,  including  oleoresinous 
varnishes,  spirit  varni.shes,  duminar  and  similar  turpen- 
tine and  benzine  varnishes,  pyroxylin  varnishes,  dr_ying 
japans,  dryers,  baking  japans  and  lacquers,  and  enam- 
els, fillers,  including  litiuid,  ])aste,  and  dry  fillers  and 
putty;  and  water  paints  and  kalsomine,  including 
water  paints  drj'  or  in  paste,  and  water  paints  already 
mixed  for  use. 

This  classification,  therefore,  covers  many  forms  of 
industry,  such  as  the  corroding  of  lead;  roasting  lead 
to  form  the  o.xides;  volatilizing  and  oxidizing  galena 
to  form  sublimed  lead;  distilling  zinc  and  biiniitig  its 
vapors  to  produce  zinc  white;  grinding  and  bleaching 
barite,  heavy  spar,  cawk,  or  lead  bloom  to  form  bary- 
tes, or  the  artificini  furiniition  of  barium  suljihate  to 
produce  blanc  li.xe;  Ihermolyzing  hydrocarbons  and 
other  carbonaceous  compounds  to  produce  carbon 
l)lacks,    llic    cli'clric    furnace    prodiiclioii    of   nrtificial 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


461 


grapliite;  and  the  large  iiiiiiilicr  of  clKMiiical  processes 
through  which  a  great  variety  of  colors  are  formed,  the 
mechanical  processes  of  grinding  colors  in  oil  or  other 
vehicles  to  produce  paint,  and  the  physical  process  of 
dissolving  gums  in  solvents  to  produce  varnishes. 

Table   99. — Paints    and   varnishes — comparative    summary,    with 
amount  and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


Niimljpr  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salarieil    offlcials,    clerics,    etc 

number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number. 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

1905 

1900 

604 
$77,149,357 

4,455 

$5,725,941 

11,833 

86,368,767 

$9,720,791 

$00,030,070 

$91,487,326 

615 
$60,834,921 

3,731 

$5,040,301 

9,782 

$4,971,697 

$5,122,381 

$44,844,229 

$69,922,022 

49 
$16,314,436 

724 

$685,640 

2,051 

$1,397,070 

$4,.»8,410 

815,185,841 

$21,565,304 

8.0 
26.8 

19.4 
13.6 
21.0 
28.1 
89.8 
33.9 
30.8 


The  statistics  of  Table  99  show  an  increase  in  every 
item,  particularly  noteworthy  being  those  in  value  of 
products  and  in  capital,  .«21,565,304  and  $16,314,436, 
respectivelj-.  The  largest  proportional  increase,  89.8 
per  cent,  was  in  miscellaneous  expenses,  while  cost  of 
materials  ranked  next,  the  relative  increase  in  this 
latter  item  slightly  exceeding  that  in  value  of  products. 
It  is  evident  that  there  has  been  a  material  develop- 
ment in  the  industry  since  the  last  census,  the  in- 
crease in  the  value  of  products  in  particular  reported 
for  the  five-year  period  at  the  census  of  1905  being 
markedly  greater  than  the  corresponding  increase  in 
the  ten-year  period  between  the  censuses  of  1890  and 
1900. 

Table  100  shows,  for  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905, 
the  quantity  and  value  of  the  different  products  of  the 
paint  and  varnish  industry,  including  bone,  ivory,  and 
lamp  black,  for  all  establishments  where  they  were 
manufactured  either  as  principal  or  subsidiary  prod- 
ucts, including  also  the  quantity  and  value  of  such 
products  as  were  consumed  in  processes  of  further 
manufacture  in  the  same  establishments  where  they 
were  originally  produced. 

The  statistics  of  Table  100  show  an  increase  in  everj' 
item  except  in  the  quantity  of  dry  wliite  lead,  dry 
colors,  and  of  liquid  drs'ers,  the  value  of  iron  oxides 
and  other  earth  colors,  and  in  both  the  cjuantity  and 
value  of  paints  in  oil,  in  paste.  In  the  case  of  both  the 
dry  colors  and  the  litiuid  dryers  the  value  has  increased, 
which  would  indicate  that  superior  and  more  efficient 
articles  are  being  produced  thereby  rendering  a  smaller 
quantity  adequate  for  a  given  amount  of  work.  It 
may  be  mentioned  that  both  of  these  products  are 
used  in  the  compounding  of  paints  ready  mixed  for 
use,  that  they  may  therefore  be  consumed  in  such 
further  manufacture  in  the  establishment  where 
originally  produced,  and  that  there  is,  as  already 
pointetl  out,  an  increasing  tendency  on  the  part  of 
manufacturers  to  pursue  this  practice;  it  has  not, 
however,  been  possible  in  this  investigation  to  ascer- 


tain definitely  the  quantities  so  used.  The  decrease 
in  both  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  paints  in  oil,  in 
paste  is  more  than  offset  bj-  the  increa.se  in  quantity 
and  value  of  both  wdiite  lead  in  oil  and  in  {)aints  ready 
mixed  for  use,  which  indicates  a  growing  tendency  on 
the  part  of  the  consumer  to  mix  his  colors  at  his  con- 
venience and  to  suit  his  own  taste,  or  to  use  the  ready 
mixed  paints  in  preference  to  buying  separately  the 
colored  paint  in  oil,  in  paste  and  the  vehicle,  and  then 
compounding  them  for  use. 

Table  1 OO. — Paints  and  varnishes — quantity  and  value  of  products: 
1905  and  1900. 


190.5 


1900 


Quantity.        Value.     [|  Quantity.       Value. 


White  lead,  dry,  tons 

Oxides  of  lead,  tons 

Oxides  of  zinc,  tons 

"Lampblack,  pounds 

Fine  colors,  pounds 

Iron  oxides  and  other  earth 

colors,  tons 

Dry  colors,  tons 

Pulp  colors  sold  moist,  pounds 

White  lead,  in  oil,  tons 

Paints  in  oil,  in  paste,  tons 

Paints  ready  mi.xed.  gallons.. 
Oil  and  turpentine  varnishes, 

gallons 

Alcohol  varnishes,  gallons 

I'yroxylin  varnishes,  gallons.. 

Liquid  dryers,  gallons 

Liquid  Qliers,  gallons 

Putty,  pounds 

A\'ater  paints,  dry  or  in  paste, 

pounds 

.\ll  other  products 


1120,046 

•.36,66.3 

58,743 

20,298,385 

8,030,330 

'24,723 

«61,894 

25,505,482 

'114,816 

67,021 

22, 755, 018 

8 17, 929,  403 

» 1,542,562 

">  458, 361 

"5,201,187 

1,059,948 

43,931,556 

28, 457, 447 


'$11,761,909 

'4,001,775 

4,330,394 

640, 701 

1,091,85.) 

'342.816 

«  4, 5.T0, 295 

931,131 

'11,790,482 

8,892,755 

20,771,387 

•16,170,614 

9  2,202,645 

10  562,629 

113,998,635 

786, 517 

728, 468 

936,607 
14,827,101 


« 127,340 

•32,233 

37.557 

7,670.931 

3,898,447 

17,4,54 
75,909 

20,060,935 
59,506 
95, 710 

17,437,311 

14,804,251 
553,432 
171, 127 
6,664,370  ! 
123,552  • 

17,287,323 

14,412,653  i 


•$9,317,765 

« 2, 958. 184 

2,718,700 

425,028 

1,009,096 

367,987 
3,655,718 
861,5.31 
6,127,960 
11,751,240 
15,302,481 

14, 530, 159 
921,169 
187.626 
3,085,954 
112,921 
238,427 

744,024 
4,939,215 


I  Including  88,823  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  88,882,300,  consumed  in  estab- 
lishments where  manufactured. 

!  Including  68,SU  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $4,816,707, consumed  inestab- 
lishments  where  manufactured. 

» Including  4,925  tons,  with  an  assigned  %'alue  of  $492,500,  consumed  in  estab- 
lishments where  manufactured. 

'Including  1,040  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $95,441,  consumed  in  estab- 
lishments where  manufactured. 

'  Including  310  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $6,200,  consumed  in  establish- 
ments where  manufactured. 

1 1ncluding  619  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $6,190,  consumed  in  establish- 
ments where  manufactured. 

'  Including  5  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $500,  consumed  in  establishments 
where  manufactured. 

*  Including  605,684  gallons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $466,377,  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 

'Including  5,200  gallons,  with  an  assigned  valueof  $3,432,  consumed  in  estab- 
lishments where  manufactured. 

10  Including  5,.S00  gallons,  with  an  assigned  valueof  $6,670,  consumed  in  estab- 
lishments where  manufactured. 

II  Including  84;i,6.S2  gallons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $649,635,  consumed  in 
estalishments  where  manufactured. 

In  explanation  of  the  falling  off  in  the  quantity  of 
dry  wliite  lead  reported  in  1905,  together  with  the 
large  increase  in  the  quantity  of  white  lead  in  oil,  it 
may  be  stated  that  it  appears  probable,  after  a  care- 
ful scnitinj-  and  checking  of  the  returns  for  both 
censuses,  that  in  1900  a  considerable  quantity  of 
white  lead  in  oil  may  have  been  tabulated  as  "'white 
lead,  dr\-,"'  for  the  reason  that  at  that  census  many 
establishments  returned  white  lead  without  incU- 
cating  whether  it  was  dry  or  in  oil.  or  furnishing  a 
criterion  hx  which  this  fact  could  be  definitely  ascer- 
tained. As  each  of  these  substances  was  specifically 
called  for  in  1905,  the  separation  has  undoubtedly 
been  made  more  completely  in  the  present  report. 

A  means  of  checking  the  figures  for  dry  wliite  lead 
is  found  in  the  quantity  of  pig  lead  used  in  the  paint 
and  varnish  industrv.  Out  of  the  total  quantity 
reported,  40,011  tons  were  used  in  the  manufacture 


462 


MANUFACTURES. 


of  lead  pipe,  sheet  lead,  solder,  and  other  manufac- 
tures of  lead.  By  calculation  based  on  the  residue, 
the  quantities  reported  for  dn*  wliite  lead  have  been 
confirmed. 

Although  Table  100  gives  for  the  most  part  a  rea- 
sonably accurate  presentation  of  the  paint  and  var- 
nish industry  so  far  as  those  products  wluch  are  pro- 
duced for  sale  are  concerned,  yet  the  actual  manu- 
facture of  these  substances  for  use  is  probably  much 
greater.  It  is  well  knowTi  that  large  establishments 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cars  and  other  struc- 
tures on  an  extensive  scale  use  large  cjuantities  of 
paint  in  the  preservation  and  decoration  of  their  prod- 
ucts, and  it  is  a  sound  pohcy  for  these  establishments 
to  manufacture  a  material  wliich  they  consume  so 
largely,  but  no  means  are  at  hand  by  which  to  deter- 
mine the  extent  of  this  manufacture.  Again  it  is 
known  that  litharge  is  used  in  the  making  of  glass. 
In  1900 '  there  were  used  for  this  purpose  8,386,106 
pounds,  costing  $490,200,  and  in  1905,  9,613,649 
pounds,  costing  $555,130.  It  has  long  been  a  prac- 
tice in  some  glass  works  to  manufacture  there  the 
litharge  consumed  in  the  making  of  the  glass,  and  the 
item  in  Table  100  for  oxides  of  lead  contains  the  returns 
for  such  litharge  in  1900,  although  not  for  1905. 

Table    101. — Paints  and  varnishes — number  of  establishments,  by 
states:  1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

United  States. 

"712 

>652 

3 

24 

S 

14 

4 

1 

1 

6 

OC 

IG 

5 

3 

14 

3 

1 

13 

3S 

10 

8 

1 

41 

3 

I 

53 

134 

2 

77 

4 

112 

5 

4 

2 

1 

4 

0 

11 

12 

California 

It) 

Colorado 

3 

Connecticut 

11 

2 

District  of  Columbia 

2 

Florida 

Georgia 

5 

lUlnols 

53 

Iowa 

(i 

12 

4 

3 

Maryland 

10 

46 

Michigan 

17 

7 

MisHls.sinpi ' 

1 

30 

Ncbraslca 

3 

Nevada 

1 

New  Jersey 

GO 

New  Yorlc 

12a 

Nortli  Carolina '. 

2 

Ohio 

G7 

Oregon 

4 

111 

Khdil.;  Island 

0 

Texas 

5 

2 

V'lrKliilii 

2 

3 

VVii.l,  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

7 

'  Includes  48  rstabllshmintH  iiigagi'd  primarily  In  the  inuniiriii  lure?  of  other 
I»rodii'-tH. 

>  Iniludcs  M  cfituliliHhnii'nIs  cngagid  prlmiirlly  In  the  tniiniiriietiiri'  nf  other 
IirfKldcts. 

.\t  both  con.siiHPs  .\'e\v  York  niiikcd  lirsi,  I'cnnsyl- 
vaiiia  .second,  and  Oliio  third  in  I  he  luiiiibcr  of  cslal)- 


lishments,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  both  report- 
ing over  a  hundred  establishments  at  each  census.  In 
1905  Illinois,  wliich  stood  fifth  at  the  census  of  1900, 
exchanged  places  with  New  Jersey,  which  stood 
fourth,  while  a  similar  exchange  occurred  between  Mis- 
souri and  Massachusetts  for  the  sixth  and  seventh 
places.  Cahfornia  ranked  eighth  Avith  24  establish- 
ments. No  other  state  reported  20  establishments 
at  either  census.  The  largest  increase  in  the  number 
of  establishments  was  in  Missouri  and  West  Virginia, 
which  reported  a  gain  of  11  each.  Twelve  states  and 
territories  reported  a  decrease,  the  largest  loss,  11 
estabhshments,  being  shown  for  Massachusetts. 

Table  102. — Paints  and  varnishes — value  of  products,  by  geographic 
divisions:  1905  and  1900. 


DIVISION. 

1905 

1900 

898,804,910 

$74,343,037 

61,987,750 

43,330,875 

3,888,090 
48,099,660 

1,614,425 

4,009,504 

Southern  North  Atlantic 

39,321,371 
934,288 

South  Atlantic  division 

1,333,762 
290,673 

39,943,931 

748,610 
185,678 

27,133,057 

Southern  South  Atlantic  .   .. 

North  Central  division 

Eastern  North  Central. . . 

30,567,947 
9,375,984 

1,770,765 

20,688  785 

6,444,272 
1,039,0,85 

1,670,290 
200,475 

3,488,039 

860,053 

Western  South  Central 

179,932 
1,904,832 

Western  division 

Rocky  Mountain  and  Basin  and  Plateau 

666,619 
2,821,620 

309,775 

1,595,057 

'  Ccnaua  nf  Maniifa<'tiiro)i,  190.5,  Bulletin  62,  paRc  26. 


The  statistics  of  Table  102  show  an  increase  in  the 
value  of  the  products  for  1905  as  compared  with  1900 
in  every  main  division  and  subdivision  presented 
except  in  New  England,  in  which  there  was  a  decrease 
of  $121,414,  or  3  per  cent.  The  greatest  actual  in- 
crease in  one  of  the  main  divisions,  $12,810,874,  is 
reported  from  the  North  Central  division,  followed 
by  the  North  Atlantic  with  an  increase  of  $8,656,875. 
The  greatest  proportional  increase,  83.1  per  cent,  is 
found  in  the  Western  division  followed  by  tlie  South 
Atlantic  with  an  increase  of  72.8  per  cent,  although 
the  absolute  increase  in  these  divisions  is  rehitively 
small.  At  each  census  the  North  Atlantic  division 
stood  first  in  the  vnlue  of  products,  reporting  52.6 
per  cent,  or  more  than  half  of  the  total  value  rc^turned 
in  1905,  the  Southern  North  Atlantic  niiiior  division 
alone  reporting  48.7  per  cent.  'IMie  North  ('(Mitral 
division  ranked  second  at  both  censuses,  followed  by 
the  Western,  South  Centnil,  and  South  Atlantic 
divisions  in  the  order  nunied. 

Table  lO.'i  sets  forth  the  (|iiimtities  and  values  of 
the  more  imporltint,  materials  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  ])aints  and  \iiniislies,  either  as  a  |)iin('i|)Ml  or 
subsidiary  |)rodii((,  as  ii'lnrncd  at  (lir  censuses  of 
1900  and  HIO.^.. 


CIUOMK^ALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


463 


Table  10.'3. — raiiils  (uul  vdndnlKS  —iiunnlilij  (iml  coal  of  principal 
.  iiKilniiils  used:  1905  and  1900. 


Alcohol,  grain,  gallons 

Alcohol,  wood ,  gjiUons 

BaryUis,  natural  and  artifi- 
cial, pounds 

Bcn7,in(\  gallons 

Dry  colors,  pounds 

Gums,  pounds 

Iron  o,\ides  and  other  earth 
colors,  tons 

Lead  oxides,  pounds 

Linseed  oil,  gallons 

Pig  lead,  tons 

Turpentine,  gallons 

White  Iciid,  pounds 

AVhiting,  pounds 

Zinc  white,  pounds 


Quantity. 


59,064 
1,3.-)7,6S2 

47, 788, 102 

13, 306,  420 

151,986,244 

37, 712, 476 

63, 610 

3, 690, 402 

20, 642,  781 

129,  629 

7,160,774 

!61,758,0(i8 

46, 598, 424 

65, 408, 503 


Cost. 


8138, 703 
790, 243 

218,  692 
1,276,  .578 
.5,322,1.57 
4,329,031 

518,9.50 

242, 475 

7,904.978 

11,214,961 

3,  .590, 2.50 

2  3,040,065 

332, 836 

2,814,710 


1900 


Quantity. 


78, 309 
310, 059 

59, 675, 207 
10,081,945 


36, 533, 632 

20, 993 

6,118,576 

16,1.57,117 

99,052 

6, 519,  408 

39, 689. 235 

10. 690,  441 

45, 178, 276 


Cost. 


817.5,907 
285, 510 

'241,778 
1,04.5,488 
4,258,959 
3,  470, 695 

1 .337, 733 

1 429, 121 

7,  495, 190 

8, 585, 688 

2,965,051 

1,970,614 

55, 157 

12,531,037 


■  Included  in  ' '  dry  colors  "in  Twelfth  Census  Bulletin  No.  210. 
2  Includes  342,014  pounds  of  white  lead  in  oil,  valued  at  816.335. 

The  statistics  of  Table  103  show  an  increase  in  every 
item  except  the  quantity  and  vahie  of  grain  alcohol, 
of  barytes,  and  of  lead  oxides.  The  marked  increase 
in  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  wood  alcohol  used 
indicates  that  it  has  been  substituted  for  the  more  ex- 
pensive tax-paid  grain  alcohol.  At  the  same  time,  in 
the  pjToxylin  varnish  industry,  other  cheaper  solvents 
than  grain  alcohol  have  come  into  use.  The  decreases 
in  the  barytes  and  lead  oxides  have  probably  resulted 
also  from  the  substitution  of  other  pigments  and  dryers 
for  these  substances.  The  largest  increase  in  quantity 
is  found  in  the  item  of  iron  oxides  and  other  earth  col- 
ors, amounting  to  42,617  tons,  or  203  per  cent;  wliile 
the  largest  increase  in  value  was  that  of  $2,629,273, 
or  30.6  per  cent,  reported  for  pig  lead.  A  comparison 
of  the  amount  of  pig  lead  returned  in  1900  and  1905 
with  the  dry  wliite  lead  reported  as  produced  at  these 
censuses  tends  to  confirm  the  statement  previously 
made  that  in  1900  the  statistics  for  dry  white  lead 
probably  included  a  quantity  of  wliite  lead  in  oil  also. 

The  growth  of  the  industry  is  brought  out  more 
clearly  in  Table  104,  wliich  shows  the  number  of  estab- 
lishments, capital,  number  of  employees  (including 
both  salaried  employees  and  wage-earners),  and  value 
of  products  reported  for  the  industry  at  each  census 
from  1850  to  1905,  inclusive.  Establishments  manu- 
facturing paints  or  varnishes  as  subsidiary  products  are 
not  included. 


Table  104. — I'uuUs  and  varnishcs- 

1905. 


-comparative  summary:  1860  to 


CENSUS. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

Num- 
Ijer  of 
em- 
ploy- 
ees. 

Value  of 
products.! 

1905. . . 

664 
615 
546 
343 
224 
164 

877,149,357 
60.8.34,921 
46,945,797 
17,960,742 
13,949,740 
7,402,697 
3,217,100 

16,288 
13,513 
10,973 
5,280 
3,504 
2,216 
1,579 

$91,487,326 
69,922,022 
55,264,711 
29,773,317 

1900 

1890 

1S80   . 

1870 

18li0... 

11   107  342 

1850 

68 

5,466,052 

1  Includes  custom  woriv  and  repairing. 


are  found  occurring  as 
known  to  the  ancients. 


It  will  he  observed  (iiat  there  has  been  a  steady 
increase  from  census  to  census  in  everj'  item  shown  in 
Table  104,  and  that  there  has  been  no  abnormal 
growth  in  any  one  item  as  compared  with  the  others. 
The  increase  in  number  of  establishments  is  j)er- 
haps  particuliuly  not(^worthy,  as  many  imlustries 
showed  a  falling  off  in  tliis  item  at  the  censuses  of  1900 
and  1905,  as  a  result  of  the  prevailing  tendency  to 
concentration. 

Lead  oxides  and  carbonate 
minerals  in  the  earth  and  wen 
Minium  was  used  as  a  rouge  and  white  lead  as  a 
cosmetic  by  the  Romans  and  Atlienians.  White  lead 
was  also  used  by  the  Romans  as  a  body  for  their  paints. 
Its  manufacture  was  descrilied  by  Theophrastus 
about  300  B.  C,  the  method  followed  being  to  place 
sheets  of  lead  in  pots  wdth  vinegar  or  wine  lees  and 
allow  them  to  stand,  whereby,  evidently  through  the 
action  of  the  carbon  dioxide  of  the  air,  the  basic  lead 
acetate  first  formed  was  converted  into  basic  car- 
bonate. This  practice  with  some  improvements 
appears  to  have  been  revnved  in  Holland  about  the 
sixteenth  century.  This  method  is  still  known  as  the 
Dutch  process,  and  is  held  to  give  a  white  lead  of 
superior  covering  power  which  is  especially  valued 
as  a  basis  for  colored  pigments  in  the  manufacture  of 
mix^d  paints. 

The  process  as  practiced  in  this  countrj"  is  de- 
scribed in  a  circular  of  the  Sterling  White  Lead  Com- 
pany, as  follows: 

The  pig,  ur  metallic  lead,  is  melted  and  ca.st  into  perforated 
disks  called  "buckles,"  6  inches  in  diameter,  which  are  put  into 
pots  containing  about  1  pint  of  \'inegar.  These  are  placed  in 
rooms  holding  ten  layers,  or  tiers,  600  to  1,000  pots  each.  The  pots 
are  covered  with  boards,  and  layers  of  spent  tan  bark  placed  be- 
tween each  tier.  The  rooms,  technically  called  "beds,"  are  kept 
closed  from  three  to  four  months.  During  this  period  the  heat 
and  carbonic  acid  gas  generated  by  fermentation  of  the  tan,  together 
with  the  acid  vapors,  combine  to  corrode  the  lead  into  a  white 
flaky  substance.  This,  after  it  is  crushed,  screened,  ground  in 
water,  and  dried,  forms  the  white  lead  of  commerce,  and  is  either 
sold  in  the  dry  state  to  mixed  paint  and  color  manufacturers,  or 
ground  in  linseed  oil  and  sold  under  corroder's  brand  for  general 
painting  purposes.  The  works  comprise  a  corroding  house  78  by 
4.50  feet,  containing  34  corroding  beds  with  a  capacity  of  60  tons  of 
pig  lead  each  every  one  hundred  days,  with  ample  room  for  addi- 
tional beds  when  requii-ed;  an  iron  building  containing  the  buckle 
machine,  pig  lead  storeroom  and  machine  shop;  an  iron  boiler 
house  equipped  with  three  safety  boilers  of  over  600  horsepower; 
an  exceptionally  solid  mill  building  of  brick  and  stone,  75  by  150 
feet,  four  stories  high,  with  a  fine  light  and  diy  basement;  an  iron 
and  frame  building  containing  the  oxide  furnaces  and  plant,  with  a 
capacity  of  1.200  tons  of  red  lead  and  litharge  annually:  a  bark- 
extracting  plant  sufficient  to  supply  all  the  tan  bark  required  for 
coiToding;  and  a  pumping  house  on  the  river  bank  equipped  with 
a  fine  steam  pumping  engine.  The  corroding  department  is 
equipped  for  the  "old  Dutch"  process  exclusively  (one  hundred 
days'  corrosion),  but  instead  of  the  usual  arduous  and  tediousmethod 
of  charging  and  discharging  the  beds  by  hand,  an  electric  traveling 
crane  has  been  introduced.  This  crane,  with  a  capacity  of  3 
tons,  travels  the  entire  length  of  the  corroding  beds,  and  is  utilized 
for  quickly  and  economically  handling  the  charged  pots,  the  tan 


464 


MANUFACTURES. 


bark,  and  the  corroded  product.  With  this  ^rane  it  is  possible  to 
conduct  all  the  work  of  charging  in  a  much  shorter  time  and  with 
far  fewer  hands  in  proportion  to  tonnage  than  is  possible  in  any 
other  "old  Dutch"  process  works  in  the  world.  The  dust-proof 
separator  has  a  capacity  of  50  tons  daily,  and  there  are  two  double 
run  water  mills,  with  a  combined  daily  capacity  of  30  tons.  These 
are  run  in  connection  with  14  cedar  settling  tanks  holding  about 
100  barrels  each.  The  drj-ing  rooms  on  the  top  floor  are  fiu-nished 
with  17  pans  with  a  present  capacity  for  1.50  tons  a  week,  with  room 
for  additions  if  necessar>'.  Of  these  pans,  C  are  of  the  ordinary 
steam-jacket  tj-pe.  but  these  are  stion  to  be  replaced  with  new  pans 
of  the  filter  t>-pe,  which  are  in  exclusive  use  at  this  plant.  The 
combined  steam  and  filter  drjnng  pan  is  an  invention  of  the  Sterling 
Company.  It  comprises  an  inclined  bed,  with  a  false  bottom  of 
brass  wire  cloth  covered  with  filtering  fabric,  underneath  which 
lies  a  series  of  steam  coils.  Instead,  therefore,  of  having  to  provide 
sufficient  heat  units  to  evaporate  all  the  moisture  from  the  pulp, 
only  enough  is  consumed  to  evaporate  the  residue  that  can  not  be 
drawn  off  by  gravity  and  filtration.  The  saving  in  coal  consump- 
tion and  in  time  is  apparent  at  once.  But  the  improvement  is  still 
more  significant  in  its  effectiveness  as  an  additional  washing  process. 
With  the  ordinary  drj-ing  pan  any  acetic  acid  retained  in  the  pulp 
after  settling  remains  in  the  finished  product,  but  with  these  filter 
pans  it  is  drained  off  to  the  last  degree.  The  oil  grinding  plant 
comprises  10  double  buhr  mills,  with  a  combined  daily  capacity  of 
2  carloads  of  ground  lead,  with  mixers  adequate  to  supply  all  the 
mills.  The  mills  are  all  set  on  ponderous  brick  piers  extending  to 
solid  foundations.  An  improvement  over  the  ordinary  practice 
with  oil  grinding  consists  in  allowing  all  the  ground  lead  to  cool  in 
tubs  before  packing.  The  mill  is  also  equipped  with  a  pulverizing 
machine  in  connection  with  the  automatic  packer  for  reducing  the 
dry  lead  for  barreling.  The  bark-extracting  plant  was  established 
for  the  purpose  of  insuring  a  permanently  adequate  supply  of  tan 
for  corrosion,  as  well  as  to  control  the  quality  of  the  tan  provided. 
Chestnut  oak  l)ark  is  procured  from  the  adjacent  country,  and  the 
plant  i.^  similar  to  those  installed  at  first-class  tanneries,  with  a 
vacuum  pan  for  reducing  the  extract. 

Theoretically,  100  part.s  by  weij^ht  of  lead  should 
yield  124.8  part.s  of  lead  carbonate,  ])iit  in  practice  the 
yield.s  var>'  from  106  to  117  parts  of  dry  white  lead. 
The  dross,  or  skimininfjs,  is  used  in  further  manufacture. 

In  addition  to  the  Dutch  ])rocess  there  are  the 
English  process,  in  which  lithar<;;e  i.s  moistened  with  a 
solution  of  lead  acetate  and  the  mi.xture  .stirred  by 
machinerj'  in  an  atmosj)herc  of  carbon  dio.xide  gas 
produced  by  the  combustion  of  coke,  ami  the  French 
process,  in  which  a  current  of  carbon  dio.xide  is  passed 
tl«'ougli  a  solution  of  l)asic  lead  acetate;  l)ut  neither 
of  tliese  appears  to  be  in  use  in  this  country,  tlidii^di 
mention  is  made  in  literature,  but  wilhout  desciip- 
tions,  of  the  use  of  ''quick"  prf)cesses.  (^uilc  a  mnn- 
ber  of  electrolytic  processes  f(jr  llic  |)niilu(licin  nf  white 
lead  have  })een  devi.sed,  but  tliesc  do  not  a|)|)car  in 
practice,  either  because  the  product  is  not  sat isfactury 
or  the  operating  costs  do  not  compete  successfully  with 
those  of  the  older  methods. 

Sublimed  white  lead  is  a  stricliy  .\iiicrican  |ir<idu<t, 
the  |)rocess  for  its  manufacture  having  been  invented 
and  patented  Ijy  Me-ssrs.  E.  ().  Hartlett  and  (leorge  T. 
Ijewis.  This  substance  is  an  oxy-  or  aidiydro-  lead 
Huiphat(^  which  is  obtained,  without  grinding,  in  the 
form  of  an  im[)al[)ablc  whiter  powder,  having  a  specific 
gravity  of  (i.'2,  liigh  covering  power  and  wearing  (|uali- 
ties,  and  a  high  (hrgrce  of  resistance  In  liliickcning 
wlien  exposed    to  llic   sMl|)linr   coniixjunds   ncciiriing 


in  fuel  ami  sewer  gases.  Furthermore,  as  it  is  diffi- 
cultly soluble,  it  is  free  from  the  poisonous  properties 
wliich  characterize  many  other  lead  compounds.  The 
methods  employed  in  its  manufacture  are  described 
as  follows : ' 

Viewed  in  the  gross  the  process  is  most  simple:  Tlie  sulphide  ore 
of  lead  (galena)  is  heated  to  the  sublimation  point  and  the  heated 
vapors,  taking  up  oxygen  from  the  air,  are  transformed  from  the 
sulphide  into  the  oxy-sulphate  of  lead.  But  in  detail  the  trans- 
formation is  not  so  easily  or  simply  accomplished.  To  comprehend 
thoroughly,  we  must  liegin  with  the  ore  and  follow  it  through  the 
succesinve  steps  of  manipulation.  The  "mineral,"  as  it  is  called 
in  miners'  phrase,  after  being  taken  from  the  mine,  is  finely  crushed, 
washed,  and  separated  by  a  gravity  process  known  as  "jigging" 
from  accompanjnng  rock  and  other  minerals.  In  this  purified 
condition  it  is  delivered  to  the  works,  where  it  is  again  crushed, 
sized,  and  inspected.  The  ores  of  this  district  are  the  purest  in  the 
world,  and  the  Picher  plant  was  located  at  Joplin  because  of  this 
fact;  nevertheless  great  care  is  taken  in  their  preparation  for  the 
furnaces.  The  ore  thus  prepared  is  charged,  with  proper  carbon 
fuel,  into  patent  furnaces  of  different  types  specially  constructed 
for  the  different  stages  of  the  process.  In  the  last  stage  the  charge  is 
subjected  to  a  heat  sufficiently  intense  to  vaporize  the  lead  contents 
with  sufficient  access  of  air  to  oxidize  it  into  a  basic  sulphate  com- 
pound of  lead.  Powerful  suction  fans  carry  these  volatilized  vapors 
through  a  long  series  of  sheet  iron  pipes  or  flues  up  around  and 
through  the  famous  "goose  necks,"  the  oxidation  being  completed 
ditring  the  progress,  until  the  cooled  and  condensed  white  vapors  of 
lead  oxy-sulphate  are  finally  collected  in  fabric  condensers,  which 
allow  the  gases  of  combustion  to  escape  through  their  meshes. 
These  condensers  or  collectors  are  in  the  form  of  long  bags,  hung 
perpendicularly  in  a  large  building,  technically  known  as  the  "bag 
house."  When  it  is  remembered  that  in  this  process  a  pure  lead 
pigment  is  carried  in  the  form  of  vapor  through  a  series  of  winding 
flues  for  a  distance  of  practically  1,000  feet,  until  it  is  finally  caught 
and  retained  in  the  fabric  strainers  (bags),  it  will  be  realized  that 
the  pigment  particles  must  be  in  a  fine  state  of  subdivision.  As  a 
matter  of  fact  tliese  ultimate  particles  of  dry  sulilimed  white  lead 
are  so  fine  as  to  be  practically  formless — perfectly  amorphous. 
Many  pigments,  especially  those  formed  by  slow  processes  of  pre- 
cipitation, corrosion,  etc.,  are  either  crystalline  or  crjiitocrystalline, 
to  use  the  chemical  term;  but  no  other  pigment,  except  lampblack, 
approaches  sublimed  lead  in  fineness  and  absence  of  structure;  and 
there  is  no  other  ])igment  to  which  it  can  be  compared  in  durability. 
The  two  are  prailically  equal  in  this  respect,  though  there  are  many 
instances  in  which  the  lettering  painted  with  Picher  Sublimed 
Wliite  Lead  on  a  lampblack  ground  has  remained  iiUacI  after  the 
ground   bad  disappeared. 

According  to  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt"  the  production  of 
sublimed  lead  in  the  United  States  from  l!)02  to  1904 
was  as  follows: 


YEAR. 

Quantity 
(pounds) . 

Valuo. 

1904 

12,954.000 
8, 592, 000 

KiiiO.BS; 

ltK)3                                                              

;i.sii.ii40 

1902 

9.41)5.5(K) 

449.611 

Another  white  pigment  produced  in  tliis  cotmtry  by 

the  iixidi/.ing  smelting  of  lead  and  /.inc  ores  in  a  fur- 
nace of  spci'ial  <lesign  is  known  as  zinc  lead,  and  is 
composed  piinci|)ally  of  lead  and  zinc  oxides.  Accord- 
ing to  Pratt  '  I  he  prndiiclidii  in  I  lie  United  States  from 
I'.tOl  to  1904  was  as  follows: 

'Tlie  Story  of  Picher  Sublimed  While  Lead,  pages  S  lo  10. 
■■'Tlw  Produclion  of  Mineral  Paints  in  J!)01,  page  IK. 

■'  llli.t.    IKlg.'    19. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


465 


YEAR. 

Quantity 

(tons). 

Value. 

1904 

5,779 
4,500 
4,000 
2,600 

tiOi, 530 

IflOi 

247,500 

1902 .... 

225,000 

1901 

160,000 

Zinc  white,  also  known  as  Chinese  white,  is  zinc 
oxide.     According  to  Dudley,'  it  is  produced  as  follows : 

In  Leclaire's  i)roci'.s.s  zinc  is  volatilized  in  rotorts,  and  the  hot 
vapors  of  metallic  zinc  issuing  are  met  by  a  current  of  air,  which 
completely  oxidizes  them.  The  residting  products  of  combustion 
are  led  through  a  series  of  pipes  and  chambers,  where  the  zinc 
oxide  is  deposited  in  the  shape  of  a  flocculent,  impalpable  white 
powder.  This  method  of  production,  commonly  known  as  the 
"French  process,"  was  the  only  on<'  in  use  until  Samuel  T.  Jones, 
an  American,  invented,  in  1850,  a  furnace  for  the  direct  sublima- 
tion of  zincite  into  the  oxide  of  zinc.  Zincite,  which  occurred  as 
an  ore  at  Sterling  Hill,  N.  J.,  was  soon  exhausted,  and  were  it  not 
for  the  invention  of  another  American,  Col.  Samuel  Wetherill, 
the  paint  trade  would  be  dependent  for  zinc  white  entirely  upon 
that  produced  by  the  more  expensive  and  roimdabout  French 
process.  Colonel  Wetherill's  invention  consists  in  mixing  the 
Franklinite  ore,  mined  at  Sterling  Hill  and  Franklin,  N.  J.,  with 
finely  divided  anthracite  coal  and  oxidizing  it  in  a  closed  furnace, 
an  air  blast  apjilied  under  a  perforated  grate  supplying  the  necessary 
oxygen.  The  products  of  combustion  are  carried  through  a  long 
series  of  pipes  and  condensing  chamljcrs,  in  which  all  the  ingre- 
dients except  the  finely  di\-ided  pure  white  zinc  oxide  are  removed, 
the  latter  being  finally  collected  in  long  muslin  bags,  through 
which  the  gases  of  combustion  filter.  By  means  of  this  process 
the  all  but  inexhaustible  deposits  of  Franklinite  ore  existing  in 
Sussex  county,  N.  J.,  were  rendered  available  for  the  production 
of  a  high-grade  zinc  white,  and  a  large  proportion  of  this  pigment 
as  used  in  this  country  has  its  origin  in  these  ore  deposits. 

Zinc  white  is  not  poisonous  and  is  not  blackened  by 
contact  with  hydrogen  sulphide  or  the  vapors  of  other 
sulphides,  a  fact  which  was  observed  as  early  as  1779 
by  Courtois. 

The  lead  oxides  are  obtained  by  roasting  metallic 
lead  in  an  oxidizmg  atmosphere  on  the  hearth  of  a  re- 
verberatory  furnace.  To  obtain  litharge  (PbO)  the 
lead  is  oxidized  in  a  current  of  air  at  a  temperature 
sufficiently  high  to  melt  the  oxide  as  it  forms.  To 
obtain  red  lead,  or  minium,  the  lead  is  oxidized  at  a 
temperature  below  the  melting  point  of  litharge  in  a 
"drossing"  furnace.  The  mixture  of  unmelted  PbO 
and  partirf-les  of  metallic  lead  are  ground  and  levigated 
in  water,  the  oxide  sifted  from  the  particles,  and  then 
roasted,  wHith  stirring  in  an  oxidizing  atmosphere,  in  a 
coloring  furnace  until  the  desired  red  color  is  obtained. 
Minium  has  the  formula  of  Pb,03  or  Pb304.  Orange 
mineral,  wliich  has  an  analogous  formula  but  a  paler 
color  and  a  lower  specific  gra^-ity,  is  obtained  by  roast- 
ing white  lead  or  white  lead  skimmings  in  an  oxidizing 
atmosphere.  Orange  mineral  is  used  as  a  base,  with 
eosin  and  other  aniline  colors,  to  prodtice  artificial 
vermilion.  Theoretically,  100  parts  by  weight  of  lead 
will  yield  108  parts  of  litharge  and  110  parts  of  red 
lead. 

'  Stanton  Dudley,  The  Paint  Question,  page  9. 


Lampblack  is  obtained  by  the  imperfect  combustion 
of  turpentine,  rosin,  fats,  grease,  oils,  coal  tar,  and  gas 
through  chilling  the  flames  from  their  combustion, 
the  lampl)la<k  being  deposited  as  soot  on  the  cold 
surfaces  against  which  the  flames  impinge.  It  is  made 
largely  in  this  country  from  natural  gas,  this  variety 
being  known  as  gas  l)lack  or  carbon  black.  As  pro- 
duced by  deposition  of  the  soot  on  revolving  plates  or 
cylinders  it  forms  one  of  tlm  purest  and  most  desirable 
varieties  of  lampblack.  From  2,000  to  8,000  cubic 
feet  of  gas  are  required  to  produce  1  pound  of  black. 

Barytes  is  ol)tained  from  the  mineral  heavy  spar  or 
tiff  by  grinding  the  cleaned  and  sorted  mineral,  bleach- 
ing it  by  boiling  in  acid  until  the  iron  and  other  stain- 
ing constituents  are  removed  and  washing  with  dis- 
tilled water,  grinding  again  in  buhr  mills  to  the  recjui- 
site  fineness,  and  grading  by  elutriation  in  water. 
When  manganese  dioxide  is  present  a  special  treat- 
ment with  nitrate  of  soda,  salt,  and  sulphuric  acid  is 
required.  Off-colored  barytes  is  used  in  compounding 
colored  paints.  Purified  barytes  mixed  with  an  etpial 
quantity  of  wliite  lead  produces  Venice  white;  with 
one-fourth  its  quantity  of  white  lead  (Dutch  white), 
and  with  an  intermediate  quantity  Hamburg  white. 
Forty  parts  of  cream-floated  barytes  to  60  parts  of 
zinc  oxide  produce  a  paint  which  has  been  used  in  can- 
vasing  hams  to  close  the  meshes  of  the  canvas  so  as  to 
prevent  the  ingress  of  insects  and  air.  Barytes  is  used 
as  a  base  in  compounding  many  colored  pigments. 
Blanc  fixe  is  obtained  as  a  fine  wliite  powder  by  pre- 
cipitating a  barium  salt  with  aluminum  or  other  sul- 
phate. In  the  moist  condition,  containing  from  25  to 
.30  per  cent  of  water,  it  is  used  in  paper  making  and 
cotton  fuiishing.  In  the  dry  condition  it  is  used  as  a 
base  for  coal  tar  colors  in  the  preparation  of  colored 
pigments.  Lithophone  is  a  white  pigment  consisting 
of  barium  sulphate,  zinc  oxide,  and  zinc  sulphide. 

The  individual  substances  constituting  the  fine 
colors,  iron  oxides  and  other  earth  colors,  and  dry 
colors  are  so  numerous  that  their  mere  enumeration 
would  fUl  a  very  considerable  space.  Moreover,  many 
of  them  are  produced  m  but  small  quantities  and 
therefore  can  not  be  considered  separately  in  the 
present  report.  Among  the  more  important  are  true 
vermilion,  produced  by  heating  mercury  with  sulphur 
and  treating  the  product  with  soda  lye,  or  potash  lye 
and  potassium  sulphide,  or  nitric  acid,  to  improve  the 
brilliancy  or  fire;  cadmium  yellow,  ])repared  by  treat- 
ing the  solution  of  a  cadmium  salt  with  hydrogen  sul- 
phide or  ammonimn  sidphide;  and  chrome  green. 
True  chromo  green  is  the  cliromium  trioxide,  CrjOj, 
though  some  authors  include  under  chrome  green  the 
chromium  phosphate,  CrjPjOg,  also,  notwithstanding 
that  it  is  of  inferior  brilliancy.  The  former  is  made  by 
calcining  potassium  bichromate  with  boric  acid  or 
anunonium  cldoride,  or  by  precipitating  the  chromimn 
hvdroxide  from  it  with  caustic  soda  or  sodium  car- 


466 


MANUFACTURES. 


bonate  and  then  calcining  the  hydroxide ;  the  latter  is 
made  by  boiling  a  solution  containing  potassium  bi- 
chromate, sodiimi  phosphate,  and  sodium  thiosul 
j)hate,  when  the  chromium  phosphate  is  precipitated 
out  and  is  collected  and  calcined.  Ultramarine  is 
produced  by  calcining  kaolin  mixed  with  soda  ash, 
sulphur,  sodium  sulphide,  sodium  sulphate,  silica,  and 
rosin.  Fine  colors  are  used  by  artists  and  in  expen- 
sive work  like  the  painting  of  coach  bodies. 

Iron  oxides  and  other  earth  colors  are  artificially 
j)roduced  by  calcining  the  material  in  its  natural  form 
so  as  to  drive  off  water  of  constitution  or  hydration,  or 
carbon  dioxide,  whereby  the  shade  or  color,  and  some- 
times the  condition  of  aggregation  of  the  pigment,  are 
changed.  Venetian  red  and  other  iron  oxides  are  also 
produced  by  precipitating,  with  lime,  the  liquors 
resulting  from  the  pickling  of  iron  or  steel  with  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  calcining  the  precipitate. 

The  term  "dry  colors"  includes  any  dry  pigment 
suitable  for  gruiding  in  a  medium  for  the  production  of 
paint.  Such  pigments  are  produced  largely  by  grind- 
ing together  their  components,  as,  for  example,  bruns- 
wick  green,  which  is  a  mixture  of  barytes,  prussian 
blue,  and  chrome  yellow.  A  considerable  number, 
however,  are  produced  by  strictly  chemical  means. 
For  example,  to  produce  red  shade  prussian  blue,  a 
mixture  of  solutions  of  potassium  ferrocyanide  and 
copperas  is  boiled  with  sulphuric  acid  and  nitrate  of 
iron  till  complete  oxidation  is  reached.  After  wash- 
ing, solutions  of  aluminum  sulphate  anil  soda  ash  are 
added  and  tl>e  blue  precipitate  is  collected,  washed, 
and  dried.  Chrome  yellow  is  obtained  by  precipi- 
tating lead  acetate  with  potassium  bichromate,  and 
satin  white  by  precipitating  alum  with  lime  water  so 
as  to  produce  a  mixture  of  calcium  sulphate  and 
aluminum  hyilroxidc.  These  are  but  a  few  among 
many  examples.  Dry  colors  are  used  as  pigments  in 
the  manufacture  of  paints  and  of  engraving  and 
printing  inks.  To  be  well  adapted  for  these  purposes 
they  nuist  j)ossess  working  quality,  which  comprises 
oil  absorbing  power,  "tackiness,"  stretch,  and  capacity 
for  being  easily  wijjcd  off  a  plate  when  ground  up  with 
oil.  The  (jualities  dep<'n(l  mainly  on  the  base  used  to 
retain  the  ])ignicnt  or  dye,  hut  partly  on  the  fineness 
<if  ihc  niatcriul.  The  mixtures  nl'  nil  urgsinic  coloring 
matter  with  inorganic  bases  such  iis  iduniinuni  hy- 
droxide are  styled  lakes. 

Pulp  colors  are  produced  from  ;nnch  the  same  ma- 
teriids  as  (lr\'  colors,  but  they  have  the  consistency  of  a 
plii>tic  watery  pulp.  They  frequently  contain  a  con- 
sidendilc  i)ercentage  of  chiy,  which  ini|)arts  to  them 
certain  desirable  (|ualities,  sin(;e  they  nuist  he  iidiipted 
for  work  on  a  spreading  machine  when  mixcil  with 
sizing.  Tliey  are  chiefly  used  in  coloring  window 
shades,  hook  coverings,  wtdl  ])aper,  and  gliizeil  piijx'r. 

Paints  in  oil  properly  include  white  lead  in  nil,  since 
tliis  may,  like  the  y)aints,  be  used  in  pidnling  idter  it 
has  ln'cn  extended  hy  means  of  pro|)er  vehicles.  'I'Ik^ 
chief  difference    is  that   j)aints   contain  pigments  iin<l 


some  turpentine  in  addition  to  white  lead.  A  typical 
composition  for  paints  in  oil,  in  paste,  is  white  lead  10 
parts,  linseed  oil  22  parts,  turpentine  2  parts,  dry  colors 
66  parts.     According  to  Hurst ' — 

The  quantity  of  oil  required  to  grind  colors  into  the  stiff  paste  in 
which  they  are  now  so  largely  sold  varies  very  considerably  with 
different  pigments;  some  only  require  a  comparatively  small  quan- 
tity of  oil.  others  a  relatively  large  quantity.  Even  with  different 
samples  of  the  same  color  the  proportion  will  vary  a  little.  Differ- 
ent color  makers,  too,  use  different  proportions  of  oil  and  dry  color 
in  grinding.  The  following  table  will  give  some  idea  of  the  pro- 
portion? usually  adopted,  which  are  essentially  the  same  both  for 
raw  and  for  boiled  linseed  oil: 

\niite  lead 7J  per  cent  of  oil 

Zinc  white 22    per  cent  of  oil 

Barytes 7    per  cent  of  oil 

Putty 18    per  cent  of  oil 

Black 27    per  cent  of  oil 

Brunswick  green 11    per  cent  of  oil 

Red  oxides 10    per  cent  of  oil 

Brunswick  blue 11    per  cent  of  oil 

Oxford  oclier 16J  per  cent  of  oil 

Burnt  Turkey  umber 29    per  cent  of  oil 

English  umber 20    per  cent  of  oil 

Vandyke  brown ; 40    per  cent  of  oil 

Siennas 37^  per  cent  of  oil 

Black  in  turps 55    per  cent  of  oil 

These  figures  are  based  on  practical  working,  but.  as  mentioned 
above,  are  liable  to  vary  a  little  from  time  to  time. 

Paints  in  oil  already  mixed  for  use  are  those  in  which 
linseeti  or  other  oil,  turpentine  or  other  volatile  vehicle, 
dryer,  aiul  varnish  or  japan  have  been  mixed  in  such 
proportions  with  the  pigmetit  as  to  render  the  product 
fit  for  immediate  application.  According  to  Heckel  - 
the  ready  mixed  jiaint  industry  began  in  this  country 
about  1860.  The  proportions  and  kinds  of  materials 
used  vary  widely,  but  the  following  is  a  typical  mixture : 

White  lead 6.  75  per  cent 

Lead  oxide 17.  08  per  cent 

Lin.seed  oil 27.  64  per  cent 

Turpentine 3.  75  per  cent 

Varnish 4.  78  per  cent 

Pigments 40.  00  )ior  cent 

This  category,  however,  includes  many  other  com- 
positions such  as  anticorrosive  antl  antifoiding  i)aints 
and  roofing  paints. 

The  term  varnish  embraces  a  large  juunber  of  dif- 
ferent substances,  all  of  which  are  viscous  li(|uids 
containing  a  volatile  solvent  or  solvents  which  on 
eva])orntion  leave  behind  coherent,  flexible,  and 
usually  transparent  films.  The  most  important  of 
these,  because  of  their  more  extcndcci  use,  are  the  var- 
nishes which  are  nuide  by  dissohing  resins,  or  so-called 
gums,  in  liiiseetl  oil,  and  thinning  with  turpentine. 
'i'his  is  generally  accomplished  hy  niclling  the  resin 
in  a  co])per  kettle  over  a  lire,  adding  linseed  oil,  heat  ing 
the  niixtiu'c  UTitil  the  incorporation  is  complete  and 
then,    when    |iarlly   cdolcd,   thinning  with    I  in'|i<'iit  inc. 

'  G.  II.  IIurBt,  Painters'  Colors,  Oils  and  Varnishes,  Lnndon,  IS!)«;, 
page  353. 
^  Recent  MixiMM';iinl  l.ilcnilurc.  page  4. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


46^ 


Tlie  large  number  dI'  sucli  inixtun's  which  arc  nuule  is 
indicated  by  Sabiii '  in  liic  t'nilowiiig  extract: 

If  10  gallons  of  oil  is  luhlcil  to  the  melted  iiuihs,  weighing,  lot  us 
Bay,  9.5  pounds,  which  results  from  nir-lting  \2^>  pounds  ol  resin,  the 
resulting  varnish  is  said  to  l)e  an  8-gallon  varnish,  becau.se  it  eon- 
tains  8  gallons  of  oil  to  every  100  pounds  of  resin  originally  taken. 
Similarly,  25  gallons  of  oil  would  make  a  20-gallon  varnish,  and  .so 
on,  the  varnishes  being  designated  by  the  proportion  of  oil  to  the 
hundred  pound.s  of  unraelted  resin,  and  nothing  is  said  about  the 
turpentine  which  is.  to  some  extent,  a  variable  quantity.  Of 
course  this  is  piu'oly  a  factory  nomenclature.  The  jiurcliaser 
knows  the  varnislies  he  buys  l)y  certain  descriptive  or  trade  names, 
and.  as  in  cveiy  other  business,  a  name  wliich  takes  the  public  fancy 
is  very  vahiable.  Further,  the  varnLsh  as  it  comes  out  of  the  kettle 
is  not  usually  of  the  same  composition  as  any  varnish  sold,  because, 
in  order  to  get  certain  qualities,  it  is  necessary  to  mix  varnishes  made 
in  different  ways  and  of  different  resins.  It  will  be  obvious  that  if 
the  maker  has,  for  example,  three  tanks  of  10-gallon  varnishes,  made 
respectively  of  Zanziliar,  Kauri,  and  Manila  resin,  and  also  three 
tanks  of  30-gallon  varnishes  made  from  the  same  resins,  he  is  in  a 
position  to  supply  nine  different  kinds  of  20-gallon  varnish,  each 
differing  from  the  others  in  certain  properties  peculiar  to  each  mix- 
ture, and  also  in  price;  making  each  of  these  mixtures  from  two 
tanks,  and  an  indefinite  number  by  mixing  them  in  a  more  intricate 
manner. 

It  would  be  indeed  remarkable  if  some  of  these  20-gallon  mixtures 
were  not  better  for  some  special  purpose,  or  even  for  general  use, 
than  any  possible  20-gallon  varnish,  made  from  a  single  resin,  just 
as  it  comes  from  the  kettle.  It  will  aLso  be  obvious  that  an  indefi- 
nite number  of  12-gallon,  15-gallon.  18-gallon,  22-gaIlon,  25-gallon, 
and  28-gallon  varnishes  may  be  made  from  these  same  tanks,  and  if, 
in  addition,  the  manufacturer  has  a  set  of  tanks  of  8-gallon,  16- 
gallon,  and  20-gallon  varnishes,  each  set  representing,  .say,  these 
same  three  resins,  the  number  of  possible  combinations  passes 
imagination.  It  is  to  be  further  remembered  that  varnishes  are 
made  with  as  little  as  3  gallons  of  oil  and  as  high  as  60;  that  the  more 
important  resins  are  sold  in  from  two  to  ten  grades,  and  that  the  num- 
ber of  these  resins  is  very  great  and  is  constantly  increasing.  It 
will  be  seen  that  a  knowledge  of  the  qualities  of  the  various  varnishes, 
and  especially  of  their  effect  in  mixtures,  is  of  as  much  importance 
as  knowing  how  to  manipulate  the  materials  in  tlie  kettle,  and  the 
expert,  to  be  an  expert,  must  be  intimately  and  practically  ac- 
quainted with  the  use  to  which  the  varnish  is  to  be  put  and  the  way 
in  which  it  is  necessary  to  apply  it,  and  how  these  uses  and  condi- 
tions vary.  He  should,  therefore,  have  as  the  simplest  foundation 
a  good  working  knowledge  of  the  furniture  trade,  of  wagon  and  car- 
riage building,  of  railway  engines  and  coaches,  of  sliip  and  boat 
construction,  and  of  house  painting  and  decoration.  To  these  he 
may  add  the  lesser  trades  and  specialties,  from  the  making  of  oil- 
cloth to  the  japanning  of  hooks  and  eyes,  as  far  as  his  natural  aliili- 
ties  and  ac<iuired  opportunities  may  allow. 

As  Chinese  wood  oil,  or  tung  oil,  corn  oil,  and  other 
oils  are  used  in  place  of  linseed  oil,  and  rosin  oil,  ben- 
zine, benzol,  and  other  volatile  solvents  in  place  of 
turpentine,  the  number  of  oil  and  turpentine  varnishes 
is  enormous  and  the  variety  of  materials  employed  in 
their  manufacture  is  very  large. 

Spirit  varnishes  embrace  turpentine  varnishes,  of 
which  dammar  varnish  is  an  example;  alcohol  var- 
nishes, of  which  shellac  varnish  is  an  example ;  and  as- 
phaltum  varnishes,  produced  by  dissolving  asphalt  in 
coal  tar  naphtha,  carbon  di.stilphide,  and  other  solvents. 
Both  grain  and  wood  alcohol  are  used  in  making 
alcohol  varnishes,  the  standard  shellac  varnish  of  the 

'  Alvah  H.  Sabin,  The  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of 
Paint  and  Varnish,  1005.  page  82. 


country  being  made  with  1  j)i)tind  of  slieliac  to  1  gallon 
of  95  to  97  per  cent  alcohol,  or  about  I  part  by  weight 
of  shellac  to  1^  parts  by  weight  of  alcohol.  It  is 
expected  that  a  considerable  u.se  for  denatured  alcohol 
will  be  found  in  thi.s  industrj'. 

Pyroxylin  varnishes  or  lacquers  are  formed  by  dis- 
solving pjToxylin  in  a  mixture  of  volatile  solvents. 
An  example  of  such  mixture,  given  by  Sabin,'  is  97 
per  cent  of  metlnd  alcohol,  65  parts;  amyl  alcohol,  25 
parts;  and  amyl  acetate,  10  parts;  16  ounces  of 
pyrox^iin  being  dissolved  in  1  gallon  of  this  mixture. 
Colors  are  dissolved  in  these  varnishes,  or  pigments 
are  ground  up  in  them  so  as  to  be  held  in  .suspension 
in  the  liquid,  and  these  latter  are  used  as  enamels. 
These  varnishes  are  greatly  improved  for  use  with  the 
brush  by  adding  various  resins  to  them,  as  the  bod}'  is 
increased  without  increasing  the  viscosity.  Pyroxy- 
lin varnishes  are  largely  used  in  covering  polished 
metal  surfaces  and  enameled  leather,  and  in  coating 
incandescent  mantles. 

Drjang  japans  and  liciuid  dryers  shade  into  one  an- 
other. An  example  of  a  simple  dryer  is  one  which  is 
made  by  heating  1  gallon  of  linseed  oil  with  4  pounds 
of  a  mixture  of  lead  and  manganese  oxides,  in  which 
the  lead  oxide  is  in  great  excess,  to  a  temperature  of 
from  500°  to  600°  F.  tmtil  saponification  ensues,  and 
then  dissolving  the  resulting  black  colored  compound 
in  turpentine.  Examples  of  solid  dryers  are  found  in 
litharge,  lead  acetate,  and  manganese  borate. 

Baking  japans  are  hard  black  varnishes  used  for 
producing  a  glossy  black  and  enamel-like  surface  on 
iron,  tin,  or  other  materials.  Such  a  japan  maj'  be 
made  by  cooking  asphaltum  with  linseed  oil  and  thin- 
ning the  resulting  thick  ma.ss  with  turpentine.  Lac- 
quers are  varnishes  which  are  used  for  coating  instru- 
ments and  other  objects  made  of  bra.ss,  nickel,  .silver, 
and  other  bright  metals  or  alloys  to  prevent  their  tar- 
nishing. Such  a  lacquer  may  be  produced  by  adding 
to  a  varnish  composed  of  seed  lac  2  parts,  sandarac  4 
parts,  elemi  4  parts,  and  alcohol  40  parts,  alcoholic 
tinctures  of  gamboge,  dragon's  blood,  magenta,  pic- 
ric acid,  Martin's  yellow,  or  corallin.  Enamels  are 
varnishes  holding  the  pigment  in  suspension.  Fillers 
occur  as  licjuid  fillers,  paste  fillers,  and  drj'  fillers  and 
are  used  to  fill  the  pores  of  the  wood  to  which  the 
paint  or  varnish  is  to  be  applied,  gi^Tng  thereby  a  more 
even  surface  and  economizing  the  paint  or  varnish. 
Fillers  are  also  stjded  dopes.  Liquid  fillers  are  com- 
monl}''  solutions  of  rosin,  but  raw  or  boiled  linseed  oil 
may  be  used  as  such.  An  example  of  a  paste  filler  is 
a  mixture  of  pulverized  cjuartz  with  a  quick  drj-ing 
varnish.  Putty,  which  is  a  mixture  of  whiting  with 
oil,  is  used  in  filling  holes  and  crevices  before  painting, 
but  is  also,  and  probably  most  largeh',  used  in  glazing. 

Water  paints  and  kalsomine  embrace  the  mixtures 
made  from  lime  or  whiting,  dr^'  colors,  size,  and 
water.     In  making  certain  of  these  compositions  it 

-Alvah  H.  Sabin.  The  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of 

Paint  and  Varnish.  1905.  page  113. 


468 


MANUFACTURES. 


was  long  ago  found  beneficial  to  add  a  certain  pro- 
portion of  niilk.  It  has  been  found  that  the  benefit 
was  due  to  the  casein  in  the  milk,  and  as  with  the  de- 
velopment of  the  creamery  industry  a  large  quantity 
of  casein  has  become  available,  an  extensive  industry 
has  grown  out  of  its  applications,  chief  among  wliich 
is  its  use  in  cold-water  paints.  According  to  Scherer ' 
it  is  only  within  a  couple  of  decades  that  any  exten- 
sive use  has  been  made  of  casein  for  tliis  purpose, 
though  casein  has  been  detected  in  old  paintings.  He 
gives  many  formulas  for  casein  paints,  among  wliich 
that  for  "marble  lime"  color  for  outside  work  may  be 
cit«d.     This  consists  of — 

Casein  soluble  in  alkali 100  parts 

Caustic  lime,  from  marble 100  parts 

Le\-igatecl  chalk  (whiting) 800  parts 

Borax 1  part 

Ultramarine 2  to  2.5  parts 

Casein  paints  are  met  with  in  commerce  in  the  form 
of  paste  or  liquids,  containing  the  casein  in  a  dissolved 
condition,  but  more  commonly  as  dry  powders,  con- 
taining the  casein  and  an  alkali  in  the  dry  form.  When 
these  powders  are  mixed  ^\-ith  water  the  alkali  is  dis- 
solved, and  this  acts  as  a  solvent  for  the  casein.  Tliis 
then  forms  compounds  wliich  become  insoluble,  after 
the  paint  is  applied,  by  exposure  to  the  air,  thus  hold- 
ing the  pigments  on  the  surfaces  to  which  they  have 
been  appUed. 

Table  105  sets  forth  the  imports  and  exports  of 
paints  and  varnishes,  for  the  years  ending  June  30, 
from  1891  to  190.5,  as  taken  from  Commerce  and  Navi- 
gation of  the  I'nitod  Stat(>s,  published  by  the  Bureau 
of  LStatistics. 

Table  105. — Paints,  pigments,  andcolors,  and  vfirnishes,  spirits,  and 
"allother" — imports  and  domestic  exports:  1891  to  1905. 


PAINTS,  I'IGMENTS.AND 
COLORS. 

VARNISHES,  SPIRITS.  ANP  "AM.  OTHER." 

YEAR   ESDINQ 
JUNE  30— 

Imports 
(value). 

nomestic 
exports ' 
(value). 

Imports. 

Domestic  exports. 

Oallons. 

Value. 

Gallons. 

Value. 

1891 

»1, 439, 127 
1,372,052 
1,466,761 
980,715 
1,246,924 
1,309,041 
1,387,363 
1,065,088 
1,207,440 
1,636,461 
1,487,381 
1,603,181 
1,827,110 
1,674,193 
1,624,301 

$690,698 

709,857 

700,308 

826,987 

729,706 

880,841 

944,536 

1,079,518 

1,447,425 

1,902,367 

2,036,343 

2,096,379 

2,350,937 

2,750,681 

3,120,ai7 

35,073 
38,737 
41,210 
20,rH7 
39,095 
40,044 
62,0.M 
32,848 
33,227 
43,743 
4fi,ft'W 
47,70.1 
49,7.KI 
39,771 
41,. MO 

$97,298 
101,692 
111,075 
54,746 
106, 927 
105,  .051 
l.W,024 
79,702 
79,401 
103,985 
119,888 
I27,.W3 
.131,114 
105,898 
103,224 

153,365 
21.'),206 
210,067 
220,760 
256,890 
335,979 
409,5(i9 
.398,841 
4;)0,817 
588,645 
606, 187 
619,024 
(i<i0,6.13 
713,147 
747,017 

$203,285 

1892 

293,059 
268,400 
282,278 
303,959 

1893 

1894     

1895 

1806 

362,975 
431 , 761 

1897 

1898 

422,093 
403,547 

1899 

l!l«) 

620.104 

1901 

61 1 ,  459 

IWtt 

607,685 
6<»7  475 

1908 

1904 

726,  .Wi 

1905 

791  .078 

<  Includes  carbon  black,  gas  black,  lamp  black,  and  oxldo  of  zinc,  prior  to  1898. 

Ci.As.s  XIV. — Ex iM,( )si vi:s. 

Thiscla-ss  of  explosives  embraces gunpowilcr  (inc lull- 
ing l)lii,sliiig  powder  and  ail  mechanical  mixliircs  of 
inorganic  nitrates  willi  carbon  or  any  carlioiiaceous 
substance  which  dop.s  not  r)f  itself  possess  explosive 

'  Robert  Scherer,  CnHoin— ltd  Preparation  and  TecliTiical  Utiliza- 
tion, translatort  by  Charles  Salter,  New  York,  1000. 


properties),  chlorate  powders,  nitroglycerin,  dyna- 
mite (including  blasting  gelatin,  gelatin  dynamite, 
and  all  explosives  containing  nitroglycerin  which  are 
used  in  blasting),  gun  cotton  (including  pyroxylin  and 
all  other  cellulose  nitrates  and  all  nitric  esters  other 
than  nitroglycerin  used  as  explosives),  nitrosubstitu- 
tion  compounds  and  the  explosives  of  which  they  are 
components  (joveite,  arctic,  masurite,  and  other  safety 
explosives),  smokeless  powder  (including  cellulose 
nitrate-nitroglycerin,  nitrosubstitution  and  all  other 
liigh-powered  powders  used  as  propellants),  and  fiil- 
minates  (.such  as  mercur}'  fulminate,  fuhninating  silver, 
acetylides,  hydrazotates  and  other  detonants) .  Cun- 
dill's  Dictionary  of  Explosives,  published  in  1895, 
gives  the  names  of  upward  of  one  thousand  explosives, 
and  the  number  of  explosives  has  been  considerably  in- 
creased since,  but  all  that  occur  in  commerce  in  this 
country  are  comprised  in  the  above  classification. 
Cartridges,  detonators,  fuses,  and  other  devices  con- 
taining explosives  for  use  in  guns  and  in  blasting,  are 
classed  under  "ammunition,"  while  colored  fires, 
rockets,  railroad  torpedoes,  signal  lights,  and  other 
devices  of  this  nature  are  classed  under  "fireworks." 

Table  lOG. — Explosives — comparative  summary,  u-ith  amount  and 
per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capi  till 

Salaried    officials,    clerks,    etc. 

number 

Siilarics 

Wage-t'aniers,  average  number. 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  mate  rials  used 

Value  of  products 


1905 


124 
$42,307,163 

1,289 
81,797,050 

5,800 
S3,.308,774 
81,657,605 


1900 


97 

819,465,846 

768 

$914,447 

4.502 

82,aS3,756 

81,090.004 


$17,203,667   S10,3.'i4,074 
$29,602,884  |$17,12S,418 


Increase. 


27 
$22,841,317 

521 

8882,603 

1,298 

8925,018 

8561,061 

86,808,093 

812,477,406 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


27.8 
117.3 

67.8 
90. 5 
28.8 
38.8 
51.2 
66.5 
72.9 


The  statistics  of  Table  106  show  an  increase  in  every 
item  for  1905  as  compaied  with  1900,  the  lai'gest 
increa.se  in  amount  being  in  the  item  of  capital,  the 
next  ill  t  he  value  of  products,  and  the  least  in  the  item 
of  misccliaiH'ous  expenses.  The  largest  pei'centage  of 
increase  is  found  also  in  tlie  item  of  capital  and  the 
scconil  largest  in  the  item  of  salaries. 

Taiu.k    l()7.      l'lrpl{>s!ri:t~-  (jKdiilil II  iind  rahirof  prodiivis:  1905  and 

1900. 


'  A  Iceg contains  25poiinflR  of  blasting  powder. 

'  Including  4.1.643.270  poundN.wlih  an  assigned  value  <if  $6,110,058,  eonsuined 
in  estnliltMhirii-nls  wbcrc  miiiiufiicturcd. 

"  including  :ll,Oi;i,HIIO  pciurnlN.  Willi  nil  iiHsigncd  viiliic  of  ?4,7'lll.271,ccin'iiniii'd 
In  estiibliHlinicntH  where  miiiiufiu'liircd. 

<  Ineluding  .'i..V22,7^iO  |iiiuilds.  with  an  asHlgncd  value  of  $2,209,118,  eniisuMicd 
in  establlshincnlM  where  intniiifacliirr'd. 

'  liiclndlng2.l3!i.H:il  |i(inncl».  with  an  assigned  value  of  $1,009,917,  ciinsumed 
in  establlflhinents  wIiitc  iniiiiufiH'tiiri'fl. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


469 


The  statistics  of  Table  107  show  an  increase  in  every 
item  for  1905  as  compared  with  1 !)()(),  tlie  largest  in- 
crease in  vahie,  $4,652,970,  being  for  dynamite,  and  ex- 
cept for  all  other  explosives  the  largest  percentage  of 
increase  in  value,  156.8  per  cent,  for  smokeless  ])<)\vder. 
The  largest  increase  in  (juantity,  86,002,500  pounds, 
is  shown  for  l)lasting  powder,  and  the  next  largest, 
45,074,37;?  ])ounds,  for  dynamite,  but  the  greatest  per- 
centagc!  of  increase  in  quantity,  129.6  per  cent,  is 
shown  for  smokeless  powder. 

A  comparison  of  the  statistics  for  1900  as  given  here 
with  those  set  forth  in  the  report  on  chemicals  and  al- 
lied products  for  the  census  of  1900  shows  apparent 
discrepancies,  and  it  should  be  si  ated  that  it  was  found 
that  in  several  of  the  returns  for  that  census  gunpow- 
der and  blasting  powder  were  reported  together. 
These  returns  have  been  analyzed  and  separated,  with 
the  result  that  the  cjuantity  and  value  of  the  gunpow- 
der was  found  to  be  less,  and  the  quantity  and  value  of 
the  blasting  powder  greater,  than  the  pubhshed  figures 
for  1900. 

Again,  at  the  census  of  1900,  when  discussing  in  the 
text  the  subject  of  gun  cotton  or  pyroxylin,  the  statis- 
tics for  the  cellulose  nitrates  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
p;yToxylin  plastics,  varnishes,  and  collodion  were  in- 
cluded in  the  totals  there  given.  As  these  cellulose 
nitrates  are  used  for  other  purposes  than  the  manufac- 
ture of  explosives,  and  as  they  are  of  little  or  no  value 
as  explosives,  they  are  omitted  from  the  statistics  of 
both  censuses  in  Table  107. 

Furthermore,  the  returns  for  6  establishments  manu- 
facturing railroad  torpedoes,  fuses,  and  blasting  caps, 
wliich  were  included  in  the  statistics  for  1900  under 
"all  other  explosives,"  were  at  the  census  of  1905 
transferred  to  classifications  other  than  "chemicals  and 
allied  products."  The  values  returned  for  these  prod- 
ucts in  1900  have  therefore  been,  in  the  present  report, 
deducted  from  "all  other  explo.sives"  and  credited  to 
"all  other  products."  The  result  of  these  transfers  in 
the  accounts  is  to  make  the  statistics  for  the  two  cen- 
suses as  set  forth  in  Table  107,  much  more  strictly 
comparable. 

The  statistics  presented  in  Table  108  show  that  this 
industry  was  represented  in  about  half  of  the  states 
of  the  country  at  the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905,  and 
that  more  than  half  of  the  establishments  at  each 
census  were  in  the  states  of  Pennsylvania,  Oluo,  and 
New  Jersey.  The  whole  United  States  shows  a  gain 
of  30  in  number  of  establishments,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  6  establishments  included  in  the  list  for 
1900  have  at  the  present  census  been  classified  under 
other  categories.  One  of  these  was  located  in  Califor- 
nia, 1  in  Illinois,  1  in  Massachusetts,  1  in  New  Jersey, 
and  2  in  Pennsylvania.  The  principal  increases  were 
in  Ohio  and  West  Virginia,  each  of  wliich  gained  7, 
and  in  Pennsylvania  and  Kansas,  each  of  which  gained 
4.  Pennsylvania  ranked  first  at  each  census,  and  at 
the  census  of  1905  Ohio  ranked  second  and  New  Jersej'' 
third. 


Table    108. — Explosives — number  of  establishments,  by  alatis  and 
lerriliir'iiK:    I'la:,  and  1900. 


STATE  OB  TERRITORY. 


United  States . 


1905 


1130 


Alabama 

California 

CoiuKTticut 

Delaware 

Illinois 

Imiian  Territory. 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky , 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts  — 

Michigan 

Missouri 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Ehode  Island 

Tennessee 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 


1900 


noo 


1 
1 

2 
5 
1 
10 

s 

9 
36 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 


1  Includes  6  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

2  Includes  3  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

The  statistics  of  Table  109  show  that  the  Xortli  At- 
lantic division  has  stood  first  in  rank  at  each  census, 
the  North  Central  division  second,  the  South  Central 
and  Western  divisions  combined  tliird,  and  the  South 
Atlantic  division  fourth,  and  that  in  the  interval  be- 
tween 1900  and  1905  there  has  been  an  increase  in 
every  division  in  value  of  products.  The  greatest 
increase,  $7,856,325,  has  been  in  the  North  Atlantic 
division  and  the  next  greatest,  $3,416,620,  in  the 
North  Central  division. 

T.\BLE    109. — Explosives — value    of  products,  by  geographic  divi- 
sions: 1905  and  1900. 


United  States '$30,292,916       1$17,1SG,1C4 


1905 


North  Atlantic 

South  Atlantic 

North  Central 

South  Central  and  Western. 


15,035,556 
1,347,407 

S, 322, 367 
5,587,586 


7,179,231 

542,110 

4,905,747 

4,559,076 


1  Includes  products  other  than  explosives  reported  hy  establishments  engaged 
primarily  in  this  industry:  and  also  the  explosives  produced  by  establishments 
engaged  "primarily  in  the'manufaeture  of  other  products. 

The  statistics  of  Table  110  show  an  increase  in  every 
item,  the  largest  increase  in  quantity,  53,002  tons, 
being  in  mixed  acids;  the  second  largest,  44,510  tons, 
in  nitrate  of  soda;  and  the  third  largest,  18.504  tons, 
in  charcoal.  The  largest  increase  in  any  single  item 
of  cost,  $2,705,691,  is  for  nitrate  of  soda;  the  second 
largest,  $1,307,663,  for  mixed  acids;  and  the  third 
largest,  $1,113,108,  for  glycerin. 

Pj^rites  appears  among  the  materials  used  in  this 
industry  for  the  first  time  at  this  census,  and  its  use 
marks  the  introduction  into  this  country  of  the  con- 
tact process  for  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid, 
which  is  so  extensively  consumed  in  the  manufacture 
of  explosives.  The  marked  increase  in  the  quantity 
of  nitrate   of   ammonia   used,   3,202,058   pounds,   or 


470 


MANUFACTURES. 


539.1  per  cent,  indicates  the  marked  increase  in  the 
quantity  both  of  safety  explosives  manufactured,  and 
of  weak  nitric  acid  residues  utilized.  It  is  to  be 
noted  that  in  some  instances  sulphate  of  ammonia 
is  employed  in  place  of  the  aqua  ammonia  or  am- 
monia liquor  mentioned  in  the  table.  The  increase 
in  the  quantity  of  ether  used,  2,167,341  pounds,  most 
of  which  is  produceti  in  the  establishments  in  which 
it  is  consumed,  corresponds  closely  with  the  increase 
in  the  production  of  smokeless  powder,  particvdarly 
that  portion  of  it  used  in  the  manufacture  of  military 
powders. 

Table  llO. — Explosives — quantity  and  cost  of  materials  used:  19u5 
and  1900. 


Table  111. — Explosives — comparative  summary:  1840  to  1905. 


I90« 


Quantity.        Cost 


Alcohol,  grain,  gallons 

Aqua  ammonia,  pounds 

charcoal,  bushels 

Cotton,  pounds 

Ether,  pounds 

Glycerin,  pounds 

Mixed  acid.'i.  tons 

Nitrate  of  ammonia,  pounds 

Nitrate  of  potash,  tons 

Nitrate  of  soda,  tons 

Nitric  acid,  tons 

Pyrites,  tons 

Sulphur,  tons 

Sulphuric  acid,  tons 

Wood,  cords 


850,560 

997,830 

12,408,667 

4,515,787 

'3,425,245 

24,561,527 

!'92,598 

'3,796,033 

»4,114 

133,034 

"20,406 

12,256 

19,574 

"49,298 

5,628 


$231,353 

■  46,916 

446,078 

443,998 

479, 494 

3, 129,  665 

3,093,429 

948, 307 

308, 644 

5, 608, 557 

1,646,543 

67,261 

507,469 

774,361 

38,780 


1900 


Quantity.       Cost. 


191, 125 

649, 703 

'928,344 

1,771,221 

n,  257, 904 

16,983,918 

« 39, 596 

8  593,975 

i«3,315 

88,524 

"7,528 


12,742 

"40,385 

600 


$99,166 

11,303 

114, 172 

103,971 

88,053 

2,016,657 

1,785,766 

26,742 

270, 186 

2,902,866 

601,494 


317,383 

681,934 

4,800 


'  Includes  1,156,918  bushels,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $214,030,  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 

'Includes  118.419  bushels,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $14,210,  consumed  in 
eslalilislunents  where  manufactured. 

*  Includes  3,3s2.S!t5  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  5473,605,  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 

*  Includes  1.222. "04  pounds,  with  an  as.sigiied  value  of  885,589.  consumed  in 
estal>lishments  where  manufactured. 

5  Includes  37.titi9  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  S2,2»i0,129,  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 

« Includes  (1,00*J  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $270,180.  consumed  in  establish- 
ments where  nuinufactured. 

'  Includes  2.Wfc3.K.',7  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  ?715,964.  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 

6  Includes  483.975  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $21,779.  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 

» Includes  1.778  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $133,385,  consumed  in  estab- 
lishments where  inaiuifactured. 

'» Includes  1.4IW  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $119,642,  consumed  in  estab- 
lishments when*  manufactured. 

"  Includes  18,988  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $1,519,040,  consumed  in  estab- 
lishments where  manufactured. 

"Includes  7,274  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $583,125,  consumed  in  estab- 
lishments where  niainifaetured. 

"  Includes  ;j0,9fl4  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $526,898,  consumed  in  estab. 
llsbments  where  manufactured. 

1*  Ineludea  .32,.'*W»  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $548,222,  consumed  in  estab- 
lishments where  manufactured. 

Table  1 10  difl'crs  from  other  tables  of  materials  used 
presented  in  this  report  in  that  the  statistics  for  ma- 
terials produced  and  consumed  are  included  therein, 
but  it  appears  that,  with  the  exception  |)(iliii|)s  of 
nitrate  of  jiotash,  none  of  the  substances  ciuiincriiliMl 
in  the  tiihlc  are  pnxhiccd  for  sale  l)y  these  est.iMish- 
nieiits,  and  therefrnc  (lie  statistics  for  these  siilistunccs 
do  not  u[)i)ear  clsewiicre. 

Statistics  for  the  explosives  iiuhisliy  iis  n  whole  and 
for  certain  of  its  products  have  l)ccn  icporlcd  .•uid 
published  at  each  census  as  far  back  us  lliai  of  Is  to, 
or  from  tlie  <hite  of  llie  census  nt  wliich  ihi-  iii'wer 
explfisives  lirst  a|)peiired  for  census  eniiinerMtion. 
Table  111  presents  n  conipiinil  ive  suinninrv  of  ihis 
indu.strv  from  1840  to  1!»0,"). 


- 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
Ush- 
ments. 

Capital. 

Average 
number 
of  wage- 
earners. 

PBODUCTS. 

CENSUS. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1905 

124 
97 
69 
54 
36 
58 
54 

137 

$42,307,163 
19,465,846 
13.539.478 
6,585.185 
4.099.900 
2,305.700 
1,179,223 
875,875 

5.800 

4.502 

2.353 

1.340 

973 

747 

579 

496 

363.748,097 

218.272.834 

98,645.912 

(') 

(») 

(■') 

(') 

8,977.348 

1  $28. 204. 517 

1900 

1890 

10  993  131 

1880 

1870 

4  237  5;i9 

1860 

1850 

1,590,332 
(') 

1840 

'  Not  including  "  all  other  products.*' 


sNot  reported. 


The  statistics  of  Table  111  show  an  increase  in  every 
item  from  1840  up  to  1905  except  in  the  item  of  estab- 
lishments, which  decreased  m  number  from  1840  to 
1870,  but  which  have  since  constantly  increased  in 
number.  The  total  quantity  of  the  product  has  in- 
creased more  rapidly  than  its  total  value,  indicating  a 
cheapening  of  the  protluct.  At  the  same  time  the  in- 
crease m  the  capital  has  gone  on  at  a  greater  rate  than 
that  of  the  value  of  products.  An  interestmg  feature 
disclosed  by  this  comparison  is  that  whereas  in  1840 
each  man  produced  on  an  average  1 8 ,099  pounds  of  pow- 
der per  j-ear,  in  1905  the  average  was  62,715  pounds, 
and  this  increase,  wliich  has  resulted  from  the  intro- 
duction of  machinery,  from  organization,  through 
which  the  work  of  each  man  is  remleretl  more  efficient , 
and  from  more  continuous  employment,  has  taken 
place  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  manufacture  of  the 
modern  explosives  mvolves  much  more  complicated 
and  delicate  processes  than  the  manufacture  of  gun- 
powder. On  the  other  hand,  in  1840  the  entry  "wage- 
earners"  included  the  salaried  employees,  since,  as  a 
rule,  at  that  time  the  owner  of  the  establishment 
worked  with  liis  hands  in  the  factory  besides  perform- 
ing the  duties  of  salesman  and  bookkeeper.  A  fairer 
condition  for  comparison  in  1905  would  follow  by  com- 
bining the  salaried  officials  of  that  census  with  the  em- 
ployees. With  this  product  as  the  dlvi.sor,  it  appears 
that  in  1905  the  product  averaged  51,312  pounds  per 
man  per  year. 

Table  112. — Gunpowder — quantity  and  value:  1 840  to  1905. 


CENSUS. 

Quantity 
(pounds). 

Value. 

1005 

215.820,144 
124,824,473 
05,019,174 

j) 
8,977,348 

$8,919,460 
5,395.193 

1900 

ISilO 

IHSO 

3,348,941 

IH70 

1S«) 

3,223,090 

I8,W 

1,690,332 

1840 . 

1  N(.l  r.']inil.i| 

'i'lie  stutistics  of  Taliie  112  as  far  as  given  show  a 
steady  incr(>ase  in  tlie  (|iianlity  and  value  of  the  gun- 
powder returned  at  eiicli  census  since  thai  of  lS-10  ex- 
cept at  that  of  ISSO  and  at  that  of  1900,  wlien  tlie  tola! 
valuer  of  products  was  less  than  at  the  preceding  t^en- 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIJ<:D  rilODUCTS. 


471 


suses.  The  greatest  increase  in  fniantity,  00,905,071 
pounds,  and  in  value,  $3,524,207,  are  found  for  liie 
interval  from  1000  to  1005,  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  all  ])revious  intervals  covered  decailes.  At  all 
times  the  term  gunpowder,  as  used  in  this  table,  in- 
cludes the  nitrate-sulphur-charcoal  powder  used  in 
blasting  as  well  as  in  guns,  and  since  1857  it  has  in- 
cluiled  the  nitrate  of  soda  blasting  powder  as  well  as  the 
nitrate  of  potash  blasting  powder. 

Table  1 13. — Nitroglycerin — cjuantity  mid  value:  1870  to  1905. 


1905. 
1900. 
1890. 
1880. 
1870. 


Quantity 
(pounds). 


7,936.000 
3, 618, 692 

(') 
3,039,722 

(') 


Value. 


$1,620,117 

783,299 

(') 

1,830,417 

225, 700 


1  Not  reported. 

The  striking  features  of  Table  113  are  the  remarkable 
increase  in  the  quantity  of  nitroglycerin  produced  in 
1905  as  compared  with  the  quantity  produced  in  1900, 
and  the  decrease  in  the  selling  price  of  the  same  from 
1880  to  1900;  the  increase  from  1900  to  1905  was  more 
than  100  per  cent.  The  slight  increase  in  quantity 
from  1880  to  1900  was  accompanied  by  a  decrease  in 
value  of  over  50  per  cent.  This  marked  fall  in  the  sell- 
ing price  of  nitroglycerin  in  recent  years  is  character- 
istic of  the  products  of  many  chemical  industries. 

T.\BLE  114. — Dynamite — quantity  and  value:  1880  to  1905. 


CENSUS. 

Quantity 
(poundsl . 

Value. 

130,920,829 
85,846,466 
30,626,738 

$12,900,193 

1900  .   .              

8,247,223 

1890 

4.253,032 

1880 

622, 671 

The  statistics  of  Table  114  show  an  increase  in  every 
item  at  each  census  as  compared  with  the  preceding 
one,  the  greatest  increase  in  quantity,  55,219,718 
pounds,  being  for  the  decade  from  1890  to  1900,  though 
the  increase  of  45,074,373  pounds  for  the  five-year 
period  from  1900  to  1905  is  proportionately  greater. 
The  greatest  increase  m  value,  $4,652,970,  is  shown  for 
the  five-year  period  from  1900  to  1905 — due  probably  to 
the  increa.sed  production  of  gelatin  dynamite,  ammonia 
dynamite,  and  other  high-grade  explosives. 

No  marked  change  of  importance  is  to  be  noted  in  the 
manufacture  or  composition  of  gunpowder  or  blasting 
powder,  but  the  latter  has  new  competitors  m  the  com- 
positions made  by  mixing  finely  divided  metals,  such 
as  aluminum,  or  alloys,  such  as  ferrosilicon,  with  potas- 
sium or  sodium  nitrate  or  other  oxidizing  agents.  The 
fundamental  conception  of  these  explosive  mixtures  is 
not  new,  for  it  has  long  been  known  that  finely  divided 
iron  and  other  metals  furnished  combustible  compo- 
nents to  such  mixtures,  but  the  metals  and  alloys  now 
used  were  not  then  available. 

45L'54— MFG  190.5— PT  4—08 32 


A  detail  which  has  affected  yield  and  cost  in  the 
dynamite  industry  is  the  introduction  of  ice  machines 
for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  nitroglycerin.  By 
the  use  of  artificial  refrigeration  the  yield  of  nitro- 
glycerin from  a  given  ma.ss  of  acid  is  increased,  the 
speed  of  nitration  is  increased,  the  danger  attending 
nitration  is  decreased,  and  the  use  of  second  separa- 
tors rendered  unnecessary.  Two  methods  of  refrigera- 
tion may  be  used:  (1)  The  direct  expansion  system 
in  which  compressed  ammonia  is  sent  directly  through 
the  coils,  and  (2)  the  lirine  systi-m  in  which  the 
ammonia  is  sent  through  the  coils  in  a  brine  tank, 
and  then  the  cooled  l)rine  is  sent  through  the  cooling 
coils  in  the  nitrator  or  separator.  The  lirine,  or  indi- 
rect, system  is  to  be  preferred,  because  in  case  of  leak- 
age in  the  nitrator  the  rise  of  temperature  is  less  from 
the  escape  of  a  given  mass  of  calciuni  chloride  brine 
than  it  is  from  the  escape  of  the  same  mass  of  ammonia ; 
leakage  of  the  calcium  chloride  brine  is  less  likely  to 
occur  than  is  that  of  the  compressed  and  liquefied 
ammonia;  and  less  ammonia  is  required  in  the  indi- 
rect than  in  the  direct  system;  and  Ijecause  the  indi- 
rect system  is  a  better  one  for  iliscontinuous  use. 

The  quantities  of  acids  and  glycerin  and  the  compo- 
sition of  the  mixed  acids  var\'  somewhat  in  practice, 
but  the  ailvantage  of  artificial  refrigeration  may  be 
illustrated  by  a  concrete  example  in  which  the  charge 
of  mixed  acid  is  6,400  pounds,  its  composition  being — 

H2SO4 61 .  50  per  cent. 

HNO3 34. 50  per  cent. 

HjO 4. 00  per  cent. 

With  such  a  charge,  using  the  approved  method  of 
nitration  without  refrigeration,  880  pounds  of  glycerin 
may  be  nitrated,  and  1,953.6  pounds  of  nitroglycerin 
obtained,  while  l)y  using  artificial  refrigeration  928 
pounds  of  glycerin  may  be  nitrated  and  2,115.84  pounds 
of  nitroglycerin  olitained,  or  an  increased  yield  of  162.24 
pounds.  With  glycerin  at  11  cents  per  pound  and 
nitroglycerin  at  15  cents  per  pound,  tlie  increased  profit 
from  a  single  run  is  $19.05,  or  from  four  runs  per  day, 
which  can  easily  be  effected,  $76.20.  As  a  30-ton 
machine  can  easily  be  installed  for  $12,000,  and  as  the 
cost  of  operation  including  interest  and  10  per  cent 
depreciation  will  not  exceed  S6,000  per  year,  there  is 
a  marked  advantage  in  artificial  refrigeration. 

At  the  same  time  the  theoretical  conditions  of  efE- 
ciency  are  not  yet  realized,  for  the  charge  of  acid  cited 
above  is  theoretically  sufficient  to  nitrate  1,074.77 
pounds  of  glycerin  and  to  yield  2,651.31  pounds  of 
nitroglycerin,  or  535.47  povmds  more  than  is  obtained 
by  artificial  refrigeration.  The  yield  may  probably  be 
brought  more  nearly  to  the  theory  by  the  employment 
of  dried  air  in  the  injector  of  the  nitrator. 

It  is  well  knowTi  that  at  times  the  separation  of 
nitroglycerin  from  the  emulsion  in  the  acid  mixture 
in  wliich  it  is  formed  is  extremely  slow.  Dr.  Charles 
L.  Reese  alleges  that  this  is  due  to  the  presence  there 
of  silicon  compounds,  and  he  overcomes  this  difficulty 


472 


MANUFACTURES. 


by  the  addition  of  a  fraction  of  a  per  cent  of  sodium 
fluoride  before  nitration,  thereby  forming  sihcon  fluor- 
ide which  is  eliminated  by  volatilization. 

The  spent  acid  from  the  manufacture  of  nitroglycerin 
treated  in  a  denitrator  yields  nitric  acid  of  35°  to  40° 
Baume,  wliich  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ammonium 
nitrate,  and  by  means  of  tliis  apparatus  and  of  con- 
centrators 95  per  cent  of  the  sulphuric  acid  is  now 
recovered,  thoiigh  80  per  cent  was  considered  a  good 
yield  a  few  years  ago.  In  other  works  it  has  become 
the  custom  to  rebuild  the  spent  acids,  as  pointed  but 
in  the  discussion  of  mixed  acids  in  this  report. 

According  to  Wliitman  Symmes,'  the  dynamites 
made  by  the  4  •  establishments  on  the  Pacific  coast 
have  the  following  composition: 

Percentage  composition  of  various  ilynamites. 


Total. 


Nitroglycerin 

WoorJ  pulp 

Ground  sodium  nitrate 

Middlings 

Treoipitated  magnesium  carbonate. 


100.0      100.0       100.0      100.0 


70.0  I 

20.0 

7.0 


60.0 
16.5 
22.5 


50.0 
14.0 
35.0 


1.0 


40.0 
11.2 
46.2 
2.2 
0.4 


100.0 


30.0 
4.2 

60.0 
5.8 


Nitroglycerin 

Cellulose  nitrate 

Nitrate  of  ammonia. 

Nitrate  of  soda 

Wood  pulp 

Ground  coal 

Sulphur 


40  per  cent 

gelatin 
dynamite. 


36.0 
1.2 


(') 
(■) 
(') 
(>) 


Ammonium  |    Stump 
dynamite,  i  powder. 


20.0 
40.0 
15.0 


50.0 
5.0 

20.0 
S.0 


Low 
powder. 


18.0 
7.0 


'  Dope  as  in  ordinary  dynamite. 

The  first  five  straight  wood  pul])  dynamites  are 
designated  "70  per  cent,"  "60  per  cent"  grade,  etc., 
according  to  their  nitroglycerin  contents;  whereas  in 
the  case  of  the  gelatin  and  ammoniiiin  dynamites  they 
are  designated  by  a  grade  showing  their  supposed 
eciuivaloncy.  Theory  requires  that  tlie  niter  shotild 
be  very  finely  ground  in  orilcr  to  be  iiitiiiiat("l\-  mixed 
in  the  dope,  but  practice  shows  that  such  powder  packs 
into  hard  sticks  which  sometimes  miss  fire  even  with 
XXX  caps,  lience  medium  grinding  is  resorted  fo. 

The  most  recent  advance  in  tlie  manufacture  of  cel- 
lulose nitrate  has  been  found  in  tiic  new  process,  in- 
vented by  J.  M.  and  W.  T.  Thomson,  which  has  been 
introduced  at  the  Walthani  Abbey  Factory,  England. 

The  objeft  of  thi.-f  invention-  i."  tlic  removal  of  the  acids  of  nitra- 
tion from  the  nitrated  material  after  the  action  ha.s  been  conijileted, 
and  willioiit  the  aid  of  nio\-ing  machinery,  hucIi  as  jjre.Kses,  rollers, 
centrifiigal.M,  and  the  like.  The  invention  consi.xts  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  nitrated  celluloses  by  removing  the  acids  from  (he  nitrated 
ccliulo.fe  directly  l)y  displacement  without  the  employment  of 
cither  pressure  or  vacuum  or  mechanical  appliances  of  any  kind, 
and  at  the  same  time  securing  the  minimum  dilution  of  the  acids. 
It  wa»  found  that  if  water  was  carefully  run  on  to  iIk^  surface  of  the 
acids  in  whicli  the  nitrocellulose  is  immersed,  and  the  acids  be 
slowly  drawn  off  at  (he  l)ottom  of  the  vessel,  the  water  disjdaces  the 
add  from  the  intcrsticeo  of  the  nitrocellulose  without  any  undcsira- 


'  Themical  Rnfiineer,  vol.  5,  1907,  j)age  422. 
''  V.  Oerald  Sanford,  Nilro-P^xiiiosives,  liK)«, 


page  73. 


ble  rise  in  temperature,  and  with  very  little  dilution  of  the  acids. 
By  this  process  almost  the  whole  of  the  acid  is  recovered  in  a  con- 
dition suitable  for  concentration,  and  the  amount  of  water  required 
for  preliminary  washing  is  very  greatly  reduced.  The  apparatus 
which  is  used  for  the  purpose  consists  of  a  cylindrical  or  rectangular 
vessel  constructed  -vrith  a  perforated  false  bottom  and  a  cock  at  its 
lowest  point  for  running  off  the  liquid.  Means  are  also  provided 
to  enable  the  displacing  water  to  be  run  quietly  on  to  the  surface 
of  the  nitrating  acids.  In  a  further  patent  J.  M.  Thomson  and  W.  T. 
Thomson  propose  by  use  of  alcohol  to  replace  the  water,  used  in 
wa,shing  nitrocellulose,  and  afterwards  to  remove  the  alcohol  by 
pre.'^sing  and  centrifuging. 

A  notable  change  in  practice  in  the  manufacture  of 
smokeless  powder  in  the  United  States  has  been  in  the 
abandonment  of  the  nitroglycerin-nitrocellulose  pow- 
der by  the  Army,  and  the  adoption  of  a  straight  nitro- 
cellulose powder  of  definite  nitrogen  contents,  thus 
bringing  their  practice  into  conformity  with  that  of 
the  Navy.  In  fact,  the  continued  tendency  in  military 
powders  is  to  approach  more  closely  to  the  principle 
set  fortii  by  Munroe  many  years  ago  as  governing  the 
ideal  .smokeless  powder,  viz,  that  "it  should  be  com- 
posed of  a  single  chemical  substance  in  a  state  of  chem- 
ical purity." 

The  progress  in  smokeless  sporting  powder  has  been 
characterized  by  the  adoption  o{  a  small-grained  nitro- 
celhdose  powder  which  is  gelatinized  and  then  hard- 
ened throughout,  in  place  of  thegrain  that  has  here- 
tofore been  pretty  generally  in  use,  which  was  super- 
ficially gelatinized  and  hardened.  The  manufacture 
of  such  powder  is  carried  on  in  a  stationary  vertical 
vessel  of  copper,  which  has  cone-shaped  ends.  Around 
the  lower  end  is  a  steam  jacket,  b}^  which  the  contents 
of  the  vessel  may  be  heated.  A  rotatable  shaft  extends 
downward  through  a  stuflTing  box  in  the  top  of  the 
vessel,  or  still,  to  a  point  near  its  bottom,  and  carries 
six  arms  extending  across  it,  each  arm  being  attached 
at  its  central  point  to  the  shaft  and  af  jxiints  on  the 
siiaft  about  S  inches  ajiart,  and  the  ends  of  the  arms 
reacii  nearly  to  the  wall  of  the  still.  Five  of  the  bars 
are  square  in  cross  section  and  about  1  inch  thick; 
the  sixth  bar,  which  is  the  upper  one,  is  flattened  out 
so  as  to  form  paddles,  which  slant  in  the  direction  of 
motion  of  the  shaft  in  such  a  way  as  to  smooth  down 
the  surface  of  the  liquid  that  is  placed  in  the  still. 

An  orifice  at  the  bottom  of  the  still  having  been 
first  closed,  the  vertical  shaft  carrying  its  iiori/.ontal 
stirrers  is  set  in  rotation  and  continued  in  rotation 
during  tiie  whole  of  the  process  at  a  speed  sudicient  to 
maintain  the  particles  of  gun  cotton  in  mechanical 
suspension  in  the  water,  when  fh(>  gim  cotton  and 
water  nrc  inl  rodiiccil  into  (lie  still  as  lierciiiufter 
described. 

Water  in  wliicli  .">  \>cv  ccnl  of  huiiiiin  nil  rale  and  2 
per  cent  of  salt  j)eteriiave  l)eendi.ssolved  is  then  pumped 
into  tlie  still,  through  a  ]iipe  providiMl  for  this  purpose, 
until  the  still  iuis  lieen  ])arlly  filled.  Finely  pulped 
wet  gun  cotton  is  then  thrown  into  the  still  Ihioiigli 
an  o])ening  in  tlie  side  of  its  ui)|)er  |)art,  this  gun  cotton 
not  having  been  as  yet  subjected  to  the  action  of  uuy 


c'iiI':mtcals  and  aljji<:d  products. 


473 


solvent.  More  water  in  wliich  barium  nitrate  and 
saltpeter  iuive  been  dissolved  is  tlien  piinij)e(l  into  the 
still  until  the  surface  of  the  lifjuid  in  the  still  is  about 
on  a  level  with  the  upper  stirrer-blades  on  the  vertical 
shaft.  The  opening  through  which  the  gun  cotton 
was  inserted  is  now  closed,  antl  a  previously  formed 
emulsion  of  from  25  to  50  per  cent  of  amyl  acetate  in 
water  containing  barium  nitrate  and  saltpeter  in  solu- 
tion is  pumped  into  the  still. 

The  material  now  begins  to  granulate  and  the  prog- 
ress of  the  granulation  is  observed  by  withdrawing  a 
little  of  the  mixtiu'e  through  a  small  orifice  near  the 
bottom  of  the  still.  When  granulation  has  been 
effected  throughout  the  mass,  which  is  within  about  five 
minutes  after  the  introduction  of  the  emulsion  into  the 
still  was  begun,  steam  is  turned  into  the  jacket  sur- 
rounding the  lower  portion  of  the  still.  The  heatmg 
due  to  the  steam  is  continued  for  a  period  of  five  or 
six  hours,  and  durmg  this  time  the  amyl  acetate  is  dis- 
tilled and  passes  over,  with  the  vapors  from  the  heated 
water,  into  a  reservoir,  where  the  water  is  separated 
from  it. 

After  the  amyl  acetate  is  thus  removed  a  gate  valve 
in  the  bottom  of  the  still  is  opened  and  the  mixture  of 
water  and  granulated  powder  is  drawn  off  into  a  drain- 
ing tank.  After  draining  it  is  dried,  sized,  blended, 
and  packed.  The  strength  and  the  amount  of  the 
emulsion  used  depend  upon  the  amount  and  quality  of 
the  gun  cotton;  the  best  proportions  are  ascertained 
by  experience.  The  length  of  time  the  heating  is 
maintained  depends  upon  the  amount  of  amyl  acetate 
used  and  the  temperature  of  the  steam  in  the  steam 
jacket. 

The  still  may  measure  about  6  feet  and  3  inches  from 
its  bottom  to  the  upper  stirrer-blades  and  about  5  feet 
in  diameter  in  its  cylindrical  portion.  In  such  a  vessel 
the  usual  charge  of  gun  cotton  is  450  pounds,  to  wliich 
is  added  the  dust  or  very  small  grains  from  previous 
granulations,  making  a  total  charge  of  upward  of  700 
pounds.  The  finished  powder  is  colored  to  suit  the 
taste  of  consumers. 

The  invention  and  introduction  of  safety  powders 
has  gone  on  rapidly  abroad,  and  to  a  more  moderate 
extent  in  this  country,  since  the  census  of  1900  was 
taken.  Since,  through  the  researches  in  France,  it  was 
shown  that  an"imonium  nitrate  diminished  the  temjjera- 
ture  of  the  products  of  explosion  and  tended  to  render 
explosives  containing  it  safe  for  use  in  fiery  mines  the 
ammonia  powders  have  had  a  marked  increase  in  popu- 
larity. In  the  last  edition  of  his  book  Guttmami  ^  gives 
two  tabular  lists  of  modern  explosives  for  use  in  mines, 
one  of  ''nitroglycerin  safety  explosives, "  and  one  of 
"  ammonium  nitrate  and  other  explosives. ' '  In  the  first 
list  there  are  enumerated  23  different  explosives  con- 
taining ammonium  nitrate,  of  wliich  grisoutine  A  con- 
tains as  much  as  90.45  per  cent  of  tliis  substance,  while 
in  the  second  list  there  are  38  different  powders  contain- 


ing ammonium  nitrate,  one  of  these,  ammonal,  being 
compo.sed  of  95  percent  of  ammonium  nitrate  and  5 
per  cent  of  powdered  aluminum.  J 

Anunonium  nitrate  has  long  been  used  in  dynamites 
in  this  country,  especially  since  the  invention  of  pro- 
tected nitrate  of  ammonia  for  use  in  explosives  by 
.Rus.sell  S.  Penniman  in  1885,  but  foreign  experts 
commented  unfavorably  upon  the  use  of  anunonium 
compounds  in  conjuncti(jn  with  organic  nitrates  such 
as  nitroglycerin  and  gun  cotton.  It  is  gratifying  to 
note  the  indorsement  of  American  practice,  shown  in 
the  foregoing  statement. 

A  matter  of  grave  importance  in  connection  with  the 
explosives  industry  is  the  tran.sportation  of  the  prod- 
uct, for  all  of  it  must  be  carried  from  the  works  to  the 
place  where  it  is  to  be  used,  and  most  of  it  is  tran.s- 
ported  by  railroads.  When  it  is  considered  that  the 
output  for  the  census  year  1905,  as  given  in  Table  111, 
was  363,748,097  pounds,  and  that  a  carload  of  explo- 
sives contains  20,000  pounds,  it  is  apparent  that  there 
was  produced  each  working  day  in  1904,  on  the  aver- 
age, 60  carloads  of  explosives.  It  is  estimated  that  on 
the  average  10  days  are  required  in  which  to  tran.s- 
port  and  deliver  these  con.signments,  therefore,  there 
would  have  been  each  day  on  the  railroads  throughout 
the  United  States  not  less  than  600  cars  full  of  explo- 
sives. As  a  matter  of  fact  explosives  are  more  often 
transported  in  less  than  carload  lots  than  in  full  car- 
load lots  especially  from  central  depositories  or  maga- 
zines. From  observation  and  experience  railroad 
officials  estimate  that  the  cars  carrying  small  lots  are 
five  times  as  numerous  as  those  carrying  full  loads. 
It  is  therefore  apparent  that  the  number  600  is  but  a 
minimum  and  that  the  actual  number  of  cars  carrj'ing 
explosives  must  be  above  tlus  number.  Some  accidents 
have  occurred  in  this  transportation,  but  the  surprise  is 
that  they  have  occurred  so  infrequently.  It  must  be  in- 
ferred that  the  numerous  employees  who  handle  these 
cars  and  their  contents  are  especially  intelligent,  faith- 
ful, and  vigilant. 

But  as  shown  by  the  statistics  presented  in  this  re- 
port this  industry  is  a  rapidly  growing  one.  It  is  in- 
evitable that  it  will  continue  to  increase  and  that  the 
transportation  of  explosives  will  become  much  larger 
in  the  future  than  it  has  been  in  the  past.  With  this 
condition  confronting  it,  the  American  Railway  Asso- 
ciation undertook,  in  1905,  the  drafting  of  regulations 
governing  this  transportation,  and  prior  to  doing  so 
called  upon  a  committee  of  experts,  consisting  of 
Charles  E.  ilunroe,  Henry  S.  Drinker,  and  Charles  F. 
McKemia,  for  advice.  This  committee  reported  as 
follows :  - 

(1)  Yom-  committee  finds  the  explosives  industry  in  the  United 
States  to  be  of  importance  and  continually  growing  in  the  quantity 
and  vahie  of  its  output,  as  sho\TO  by  Bulletin  210  of  the  census  for 
1900. 

(2)  It  finds  that  the  important  and  extensive  industries  of  min- 
ing and  quarrj-ing.  the  many  industries  which  employ  the  products 

'  Oscar  Guttmann,  Handbuch  der  Sprengarbeit,  Braunschweig,  -  The  American  Railway  Association,  Circular  Xo.  616,   1905, 

1906.  I   page  14. 


474 


MANUFACTURES. 


of  mines  and  quarries,  and  engineering  operations,  can  not  be  eco- 
nomically or  safely  carried  on  without  explosives. 
!  (3)  II  finds  that  the  well  being,  comfort,  and  advancement  of  our 
modern  civilization  is  to  a  large  extent  dependent  upon  the  utili- 
zation of  explosive  substances,  and  that  the  raw  materials  h-oni 
which  explosives  are  manufactirred,  the  products  of  the  mines  and 
quanies  made  avaOable  through  the  use  of  explosives,  and  the 
great  variety  of  articles  maniifactiu-ed  from  these  products,  consti- 
tute a  considerable  part  of  the  freight  carried  by  railroads,  while  the 
various  industries  that  are  fundamentally  dependent  on  the  use  of 
explosives  give  emplojinent  to  an  immense  number  of  persons. 

i4i  It  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  explosives  industry  is  now  so  well 
an  established  feature  of  our  industrial  operations  that  its  products 
must  be  transported,  and  that  the  best  interests  of  all  will  be  con- 
ser\-ed  by  then-  being  publicly  transported  by  the  ordinary  routes 
of  travel  under  such  restrictions  and  conditions  as  will  protect  the 
traveler  and  the  carrier  without  unduly  hampering  the  producer, 
dealer,  or  consumer. 

(0  1  It  is  of  the  opinion  that  a  carrier  has  the  right  to  know  the 
character  and  properties  of  the  goods  he  carries,  for  without  such 
knowledge  he  may  be  unable  either  to  protect  such  goods  from 
injury  or  so  to  handle  and  transport  them  as  to  pre^■ent  their  injur- 
ing persons  and  property.  He  should  therefore  lie  definitely  in- 
formed regarding  the  composition  and  properties  of  all  inflam- 
mables or  explosives  or  of  substances  whicli  may,  by  contact  with 
other  substances,  form  inflammables  or  explosives  which  he  is 
called  upon  to  transport.  He  also  has  a  right  to  demand  a  guar- 
antee that  any  consignment  of  an  inflammable  or  explosive  char- 
acter offered  possesses  the  same  or  a  higher  standard  of  stability, 
lx)th  as  regards  its  composition  and  its  method  of  packing,  than  the 
previously  accepted  or  standard  substance  of  this  chtss  or  variety 
possessed . 

(6)  It  is  of  the  opinion  that  explosives  and  inflammables  should 
be  started  on  their  way  as  soon  as  possible,  forwarded  as  speedily  as 
practicable,  and  promptly  delivered,  since  the  shorter  the  time 
they  are  in  the  possession  of  the  carrier  the  less  the  risk. 
f,  (7)  T(j  indicate  somewhat  the  magnitude  of  the  risk  following  the 
quantity  of  explo.sives  shipped  in  a  single  lot  your  committee  sub- 
mits the  following  table,  compiled  from  a  table  prepared  by  Her 
Majesty's  inspectors  of  explosives,  and  adopted  by  the  United 
States  authorities.  In  the  original  table,  among  other  data,  is 
given  the  distance  which  a  magazine  or  factory  containing  the 
given  weight  of  explosive  should  be  separated  from  a  public  rail- 
way in  order  to  protect  the  latter.  The  conditions  we  are  consider- 
ing here  are  the  reverse  of  those  named  by  Her  Majesty's  inspectors 
of  explosives,  for  the  explosives  are  on  the  railroad  and  the  distance 
is  the  danger  radius  about  the  car  for  dwellings,  churches,  and  other 
buildings. 


AMOUNT  OF  EXPLOSIVES. 


3,000  pounds 

4,000  pounds 

.5,000  pounds.. 
10,0(KI  pounds. 
a),0<iO  pounds. . . 
30.000  poun<l». . . 
40,fiOO  pounds... 
SO.OOO  pounds.. 
100,000  pounds. 


Danger  radius. 


240  yards. 
280  yards. 
320  yards. 
.W)  yards. 
S.')0  yards. 
1,200  yards. 
ljt'2.'}  yards. 
1,M0  "yards. 
S.SOO  yards. 


This  danger  radius  is  not  the  limit  o(  final  effect,  for  glass  may  be 
broken,  wall."  cracked,  and  weak  stnictures  shaken  down  at  greater 
dislani  es,  di-pending  on  the  topography  and  geology  of  the  locus  of 
explo(<ioM.  On  the  other  lianil,  ihi-.ie  very  fcalures  liusl  mentioned 
may  operate  (o  materially  diiiiiniHli  the  danger  radius.  Il  should 
!«•  ."ai"!  alwi  (hat  Ihcte  dala  are  derived  from  a  dlHcuHsion  of  those 
obtained  in  a'fidental  exploHions  in  tlii'  pii.'<l.  and  rejjrescnt  extreme 
conditions. 

(8)  Your  coinmitti'(!  is  of  llic  opinion  that  llic>  grcalcsl  danger 
which  carriers  have  to  contend  with  in  transporting  cxplosiveB  is 
fire,  and  that  every  effort  should  be  madi'  lo  protect  such  shipments 
from  fire. 


(9)  It  recognizes  a  second  and  more  remote  cause  of  danger  in 
friction,  percussion,  and  concussion,  and  packages  containing 
explosives  should  1)0  handled  and  stored  in  cars  with  duo  precaution 
against  these  conditions  arising.  Freight  handlers  should  know 
that  the  striking  of  a  corner  of  a  wooden  box  smeared  with  nitro- 
glycerin against  the  wooden  floor  of  a  platform  or  car  might  give  rise 
to  an  explosion. 

(10)  It  recognizes  a  third  cause  of  danger  in  high  temperatures, 
which  may  start  or  promote  decomposition  and  facilitate  leakage. 
The  practical  application  of  this  is  that  it  is  more  hazardous  to 
transport  certain  explosives  in  very  warm  weather,  and  that  they 
should  never  bo  jilaced  near  a  source  of  heat. 

(11  >  Holding  the  above  expressed  views,  yoiu'  committee  calls 
attention  to  General  Notice  No.  174B  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road Company,  dated  August  21,  1905,  entitled  "Information  and 
Regulations  for  Shippers  and  Employees,"  relative  to  the  "Trans- 
portation of  Explosives. "  In  our  opinion,  these  regidations  are 
practicable,  reasonable,  and  fair,  and,  if  observed,  offer  a  high 
degree  of  protection  and  insurance  of  safety. 

(12)  Your  committee  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  interests  of  all 
will  be  best  advanced;  that  the  danger  to  life  and  property  will  be 
reduced  to  the  minimum:  that  trade  will  be  promoted  and  indus- 
tries fostered  by  the  adoption  by  all  railroads  of  uniform  regulations 
governing  the  transportation  of  explosives  and  inflammables,  and 
we  advise  that  such  regulations  be  in  general  conformity  with  and 
on  the  lines  of  those  now  in  force  on  the  Pennsyhania  Railroad  as 
cited  above. 

(13)  Taking  up  in  greater  detail  the  regulations,  your  committee 
recommends: 

(a)  That,  to  guard  against  "so-called  spontaneous  combustion  or 
explosion,  "  no  nitroglycerin  explosive,  or  an  explosive  of  this  class 
which  gives  an  acid  reaction,  or  which  fails  in  the  stability  test,  or 
which  contains  an  insufficient  amount  of  ant-acid,  be  accepted  for 
transportation. 

(6)  That,  as  a  precaution  against  leakage,  cartridges  or  slicks  of 
explosives  be  so  packed  in  boxes  that  when  loaded  in  cars  the  car- 
tridges shall  always  lie  upon  their  sides  and  never  stand  upon  end. 

(c)  That  containers  be  marked  "Explosives — Dangerous"  on  all 
sides,  and,  to  admit  of  the  method  of  stowing  recommended  in  (h). 
they  be  so  marked  that  the  position  in  which  the  cartridges  lie  is 
indicated. 

((/)  That,  as  a  further  precaution  against  leakage  from  the  boxes 
and  to  reduce  the  chance  of  explosion  by  shock,  cartridges  or  sticks 
be  packed  in  dry  sawdust  or  dry  infusorial  earth, 

(e)  That,  its  a  ])recaution  against  explosion  from  friction,  or  shock, 
care  be  taken  in  loading  explosives  in  the  car  that  the  packages  are 
so  stayed  or  chocked  that  they  can  not  shift  or  fall. 

(/)  That  no  inllanunables,  no  detonators,  or  blasting  caps,  and  no 
acids  be  shipped  in  the  same  car  with  explosives. 

(gr)  That  cars  carrying  explosives  be  strong  box  cars  in  good  order 
and  be  fitted  with  air  brakes  and,  in  trains,  be  placed  between  cars 
fitted  with  air  brakes. 

(h)  That  cars  carrying  explosives  be  located  so  far  from  the  engine 
as  to  reduce  lo  a  minimum  the  danger  from  sparks  from  the  engine. 

(f)  That  cars  carrying  exi)losivcs  lie  followed  in  the  train  by  sev- 
eral cars  so  as  to  reduce  lo  a  niininium  llie  ehances  of  explosion  in 
case  of  a  rear-end  collision. 

(j)  Thai  cars  carrying  explosives  be  widely  separated  in  a  Irain 
from  cars  carrying  i)elroleum  or  nai)htha.  So  (ar  as  po,«sil)le  cars 
carrying  explosives  and  cars  carrying  petroleum  or  naphtha  slmuld 
go  by  different  trains. 

(it)  That  in  making  \\\>  trains  no  cars  carrying  pig  iron,  steel 
billets,  hi'avy  striiclural  nielal  purls,  machinery,  or  other  heavy 
material,  which  in  a  collision  might  crush  adjacent  cars,  be  jilaced 
adjacent  to  a  car  carrying  explosives. 

(l)  That  in  view  of  the  fact  that  explosives,  containing  nitro- 
glycerin or  other  nitric  esters,  are  more  liable  to  deeomposilion  the 
higher  ihf  temperature,  the  transportation  of  these  explosives 
should  l>e  limited  ;i,s  much  a»  possilile  during  the  hottest  months  of 
thesiiminei ,  :inil  wlieii  transport e<l  in  Wiinii  weather  every  avniliiblo 
precaution  HhoiiM  1m'  i:iken  to  keep  the  ti 'in  pern  line  nf  the  car  as 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  I'UODUCTS. 


475 


low  as  po.s.'iiblr',  sufli,  for  oxaiiiplr,  as  wi'lliiif,'  tlic  car  down  at  water 
stations. 

(m)  That  it  is  cssoiUial  Uiat  Uii.'  containers  sliould  bo  so  made  and 
of  such  strength  that  they  will  not  be  broken  in  transit, 

(n)  That  in  the  transportation  of  explosives  containing  a  liquid 
component  it  is  desirabh;  that  the  containers  be  lined  with  a  liquid 
proof  lininf;. 

The  regulations  which  liave  been  iraiiied  now  govern 
most  of  the  railroads  in  this  country,  and  a  corps  of 
inspectors  of  explosives  has  lieeii  organized  with 
Maj.  B.  W.  Dunn  of  the  United  States  Army  as  chief 
inspector. 


A  second  significant  advance  toward  protection  in 
the  use  of  explosives  is  found  in  the  ruiiiiatiuii  ihiring 
1907,  under  (he  Technological  Branch  of  the  I'nited 
States  Geological  Survey,  of  a  corps  of  experts  for  the 
inspection  of  explosives  for  use  in  coal  mines,  and 
the  study  of  accid(Mits  in  such  mines  resulting  from 
exjilosions. 

Table  1 1 5  sets  forth  the  imports  and  exports  of 
explosives  during  the  years  ending  June  30,  1801  to 
1905,  as  taken  from  Statistical  Abstract  of  the  United 
States,  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics. 


Tablk  11.5.— explosives— imports  AND  DOMESTIC  EXPORTS:    ls!)l  To  1005. 


IMPORTS. 

DOMESTIC  EXPORTS. 

YEAR   ENDING   JUNE  30 — 

Gunpowder. 

All  other 

explosives, 

fulminates, 

etc' 

(value). 

Total 
value. 

Gunpowder. 

All  other 

explosives 

(value) , 

Total 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

value. 

1891                                                                         

34,312 
31,111 
78,306 
85,481 
104,990 
68.993 
87,921 
98,708 
44,405 
31,212 
79,556 
70,776 
76,766 
64,569 
73,245 

$19,148 
29.533 
68,974 
71,285 
84.882 
49. 857 
63,722 
79,992 
29.824 
15,835 
38,644 
55,998 
59,778 
53,370 
65,979 

$124,528 
100,977 
124,661 
67,342 
96,940 
77, 192 
98,727 
65, 123 
160,620 
169,073 
212,895 
268, 788 
375, 404 
318, 599 
311,527 

$143,676 
130,510 
193.635 
138,627 
181,822 
127,049 
162,449 
145,  115 
190,444 
184.908 
251,539 
324,  786 
435, 182 
371,969 
367,506 

733,834       $88,676 

$906,870 

$995,546 

1892 

903,077  1     108.276           7.52,079 

885,263        105.  .547           753.966 

495.566         66.839           935.287 

972.271        102.885        1.174.3% 

1,159,935  ,     124,823        1,256,279 

1,086,465        118,001  '     1,437,317 

1,202.971  1     139,644        1,255.762 

1,504.624  1     181.642        l..^'i0.247 

1,612,822  1     197.438        1.694,166 

1,463,499  !     193,345        1,518.7.57 

880,355 

1893                                                                  

861,513 

1894                                                             

1.0<r.'.126 

1.277.281 

1896                                                                         

l.:)81.102 

1.. 355, 318 

1898                                                                     

1,395,406 

1899                                              

1,. 331. 889 

1900                         

1. 891. 604 

1901                                                  

1.712,102 

1.609.910 

1,112,490 

965,740 

1,062,807 

224.779  :     1.8,37.602 
151.658  1     2.  ,302. 8,32 
136,383       2,305.213 
149,466  1     2, 410,  ,371 

2.062.381 

1003                                                                

2.4.34,510 

2.441.596 

1905                                                                

2.. 3.59, 837 

1  Does  not  include  firecrackers 


Class  XV, — Plastics. 

This  class  embraces  p\Toxylin  plastics  (including 
celluloid,  xylonite,  liberloid,viscoloid,  pegamoid,  p>Ta- 
lin,  and  the  goods  wrought  from  them),  p\Toxylin  or 
soluble  cotton,  and  the  et)llodion  or  photographic  films, 
artificial  leather,  and  other  products  made  from  it,  vis- 
cose and  its  products,  rubber  substitutes,  and  all  other 
plastics  formed  from  caoutchouc,  gutta-percha,  casein, 
fibrin,  gluten,  gums,  and  glue  or  other  cementing  mate- 
rial by  which  sawtlust,  wootl  pulp,  bone  dust,  zinc 
oxide,  antimony  sulphide,  kaolm,  and  other  fillers  are 
held  in  solid  aggregations  which  may  be  molded  or 
shaped  with  lathes  and  other  tools  as  desired. 

Table  110. — Plastics — comparative  summary,   mth   amount    and 
per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


CENSUS. 

Increase. 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

1906 

1900 

Nura  her  of  establishments 

10 
$8,689,547 

198 
5334,151 

1,847 
SSe3,7lv> 
$528,504 

8 
$7,558,720 

196 

$.308,395 

1,219 

$,390,  .557 

$214,166 

$1,2.35,841 

$3,035,656 

2 
$1,130,827 

2 
$25,756 
628 
$273, 145 
$3H,a38 
S696.212 
$1,841,724 

25.0 
15.0 

Salaried    officials,    clerks,    etc.. 

1.0 

Snlaries     

8.4 

Wage-earner?,  average  number  . . 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expeiises 

51.5 
46.3 
146.8 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 

$1,952.0.33 
$4, 877., ISO 

.55.4 
60.7 

The  proportional  increase  in  value  of  products  was, 
however,  much  larger  than  that  in  capital,  amounting 
to  60.7  per  cent  against  a  gain  of  14.1  per  cent  in  the 
latter  item.  The  largest  proportional  increase,  146.8 
per  cent,  was  in  mi.scellaneous  expenses. 

Table    117. — Plastics — quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905 

and  moo. 


1903 

1900 

Quantity.  ,     Value. 

Quantity.     Value. 

Pyroxylin  plastics,  pounds 

Pvroxvlin.  pounds 

Rubber  substitutes,  pounds    .. 

12,966,820 

=  2,986,497 

254,892 

$2,671,380 

2,777,556 

03,724 

I  5  2,074,708 
<  1,561, 604 

$2.2,39.338 
1,359,490 

479,842 
""i,'i6i,'845 

All  other  plastics,  pounds '. 

90,820 

21,743 
1,659,274 

1 

1 

1 

The  statistics  of  Talde  116  show  an  increase  in 
every  item,  that  in  value  of  products  being  nearly 
$2,000,000  and  that  in  capital  being  over  .$1,000,000. 


1  Includes  593,866  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $534,404,  consumed  In 

establishments  where  manufactured. 

!  Includes  814,184  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $7.32,766,  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 

3  Includes  2.914.2-10  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $2,710,149.  consumed  in 
establishment.s  where  nuinufactured. 

<  Includes  1.407.147  jKiuiKls.  with  an  assigned  value  of  $1,276,419,  consumed  In 
establislimeuts  wliere  luanulactured. 

The  statistics  of  Table  1 1 7  show  a  considerable  fluc- 
tuation in  the  character  of  this  industry,  as  leather 
substitutes,  which  appeared  at  the  census  of  1900,  do 
not  appear  at  that  of  190o,  while  rubber  substitutes 
and  the  classification  ''all  other  plastics"  appear  at 
the  present  census  for  the  first  time.  While  it  is  be- 
lieved that  certain  of  the  estabUsliments  producing 
leather  substitutes  in  1900  have  ceased  such  manufac- 
ture, it  is  beUeved  also  that  the  products  of  other 


476 


MANUFACTURES. 


establishments  were  included  in  other  categories  at  the 
census  of  1905,  owing  to  the  form  or  manner  in  wliich 
they  were  reported.  The  three  items  of  Table  117  for 
which  returns  appear  at  both  censuses  all  show  an  in- 
crease for  1905  as  compared  with  1900,  the  largest  in- 
crease in  quantity,  1,424,893  pounds,  and  the  largest 
increase  in  value,  $1,418,066,  being  shown  for  py- 
roxyhn,  the  larger  part  of  which  (97.6  per  cent  in 
1905)  is,  however,  consumed  in  further  manufacture  in 
the  establishments  in  whicli  it  is  produced. 

Table  118. — Plastics — number  of  establishments,   by  stales:  1905 
and  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

United  States                                 -  - 

114 

ns 

r^TiTiprtipiit 

1 
3 

8 
2 

1 

11 

New  York                                                                          .           

1 

1  Includes  4  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

'  Includes  5  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

It  will  be  seen  that  at  both  censuses  the  manufacture 
of  plastics  was  largely  confined  to  New  Jersey,  this 
state  reporting,  at  the  census  of  1900,  11  out  of  a  total 
of  1.3  establishments  for  the  industry,  or  84.6  per  cent. 
At  the  census  of  1905  New  Jersey  showed  a  loss  of  3 
establislunents  but  still  reported  8  out  of  a  total  of  14, 
or  57.1  per  cent.  The  industry  as  a  whole  showed  a 
gain  of  1  establishment  at  the  census  of  1905. 

Table  119. — Plastics — quantity  and  cost  of  materials   used:  1905 
and  1900. 


Acetone,  pounds 

Alcoh'tl,  gruin,  gallons 

Alcohol,  wood,  giillons 

Camphor,  pounds 

Cotton  ano  pafwr,  pound.s 

DycsltiUs  and  colore,  pounds 

Kther,  pounds 

Mixed  acids,  pounds 

Nitric  add,  pounds 

OIN,  K>dIons 

.Hulphuric  odd,  tons 

Zl nc  oji Ide,  pounds '. 


1905 


Quantity.      Cost, 


695,007 

8,5,i7 

275.278 

l,2,S2,0fi3 

1,990,846 

14,378 

12.473 

2.080,923 

3,918,704 

49,309 

4,177 

393,900 


$8.3, 481 

20,858 

204,925 

V>7, 744 

288,45,'i 

8.  .148 

7,391 

137.384 

200,. 542 

29,914 

73,890 

28,417 


1900 


Quantity.       Cost, 


191,804 

7,01.5 

187,381 

0.35,111 

1.000,194 

10, 278 


2,971,469 

87, 647 

4,157 

116,400 


$23,024 
10,837 
121,737 
162,270 
146,430 
5, 487 


151,266 
17,  .121 
73,196 
8, 155 


The  statistics  of  Table  1  19  show  an  increase  for  1905 
over  1900  for  cverA'  item  jjresentcd  for  l^otii  censuses 
except  in  the  quantity  of  oils.  The  term  "oils" 
includes,  among  others,  rni)e,  mustard,  linseed,  cotton- 
seed, corn,  and  petroleum  oils  and  the  loss  in  quantity 
in  1905  appears  to  be  due  to  the  closing  of  a  factory 
wbicli  in  1900  used  a  very  consideraliie  volume  of  low- 
pric<"d  oU.  An  item  in  wliicli  tii(T<'  a])pears  l)ut  a 
slight  increase  is  suljibiiric  acid,  but  Ibis  fact  is  at 
least  j)artly  acfonnted  for  t)v  the  fact  that  mixed 
acids  were  returned  separately  in  1905,  since  sulphuric 
acid,  as  shown  in  the  discussion  of  Class  I,  constitutes 
an  important  |)arl  of  tliis  mixe<l  acid.  The  largest 
increaac  in  quantity,  984,652  pounds,  is  fouml  in  tlie 


item  of  cotton  and  paper,  these  two  being  joined 
because  they  are  used  interchangeably  as  sources  of 
pyroxylin,  but,  if  the  nitric  acid  of  the  mixed  acids  be 
added  to  the  nitric  acid  reported  in  1905,  the  largest 
increase  in  quantity  would  be  found  for  nitric  acid. 
The  largest  increase  m  cost,  $295,474,  is  found  in  the 
item  of  camphor,  the  expenditure  for  this  material 
almost  trebling  since  1900. 

Tabll   120. — Pyroji-ylin   plastics — comparative   summary:  ■  ISSO  to 

1905. 


CENSUS. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Capital. 

Nimiber 
of  em- 
ployees. 

Value  of 
products. 

1905 

5 

7 

12 

6 

$8,639,516 
7,210,548 
3,158,487 
1,214,000 

'  1,838 

11,176 

1,023 

736 

$4,795,157 
2,916,027 
2,575,736 
1,261,540 

1900                          

1890 

1880                

1  Wage-earners  only. 

It  wall  be  seen  that  at  each  census  there  was  an 
increase  in  every  item  presented  in  this  table,  except 
in  the  number  of  establishments,  which  shows  a  falling 
oif  at  each  census  since  1890,  due  probably  to  the  same 
tendency  to  concentration  that  is  to  be  observed 
in  other  mdustries.  The  greatest  increase  in  value 
of  products,  $1,879,130,  and  in  the  number  of  em- 
ployees, 662,  was  reported  for  the  five-year  period 
from  1900  to  1905.  The  greatest  increase  in  capital, 
$4,052,061,  however,  was  reported  for  the  period  from 
1890  to  1900,  but  in  spite  of  this  fact  the  industry 
appears  to  have  been  almost  at  a  standstill  during  tliis 
period,  as  the  census  of  1900  shows  the  extremely  low 
increase  of  $340,291  in  value  of  products  over  the 
census  of  1890.  Since  1900,  however,  the  industry 
apparently  has  been  growing  rapidly  in  importance. 

The  applications  of  cellulose  are  already  manifold. 
Although  many  have  been  long  known,  a  very  con- 
siderable number  are  of  quite  recent  origin,  and  new 
methods  of  application  are  constantly  being  invented 
or  discovered.  Probably  nothing  has  ilone  more  to 
facilitate  such  applications  than  the  discovery  of  cellu- 
lose nitrate,  as  made  by  vSeluionbein  in  1S46,  and  the 
subsequent  discovery  of  the  Hyatt  Brothers,  in  1869, 
that  by  the  aid  of  camphor,  tiie  cellulose  nitrate, 
whi(di  is  known  as  the  he|itaiiitrnte,  could  lie  con- 
verted into  tiic  ])lastic  muss  known  as  <eiiidoiii,  for 
from  these  discoveries  and  the  imcnlioiis  following 
there  lias  grown  up  the  extensive  |)yro\vlin  pliistics 
iinhistry  shown  statistically  aboxc. 

Another  development  based  on  the  use  of  cellulose 
nitrates  is  the  artidciM]  silk  industry,  which  has  grown 
from  llie  discovery  \iy  Dc  {'hardoiinct ,  in  I.S,S5,  that  a 
,sohi(lon  of  |i\i'o\\!in  could  be  forced  Ihrough  riiu> 
apertures  into  water  so  as  to  form  line  threads  having 
the  luster  of  silk  and  showing  a  marked  capacity  for 
dyes.  'I'his  imhislry  has  allaiiicil  n  lnrgc  degree  of 
irn|)ortance  in  lOiirope,  hiil,  although  considerable 
(|uaiititics  of  its  products  are  imported  into  the  United 


CHEMK^ALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


477 


States,  their  manufacture  is  not  yet  carried  on  here. 
The  reason  for  this  lies  in  th(^  fact  that  larj^e  (juantities 
of  grain  alcohol  and  ether  are  employed  in  this  indus- 
try, and  it  is  not  found  that  the  cost  of  these  materials 
in  this  country  has  as  yet  reachetl  a  point  sufficiently 
low  to  j)ermit  this  artificial  silk  manufacture  to  l)e 
conducted  economically. 

Attention  was  called  in  the  report  on  chemicals  and 
allied  products  in  1900  to  the  invention  of  viscose  by 
Cross  and  Bevan  and  others  and  the  production  of 
plastic  masses  from  cellulose  by  this  means.  This 
invention,  resultmg  from  a  most  elaborate  scientific 
research,  has  been  expected  to  yield  most  valuable 
economic  results,  but  as  yet  there  are  no  statistics  to 
record  here. 

A  recent  development  of  importance  in  the  plastic 
industry  is  m  the  application  of  casein  as  the  Ijuider 
for  various  materials,  as  these  products  are  expected 
to  replace  the  pjToxylin  plastics.  Scherer  devotes  a 
chapter  in  his  book'  to  the  "Preparation  of  Plastic 
Masses  from  Casein  "  and  mentions  particularly  galalith, 
which  is  prepared  from  a  specially  purified  casein. 

Constantl}'  extending  use  is  being  made  of  the  solu- 
tions of  cellulose  nitrate  in  the  manufacture  of  oilcloth, 
linoleum,  artificial  leather,  waterproofed  cloth  and 
paper,  and  especially  patent  leather. 

Table  121  sets  forth  the  imports  and  exports  of 
pyroxylin  plastics,  for  the  years  ending  June  30,  from 
1891  to  1905,  as  taken  from  Commerce  and  Navigation 
of  the  United  States,  published  by  the  Bureau  of 
Statistics. 

Table  121. — Pyroxylin  plastics — im ports  and  exports:  1891  to  1905. 


yE.\R   ENDING  J  t'NE  30— 

Imports 
(value) . 

Exports 
(value). 

1891                    

$10,595 
43,353 
57,062 
96,977 
371,873 
337,862 
262, 675 
160,836 
249,619 
378.683 
277,461 
213,663 
178, 144 
240, 501 
166, 479 

1892 

$39  004 

1893 

36,597 
85  234 

1894                                                            .... 

1895          

72, 926 
146,354 
149  631 

1896                                                         

1897 

1898                                                 

155,444 
173  771 

1899 

1900                        .              

174,310 

1901 

1902                          

189  974 

1903 

249,488 
246,601 
294, 979 

1904       

1905 

Table   ItJiJ. — Essential  oils — comparative  summary,   with  amount 
(ind  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Class  XVI. — Essential  Oils. 

The  class  of  essential  oils  embraces  the  natural  essen- 
tial oils,  both  crude  and  refined  (except  turpentine  and 
petroleum  distillates),  artificia  essential  oils,  and  witch 
hazel.  The  number  of  different  substances  included 
is  very  large.  The  Standard  Dictionary  enumerates 
1.59  different  essential  oils,  all  of  which  except  petro- 
leum ami  najihtha  are  of  vegetable  origin,  but  this 
does  not  exliaust  the  list. 

'  Robert  Scherer,  Casein — Its  Preparation  and  Technical  Utiliza- 
tion, translated  by  Charles  Salter,  New  York,  1906. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried    ofTicials,    clerks,    etc., 

number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number... 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  e.>q>en8es 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


'  KN8U8. 

Increase. 

Per  cent 

of 
Increase. 

1905 

IMO 

52 
$723,004 

37 

$40,002 

132 

$69,711 

$78,886 

$1,110,470 

$1,464,662 

47 
$576,280 

39 

$24,733 

168 

$61,415 

$48,763 

$.588,594 

$813,495 

5 
$146,718 

12 

$15,2G9 

130 

$8,290 

tan.  123 

$521,870 
$651,167 

10.6 
25.5 

>5.1 
61.7 
'21.4 
13.5 
01.8 
88.7 
80.0 

'  Decrease. 

The  statistics  of  Table  122  show  an  increase  in 
every  item  for  1905  as  compared  with  1900  except  in 
the  nmnber  of  salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.,  and  the 
average  number  of  wage-earners.  The  value  of  prod- 
ucts shows  an  increase  of  .$651,167,  or  80  per  cent,  but 
the  largest  proportional  increase,  88. 7  per  cent,  was 
reported  for  the  cost  of  materials. 

Table  123. — Essential  oils — quantity  and  value  of  products:  1905 
and  1900. 


1905 

1900 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Peppermint  oil: 

Crude,  pounds 

41  250 

SI 07  479 

147,100 
102,0f.8 
117,729 
1.300 
467,319 
110,260 

$126,340 

127,  .585 

88, 772          .163-  .';ai 

30,235 

4,7.37 

299,373 

824.874 

17,073 

15,  .579 

522, 64S 

380,373 

65,250 

'      7,602 

37, 772 

1,2.11 

Other  natural  oils.  p(junds 

Witeh  hazel  extract,  gallons 

404,785 
54,649 
54,460 

\ll  other  products 

9,547 

The  statistics  of  Table  12.3  show  an  increase  in  the 
value  of  refined  peppermint  oil,  in  the  quantity  and 
value  of  wintergreen  oil  and  of  witch  hazel  extract, 
and  in  the  value  of  "other  natural  oils"  and  of  arti- 
ficial oils,  but  a  decrease  in  all  other  items.  The 
decrease  in  the  quantity  of  peppermint  oil,  both 
crude  and  refined,  finds  an  explanation  "in  tlie  over- 
production of  tliis  commothty  in  1899,  wliich  carried 
the  price  below  tliat  point  wliich  made  the  ctiltiva- 
tion  of  the  mint  and  production  of  the  oil  profitable. 
As  a  consequence  the  cultivation  has  since  been  much 
restricted.  The  re'duction  in  the  quantity  and  value 
of  sassafras  oil  ajjpears  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  this 
is  cliiefly  a  neighborhood  industry  which  is  subject  to 
considerable  fluctuation.  The  quantities  of  other  nat- 
ural oils  are  subject  to  similar  fluctuations,  and  it 
would  appear  that  in  1905  a  larger  quantity  of  the 
more  expensive  oils  was  produced  than  in  1900. 

As  pointed  out  elsewhere,  in  1900  the  census  in- 
cluded the  neighborhood  industries,  while  in  1905 
these  were  eliminated  from  the  canvass.  This  difTer- 
ence  in  methods  has  had  a  marked  influence  on  the  in- 
dustries embraced  in  Class  III,  Potashes,  and  Class  X"\T!, 


478 


MANUFACTURES. 


Essential  Oils,  as  these  industries  are  largely  pursued 
by  farmers  at  odd  moments  between  the  cultivation 
of  their  regular  crops.  As  a  result  of  tliis  canvass  in 
1900,  in  addition  to  the  quantities  presented  in  Table 
123,  there  were  retiuned  .38,925  poimds  of  oil  of  pepper- 
naint,  valued  at  .S32,074;  1,410  poimds  of  oil  of  sassa- 
fras, valued  at  $393 ;  775  poimds  of  oil  of  wintergreen, 
valued  at  $1,043;  and  11,158  pounds  of  other  natural 
oils,  valued  at  .?7,734.  These  establi.shments  each,  as 
a  rule,  produced  less  than  $500  worth  of  product,  and 
would  not  therefore  be  considered  in  any  of  the  regular 
Census  tabulations. 

Table  124. — Essential   oils — number  of  establishments,   by  states: 
1905  and  1900. 


Table    136. — Essential  oils — quantity  and  cost  nf  materials  used: 
1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

1903 

1900 

164 

«50 

2 
9 

2 

1 

1 

Indiana                          

13 

1 
7 
1 
1 
5 

1 

G 

15 

1 

9 
4 
2 

3 

13 

.      2 

1  Includes  2  pstablishraonts  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

2  Includes  3  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

The  statistics  of  Table  124  show  a  most  irregular 
fluctuation,  due  probably  to  the  fact  that  the  sources 
of  supply  are  quite  irregular  and  that,  as  a  rule,  these 
establishments  spring  into  existence  in  the  midst  of  an 
abundant  native  sujiply  and  are  abandoned  when  this 
is  exhausted. 

Table    12.5.     Essential  nils — value  of  products,  by  ijeographic  divi- 
sions: 1905  and  1900. 


DIVISION. 

190& 

1900 

Unit<?d  Stat4>.H 

11,479,162 

S816,369 

North  Atlantic 

1,160,617 

9,856 

308,689 

S85,S72 
38,772 
191,625 

Table  125  shows  that  the  North  Atlantic  division 
held  the  first  rank  in  tlio  essential  oil  industry  at  each 
c<>nsus,  and  at  the  census  of  1905  reported  7S.5  per 
cent,  or  more  than  three-fourtlis,  of  the  (otnl  value  of 
products  for  tlie  in(histry.  The  couihiiicd  .North  Cen- 
tral and  Western  divisions  ranked  second  at  each  cen- 
sus, in  both  of  these  divisions  the  industry  shows  a 
marked  increa.se  in  the  value  of  products  for  1905  as 
Cf)nipiirc(l  witli  1900,  tlint  in  tlie  North  .Vtliintic  division 
amounting  to  98.1  percent.  Tlicre  was,  on  the  other 
liiiiid,  II  marked  dccrea.se  in  tlic  value  of  products  of 
the  South  .Vllantir  division. 


1905 

1900 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

84.602 

J206.255 

385.773 
230.666 
244,823 

13,258 

443,400 

7,473 

6.363 

$44,888 
331.050 
148.050 
25.684 

Essential  oils,  crude,  pounds 

Herbs,  leave.s.  and  seeds,  tons... 
Wood.  bark,  and  roots,  tons 

107,713 
2.410 
59,981 

The  statistics  of  Table  126  show  for  1905  as  compared 
with  1900  an  increase  in  the  value  of  every  article 
enumerated,  and  an  increase  in  the  quantity  of  alco- 
hol and  of  wood,  bark,  and  roots  used.  The  decreases 
in  the  quantity  of  crude  essential  oils  and  of  herbs, 
leaves,  and  seeds  used  in  1905  as  compared  witli  1900 
are  quite  in  harmony  with  the  variations  in  products 
shown  elsewhere,  and  point  to  a  smaller  use  of  the 
cheaper  materials. 

Table  127  presents  the  imports  ami  exports  of  oils, 
both  volatile,  or  essential,  and  distilled,  for  the  years 
ending  June  30,  1891  to  1905,  inclusive,  as  taken  from 
Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States,  pub- 
lished by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics. 

Table  127. — Oils,  volatile,  or  essential,  and  distilled — imports  and 
exports:  1891  to  1905. 


IMFOKTS. 

KXPOKTS. 

V:;AR  ENl-ING  JUNE 

30- 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Peppermint  oil. 

All  other 

Pounds. 

Value. 

(value). 

1891 

1892 

3.459.533 
3.451,519 
■4,022.117 
2,861,875 

SI.. 523. 491 
1.676.064 
1.6.54.036 
1,102,108 
1,398.956 
1.554.289 
1,885.523 
1.511.078 
1.691.257 
1.859.184 
1.959.395 
2.092.371 
2,156.331 
2.  .396.  748 
2,534,723 

45.321 

64. 987 
99.629 
80.225 
87.633 
85.290 
162. 492 
145.375 
117.462 
89.. 5.58 
60. 166 

X.:m 

13.03;l 
42.939 
36.9,53 

J120.831 

156.418 

267.422 

209.722 

194.616 

174.810 

2,57.  484 

180.811 

118.227 

90.298 

63.672 

.54.898 

34.943 

124.  728 

1.3.5,060 

$65,104 
68  501 

1893 

79  920 

1894 

64  907 

1895 

190.798 

1896 

102  487 

1897 

146.  .569 

1898 

201  497 

1899 

162  358 

1900 

166. 424 

1901.                     .  . 

169  004 

1902 

202.9,83 

1903                     .   . 

252  770 

1904 

440.  .588 

iga5 

215.860 

Class   XVTT. — Compkessed  ani>  Liqiefiep  Gases. 

This  class  embraces  acetylene,  anhydrous  ammonia, 
carbon  dioxide  (carbonic  acid  gas,  carbonic  an- 
liydridc,  (\)-,),  chlorine,  coal  gas,  hydrogen,  liquid 
air,  nitrogen  numo.xidc  (liyponitrous  oxide,  nitrous 
oxide,  liiughing  gas,  NjO),  oxygen,  conqxmnd  oxygen, 
sulphur  dioxide  (.sulphurous  oxide,  suljihurous  acid 
gas,  suli)hurous  anhydride,  SOj),  and  nil  gas(>s  that 
are  com])resseil   or  li(|ucficd  for  sale. 

The  statistics  in  Table  12.S  .show  an  increase  in 
every  item  fur  1905  as  comi)nreil  with  1900,  the 
largest  increase  in  amount  being  fnuiiil  in  cajiital 
and  the  .second  largest  in  nhIuc  of  |irii(bicts.  The 
largest    percentage    nf    increase    is    idso    foiiiui    in    tho 


CHEMICALS  AND  ATJJ1']D  PHODUCTS. 


479 


item  of  cajMtal,  anil  the  second  largest,  in  the  item 
of  miscellaneous  expenses.  It  is  to  be  noted  as  in- 
dicating the  rapid  growth  of  this  industry  that  the 
smallest  percent&ge  of  increase,  that  for  the  number 
of  establishments,  is  above  50  per  cent. 
Table  lti8. — Compressed  arul  liquefied  (/uses — eomparative  summary, 
with  amount  and  per  cent  oj  increase:  1905  and  I'JOO. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc., 

number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number. . 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


46 

30 

16, 943, 805 

$2,117,3.W 

243 

101 

$258,555 

$121,912 

426 

211 

$271,392 

$149,986 

$451,712 

$160,561 

$1,117,930 

$636,519 

$2,673,846 

$1,320,042 

Increase. 


16 

$4, 826, 450 

142 
$136, 643 

215 

$121, 406 

$291, 151 

$481,411 

$1,353,804 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


53.3 
227.9 

140.6 
112.1 
101.9 

80.9 
181.3 

75.6 
102.6 


The  statistics  of  Table  129  show  an  increase  for 
1905  over  1900  for  every  item  enumerated  at  t)()th 
censuses  except  for  the  quantit}^  and  value  of  aqua 
ammonia,  the  quantity  of  calcined  magnesia,  and  the 
value  of  all  other  gases.  The  largest  increase  in  value, 
$738,697,  is  in  the  item  of  anhydrous  ammonia,  and 
the  second  largest  increase,  $624,603,  in  that  of  car- 
bon dioxide,  while  the  largest  percentages  of  increase  in 
value,  232.2  per  cent  and  168.6  i)er  cent,  respectively, 
appear  for  illuminating  gas  and  anliydrous  ammonia. 
The  largest  increase  in  quantity,  23,907,346  pounds,  is 
in  carbon  dioxide,  and  the  second  largest  increase, 
3,308,504  pounds,  in  anhydrous  ammonia.  The  de- 
crease in  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  aqua  ammonia 
produced  arises  from  the  fact  that  the  ammonia  can 
now  be  more  profitably  manufactured  into  anhydrous 
ammonia.  The  decrease  in  the  quantity  and  the  in- 
crease in  the  value  of  calcined  magnesia  appear  to  arise 
from  the  difference  in  the  conditions  of  the  market  for 
this  product  in  different  localities,  for  in  some  places  it 
is  easier  to  dispose  of  calcined  magnesia  at  an  accept- 
able price,  and  in  others  to  dispose  of  epsom  salts,  and 
this  determines  what  final  state  of  combination  the 
magnesium  contents  of  the  magnesite  shall  be  made  to 
assume. 

Table  129. —  Coin-pressed  and  liquefied  gases — quantity  and  value 
of  products:  1905  and  1900. 


1905 

1900 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Anhydrous  ammonia,  pounds 

5,752,233 
11,832,038 

2.638,000 
35,991,627 
10,111,395 

197,072 

41,020 

15,785 

1,898,410 

$1,176,854 

186,909 

35,003 

1,343,967 

102, 794 

983,852  ' 

28,311 

1,278 

69,246 

2,957 

2,443,729 
S3, 216, 973 

6.556,000 

12,084,281 

O 

60,432 

W 

8,000 
395,350 

$438. 157 
'122  619 

Calcinod  magnesia,  pounds 

32,000 
719, 364 

Epsom  salts,  pounds 

296,174 
900 

lilumlnuting  gas,   1,000  culaic 
feet 

Lime,  bushels  . .. 

Oxygen,  gallons  

38,170 
35,106 

All  other  gases. . . 

The  item  of  illuminating  gas  in  Table  129  illustrates 
the  manner  in  which  the  summations  of  individual  in- 
dustries are  arrived  at,  for  this  product  primarily,  and 
properly,  appears  in  the  industr}*  cla.s.sified  as  "gas, 
manufactured,"  but  as  it  is  compressed,  the  figures  are 
again  sIkjwr  here  in  order  to  present  as  compl(;te  a  view 
as  j)ossible  of  the  industry  of  compressing  and  liquefy- 
ing gases  for  sale.  No  data  for  illuminating  gas  are  in- 
cluded in  the  statistics  of  Table  128,  and  therefore 
there  is  no  duplication  in  the  total  values  given  for 
chemicals  and  allied  products. 

Table  130. — Compressed  and  liquefied  gases — number  of  establish- 
■ments,  by  states:   I'i<i5  and  1900. 


'  Includes  291,589  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $11,664,  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 

2  Includes  201,503  pounds,  with  an  estimated  value  of  S7,254,  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufacturcii. 

■*Not  shown  separately  in  UtOO. 

*  Included  in  "  all  other  gases  "  in  1900. 


STATK. 

1905 

1900 

United  States 

172 

>56 

1 

Arkansas     ..                               .- 

1 

2 

Colorado 

Delaware. ...                             

1 

District  of  Columbia                                      .        

' 

1 

Florida 

1 

Georgia '. v 

1 

niinois 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 
3 

1 

Massachusetts.                             , 

2 

1 

S 
S 
S 
H 

1 

2 

9 

New  York                                                                    

10 

1 

Ohio                                                                                

3 

4 

1 

7 

6 

2 

Texas                                                                              

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1  Includes  26  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 

products. 

The  statistics  of  Table  130  show  that  New  York 
has  held  the  first  place  in  rank  hi  this  industry  at 
each  census.  New  Jersey  the  second  place,  and  Penn- 
sylvania the  third.  No  other  state  shows  more  than 
5  establishments  at  either  census. 

Table  131. — Compressed  and  liquefied  gases — value  of  products,  by 
geographic  divisions :  1903  and  1900. 


1905 


1900 


United  States i$3,858,628  ,  i$l, 732,509 


North  Atlantic '    1,442,180 


South  .\tlantlc. 
North  Central. 
South  Central. 
Western 


322,567 

1,815,106 

95,159 

183,616 


797,802 

201,272 

618,378 

41,934 

73.123 


1  Includes  "  all  other  products ." 

The  statistics  of  Table  131  show  a  marked  increase 
in  ever}-  division  enumerated,  the  largest  increase, 
$1,196,728,  being  in  the  North  Central  division,  and 
the  second  largest,  $644,378,  in  the  North  Atlantic. 
The  largest  percentage  of  increase,  193.5  per  cent,  is 
also  found  for  the  North  Central  division.  Measured 
by  the  value  of  products,  the  North  Central  division, 
which  stood  second  in  this  industr\'  at  the  census  of 


480 


MANUFACTURES. 


1900,  stands  first  at  the  census  of  1905,  and  the  North 
Atlantic  division,  wliich  stood  first  in  1900,  now 
stands  second. 

Table  13i2. — Compressed  and  liquefied  gases — guantittj  and  cost  oj 
materials  used:  1905  and  1900. 


Ammonia  liquor,  gallons  ' 

.Vmmonium  nitrate,  pounds 

.Ymmonium  sulphate,  pounds. 

.\qua  ammonia,  pounds 

Carbonate  of  potash,  pounds. . 

Chlorate  of  potash,  pounds 

Lime,  bushels 

Limestone,  tons 

Magnesite.  tons 

Oil.  gallons 

Sulphuric  acid,  tons 


1905 


Quantity.       Cost 


10,258,764 
75,894 


6,340, 
3,752, 

370, 
28, 

173, 

111, 
3,506, 

8, 


$204, 467 

10,890 

253, 543 

146,388 

15,780 

3,325 

28,478 

4,989 

71,296 

172,146 

91,976 


1900 


Quantity.       Cost 


916, 851 

4, 186, 186 
4,555,734 

m 
m 

113,218 

631 

134,808 

1,385,021 

4,014 


$16,504 

106,632 
225,026 

(=) 

14,263 
4,418 
55,899 
57, 741 
46.229 


>  16-ounce  liquor. 


3  Not  shown  separately  in  1900. 


The  statistics  presented  in  Table  132  show  an  increase 
in  every  item  shown  at  each  census  except  in  the  cjuan- 
tity  and  cost  of  aqua  ammonia  and  the  f[uantities  of 
limestone  and  magnesite.  The  decrease  in  the  quan- 
tity of  aqua  ammonia  used  may  well  be  accounted  for 
by  such  an  increase  in  the  cjuantity  of  ammonium  sul- 
phate and  ammonia  licjuor  used  as  has  been  reported, 
while  the  increased  use  of  carbon  dioxide  from  natural 
sources  and  from  breweries  may  account  for  the  de- 
crease in  the  use  of  limestone  and  magnesite.  The 
largest  increase  in  cost,  $187,963,  is  for  the  ammonia 
liquor  reported,  and  the  second  largest,  $146,911,  for 
ammonium  sulphate.  The  largest  percentage  of  in- 
crea.se  in  cost,  1,138.9  per  cent,  is  found  for  ammonia 
liquor,  and  the  second  largest,  198.1  per  cent,  for  oil. 
The  units  of  measure  employed  lor  the  different  mate- 
rials reported  are  so  many  and  imlike  that  no  compari- 
son by  quantity  of  any  value  can  be  made. 

The  direct  licniofaction  of  acetylene  has  failed  to 
reach  a  commercial  development,  because  of  the  fact 
that,  being  an  endothermous  compound,  it  is  easily  de- 
composed with  explosive  violence  if,  when  under  a  pres- 
sure of  more  than  2  atmospheres,  it  is  subjected  to  a 
shock.  In  comiiion  with  other  endothermous  com- 
pounds tills  sensitiveness  of  acetylene  is  diminislied  bj' 
admixture  with  (jlher  substances,  and  it  has  been  the 
cu.stom  in  Germany  to  employ,  for  lighting  the  coaches 
on  railroads,  a  mixture  of  2.')  percent  of  acetylene  and  75 
per  cent  of  a  gas  of  low  candlepower  made  frmii  shale, 
compres-sed  in  cylinders  under  a  pressure  of  l.')(l  ixninds 
to  the  sf|uarr'  inch.  Advantage  has  also  been  taken 
of  the  faf't  that  acetone  is  a  solvent  for  acetylen<>,  i]w 
volume  of  acetylene  gas  that  may  be  so  dis.solved  in- 
creasing once  with  each  pound  of  |)ressure  to  which  the 
gas  is  subjected.  Containers  filled  with  porous  sub- 
stances to  facilitate  absorption  niid  lucnlizc  dissocia- 
tion,in  the  event  of  its  occurrence,  have  met  with  favor 
in  the  lighting  of  coaches,  yachts,  buoys,  and  .so  on,  but 
the  statistics  of  acetylene  compression  are  as  yet  too 
few  to  permit  of  separate  present  ul  ion. 


The  increase  in  the  quantity  of  anhydrous  ammonia 
manufactured  depends  principally  upon  the  extension 
of  the  compressor  system  of  artificial  refrigeration, 
though  this  substance  is  also  employed  to  some  extent 
in  the  absorption  system.  Thus,  from  the  report  on 
manufactured  ice,'  it  appears  that  at  the  census  of  1900, 
946,666  pounds  of  anhydrous  ammonia,  costmg 
$249,838,  were  used  in  the  compressor  system,  and 
109,869  pounds,  costing  $29,842,  in  the  absorption 
system;  wliile  at  the  census  of  1905,  1,795,893  pounds, 
valued  at  $484,769,  were  used  in  the  compressor  sj^s- 
tem  and  136,604  pounds,  costing  $37,506,  in  the  ab- 
sorption system.  There  were  therefore  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  ice,  at  the  census  of  1900,  a  total  of 
1,056,535  pounds  of  anhydrous  ammonia,  costing 
$279,680,  and  at  the  census  of  1905  a  total  of 
1,932,497  pounds,  costing  $522,275.  The  manufac- 
ture of  ice,  however,  represents  but  a  part,  and  proba- 
bly the  lesser  part,  of  the  ap])lication  of  the  process 
of  artificial  refrigeration,  for,  as  is  well  knowm,  it  is 
applied  very  extensively  in  cold  storage  for  the  preser- 
vation of  food  products,  and  in  many  manufacturing 
operations.  Mention  has  already  been  made  of  the  use 
of  ice  or  refrigerating  macliines  in  the  manufacture  of 
nitroglycerin.  Another  recent  application  of  these 
machines,  due  to  James  Gayley,  first  vice-president  of 
the  United  States  Steel  Corporation,-  is  in  the  drying  of 
the  air  for  use  in  blast  furnaces  used  in  the  production 
of  cast  iron,  by  freezing  the  moisture  out  of  the  air. 
Many  of  the  large  establishments  in  wliich  such  refrig- 
erating appliances  are  in  use  manufacture  the  anhy- 
drous ammonia  wliich  they  consume  in  their  appara- 
tus, and  such  manufacture,  as  a  rule,  escapes  census 
enumeration.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  anhydrous 
ammonia  ]>roduced  for  sale  is  considerably  less  than  the 
entire  product  of  a  given  year. 

In  1905,  as  in  1900,  carbon  dioxide  was  obtained 
chiefly  from  the  earth  about  mineral  s|)rings,  from  the 
fermentation  tubs  in  breweries,  from  the  combustion  of 
coke,  from  the  calculation  of  limestone  or  magnesite,  and 
from  the  treatment  of  magnesite  or  other  carbonates 
with  sulphuric  acid;  but  the  proportions  of  the  total 
drawn  from  these  various  sources  in  1905  have  changed 
materially  from  what  they  were  in  1900.  According  to 
Minor,''  at  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  where  the  gas  is 
recovered  from  the  natural  carbonated  saline  waters 
found  there,  over  forty  springs  (or  wells)  have  been 
drilknl  for  gas  producing  purposes,  and  these  yield 
about  20,000  pounds  of  carbon  dioxide  ])er  day. 

Tho  wells  are  Konerally  fi  inrlio.s  in  diameler,  varying  in  depth 
from  LW  feet  to  (iOO  feet  as  they  extenil  .loiitli.  Tho  rock  is  an 
argillaceous  slate  lying  alwve  linieslone,  and  it  is  at  the  juncture  of 
the  lwi>  thai  ihc  carlionated  water  is  generally  found,  if  at  all,  for 
many  nonyieldiug  wells  have  been  drilled.  The  water  as  it  issues' 
from  the  well  carrying  ita  gas  under  pressure,  is  piped  directly  into 

'  Census  of  Maniifaclurcs.  1!)().").  llullelin  HM.  pagi's  •'il  and  hh. 

^  James  (iaylc\v,  "The  .\i)i>liialinii  nf  Dry  Air  lUasI  to  llic  Mann- 
faottircof  Iron.  "Inin  ami  SIitI  In^iiiulr.  I'ilOI. 

"  .lolin  ('.  .Minor,  jr..  "Tlic  I'mdiiclioii  and  Moili'rn  Hsi'S  of  Ciii- 
bonic  ;Vcid."  Tlic  (liiiiiiial  lOiigiiuii'.  vol.  1.  I'JO),  page  212. 


i 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


481 


a  separator — a  largo  barrol  with  a  2-foot  trap  or  seal  at  the  bottom 
from  which  the  water  escapes  to  waste,  and  with  a  pipe  at  the  top 
leading  to  the  gasometer  into  which  the  gas,  following  the  path  of 
least  resistance,  naturally  discharges.  The  process  of  securing  the 
gas  is  therefore  jjurely  automatic,  and  but  little  goes  to  waste  with 
the  water  except,  that  in  actual  solution. 

Once  stored  in  the  gasometer  the  method.'!  of  treatment  are  quite 
similar  for  all  ])lants.  The  gas  is  drawn  through  calcium  chloride 
dryei's  to  remove  any  moisture  and  passes  on  to  the  compressor, 
working  generally  in  three  stages,  00,300,  and  1 ,000  jjounds,  varying 
a  little  with  the  temperature.  After  each  stage  the  gas  is  thoroughly 
cooled,  finally  passing  into  the  cylinders  for  shipment,  the  weight 
of  gas  admitted  being  carefully  controlled. 

Upon  the  ability  to  secure  a  steel  container  for  shipping,  of  not 
excessive  weight  and  capable  of  withstanding  sliocks  in  transit  and 
an  internal  test  pressure  of  3,700  pounds  per  square  inch,  the  future 
of  this  industry  has  rested.  The  cylinders  or  tuljea  now  used  are 
either  of  lap-welded  or  of  seandess  steel,  the  smaller  size  being  S/j 
inches  O.  D.,  and  48  inches  long  with  a  water  capacity  of  30  pounds, 
into  which  20  pounds  of  gas  are  fdled,  and  the  larger  size  of  8/5 
inches  0.  D.,  and  51  inches  long  with  a  water  capacity  of  90  pounds, 
and  filled  ordinarily  with  60  pounds  of  gas.  This  gives  a  ratio  of 
gas  to  water  capacity  of  about  67  per  cent  and  the  pressures  reached 
under  ordinary  conditions  are  as  follows; 

At    60°  F.,     745  pounds  per  square  inch. 
80°  F.,     966  pound.s  per  square  inch. 
110°  F.,  1,715  pounds  per  square  inch. 
130°  F.,  2,240  pounds  per  square  inch. 
The  bursting  pressure  for  the  seamless  tubes  varies  between  5,100 
and  5,900  pounds,  and  for  the  lap-welded  between  4,900  and  5,500 
pounds,  and  every  tube  before  using  is  tested  to  3,700  pounds  per 
square  inch. 

According  to  Fuller '  the  carbon  dioxitle  obtained  at 
Saratoga  appears  to  come  mainly  from  the  Trenton 
limestone  and  to  result  from  the  action  upon  it  of 
chlorinated  water. 

A  development  of  the  process  for  producing  carbon 
dioxide  from  coke  consists  in  burning  the  coke  in  a  fur- 
nace -with  cold  blast,  cooling  the  resultant  mixed  gases 
in  water-cooled  tubes,  scrubbing  them  with  water  in 
coke  towers  in  order  to  remove  SO,,  soot  and  dirt,  and 
then  passing  them  into  a  solution  of  a  cold  normal 
alkali  carbonate,  such  as  potassium  or  sodium  car- 
bonate, thereby  causing  the  formation  of  an  acid  car- 
bonate, commonly  known  as  a  bicarbonate.  The  re- 
sulting solution  of  the  bicarbonate  is  then  heated  by 
the  waste  heat  from  the  coke-burning  furnace,  whereby 
the  carbon  dioxide  that  has  been  absorbed  is  set  free 
and  the  normal  carbonate  solution  is  regenerated  for 
use  again  in  the  absorbing  tower.  A  characteristic 
feature  in  the  recovery  of  the  gas  from  closed  fermen- 
tation vats  in  breweries  consists  in  passing  the  gas, 
after  it  has  been  washed,  through  a  solution  of  potas- 
sium permanganate  in  order  to  oxidize  ami  destroy  the 
organic  matters  that  accompanj'  it,  and  impart  to  it 
an  odor  indicative  of  its  origin. 

The  several  processes  in  use,  when  properly  carried 
out,  yield  a  product  which  is  from  98  to  99.5  per  cent 
pure.  A  considerable  number  of  uses  to  wliich  com- 
pressed carbon  dioxide  is  applied  were  enumerated  in 
the  report  on  chemicals  ami  allied  products  at  the 

'  M^Ton  L.  Fuller,  "  Carbon  Dioxide,"  Mineral  Resources  of  the 
United  States,  1905,  page  1259. 


census  of  1900.  Additional  applications  mentioned 
by  Minor  are  (1)  in  the  operation  of  block  signals  by 
the  electro-pneumati(!  process,  which  is  as  follows: 

When  a  train  a]jproach(;K  the  signal  it  short  circuits  a  track  bat- 
tery, thereby  opening  a  relay  and  clo.sing  an  electrical  contact 
point,  which  in  turn  causes  an  electro-pneumatic  valve  U>  rtpen, 
j  provided  there  is  no  train  on  the  blotrk  ahead.  Carbonic  acid  at 
54  poundiS  pressure  i.s  thus  permitted  to  pass  from  a  secondary  tank, 
fed  by  a  gas  cylinder  through  a  prc^ssure  regulator,  U>  the  semaphore 
casting  which  when  forced  up  by  the  pressure  causes  the  blade  to 
go  from  a  horizontal  or  stop  position  to  one  of  00°,  thus  giving  a 
proceed  signal  to  the  train. 

And  (2)  in  the  treatment  of  logwood : 

In  the  ordinary  methods  of  extraction  there  is  a  partial  decom- 
position of  the  coloring  matter  into  products  which  can  not  after- 
wards be  separated  from  it.  These  have  a  most  detrimental  effect 
on  the  efficiency  of  the  product  as  a  dye.  By  extraction  in  the 
presence  of  CO2,  not  only  is  there  a  definite  compound — hema- 
toxylin carbonate — formed,  but  the  decomposition  is  prevented 
which  occurs  when  the  color  is  extracted  by  any  other  process. 
When  dyed  upon  cotton,  with  an  alkaline  bath,  the  glucose  con- 
tained in  the  extract  made  by  other  methods  reduces  the  copper 
salt  to  red  oxide,  which  is  precipitated  with  the  color  as  an  insoluble 
lake,  having  no  affinity  for  cotton  fiber  and  producing  the  .so-called 
"dusty"  condition.  The  new  product  does  not  reduce  copper 
salts  and  does  produce  even  and  perfect  shades  of  color  on  the  fiber. 

The  compression  of  illuminating  gas  has  long  been 
practised,  and  it  was  in  the  examination  of  the  litjuid 
deposited  from  this  compressed  gas  that  Faraday,  in 
1825,  discovered  the  very  important  hydrocarbon 
known  as  benzene.  This  verj'  deposition  of  the  heavier 
hydrocarbon  in  the  gas,  however,  impoverished  the 
gas  and  rendered  it  less  fit  for  use  as  an  illuminant. 
The  great  convenience  that  often  results  from  being 
able  to  store  gas  in  portable  cylinders  and  to  use  it  at 
will  is  obvious,  and  this  fact  has  served  to  stimulate 
inventors  to  continued  efforts,  until  success  was 
reached  in  processes  such  as  that  of  Pintsch  or  of 
Peebles,  in  which  the  gas  is  made  by  "  cracking ' '  certain 
petroleum,  tar,  or  shale  oils  in  retorts,  and  then  com- 
pressing them  in  cylinders  under  low  pressures.  Since 
this  oil  gas  is  rich  in  benzene  and  defiant  hydrocarbons, 
it  must  be  burned  in  specialh'  tlesignetl  burners.  By 
admixture  with  a  certain  amount  of  oxj'gen  its  com- 
bustibihty  and  illuminating  powers  are  improved.  In 
its  formation  tar  and  liquid  hydrocarbons  are  obtained 
as  by-products.  Compressed  illuminating  gas  is 
principallj'  used  in  lighting  railway  coaches  and  buoys, 
although  some,  obtained  by  compressing  ordinary 
city  gas,  is  used  in  the  oxyhj'drogen  lamp  with  magic 
lanterns,  and  is  sold  under  the  name  of  hydrogen,  or 
black  gas,  the  latter  name  referring  to  the  color  of  the 
cylinders  in  which  it  is  stored. 

Liquid  hydrogen  has  not  yet  appeared  in  commerce, 
although  the  process  of  liquefying  it  was  exemplified 
on  a  large  scale  in  the  British  Government  Exhibit 
at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  at  St.  Louis. 
Compressed  hydrogen  is  utihzed  in  the  Clowes  lamp 
emploj-ed  in  detecting  the  presence  of  dangerous  gases 
in  mines,  the  holds  of  ships,  and  other  inclosed  places. 
A  recent  important  industrial  use  for  it,  or  for  com- 


482 


MANUFACTURES. 


pressed  acetylene,  is  found  in  the  compound  blowpipes 
used  in  cutting  or  perforating  metals,  \vhicli  enable  one 
to  cut  into  pieces  with  ease  and  celerity  large  masses  of 
iron,  steel,  or  other  metals.  A  competitor  to  com- 
pressed hydrogen  is  found  in  the  generators  making 
use  of  metallic  hydrides,  such  as  lithium  or  calcium 
hydrides,  for  these  substances  on  contact  with  water 
react  with  it  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  of  calcium 
carbide:  hydrogen  gas  is  thus  set  free,  and  may,  if 
desired,  be  evolved  under  pressure.  The  calcium 
hydride  proposed  for  this  use  has  been  commercially 
styled  hydrolith. 

Not  much  progress  seems  to  have  been  made  in  the 
commercial  development  of  litpiid  air,  though  the 
processes  for  its  production  have  been  greatly  im- 
proved. This  seems  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
demand  for  it  has  been  limited  to  the  use  of  a  portion 
of  the  oxygen  obtained  from  it  for  medical  purposes, 
and  to  the  use  of  a  still  smaller  quantity  of  the 
liquiil  air  itself  for  popular  demonstrations  or  scien- 
tific researches.  As  about  four-fifths  of  the  atmos- 
pheric air  is  nitrogen,  and  as  there  has  been  in  the  past 
no  commercial  use  for  nitrogen,  the  entire  cost  of 
production  has  had  to  be  borne  by  the  oxygen  which 
was  sold  as  such.  Mention  has  been  previously  made 
in  these  pages  of  the  recent  utilization  of  nitrogen  in 
the  manufacture  of  calcium  cyanamid,  anil  this  appli- 
cation will  probablj'  give  a  marked  impetus  in  the 
near  future  to  the  manufacture  of  liciuid  air. 

Class  XVIII. — Fine  Chemicals. 

This  class  embraces  those  chemicals  sold  in  the  trade 
as  cheuiically  pure  or  absolulelj^  pure;  the  chemicals 
which  arc  more  especially  made  use  of  in  analytical 
operations,  in  .scientific  research,  and  in  pharmacy; 
and  those  chemicals  for  which,  like  the  salts  of  gold 
and  of  silver,  the  price  per  unit  is  relatively  very  high. 
Among  the  chemicals  which  are  cinhraced  here  may 
be  named  all  chemically  ])ur('  ur  "luialyzcil"  acids, 
bases,  and  salts;  acetone  an<l  other  ketones;  absolute 
alcohols  and  all  alcohols  dtlicr  tluin  coninu'icial  grain 
and  wood  alcohols;  aldehydes;  alkaloids:  elementary 
substances,  other  than  common  and  lnw-priceil  ones; 
enzymes,  ferments,  nr  dinstiiscs,  such  as  |)ancr'catin, 
pepsin,  rennet,  tr^-psin,  huitose,  sucrose,  and  zymose; 
esters  (ethereal  salts  or  compound  ethers):  ethers, 
simple  mid  mixed:  rare  earth  e()m|>nun(ls,  such  as  the 
salts  of  cerium,  lanlliamim,  thorium,  radium,  and  ura- 
nium; terpenes;  to.xins  and  antito.xins:  and  urea 
and  the  urei<les.  In  his  percent  catalogue,  Schu- 
chardt'  enumerates  upward  of  fi.TOO  did'erent  sub- 
stances that  he  oilers  for  sale,  most  nf  which  helinig  in 
this  class,  and  yet  this  list  docs  nul  in<liide  all  ><\'  this 
class  of  substances  that  are  now  known. 


Table  1.33. — Fine  chemicals — comparative  summary,  with  amount 
and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried    ofDcials,    clerks,    etc., 

number 

Salaries 

Wagc-eamers,  average  number... 

Total  wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


1905 


1900 


43 
$13,347,431 

339 
S578,696 
1,996 
$1,092,473 
$1,186,230 
$9,629,567 
$13,566,955 


$8,029,764 

147 

$220,724 

1,091 

$542,865 

$182,815 

$3,271,388 

$5,461,513 


Increase. 


14 
$5,317,667 

192 

$357,972 

905 

$549,608 

$1,003,415 

$6,358,179 

$8,105,442 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


48.3 
66.2 

130.6 
162.2 
83.0 
101.2 
548.9 
194.4 
148.4 


The  census  of  1905  shows  an  increase  in  every  item 
presented  as  compared  with  1900,  the  value  of  prod- 
ucts showing  the  substantial  gain  of  $8,105,442,  or 
148.4  per  cent,  while  the  cost  of  materials  reported 
increased  $6,358,179,  nearly  trebling.  The  largest  pro- 
portional increase,  548.9  per  cent,  was  reported  for 
miscellaneous  expenses,  and  the  next  largest,  194.4  per 
cent,  for  cost  of  materials. 

Table    134. — Fine  chemicals — quantity  and  value  of  products: 
1905  and  1000. 


.\cetone,  pounds 

Acids,  C.  P.,  pounds 

Alkaloids,  ounces 

Ammonia,  C.  P.,  po.unds 

Bromides,  pounds 

Camphor,  refined  and  artificial, 

pounds 

Cliloroform,  pounds 

E.stcrs,  pounds 

Kther,  pounds 

Fusel  oil,  refined,  pounds 

("■old  sidts,  ounces 

Iodides,  pounds 

Pepsin,  pounds 

Platinum  salts,  ounces 

Rare  earth  .salts,  pounds 

Silver  salts,  ounces 

N'anillin.  ounces 


1905 


Quantity.       Value. 


11,589,215 

2  6,540,689 

5, 797, 925 

(') 
403, 997 

1,166,372 

616,670 

403, 260 

M,  239, 174 

'2,077,600 

47,641 

84, 702 

(') 

"90,558 

1,899,081 

579, 877 


$195,978 

218,518 

3,229,527 

W 

157, 848 

722,907 
165,604 
187, 680 
2,243,965 
355,417 
453, 202 
211,019 

(') 

(') 

406, 326 
778, 439 
165,044 


1900 


Quantity.      Value. 


1,638,715 

2,480,575 

4,064,478 

264,952 

314,399 


698,  70S 

254,190 
118,725 

785,300 

« 1,485, 942 

741,228 

(') 

(') 

12,347 

120,690 

20,714 

32,831 

19,030 

76,120 

8,112 

61,400 

6,373 

25,  .550 

1,606,108 

627,2.52 

124,874 

113,050 

$178,666 

136, 105 

1,750,603 

18,131 

89,319 


I  Dr.  Theoflor  SctiuclianU,  rhemiHcho  K:il)riko,  ridcrlitz.  No.  (58, 
OcUiUir.  1!M)7. 


'  Includes  2SS.820  pounds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $34,6.68,  consumed  in 
establishments  where  manufactured. 

a  Includes  11,661  j>oiinds,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $l.o:?6,  consumed  in 
cstabiishnicnts  where  manufactured. 

>  Not  shown  for  190.6. 

<  Not  shown  for  1900. 

i>  Includes  3,381,763  pounils,  with  an  assigned  vnliie  of  $1,816,504,  consumed 
In  establishments  whcri'  manufactured. 

"  Includes  1,222.701  jioiinils.  wilh  iin  assigned  value  of  $iill..'t.')2.  consumed  in 
establishments  where  mainifacturc;!. 

'  Includes  926.036  (lounds.  with  iin  assigned  value  of  S14;i.4I7.  consumed  in 
I'stahlishiiicnts  where  niiMiutaetiireil. 

"  Ineluiles  iri.'.iU'.i  piiuiicls,  Willi  nu  assigned  value  of  Sls:i.76il.  consumed  In 
establishments  where  luauufnetured. 

The  statistics  of  Table  1.34  show  an  increase  in 
every  item  presented  at  both  censuses  except  in  the 
f)uantities  of  acetone  and  of  esters.  As  the  change 
in  the  specifications  for  tlu>  smokeless  jiowder  used  by 
the  I'liited  States  Army,  fidin  a  iiitroglyeerin-nitro- 
celhilose  base  to  a  nitrocellulose  base  only,  neces- 
sitated the  abandonment  of  acetone  and  the  adoption 
of  ether-alcohol  as  the  colloidi/.ing  agent,  there  has 
been  as  a  coiiseipience  a  recliu'tion  in  the  amount  of 
acetoiK^  used  tiotw  ilhslaiiding  the  fact  that  an  inen use 
in    its    ii.se    for    the    manufacture   of   chloroform    has 


('iij!:mi(^al8  and  allied  products. 


483 


occurred  at  the  same  time.  The  decrease  in  the 
quantity  of  esters  pi'oducod  together  with  the  in- 
crease in  vahie  of  the  product  shows  that  the  falling 
off  is  oidy  in  the  lowest  ])riced  of  these  products. 

The  largest  totid  iucrciise  in  quantity,  4,060,114 
pounds,  is  found  in  tlic  iteiii  of  chemically  pure  acids. 
The  second  largest  increase,  2,753,232  pounds,  is 
found  in  the  item  of  etlicM',  hut  this  includes  also  the 
ether  that  is  consumed  in  further  mamifacture  in 
the  estahlislunent  wliere  it  was  jiroduced,  tlie  major 
portion  of  this  last-mentioned  ether  having  been 
both  produced  and  consumed  in  explosives  works  in 
the  manufacture  of  smokeless  i>owder.  The  largest 
increase  in  value,  .11,502,737,  appears  in  the  item 
of  ether,  but  this  includes  the  estimated  value  of  that 
which  was  consumed  in  th(>  establishment  where  it 
was  produced.  Ether  shows  also  a  marked  increase 
in  the  value  of  the  imit.  The  second  largest  increase 
in  value,  $1,479,024,  is  found  in  the  item  of  alka- 
loids. It  will  be  observed  that  the  number  of  dif- 
ferent products  sho\vn  in  Table  134  is  relatively 
small.  Tliis  is  due  partly  to  the  fact  that  under 
Census  rides  statistics  can  not  be  presented  separately 
unless  there  are  at  least  3  establishments,  operating 
independently,  for  which  such  statistics  have  been 
obtained;  partly  to  the  fact  that  the  fine  chemicals 
made  by  pharmaceutical  manufacturers  and  the 
enzymes  and  ferments  produced  for  sale  in  zymo- 
technic  laboratories  are  included,  on  account  of  the 
principal  products  of  the  establishments  manufac- 
turing them  or  the  uses  to  which  these  products 
are  put,  in  the  products  of  other  industries;  and 
partly  to  the  fact  that  manufacturers  frequently  fail 
to  make  reports  in  detail.  Nevertheless,  Schu- 
chardt's  catalogue  indicates  that  the  manufacture 
of  fine  chemicals,  and  especially  of  the  modern  syn- 
thetic preparations,  is  controlled  by  the  German 
chemical  manufacturers.  But  a  small  proportion  of 
the  fine  chemicals  that  Schuchardt  enumerates  appear 
to  be  manufactured  in  tliis  country  at  all,  antl,  judg- 
ing bj-  the  census  returns,  fewer  still  are  manufac- 
tured for  sale.  The  fine  chemicals  presented  in  Table 
134  named  on  the  schedules  which  were  received 
at  the  censuses  and  which,  uniler  the  rules,  could 
not  be  set  forth  separately,  are  the  elements  gold, 
iodine  (resublimed),  nickel  (purified),  phosphorus, 
and  silver;  compounds  of  antimony,  magnesium, 
manganese,  mercurj',  nickel,  and  titanium;  and  the 
organic  compounds  acetic  anhydride,  acetanilide, 
benzaldehydc,  formaldehyde,  glycosine,  paraformalde- 
hyde, phenalgin,  resorcin,  saccharin,  salol,  and  syn- 
thetic perfumer)^  bases. 


Table  135. — Fine. 


chemicals — number  of  exlahlishme.nis.  hy  states: 
1906  mid  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

United  States 

'67 

>49 

California 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

Illinois 

1 
1 
2 
3 
4 

2 

Maryland 

1 

1 

Michigan. -. 

1 

2 

Nebraska 

1 

23 

H 
3 

11 
1 
1 
1 

15 

New  York 

7 

Ohio 

2 

Pennsylvania ' 

13 

Rhode  Island 

1 

\V  isconsin 

1  Includes  24  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

^  Includes  20  (\stablishTncmts  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

The  statistics  of  Table  135  show  that  there  has  been 
a  gain  of  18  in  the  number  of  establishments  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  fine  chemicals  at  the  census  of 
1905  as  compared  with  1900,  the  largest  increase  in 
number,  8,  being  for  New  Jersej^,  and  the  second 
largest  increase,  7,  being  for  New  York.  At  each 
census  New  Jersey  has  ranked  first  in  the  number  of 
establishments,  reporting  in  1905,  34.3  per  cent,  or 
over  one-third  of  the  total.  At  the  census  of  1905 
New  York,  which  ranked  third  at  the  census  of  1900, 
stood  second,  exchanging  places  with  Pennsylvania. 
No  other  state  reported  as  mam*  as  5  establishments 
at  either  census. 

Table  136. — Fine  chemicals — value  of  products,  by  geographic  divi- 
sions: 1905  and  1900. 


DIVISION. 

1905 

1900 

1  $14, 235, 937 

>t6,272,289 

North  Atlantic  and  South  Atlantic 

North  Central  and  Western     

11,892,640 
2,343,297 

5,594,756 
677,533 

1  Includes  "all  other  products.' 


It  will  be  observed  that  the  industry  was  practicallj- 
confined  to  the  North  Atlantic  and  South  Atlantic 
divisions,  these  two  divisions  together  reporting  89.2 
per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  products  in  1900  and  83.5 
per  cent  of  the  total  in  1905.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the 
industry  is  concentrated  cluefly  in  the  North  Atlantic 
division,  there  being  but  2  estabhslmients  in  the  South 
Atlantic  division,  and  may^  properly  be  regarded  as 
reaching  its  highest  development  in  the  older  com- 
munities. The  largest  proportional  increase,  245.9 
per  cent,  was  reported  for  the  North  Central  and 
Western  divisions  combined,  against  a  gain  of  112.6 


484 


MANUFACTURES. 


per  cent  in  the  North  and  South  Atlantic  divisions 
combined,  although  the  absolute  increase  in  the  latter 
divisions  exceeded  that  in  the  former  by  $4,632,120. 

T.\BLE  137. — Firie  chemicals — quantity  and  cost  of  materials  used: 
1905  and  1900. 


1905 

1900 

Quantity. 

1 
Cost. 

Quantity. 

Cost. 

Acetate  of  lime,  tons 

3,553 

1,239,708 

86 

14,444,950 

$108,779 
678,326 
3,793  ' 
2.388.429 

4,232 

219,603 

(') 

4,330,254 

192, 153 

6,780 

(') 

1,146,697 

183,667 

3,488 

954,196 

1,640 

$130,596 

265,477 

Caustic  soda,  tons 

(') 

849,894 

Fusel  oil,  gallons 

466,632  !         408.612 

92,269 

18,963 

491,132 

1,181,078 

1,505,870 

(') 

996,582 

2,249 

391,248 
45,244 
11,877 
74,516 
(') 

559,556 
36,299 

136,554 

0) 

14,089 

11,081 

Platinum,  ounces 

61,215 

562,095 

10,432 

1  Not  shown  separately. 

The  statistics  of  Table  1.37  show  an  increase  in  every 
item  presented  at  each  census,  except  in  the  quantity 
and  cost  of  acetate  of  lime  and  the  cost  of  muriatic  acid 
and  silver.  Acetate  of  lime  is  used  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  acetone,  and  the  decrease  reported  for  the  for- 
mer is  quite  in  harmony  with  the  decrease  shown  in 
Table  134  for  the  latter.  The  decrease  showTi  for  muri- 
atic acid  apparently  arises  from  the  more  extended  use 
of  the  cheaper  quality  of  acid.  The  largest  increase  in 
quantity,  10,114,696  pounds,  is  for  crude  drugs,  and 
the  second  largest  increase  in  quantity,  1,322,203 
pounds,  is  for  nitric  acid.  The  largest  increase  in  cost, 
•SI, 538, .53.5,  is  shown  for  crude  drugs,  and  the  second 
largest  increase  in  cost,  $412,849,  for  alcohol. 

Although  acetone  is  no  longer  employed,  in  this 
country  at  least,  in  the  manufacture  of  smokeless  pow- 
der, new  uses  are  being  found  for  this  as  for  other  chem- 
ical substances.  At  the  last  census  attention  was 
called  to  the  fact  that  this  substance  is  used  largely  as 
a  substitute  for  grain  alcohol  in  the  manufacture  of 
chloroform.  It  is  now  found  to  be  of  value  also  in  the 
developing  (jf  negatives  in  photography. 

An  important  group  of  bodies  in  this  class  is  that 
of  C.  P.  cbeinicals.  Tills  designation  has  long  l)een 
used  in  the  art,  and  among  consumers  has  been  j)re- 
sumed  to  signify  that  the  material  so  designated  was 
chemically  pure.  But  tlie  restdts  of  the  exaniiiiMtions 
of  many  sami)les  of  inateriais  so  labeled  on  the  market 
have  led  to  lln'  ((iiiciiisiDii  lliat  in  many  instances  the 
abbreviations  rc|)i'('.scnt  comparatively  ])iu'c,  or  com- 
mercially pure.  The  importance  of  having  for  use, 
especially  in  analytical  chemistry,  and  very  fre(|uently 
in  other  diemical  operations,  cliemicais  of  a.ssiu'cd 
purity  led  the  A.ssociatioii  of  Official  Agricultural 
Chemists  and  the  American  Chemical  Society  to  advo- 


cate the  establisluuent  ])y  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment of  a  Bureau  of  Standards,  by  which  the  materi- 
als offered  on  the  market  could  be  tested  and  the  in- 
struments employed  in  the  profession  could  be  stand- 
ardized, and  such  a  bureau  has  been  formed.  Not 
content  with  this,  however,  the  .American  Chemical 
Society  has  maintained  for  several  years  past  a  com- 
mittee on  quality  of  reagents,  with  the  result  that  manu- 
facturers are  now  offering  what  are  known  as  "ana- 
lyzed chemicals,"  because  the  label  bears  a  record  of 
the  analysis,  showing  the  kind  and  quantity  of  foreign 
bodies  which  are  present  in  the  material  sold.  In  fact, 
the  interval  since  the  last  census  has  been  marked  by  a 
steady  progress  in  the  direction  of  making  the  label  set 
forth  the  true  character  of  the  goods  to  which  it  is 
applied. 

An  interesting  development  is  found  in  the  produc- 
tion of  camphor  by  a  synthetic  process  from  turpen- 
tine. A  terpene  hydrochloride  has  been  known  for 
some  time  and  used  under  the  name  of  artificial  cam- 
phor, but  by  the  process  in  which  anhydrous  turpen- 
tine is  heated  with  an  anhydrous  oxalic  acid,  and  the 
mixture  treated  with  caustic  alkali  and  steam,  true 
s^Tithetic  camphor  appears  to  be  formed.  Unfortu- 
natelj'  the  operation  does  not  appear  thus  far  to  have 
been  commercially  successful,  but  it  is  believed  that  it 
may  become  so  if  carried  on  in  the  turpentine  produc- 
ing region  instead  of  remote  from  it,  as  has  thus  far 
been  the  case. 

Another  interesting  development  of  recent  years  is 
found  in  the  manufacture  of  chloroform.  At  the  last 
census  it  was  pointed  out  that  acetone  had  come  to  be 
used  on  a  con.siderable  scale  in  this  manufacture.  In 
the  discussion  of  Class  X  of  the  present  report  atten- 
tion has  been  called  to  the  fact  that  carbon  tetrachlo- 
ride lias  come  to  be  niach^  in  large  fpiantities  in  connec- 
tion with  this  industr}'.  It  now  appears  that  a  use  has 
been  found  for  this  carbon  tetrachloride  in  the  manu- 
factiue  of  chloroform  by  reverse  sulistitution,  that  is, 
by  re|)lacing  one  of  the  chlorine  atoms  in  the  carbon 
tetrachloride  molecule  l)y  an  atom  of  hydrogen,  and 
that  this  promises  to  be  successful  conunercially. 

Another  is  found  in  the  successful  commercial  de- 
velopment in  (his  count ly  of  the  invention  of  P.  Fritz- 
schc,  for  which  United  States  lettei's  patent  475640,  of 
January  I'.),  |S<.t7,  were  granted,  and  by  which  ether  is 
produced  IVom  tlic  clliylciu'  occui'ring  in  illuminating 
and  other  hydiocai'bon  gases. 

Table  I.'IS  shows  llie  (pmntitv  au<l  value  <if  the  im- 
ports for  consuiniJliiin,  for  llic  years  ending  -lune  30, 
ironi  JSOl  lo  l'.l()5,  as  taken  from  Coiuuierce  and  Navi- 
gation of  the  I'liited  States,  published  by  the  Bureau 
of  Statistics. 


CHEMKJALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 

Table   138.— PINE  CHEMICALS— IMPORTS  FOR  CONSUMPTION:  1891  TO  1905. 


485 


YEAR  END- 
ING JUNE 
30- 


ISSl. 
1892. 
1S93. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 


ACONITE   BARK, 

LEAF,  AND 

ROOT. 


Pounds 


2,761 


4,351 
1,329 


3,034 
4,020 


1,392 
3,808 
1,130 
2,066 
8,598 
2,800 
2,418 


Value. 


$266 


236 
108 


197 
620 


120 
274 
113 
U» 
600 
295 
153 


NU.\   VOMICA. 


Founds. 


1,394,013 
1,392,437 
1,720,315 
1,720,056 
595, 497 
1,275,500 
1,298,637 
2, 026, 465 
1,636,152 
3, 070, 536 
1,. 581,  757 
2,876,318 
2,463,340 
3,139,211 
2,798,814 


Value. 


$32, 930 
34,038 
41,. 567 
39, 821 
<>,  620 
15,668 
15, 200 
29,529 
28, 995 
65,460 
30, 560 
47.8.56 
36, 800 
47, 449 
47,049 


ALL  SALTS  OF 
MORPMIA  OH 
MORi'lIlNE. 


Ounces. 


29,  .564 
38,758 
23, 580 
29, 076 
16,029 
896 
14,919 
2,382 


Value. 


S42, 269 
43, 301 
2>,035 
36, 452 
18, 507 
1,083 
30, 301 
2,832 


MORPHIA   OR    MOR- 
i'lIlNE..SULPHATE 
OF,  AND  ALL  AL- 
KALOIDS OR  SALTS 
OF   OPIUM. 


Pounds. 

Value. 

13,409 
13,081 
26,208 
60,819 
38,002 
12,371 
20,763 
21,391 


$32, 836 
35,357 
75, 274 

147,517 
96,5.59 
25,717 
43, 766 
41,734 


STRYCHNIA, 

STRYCHNINE, 

AND 

SALTS  OF. 


.Sulphuric, 


other,  not  spe- 
cially provided 
lor. 


Ounces.  Value. 


$175 

1.53 

7,0.53 

2.M 

502 

3, 405 

578 

6,381 

6,  .570 

3,362 

1,921 

297 

249 

2,033 

433 


Pounds.  Value. 


8 

101 

20 

145 

55 

191 

466 

476 

187 

817 

109 

940 

2,003 

1,530 

897 


24 

44 
103 

35 
110 

30 
135 
325 
2.59 
165 


Pounds.  Value. 


981 

689 

730 

584 

744 

1,463 

2,376 

3,276 

2,291 

2,  .573 

2,464 

2,117 

2,286 

2,313 

3,479 


$1,702 
2,093 
2,033 
1,781 
2,281 
7,125 
9, 1.58 
5, 781 
3,669 
4,507 
4,769 
4,090 
4,739 
4,686 
6,600 


All  on 
which  spe- 
cific duty 

docs  not 
amount  to 
25  per  cent 

(value). 


Nitrous, 
spirits  of. 


Pounds.  Value. 


$4,323 
1,4.57 
1,461 
1,364 
1,610 
1,615 
2,360 
3,485 


22 

105 

10 


10 

27 

1 


YEAR  END- 
ING JUNE 
30— 


ALKALOIDS   OR   SALTS   OF  CINCHONA   BARK. 


Barlt  or  other  materials 
from  which  quinine 
may  be  extracted. 


Pounds. 


1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 


2,672,364 
3,423,941 
2,374,041 
2,502,224 
2,012,399 
2,699,789 


4,196,419 
3,660,718 
3,980,072 
3,605,131 
4,353,439 


Value. 


$301,085 
299,998 
196,867 
143,194 
117,998 
165,699 


781,895 
617,716 
547,332 
501,375 
596,614 


Cinehonidia. 


Ounces. 


156,229 
11,483 

364, 192 

313,640 
72,425 

282,321 


Value. 


$3,856 
1,586 

11,714 
7,177 
3,534 
9,980 


303,278 
233,885 
101,335 
28,000 
18,000 
44,000 
89,110 
44,580 


38,802 
34,932 
15,924 
9,465 
6,695 
9,524 
25,395 
6,651 


Sulphate  of  quinia. 


Ounces. 


3,079,000 
2,686,677 
3,027,819 
2,141,130 
1,308,959 
2,950,078 
2,714,147 
3,643,298 
2,788,663 
2,628,060 
3,495,996 
2,358,159 
2,534,106 
3,0.59,514 
2,264,454 


Value. 


$805,821 
542,440 
.556,782 
470,816 
327,541 
754,050 
489,821 
762,211 
665,819 
763,986 
1,078, 472 
641,459 
576,404 
659,868 
504,351 


All  other. 


Ounces. 


Value. 


112,013 
156,442 
48,030 
40,850 
37.027 
76,507 
367,373 
424,665 
985.480 
515,168 
817,315 
629,735 
796,338 
736, 625 
639,823 


$23,977 

29,366 

11,695 

10,991 

10,857 

23, 147 

57,237 

106,961 

252.141 

155,817 

289,630 

200, 162 

168,370 

166,923 

134,404 

# 


PHOSPHORUS. 


Pounds. 


151, 

85, 
89, 

20 ; 

28, 

so: 

60 

43: 

12: 

25 
38 
32 
23 
21 
19 


Value. 


$53,590 

31,043 

44,068 

11,927 

14,131 

26,646 

29.870 

21,849 

7,366 

9,789 

15,125 

12,869 

10,229 

9,671 

8,554 


Pounds. 

Value. 

53,563  1           $7,094 
780  1               234 
20  1                  11 

1 

■ 

YEAR  END- 
ING JUNE 

30— 


1891. 

1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
19ffi. 
1904. 
1906. 


Crude. 


Crude  and  re- 
suhlimed. 


Pounds.      Value 


241, 
164, 
327, 
401, 


401, 
315, 
573. 
262, 
316, 
284. 
418, 
350, 


$382,009 
167,893 
589, 186 
587, 127 


805.783 

573,  469 

1. 452,  434 

658,  492 
819,  272 
785,  220 
955, 702 
699,659 


Pounds.     Value. 


31,374 
291,895 
391, 561 


Resubiimcd. 


CHLORAL  HY- 
DRATE. 


Pounds.    Value. 


$48,350 
566. 908 
872, 526 


22 
43 

501 
22 

116 
75 
63 
31 


$106 
14 


31 


53 

146 

1,410 

21 
219 
176 
138 

91 


Pounds. 


20,097 
30, 275 
63,360 
40,263 
12,370 
795 

4,485 
26,977 
18. 144 

8,733 


Value. 


$10, 976 
17,367 
35. 138 
23,063 
7.562 
1,534 
2,993 
8,793 
6,252 
2,416 


CHLOROFORM. 


HYDRIODATE, 

MIDIDE.AND 

lODATF  OF 

POTASH. 


C.KLOMEL,  AND 
OTHEE  MERCU- 
RIAL MEDICINAL 
PREPARATIONS. 


Pounds. 

Value. 

35' 

■■■■$i5' 

11 

14 

43 

18 

239 

164 

137 

46 

91 

18 

542 

123 

227 

72 

75 

36 

259 

79 

1,885 

611 

742 

357 

2,203 

616 

826 

293 

1,242 
244 
175 
103 
158 
243 
115 
30 
52 
202 
21 
154 
72 
65 
68 


$19,  459 
890 
649 
382 
583 
926 
437 

96 
163 
602 

93 
313 
192 
187 
246 


Pounds. 

Value. ! 

i 

1.024 

$935 

186 

505 

187 

475 

181 

464 

235 

561  i 

5,4.89 

9,289 

2,774 

5.032 

280 

649 

2.168 

3,607 

1.288 

2,155 

663 

1,328 

1,654 

3.346 

920 

1,624 

1,093 

2,129 

891 

2,098 

Pounds.    Value 


7,801 
12.630 
13, 495 
8,435 
8,280 
13,900 
12.349 
12,316 
21,963 
16,647 
26.933 
22, 449 
23,570 
28,623 
26,076 


.■;  I 


$5,244 
8,114 
7,941 
4,715 
4,209 
7.154 
6,053 
6.386 
11,848 
10,163 
15.931 
13,606 
14.063 
16,566 
14,  W7 


Class  XIX. — General  Chemicals. 

This  class  embraces  all  chemicals  not  enumerated  in 
any  of  the  cla.s.ses  previously  considered.  In  com- 
merce the  term  ''general  chemicals"  includes  also 
acids,  sodas,  potashes,  alums,  acetate  of  lime,  and 
many  other  chemicals  for  which  the  statistics  have 
been  given  in  the  previous  sections  of  this  report. 
These  chemicals  have  a  low  unit  value  and  are  usuallv 


sold  in  ton  lots,  for  which  reason  the}'  are  also  desig- 
nated as  heavy  chemicals. 

The  statistics  of  Table  1.39  show  an  increase  in 
everv  item  except  the  number  of  establishments.  The 
large  increases  were  reported  of  S5,751,140  in  value  of 
products  and  of  .?.3,356,0'2.S  in  cost  of  materials.  The 
greatest  proportional  increase  is  shown  in  miscella- 
neous expenses  and  the  next  greatest  in  the  item  of 
salaries. 


486 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  139. — General  chemicals — comparative  summary ,  mlth  aTnouiit 
and  per  cent  of  increase:  1905  and  1900. 


1905 


Numlier  of  establishments 74 

Capital $14,986,703 

Salaried    officials,    clerks,   etc., 

number '  660 

Salaries $1,001,955 

Wage-earners,  average  number, .  3, 720 

Total  wages $2,072,341 

Miscellaneous  expenses $1. 512. 842 

Cost  ol  materials  used $12. 646. 513 

Value  of  products $18, 874, 897 


1900 


97 
$12,433,065 

365 

$550,748 

2,402 

$1,245,426 

$829,205 

$9,290,485 

$13, 123, 757 


$2,553,638 

295 

$451,207 

1.318 

$826,915 

$683,637 

$3,356,028 

$5,751,140 


Per  cent 

of 
increase. 


123.7 
20.5 

80.8 
81.9 
54.9 
66.4 
82.4 
36.1 
43.8 


1  Decrease. 

Table  140  shows  an  increase  for  1905  as  compared 
with  1900  for  each  item  given  at  both  censuses,  except 
in  the  c[uantity  of  acetate  of  lead,  the  cjuantitj^  and 
value  of  aqua  ammonia,  the  quantity  and  value  of  cop- 
peras, the  cjuantity  and  value  of  Glauber's  salt,  the 
quantity  of  salt  cake,  and  the  value  of  zinc  salts.  The 
largest  increase  in  quantity,  95,113  tons,  or  2,686.8  per 
cent,  is  found  in  the  item  of  calcium  chloride,  and  the 
second  largest  increase  in  cjuantity,  19,740  tons,  is 
found  in  the  item  of  niter  cake,  but  the  second  largest 
proportional  increase  in  quantity,  368.4  per  cent,  is 
found  in  the  item  of  ammonium  nitrate.  The  largest 
increase  in  value,  $774,859,  is  shown  in  the  item  for 
cream  of  tartar,  and  the  second  largest,  $757,362,  is 
for  the  item  tin  compounds.  The  largest  proportional 
increase  in  value,  however,  807.4  per  cent,  appears 
for  the  item  of  calcium  chloride,  and  the  second  largest 
increase,  580.9  ])er  cent,  for  ammonium  nitrate. 

Table  140. — General  chemicals — quantity  and  value  of  products: 
1905  and  1900. 


1905 

1900 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Acetate  of  lead,  pounds 

Aqua  ammonia,  pounds 

Ammonium  nitralf,  pounds.. 
Calcium  t  hloridr,  tons 

'1,202,383 

>  22, 485, 732 

<  3, 253, 061 

98,653 

9, 700, 104 

15,(1.50,000 

20,  Ml,  443 

U,  ma,  456 

19,311,997 

«  35, 221 

9,659,519 

"38,244 

7,234 

11,621,378 

11,579,546 

$78,619 

1,010,723 

521,373 

257,311 

28,096 

2, 892,  .5(3 
215,088 
103,  .392 

2,397,205 
87,792 
244,373 
417, 173 
596,689 

1,361,299 
201,771 

1,296,991 

3  25,089,110 

'  (i94,  438 

3,540 

27,595,909 

10,981,(180 

9, 2.39. 809 

32, 0.*.  907 

15,383,778 

'  15,  481 

4,679,160 

»  48, 296 

«  6,  i:«i 

6,2.59.794 

9,611,909 

$73,220 

1.023,528 

76,571 

28,357 

199,869 

2,117,704 

75,060 

163,0.59 

1   893  KK() 

Cffyim  nf  tartar,  pounds 

Epsom  saltM,  pounds 

GiaulMT's  suit,  pounds 

Glyn-rin,  pf>nnu8 

46.  ■^m 

1.55,989 
.399. 347 
487,987 
603, 937 
353,900 

PhoMphiiii-s  of  soda,  pounds. . 
Salt  caki',  tons 

Tin  compounds,  pounds 

"  Includes 91 ,600  poundn,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $8,235,  consumed  In  estal)- 
llshnients  when*  iiiaiiufui-turcd. 

» Inchidifl  3,419.978  pound»,  with  un  assigned  value  of  $170,999,  con»umo<i  In 
estiibliHhiiH'Ml.H  wlit-ni  iininiifactured. 

«lniludis275,(l8()poundfi,wllh  an  iiHHlgned  value  of  $9,902,  consumed  In  estab- 
llshmrnts  wtiem  iiianufa<-lure(|. 

•  Iniln.i.  ■  i.-i  -.•.4  |jr,uMf|»,  with  an  as.ilgnifl  viiliii:  of  $427,4.50,  consumed  In 
estiilili  ['■  iiianufiii'turi>fl. 

'  I> '  i.nuiiilR.  with  an  assigned  value  of  $72,3.53,  conslllned  In  estal)- 

llnhnii'ii:     ^.iifuctiiri'd. 

•  Iniliif|c»i.,j|oti.ns,  witli  an  assigned  value  ol  $16,600,  consumed  in  establlsh- 
nienlN  wlitTt'  iiiJiiiiifiH'tiircd. 

'  Inclmlis  3,7  K,  tons,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $11, 2.38, consumed  inestabllsh- 
iiieii(«  wdcn-  iiiMiiufai-lurrd. 

•  liiclurles  2.IIHK  tons,  wllhun assigned  value  o( $2.5,066, consumed  in  i^stabllsh- 
mciits  whi-ri'  iiifiiMiriM'tiired. 

»  Includl's  6,1  K.',  Inns,  with  an  assignwl  value  of  $51,02(1,  (!onsume<l  Inestabllsh- 
nicn(H  wIhtc  nianiifMclnrfd. 

"Includes  H-19  tiuis,  with  an  assigned  value  of  $67,071, consunii'd  imstabllsh- 
nuMits  where  maniitactiired. 


Attention  was  called,  in  the  report  on  this  class  at 
the  census  of  1900,'  to  the  incompleteness  of  the  statis- 
tics for  general  chemicals.  The  returns  for  1 905  were, 
if  possible,  even  less  detailed,  so  that  fewer  items  can 
be  presented.  Tm^o  substances  which  are  of  especial 
economic  interest  in  this  connection,  but  which  could 
not  well  be  included  in  the  tabular  presentation,  are 
ammonium  sulphate  and  ammonia  liquor.  A  small 
quantity  of  ammonium  sulphate  is  reported  as  being 
produced  in  establishments  included  in  the  classifica- 
tion of  chemicals  and  allied  products,  but  the  larger 
part  of  the  ammonium  sulphate  manufactured  and  all 
of  the  ammonia  licjuor  are  reported  from  by-product 
coke  and  gas  manufacturing  plants.  In  1900  there 
were  reported  from  these  sources  23,295,485  pounds  of 
ammonium  sulphate,  having  a  value  of  $623,537,  and, 
in  addition,  1,681,700  pounds  which  w^ere  produced  in 
the  estal)lishments  where  they  were  con.sumed.  In 
1905  there  were  reported  produced  34,568,000  pounds 
of  ammonium  sulphate,  having  a  value  of  $907,667. 
Ammonia  liquor  is  produced  and  reported  in  so  many 
different  grades,  or,  as  they  are  called  in  commerce, 
"strengths,"  that  a  proper  comparison  of  the  data  at 
different  periods  can  be  made  only  after  all  such  data 
have  l)een  reduced  to  a  common  basis,  and,  as  in  the 
reports  from  coal  gas  establishments,  the  largest  num- 
ber reported  liquor  of  16-ounce  strength,  tliis  grade 
has  been  taken  as  a  basis  and  all  other  grades  reduced 
to  it.  From  various  data  it  is  estimated  for  the  census 
of  1900  tliat  tliere  were  produced  28,542,800  gallons  of 
ammonia  litjuor  of  16-ounce  strength,  to  which  no 
value  was  assigned.  For  1905  there  were  produced  in 
the  coke  industry  40,173,210  gallons,  reduced  to  16- 
ounce  strength,  valued  at  $763,291,  and  in  tlie  gas 
industry  37,854,199  gallons,  valued  at  $537,903.  The 
total  production  of  16-ounce  ammonia  li(|U()r  at  the 
census  of  1905  was  therefore  7S. 027. 409  gallons,  valued 
at  $1,301,194.  Anotliciitcni  of  iiii|>ortance  is  glycerin, 
27,660,661  pounds,  witli  a  value  of  $2,958,1 15,  having 
been  reported  at  the  census  of  1905  tis  Ix'ing  produced 
in  (he  s(ia])  industry.^  Combined  witli  lh(>  glj^cerin 
re])orled  in  chemicals  and  allied  ])r()diicls,  the  total 
product ioii  for  1905  is  4(), 972, 658  pounds,  liaving  a 
value  of  $5,355,320.  At  tiie  census  of  1900  there 
were  reported  from  other  sources  1 1 ,1  28. (iTd  |)ouiids 
of  giyeerin,  having  a  value  of  .$1,202,715,  wliicli,  com- 
bined willi  that  shown  for  1900  in  T.'ilile  1  10.  gives 
a  total  fur  that  census  of  26,512,151  ixhiikIs,  \aliied 
at  .W, 096, 601. 

The  statistics  of  Table  141  show  a  gain  of  13  estab- 
lishments in  the  United  States  total  for  1905  as  com- 
pared with  1900, and  indicate  that  the  decrea.se  of  23 
establishments,  shown  in  (lie  United  Stales  in  Table 
139,  is  wliolly  or  partly  liuc  In  siicli  !i  change  in  tlie 
proportiiin  ni  the  diU'crciil  indilnds  n\'  cslablisiuiieiits 
at    llic   l\Mi   (•(•iisiisi's.  (liat   esl  aldisliini'iil  s  \\  liicli   were 

'■I'wclllli  Ccii.sdH.  liiillclia  No.  lild.  piiKc  ii:l. 
■('(■ii.-iiH  of  Munufa(lur(!.'<,  llior),  liiillcliii  ftT,  puyc  II. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  J'llODUCTS. 


487 


classified  in  Class  XTX  at  the  census  of  1900  have  been 
transferreil  to  other  classes  at  the  census  of  1905. 
C'onsidering  the  individual  states,  it  will  he  observed 
that  New  York  has  advanced  from  second  to  first 
place  in  rank  and  Pennsylvania  from  third  to  second 
place,  while  New  Jersey  dropped  from  first  place  in 
1900  to  third  in  1905.  raliforiiiu  lias  advanced  from 
fiftli  to  fourtli  place  in  rank,  sharing  that  place  with 
Ohio. 

Taisi.k  141. — General  chemicals — number  of  establishments,  by  stales: 
1905  and  1900. 


STATE. 

1905 

1900 

United  States 

■165 

»152 

2 
U 

2 

California             

11 

1 

2 

1 
1 
2 
9 
3 
1 
2 
5 
8 
8 
6 

1 

2 

9 

5 

1 

1 

8 

8 

5 

3 

1 

26 
34 
11 
27 
4 

28 

26 

Ohio              

12 

24 

2 

1 

1 
1 

West  Virginia 

1 

■  Includes  91  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

2  Includes  55  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

The  statistics  of  Table  142  show  an  increase  in  the 
value  of  the  products  for  1905  as  compared  with  1900 
for  each  division  except  the  Western,  in  which  there 
has  been  a  decrease,  the  greatest  increase,  $3,672,463, 
being  found  in  the  North  Atlantic  division,  and  the 
second  greatest  increase,  $1,496,588,  in  the  North 
Central.  At  each  census,  measured  by  the  value  of 
its  products,  the  North  Atlantic  division  has  stood 
first,  reporting  67.8  per  cent  of  the  total  in  1900  and 
68.4  per  cent  in  1905,  almost  exactly  two-thirds  in 
each  case.  The  North  Central  division  stood  second 
at  both  censuses,  the  South  Atlantic  third,  the  Western 
fourth,  and  the  South  Central  fifth. 

Table  142. — General   chemicals — value  of  jjroducts,  by  geographic 
divisions:  1905  and  1900. 


1905 


1900 


United  States '$22,431,792  1117,234,087 


North  Atlantic. 
South  .\tlantio. 
North  Central . . 
South  Central.. 
Western 


15,351,853 

1,246,775 

5,330,209 

29,903 

472.992 


11,679,390 

1,052,082 

3,833,681 

22,200 

646, 734 


'  Includes  "all  other  products." 

The  statistics  of  Table  143  show  mam^  irregulari- 
ties, growing  largely  out  of  the  fact  that  many  of  the 
chemicals  belonging  to  this  class  are  produced  in 
establishments  in  which  a  large  variety  of  substances 

45254— .MFG  1905— PT  4-08 33 


is  manufactured,  and  where  in  consequence  the 
labor  of  making  out  a  complete  detailed  return  is 
regardetl  as  burdensome,  while  others  are  subordinate 
products,  so  that  they,  as  well  as  the  materials  from 
which  they  are  j)rodaced,  ma\-  be  overlooked  in  the 
preparation  of  the  returns.  The  degree  in  which 
these  factors  affect  the  returns  will,  of  course,  vary 
at  dill'erent  censu.scs.  An  effort  is  made  in  the  inspec- 
tion of  the  individual  returns  to  remedy  these  defects, 
but  this  meets  with  only  partial  success.  Moreover, 
it  is  not  possible  to  reduce  all  grades  of  materials  to 
a  common  standard  of  strength,  and  hence  it  may 
occur,  as  for  instance  in  the  case  of  the  ammonia,  or 
gas,  liquor  in  Taljle  143,  that  a  much  larger  volume 
at  a  less  cost  may  he  rejjorted  as  used  at  one  census 
than  at  another,  because  that  reported  at  the  former 
census  was  of  lower  grade. 

Table   143. — General   chemicals — quantity   and    cost   of   principal 
materials  used:  1905  and  1900. 


.\mmonia,  aqua,  pounds 

Ammonia  liquor,  gallons 

.\rgols,  tartar  and  Icc^s,  tons. 
Bones  and  l)oneblack,  tons. . . 

Brine,  gallons 

Glycerin,  crude,  pounds 

Lime,  bushels 

Magnesite,  tons 

Muriatic  acid,  pounds 

Nitrate  of  soda,  tons 

Nitric  acid,  pounds 

Phosphate  rock,  tons 

Pig  lead,  tons 

Potassium  salts,  tons 

Salt,  tons 

Soda  ash,  tons 

Sulphur,  tons 

Sulphuric  acid,  tons 

Tin,  pounds 

Zinc  and  zinc  dross,  pounds . 


1905 


1900 


Quantity.        Cost. 


246,642 

466,749 

15, 797 

30,379 

256, 478 

482,084 

569,040 

6,196 

096,827 

38,048 

256,  111 

5,663 

634 

11,  470 

28,062 

14,946 

14,438 

63,147 

032,993 

768,186 


$333,210 

468,647 

2,478,.5(i2 

489, 419 

703, 137 

1,933,254 

80,333 

47,408 

108,300 

1,505,881 

210, 163 

33,405 

60,400 

612,099 

161,418 

283,4.58 

297,943 

624.604 

876,208 

121,412 


Quantity.      Cost 


15 


6,242,934 

32,512,758 

24,0.57 

18,591 

473, 126 
164,977 
(■) 

3,488,000 

35,990 

353,014 

4,584 

2.57 

9,361 

31,803 

7,923 

14,292 

39,316 

10,791,177  I 

6,048,000 


$270,373 

590,423 

2,256,271 

397, 131 

(') 
1,302,642 

25,736 

(') 

24,563 
1,189,  .515 

10,629 

31,071 

22,668 
278, 413 
219,656 
122,356 
303,535 
170, 100 
413, 157 
163,003 


1  Not  shown  separately. 

The  marked  increase  in  the  quantity  of  calcium 
chloride  reported  as  produced  deserves  attention. 
This  increase  is  partly  fictitious,  for,  as  stated  in  the 
report  for  that  census,'  the  quantity  returned  in  1900 
was  probably  le.ss  than  that  actually  produced.  On 
the  other  hand,  there  has  been,  no  doubt,  a  real 
increase  during  the  interval,  for  this  substance  has 
come  to  be  used  extensively  in  automobiles,  while  its 
use  in  making  nonfreezable  solutions  for  fire  buckets 
and  automatic  sprinkler  systems,  for  brine  and  ice 
machines  and  refrigerating  plants,  for  drving  the 
gases  in  the  manufacture  of  liquefied  carbon  dioxide 
and  anhydrous  ammonia,  and  in  dr^nng  the  air  in 
compressed  air  power  plants  and  of  cold  storage  ware- 
houses, for  the  manufacture  of  dry  colors  or  lakes,  in 
tempering  steel,  and  in  forming  high  boiling  point 
solutions  for  use  in  such  industries  as  the  canning  of 
foods,  has  been  more  marked.  Calcium  chloride  is 
met  with  in  the  market  as  a  solid  containing  75  per 
cent  of  anhydrous  calcium  chloride,  24  per  cent  of 
water,  and  1  per  cent  of  foreign  bodies;  as  a  solution 

'  Twelfth  Census,  Bulletin  No.  210,  page  95. 


488 


MANUFACTURES. 


containing  from  40  to  50  per  cent  of  anhydrous  cal- 
cium chloride:  and  as  a  solution  of  calcium  chloride 
and  sodium  bicarbonate  for  use  in  the  extinction  of 
fires.  The  solid  material  is  offered  in  635-pound  iron 
drums  and  in  10-poimd  tins.  The  solution  is  offered 
in  4,500-gallon  tank  cars,  in  110-gallon  drums,  and  in 
2-gallon  cans. 

Equally  of  interest  is  the  decrease  in  the  quantity 
and  value  of  the  copperas,  green  vitriol,  or  crystal- 
lized ferrous  sulphate  reported,  since,  as  pointed  out 
in  the  report  for  1900,'  this  substance  is  a  by-product 
in  the  pickling  of  iron  and  steel,  and  is  \ised  in  the 
manufacture  of  Venetian  red  and  other  iron  pigments; 
in  making  dye  liquors,  prussian  blue,  and  writing 
inks;  for  disinfecting  purposes;  and  for  the  precipi- 
tation of  gold  from  its  solutions.  In  addition  it  has 
in  recent  years  come  to  be  used  as  a  substitute  for 
alum    in    the    purification    of   service   waters.     The 

'  Twelfth  Census,  Bulletin  Xu.  210,  page  95. 


Quincy  process,  so  called  from  its  development  at 
Quincy,  111.,^  "involves  the  use  of  ferrous  sulphate 
and  hme  water,  applied  separately  in  small  quantities 
in  solution  to  the  raw  water  to  coagulate  it,  with 
subseciucnt  sedimentation  of  the  coagulated  water 
and  final  rapid  filtration."  It  is  probable,  in  view  of 
tliis  new  use,  added  to  the  fact  that  the  industries  in 
wliich  it  was  previously  used  have  shown  a  marked 
increase,  that  the  decrease  in  the  returns  for  copperas 
for  1905  was  due  to  the  product  not  being  completely 
reported,  and  not  to  an  actual  decrease  in  its  pro- 
duction. 

Table  144  sets  forth  the  imports  of  general  chem- 
icals from  1891  to  1905,  inclusive,  for  the  years  ending 
June  30,  as  taken  from  Commerce  and  Navigation  of 
the  United  States,  published  by  the  Bureau  of 
Statistics. 

^  Water  Purification  for  Cities  by  Sulphate  of  Iron,  American 
Steel  and  Wire  Company,  1903,  page  48. 


Table  1-4-i.— GENERAL  CHEMICALS— IMPORTS  FOR  CONSUMPTION:  1891  TO  1905. 


TEAR 

ENDING 

JUNE  30— 

AQUA,  OR  WATER, 
AMMONIA. 

AMMONIA,  CARBONATE 
OF,  MfRHTIC  OR  SAL- 
AMMONIAC,  AND  SUL- 
PHATE OF. 

POTASH,    CHROMATE 
AND   BICHROMATE. 

SODA,   BICHRO- 
MATE    AND 
CHROMATE. 

ARGAL,  OR 

CRUDE 

ARGOL,  OR 
TARTAR. 

ARGOLS,  OR  WINE  LEES. 

NITRATE  OF  POT- 
ASH, OR  SALT- 
PETER, CRUDE. 

Founds. 

Value. 

Pounds.        Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1891 

276,756 

S12,858 

3,136 

718 

24,331,113 
14,275,362 
18,7M,599 
7,638,848 
19,836,379 
30,  .523, 313 
24,891,603 
20,595,623 
19,228,311 
22,1&5,935 
33,925,826 
43,263,326 
40,193,046 
40,962,643 
38,174,070 

»740,567 

472,276 

560,222 

309,701 

653, 146 

804, 671 

576, 152 

456, 273 

520,752 

684,904 

951,823 

1,188,579 

1,191,124 

1,290,727 

1,205,361 

1,234,085 

1,058,521 

969,067 

1,009,499 

2,024,776 

1,444,716 

1,366,074 

1,016,029 

1,099,093 

645,183 

200,519 

489,011 

32,376 

38,423 

55,864 

895,951 

81,287 

79, 174 

83,420 

173, 139 

129,339 

112,783 

79,495 

75,254 

41,449 

14,401 

31,971 

2,411 

2,554 

3,433 

545,458 

S31 .  .565 

21,679,102 
24,813,171 
28,770,810 
22, 373, 180 
27,911,122 
28,481,665 
23,457,576 
741, 150 

$2,197,507 
2,216,525 
2,341,575 
1,504,200 
1,893,730 
2, 724, 709 
1,967,042 
65,154 

15,040,757 
14,254,514 
16,560,599 
9, 671, 217 
8, 735, 290 
14,758,974 
19,719,876 
12,920,986 
19,985,505 
10,332,836 
11,361,113 
9,387,979 
11,790,415 
13, 518, 301 
14,512,300 

$459,084 

1892 

703,246     44,091 
671,503     44,183 
267,397  1  17.657 

435,839 

1893 

465,666 

1894 

251,418 

1895 

.................. 

600, 600 

556, 631 

319,641 

295,549 

698,262 

474, 654 

54,105 

36,567 

33,004 

95,999 

113,562 

40, 321 
38,103 
22, 070 
19,027 
29,861 
21,982 
2,781 
1,643 
1,509 
4,381 
5,449 

245,552 

1896 

389, 524 

1897 

408, 761 

1898 

18,461,479 
23,300,762 
27,339,489 
28,598,781 
29, 276, 148 
29,966,557 
24,571,730 
26,250,353 

$1,525,873 
1,914,450 
2, 388, 693 
2,476,482 
2,263,588 
2,734,027 
2,550,223 
2,289,417 

270,291 

1899 

409, 818 

1900 

269, 739 

1901 

288,  897 

1902 

264,430 

1903 

318,515 

1901 

366, 526 

1905 

386,098 

NITRATE  OF  SODA. 

GLYCERIN. 

CAMPH 
FIN 

LEAD 

MAGNESIA,  SUL- 
PHATE OF.  OR  EP- 
SOM SALTS. 

MILK.SL 

YEAR 

ENDING 

JU.SE30— 

ED. 

OF,  OR  COPPERAS. 

Brow-n  Metate 
of. 

White  acetate 
of. 

GAR  OF. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds 

.  Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds 

Value, 

1891 

100,428    $2,923,374 
109,863       2,976,816 
94,601       3,002,715 

88  07't         2  78.1  048 

13,975,577 
14,197,549 
16,540,213 
8,321,8.53 
13,488,825 
21,1.58,829 
12,717,098 
12,274.987 
1.5,«>5,252 
27,943,106 
20, .369, 712 
28,. 576, 400 
.^5, 295,. 57.5 
31,078,4.5.5 
27,100,640 

S996,686 

831,810 

893,636 

519,296 

784,613 

1,472..)02 

1,182.099 

774,700 

1,024,131 

2,1.5.5,414 

1,722,882 

2, 358,. 325 

2,9.37,802 

2,.'M,270 

2,0.5O,3i»3 

63 

50,820 
156,291 
137,882 
271,104 
1.53,912 
249.994 
170,400 

90,743 
im),971 

77,313 
186,882 

43,696 
1.52,.5.5N 
214,050 

$21 
17,361 
51,229 
44,233 
83,382 
6S,785 
84,. 539 
.54,(i02 
28,806 
42,901 
39,507 
61,. 592 
19,;«KJ 
04,2.34 
117,277 

896,937 

495,596 

1,010,039 

927,162 

542,316 

1,12:1,443 

9:11, 0(X) 

250,270 

127,041 

2,700 

24,786 

38,745 

751 

600 

13 

t4,103 

2,597 

4,099 

3,619 

1,344 

4,161 

6,925 

1,087 

606 

111 

243 

501 

20 

8 

1 



13,279 

1,220 

2,185 

3,217 

59,309 

4R,lHiO 

3,122 

3,. 594 

5, 145 

4,093 

1,500 

497 

214 

04 

372 

$707 

101 

154 

220 

2,822 

1,873 

190 

231 

337 

269 

99 

48 

35 

r, 
.58 

16, ,370 

31,742 

61,:i37 

69,294 

6.50 

100,.S-,9 

240,, 573 

91,137 

74,186 

,377,274 

206,290 

104,285 

2,4:i8,(i04 

1,. 591, 9.59 

7,100.2116 

$206 

;i«o 

4S0 
402 

in 

i«ti 

1,122 

614 
520 
2,103 
1,082 
l,28:t 
11,427 
7,729 
31,283 

251,408 

2.3(>,86l) 

98,7,85 

31,:i4« 

14,117 

10.:1(k5 

17,117 

1,844 

4,004 

2,:i7S 

3,  (as 

LSI) 
2,, 576 
1,8.32 
1,.301 

$42,330 

1892 

1893 

1894 

2,902 

$123 

34,304 
12,089 
3,499 

1895 

im\ 

1897 

1898 

1899 

iwm 

1901 

1902 

1!«) 

191)4 

124,  sa3 
127,. V,7 
83,.3:il 
125,081 
122,314 
184,247 
203,609 
192,321 
152,084 
29:),. '■,74 
282, tHC 

4,124,712 
3,870,724 
2, 640,. 389 
2,729,7.50 
2,ft54,Sa5 
4,730,807 
5,776,.5fiO 
5,. 56.5, 301 
7,7.37, 4ffi 
9,2.59,(^56 
0,. 5.57,. 522 

3,510 

30,154 

26,020 

6,008 

3,437 

18,192 

11 

79 

21,829 

154 
934 
850 
2.57 
138 
711 
4 

20 
771 

1,828 
2,162 
2,824 
270 
461 
399 
619 
23 
480 
296 

inOi'i 

239 

1 

CHEMICALS  AND  ATvLIKD  IMIODUCTS.  489 

TAiiLK  144.— GENERAL  CHEMICALS— IMPORTS  FOR  CONSUMPTION;  1891  TO  1905— rontiniKcl. 


YEAR 

ENDING 

REFINED 

SUIJ'IIUR. 

SULPHATE  or  TOP- 
PER, OK  BLUE 
VITRIOL. 

1 

HYPOSULPHITE    OF 
SODA. 

1 

NITRITE    OP 

SODA. 

PHOSPHATE   OF 

SODA. 

SILK  ATE  OF  .SODA 
OR  OTHER  ALKA- 
LINE SILIIATES. 

SULPHATE  OF  SODA, 

OR  GLAUBER'S 

SALTS. 

SULPHATE  OF  SODA, 

SALT  OK  NITER 

(  AKE. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1891 

307 

$6,579 

3,432 

2,189 

8,941 

2,470 

245,787 

876,401 

192,114 

12,302 

15,981 

2,134 

1,788 

2,703 

1,603,524 

527,329 

651,060 

t310 

166 

363 

140 

.5,481 

28,792 

0,797 

518 

342 

113 

95 

210 

03,084 

22,743 

27,268 

635,030 

571,153 

608,228 

485,435 

492,207 

580,310 

600,132 

417,470 

.627,631 

1,300,782 

1,229,8.67 

1,640,900 

1,113,602 

766,666 

1,104,216 

$6,429 
7,090 
0,991 
5,054 
4,602 
5,277 
5,468 
3,971 
4,260 
9,536 

10,461 

14,802 
9,626 
9,188 

13,434 

274,784 

16,927,804 

22,466,878 

44,180,349 

U,794,.58<; 

37,248,332 

25,692,7.55 

7,748,600 

5,228,060 

4,984,940 

6,382,260 

6,825,280 

3,178,.320 

4,936,480 

2,062,100 

2,765,100 

$8.5,368 
121,900 
221,846 
43,938 
107,459 
71,801 
36, .590 
20,652 
20,. 669 
29,088 
34,645 
16,706 
27,483 
12,089 
15,738 

1892 

187,398  '    2,088 

489,798  ;     4,012 

924,874       4,910 

49,414  '     4,497 

1  916  486       f»  700 

1893 

5 

48 
122 
305 
430 

55 
227 
180 
1,M 
240 

20 
2,'?9 
225 

118 
1,255 
2,392 
5,338 
9,111 
1,542 
5,802 
4,470 
4,115 
5,703 

482 
5,902 
5,937 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

6,965,581 
11,007,111 
10,686,997 
8,076,351 
5,222,309 
4,808,697 
3,743,580 
2,110,960 
1,005,997 

$74,501 
98,733 
94,534 

78,591 
60,0.39 
40,942 
34,833 
23,235 
10,436 

505,373 
1,436,171 
3,723,907 
2,226,835 

377,834 

647,688 
1,397,118 

497,227 
79,907 

$9,045 

24, .699 

59, 176 

43,817 

7,178 

10,104 

22,795 

8,583 

1,462 

612,026 
732,094 
619,080 

1,028,240 
609,040 
917,600 

2,098,700 
764,600 
709,120 

3,306 
7,120 
5,828 
8,892 
6,826 
8,593 
24,385 
8,937 
7,202 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905....... 

155 

5,455 

308,386 

90,125 

87,800 

2.59,372 

494,235 

627,440 

$37 

298 

15,838 

4,642 

4,612 

13,244 

23,788 

29,. 590 

490 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  145.— CHEMICALS— DETAILED 


10 

11 

12 
13 

14 
IS 

16 
17 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 

24 
25 

26 
27 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  ofBeials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number  

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over- 
Average  number : 

\\'  ages - 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wases 

Children  under  16  years — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners  employed  during  each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July ^ 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

N  ovember 

DecemlMT 

Children  under  16  years— 

January 

February 

Ma  rch 

April 

May 

June 

July 

.\UgU8t 

Sepu^mber 

October 

November 

Di-cemlKT 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

R(fnt  of  works 

Ta.tes 

Kent  of  ollices.  Interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not 
hitherto  included. 

Contract  work 

Materials  U8<'d,  total  cost 

I'rmlucts,  total  value 


United  States. 


275 
$96,621,294 
$8, 320.  .566 
818, 228, 577 
831,911,537 
838,160,614 

123 

2. 778 
84, 047.  aS9 

2117 
$903, 257 

2,511 
S3, 144, 632 

2,240 
82, 992. 091 

271 
$152,541 

22, 426 

17,708 

19,806 

810,789.780 

18.651 
$10, 482, 559 

1,081 
$291,019 

74 
$10,202 


18,468 
18, 'SI 
18,882 
18.831 
is;  819 
19. 024 
18. 404 
IS, 283 
18,.'i23 
18,412 
18,601 
18, 722 

1,051 
1,0.S8 
1.104 
1.126 
1.138 
1.135 
1.078 
1,047 
1,042 
1.072 
1.074 
1,017 

78 
78 
77 
77 
77 
77 
72 
72 
74 
68 
68 
70 

$7..'M2.8.';2 
$1.';5. 196 
$3S2.240 

$0,899. 8.18 

JI.V-.,.5.W 
$42,062,611 
$75,222,249 


California. 


IS 
;l,  968, 880 
8270.569 
$312,983 
$916,277 
$469,051 
3 

41 
$44,376 

11 
812,600 

30 
$31,776 

20 
$26,799 

10 
$4,977 

403 

195 

2.M 

$189,284 

258 
$188,764 

1 
$S20 


Georgia. 


302 

267 
2.56 
244 
272 
229 
184 
192 
248 
273 
328 
301 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


$109,909 

8450 

S7.960 

$100. 4.53 

$1,046 

$700,311 

$1,123,871 


3 

$292,482 
825.000 
856.000 

8149.870 

$61,612 

3 

17 
$21,100 

3 

$8,000 

14 
$13, 100 

13 
$12, 860 

1 
S240 

31 

31 

30 

812,450 

29 
$12, 180 

1 
$270 


$27,388 
$7,50 
$844 

$25, 794 


$41,322 
$132.  740 


Illinois. 


14 

84.280,108 
8666.943 
8803,586 

$1,925,760 

8884,819 

2 

123 
8185,579 

10 
819,760 

113 

$165,819 

105 
$162, 125 

8 
$3,694 

778 

606 

721 

$392,1-10 

711 
$388,260 

10 
$3,880 


Indiana. 


Louisiana. 


691 
691 
696 
744 
722 
686 
683 
691 
713 
731 
738 
746 

9 
9 


8306,119 

$3,919 

$12,888 

$289, 312 


$1,3S4,969 
$2,282,629 


3 
$143,313 
810,889 
$37,700 
858,156 
$36,568 
2 

$7,344  ! 


I 


6 
$7,344 


6 
$7,344 


83 

63 

70 

$35,434 

70 
$3,5,434 


$18, 074 


$l,,5Sfl 
$17,0,S-, 


$188,623 
8273,087 


3 

841,2.58 
$4.  700 
$8. 177 

$22,596 

$5,785 

1 


81.040 


1 
$400 


1 
$400 

16 
9 

10 
86. 491 

7 
$5,881 

1 
$100 

2 
$510 


$2,8.57 

810U 

$04 

$2, 693 


$11,146 
$29.  407 


1  lnelude.i  establishments  distributed  as  follows:  Alabama,  2;  Colorado.  4;  Conneeticul.  4; 
sippi,  I;  Nevada,  1;  North  Carolina,  2;  Texas.  2;  West  Virginia,  1. 


District  nf  Columbia,  1;  Florida,  1;  Louisiana.  2:  Maine,  1;  Missis* 


CHEMIf'ALS  AND  ALTJED  PRODUCTS. 


491 


SUMMARY,  HY  STATES:  100,5. 


Maryland. 

Massachu- 
setts. 

Micbigan. 

Minnesota. 

Missouri. 

New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

Wisconsin. 

All  other 
states.' 

3 
$1,627,976 
$179,004 
$118,582 
$356,165 
$974,225 

2 

41 

$51,664 

6 

$17,000 

30 
$;i4,604 

29 
$32, 155 

$2,409 

377 

291 

323 

$141,197 

323 
$141,197 

14 

$2,051,780 

$124, 75i; 

$627,471 

$710,047 

$1,1X9.512 

3 

106 
$187,708 

16 

$65,520 

90 
$122,248 

74 
$112,937 

16 
$9,311 

977 

758 

800 

$504,217 

777 
$479, 551 

$a3,30(i 

6 
$1,360 

758 
752 
746 
704 
748 
706 
779 
800 
788 
798 
813 
812 

72 
75 
00 
70 
68 
81 
82 
90 
86 
84 
86 
64 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
0 
0 
0 
6 

$469, 446 
$4,863 
$22,242 

$440,841 

$1,500 
$1,513,524 
$3, 508, 7.59 

14 
$14,7;t6,707 
$1,144,943 

87,Wll,14:i 

$;(,is«i.(i47 

2 

322 
$388,114 

18 
$60,98,3 

304 
$337, 131 

276 
$,323, 728 

28 
$13,403 

3,974 

2,907 

3,333 

$1,848,114 

3,246 
$1,835,078 

76 
$9,90(i 

U 
$2,470 

3,316 
3,462 
3,505 
3,348 
3,303 
3,605 
3,152 
3,000 
3,000 
3,023 
3,049 
3, 139 

98 
107 
111 
106 
100 
28 
29 
29 
27 
So 
88 
104 

17 

16 

14 

15 

15 

15 

7 

6 

7 

6 

6 

8 

$1,126,320 

$10,000 

$,57,800 

$908,234 

$150,280 
$4, 402. 624 
$9,037,450 

3 
$98, 146 

i<i',m' 

$70, 434 

$17,829 

1 

9 
$8,1,36 

11 

$4,306,417 

$:t34, 423 

$.527, 224 

$507,076 

$2, 937, 096 

1 

180 
$2;i2, 684 

18 
$55,733 

168 
$176,961 

137 
$159,069 

31 

$17,882 

759 

572 

640 

$;iO'J,073 

605 
$275,6,57 

102 
$27,022 

33 
$6,994 

481 
477 
489 
496 
506 
609 
529 
526 
517 
511 
609 
510 

88 
88 
88 
88 
97 
147 
127 
127 
107 
89 
89 
89 

33 
33 
33 
33 
33 
33 
33 
33 
33 
33 
33 
33 

$250,041 

$9,946 

$24,870 

$214,593 

$632 
$2,172,144 
$3,278,993 

47 
$16,293,050 
$1,227,600 
$2, '127,132 
$3,572,940 
$9,0(i6,078 
26 

425 
$678, 142 

41 

$157,780 

384 
$520,302 

355 
$502,742 

29 
$17,620 

4,028 

3,238 

3, 597 

$1,852,945 

3,141 
$1,727,338 

445 
$123, 125 

11 

$2,482 

3,081 
3,133 
3,169 
3,200 
3,141 
3,160 
3,136 
3,101 
3,132 
3,116 
3,149 
3,178 

440 
467 
444 
461 
473 
482 
462 
431 
435 
427 
430 
.398 

11 
11 
11 
11 
10 
12 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 

$1,240,764 
$20,5,58 
$54,112 

$1,160,094 

w 

$23, 149, 120 
$2,305,797 
$5,200,901 
$7,172,8,35 
$8,409,533 
30 

848 
$1,274,141 

70 
$307, 188 

778 
$960,953 

704 
$922,930 

74 
$44,017 

5,457 

4,604 

4, 907 

$2,677,950 

4,705 
$2,624,701 

197 
$52,448 

5 
$807 

4,681 
4,711 
4,729 
4,769 
4,835 
4,656 
4,f«8 
4,788 
4,808 
4,704 
4,842 
4,869 

175 
181 
208 
212 
212 
212 
191 
187 
200 
203 
200 

ia3 

3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 
9 
9 
10 
4 
4 
4 

$2,312,912 
$08. 152 
$117,400 

$2,125,800 

$1,500 
$12,958,430 
$23,021,705 

18 

$3,054,791 

$190, 128 

$.504, 778 

$1,7K2,971 

$1,116,914 

10 

269 
$400,033 

24 

$89,070 

245 
$:ilO,303 

220 
$292,  .3,34 

25 
$18,029 

1, 162 

881 

1,025 

$651,708 

1,023 
$651,032 

2 

$676 

41 

$20,057,278 
$1,518,1.30 
$4,.'>«),400 
$5,i;il,938 
$8,970,804 
29 

290 
$455,044 

32 
$85,790 

258 
»;irr9,854 

222 
$351,951 

,10 
$17,903 

3,521 

3,074 

3,373 

$1,891,720 

3,213 
$1,843,031 

154 
$40,510 

6 
$1,579 

3,130 
3,244 
3,249 
3,239 
3,245 
3,200 
3,224 
3,217 
3,224 
3,208 
3,223 
3,147 

147 
148 
155 
156 
157 
157 
157 
1S4 
156 
156 
153 
152 

6 
6 

6 
6 
6 
5 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

$1,065,428 

$8,697 

$38,472 

$1,018,259 

$K265,245 

$11,773,719 

5 
$194,072 

ii.rm 

$0.  Hit 

$101,209 

$84.91.3 

2 

29 
$23,195 

18 

$2,405,244 

$.317,284 

$435, «» 

$972, 121 

$080, 179 

0 

64 
$88,029 

18 
$32,193 

46 

$66,436 

45 
$50,264 

1 
$172 

782 

453 

525 

$241,715 

525 
$241,715 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

8 
9 

10 

9 
$8, 136 

5 

$6,662 

4 

$2,484 

8 

8 

8 

$6,504 

8 
$6,504 

29 
$2:),  195 

29 
$23,195 

12 
13 

M 
15 

Iff 

70 

58 

06 

$29,232 

50 
$20,030 

15 
$.3,1% 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 

'>4 

?5 

•>ft 

77 

296 
295 
307 
324 
327 
326 
335 
316 
336 
317 
344 
353 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

1,065 
1,090 
1,081 

i,oia 

1,033 
1,007 
983 
983 
980 
1,005 
992 
994 

1 
1 
1 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
1 

50 
50 
50 
53 
53 
48 
48 
48 
51 
60 
50 
49 

16 
17 
17 
17 
17 
14 
14 
13 
16 
13 
13 
13 

502 
507 
495 
486 
528 
716 
548 
504 
493 
500 
604 
517 

28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 

40 

41 

' 

4? 

4^ 

44 

4'i 

46 

47 

48 

49 

V) 

^il 

5'' 

13 

M 

V, 

Vf 

w 

S8 

' 

=m 

60 

61 

6? 

f» 

$164,988 
$3,497 

$8,225 
$153,266 

$13,590 

$692 

$292 

$12,606 

$243,096 

$5,244 

$28,586 

$208,660 

$000 
$3,002,610 
$4,589,749 

$58,126 

$5,500 

$044 

$51,982 

$137!4i4' 

$265,457 

$183,194 
$6,828 
$6,186 

$170,180 

ii.osslsgs' 

$1,745,572 

64 
65 
66 
67 

68 

$688,897 
$1,081,778 

$9,480 
$53,044 

$0,030,408 
$13,023,629 

69 
70 

492 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table   145.— CHEMICALS— DETAILED 


United  States. 

California. 

Georgia. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Louisiana. 

2 
85 

4 
85 

71 

Power: 

237 
140,372 

1,081 
70,194 

25 
438 

25 
6,455 

3 

14 

409 
8,110 
1,097 

263 
10,078 
43,986 

319 

14 
1,060 

23 
741 

8 
119 

2 
109 

2 
54 

13 
3,854 

31 

2,816 

3 
340 

4 
245 

7? 

Total  horsepower 

73 

Owned— 

Engines — 
Steam — 

74 

75 

Gas  and  gasoline- 
Number  

7fi 

Horsepower 

77 

Water  wheels- 
Number 

78 

7<> 

Water  motors — 

Number  .          

80 

81 

Electric  motors — 

40 
980 
25 

2 
i 

9 
95 

8? 

81 

Other  power,  horsepower ,  ,  . 

200 

84 

Rented— 

Electric  motors- 

2 
55 

8^ 

Horsepower.  

86 

Other  kind,  horsepower 

87 

Furnished  to  other  establishments,  horsepower 

30 

Table  146.— PAINTS— DETAILED 


18 

19 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  ollicials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Niunber 

Salaries 

General    superintendents,    mana- 
gers, clerks,  etc. — 

Total  numliiT 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women  - 

Number 

Salaries 

Wap<w?amers,  Including  pieceworkers,  and 
total  wages: 
Greatest  numi)er  employed  at  any  one 

time  during  the  year. 
Least  number  employed  at  any  one' 
time  during  the  year. 

Average  numiwr 

Total  wages 

Men  Ki  years  and  over- 
Average  niimlwr 

Wages 

Women  Iti  years  and  over— 

xVverage-  number 

Wages 

Children  under  Hi  years- 

.\verag<'  numl»er 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  Including 
plewworkers,    employed     during    <'acn 
month: 
.Men  HI  years  and  over 

JanuHr>' 

Kel»niury 

March . .' 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

flcpt^mlier 

f)ctolK'r 

NovemlM-r 

liecember 


United 
States. 


$55,783, 
i6,410: 
J7,0S1 
i8,333, 

$33,757, 


3, 
13,654, 

8935, 


2, 
$2, 718, 


2, 
$2, 463, 


$2.54, 
11, 


9, 
t.5,063, 

8, 
$4,777, 


$276, 
$», 


Califor- 
nia. 


18 

$1,439,985 

$44,000 

$1110,247 

$241,571 

$994,167 

10 


$84,912 

6 

$9,30G 


82 
$75,612 

72 
$70,200 

10 
$5,412 


311 

246 

275 
$184,942 

264 
$180,665 

8 
$3,497 

3 
$780 


243 
24,'! 
249 
2IM) 
273 
2X2 
271 
271 
261 
270 
271 
21111 


Dela- 
ware. 


$118,478 
$14,000 
$12,800 
$23,815 
$67,863 
2 


$8,  .100 


3 
$5,400 


4 

$3,100 


4 
$3,100 


Georgia.  |    Illinois.    I  Indiana. 


34 

25 

28 
$21,229 

24 
$19,079 

2 
$1,400 

2 

$750 


5  39 

$1.56,804    $7,828,1)77 

S.5.0IX)       $510,300 

ST.IKIO  ;     $910,!)26 

510,802        $976,031 


$128,092 
7 

22 
S19,a52 

2 
$3,400 


20 
$15,6.52 

18 
$14,987 

2 
$(ia5 

31 

27 

28 
$12,140 

27 
$11,932 

1 

$208 


$5, 431, 320 
10 

422 
$616, 167 

51 
$161,209 


371 
$454, 898 

288 
$408,9*56 

83 

$45,932 

1,2X2 

7.55 

1,029 
$595,077 

923 
$561,767 

106 
$33,310 


26 

857 

26 

925 

26 

i,a5o 

26 

l,ft56 

26 

1,034 

29 

944 

29 

HH2 

29 

841 

29 

S7(l 

26 

894 

26 

KK4 

26 

K.5(l 

$174,869 

$5,000 

$13,457 

$36,383 

$120,029 

7 

13 
$13,828 

2 

$3,700 


11 

$10, 128 

11 
$10,128 


Iowa, 


48 

3S 

38 
$17,629 

31 
$15, 761 

$1,868 


5 
$60, 798 
$3,000 
$5,200 
$3,760 
$48,838 
4 

13 
$12, 438 

1 

$60 


12 
$12,378 


10 
$11,650 


2 

$728 


12 
$7,949 


12 
,949 


Kansas. 


3 
$28,350 


Ken- 
tucky. 


$10,000 

$18,350 

2 

2 
$2,050 


2 

$2,050 

2 
$2,050 


11 

$.5,265 


10 
$4,940 


1 
$325 


10 
$32S.  904 

S'JL'.'.IIWl 
?,'ii,,  Iti  III 
S.'lN.Slil 

$191, 143 
4 

29 
$27,286 

10 
$13, 120 


19 
$14, 166 


$12,120 


4 
$2,046 


88 
$31,461 

59 
$20,032 

29 
$5,429 


Mary- 
land. 


Massa- 
chusetts. 


11  23 

$443. .500  $1,025,369 

*L.'ii,llllll  $142.0,53 

s.'L'.Miii  si.sT.iai 

ST'J.'AIU  I  $157,066 

$315,100  $1,138,609 

16  21 


$50,708 


$1,000 


53 
$49, 108 

43 
$44, 720 

10 
$4.*S8 


196 

Ui2 

182 
$73, 697 

172 

$71,617 

10 
$2,080 


■  Includes eAtabllshnienin  difltrlhuted  an  follown:  Alaluimn,  2;  ('(ijonidn,  4;   ('< 
•IppI,  1;  Nevada,  1;  North  Carolina,  2;  Texas,  2;  West  Virginia,  1. 


inneelleiil.  .|:    nistriet  of  Coluniblii,  1;   Florida,  I;   l.< 


.55 

169 

55 

172 

.59 

172 

61 

177 

61 

181 

6:1 

178 

IB 

164 

61 

162 

60 

173 

m 

180 

55 

ll» 

.55 

168 

mil 

,  2;  Miiin 

76 
$103,872 

13 

$36,900 


63 

$66,972 

.52 
$60,922 

11 
$6,050 


485 

309 

398 
$211,141 

365 
$201,249 

33 

$0,892 


324 
334 
337 
379 
385 
364 
359 
384 
406 
387 
376 
345 

I:  Missis- 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 

SUMMiVRY,  BY  STATES:  1905— Conlinupd. 


493 


Maryland. 

Massachu- 

EOttS. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota, 

Missouri.    ,    New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvaiiia.     WlsoonBio. 

1 

All  other 
states. 

3 

625 

15 
625 

11 
3,431 

24 
2,495 

14 
24,04S 

233 
20,850 

3 

62 

'l 
13 

9 

1,593 

24 
1,3.30 

41 
10,168 

164 
8,571 

I 

56 
70, 178 

292 
15,259 

9 
241 

5 
529 

2 
12 

112 

3,529 

10 

155 

7,043 

43,555 

9 

12 
6,419 

73 
5,734 

2 
30 

37 

11,161 

162 
10,342 

3 

37 

4 
243 

5 
243 

13 
6,996 

.      24 
789 

1 
2 

17 
5,8.50 

71 

72 

73 

74 

71) 

7« 

2 

75 

1 

77 

1 

78 



1 
2 

51 
1,086 

■ 

79 

8ft 

27 
150 

85 
1,188 

48 
263 

10 
250 

405 

21 
499 

176 

9 

88 
18 

6 

70 

281 

81 

8? 

m 

13 

707 

4 

53 
2,010 

1 
2 
45 

28 
165 
335 
110 

M 

fgi 

4 
30 

m 

10 

40 

90 

87 

SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  190.5. 


Michigan. 

Minne- 
sota. 

Missouri. 

Ne- 
braska. 

New 
Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Oregon. 

Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Rhode 
Island. 

Tennes- 
see. 

Virginia. 

Wash- 
ington. 

Wiscon- 
sin. 

AU  other 
states.  > 

11 

5 

20 

3 

20 

89 

49 

3 

74 

4 

4 

3 

6 

9 

22 

1 

$2,459,256 

$672,324 

>3, 906, 906 

$226,597 

$2,421,247 

514,852,314 

86,096,266 

$159,000 

810,355,786 

$112,017 

$224,299 

$213,034 

$121,475 

$935,803 

$820,561 

2 

$144,837 

$30,000 

$313,926 

$10,500 

$197,940 

$2,704,007 

$659,700 

$8,000 

$1,329,235 

S4,IX)0 

$15,625 

823,690 

88,950 

$87,950 

$97,776 

i 

$489,083 

$85,000 

$362,164 

$34,699 

$519,693 

$1,434,597 

8942,044 

$9,000 

$1,41S,7.">5 

814,840 

$27,533 

846,436 

$10,250 

$187,028 

$118,987 

4 

$321,174 

$83,676 

$501,322 

$22,134 

$466,6.35 

$2,118,555 

$831,892 

$40,000 

$2,071,906 

$22,71)0 

$23,399 

$80,112 

824,4.30 

$153,179 

$167,895 

S 

$1,504,162 

$473,648 

S2, 729, 494 

$159,264 

$1,236,979 

$8,595,155 

$3,662,630 

$102,600 

$5,535,890 

$70,477 

$157,742 

$60,776 

$71,825 

$507,706 

$435,903 

U 

8 

2 

7 

1 

15 

76 

24 

5 

73 

5 

1 

0 

1 

6 

16 

■/ 

198 

45 

385 

20 

102 

651 

349 

3 

416 

13 

14 

17 

27 

34 

43 

8 

$229,741 

$56,052 

$420,283 

$34,160 

$139,896 

$834,548 

$389,216 

$3,300 

$441,655 

$15,332 

$24,880 

$27,590 

$14,322 

$30,120 

$54,382 

9 

19 

8 
$15,680 

37 

31 

2 
$9,600 

18 

19 
$43,434 

83 

48 
$174,710 

603 

49 

$114,805 

300 

61 
$146,568 

2 

S7,5a) 

•5 
$11,700 

3 

$12,000 

2 

$900 

5 

811,1,30 

13 
$27,110 

in 

11 

179 

354 

■      3 

335 

11 

9 

14 

23 

29 

30 

12 

$172,816 

$40,372 

$351,413 

$24,560 

$96,461 

$659,838 

$274,411 

$3,300 

$295,087 

$7,832 

$13,180 

$15,590 

$13,422 

$18,970 

$27,272 

13 

146 

31 

301 

16 

61 

499 

239 

2 

295 

7 

7 

13 

22 

19 

28 

14 

$155,652 

$35,692 

$321,853 

$23,180 

$85,109 

$602,954 

$242,440 

82,700 

$260,886 

$5,960 

$11,800 

$15,090 

$12,450 

.$16,375 

$26,856 

16 

33 

6 

53 

2 

22 

104 

CI 

1 

60 

4 

2 

1 

3 

10 

2 

16 

$17,164 

$4,680 

$29,560 

$1,380 

$11,352 

$56,884 

$31,971 

$600 

$28,201 

$1,872 

81,380 

$500 

$972 

$2,595 

$416 

17 

594 

94 

677 

45 

747 

3,183 

1,121 

19 

1,945 

22 

90 

98 

41 

190 

191 

18 

394 

65 

399 

37 

587 

2,099 

725 

13 

1,385 

22 

56 

83 

34 

142 

134 

19 

497 

78 

567 

40 

667 

2,711 

941 

15 

1,645 

22 

76 

93 

34 

152 

154 

20 

$222,966 

$37,390 

$290,009 

$18,502 

$339,023 

$1,464,270 

$475,045 

$13,230 

$798,313 

$13,065 

$30,356 

$23,148 

$23,440 

$70,182 

$83,708 

21 

410 

63 

534 

33 

589 

2,381 

834 

15 

1,532 

22 

62 

93 

32 

145 

143 

22 

$203,325 

$32,266 

$279,609 

$16,260 

$317,791 

$1,373,164 

$446,605 

$13,230 

$760,841 

$13,065 

$26,927 

$23,148 

$22,972 

$67,374 

$79,824 

23 

82 
$18,641 

5 
$1,000 

351 

15 
$5,124 

30 
$9,854 

3 
$546 

7 
$2,242 

74 

316 
$88, 195 

14 
S2  911 

106 
$28,240 

1 
$200 

106 
$35,525 

$1,947 
1,476 

13 
$3,189 

2 
$468 

7 
$2,808 

10 
$3,728 

?4 

2,1 

4 
$704 

1 
$240 

1 
$156 

2fi 

27 

64 

439 

33 

549 

2,306 

788 

18 

22 

49 

93 

31 

130 

124 

28 

390 

67 

522 

34 

568 

2,425 

869 

17 

1,507 

22 

61 

93 

31 

131 

126 

29 

386 

70 

548 

34 

597 

2,456 

912 

17 

1,539 

22 

65 

93 

33 

144 

137 

30 

402 

75 

582 

34 

604 

2,575 

912 

12 

1,580 

22 

63 

93 

37 

154 

147 

31 

412 

68 

555 

34 

615 

2,391 

831 

13 

1,564 

22 

63 

93 

37 

159 

146 

32 

434 

72 

576 

34 

603 

2,431 

827 

12 

1,583 

22 

64 

93 

31 

162 

455 

33 

415 

61 

551 

31 

578 

2.315 

765 

13 

1,511 

22 

63 

93 

27 

156 

158 

34 

419 

60 

542 

32 

567 

2,352 

747 

13 

1,536 

22 

63 

93 

26 

148 

154 

35 

446 

56 

530 

33 

595 

2,353 

826 

14 

1,535 

22 

65 

93 

25 

147 

153 

36 

442 

54 

543 

32 

601 

2,421 

846 

13 

1,521 

22 

65 

93 

34 

146 

150 

37 

444 

54 

526 

32 

612 

2,320 

846 

19 

1,537 

22 

60 

93 

34 

133 

137 

38 

389 

55 

494 

33 

579 

2,227 

839 

19 

1,495 

22 

63 

93 

38 

130 

129 

39 

494 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    146.— PAINTS— DETAILED 


United 
States. 

Calilor- 
nia. 

Dela- 
ware. 

Georgia. 

Illinois. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Ken- 
tucky. 

Mary- 
land. 

Massa- 
chusetts. 

40 

Average  mimber  of  wage-earners,  includ- 
ing pieceworkers,  employed  during  each 
month— Continued. 
Women  16  years  and  over — 

Januarv ..  ..        

929 

969 

1,037 

1,038 

1,053 

1,037 

938 

918 

935 

907 

910 

909 

39 
44 
46 
47 
43 
43 
38 
38 
38 
42 
37 
37 

$6,055,367 
$300,541 
$221,  715 

$5,441,870 

$91,241 
$46,306,183 
$67,277,910 

402 
42,148 

369 
31,628 

72 
1,471 

22 
969 

1^ 

267 
4,693 

168 

2,394 

975 

234 

7 
8 
8 
9 
11 
8 
8 
9 
8 
7 
6 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

3 

3 

3 

2 

3 

3 

3 

$102,521 

$9,829 

$3,205 

$89,487 

2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 

2 

I 
3 
3 
3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

$5,851 

$1,600 

$464 

$3,787 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

112 
117 
125 
123 
124 
108 
94 
90 
92 
89 
91 
107 

6 
6 

7 
7 
7 
8 
8 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

26 
26 
31 
31 
31 
31 
31 
31 
30 
30 
25 
25 

10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 

23 
36 
37 
36 
30 
29 
36 
34 
33 
31 
32 
39 

41 

4'' 

March 

43 

April 

44 

Mny 

45 

4A 

July 

47 

48 

September 

4<) 

October 

V) 

November 

'il 

December. 

.";■> 

Children  under  16  years — 

M 

February 

54 

March 

W 

April 

Vi 

May... 

,57 

June 

58 

Julv.. 

59 

.\ugust 

60 

61 

October 

1 

6? 

63 

December. 

s 



64 

65 

Miscellaneous  expenses  total 

Rent  of  works 

$25,940 
$3,245 
$1,457 

$21,238 

SI,0.S6.502 
$35.  462 
$30,306 

$1,020,734 

$24,602 
$6,131 
$1,068 

$17,403 

$9,015 
$395 
$445 

$7,660 

$515 
$50,  449 
$86,074 

3 

76 

2 
66 

2 
7 

$4, 460 

$1,890 

$395 

$2,175 

$33,483 

$2,050 

$807 

$30,626 

$42, 422 
$.'<,  250 
$1,812 

$32,360 

$172,483 
$15,363 
$10,545 

$146,575 

66 

Taxes. 

67 

68 

Rent  of  offices,  interest,  insurance,  and 
all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hith- 
erto included. 

69 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

$1,568,269 
$2,221,846 

17 
927 

2 
229 

5 

105 

$41,252 
$81,552 

4 
195 

3 

185 

1 
10 

$155,396 
$257,903 

5 
102 

1 
30 

1 
15 

$6,523,137 
$9,484,280 

35 
5,210 

25 
3,620 

9 

257 

1 
15 

$1,35,276 
$225,809 

8 
290 

3 

200 

2 

48 

$36,110 
$59,800 

3 

51 

1 
25 

$264,321 
$522, 017 

523 

2 
275 

1 
12 

$410. 884 
$680,990 

10 

519 

8 
425 

5 
79 

$i,4i4,ii6 

$2,159,680 

22 
1,414 

21 
1,189 

1 
12 

2 
65 

70 

Products,  total  value. 

71 
7? 

Power: 

Xumber  of  establishments  reporting... 
Total  horsepower 

73 

Owned — 

Engines — 
Steam— 

Xumber 

74 

75 

Gas  and  gasoline— 

76 

Horsepower 

77 

Water  wheels- 

78 

79 

Water  motors- 

80 

Horsepower 

81 

Electric  motors- 
Number  

18 
318 

21 
275 

29 
759 

38 

507 

52 

5 

6 
125 

5 
111 

2 
10 

\ 

82 

83 

Rented— 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

3 
57 

7 
42 

1 
3 

2 
26 

3 
23 
125 

84 

85 

Other  kind,  horsepower 

Furnished    to    other    establishments, 
horsepower. 

86 

1 

25 

Table  147.— FERTILIZERS— DETAILED 


United 
States. 

Alabama. 

Califor- 
nia. 

Connecti- 
cut. 

Dela- 
ware. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Ken- 
tucky. 

1 

N'uml>er  of  establishments 

400 
$li9. 023, 264 

19 

$3,0.'».922 

$91,033 

S.WS.  5.33 

$.3(>2,n('.l 

$2, 008,  095 

6 

79 
$67,  .M9 

16 
$24,726 

03 
$42,814 

03 
$42, 8M 

14 
$903,849 
$(».4.50 
$12.5. 4liC, 
$107,87i; 
$610,0.57 

10 

35 
$39,231 

6 
$6,000 

30 
$33,231 

29 
$32,611 

$720 

10 
S9S7.37S 
$104.  (r,o 
8174.489 
$171,419 
$.'v!7. 420 
6 

32 
$.36,712 

11 
$19,000 

21 
$17,712 

18 
$16,680 

3 
$1,032 

7 
$205,5.V1 
S5.  700 
S17..'KI0 
$34.5<» 
$14S,0.'i4 
8 

6 
$4,440 

8 

$899. 049 

$9,(KK) 

$9!l.  444 

$119,i>01 

$(170,704 

1 

61 
$63,179 

10 
$22,500 

61 
$40,689 

44 

$36,213 

7 
$4,376 

57 
Jll.l.W.OTO 
S;i(l.s.345 
$1.7ll5.li.s5 
»1..3.M,012 
$7,070,028 
40 

210 
$260,344 

44 

$86,086 

166 
$173,358 

102 
$170,774 

4 
$2.  .584 

4 

$.140.  r.i 

SU5.200 
$14(i.2lil 
$105,218 
$179,492 

14 

$2.35, 195 
$8,100 
$M,  700 
$74,723 
$97,672 
20 

13 
$14,050 

3 
$5,(X)0 

10 

$11,  aw 

9 
$8.7,'>0 

1 

MOO 

4 

$872.4,S7 
$70.(KI0 

$471..  2.S0 
$77,820 

$248,387 
2 

16 
$13,762 

3 

$4,842 

12 
$8,920 

9 
$7,620 

3 

$1,300 

? 

Capital,  total 

1 

$-I.Ni:).  1.30 
$ll.;)lili.'V)4 

$!l,  02.3, 201 

$43,820,929 

294 

1,018 
$1,040,712 

266 
$554,642 

1,3{2 
t1, 386, 170 

1,250 
$1,3.32,426 

102 
$5.3,744 

4 

Ilulldlnga 

S 
A 

Machinery,  tools,  and  lmi>lements 

7 

Proprietors  a  nd  firm  members 

R 

Bularied  f>fIlrirtlH,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

13 
$16,318 

1 
$720 

12 
$16,698 

9 
$14,  .358 

3 
$1,240 

9 

in 

f)in(.ers  of  corporations — 

Numlicr 

11 

.'<al«rie,'i 

12 

fieneral  superintendents,  managem,  clerka, 
etc.— 

6 
$4,440 

S 
$4,440 

1.1 

Total  salaries 

u 

Men- 

Numl>er 

\f> 

16 

Women— 

Niimlier 

17 

fialarles 

'  Includes  cslnhllshments  distributed  as  follows:  Alaska,  1;   District  of  Columbia,  1;  Kansas,!;  Michigan,!;  Missouri,  2;  Nebraska,!;  Oregon.!;   Kliodo 
Island,  1;  Washington,  2. 


CIIF.MICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 


495 


SUMMARY,   HY  STATES:  V.mr,     r,.nlimip(l. 


Uichigaa. 

Minne- 
sota. 

Missouri. 

Ne- 
braska. 

New 
Jersey. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Oregon. 

Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Rhode 
Island. 

Tennes- 
see. 

Virginia. 

Wash- 
ington. 

Wiscon- 
sin. 

Another 
states. 

76 
76 
76 
76 
77 
78 
91 
92 
92 
91 
92 
t'u 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

$459,284 

$1,825 

$12,244 

$445,215 

10 
17 
17 
15 
10 
14 
14 
14 
14 
15 
14 
14 

27 
30 
32 
32 
31 
31 
28 
28 
28 
32 
29 
32 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

$351,963 
$14, 170 
$17,350 

$319,883 

$560 
$4,588,108 
$6, 144, 521 

17 
1,989 

18 
1,684 

7 
7 
7 
7 
8 
7 
6 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

68 
72 
77 
80 
81 
82 
75 
74 
71 
69 
70 
69 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
5 
6 
6 
6 
3 
3 

$286,535 
$8,333 
$13,693 

$258,489 

$6,020 
$2,250,984 
$3,511,375 

20 
2,909 

26 
2,024 

1 

2 
40 

308 
.308 
341 
337 
333 
354 
299 
289 
307 
303 
305 
308 

13 
17 
19 
18 
15 
16 
12 
11 
12 
13 

}} 

$1,451,586 

$92,749 

$53,347 

$1,305,168 

$322 
$13,220,075 
$18,721,872 

76 
10,545 

80 
8,262 

11 
169 

6 
293 

103 
109 
115 
121 
122 
112 
106 
100 
99 
95 
96 
94 

$573,114 

$23,707 
$34,210 
$447,697 

$67,500 
$4,700,988 
$6,601,428 

47 
5,190 

48 
3,595 

11 
265 

103 
107 
111 
116 
136 
125 
103 
103 
101 
87 
90 
90 

7 
8 
8 
9 
7 
6 
6 
6 
6 
7 
7 
7 

$947,468 
$47, 770 
$26,995 

$856,379 

$10,324 
$6,059,353 
$9,428,890 

69 
7,370 

88 
6,339 

14 
395 

6 
131 

1 
5 

26 
414 

7 
41 
45 

12 
14 
14 
13 
14 
14 
9 
10 
14 
13 
14 
15 

I 
$52,689 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

z 

2 
2 
2 
2 

10 
10 
10 
7 
7 
7 
6 
6 
6 
5 
5 
5 

9 
10 
12 
12 
10 
10 

9 
10 
10 
10 
10 

8 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

$144,659 
$5,845 
$3,019 

$135,795 

40 

41 

4? 

43 

44 



4'i 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

.5? 

53 



.54 

55 

56 

.57 

58 

,59 

60 

61 

6? 

63 

$104,930 

$9, 170 

$2,335 

$93,425 

$36,989 

$600 

$1,482 

$34,907 

$15,967 

$1,350 

$567 

$14,050 

$27,595 

$3.4.'W 

$343 

$23,822 

$10,578 

$3,197 

$648 

$12,733 

$11,713 

$1,480 

$543 

$9,690 

$67,018 
$2,700 
$3,494 

$60,824 

64 
65 

$941 
$51,748 

66 
67 

68 

11,524,294 
E,  823, 933 

11 
1,581 

10 

1,144 

1 
14 

$454,222 
$708,924 

4 
222 

2 

150 

$237. 137 
$346,045 

3 
170 

4 

160 

1 
10 

$189,886 
$267,200 

3 
102 

$176,622 
$247,842 

3 
137 

2 
125 

1 
12 

$287,990 
$480,991 

4 

295 

4 
295 

$113,696 
$194,594 

3 
645 

1 
450 

$92,414 
$105,924 

4 
80 

1 
35 

$764,005 
$1,048,037 

8 
731 

6 
655 

2 
31 

$447,205 
$805,783 

16 

815 

11 
466 

3 
22 

2 
250 

69 
70 

71 
72 

73 

74 

7S 

76 

3 

175 

77 

78 

5 
13 

2 
16 

15 

276 



79 

80 

29 
398 

3 

25 

57 
735 

4 
71 
91 

54 
790 

27 
485 
546 
183 

44 
1,128 

14 

136 

66 

1 

81 

8? 

5 

72 

4 
102 

1 
28 

3 
45 

2 
45 

2 
27 
50 

<« 

84 

85 

20 

86 



1 

SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


Louisi- 
ana. 


Maine. 


Maryland 


Massachu- 
setts. 


Missis- 
sippi. 


New 
Jersey. 


New  York. 


North 
Carolina. 


Ohio. 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


South 
Carolina. 


Tennessee. 


Virginia. 


AU  other 
states.' 


$2,143,846 
$119,206 
$190,  737 
$388,380 

$1,445,517 


36 
$65,997 

11 
$39,654 


$26,343 


2.5 
$26,343 


3  39 

$53,683  $6,058,246 

$4,500  $827,565 

$11,000  S.S94,595 

$7,500  I  $S15.51S 

$30,683  $3,520,568 

4  38 


1 
$1,354 


1 
$1,3.54 


1 
$1,354 


206 
$229,  734 


24 
$51,600 


182 
$178, 134 


172 
$173,506 


10 
$4,628 


9 

$3,600,183 
S103,  772 
8354,991 
$490,240 

$2,591,180 
6 

66 
$85,202 


66 
$85,202 

49 
$74, 860 

17 
$10,342 


$1,048,733 

$26. 432 

$153.  .508 

$106. 050 

$762, 743 


23 

$28,273 

5 
$9,350 


IS 
$18, 923 


IS 
$18,923 


25 

$6. 290, 706 

$776,619 

$S4(i.  855 

$1,0(10,845 

$3, 000, 387 

23 

91 
$1.50.9.85 

14 
$46,500 


$104,485 


69 
$99,680 


8 
$4,805 


13 

$2,598,356 
$167,700 
$499. 379 
$195,975 

$1,735,302 


68 
$99,664 


11 
$22,200 


$77, 464 

.5.5 
$70, 132 

2 
$1,332 


27 

$3, 697, 799 

$90,245 

8596, 182 

$312, 356 

$2,099,016 

33. 

78 
$75,070 

13 
$23,409 


65 
$.51,601 


64 
$.51,121  I 


17 

$3,551,267 

$237,552 

$604,  435 

$509,090 

$2,200,190 

8 

106 
$135, 847 

13 
$28,900 


93 
$106,947 


$97, 776 


43 

$5,386,058 
$621,528 
$796, 788 
$693,256 

$3,274,486 
48 

129 
$169,796 

23 
$45,825 


106 
$123,971 


91 
$117,041 


20  10 

$7,086,878  $3,381,073 

$232,958  $350,871 

$1,559,265  $680,244 

$728,330  ;  $434,146 

$4,566,325  $1,915,812 

1  6 


149 
$153,045 


17 
$40,300 


67 
$98,219 


12 
$35,152 


37 

$4,871,810 

$336,304 

$629,607 

$765, 356 

$3,140,543 

16 

118 
$111,287 

23 
$32,009 


132       55  I 
$112,745    $63,067  • 


1        16 
$4,80  :    $9, 171  1 


15 
$6,930 


128 
$111,005 

4 

$1,740 


53 
$62,387 


$680 


95 
$79,278 


91 
$77,578 


4 

$1,700 


11 
$395,951 
$26,000 
$100,260 
$108,023 
$161,668 
9 

17 
$20,664 

7 
$9,720 


10 
$10,944 

9 
$10,560 


1 
$384 


496 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  147.— FERTILIZERS— DETAILED 


United 
States. 

Alabama. 

Califor- 
nia. 

Connecti- 
cut. 

Dela- 
ware. 

Florida. 

Georgia, 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Ken- 
tucky. 

18 
19 
"ft 

Wage-earners,    including    pieceworkers,    and    total 
wages: 
Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  dur- 
ing the  year. 
Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during 

the  year. 
Average  number 

28, 432 

8,666 

14,201 
$5,142,147 

14,065 
$5,113,232 

110 

$25,446 

26 
$3,469 

15,069 
18,614 
20,666 
16,908 
13,111 
11,014 
11,084 
12,230 
14,060 
12, 494 
11,566 
11,964 

122 
130 
125 
130 
106 

97 

96 
109 

96 
103 

99 
107 

61 
59 
43 
29 
14 
11 
14 
14 
14 
16 
17 
20 

$4,919,824 

$7C.,89.i 

$249,282 

$4,550,015 

$43,632 
$39,343,914 
$56,032,853 

.350 
50,980 

721 
44,752 

17 
240 

15 
353 

126 

2,917 
185 

78 

2,358 

175 

ISO 

1,241 

271 

551 
$152,713 

550 
$152,665 

194 

87 

123 
$69,389 

123 

$69,389 

433 

204 

310 

S124, 198 

252 
$109,837 

58 
$14,361 

283 

96 

149 
$33,371 

149 
$33,371 

494 

145 

242 
$70,259 

236 
$69,451 

6 
$808 

5,285 

1,724 

2,192 
$581,184 

2,188 
$580,757 

113 

20 

48 
$24,472 

48 

$24,472 

303 

71 

97 
$45,526 

97 
$45,526 

87 

42 

57 
$19,329 

57 
$19,329 

?1 

?? 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

23 
?4 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  ol  wage-earners,  including  piece- 
workers, employed  during  each  month: 
Men  16  vears  and  over- 

?5 

?6 

1 
34S 

799 
882 
835 
514 
350 
325 
395 
422 
419 
427 
530 
702 

4 
$427 

3,642 
4,467 
4,594 
2,787 
1,479 
983 
1,031 
1,114 
1,2.W 
1,318 
1,!)48 
2,035 

77 

?R 

139 
130 
123 
112 
116 
113 
107 
118 
136 
127 
117 
138 

181 
187 
211 
261 
314 
302 
287 
290 
274 
285 
244 
188 

60 
00 
63 
69 
52 
55 
53 
56 
52 
56 
58 
62 

83 
124 
142 
130 
128 

99 
179 
178 
190 
204 
231 
100 

279 
350 
375 
255 
181 
198 
182 
160 
192 
198 
197 
265 

6 
6 
6 
5 
.    6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
7 

40 
55 
54 
49 
47 
44 
44 
57 
91 
37 
39 
19 



00 
69 
81 
77 
70 
77 
94 
129 
297 
82 
61 
61 

46 
43 
06 
71 
47 
4? 
47 
61 
85 
85 
51 
45 

■«( 

February  .     .                                    ... 

'W 

tl 

A'jril  .  . 

T* 

Mav 

?? 

Julie 

S4 

Julv 

Ti 

August 

% 

T7 

October.     ,.          

'W 

"Vi 

December 

40 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

Ma  roll 

41 

1 

4"' 

i 

4,1 

April 

44 

MJiv 

45 

4fi 

July 

47 

August 

48 

44 

Octolior 

50 

51 

December 

V 

Children  under  16  years- 
January  

6 
3 

10 
13 

15 
7 
3 

.S3 

54 

55 

April  

56 

May 

.57 

.■M 

July 

50 

August 

60 

61 

Octolier 

N'oveml)er 

Dwemljcr 

Miscellftncous  expenses,  total 

6'' 

63 

3 

$147,806 

$700 

$9,542 

$137,564 

64 

$66,851 
$3,  452 
$2,725 

$60, 674 

$81,088 

$58,293 
$250 
$583 

$.57,  400 

$81,983 
$6,342 
$2,307 

$73,334 

$718, 326 

$1,425 

$30,932 

$681,968 

$4,000 
$6,527,0ii5 
$9,461,415 

47 
7,283 

82 
0,277 

6 
38 

$49, 252 

$220 

$3,306 

$4,5,726 

$31,342 
$l,.ViO 
$1,.140 

$28,  442 

$74,622 

$825 

$4,262 

$09,535 

f>5 

6f> 

Taxes 

$3,570 
$77,518 

67 

68 

Rent  o(  ofllcea,  Interest,  insurance,  and  all  other 
sundry  expensea  not  hitherto  included. 

m 

$1,606,330 
$2,341,132 

16 
1,485 

30 
l,4(i5 

1 
15 

$519, 169 
$893,711 

11 
85t 

7 

$.524,891 
$943,221 

9 
057 

11 
453 

1 
25 

2 
79 

2 
60 

$287,  414 
$370,889 

5 
665 

19 
6G5 

$1,325,070 
$1,590,371 

8 
555 

0 
3.50 

$90,702 
$131,298 

4 
445 

5 
440 

$156,017 
$298,677 

13 
652 

12 
600 

1 
2 

$279, 151 
$439,  111 

4 

455 

s 

440 

70 
71 

Products,  total  value 

Power: 

NumlKT  of  establishments  reporting 

7? 

73 

Engines- 
Steam— 

74 

Horsepower 

Gas  anil  gasoline— 

Numrier 

7". 

77 

Water  wheels- 

78 

Horsepower  

79 

Klectrlc  motors — 

18 

752 

10 

4 

200 

2 
15 

W) 

Ilorsejiower 

HI 

R? 

Ilcntifl  - 

Klectrlc  motors- 
Number 

1 
5 

11 

272 
75 

2 
50 

205 

1 

83 

84 

Other  kind,  horsi'power 

60 

Wi 

Furnlfllied  to  other  estabUshmentB,  horsepower.. 

CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 

SUMMARY,  liY  STATES:  1905— Continued. 


497 


Louisi- 
ana. 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachu- 
setts. 

Missis- 
sippi. 

New 
Jersey. 

New  York. 

North 
Carolina. 

Ohio. 

Pennsyl- 
vania. 

South 
Carolina. 

Tennessee. 

Virginia. 

All  other 
states. 

754 
193 

344 

$122, 909 

309 
$118,304 

23 
$2,940 

12 

$1,005 

401 
572 
472 
319 
320 
174 
194 
200 
230 
248 
238 
280 

31 
35 
24 
25 
23 
18 
20 
22 
19 
21 
19 
19 

34 

32 

61 

22 

20 
$11,910 

20 
$11,910 

2,236 

700 

1,2.56 
$524,353 

1,247 
$.521,807 

8 
$2, 186 

1 
$300 

793 

900 

1,389 

1 ,  .55.5 

1,315 

1,.332 

1,277 

1,497 

1,938 

1,190 

870 

902 

6 
10 
10 
10 
9 
3 
7 
14 
12 
9 
2 

4 

S50 

241 

358 
$183,163 

3.55 
$182,3.59 

3 
$804 

627 

151 

348 

$78,847 

348 
$78,847 

1,679 

770 

1,139 
$637,320 

1,124 
$632,  445 

12 
$4,347 

3 

$528 

950 
1,150 
1,340 
1,384 
1,202 
l,0(i9 
1,0.54 
1,022 
1,120 
1, 172 

986 
1,039 

15 
15 
18 
17 
12 
11 
0 
7 

851 

400 

596 
$254,049 

596 
$254,049 

2,094 

.525 

908 
$281,775 

907 
$281,666 

1, 128 

30O 

490 
$235,269 

490 
$235,269 

1,331 

702 

9.58 
$446,  .564 

9.55 
$440,206 

.3,217 

371 

1,071 
$303,885 

1,071 
$.30.3,88.5 

1,747 

3Sl 

781 
8209,593 

781 
$209,593 

3,271 

9:12 

1,801 
$571,177 

1,800 
$571,083 

553 

228 

356 
$100,832 

35« 
$160,832 

18 

19 

20 
21 

22 
23 

?4 

?5 

1 
$109 

787 

1,1.37 

1,411 

1,310 

897 

554 

5<>3 

714 

.S90 

1,001 

S51 

709 

3 

$298 

817 

906 

983 

1,220 

905 

898 

892 

1,043 

1,180 

897 

810 

843 

1 
$94 

1,484 
1,641 
1,872 
2,072 
2,246 
1,779 
1,670 
1,833 
1,976 
1,946 
1.602 
1,479 

?fl 

77 

20 
20 
21 
23 
25 
24 
21 
31 
36 
35 
35 
21 

345 
409 
■    493 
518 
478 
297 
294 
271 
279 
287 
290 
299 

4 

4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

538 
643 
853 
4S7 
199 
171 
104 
104 
118 
251 
313 
395 

480 
500 
598 
654 
047 
584 
030 
651 
630 
.578 
635 
5.53 

345 

3l'ili 
453 
582 
395 
379 
407 
725 
1,084 
415 
371 
358 

1,4.54 

2,313 

2,408 

1,216 

829 

6.59 

075 

624 

.588 

656 

712 

718 

1,009 
1,435 
1,492 
946 
.500 
432 
460 
596 
756 
719 
524 
503 

311 
303 
400 
300 
301 
474 
477 
400 
287 
270 
311 
312 

28 

29 
30 
31 
32 

34 
35 

36 
37 
38 
39 

40 

i 

41 

1 

4? 

1 

43 

1 

44 

1 

45 

1 

'(\ 

47 

7 
11 



48 

' 

49 

2 
2 

12 
13 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

50 

51 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

$285,213 

854 

827,033 

$254.58.5 

$3,541 
$2. 217, 750 
$3,098,561 

22 
2,653 

53 
2.42S 

1 
10 

- 

4 
4 
4 
5 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
1 
1 
$415,286 
$19,519 

3 

.5? 

3 
3 
3 

53 

■ 

54 

1(» 

V> 

,5fi 

t 

5 

5 

g 

10 

10 

$230,  4.50 

$200 

$3,942 

$220, 30,S 

. 



.57 

2 

2 

■      2 

2 

2 

2 

$472,  .559 

$26, 758 

$31,043 

$414, 158 

.58 

.W 

:.:::: ::: i 

60 

1..... 

6) 

62 

3 



63 

$9,748 

$244,951 
$9,138 
$8,562 

8227,251 

$61,499 

$484,020 

81.282 

$20,497 

$461,028 

$1,213 
$3,928,047 
$5,651,914 

20 
4,370 

46 
3,437 

2 

88 

1 
30 

44 
815 

$205,057 

$240 

$13,254 

$188,874 

$2. 089 
$1,333,808 
$2,082,404 

13 
1,537 

21 
1,014 

$258,914 

$231,137 

82,400 

819.948 

8206, 478 

$2,311 
$2,692,031 
$3,637,576 

19 
4,286 

58 
4,011 

$297,433 

$560 

$10,208 

$280,665 

$336,767 

•     $1,625 

$18,405 

$303, 156 

813.581 

$77,228 

$345 

$2,626 

$74,257 

64 
6,5 

$1,690 
$8,058 

$4,521 
$.56,978 

$10,642 
8248. 272 

$11,744 
8307.  726 

$10, 297 

66 
67 

68 

$i,6i3,fi46 
$1,556,227 

4 
910 

10 
800 

$38,705 
$06,054 

3 
228 

6 
165 

$4,991,789 
$6,631,763 

31 

4,293 

45 
3,533 

2 
3,5 

2 

45 

25 
309 

$1,276,299 
81,978,356 

9 

2,  .575 

21 
1,920 

$857,  412 
$1,082,387 

5 
645 

7 
645 

$1,386,446 
$2,289,176 

17 
3,218 

34 
2.630 

$2,890,780 
$4,094,978 

39 
4,  .589 

SO 
4,420 

1 
25 

6 
100 

3 
38 

$1,711,800 
$2, 700, 561 

9 
2,030 

29 
1.970 



83,240,075 
$4,659,281 

33 
5,(»3 

119 
5,568 

2 

8 

2 

$448,797 
$633,790 

9 
950 

12 
950 

69 
70 

71 
72 

73 
74 

1 

7fi 

2 

63 

77 

36 

1 
10 

78 

9 

280 
175 

4 

200 

19 

588 

3 
60 

79 



80 
81 

2 

50 

10 
371 

21 

6 

215 

6 

225 

50 

3 
31 

8? 

523 

83 

84 

90 

100 

1 

* 

1 

8,'; 

[ 

1 

498 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  148.— EXPLOSIVES— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and'sundries 

Proprie to  rs  and  firm  members 

Salaried  otlicials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number  

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 
Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during 

the  year ■ 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the 

year ■ 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  Itj  years  and  over — 

Average  number. 

Wage  s 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

.Vveruge  number. 

Wages 

Average  numlK'r  of  wage-earners,  including  piecework- 
ers, employed  during  each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over- 
January » 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

Oetolwr 

November 

Decemljer 

\Vomen  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

Juno 

July 

August 

September 

Oc  tolH^r 

NovemlKT 

December - 

Children  under  )6  years- 
January  

February 

March 

April 

May 

Juno 

July 

August 

September 

Octoljer 

NovemlMir 

Decemljcr 

Mitfcellani'ous  expenses,  total 

Kent  of  works 

Taxes 

Kent  of  offices,  inl*Test,  insurance,  and  all  other 

sundry  exp<?nse9  not  hitherto  included 

Contract  work '. 

Uat<'riali  used ,  total  cost 


United 
States. 


124 
842,307,163 
$2,484,354 
$6,605,693 
$8,358,003 
$24,859,113 
24 

1,289 
$1,797,050 

288 
$741,742 

1,001 
$1,055,308 

895 
$1,001,444 

106 
$53,864 


6,598 

5,709 

5,800 

$3,308,774 

5,708 
$3,283,729 

91 
$24,943 

1 
$100 


5,761 
5,743 
5,810 
5,835 
5,7!)8 
5,743 
5,743 
5,577 
5,658 
6,633 
5,646 
5,549 

78 
87 
74 
76 
84 
85 
91 

ini 

102 
104 
104 
106 


1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

$1,6.57,66,'; 

$9,812 

$71,263 

$1,574,140 

$2,4.'>0 

J17,2M,6fl7 


Illinois. 


5 
$774,776 
$50,246 
$161,135 
$262,141 
$301,254 


32 
$56,457 

9 
$24,900 

23 
$31,557 

22 
$31,256 

1 
$301 


270 

96 

142 

$82,611 

142 
$82,611 


109 
120 
159 
164 
164 
145 
104 
99 
156 
172 
158 
154 


$43,062 


$495 
$42,. 567 
$412,126 


Indiana. 


$2,096,288 
$56,545 
$282,245 
S452,5o7 

$1,304,941 


28 
$52,262 

4 
$15,533 

24 
$36,729 

20 
$33,945 

4 
$2,784 


294 

299 

$174,563 

299 
$174,563 


Michigan. 


$315,473 

$9,400 

$51,129 

$22,945 

$231,999 

1 

11 
$15,174 


$5,092 

8 
$10,082 

8 
$10,082 


316 
316 
323 
316 
297 
305 
319 
337 
299 
264 
255 
241 


$118,146 
$2,385 
$3,126 

$110.6,35 

$2,000 

$1,188,014 


100 
123 

$87,964 

119 
$86,116 

4 

$1,848 


117 
120 
123 
117 
121 
118 
147 
133 
130 
132 
121 
49 


$19,096 


$2,443 

$16,6.53 

'$5i9,'399 


$2,364,490 
$146,624 
$363,193 
$476,431 

$1,378,242 


$33,560 

5 

$7,900 

24 
$25,660 

19 
$22,540 

5 
$3,120 

385 

232 

306 
$125,247 

273 
$116,565 

33 

$8,682 


284 
■284 
284 
258 
273 
231 
232 
274 
290 
288 
300 
278 

30 
41 
29 
29 
30 
31 
31 
40 
32 
37 
3.t 
33 


$52,595 


$1,020 

$51, .575 

$ii276,'93i 


New  York. 


5 

$507,948 
$38,237 
$79,502 
$156,400 
$233,809 


24 
$27,817 

7 
$12,240 

17 
$15,577 

14 
$14,146 

3 

$1,431 


126 

92 

93 

$49,095 

92 
$48,735 

1 
$360 


110 
112 
113 
116 

83 
83 
83 
87 
84 
80 
77 
76 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


$49,975 

$1.50 

$1,841 

$47,784 

$200 

$152,046 


Ohio. 


16 

$2,868,417 

$208,667 

$582,511 

$684,273 

$1,392,966 


83 
$125,709 

22 
$57,250 

61 
$68,459 

47 
$61,341 


14 
,118 


503 

401 

428 

$236,205 

416 
$233,115 

12 
$3,090 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


Another 
states. ' 


414 
420 
420 
422 
416 
412 
432 
394 
405 
408 
421 
428 


$134,016 
$2,701 
$12,209 

$119,046 


$1,274,786 


40 

43 

$5,320,285 

$28,059,486 

$310,723 

$1,663,912 

$789,731 

$4,296,247 

$1,185,402 

$5,117,854 

$3,034,429 

$16,981,473 

19 

2 

163 

919 

$233,049 

81,253,022 

50 

188 

$117,799 

$501,028 

113 

731 

$115,250 

$751,994 

99 

666 

$107,761 

$720,373 

14 

65 

$7,489 

831,621 

977 

3,811 

877 

3,617 

897 

3,512 

$526,609 

$2,026,480 

874 

3,493 

$520,181 

$2,021,843 

22 

19 

$6,328 

$4,637 

1 

$100 

846 

3,565 

839 

3,532 

856 

3,532 

870 

3,572 

878 

3,566 

865 

3,584 

861 

3,565 

880 

3,373 

887 

3,407 

903 

3,386 

908 

3,403 

895 

3,428 

20 

13 

26 

13 

20 

11 

21 

12 

23 

15 

20 

18 

21 

20 

22 

32 

23 

26 

23 

25 

26 

28 

25 

27 

$234,064 

$1,006,111 

$3,146 

$1,370 

$11,740 

$38,389 

$219,528 

8966,.3.52 

$2.50 

$2,516,461 

$9,869,901 

>  Includes  e.itabllshmcnts  distributed  as  follows:  Alabama,  3;  California,  5:  Connecticut,!;  Delaware,!;  Indian  Territory. 1:  Iowa,!;  Kansas,  .5;  Kentucky,!; 
Maine,!;  Maryland,!;  Massachusetts,!;  New  Jersey,  10;  Tennessee,  3;  West  Virginia,  f;  Wisconsin,!. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  I'HODUCTS. 

Table  148.— EXPLOSIVES— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:   1905— Continued. 


499 


Unite.] 
Stutes. 

lllin.iis. 

Iiidiuria. 

Michigan. 

Missouri. 

New  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsyi- 
vanlii. 

All  other 
states. 

•$29,602,884 

$711,626 

5 
2,158 

7 
1,383 

$1,679,306 

7 

i,4in 

13 
1,025 

8791,278 

4 
431 

10 

181 

$1,645,705 

4 

734 

11 

388 

1 
5 

$348,118 

5 
1,028 

14 

2S5 

2 
59 

23 
594 

$1,843,211 

16 
0,326 

38 
3,027 

3 
68 

7 
980 

$4,012,857 

39 
6,350 

IW 
4,59« 

$18,570,783 

Power: 

123 
37,5'i4 

375 
21,636 

15 
427 

186 
6,962 

29 
215 

42S 

7,8S9 

425 

43 

Total  horsepower 

19,111 

Owned— 

Engines- 
Steam — 

Number  

171 

10,751 

Gas  and  gasoline— 

9 

295 

Water  wheels- 

8 
2.50 

47 
1,021 

101 

4,117 

Water  motors- 

29 

215 

Electric  motors — 

25 
775 

18 

355 

30 

20 
116 
225 



0 
90 

73 
2,251 

IS 
657 
82 

271 

1 1  orscpo  wer 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented— 

Electric  motors — 

3,64.5 
88 

. 

1                      1 

1  Exclusive  of  2  goTemmental  establishments  reporting  products  valued  at  $574,832. 


500 


MAXUFACTURES. 


Table  149.— VARNISHES— DETAILED 


United  States. 

CaJifomia. 

Connecticut. 

Illinois. 

1 

190 
$19,702,955 
Jl.  403. 641 
82,651,344 
51,649.785 
S13, 998,185 
111 

1,364 
52,023,162 

201 
S649, 858 

1,163 
SI, 373, 304 

905 
$1,252,909 

258 
$120,395 

2,009 

1,724 

1,852 

$1,200,431 

1,767 
$1,177,331 

77 
$21,418 

8 
$1,682 

1,782 
1,784 
1,792 
1,799 
1.799 
1,773 
1,751 
1,725 
1,737 
1,75^ 
1,760 
1,747 

77 
78 
80 
83 
79 
87 
79 
70 
68 
73 
76 
74 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

»3, 695,970 

$G4, 191 

$79, 121 

$3,397,165 

$55, 493 

$13,.'>20,491 

$23,501,699 

107 
4,030 

87 
3,324 

15 
202 

4 

$177,150 
$15,000 
$10,500 
$7,100 
$144,550 
3 

1 
$1,500 

10 

$368,955 

$20, 200 

$47.  709 

S39, 718 

$261,328 

6 

24 
$44,200 

6 
$10,700 

18 
$33,500 

17 
$32,800 

1 
$700 

58 

39 

53 

$28,460 

51 
$28, 160 

1 
$.'50 

1 
$250 

50 
50 
50 
50 
53 
53 
51 
53 
51 
51 
50 
50 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

$55,383 
$1,870 
$2,202 

$51,311 

24 

$3,511,836 

$348,676 

$578, 101 

$295,283 

$2,289,776 

9 

262 
$371,174 

27 
$82,780 

235 
$288,394 

195 
$266,085 

40 

$22,309 

271 

233 

247 

$176,088 

238 
$173,525 

6 
$1,939 

3 

$624 

234 
234 

236 
237 
234 

235 
235 
235 
242 
244 
245 
245 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

$657,  495 

$.'),. ^iO 

$16,222 

$(a6,213 

$1,,')00 

$2,132,672 

$3,840,753 

20 
704 

10 
441 

5 
73 

? 

Capital,  total 

1 

Land 

4 

fl 

Mfl^hinpry,  t^nls,  nnrt  iTTiplpTTipnt'* 

fi 

7 

Pr^pript nrs  and  firm  Tnpmhprs 

R 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Tntfll  Tinmbpr 

9 

in 

Officers  of  corporations — 

11 

Salaries 

n 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

1 
$1,500 

$1,600 

i» 

14 

Men- 

IS 

16 

Women — 

17 

Salaries 

1R 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

20 

16 

IS 

$15,997 

18 
$16,997 

19 

20 

Average  number 

21 

22 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

23 

Wages 

24 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Avpragp  niimhpr 

29 

2fi 

Children  under  16  years — 

27 

Wages 

28 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over — 



18 
18 
18 
18 
17 
18 
18 
18 
18 
17 
19 
19 

29 

February 

30 

Mareh. 

31 

April 

32 

Miy 

33 

.Tilnp 

34 

July 

35 

3f> 

37 

October 

38 

39 

40 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

J  unuarj' 

41 

February ..  .. 

42 

43 

April 

44 

May 

4,-> 

June 

46 

July 

47 

August 

48 

4» 

Octolier 

50 

£1 

Decern  Ijor 

52 

Children  under  16  years — 

January 

53 

February 

54 

March .- .          . 

55 

April 

56 

May 

57 

June 

58 

July 

59 

August 

60 



51 

OctolKjr 

62 

m 

C4 

$1,814 
$600 
$629 
$585 

M 

m 

Taxes 

07 

68 

Kent  of  offices.  Interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  Included 

Contract  work 

m 

$109,424 
$148,400 

1 
5 

1 
6 

$301,8211 
$514,670 

6 
170 

4 

163 

70 

71 

I'owir: 

Numt>or  of  establiahincnts  reporting 

72 

73  1 

Owned— 

Engines- 
Steam— 

Number 

74 

75 

Oa«  and  i?B»ollne— 

76 

77 

Water  wheels— 

NumlxT 

78 

79 

Wat<-r  motors— 

1 
10 

39 
197 

41 

256 
41 
88 

80 

81 

F.lectric  .notors— 

10 

87 

12 
lo:i 

82 

Ilnrsfpower 

83 

ncnted 

Klectric  motors- 

NllmlHT 

1  InrMppower 

f)ther  kind,  horsM)ower 

2 
7 

84 

U. 

M 

Furnished  to  other  estAbflnhmcntfl,  horsopowor 

16 

25 

__ 

■  Includes  catabllshments  dittrlbuteil  as  followB:  Loulslnnn.  1:  Mnrylnnrt,2:  Minnesota,  1;  Rhode  Island,  1:  Vlrplnln,!;  Wisconsin,  1. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PIU)DUCTS. 


501 


SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


Indiana. 

Kentucky. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

Missouri. 

New  Jersey. 

New  Yorlc. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

All  other 
states.' 

5 
S405, 591 

$30, 107 
$104,325 

$36,003 
$235, 106 

3 

$201,887 

$6,604 

$39,908 

$16, 702 

$199,713 

10 

$232,320 

$3,800 

$27,997 

$19,  486 

$181,037 

4 

33 

$48,536 

12 
$30,000 

21 
$18,536 

18 
$17,172 

3 
$1,364 

52 

41 

48 

$25,703 

47 
$25,403 

1 
$300 

0 

$2,001,445 

$38,380 

$297,8.35 

$112,185 

$1,613,045 

2 

^  102 
$76,203 

11 
$26, 160 

91 
$52,043 

50 

$37,951 

41 

$14,092 

162 

139 

151 

$80,907 

136 
$77,379 

15 

$3,688 

10 
$209,  .'502 
$17,000 

m.uao 

$158,401 
8 

10 
$19, 192 

5 
$14,000 

5 
$5, 192 

4 

$4,812 

1 

$380 

44 

32 

37 

$22,919 

32 
$21,839 

5 
$1,080 

22 

$3,415,805 

$247, 6-'2 

$.'>i5, 597 

$:)37,  428 

$2, 295, 108 

4 

323 
$490,258 

26 
$99,  tiOO 

297 
$390,658 

242 
$365,309 

55 

$26,349 

308 

286 

293 

$187, 721 

288 
$186, 135 

5 
$1,586 

39 

$6, 1,';4,246 
$309, 442 
$591, .381 
$390, 133 

$3,803,290 
31 

298 
$504,453 

42 
$177,146 

256 
$327,307 

198 
$297,058 

58 
$30,249 

581 

495 

539 

$358,  407 

507 
$349,024 

28 
$8,575 

4 
$808 

509 
512 
516 
517 
527 
511 
499 
483 
501 
509 
508 
492 

29 
28 
30 
32 
27 
34 
29 
25 
24 
24 
25 
29 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

$978,813 

$24,183 

$15,729 

$937,901 

$1,000 

$3,649,561 

$6,3mi,o74 

23 
839 

17 
672 

3 

31 

20 

$1,809,547 

$97,  .368 

$221, 5.W 

$148,140 

$1,342,477 

10 

135 
$210,699 

37 
$124,940 

98 
$85,759 

05 
$73,821 

33 
$11,938 

189 

160 

170 

$106,336 

.  166 
$102,626 

14 
$3,710 

24 

$l,9(i2,714 

$200,942 

$104,085 

$212,  U'iS 

$l,385,0i9 

23 

101 
$171,690 

15 
$64,332 

86 
$117,364 

09 
$107,094 

17 
$10,270 

181 

175 

174 

$129,739 

174 
$129, 739 

7 

$131,957 

18,600 

$21,350 

$12, 8«2 

$89,245 

5 

13 
$13,204 

5 
$8,000 

8 
$5,264 

6 
$4,484 

2 
$780 

32 

21 

24 

$15,804 

22 
$15,274 

2 
$590 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

39 
$53,213 

14 

819,800 

25 
$33,413 

24 

$33,049 

1 
$364 

52 
35 

43 
$24, 198 

43 
$24, 198 

23 
$16,774 

1 
$2, 400 

22 

$14,374 

16 

$11,774 

6 
$2,600 

59 

52 

55 

$28,032 

56 
$28,032 

8 
9 

10 
11 

12 
13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 

?4 

?5 

?fi 

27 

47 
46 
50 
48 
63 
42 
37 
38 
36 
36 
35 
49 

65 
55 
65 
66 
65 
65 
66 
56 
56 
56 
55 
54 

'47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

148 
148 
148 
147 
136 
136 
136 
134 
124 
125 
125 
126 

15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
IS 
15 
15 
15 

31 
31 
30 
34 
31 
31 
32 
32 
33 
34 
35 
30 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
4 
4 
6 
6 
6 
4 

288 
288 
289 
289 
290 
288 
287 
286 
283 
288 
291 
289 

5 
5 
5 
6 
6 
5 
6 
6 
6 
5 
6 
5 

155 
158 
166 
156 
157 
159 
161 
154 
154 
155 
156 
151 

11 
13 
14 
16 
18 
19 
17 
13 
10 
12 
14 
11 

176 
176 
176 
176 
176 
176 
175 
171 
171 
171 
171 
173 

24 
21 
21 
24 
25 
22 
18 
19 
22 
23 
23 
22 

4 
4 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 

28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 

40 

41 

4? 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

3 
3 
2 

49 

rH) 

51 

.5? 

.S3 

.M 

an 

Hi 

■w 

.SK 

.W 

on 

fii 

fi?. 

63 

$91,010 

$372 

$2,700 

$87,938 

$90,369 

$390 

$2, 194 

$87,785 

$88,291 
$6,925 
$1,147 

$80,219 

$428,380 

$350 

$5,424 

$422,606 

$23,948 
$3,447 
$1,028 

$19,473 

$663,675 

$9,800 

$14,041 

$639,834 

$212,082 

$4,166 

$12,328 

$194,789 

$800 

$1,154,106 

$1,928,714 

13 
213 

6 
140 

1 
30 

$274,044 

$5,441 

$5,922 

$210,488 

$52, 193 

$1,405,869 

$2,208,148 

14 
768 

18 
716 

4 

42 

$30,606 

$1,088 

$.5.W 

$29,023 

64 
65 
66 
67 
68 

$301,031 
$522,475 

4 
135 

3 

125 

$300,793 
$500,645 

2 
100 

6 
100 

$215,554 
$413,884 

5 
122 

3 

110 

$1,889,724 
$3,134,268 

2 
230 

2 
230 

$148,864 
$255,412 

2 
55 

4 
35 

1 

20 

$1,762,267 
$3,455,494 

12 
625 

11 

542 

1 
6 

$148,207 
$239,266 

3 
64 

2 
4S 

69 
70 

71 
72 

73 
74 

7fi 

77 

78 

1 
10 

79 

80 

1 
5 

9 
60 

3 

17 

18 
35 

11 
65 
36 
18 

1 
10 

81 

S? 

3 
12 

7 
33 

3 
19 

83 

84 

5 

Ki 

30 

86 

502 


MAXUFACTURES. 


Table  150,— DYESTUFFS  AND  EXTRACTS— 


1 
2 
3 
4 
S 
6 
7 

8 
9 

10 
11 

12 
13 

14 
IS 

16 
17 

IS 
19 


Number  of  establishments '. 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number , 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Sala  ries 

"Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed"  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Average  number '- 

Total  wages 

Men  15  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  Hj  years — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  month : 
Men  IB  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Women  It)  years  and  over- 
January , 

Ft'l)ruarj' 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Children  under  16  years— 

Januarj- 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  work.s 

Taxes 

Rent  of  offices,  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  included. 

Contract  work 

Materials  used ,  total  cost 

TroductM,  total  value 

Tower: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned— 

Engines — 
Steam — 

Number 

ilorsepower 

Oa«  and  casollne^ 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels — 

Number 

lUirsepowcr 

■trie  motors — 

NumiIht 

Ibirsepnwer , 

OthiT  power,  horsepower 

Ucnled 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

I  loraepowor 

Other  klml ,  horsepower 


United  States. 


$14,904,150 
SI, 364, 545 
81,853,818 
$3,565,327 
S8, 120. 460 
82 

301 
S60S, 790 

63 
5191,887 

298 
S416, 903 

274 
$404,641 

24 
$12, 202 

3,613 

2,178 

2,707 

$1,264,492 

2,678 
$1,256,946 

25 
$6,966 

4 
$S8D 


Maine. 


El<- 


2,596 
2,709 
2,714 
2,778 
2,879 
2,765 
2,805 
2,898 
2,804 
2,469 
2,406 
2,313 

25 
25 
27 
28 
27 
24 
22 
22 
23 
27 
26 
24 


3 
3 
4 
S 
5 
5 
5 
4 
4 
3 
$944. 3l» 
$22. 2M 

S.Vi,:i,sii 

$S(.1,04I) 

82  1175 

$6. 82!)!  340 

$10,893, 113 

79 
18,310 


192 
17,348 


106 


3 

$20,922 

$500 

S4,(KKI 

Sl.filX) 

S14,.S22 


1 
$300 


1 

$300 


1 

$300 

16 

7 

9 

$3,615 

6 
$3,021 

3 
$594 


Massachusetts. 


$9,254 
$84 
$60 

$9,110 


$7,219 
$30,051 


16 

$978, 121 
$169.  300 
$140,200 
S108,IV43 
$559,978 
17 

24 

$29,052 

3 
$8,000 

21 
$21,052 

18 
$19,760 

3 
$1,292 

286 

130 

150 

$84,311 

149 
$84,103 


1 
$208 


121 
166 
167 
153 
122 
143 
146 
150 
159 
156 
147 
158 


$72,556 
$8,225 
$6,808 
$57,323 
'  $200 
$616,581 
$999,262 

l:! 
1,205 


21 
1,170 


•  Includes  establishments  distributed  M  follows:  California,  2;  Connecticut,  2;  Florida, 2:  Illinois,  2;  Kentucky,!;  MIchlenn,  I:  South  Carolina,  1;  Wisconsin,  1. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 

DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


503 


New  Jersey. 

New  York. 

,  North  Carolina. 

Pennsylvania. 

Rhode  Island. 

Tennessee. 

Virginia. 

West  Virginia. 

All  other  states.i 

14 
$1,. 599,  846 
$179,344 
$183,  418 
$285,801 
$951,283 
9 

95 
$192,030 

9 

$39,150 

86 
$152, 880 

78 
$147,680 

8 
$5,200 

280 
212 

250 
$138, 332 

235 
$133, 832 

15 
$4,500 

9 

$3,  ,547, 048 
$4.13, 008 
$:157,  8:)7 
$778,  D7fl 

$1,957,627 
4 

93 
$147,088 

12 
$44,537 

81 
$103, 151 

76 
$101,065 

5 
$2,080 

603 

376 

519 

$316,678 

513 
$315, 170 

6 
$1,508 

n 

$1,308,317 
$215,  .'-.65 
$202, SIO 
$385,021 
$504,921 
3 

17 
$31,833 

7 
$22,749 

10 
$9,084 

10 
$9,084 

S 

83,031,823 

$182,260 

$183,918 

$374. 268 

82,291,387 

16 

26 
$40,820 

3 
$10,000 

23 
$30,826 

21 
130,410 

2 
$416 

254 

151 

203 

$105,264 

201 
$105,004 

8 
$182,677 
$1,100 
$19,878 
$43,360 
1118,339 
5 

12 
$21,183 

3 
$2,000 

9 
$19,183 

8 
$18,455 

1 
8728 

78 

54 

70 

841, 167 

70 
$41, 167 

5 

$1,113,241 

$47,  .505 

$2(>0,  «)2 

$429,  m; 

8369, 6(i8 
8 

19 
$21,360 

4 
$8,100 

15 
$13,260 

14 
$12,900 

1 
$.360 

334 
243 

2.59 
$102,652 

259 
8102.652 

12 

81,  407,  7(10 

874,. 509 

8282,:«)(; 

8417,603 

$633,282 

6 

27 
$45,055 

9 
$20,849 

18 
$24,206 

17 
823,700 

1 
8.500 

601 

302 

424 

8136,535 

423 
$130,  423 

5 

82!)5, 068 

$9, 870 

81.5, 0.V) 

$1.5.8,027 

$112,721 

5 

« 
(8,266 

6 
$6,152 

4 
$2,114 

4 
$2,114 

12 

81,418,097 

$31,594 

8197,709 

$.582,962 

$000,432 

4 

38 
$71, 197 

8 
$30,350 

30 

$40,847 

28 
839,467 

2 
$1,380 

494 

327 

306 

$174, 791 

305 

8174,427 

1 
$364 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 
13 

14 
15 

Ifi 

17 

669 
329 
435 

$132, 853 

435 
$132,853 

!                           98 

47 

82 

$28,294 

82 
$28,294 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 

■'4 

?,i 

2 
$260 

207 
206 
215 
207 
184 
194 
184 
187 
203 
193 
216 
216 

1 
$112 

407 
412 
397 
389 
451 
447 
512 
514 
440 
415 
370 
322 

■"ft 

?7 

227 
227 
233 
246 
236 
239 
235 
244 
243 
230 
231 
229 

15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
IS 



547 
665 
671 
564 
560 
480 
508 
517 
409 
463 
468 
438 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
.6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

344 
413 
396 
428 
627 
487 
444 
497 
4()4 
431 
402 
387 

69 
69 
72 
65 
65 
71 
71 
70 
69 
69 
74 
76 

186 
175 
185 
268 
271 
261 
286 
299 
302 
299 
284 
292 

88 
80 
92 
93 
94 
75 
74 
74 
81 
88 
80 
05 

395 
389 
376 
356 
358 
364 
341 
342 
368 
119 
128 
125 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

2S 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
3g 
39 

40 

1 

41 

4? 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

1 

48 

44 

.50 

61 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

865,676 

$720 

$3,034 

$61,921 

,i? 

53 

,54 

55 

1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 

870,138 

S920 

$5,664 

863,354 

.% 

57 

,58 

59 

on 

61 

67 

M 

$i67,44.3 
S5, ISO 
$7,886 

$154,377 

$2,13,786 

$860 

$15,062 

$217,874 

$83,478 

8200 

$3,049 

$79,029 

$1,200 

8418,243 

$636,628 

6 
2,160 

15 
2,060 

$45,037 

$3,624 

8306 

841,107 

$82,458 

$33,843 

$80,692 
82,440 

871,362 

64 
fin 

$6,041 
876,417 

8596 

$31,972 

81,275 

8119,280 

8249,465 

6 
435 

8 
4:i5 

66 
67 
68 

$1,499,867 
$2,176,263 

13 
1,023 

IV 
987 

1 

$1,651,653 
$2,706,680 

7 
2,431 

27 
2,257 

8629,499 
$966,364 

5 
2,731 

14 
2,420 

$327,218 
$513,006 

6 
294 

8 
280 

8362,252 
8720,255 

5 
2,541 

15 
2,396 

8392,755 
8736,622 

U 
4,400 

49 
4,385 

$804,773 
$1,169,627 

9 
1,090 

18 
978 

69 
70 

n 

72 

73 
74 

;::;:;:;:;;;:;;;;:::■ 

76 

1 
14 

2 
.35 

2 
112 

77 

78 

1 

5 

6 
78 
76 

2 
20 

1 

100 

22 
311 

3 
145 

79 

80 

81 

' 

ff* 

1 

81 

27 

84 

1 

1 

1 

1 

45254— MFi;  1905— pt  4—08- 


-34 


504 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  151.— SULPHURIC,  NITRIC.  AND  MIXED  ACIDS— DETAILED  SUMMARY.  BY  STATES:  1905. 


United  States. 

California. 

New  York. 

Pennsvlva- 
nia. 

All  other 
states." 

N^lTnl^**»"  of  P<:tahli.!hmptlt.i ,             .                                                                     ,            .  ,     . 

32 

$12,761,920 
$1,431,440 

$2,808,457 
S4,9tX),647 
$3,561,376 

308 
$556,106 

37 
$71,775 

271 
$484,331 

261 
$479,232 

10 
$5,099 

3,023 

1,888 

2,447 

$1,505,406 

2,443 
$1,504,359 

1 
$2S0 

3 

$797 

2,296 
2,390 
2,636 
2,510 
2,429 
2,425 
2,236 
2,399 
2,451 
2,499 
2,510 
2,505 

4 
$1,524,764 
$105,045 
$131,200 
$601,956 
$686,563 

$3,666,375 

$321,153 

$513,327 

$1,800,552 

$1,031,343 

5 
$899,589 
$124,562 
$165,508 
$406,431 
$203,088 

16 

Capital,  total 

Buildings!!!!!!!!;!!!!!!!!!!!!;;!!;;!!!;"!"!"!!!!!!!!;!!;!;!!!!!!!!!!!;!!!!!;!!;;;;;!;;!;! 

Machinen',  tools,  and  implements 

$6,671,192 
$880,680 
$1,998,422 
$2,151,708 
$1,640,382 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number ^ 

Total  salaries                           

21 
$43,670 

3 
$12,000 

18 
$31,670 

14 
$29,220 

4 
$2,450 

303 

172 

237 

$158,092 

237 
$158,092 

69 
$159,437 

6 
$16,080 

63 
$143,357 

62 
$142,421 

1 
$936 

834 

670 

726 

$436,819 

723 
$435,944 

1 
$250 

2 
$625 

573 
380 
794 
775 
730 
754 
743 
726 
741 
746 
759 
755 

38 
$57,431 

13 
$14,760 

25 
$42,671 

24 
$42, 191 

1 
$480 

219 

130 

155 

$84,670 

154 
$84,498 

180 
$295,568 

15 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Number 

$28,935 
165 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  salaries 

$266,633 
161 

Men- 

VnTTiher 

$265,  400 

Women— 

Vnmhpr 

4 

Salaries 

81,233 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

1,667 
916 

Least  number  employed  at  anv  one  time  during  the  year 

1,329 
$825,825 

1,329 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 
Avp'rflf^pnnmhpr 

$825, 825 

Women  16  years  and  over- 

;;;;;;;;;;""::::::"■ 

Children  under  16  years — 

1 

$172 

146 
145 
154 

157 
176 
158 
143 
159 
163 
155 
147 
145 



Wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

265 
261 
255 
253 
214 
195 
218 
241 
253 
246 
240 
203 

1.312 

February 

1  404 

March 

1.433 

May 

1 .  .109 

Julv 

1   132 

1.273 

1  294 

l.iSZ 

November ... 

1  370 

1.402 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

Man;h 

2 
2 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

2 
2 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

April 

May 

June ■ 

Julv 

.\iigust 

September 

October 

l)e<:-emt)er 

Children  under  16  years- 
January'  

February 

.March 

2 

2 

2 

2 

8 

8 

3 

3 

3 

3 

$712.9.53 

$41,512 

$60,511 

$603, 091 

$7,8.19 

$4,»72,S;« 

$9,(1.02,646 

31 
5,2-11 

143 
.1,645 

7 
101 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

$201,. 166 

$1(1,011(1 

$1.').  697 

$175,869 

April 

May :: ; 

June 

July 

6 
6 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

$44,401 

$.^'-1.04.'; 

$431  941 

Rent  of  works 

^u.-iri 

Taxes 

$2,78.? 
$41,616 

$6,619 
$28, 426 

S.'i.'i  410 

Rent  of  offices.  Interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  Included. . 

s;r,7.  ISO 
$7,.s;i9 

».596,4(i9 
$915,473 

4 

616 

6 
276 

3 
125 

$1,302,079 
$2,711,692 

7 
1,240 

34 

$2(Vj,  702 
$560, 594 

4 
1.031 

16 

ISO 

4 
.16 

Products,  total  value 

$1  ,S|14  S.S7 

Power: 

.N'umlH-r  of  establishments  reporting 

16 

Total  horsepower 

2.  .'(.Vl 

Knglnes— 
Steam- 
Number 

87 

2,  .1,54 

Oas  unri  K'isolino — 

Number 

Horsepower 

•Number 

Horsepower 

Water  motors — 

Horsepower 

F.Ier-trie  motf»r»— 

Nuinbrr 

13 
I2.'i 
80.'j 

32 
41S 

13 

125 
690 

Other  power,  horacpower 

15 

IS 
200 

190 

14 
216 

Rontwl-                                                            

Electric  motors- 

Horsepower 

<  Includes  eitahllshmentadlrtrlbutnl  as  follows:  Alnbftmn,  2;  Colorado,  1;  ronnectleut,  2;  Indlnnn,  1:  Kansas.  1:  Mnrvlnnd,  2:   New  Jersey,  4:  Ohio, 
Island,  1:  VIrKlnIn,  I. 


1;  Ilbodo 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS. 

Table   152.— WOOD  DISTILLATION— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


505 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Lunil 

liuildinKS 

Mat'hiiiery.  tools,  and  implements 

Ciish  iitiil  siiiidriRs 

rroprioiors  Mii.i  finri  members 

fiulari'-fi  oHicmis.  dorks,  etc.: 

Total  nuiubur 

Total  salaries 

Ollicers  of  corporations — 

N'nml)er 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  numlier 

Total  salaries 

Men— 

Numl>er 

Salaries 

Women- 
Number  

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  inrluding  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  numberemployed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year. 
Least  nunil'er  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year. . . 

Average  numl>er. . . ." '. 

Total  wages 

Men  It)  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Average  nmnber  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  em- 
ployed during  each  month; 
Men  16  years  and  over- 
January  

Febniary 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Taxes '. 

Rent  of  offices,  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  ex- 
penses not  hitherto  included 

Contract  work 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Products,  total  value 

Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned — 

Engines- 
Steam — 

Number ; 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  wheels— 

Niunber 

Horsepower 

Water  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  jnotors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented — 

Electric  motors— 

Numlier 

Horsepower 

Other  kind,  horsepower 


United 
States. 


141 

$701 ,  402 
$1,311,702 
$4,394,9(14 
$4,  OSS,  911 

82 

aoi 

t297,.'i2(i 

77 
$114,494 

224 
$is;i,034 

212 

$177, 75S 

12 
$.'1,276 

2,835 
2,134 
2,272 

S1.0fiU,78fi 

2,272 
$1,066,780 


2,399 
2,374 
2,381 
2,342 

2,256 

2,164 

2,052 

2,088 

2,182 

2,286 

2.392 

2.34S 

$(ai,437 

$3,859 

$47,010 

$558, 598 

$21,970 

$4,847,770 

$7,813,483 


112 
4,634 


164 
3,744 

13 

287 

35 

378 

1 
2 

2 
14 
185 


Florida. 


$114,080 

$9, 2.10 

$11,. 500 

$8.5,000 

$8,330 

2 


$9,800 


3 

$6,  .500 


$3,300 

5 
$.i,300 


48 

38 

34 

$13, 797 

34 
$13,797 


20 
20 
20 
36 
36 
34 
34 
34 
44 
44 
43 
43 
$7,554 
$120 
$368 

$7,060 


Georgia. 


$31,127 
$85,240 

4 
135 


4 
135 


9 

$2(i9.902 

$12,000 

$2.'),  lOf) 

$188,847 

$45,955 

2 

15 
$12, 472 

6 
$6,000 

9 
$6, 472 

9 

$6, 472 


63 

54 

$10,653 

54 
$16,653 


S8 
50 
46 
51 
40 
42 
37 
44 
75 
73 
65 
67 
$10,900 
$60 
$.513 

$10,387 


$35,857 
$80,674 

9 
460 


12 
460 


Michigan. 


$1,33.),  999 

$10,  .345 

$173,000 

$838,714 

$305,940 

4 

32 
$32,300 

7 
$7,980 

25 
$24,380 

24 
$24,200 

1 
$180 

339 

274 

291 

$156, 125 

291 
$156,125 


277 
281 
3:i0 
307 
303 
294 
294 
314 
274 
254 
273 
291 
$85,547 


$11,219 

$52,828 

$21,. 500 

$350, 854 

$738,254 

7 
366 


15 
354 


New  York 


32 
$3,199,159 

$217,400 

$414,  lu-,7 

$XK9, 0;i5 

$1,678,261 

19 

66 
$93,046 

9 
$40,998 

57 
$-'i2, 048 

52 
$49,323 

5 
$2,725 

542 

494 

489 

$218,031 


$218,031 


512 
525 
517 
493 
478 
454 
440 
449 
476 
500 
521 
-503 
$2,33, 347 
$,-!00 
$14,827 

$218, 220 


$2,479,941 
$3,357,087 

31 

706 


36 

578 


12 
106 


20 


North 
Carolina. 


$.<!90 
$5,740 


$26, 764 
$74,531 


3 

125 


5 

125 


7 
$139,845 

$l'4  8.-,5 
$18,900 
$93, 475 
$14,615 
6 

S 
$5,840 

1 
$2,000 

7  ' 
$3,840  , 

6 
$.3,340 

1 
$.500 

67 
47 
51 

$16,469 

51 
$16,469 


53 
54 
50 
48 
48 
48 
50 
50 
51 
53 
55 
52 
$6,030 


Pennayl- 
vanla. 


63 
$5,009,357 

$470,  415 

$607,  XOO 

$2,073,300 

$1,851,700 

42 

13,5 
$110,661 

43 
$43,201 

92 

$07,400 

90 
$66,925 

2 
$475 

1,551 

1,117 

1,249 

$.597,743 

1,249 
$597,743 


1,387 
1,150 
1,323 
1,305 
1,243 
1,175 
1,100 
1,109 
1,170 
1,233 
1.298 
1,295 
$229,079 
$1,7.58 
$10,970 

$209,881 

$470 

$1,708,505 

$3,092,687 

47 
2,311 


67 
1,561 

l» 
287 

23 

264 


South    I  All  other 
Carolina.!  slates. > 


2 

14 

185 


5 

$44,310 

$7.50 

$5, 700 

$2<),9.50 

$10,910 

4 


$2,912 

2 
$1,200 

3 
$1,712 

3 
$1,712 


40 

20 

21 

$4,222 

21 
$4,222 


18 
20 
20 
21 
26 
35 
14 
14 
17 
27 
26 
14 
$2,170 
$200 
$211 

$1,765 


$0,809 
$14,418 


S 

162 


162 


12 

$396,127 

$16,371 

$.56,979 

$199,577 

$123,200 

3 

.32 
$:i0,437 

6 
$«,.555 

26 
$23,882 

23 
$22,486 

3 
$1,396 

160 

81 

83 

$43,746 

83 
$43,746 


74 
74 
75 
81 
82 
82 
83 
74 
75 
102 
111 
83 
$.56, 144 
$1,421 
$2,012 

$52,711 


$207,913 
$370,59* 


6 
369 


7 
36S 


'Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows:    Alabama,  1;    Connecticut,  1;    Kentucky,  1;  Louisiana,  2;  Massachusetts,  2;  Minnesota,  1;  Mississippi,  1; 
Vermont,  2;  Washington,  1. 


506 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  153.— OIL,  ESSENTIAL— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


United 
States. 

Connecti- 
cut. 

Indiana. 

Michigan. 

New  York. 

Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Virginia. 

All  other 
states.) 

52 
$723,004 
$74,0.35 
$140,755 
$157,014 
$351,200 

68 

37 
$40,002 

7 
$9,650 

30 
$30,352 

24 
$26,766 

6 
$3,596 

272 

190 

132 

$09,711 

127 
$68,370 

$1,341 

158 
154 
158 
130 
105 
87 
SS 
136 
112 
120 
132 
144 

10 
10 
10 

11 

11 

8 

9 
$244, 7S7 
$31,0.-.0 
S3S,30O 
$.59,500 
$115,937 
10 

U 
$9,724 

13 

814,625 

$625 

$1,425 

$2,575 

$10,000 

16 

0 

$173,725 

$2,325 

$12,600 

$8,400 

$160,400 

18 

5 
$8,600 

5 
$41,452 
$4,525 
$9,000 
$21,284 
$6,643 
5 

4 
$3,832 

3 

$3,000 

1 
$832 

1 
$832 

9 

$13,0S0 

$200 

$2,800 

$5,975 

$4,105 

8 

2 
$900 

4 

$5,,336 

$110 

$1.30 

$2,  IOC 

$2,796 

7 

6 

$229,999 

$35,200 

$76,,300 

$57,1.S0 

$61,319 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

15 

$16,946 

OtEcers  of  corporations— 

4 

$6,650 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  .etc.— 

U 
$9,724 

9 
$8,024 

2 
$1,700 

70 

45 

33 

$16,396 

33 
$16,396 

5 
$8,600 

4 
$8,000 

1 
$600 

39 

31 

13 

$8,000 

13 
$8,000 

2 
$900 

2 

$900 

11 

$10,296 

Men— 

g 

$9,000 

Women — 

3 

$1,296 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year. 

37 
24 

$1,369 

■     3 
$1,369 

25 

13 

16 

$7,415 

15 
$7,103 

1 

$312 

18 
17 
18 
20 
19 
18 
13 
13 
13 
12 
9 
10 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

14 

12 

5 

$2,000 

5 
$2,000 

13 

9 

4 

$971 

4 

$971 

74 
.56 
5S 

$33,560 

Men  Itl  years  and  over— 

54 

$32,531 

"Women  Iti  years  and  over- 

4 

$1,029 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  em- 
ployed during  each  month: 

ca 

61 

60 

27 

12 

6 

4 

4 

4 

46 

51 

58 

4 

6 
7 

11 
9 
q 

17 

39 
6 
5 
4 

15 
12 
12 
6 

58 

SS 

3 

8 
8 
8 

5S 

.58 

May                                                            -                        -  -  . 

57 

46 

July 

3 
29 

4 

51 

61 

4 

6 
6 
5 

48 

3 
3 
9 

47 

S» 

58 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

8 

8 

March- 

8 

9 

Vay 

9 

6 

July                                                                                                                    

1 

1 

October 

1 

$78,886 
$1,442 
$3,897 

$73,547 
$1,110,470 
$1,464,602 

34 
849 

36 
709 

2 
28 

3 

70 

1 
20 

;2 

$40,4'.l4 
$135 
$324 

$40,035 
$195,471 

$289,883 

9 
430 

14 
360 

■  $1,955 

$2,019 

$10,088 
$750 
$238 

$9,100 
$453,747 
$502,014 

2 
59 

1 
12 

1 
35 

$i,5;ti 

$64 
$35 

$1,4.12 
$11,874 
$22,421 

5 

46 

6 
46 

$S7 
$12 
$38 

$37 

$3,923 
$9,856 

4 
53 

4 

53 

$22,712 

$481 

S223 

$1,732 
$12,962 
$25,470 

130 

7 
130 

$545 

$1,474 
$11)6,  ISS 
$240,215 

2 
11 

2 
11 

$2,494 

Rent  of   offices,  interest,  insurance,  and  all   other  sundry 

$19,737 

$266,305 

Products  total  value 

$374,803 

Power: 

E 

120 

Engines— 
Steam— 

Numl^)*'r 

3 

97 

Gas  and  gasoline— 

1 

3 

Water  wheels — 

3 
70 

ncnt/rl— 

1 

20 

12 

>  Includes  egtabliahmunladlatrlhutodaatoUowa:  California,];  Museochusclts,  1;  Now  Humpshlrc,  1;  Now  Jersey,  1;  Wisconsin,  2. 


CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PIU)DUCT8. 

Tablk  154.— hone,  ivory,  AND  LAMP  BLACK— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  UNITED  STATES:  1905. 


507 


Nuinlwr  ot  establishments 

Capital,  total 

Land 

Buildinps 

Miu'hincry,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

Prop rif  tors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  ollicials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

ODicers  of  corporations- 
Number 

Salaries .■ 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men — 

Number 

Salaries 

Women- 
Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

G  reatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 
Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year.. 


United 
States. 


(1,663, 
tl79, 

$.M8, 
$474, 
J450, 


$48. 
$22, 
$26, 
$24, 

$1. 


25 
143 

589 

8f.4 
IM  . 
536  I 

u 

47 
490 

22 
102 

25 
388 

21 
840 

4 

.M8 

235 
181 


Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages— Cont'd. 

Average  number 

Wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

Average  numljer ', 

Wages 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

Average  numlter 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  total 

Rent  of  works 

Ta.xes 

Rent  of  olllees,  i  nterest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses 

not  liitiierto  included 

Materials  use<|,  totjil  cost 

Components  of  products 

Fuel 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Freight 

Products,  total  value 


United 
States. 


200 
tlWi,  159 

192 
$103,699 

7 
$1,360 

I 

$100 

$69,  VA 

$6,2!I0 

$5,860 

$.'i7,298 

$203,396 

$134,162 

$13,7.M 

$2,840 

$51,215 

$1,424 

$647, 717 


Table   155.— CHEMICALS— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS:  1905. 


United 
States. 

United 
States. 

$42,062,611 

46,383 
$370, 169 

765,2.55 
$936,974 

9,399 
$61,053 

130,360 
$778,209 

28, 482 
$,591,700 

104,489 
$945,486 

6, 136, 867 
$320,818 

3, 467, 726 
$156,605 

12,310 

$364,847 

$2,013,400 

25,251,853 
$832,076 

11,351,100 
8356, 109 

187,389 
$449, 604 

601,077 
$367,223 
$263,264 

160,000 
$4,226 

183,241 
$473,913 

97,000 
$10,900 

21,482,084 
$1,933,254 

514 
$54,213 

5,642,303 
$656,316 

673 
$.53,000 

17,615 
$751, 968 

Materials  used— Continued. 

Potash  salts,  cost 

Bau-xite — 

$630,612 

Sodium- 
Pounds 

Cost 

Cost 

$430 

Tons 

Cost 

Wood  ashes — 

Bushels 

Phosphate  rock- 
Tons  

193, 000 
$24, 125 

Cost 

Cost 

$19,  763, 601 
$3,909,719 

Pyrites- 
Tons  •. 

Fuel ^. ..'!..  ...  ..„.■.".■.::::::::::::::■■":"■ 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

$631,870 

Cost             

Mill  supplies 

$281   420 

$3,296,146 

Tons 

Freight 

$548,335 
$75,222,249 

$7,583,059 

Cost 

Products,  total  value 

Acids- 
Sulphuric — 

Acids- 
Total  value 

Tons 

Tartaric— 

Pounds 

Cost 

2,684,000 
$680,280 

Nitric- 

Value 

Acetic- 

Cost 

27,001,322 

Mixed- 

$537,542 

Pounds  

Other,  value 

$6,365,237 
$16,858,929 

518, 789 
$8,202,292 

Cost 

Acetate  of  lime- 

Soda  ash- 
Tons 

Value 

Sal  soda — 

Tons 

Value ... .                    

Cost       

Ammonia- 
Aqua — 

56,870 
$792,248 

Pounds 

Bicarbonate  of  soda — 

Tons 

Value 

Caustic  soda — 

Tons 

Value 

Cost 

68,867 
$1,135,610 

Sulphate — 

Pounds  

Cost 

80,159 
$2, 924, 182 

Alcohol — 

Grain- 
Gallons 

Borax- 
Tons 

Value 

20  882 

Cost 

$2,122,808 
$1,681,789 

Wood- 

Other  soda  products,  value 

Potashes- 
Pounds  

Value 

Alums- 
Pounds 

Cost 

5,113,706 
$563,489 

169,032,501 

$2,126,612 

$844,817 

Coal  tar- 

Cost 

Common  salt — 

Tons 

Coal  tar  distillery  products,  value 

Chemicals  made  from  coal  tar  distillery  products,  value 

Cyanides,  total  value 

Potassium  cyanide- 
Pounds  

Value 

$340,641 

$504,176 

$1,179,104 

Cost 

Cotton- 
Pounds 

Cost 

78,584 
$17,438 

Glycerin- 

Yellow  prussiate  of  potash- 
Pounds  

Value 

Cost 

5  027  264 

Lead- 

$6,'a,  277 

Tons .  . 

Other  cyanides,  value 

Bleaching  materials,  total  value 

$478  389 

Cost 

$777,750 

6,098 

$162,671 

$61,5,079 

$5,896,632 

$4  755  761 

Hypochlorites— 

Tons 

Cost 

Nitrate  of  potash — 

Tons 

Other  bleaching  agents,  value 

Electro-chemical  products,  value 

Plastics,  total  value 

Pyroxylin  plastics,  value 

AH  other  products  in  this  group,  value 

Cost 

Nitrate  of  soda — 

Tons 

$2,857,093 
SI,  898,668 

Cost 

508 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  155.— CHEMICALS— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS:  1905— Continued. 


United 
States. 

United 

States. 

Products— Continued. 

Si!.  787. 689 
SI,  173. 184 
SI.  343, 966 

S270,  539  . 
S9, 145,  853 

Products— Continued. 

$16,959,484 

Glycerin- 
Pounds 

Carbon  dioxide,  value                       .             

18,791,997 
$2,345,205 

Alkaloids- 

4, 949, 525 

11,. 553, 660 
$2,263,872 

Value 

Value                                                   

S2, 925, 789 

59,969 
S449, 864 

1,743,882 
S6S3, 761 

19,068 
S175,682 

616,670 
S165, 604 

660,  783 
$334, 935 

1,300,395 
$161,320 

45,801 
$165,044 

Epsom  salts- 
Pounds  

Gold  salts — 

15,935,837 
$145,801 

Ounces                        .         

Value 

Blue  vitriol- 
Pounds  

Silver  salts — 

50,100 

OpnfPn 

\'alue 

$2  500 

Copperas- 
Pounds  

Platinum  salts — 

8,815,0,''.9 
$28, 061 

Value 

Phosphates  of  soda- 

12,018,815 
$243,822 

Value.                      

Tin  salts— 

Ether— 

9,573,719 

$904, 679 

Pounds 

Value 

Value 

Ail  other,  value 

$11,025,544 
$5,743,070 

PnnnHs 

Products  consumed: 
Acids- 
Sulphuric,  tons 

Vanillin — 

95,768 
4,976.461 

1,868 

Value 

Ether,  pounds 

Pvrowlin,  pounds 

2  926  266 

$4,083,854 

3,135,902,134 

Table  156.— PAINTS— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS:  1905. 


United 
States. 

United 
States. 

846,306,183 

13,520 
824,841 

4,612,369 
$024, 463 

128,513 
$11,119,402 

57,569,684 
82, 835, 105 

326, 1.55 
$15, 131 

63,352,603 
$2,731,765 

288,723,657 
$4,469,836 

3,  .538 
81,1172 

645, 499 
$243, 794 

10,641,795 
86,222,169 

1,000 
8400 

2,140,01)0 
8478, 728 

0.613 
815,971 

48,  708 
846, 025 

8,919,9:t7 
82, 6.-11, 616 

1,3,37 
828,002 

232,687,321 

87,  78.1,  034 

8707,  m) 

$89.  026 

8I(H1,  .V27 

$',,9.W,7:« 

8175, 197 

807,277,910 

81l,6.W,;i!« 

02, 39,',,  808 
82,877,109 

40,710,330 
82,  £90,472 

Products— Continued. 

Lamp  and  other  blacks- 
Pounds 

Limestone  and  cliffstone — 
Ton.s 

757, 244 

Cost 

Value 

849, 869 

Gums- 

Barytes — 

22,279,980 

Cost 

Value 

8134,074 
7, 780, 330 

Pig  lead— 
Tons 

Fine  colors- 
Pounds 

Cost 

$1,076,853 

White  lead.  dry- 

Iron  oxidos  and  other  earth  colors — 

47,322,913 

Cost              .      .                                                                  .      . 

Value 

8327,994 

White  lead,  in  oil- 
Pounds 

Dry  colors- 
Pounds  

84, 308, 151 

Cost 

83,678,642 

Zinc  white- 

Pulp  colors,  sold  moist — 

25,351,515 

Cost 

Value 

8915, 383 

All  other  pigments— 

I'Dunus 

Paints,  total  value     .   . 

839, 609, 396 

White  lend,  in  oil — 
Pounds         ... 

Cost 

216,460,087 
$11,226,889 

Lime— 

N'alue 

Bu.shels 

I'aints  in  oil,  in  paste— 

Poiuids 

Cost 

124, 948, 405 

Coal  tar  colors  — 

Value 

$8,298,483 

Paints  already  mixed  for  use— 
tlallons                ... 

Cost 

21,822,7.55 

Oils- 

\')ilue 

$20, 084, 024 

Linseed - 

$2,  ,568, 800 

Gallons 

Oil  and  turpentine  varnishes — 
Gallons       .              ... 

Cost 

2, 236, 024 

81,701,151 

Gallons 

Alcohol  varnishes — 

Cost 

85,675 
8134,221 

All  other- 

Value          

Gallons  ...        ... 

Pyroxylin  varnishes — 

Cost 

.3,892 
$4,(XI3 

$490,411 

Cost 

8230,014 
81,847,311 

Alcohol  (wood)  — 

Fillcr.H,  tnfjil  vitliie 

Gallons 

Ll(|ulil 

Cost 

.541,146 

8415,015 

Paste,  dry  and  putty — 
Pounds. 

Coiit 

65, 982, 997 

•Sulphuric  acid- 

\'iilue 

81,43l,:i1Ki 

Tons 

Water  pululs  and  kalsomlne,  total  value 

$934, 037 

27,9.32,447 
8924,807 

Cost 

All  rither  components  of  products— 

Dry  or  in  paste— 
Poun<l.s 

Cost 

Mixed  for  use- 

Fuel 

123,400 

89,2:)0 

810,667,970 

\l,lue      

Mill  supplies 

Products  conMunHMJ: 

White  lead,  «lrv.  pounds 

FrvlKht 

122,2.S8,484 

13,589,147 

.325  145 

PlKrnrnl  s,  total  value 

Linseed  f)ll,  gallons 

White  lead,  dry— 

Varnishes,  gallons. , . 

1,099,908 

Pou  nds 

960  079 

Value 

1,570,642 
1,704,281 

Oxldea  of  lead- 

Value 

CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PR(JDUCTS.  509 

Table  157.— FERTILIZERS— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS:   1905. 


United 
States. 

United 
States. 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

$39,343,914 

923,305 
$880, 142 

190,493 
$1,891,073 

20,281 
$10,731 

S88.57I 
$4,244,554 

342,902 
$2,020,759 

4,210 
$92,234 

22, 131 
$3,475 

122.107 
$3, 606, 701 

1,11)0 
$39, 039 

42,213 
$1,760,432 

17,083 
$2,050 

197.865 
$1,084,304 

320.559 
$2,912,010 

125.888 
$2,445,051 

10.540 
$600,856 

2.406 
$13,245 

Materials  uscd--Contlnuc(I. 

Cottonseed  and  cottonseed  meal,  cost 

$2,376,448 
$5  094  149 

Fish- 

Thousands 

$5,591,236 

$953,490 

$33,737 

$124  962 

Cost 

Kainit— 

Fuel 

Tons 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Cost 

Mill  sup|)lir.s 

$3,193,992 

$369,244 

$.56,632,853 

$50,506,294 

Limestone — 

-Vii  other  materials 

Tons 

Cost 

Products,  total  value 

Phosphate  rocli— 

FertiliziTs,  lotnl  value ..".'. 

Tons 

Suijcrplicisiihute.s  - 

FroiTi  minerals,  bones,  etc.— 

Tons 

Cost 

766,  .338 
$7, 515, 257 

Pyrites- 

Tons  

Cost .... 

Ammoniated— 
Tons 

775,987 
$12,901,057 

Sulphur- 

Tons 

Cost 

Coini>lete  — 

Tons 

1,329,149 
$2.5,673,511 

Lime- 

Bushels  

Cost 

.Ml  other- 
Tons 

396,  ,303 

$4, 416,  469 

$194,578 

Sulphuric  acid,  total  value 

Nitrate  of  potash — 

Tons 

66°  Baumg- 
Tons 

337 
$9,251 

Cost 

Tons 

.50O  Baum«— 

Tons 

23,997 
$185,327 

Value 

Wood  ashes- 
Bushels  .• 

Other  acids- 
Tons  

45,689 
$241,506 

Cost 

Epsom  salts- 

1,712,698 
$13,716 

Value 

Acid  phosphate- 
Tons 

Soda  products — 
Tons.. 

3,241 

$36,935 

$5,639,824 

Cost 

Tons 

Products  consumed: 

Sulphuric  acid,  tons, .    . 

692,904 
884,211 
99,785 

Ammonium  sulphate — 

Acid  phosphate,  tons 

Tons 

All  other  products,  tons t 

Cost 

Tons 

Table  158.— EXPLOSIVES— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS:  1905. 


United 
States. 

United 
States. 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

$17,203,667 

5,628 
$38,780 

12,256 
$67,261 

'19,574 
'$,507,469 

1,251,749 
£232,048 

133,034 
$5,608,557 

2,336 
$175,258 

1,329 
$51,831 

3,749,293 
$369,228 

18,298 
$247, 301 

2,699.500 
$122,047 

105, 552, 404 
$.%093,429 

24,561,527 
N    $3,129,665 

997,830 
$46,916 

850.560 
$231,353 

Materials  used — Continued. 

$1,516,859 

Wood- 

$509,860 

Cords 

Fuel .... 

$175 

Cost 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

$128  291 

Pyrites- 

Mill  supplies 

$973,010 

Tons .      . 

All  other  materials 

$154  329 

Cost 

Freight 

'$29,602,884 

Sulphur- 

$27,695,963 

Tons  

Cost 

Gunpowder  (black)  — 

Pounds 

10,383,944 

Charcoal- 

$1,541,483 

Bushels  

Value 

Cost 

Blasting  powder — 
Kegs 

8,217,448 
$7, 377, 977 

Nitrate  of  soda — 

Tons 

Cost 

Nitroglycerin— 

7,935,936 
$1, 620, 117 

Nitrate  of  potash- 

Tons  

Value 

Dynamite— 

Poimds 

Value 

Cost 

130, 920, 829 

Chloride  of  potassium- 
Tons 

$12,900,193 

Cost 

Guncotton  or  pyroxylin  (sold  as  such) — 

Pounds 

293  970 

Cotton- 
Pounds 

$167,322 

Cost 

Smokeless  powder- 
Pounds  

6,009,855 

$3,938,073 

$150,798 

$1,906,921 

3,559,376 
44  077  828 

Sulphuric  acid— 

Tons 

Cost 

All  other  explosives,  value 

.\11  other  products,  value 

Products  consumed: 

Saltpeter,  pounds 

Nitroglycerin,  pounds 

Nitric  acid- 

Cost 

Mixed  acid — 

Pounds 

30,994 
18,988 
1,156,918 
2,740,286 
2,863,857 
6,299,317 

Cost 

Glycerin — 

Pounds 

Ether,  pounds 

Nitrate  of  ammonia,  pounds 

Cost 

Aqua  ammonia- 

All  other  products  ronsumed,  pounds 

Pounds  

Cost 

Alcohol- 
Gallons 

Cost 

Uncludes  1,004  tons  of  coal  and  guhr  in  California. 
•  Includes  $5,649  cost  of  coal  and  guhr  in  California. 


■  Exclusive  of  2  govemmental  establishments  reporting  products  valued  at 
$574,832. 


510 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  159.— VARNISHES— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS:  1905. 


United 
States. 

( 

United 
States. 

$13,520,491 

33,091,256 
$3, 704, 161 

2,608,870 
8131,  658 

15,859 
SI,  204 

1,992,900 

$79, 750 

21,640,280 
$521, 812 

12 
$6 

7.433 
83,223 

3,765,309 
81, 647, 101 

4,800 
81. 440 

1,106,534 
8531,089 

51,070 

8118,433 

1,217,008 
8693, 402 

14,276,709 
83,458,939 

52.530 
840,953 

26 

81.046  ; 

8919,  300 

8125,  818 

$7,  497 

814,307  I 

81,369,608 

8149, 744 

823.561,699 

Gums — 

Pigments,  total  value 

8315,410 

Oxides  of  lead— 

PoiinH.s 

Cost             

24,000 

White  lead,  dry- 
Pounds 

81,300 

Barytes— 
PniiTifla 

Cost 

20  000 

White  lead,  in  oil— 

8100 

PonnH-s 

Iron  oxides  and  other  earth  colors — 

Cost 

1,023,065 
83,422 

Zinc  white — 

Value 

Dry  colors- 
Pnnnii.s 

Cost . .           

6, 105, 600 

All  other  pigments- 

Value 

8310  588 

8780,  C63 

Cost              

White  lead,  in  oil- 

36.363 

Busbels 

Value  

82.000 

Cost 

Paints  in  oil.  in  paste- 
Pounds  

Coal  tar  colors — 

6. 992, 059 

Pounds 

V^alue        .          ... 

8414  700 

Cost 

Paints  already  mixed  for  use — 
Gallons     

Oils- 

556  265 

8363,963 

Gallons               .... 

Varnishes  and  japans,  total  value 

S20  302  686 

Cost 

Oil  and  tuq>entine  varnishes- 
Gallons 

Cottonseed — 

14,926  695 

814,001,846 

Cost  

Alcohol  varnishes- 
Gallons  

All  other- 

1.467,887 
82, 046, 492 

Gallons 

Value 

Cost 

Pyroxylin  varnishes- 
Gallons 

Alcohol  (grain) — 

144,428 

8158.160 

Cost 

Liquid  drvers.  japans,  and  lacquers,  value 

$2,846,944 

81,249.244 

8497,325 

Liquid- 
Gallons 

All  other  solvents — 

510.002 

Gallons .... 

Value                       .   . 

8369, 702 

Cost 

Paste  and  dry  putty- 

2.778.177 

8127.623 

Cost  

All  other  products,  value 

81  665  615 

Mixed  acid —                                                    • 

Tons 

Products  consumed: 

30  000 

Cost 

102.766 

All  other  components  of  products,  cost 

DrWng  japans  and  drvers,  gallons 

28  300 

Fuel 

5,800 

12,000 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Pyroxylin  and  other  cellulose  nitrates,  pounds  . 

All  other  materials 

Freight 

CHEMICALS  AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS.  511 

Table  160.— DYESTUFFS  AND  EXTRACTS— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS:  1905. 


United 
States. 

United 
States. 

Materials  used,  total  cost.  .                                                      

$6,829,340 

258,981 
$795.  780 

103.119 
$948,997 

37.733 
$678,590 

4.456 
$93,519 

4,3.50 
$11,600 

96,600 
$82,000 

1,802,826 
$293,573 

3,557.884 
$49,779 

6,301,413 

$71,393 

$2,822,670 

$386,249 

$976 

$63,799 

$469,835 

$70, 608 

$10,893,113 

8, 172, 5.52 
$233,935 

4,600,462 
$1,764,464 

733,  246 
$64,656 

1,860,744 
$30,757 

3,022,470 
$169,666 

Products — Continued. 
Logwood  extract- 
Pounds  

Wood- 
Cords   ...            .   .                                                                     . . . . 

29,799,606 
$1,472,047 

38,001,017 

Bark- 
Tons 

fi round  bark— 

I'ounds 

Cost       ...                                                                     

Value 

$249, 101 

9,999,906 
$95,237 

5,061,333 
$65,190 

Logwood- 
Tons  

Ground  and  chipped  wood — 

Cost 

Value 

Sumac  leaves — 

Tons 

Ground  sumac- 
Pounds 

Cost 

Pabnetto  root- 

Extracts- 
Sumac- 

Pounds 

Cost 

4,093,619 
$95, 958 

Indigo,  natural — 

Value 

I'ounds 

Hemlock- 

Cost 

18,833,450 
$406,619 

Oak  and  chestnut — 

Pounds 

Cost               ...     .                   

1.56,  .520, 123 
$2,411,184 

Sulphuric  acid- 

Vahie 

Palmetto- 
Pounds  

Value 

Chrome  tannage  solution- 
Pounds  

Vahie 

Other  tanning  liquors- 
Pounds  

Value 

Tannic  acid- 
Pounds 

Value 

1,740,000 
$34,800 

Pounds  

Cost 

2,847,400 
$85,422 

All  other  coniponents  of  products,  cost 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat ..        

41,571,529 

$1,618,821 

All  other  materials  ...           .         . 

Freight 

5.16.5,500 
$200,136 

Products,  total  value 

Natural— 

Sizes — 

Pounds 

Value 

7,812,433 
$217, 859 

Gums  and  dextrin- 
Pounds  

Value 

All  other  products,  value 

Artificial- 

6,651,731 
$231,708 

$1,455,563 

Mordants — 

Products  consumed : 

C! round  wood,  pounds 

524,  .505, 744 
40, 390, 640 

3,  .586, 171 

Pounds 

Ground  roots,  pounds 

1,141,513 

All  other  products  consumed,  pounds. 

1,728,797 

Turkey  red  oil — 

Value 

Table  161.— SULPHURIC,  NITRIC,  AND  MIXED  ACIDS— DETAILED   SUMMARY,  MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS:  1905. 


United 
States. 

United 
States. 

Materials  used,  total  cost .  . 

$4,972,838 

197,847 
$907,207 

23.044 
$479,529 

27.  400 
$1,143,280 

98.2.52 
$992,549 

1.900.000 

$98,000 

$540,260 

$366,129 

$5,549 

$23,051 

$356,110 

1.108 

$9,052,040 

$6,9.55,078 

13,208 
$301,018 

199,663 

$2,886,179 

Products- Continued. 

Sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed  acids— Continued. 
Sulphuric  acid,  60°  Baum«— 

Pyrites — 

Tons ... 

Cost 

13.634 

Sulphur- 

Value                                             

$121,432 

Sulphuric  acid,  50°  Baum6 — 

Tons                                           

Cost  .   .                       

128.389 

$917,683 

Tons ... 

Nitric  acid— 

Cost 

30. 306.  .555 

Sulphuric  acid- 

$1,446,471 

Mixe4  acid- 
Pounds                      

Cost     

42.812,894 

$1,222,295 

Pounds         .                .  . 

Pyrite  cinder — 

Cost 

93.146 

$97,089 

Fuel 

Niter  cake- 

24.845 

$33,264 

$1,967,215 

Products  consumed: 

Sulphuric  acid.  tt(>°  Baum^,  tons 

Products  total  value 

51,063 
14  703 

Sulphuric  nitric,  and  mixed  acids,  total  value 

Sulphuric  acid   <.»0°  Baum^,  tons 

6.601 

18,875.989 

Value     .... 

All  other  products  consumed,  tons 

984,560 

Sulphuric  acid,  66°  Baum6— 

Tons 

Value 

512  MANUFACTURES. 

Table  162.— WOOD  DISTILLATION— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS:  1905. 


Materials  used,  total  cost 

Wood- 
Cords 

Cost 

Lime — 

Bushels 

Cost 

Soda- 
Pounds 

Cost 

Crude  wood  alcohol — 

Gallons 

Cost 

Smoke,  cost 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat . . 

Mill  supplies 

All  other  materials 

Freight 

Products,  total  value 

Wood  alcohol,  total  value 
Crude  wood  alcohol — 

Gallons 

Value 


United 
States. 


$4,847,770 

586, 144 
Jl, 783, 004 

523,334 
$101,068 

371,780 
$5,484 

5,723,011 

$1,976,156 

$22,988 

$578,251 

$850 

$23,480 

$305,205 

$51,284 

$7, 813, 483 

$4,775,699 

6, 684, 871 
$2,161,813 


Products— Continued. 

Wood  alcohol — Continued. 
Refined  wood  alcohol — 

Gallons 

Value 

Acetate  of  lime — 

Pounds 

Value 

Charcoal — 

Bushels 

Value 

Turpentine — 

Gallons 

Value 

All  other  wood  distillation  products,  value. 

All  other  products,  value 

Products  consumed: 

Crude  wood  alcohol,  gallons , 

Charcoal,  l)ushel8 


United 

States. 


4.316,346 
$2, 613,  S86 

105,141,361 
81,474,982 

23,872,055 
$1,197,973 

442,185 
$176.  .Wl 
$13.S,  4S1 

$49, 827 

'  620, 391 
11,026,978 


*  Includes  54,800  gallons  of  pyroligneous  acid  consumed  in  Massachusetts. 
Table  163.— OIL,  ESSENTIAL— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS:  1905. 


Materials  used,  total  cost 

Principal  materials,  total  cost 

Purchased  in  raw  state — 

Tons 

Cost 

Purchased  in  partially  manufactured  form — 

Pounds 

Cost 

Fuel 

Rent  of  power  and  heat 

Mill  supplies 

-Ml  other  materials 

Freight 

Products,  total  value 

Natural  essential  oils,  total  value 

Peppermint- 
Pounds  

Value 


United 
States. 


$1, 110, 470 
$1,068,176 

53,201 
$307,351 

1,693,570 

$760, 825 

$10, 159 

$3,692 

$1,965 

$22,  245 

$4,333 

$l,464,6ti2 

$1,391,810 

130,022 
$470,037 


Products— Continued. 

Natural  essential  oils— Continued, 
Sassafras — 

Pounds 

Value 

Wintergreen — 

Pounds 

Value 

Other  natural  oils — 

Pounds 

Value 

Witch  hazel — 

(ijiUons 

Vtiluo 

.Ml  other  products,  value 


United 
States. 


30,235 
$17,673 

4,737 
$15,  .579 

2i)7,673 
$.520, 648 

797, 700 

$367, 873 

$72, 852 


COKE 


(513) 


i 


i 


COKE. 


By  Charles  E.  Munroe,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  George  Washington  University,  Expert  Special  Agent. 


As  in  previous  censuses  this  report  is  limited  to 
"oven  coke,"  which  is  obtained  from  the  dry  distilla- 
tion or  imperfect  combustion  of  bituminous  coal  in 
retorts,  ovens,  or  pits.  Ordinary  gas-house  coke,  ob- 
tained as  a  by-product  ui  the  regular  manufacture  of 
illuminating  gas,  is  not  considered  here,  the  statistics 
for  its  production  being  given  under  "manufactured 
gas."  The  statistics  for  petroleum  coke  are  given 
under  "petroleum  refining."  Although  coke  was 
manufactured  in  this  country  for  some  years  prior 
to  1850,  it  was  not  included  among  manufactm-es 
until  the  census  of  that  year.     Separate  returns  have 


been  received  for  this  industry  in  each  succeeding 
census,  but  as  an  analysis  of  the  results  recorded 
prior  to  1880  seems  to  indicate  that  a  considerable 
part  of  the  product  was  lost  in  some  other  cate- 
gory, in  this  report  the  comparison  of  the  results 
for  different  censuses  begins  with  the  census  of  1880. 
That  census  covered  the  year  ending  May  31,  1880. 
The  returns  in  each  succeeding  census  were  for  the 
calendar  year,  excepting  those  for  Michigan,  in  the 
census  of  1905,  wliich  were  for  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1904. 

The  statistics  are  summarized  in  Table  1. 


Table  1.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMAKY,  AMOUNT  AND  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1880  TO  1905.> 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Salaried   officials,  clerks,   etc., 

number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  average  number. . 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years 

Wages 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Materials  used,  total  cost 

Coal: 

Short  tons 

Cost 

All  other  materials 

Products,  total  value 

Colce: 

Short  tons 

Value 

All  other  products 


1905 


$4 
$29, 

33, 
828 

$1, 
S51, 

24, 
$49, 
$2, 


278 
712,877 

1,386 
,247,502 

IS, 981 
,304,49S 

18,915 
,290,216 
66 
$14,282 
891,130 
884,532 

781,006 
360, 121 
524,411 
728,647 

733.063 
,002,051 
726,596 


1900 


«241 
$36,502,679 

915 

$797,296 

16,999 

$7,085,736 

16,932 

$7,071,834 

67 

$13,902 

$2,184,968 

$19,665,532 

30, 157, 829 
$18,355,252 

$1,310,280 
$35,585,445 

19,640,798 
$34,633,418 
$952,027 


1890 


218 
$17,462,729 

161 

$113,632 

8,998 

$4,072,632 

8,942 

$4,064,118 

56 

$8,514 

$394,784 

$11,509,737 

15,795.087 
$11,110,700 
$309,037 
$16,498,345 

10,008,169 
$16,494,454 
$3,891 


1880 


126 
$4,769,858 


3,140 
$1,197,744 


$2,995,441 

4,360,110 

$2,761,657 

$233,784 

$5,359,489 


1900 

to 
1905 


37 
$54,210,198 

471 

$450,206 
1,982 

$2,218,762 
1,983 

$2,218,382 

n 

$380 

$2,706,162 

$10,219,000 

6, 623, 177 

$10,004,869 

S214,131 

516,143,202 


2,752,475  I  5,032,265 
$5,359,489  ,314,368,633 
Ij  $1,774,569 


II 


1890 

to 
1905 


60 
$73,250,148 

1,225 

$1,133,870 

9,983 

$5,231,866 

9,973 

$5,226,098 

10 

$5,768 

$4,496,346 

$18,374,795 

20,985,919 
$17,249,421 

$1,125,374 
$35,230,302 

14,724,894 
$32,507,597 
52,722,705 


18S0 

to 
1905 


152 
$85,943,019 


15,841 
$8,106,754 


$26,889,091 

32,420,896 
$25,598,464 

$1,290,627 
$46,369,158 

21,980,588 
$43,642,562 


PEB  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


1900 

to 
1905 


15.4 
148.5 

51.5 
56.5 
11.7 
31.3 
11.7 
31.4 

n.s 

2.7 
123.9 
52.0 

22.0 
64.5 
16.3 
45.4 

25.9 

41.5 

186.4 


1890 


27.5 
419.5 


760. 
997. 
110. 
128. 
HI. 
128. 

17. 

67. 

1,138. 

159. 


132.9 
155.3 
282.0 
213.5 

147.1 

197.1 

1,974.4 


1880 

to 
1905 


120.6 
1,801.8 


504.5 

676.8 


897.7 

743.6 
926.9 
552.1 
865.2 

798.6 
814.3 


1890 

to 
1900 


10.6 
109.0 

468.3 
601.6 
8a9 
74.0 
89.4 
74.0 
19.6 
63.3 
453.5 
70.9 

90.9 
65.2 
228.3 
115.7 

96.2 

110.0 

24,367.4 


1880 

to 
1890 


73.0 
266.1 


186.6 
240.0 


284.2 

262.3 

302.3 

70.7 

207.8 

263.6 
207.8 


'  Exclusive  of  the  statistics  of  establishments  making  coke,  but  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products;  in  1905  the  17  establishments  of  this 
Class  produced  410,225  short  tons  of  coke  valued  at  $1  302,572. 
3  Not  including  1  penal  institution. 
B  Decrease. 
<  Not  reported. 


Table  1  embraces  the  principal  statistics  of  the  coke 
manufacturing  industry  at  the  censuses  from  1880  to 
1905,  inclusive,  and  sets  forth  the  percentage  of 
increase  ih  each  item  for  each  of  the  thi-ee  periods 
treated.  This  table  gives  only  the  statistics  of  active 
establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufactm-e 
of  coke.  By  capital  is  meant  only  that  which  is  rep- 
resented by  the  value  of  lands,  buildings,  ovens,  ma- 


chinery, tools,  and  implements,  and  the  quick  capital 
required  to  carry  on  the  business.  The  term,  as  here 
used,  does  not  include  the  capital  stock  of  any  of  the 
corporations. 

Table  2  presents,  by  states  and  territories,  the  num- 
ber of  coke  establishments,  including  establishments 
engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  prod- 
ucts, in  active  operation  in  1880,  1890,  1900.  and  1905. 

(515  J 


516 


MAXUFACTURES. 


Table  2. — \umher  of  active  esiahlishments,  by  states  and  territories: 
1880  to  1905. 


ST-VTE  OE  TERRITOKT. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

United  States 

1295 

«241 

218 

126 

24 
13 
2 

15 
9 
2 
1 
2 
1 
8 
5 

19 
7 
1 
2 
1 
3 
6 
5 

3 

1 

1 

niiDois 

1 

Indian  'tftrritorv 

Indiana 

1 

K'flT1<«f^<!               .  ,  .      , 

Maryland        

1 

3 

2 

3 
2 

Montana 

2 
1 
2 
3 
6 
112 
9 
2 

13 
3 

80 
2 
1 

Ne^  Me.xico 

2 
1 
6 
89 
8 
1 
5 

9 

77 
1 

1 

New  York                                .... 

13 

98 
8 
1 
2 

1 
45 

1 

15 

Pennsylvania     

89 

4 

Utah          

11 

1  Includes  17  ostaMishments  engaged  primarily  in  ttie  manufacture  of  prod- 
ucts other  than  coke. 

»Xot  including  1  penal  institution. 

The  Bureau  of  the  Census  classifies  each  establish- 
ment according  to  that  one  of  its  products  which  has 
the  maximum  vahie,  and  includes  its  other  products 
in  the  chissification.  In  order  to  obtain  a  complete 
idea  of  the  magnitude  and  character  of  a  given  indus- 
try, such  as  the  one  now  under  consideration,  it  is 
necessary,  therefore,  that  all  the  data  relating  to  it 
should  be  brought  together  from  all  classifications. 
Additional  establislunents  which  produce  coke  have 
been  included  in  Table  2  and  the  cambined  statistics 
have  been  incorporated  in  some  minor  tables.  The 
number  of  these  plants  producing  coke  as  a  minor 
product  at  the  census  of  190.")  was  17,  of  which  4  op- 
erated by-product  ovens  and  13  operated  hccliive 
ovens.     They  produced  410,225  tons  of  coke,  valued  at 


$1,302,572;  by-products,  valued  at  $423,385;  and  "all 
other  products,"  valued  at  .'S504. 

The  number  of  coke  producing  states  and  territories 
has  steadily  increased  from  9  states  in  ISSO  to  17  states 
and  1  territory  in  1890,  20  states  and  2  territories  in 
1900,  and  22  states  and  2  territories  in  1905.  Com- 
paring the  states  and  territories  reporting  active  es- 
tablishments in  1905  with  states  and  territories  report- 
ing a  production  of  bituminous  coal  in  1902,'  it  is 
found  that  coke  was  produced  in  5  states  which  do  not 
produce  bituminous  coal,  and  that  11  states  and  terri- 
tories producing  bituminous  coal  did  not  report  the 
production  of  coke.  Four  states,  namely,  Maryland, 
Micliigan,  Minnesota,  and  New  Jersey,  have  been  added 
to  the  list  of  coke  producing  states  since  1900.  Twelve 
states  and  1  territory  show  an  increase  in  the  number 
of  establishments.  Kansas  shows  a  decrease  in  the 
number  of  establishments,  wliile  Indiana  and  Missouri, 
which  had,  respectively,  1  and  3  active  establishments 
in  1900,  show  no  production  in  1905.  In  Illinois  and 
Indiana  the  production  was  less  in  1900  than  in  1890; 
but  in  Alabama,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio,  wliile  the 
number  of  establishments  was  smaller  in  1900  than  in 
1890,  the  production  increased,  showing  the  eft'ect  of 
consolidation  and  the  abandonment  of  ovens  operated 
on  a  small  scale. 

Table  3  gives  a  comparative  summary  of  the  ovens 
and  capital  of  both  active  and  idle  establishments, 
with  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase,  for  1890,  1900, 
and  1905,  only  those  establishments  engaged  pri- 
marily in  the  production  of  coke  being  considered. 
No  special  effort  was  made  in  the  present  census  to 
secure  returns  from  idle  establishments,  and  the  statis- 
tics for  such  establishments  should  not,  therefore,  be 
regarded  as  complete. 

'  Bureau  of  the  Census,  Mines  and  Quarries,  1902,  page  680. 


Table  3.— CAPITAL— ACTIVE  AND  IDLE  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1890  TO  1905. 


CENSUS. 

ACTIVE  ESTA11LIS1IMENT3. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Increase. 

Percent  of  increase. 

Active. 

Idle. 

Active. 

Idle. 

Active. 

Idle. 

1900 

to 
1905 

1890 

to 
1905 

1900 

to 
1905 

1890 

to 
1905 

1890 

to 
1900 

Number  of  e.atnblliilunonta 

Ovcna,  numlxjr 

278 
•fd.r.il 

190,712, H77 

$K,:)74,(i72 

S14,2.'«,l>t3 

too,  HH2,  407 

$8, 70.'),  803 
I8,63li,192 

29 

3,672 

•2,70.1,149 

».i77,9«5 

»l:i0,818 

187.5,377 

$421,755 
$091,234 

■241 

47  142 

14 

218 

32,0.59 

$17,462,739 

$1,405,342 

$S09, 725 

$10,817,024 

$823,790 
$3,646,248 

28 

1,247 

$444,483 

$(■.,  425 

$48,723 

$312,601 

$44,791 
$31,883 

.17 

14,409 

$,54,210,198 

$.5,447,318 

$n..S.53,4.10 

$32,510,543 

$2,776,101 
$1,022,730 

00 
28.952 

$73,2,50,148 

$i;.9l»l,:i30 

$l3,:t|-.5.9.58 

$40,014,843 

$7,K'iO,073 
»4, 989, 944 

15.4 
30.7 
148.5 
18l>.  1 
497.  6 
177.2 

46.8 
23.6 

27.6 
88.6 
419.  6 
49.5.  9 
1,  6.3(i.  8 
370  2 

9.56.6 
140  7 

10.6 
44.3 

Capital 

$.3«,502.r,79     f.ili.iaifi 

109.0 

$2,927,3.54 
$2,  :<K->,  237 
$18,351,924 

$5,927,702 
$6,913,462 

$13,950 

»r.2.,sou 

$303,409 
$131,450 

108.3 

Biilldlngii 

17.1. 9 

69.6 

M.ii  hinrry,  tools,  anil  Implc- 

rn.  nl.. 

Ciuili  jiiid  aundrloB 

619.6 
95  0 

1  Not  Including  1  penal  Inntltiitlon. 

'  Doca  not  Include  17  catablishmonta,  operating  1,302  ovens,  engaged  primarily  In  the  manufiutiire  of  prndiicts  other  than  coke. 

Fnun  (lie  returns  it  appears  that,  the  total  numl)er  of  of  01 ,  or 24..'^  percent,  over  1800.    The  total  number  of 

estuhli.siiiiiciits,  Ixith  active  niul  idle,  eiigagi^l  priinii-  ovens  in  these  eslal)lisliinents  in  1905  was  05,283;  in 

rily  in  the  production  of  coke  in  1905  was  307;  in  moo,  I'.ioo,  47,811;  and  in  1890,33,900.     Ovens,  therefore, 

255;  and  in  LSUO, '_'J0.     Tiie  niiinlx-r  in  1905,  tliercfoic,  increased  in  nuinhcr  in  1905,  17,472,  or  30.5  per  cent, 

showed  a  gain  of  52,  or  20.4  per  cent,  over  1900,  and  over   1900,  and  31,377,  or  92,5  per  cent,  over  1890. 


COKE. 


517 


The  percentage  of  idle  ovons  to  total  ovens  was  5.6  in 
1905,  1.4  in  1900,  and  .3.7  in  1S90. 

The  total  capital  was  $93,416,026  in  1905,  $37,01 4,34S 
in  1900,  and  $17,907,212  in  1890.  The  amount  of 
capital  invested  in  1905  increased  $56,401,678,  or 
152.4  per  cent,  over  1900,  and  $75,508,814,  or  421.7  j)er 
cent,  over  1890.  The  capital  invested  in  idle  plants 
reprp.sented  2.9  per  cent  of  the  total  capital  in  1905, 
1.4  per  cent  in  1900,  and  2.5  per  cent  in  1890.  In  1905 
the  percentage  of  the  total  capital  invested  in  land  was 
9.6;  in  buildings,  15.4;  in  ovens,  55.4;  in  machinery, 
tools,  and  iniploments,  9.7;  and  in  cash  and  sundries. 


9.9.  In  1900  the  percentage  of  total  capital  invested 
in  land  was  7.9;  in  buildings,  6.6;  in  ovens,  50.4;  in 
machinery,  tools,  and  implements,  16.4;  and  in  cash 
and  sundries,  18.7.  In  1890  the  percentage  of  total 
capital  invested  in  land  was  7.9;  in  buildings,  5.1;  in 
ovens,  62.2;  in  machinery,  tools,  and  implements,  4.8; 
and  in  cash  and  sundries,  20. 

Table  4  shows  the  amount  and  cost  of  the  coal 
charged  into  the  ovens  in  1880,  1890,  1900,  and  1905, 
respectively,  by  states  and  territories,  with  the  per- 
centage of  increase  or  decrease  in  quantity  and  in  cost 
for  each  intervening  decade. 


Table  4.— QUANTITY  AND  VALUE  OF  COAL  USED,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES: 

1880  TO  1905. 


COAL  CONSUMED. 

PEE  CENT  OF  INCEEA8E. 

STATE    OE    TERRITORY. 

1806 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1900  to  1905    1890  to  1900 

1880  to  1890 

Short 
tons. 

Value. 

Short 
tons. 

Value. 

Short 
tons. 

Value. 

Short 

tons. 

Value. 

Quan- 
tity. 

Value. 

Quan- 
tity. 

Value. 

Quan- 
tity. 

Value. 

United  States... 

'37,376,251 

'  $29, 559. 104 

30.157,829  l$18,3S.'),252 

15.795,087 

SU,  110, 700 

4,360,110 

$2,761,657 

2a  9 

61.0 

90.9 

65.2 

262.3 

302.3 

Alabama 

4,027,656 

1,000,206 

126,627 

3, 799, 827 
922,394 
130,049 

3,028,472 
817,725 

2, 696, 718 
496,033 

1,789,047 
323,731 

1,755,876 
399,778 

67. 376 
29.500 

76.314 
29,500 

33.0 
22.3 

46.3 
85.9 

69.3 
152.6 

47.9 
241 

2,555.3 
997.4 

2.231.4 
1,255.2 

16.428 
21,600 

25, 192 

8,485 

134, 178 

11,336,985 

619,016 

16,156 
9,011 

13,542 

3,118 

123,992 

6,992,573 

523,400 

1,600 

2,025 

995.2 

097  8 

14,107 
127,511 

20,084 

66,923 

26,988 

151, 503 

6.320 

142,678 

19,490,030 

684,821 

994, 635 

3,792,825 

< 1,022,832 

26,079 

72,196 

2.256 

102, 640 

10,899,832 

601,927 

623, 979 

1,874,960 

1,258,732 

«47.7 

M5.8 

»2ao 

«21.2 

249 

501.4 

'37.3 

6.3 

71.9 

10.6 

189.4 

43a  1 

>27.6 

>17.3 

5&9 

•41 

Missouri 

Ohio 

203.032 
23,128,917 

573,629 

1,676,266 

3,746,602 

'2,751,708 

342.574 
14,524,648 

582.  461 
1, 105. 432 
2,676.652 
5,398,060 

193, 84S 
3,608.096 

179,311 

228,432 
2,031,305 

124,137 

42.3 
18.7 

n6.2 
68.6 
»1.2 

169.0 

234.1 
3a3 

16.0 
110.0 

»30.8 
214  2 

245.2 

145.7 

244  2 

Tennessee 

321.6 

West  Virginia 

All  other  states 

1,025,885 
s  494,  540 

686,570 
586,684 

148.480 
•132,000 

l.'!5.944 
136,000 

42.8 
328.8 

269.7 
106.8 

nai 

114  6 

590.9 
274  7 

405.0 
3346 

» Includes  595,245  short  tons,  valued  at  $1,198,983,  used  for  tlie  manufacture  oJ  coke  in  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 
•Decrease. 

'  Includes  Georgia,  Illinois,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Montana,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico,  New  York,  Utah,  Washington,  Wisconsin,  and 
Wyoming. 

*  Includes  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indian  Territory,  Indiana,  Massachusetts,  Montana.  New  Mexico,  New  York,  Utah,  Washington,  Wisconsin,  and  Wyoming. 

•  Includes  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indian  Territory,  Montana,  Utah,  Virginia,  Washington,  and  Wisconsin. 
"  Includes  Georgia  and  lllmois. 


Bituminous  coal  is  tlie  only  raw  material  used  in 
this  industry  and  its  cost,  as  charged  into  the  ovens,  is 
the  principal  item  of  expense.  For  Census  purposes 
the  cost  of  the  coal  consumed,  whether  mined  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  or  transported  from  a  distance,  is 
its  cost  at  the  ovens,  and  all  expenses  of  mining  or  of 
preparing  the  coal,  such  as  crushing  or  washing,  and 
of  transportation  to  the  ovens,  is  included  in  this  cost. 
In  the  Census  Report  on  Coke  for  1900,  after  noting 
that  the  amount  of  coal  used  had  increased  90.9  per 
cent,  while  its  cost  had  increased  only  65.2  per  cent  for 
the  decade  1890  to  1900,  it  was  stated:  "This  differ- 
ence has  been  due  in  great  part  to  improvements  in 
mining  machinery  and  methods,  and  in  underground 
haulage,  which  have  decreased  the  cost  of  production."' 

'  Twelfth  Census,  Mamil'acture?,  Part  IV,  page  694. 


Judging  from  Table  4,  such  improvements  have  made 
no  marked  advance  during  the  past  five  3"ears.  It 
further  appears  that  the  average  cost  per  ton  of  coal 
consumed  in  making  coke  in  the  United  States  in  1905 
was  $0.79;  in  1900,  $0.61;  in  1890,  $0.70;  and  in  1880, 
$0.63.  The  average  cost  of  coal  consumed  in  making 
coke  in  the  various  states  and  territories  in  1905  was 
Alabama,  $0.94;  Colorado,  $0.92;  Indian  Territory, 
$1.03;  Kansas,  $1.42;  Kentucky,  80.45;  Ohio,  S1.69: 
Pennsylvania,  $0.63;  Tennessee,  $1.02;  Virginia,  $0.66 ; 
West  Virginia,  $0.71;  and  in  "all  other  states,"  $1.96. 
Table  5  presents  a  statement  of  the  condition  of  the 
coal  when  charged  into  the  coking  ovens — that  is, 
whether  it  was  run  of  mine,  or  slack,  and  whether  it 
was  washed  or  unwashed ;  but  it  does  not  set  forth  anj' 
information  as  to  the  crushing  of  the  coal,  a  practice 
Avhich  obtains  in  certain  establishments  before  coking. 


518 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  5.— QUANTITY  AND  COST  OF  DIFFERENT  CLASSES  OF  COAL  USED,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF   INCREASE  AND 

AVERAGE  PRICE  PER  TON:  1890  TO  1905. 


1905 

1900 

1890 

FEa  CENT  OF  mCBEASE. 

AVERAGE  PRICE  FEB 
SHORT  TON. 

CLASS. 

Short  tons. 

Cost. 

Short  tons. 

Cost. 

Short  tons. 

Cost. 

1900  to  1906 

1890  to  1900 

1905 

1900 

Quan- 
tity. 

Cost. 

Quan- 
tity. 

Cost. 

1890 

Total 

137,376,251 

'$29,559,104 

30,157,829 

$18,355,252 

16,795,087 

$11,110,700 

219 

SLO 

90.9 

65  2 

$0.79 

$0.61 

$0.70 

Run  of  mine  or  lump,  unwashed . 
Run  of  mine  or  lump,  washed... 

25,165,692 
2,902,721 
4,459,784 
4,848,054 

17,663,115 
3,885,787 
3,439,769 
4,570,433 

20,844,637 
1,457,961 
5,036,675 
2,818,556 

12,309,681 
1,304,4S7 
2,966,800 
1,774,334 

11,631,436 

421,074 

3,195,322 

547,255 

8,255,542 
305,983 

2.333,597 
215,578 

20.7 
99.1 

ni.5 

72.0 

43.5 
197.9 

119 
157.6 

79.2 
246.2 

57.6 
415.0 

49.1 
32&3 

27.1 
723.1 

0.70 
1.34 
0.77 
a  94 

0.59 
0.  S9 
0.69 
0.63 

0.71 
0.73 
0.73 

0.39 

1  Includes  595,245  short  tons,  valued  at  $1,198,983,  used  in  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 
» Decrease. 


From  Table  5  it  appears  that  of  the  coal  used  in  the 
coke  industry,  the  run  of  mine  constituted  75.1  per 
cent  ia  1905,  74  per  cent  in  1900,  and  76.3  per  cent  in 
1890.  Of  this  run  of  mine  coal,  the  per  cent  washed 
was  10.3  m  1905,  6.5  in  1900,  and  3.5  in  1890;  while  of 
the  slack  coal,  the  per  cent  washed  was  52.1  in  1905, 
35.9  in  1900,  and  14.6  in  1890.  In  1905  the  total  quan- 
tity of  coal  reported  as  washed  was  7,750,775  short 
tons,  in  1900  it  was  4,276,517  short  tons,  and  in  1890  it 
was  968,329  short  tons.  This  was  an  increase  of  81.2 
per  cent  for  1905  over  1900  and  700.4  per  cent  over 
1890.  To  present  the  data  in  another  form,  it  ma}'  be 
said  that  of  the  total  coal  used,  that  washed  formed 
20.7  per  cent  in  1905,  14.2  per  cent  in  1900,  and  only 
6.1  percent  m  1890. 

Table  6  presents  a  statement  of  the  amount  and 
value  of  coke  produced  in  the  census  years  1880  to  1905, 
inclusive;  the  amount  and  cost  of  coal  used;  thfe 
amount  of  coal,  in  pounds,  necessary  to  produce  a 
short  ton  of  coke;  and  the  value  of  the  coal  used  to  a 
ton  of  the  coke  produced. 

Table  6. — Comparative  summary — relation  of  coal  used  to  coJce 
produced:  ISSO  to  1905. 


Coal  used: 

Short  tons , 

Cost 

Average     cost     per 

short  ton 

Coke  made: 

Short  tons 

Value 

Average    value    per 

short  ton 

Coal  used  per  short  ton  of 

coke  (pounds) 

Average  cost  of  coal  to 
short  ton  of  coke 


lOOo 


137,376,251 
$29,559,104 

$0.79 

'25,143,288 
$50,304,623 

$2.00 

2,973 

$1.18 


1900 


30,157,829 
$18,355,252 

$0.61 

19,640,798 
$34,633,418 

$1.76 

3,070 

$0.03 


1890 


15,795,087 
$11,110,700 

$0.70 

10,008,  Ii.'.l 
$16,494,454 

$1.05 

3,156 

II.  U 


1880 


4,360,110 
S2, 701, 667 

$0.63 

2,752,476 
$5,350,489 

$1.95 

3,168 

$1.00 


>  Includes  506,246  short  tons,  valued  at  $1,108,983,  used  In  establishmonte 
engaK<'d  primarily  in  the  inariiif/icturc  of  othi^r  ]>rodu(rts, 

J  lnr;Iii<lcs  410.225  short  ton.v,  valued  at  $1,. '(112. 572,  made  in  estal>listitiicnts 
engaged  primarily  in  the  maiiufucturo  of  other  products. 


The  output  of  coke  in  1905  was  greater  by  5,502,490 
tons,  or  28  per  cent,  than  in  1900;  by  15,135,119  tons, 
or  151.2  per  cent,  than  in  1890;  and  by  22,390,813  tons, 
or  813.5  per  cent,  than  in  1880.  The  value  of  the  coke 
increased  $15,671,205,  or  45.2  per  cent,  in  1905  over 
1900;  $33,810,169,  or  205  per  cent,  over  1890;  and 
$44,945,134,  or  838.6  per  cent,  over  1880.  The  aver- 
age value  per  ton  for  coke  in  1905  increased  $0.24,  or 
13.6  per  cent,  over  the  value  in  1900;  $0.35,  or  21.2 
per  cent,  over  that  in  1890;  and  $0.05,  or  2.6  per  cent, 
over  that  in  1880.  The  amount  of  coal  used  in  1905 
was  37,376,251  tons,  jdeldmg  25,143,288  tons  of  coke, 
which  indicates  a  loss  in  weight  caused  by  the  coking 
process  of  32.7  per  cent.  The  value  of  the  coal  used 
was  $29,559,104,  and  the  value  of  the  coke  produced 
was  $50,304,623,  an  increase  of  70.2  per  cent  due  to  the 
process.  In  1900  the  coking  process  caused  a  decrease 
of  34.9  per  cent  in  the  weight  of  the  coal  and  an  increase 
of  88.7  per  cent  in  its  value,  while  in  1890  the  corre- 
sponding figures  were  36.6  per  cent  decrease  in  weight 
and  48.5  per  cent  increase  in  value,  and  in  1880  they 
were  36.9  and  94.1  per  cent,  respectively.  The  amount 
of  coal  necessary  to  make  a  hundred  tons  of  coke  was 
148.7  tons  m  1905,  153.5  tons  in  1900,  157.8  tons  in 
1890,  and  158.4  tons  in  1880.  The  amount  of  coal 
necessary  to  produce  a  ton  of  coke  continues  to  grow 
less,  showing  a  continued  increase  in  the  efficiency  of 
the  coking  operations. 

Table  7  shows,  by  states  and  territories,  the  total 
amount  of  coal  used  and  of  coke  produced  in  1890, 
1900,  and  1905,  together  with  the  percentage  of  coal  in 
coke  in  each  state  and  territory  at  each  of  these  cen- 
suses. By  the  yield  of  coal  in  coke  is  meant  the  per- 
centage of  the  original  weight  of  tlie  coal  that  remaina 
in  the  I'orm  of  coke  alter  the  process  of  coking  ia 
complete. 


COKE.  519 

Tabi.k  7.— quantity  and  PER  CRNT  OF  YIELD  OF  COAL  IN  COKE,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1890  TO  1905. 


1906 

1900 

1890 

BTATE  OB  TERRITORY. 

Short  tons 
of  coal  used. 

Short  tons 
of  colce  man- 
ufactured. 

Per  cent 
of  yield 
in  coke. 

Short  tons 
of  coal  used. 

Short  tons 
of  coke  man- 
ufactured. 

Per  cent 
of  yield 
in  coke. 

Short  tons 
of  coal  used. 

Short  tons 
of  coke  man- 
ufactured. 

Per  cent 
of  yield 
in  coke. 

United  States 

'37,376,251 

125.143.288 

«7.3 

30,1.57,829 

19, 640, 798 

(K  1 

15,795,087 

10,008,169 

63.4 

4,n27.n.'-)6 
l,(KK).2nii 

126,  027 

2, 335, 613 
68S.662 
54,701 

58.0 
S8.6 
43.2 

3,028,472 
817,725 

1,787,809 
503,543 

59.0 
61.6 

1,789,047 
323,731 

1,055,823 
199,638 

59.0 
61.7 

Indian  Territory 

Indiana 

16,428 
21,600 

25,192 

8,485 

134, 178 

11,336,985 

619,016 

8,301 
13,910 

13,021 

5,275 

75,826 

7,372,6.53 

356,964 

60.5 
64.4 

5L7 
02.2 
56.5 
65.0 

57.7 

14,107 
127,511 

9,091 
63,092 

64.4 
49.5 

26,988 

151.. 503 

5.  ,320 

142.078 

19,490,030 

684.821 

994,635 

3,792,825 

n,  022, 832 

14, 476 

81,095 

2,860 

83,878 

13,245,594 

380,525 

618,707 

2,278,079 

643,632 

53.6 

sas 

S3. 8 

58.8 

eao 

55.6 
02.2 
60.1 
62.9 

Missouri 

Oliio 

203,032 
23,128.917 

573, 629 

1,676.2.50 

3, 740.  IKJ2 

« 2, 751.  708 

120,631 
16,308,934 

324, 451 
1,139.010 
2,355,146 
1,846.897 

59.4 
70.5 

56.6 
67.9 
62.9 
67.1 

Pennsylvania 

Virg  nia 

1,025,885 
< 494, 540 

6i2,'645' 

294,113 

59.7 
59.5 

Ali  other  states 

'  Includes  595,245  short  tons  of  coal  used  and  410,225  short  tons  of  coke  made  in  establishments  engaged  primarilv  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products 
-Includes  Georgia,  Illinois,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Montana,  New  Jersey,  New  Me.xico,  New  York,  Utah,  Washington   Wisconsin   and 
^  yoming.  '  ' 

'Includes  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indian  Territory,  Indiana,  Massachusetts,  Montana,  New  Mexico,  New  York,  Utah,  Washington,  Wisconsin,  and  Wyoming 
<  Includes  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indian  Territory,  Montana,  Utah,  Virginia,  Washington,  and  Wisconsin. 


The  table  shows  that  the  yield  of  coal  in  coke  in 
1905  was  67.3  per  cent  as  compared  with  65.1  per 
cent  in  1900  and  63.4  per  cent  in  1890.  This  increase 
in  jaeld  is  accounted  for  partly  by  the  introduction  and 
increased  use  of  by-product  ovens,  partly  by  improve- 
ments in  the  construction  and  operation  of  the  bee- 
liive  ovens,  and  partly  by  the  preparation  of  the  coal 
itself  tlu-ough  washing  or  other  treatment,  prior  to  its 
being  charged  into  the  ovens.  In  1905,  of  the  25,143,288 
short  tons  of  coke  produced,  2,422,796  short  tons,  or 
9.6  per  cent,  were  produced  in  by-product  ovens,  while 
in  1900,  of  the  19,640,798  short  tons  produced,  906,534 
short  tons,  or  4.6  per  cent,  were  produced  in  by-product 
ovens.  As  stated  above,  no  by-product  coke  was  re- 
ported prior  to  1900.  The  extent  to  which  washing  is 
practiced  may  be  ascertained  by  an  inspection  of  Table 
5.  From  the  analysis  of  the  data  in  this  table  and 
Table  4,  it  appears  that  while  the  increase  in  the  coal 
used  in  coking  in  1905  is  but  136.6  per  cent  over  that 
for  1890,  the  increase  in  quantity  of  coal  that  was 
washed  for  use  in  coldng  in  1905  was  700.4  per  cent 
over  that  of  1890. 

45254— MFG  1905— i-T  4—08 35 


The  highest  yield  of  coal  in  coke  in  each  of  the  tliree 
census  years  was  reported  for  Pennsylvania.  Tlie  low- 
est yield  in  1905  was  in  Indian  Territoiy,  43.2  per  cent; 
in  1900  it  was  in  Kentucky,  53.5  per  cent;  and  in  1890 
it  was  in  Indiana,  50.5  per  cent.  It  must  be  stated  in 
this  connection,  and  the  same  statement  should  be 
made  in  regard  to  the  amount  of  coal  used  in  the  manu- 
factm-e  of  coke,  that  it  is  not  possible  to  secure  abso- 
lutely accurate  information  in  regard  to  the  }-ield  of 
coal  in  coke  for  the  reason  that,  in  many  instances,  the 
coal  is  not  weighed  befoi-e  being  charged  into  the  ovens, 
and  therefore  the  amount  as  reported  ia  the  schedides 
is  frequently  estimated.  The  figures,  however,  may  be 
taken  as  faiily  representing  the  conditions. 

For  each  state  and  territory  in  which  there  are  at 
least  3  estabhshments.  Table  8  gives  for  1880,  1890, 
1900,  and  1905  the  quantity  of  coke  produced,  the  rank 
according  to  production,  and  the  percentage  which  each 
makes  of  the  total  output  for  the  United  States.  The 
statistics  for  the  states  and  territories  in  each  of  which 
there  are  less  than  3  establishments  are  combined  in 
groups. 


520  MANUFACTURES. 

Table  S.— PRODUCTION  OF  COKE,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES,  WITH  RANK  OP  EACH:  1880  TO  1905. 


.     SHORT  TONS 

OF  COKE, 

1 

PER  TENT  OF  TOTAL  OUTPUT. 

RANK. 

1903 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1905' 

1900 

1890 

1880 

United  States                                            ,^.. 

1 
2  25,143,288  j  19,640,798 

10,008,169 

2,752,475 

lOO.O 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 



16,308,934 
2,355,146 
2,335,613 
1,139,010 

585.662 

324.4.51 

120.(31 

63,092 

54,761 
9,091 

13,245,594 

2,278,679 

1,787,809 

618,707 

503,543 
380.525 
83.878 
81,095 

24.339 
14,476 

2,seo 

2,105 
f        (■■') 

7,372,653 

612,645 

1,055,823 

199,638 

356.964 

75. 826 

13,021 

13.910 
5.275 
8,301 

2,317,149 
95.720 
42,035 

64.9 
9.4 
9.3 
4.5 

2.3 
1.3 
0.5 
0.3 

0.2 
W 

67.4 
11.6 
9.1 
3.2 

2.6 
1.9 
0.4 
0.4 

0.1 
0.1 

(') 
(<) 

f  m 

(3, 

73.7 
6.1 
10.5 

C) 

2.0 
3.6 
0.8 
0.1 

(31 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

84.2 
3.5. 
1.5 

0.7 
3.3 
4.0 

1 
2 
3 
4 

5 
8 
14 
16 

17 
22 

1 
2 
3 
4 

5 
6 
8 
9 

17 
19 
20 
21 

7 
15 

1 
3 
2 
6 

5 
4 

8 
12 

15 
11 
16 
14 

1 

3 

6 

Virginia 

18,000 
91,675 
109,296 

7 

Tennessee 

4 

Ohio 

2 

Kansas  .        

1,000 

j 

4.1 
1.9 

1.3 

w 

6 
10 
15 

7 

13 
23 
21 
11 
12 

20 
18 
9 
19 
24 

9 

[      1,034,727 
489,465 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Maryland 

Georgia 

lUinois 

1::::::::::: 

[.         .    . 

(=) 
(3) 

P) 

m 
(") 

11 
22 

7 
13 

5 
8 

Vt  isconsin 

(=) 

« 



« 

(.') 

13 

9 

Michigan 

Montana       .                       

f    ?^ 

« 

f  (») 

[  h 
53.2 

(») 

10 

12 
16 
14 
18 

10 

Utah 

i        323,705  ,■!       m 

18 
17 

Wyoming 

All  other  states                                             .      ... 

s  617, 188 

« 294, 113 

'77.600 

«2.9 

'2.8 

1 

'  Includes  17  subsidiary  establishments. 

'  Includes  410.225  short  tons  made  in  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

'Included  in  "all  other  states." 

♦Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  percent. 

5  Includes  Georpia.  Illinois,  Massachusetts,  Montana,  New  Mexico.  New  York,  Utah,  "Washington,  Wisconsin,  and  Wyoming. 

•Includes  Georgia.  Illinois.  Indian  Territory,  Montana,  Utah,  Virginia,  Washington,  and  Wisconsin. 

'Includes  Georgia  and  Illinois. 


As  in  the  past,  the  coke  production  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1905  greatly  exceeded  that  of  any  other  state,  but 
the  margin  is  steadily  decreasing,  for  whereas  in  1880 
the  product  of  Pennsylvania  constituted  84.2  per  cent 
of  the  total,  in  1890  it  was  73.7  per  cent,  in  1900,  67.4 
per  cent,  and  in  1905  but  64.9  per  cent.  As  in  1900,  of 
the  6  loading  coke  producing  states,  5,  namely,  Penn- 
sylvania, West  Virginia,  Alabama,  Virginia,  and  Ten- 
nessee, drew  their  coal  supply  from  the  coal  fields  of 
the  Appalachian  sj^stem,  but  whereas  the  proportion 
of  the  product  coming  from  this  field  constituted  in 
ISOf),  92.5  per  cent  of  the  total  and  in  1900,  93.2  per 
cent,  in  1905  it  was  but  89.4  per  cent.  In  1905  the 
coke  producing  states  and  territories  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, including  Minnesota,  yielded  4  per  cent  of 
the  total  output,  and  6  states— Massachusetts,  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  Minnesota,  and  Wis- 
con.sin — operating  ovens  at  a  distance  from  the  coal 
fields,  produced  4,0  per  cent  of  the  total.  Mas.sacliu- 
setts  imported  coal  from  abroad,  but  tbc  major  ))art  of 
the  supply  for  tlic  citlicr  5  states  was  drawn  fidin  tlic 
Ap[)«liicliian  ficjd.s.  In  1905  the  nuiiil)cr  of  states 
each  of  which  produced  more  than  100,000  tons  of 
coke  in  the  census  year  was  15,  as  compared  witb  7  in 
1900,  5  in  1890,  and  2  in  1880.  Of  the  states  wliich 
profiiiced  more  than  100,000  tons  each  in  1905,  2 — 
Colorado  and  Utah — are  west  of  the  Mi.ssissippi.  In 
1905  the  total  coke  production  was  28  per  cent  greater 


than  in  1900,  for  there  were  14  states  each  of  which 
produced  five-tenths  of  1  per  cent  or  more  of  the  total 
production,  while  in  1900  there  were  but  6  states  of 
which  tliis  was  true.  Considering  the  rank,  Table  8 
shows  that  there  were  24  states  and  territories  in 
which  coke  was  produced  in  1905,  as  compared  with  22 
in  1900,  18  in  1890,  and  9  in  1880.  At  each  census 
Pennsj'lvania  has  stood  at  the  head  of  the  coke  pro- 
ducing states.  West  Virginia,  Alabama,  Virginia,  and 
Colorado  hold  the  second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth 
places,  respectively,  in  1905,  as  thej-  did  at  the  census 
of  1900,  while  the  first  three  occupied  practicallj-  the 
same  relative  positions  at  the  census  of  1890.  Massa- 
chusetts, which  entered  the  list  in  1900,  taking  the 
seventh  place,  passed  to  the  sixth  in  1905,  while  Mary- 
land, which  entered  the  list  in  1905,  took  the  seventh 
place.  The  most  maiked  change  in  rank  between  the 
censuses  of  1900  and  1905  is  found  in  the  case  of  Mon- 
tana, which  has  passed  from  the  tenth  to  the  twentieth 
place.  The  most  notal)le  changes  in  rank  between  the 
censuses  of  1880  and  1905  are  to  be  observed  in  the 
cases  of  Indiana,  which,  though  ninth  in  1880,  had 
ceased  to  produce  in  1905;  Illinois,  which  had  dropped 
from  the  eighth  to  the  twenty-third  place;  and  Oliio, 
which  had  dropped  from  the  second  to  (he  fourteenth 
place.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  Ma.ssachu.setts, 
Manland,  New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  New  Jersey, 
states  in  which  by-pnubict  coke  ovens  are  operated  at 


(T)KR. 


521 


a  distance  from  the  bituiniiiotis  coal  deposits,  took  rank 
in  the  sixth,  seventli,  tenth,  eleventh,  and  fifteenth 
places,  respectively. 

Table  9  gives  a  summary  of  the  number  of  ovens  in 
operation  in  ISSO,  18D0,  1!)()0,  and  1905,  together  with 


tlic  amount  of  coal  used,  the  amount  and  value  of  the 
coke  produced,  the  average  j-ield  of  coke  in  tons  per 
oven,  the  average  value  per  ton  of  coke  at  the  ovens, 
and  the  percentage  yield  of  the  coal  in  coke. 


Table  9.— OVENS  OPERATED,  QUANTITY  AND  VALUE  OF  COKE,  AND  YIELD  OF  COAL  IN  COKE:  1880  TO  1905. 


PEE  CENT  OF  IH- 
CBEASE. 


1890 


Ovens,  active,  number 

Coal  used,  short  tons 

Coke  produced,  short  tons 

Coke  produced  per  oven,  average  yield,  short  tons. 

Yield  of  coal  in  coke,  per  cent 

Value  of  coke  at  ovens,  total 

Per  short  ton 


'62,973 

2  37,376,251 

s  25, 143, 288 

399 

67.3 

2*50,304,623 

S2.00 


47,142 

30,157,829 

19,640,798 

417 

65.1 

S34,633,418 

J1.76 


32,659 

15,795,087 

10,008,169 

306 

63.4 

$16,494,454 

$1.65 


1880 


9,738 

4,360,110 

2,752,475 

283 

63.1 

$5,359,489 

$1.95 


1900 

to 
1905 


33.6 
23.9 
28.0 
>4.3 


45.2 
13.6 


1890 

to 
1900 


1880 

to 
1880 


44.3 
90.9 
96.2 
36.3 


110.0 
6.7 


235.4 

262.3 

263.6 

8.1 


207.8 
>15.4 


1  Includes  l,3fi2  ovens  in  17  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 

2  Includes  595.245  short  tons  of  coal  and  410.225  short  tons  of  coke,  valued  at  Sl,.'i02,572,  made  in  establlshmentB  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other 
products. 

'  Decrease. 


Each  item  in  Table  9,  except  the  average  yield  of 
coke  per  oven,  shows  an  increase  for  1905  over  the  pre- 
■vious  censuses.  The  decrease  in  the  average  yield  of 
coke  per  oven  is  offset  by  the  increase  in  the  percentage 
yield  of  coal  in  coke.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  total 
value  of  the  coke  and  its  average  price  per  ton  repre- 
sent the  value  of  the  coke  at  the  ovens  before  the  ex- 
penses of  transportation  and  marketing  have  been 
added. 

Table  10  gives  a  comparative  summary  of  the  num- 
ber and  kinds  of  ovens  in  active  operation,  by  states 
and  territories,  for  1890,  1900,  and  1905. 

Table  lO. — Comparative  summary — number  and  kind  of  ovens  in 
active  use,  by  states  and  territories:  1890  to  1905. 


Table  lO. — Comparative  summary — number  and  hind  of  ovens  in 
active  use,  by  states  and  territories:  1890  to  1905 — Continued. 


Census. 

OVENS. 

ST.tTE  OK  TERRITORT. 

Total 
number. 

Beehive. 

Belgian 
or  flue. 

By- 
prod- 
uct. 

Other 
styles. 

United  States 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 

1S90 

162,973 
47,142 
32,659 

60,733 
45,680 
32, 129 

66 
""233' 

2,174 
1,020 

442 

297 

Alabama 

5,247 
6,206 
3,693 

2,250 

1,221 

872 

451 
350 

24 
4 

286 
130 

5,007 
4,872 
3,459 

2,208 

1,185 

672 

451 
350 

""im 

42 

240 
120 

Colorado 

214 

74 

36 

200 

lUii^ois 

24 

4 

286 
130 

12 
102 

18 
86 

.52 

12 
102 

18 
86 
52 

>  Includes  1.362  ovens — 1,070  beehive  and  292  by-product— operated  bv  estab- 
lishments engaged  primarily  in  manufacturing  products  other  than  coke. 


Census. 

OVENS. 

ST.VTE  OE  TERRITORT. 

Total 
number. 

Beehive. 

Belgian 
or  flue. 

By- 
prod- 
uct. 

Other 
styles. 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900     ; 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

265 
290 
164 

180 

265 
290 
164 

180 



MasRachusetts  .7 

359 
400 

359 
400 

\ 

::::::::::i:::::::: 

120 

120 

Minnesota.. 

50 

50 

Missouri 

12 
9 

315 
203 
(2) 

100 

12 
9 

315 

203 

New  Jersev 

100 



t 

: 

284 
114 

284 
114 



New  York 

315 
25 

315 

25 

Ohio 

331 
235 
462 

37,205 
26,920 
21,405 

1,022 
1,727 
1,581 

504 
104 

251 
235 
462 

36,675 
26,565 
21,338 

1,022 
1,727 
1,577 

504 
104 

80 

Pennsylvania 

48' 

530 
355 

Tennessee.. 

i9 

4 

Utah .., 

•  Included  in  "all  other  states  and  territories.' 


522 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  lO. — Comparative    summary — number    and  Trind  of  ovens  in 
active  use,  by  stales  and  territories:  1^90  to  1905 — -Continued. 


Census. 

OVENS. 

STATE  OE  TEEBITOBT. 

Total 
number. 

Beehive. 

Belgian    ^^^      Other 
or  flue,  i  ^^°^-    styles. 

i 

Viiginia 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 

1900 

51890 

3,426 
1,588 
(') 

139 
90 
(') 

9,910 
8,231 
3,140 

152 
120 
(') 

20 
74 

3,426 
1,528 

60 



Washington 

139 
90 

West  ViiTginia 

9,790 
7,979 
3,140 

72 
120 

120 
60 

192 

Wisconsin 

80 



20 

74 

All  other  states  and  ter- 

1,179 

1,154 

25 

1  Included  in  "  all  other  states  and  territories." 

"Includes  'ieorgia,  Illinois,  Indian  Territory,  Montana,  Utah,  Virginia.  Wash- 
ington, and  Wisconsin.  Each  stale  producingcoke  ia  reported  separately  for  1900 
and  1905. 

In  comparing  the  number  of  establishments  reported 
at  different  censuses  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
method  of  reporting  them  differs  fi-om  time  to  time 
with  the  changes  in  business  organization.  Separate 
jilants  reported  as  individual  establishments  at  one 
census  may  have  come  under  the  same  ownership  dur- 
ing the  period  between  censuses  and  be  reported  as  a 
single  establishment  at  a  subsequent  census.  Such 
changes  in  the  method  of  enumeration  affects  all  de- 
tails based  upon  the  establishment  as  a  unit  of  meas- 
iircment. 

In  the  United  States  the  average  number  of  ovens  to 
an  establishment  increased  from  196  in  1900  to  213  in 
190.5.  In  the  three  states  that  produce  most  of  the 
coke  the  average  numl)er  was:  Pennsj'lvania,  332  in 
1905  and  302  in  1900;  West  Virginia,  124  in  1905  and 
107  in  1900;  Alabama,  21 9  in  1905  aiul  347  in  1900.  By 
far  the  greater  portion  of  the  coke  manufactured  in  the 
United  States  is  still  made  in  the  ordinary  beehive 
ovens,  of  which  there  were  60,733  out  of  a  total  of 
62,973  active  ovens  reported  for  1905;  45,680  out  of  a 
total  of  47,142  active  ovens  reported  for  1 900 ;  and  32,1 29 
out  of  a  total  of  32,659  active  ovens  reported  for  1S90. 
No  coke  has  been  reported  as  being  produced  in  pits 
or  mounds  since  1890.  In  late  years  this  method  was 
employed  merely  in  testing  the  vahie  of  coal  for  the 
prcjduction  of  coke,  l)iit  tlie  test  is  now  made  in  a  more 
satisfactory  manner  by  shipping  the  coal  in  ii  inupcrly 
constructed  oven.  The  Rclgian  or  Hue  ovens,  reported 
separati^ly  in  1S90  and  1905,  were  in  1900  included 
among  "other  styles."  No  by-prodncl  ovens  were  re- 
ported until  1!)00,  when  1  ,f)20  ovens  of  this  type,  yield- 
ing 906,534  tons  of  coke,  were  enuinerated.  In  1905 
there  were  reported  2,174  by-product  ovens,  yielding 
2,422,796  ton.s  of  coke. 


Table  11  presents  the  statistics  relating  to  the  capital 
and  to  the  kind  and  the  number  of  ovens  in  idle  estab- 
lishments, by  states  and  territories,  for  1S90,  1900,  and 
1905. 

Table  11. — Comparative  summary — capital  and  ovens  in  idle  estab- 
lishments, by  states  and  territories:  ISOO  to  1903. 


Census. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments 
report- 
ing. 

Capital. 

OVENS. 

STATE  OE  TERP.ITOEY. 

Total 
num- 
ber. 

Bee- 
hive. 

Bel- 
gian 
or  Hue. 

Other 

styles. 

United  States... 

1905 
1000 
1890 

1905 
lEino 

1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
I'.KX) 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1005 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
IKH) 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

29 
14 

28 

$2,703,149 
511,()69 
444,483 

3,672 

009 

1,247 

3,647 

(iliS 

1,142 

25 

4 

65            40 

6 
1 
1 

1 
3 
3 

239,196 
20,000 
19,000 

8,000 
17,900 
12,000 

1,5.55 
90 
70 

21 
22 

48 

1,555 
90 
76 

18 
8 

Illinois 

4 
40 

2 
1 

83,700 
50,000 

120 
102 

120 
102 

' 

1 

1,800 

9 

9 

1 

6,136 

16 

16 

Kentucky 

1 
1 

5,000 
600 

10 
2 

16 

2 

1 

244,000 

100 

100 

1 

1 

76,009 

70 

7li 

Ohio 

1 

5,800 

9 

9 

8 
4 
15 

2 

1,345,845 

59,200 

317,297 

71,705 

366 
236 
884 

245 

341 

230 
819 

245 

25 

05 

2 

1 

16,050 
50,000 

58 
25 

58 
25 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

11 

988,403 

1,460 

1,460 

3 

22,000 

52 

62 

The  capital  invested  in  idle  establishments  has  in- 
creased steadily  in  th(>  three  cen.suses  for  wliich  the 
information  has  been  gathered,  it  being  .12,191,480,  or 
428.3  per  cent,  greater  in  11)05  than  in  1900,  an  I 
$2,2.58,666,  or  508.2  per  cent,  greater  in  1905  than  in 
1S90.  The  percentage  of  cajjital  invested  in  idle  estab- 
lishments of  that  invested  in  active  establishments  vfas 
3  in  1905,  1.4  in  1900,  and  2.5  in  1890.  The  total 
capital  invested  in  idle  establisliii  ents  in  1905  was 
divided  among  (lie  states  as  follows:  Pennsylvania, 
4',).S  per  cent;  West  Virginia,  36.6  |)er  cent ;  -Mabania, 
8.8  percent;  Tennessee,  2.7  i)er  cent ;  Wasliinglon,  1.8 
])er  cent;  mid  Colonido  1  lirec-lenllis  of  1  per  cent. 
While  the  eai)ital  invested  in  idle  estiiiijisliiiieiils  has 
constantly  in(r('ns(>d,  the  number  of  idle  ovens  has 
Unit  Hilled.  In  l!M)5  the  number  of  idle  eslalilish- 
iiieiits  was  15,  or  107.1  percent,  greiiler  lliiin  in   liKIO, 


COKE. 


523 


and  tlip  ini:iiI)or  of  idle  ovens  in  1005  was  3,00.'5,  or 
448.9  per  cent,  greater  than  in  11»()().  Table  11  shows 
that  the  idle  ovens  were  principiiiiy  of  the  l)eehive  type, 
and  that  the  hirgest  number  of  idle,  establishments  and 
idle  ovens  were  located  in  West  Virginia,  though  the 
largest  investment  was  in  Pennsylvania.  This  was 
due  to  the  fact  that  a  portion  of  the  ovens  idle  in 
Pennsylvania  were  of  the  by-product  type. 

BY-PRODUCTS. 

Table  12  shows  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  by- 
products obtained  from  retort  or  by-product  ovens  in 
1900  and  lOO.'i,  enumerating  the  more  important  of 
these. 

Table  12.— By-products:  1905  and  1900. 


Unit  of 
measure. 

1905 

1900 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Total  value . 

$3,147,288 

$952, 027 

Gallons 

Pounds 

Gallons 

Thousand  cu- 
bic feet. 

Tar 

26,223,323 
31,546.781 

4,791,468 
4,463,062 

613,388 
818,290 

763,291 
843,787 

108,532 

10,468,733 
11,984,931 

1,572,325 
1,171,943 

207,952 
330,921 

180,642 
225,022 

7,490 

Ammonium     sul- 
phate. 
Ammonia  liquor... 
Surplus  gas  sold.. . 

Unclassified 

The  modern  by-product  oven,  for  the  recovery  on  a 
commercial  scale  of  the  volatile  bodies  driven  of!"  from 
coal  during  the  process  of  coking,  was  introduced  in  the 
United  States  in  1892,  and  the  statistics  of  1900  are 
therefore  the  first  available  for  by-products.  The  by- 
products consist  chiefly  of  tar;  ammonia,  obtained  in 
the  form  of  ammonium  sulphate  or  as  ammoniacal 
liquor;  and  surplus  gas,  which  is  sold  for  generating 
light,  heat,  and  power. 

The  unclassified  by-products  consist  of  benzol,  which 
is  condensed  and  removed  from  that  portion  of  the  gas 
which  is  to  be  used  as  fuel  in  the  ovens,  pyridine, 
phenols,  and  other  substances.  The  term  "by-prod- 
uct" has  a  specific  meaning  in  the  coke  industry.  It 
is  the  general  term  by  which  those  substances  which 
were  lost  in  the  older  processes  of  coking  but  which  are 
recovered  by  the  modern  methods  of  coking  are  desig- 
nated. Care  should  be  taken  that  "by-products" 
should  not  be  confused  with  "all  other  products,"  for 
this  latter  covers  transactions  in  products  like  lumber, 
which  are  purely  incidental  to  the  carr3-ing  on  of  the 
coke  industry.  The  value  returned  for  these  products 
in  1905  was  $3,147,288,  an  increase  over  1900  of 
$2,195,261,  or  230.6  per  cent.  No  attempt  has  been 
made  in  this  investigation  to  ascertain  the  quantity 
and  value  of  the  products  obtained  from  the  coal  tar, 
as  in  this  industry  tar  is  a  final  product.  The  quan- 
tity of  gas  produced  was  20,695,371,300  cubic  feet,  of 
which  16,232,309,487  cubic  feet  were  consumed  in  the 
process  of  carbonizing  coal.  No  statistics  are  avail- 
able from  any  previous  census  with  which  to  compare 
this. 


The  total  coal  reported  used  in  by-product  ovens  in 
1905  was  3,317,585  tons.  The  number  of  cubic  feet  of 
gas  produced  i)er  ton  of  coal  u.sed  in  by-product  ovens 
was  6,238.  In  some  instances,  while  the  plants  were 
under  construction  and  before  the  by-product  appara- 
tus was  available  for  u.se,  the  ovens  were  being  oper- 
ated to  i)ro(liice  coke,  and  so  gas  and  other  volatilcs 
were  lost,  and  therefore  the  yield  of  gas  per  ton  of  coal  as 
given  above  is  lower  than  tlie  possible  yield.  The  total 
quantity  of  coal  coked  in  190.')  was  37,376,251  tons,  of 
which  3,317,585  tons,  or  8.9  per  cent,  was  coked  in  by- 
product ovens.  The  total  tiuaiitity  of  coke  produced 
in  1905  was  25,143,288  ton.-^,  of  wliich  2,422,796  tons, 
or  9.6  per  cent,  was  produced  in  by-product  ovens. 
Of  the  19,640,798  tons  of  coke  produced  in  1900,  the 
by-product  ovens  made  906,534  tons,  or  4.6  per  cent. 
The  coke  produced  in  by-product  ovens  in  1905  was 
1,516,262  tons,  or  167.3  per  cent,  in  excess  of  that  pro- 
duced in  such  ovens  in  1900.  The  percentage  yield  of 
coal  in  coke  in  by-product  ovens  in  1905  was  73,  while 
the  yield  of  coal  in  coke  for  the  total  coal  u.sed  in  1905 
was  67.3. 

The  yield  of  tar  per  ton  of  coal  used  was  7.9  gallons, 
and  its  value  $0,023  per  gallon.  The  average  yield  of 
tar  per  ton  of  bituminous  coal  is  usually  accepted  as  10 
gallons.  As  tar  is  generally  sold  in  barrels  holding  50 
gallons,  the  number  of  barrels  reported  was  524,466. 
The  average  weight  of  tar  is  10  pounds  per  gallon,  and 
the  weight  returned  is  therefore  262,233,000  pounds. 
These  statistics  for  tar  are  subject  to  the  same  criti- 
ci.sm  that  has  been  given  above  in  regard  to  the  data 
returned  for  gas. 

The  ammonia  compounds  obtained  from  the  coal  are 
reported  in  two  forms.  In  the  early  practice  of  the 
destructive  distillation  of  coal  the  ammonia  com- 
pounds were  recovered  and  disposed  of  as  ammoniacal 
liquor,  but  to-day  the  practice  at  many  of  the  by- 
product coke  plants  is  to  treat  this  liquor  further  so  as 
to  convert  its  ammonia  contents  into  ammonium  sul- 
phate. It  is  desirable,  in  discussing  the  ammonium 
compounds  produced,  to  reduce  them  to  a  common 
basis.  Ammonium  sulphate  is  to  be  preferred  as  a 
base  for  reference,  as  it  is  a  definite  substance  of  well- 
known  composition,  while  the  ammoniacal  liquor  is  a 
variable  mi.xture  of  many  substances.  In  calling  for 
the  returns  for  "ammonia  liquor,"  the  "strength"  was 
asked;  and  as  returned  it  varied  widely  among  the  dif- 
ferent establishments  reporting.  The  data  of  each 
establisliment  were  therefore  reduced  to  terms  of 
ammonium  sulphate  and  the  yield  per  ton  of  coal 
noted,  and  where  the  result  varied  from  the  limits  fixed 
by  Pennock,'  they  were  inquired  into  specially.  It 
was  thus  learned  that  the  quantity  of  coal  coked  in 
by-product  ovens  from  which  the  ammonia  compounds 
were  recovered  was  but  3,255,625  tons.     The  total 

'  V.  Internationaler  Kongress  fur  angewandti'  Cheniie,  vol.  2,  ra;;e 

784. 


524 


MANUFACTURES. 


quantity  of  ammonium  compounds  recovered,  calcu- 
lated as  ammonium  sulphate,  was  62,633,417  pounds. 
This  gives  an  average  yield  of  19.24  pounds  of  ammo- 
nium sulphate  per  ton  of  coal  carbonized.  Pennock 
gives  the  average  as  20  pounds  of  ammonium  sulphate 
per  ton  of  coal.  The  average  value  of  the  ammoiaium 
sulphate  reported  was  SO. 026  per  pound,  and  of  the 
aromonia  hquor,  SO. 159  per  gallon. 

It  is  possible  from  the  statistics  reported  to  calculate 
the  quantity  and  value  of  the  total  products  which 
might  have  been  obtained  if  all  of  the  coal  which  was 


coked  in  1905  had  been  coked  m  In-product  ovens,  and 
such  a  presentation  affords  some  idea  of  the  loss  which 
results  from  present  practice. 

Table  13  shows  the  quantity  and  value  of  all  the 
products  returned  in  1905,  with  the  percentage  which 
the  value  of  each  product  bears  to  the  total  value,  the 
quantity  of  each  product  which  would  have  been  ob- 
tained if  the  entire  37,376,251  tons  of  coal  had  been 
coked  in  by-product  ovens  so  that  the  volatiles  were 
recovered,  and  the  value  of  these  products  at  the  rate 
per  unit  which  obtained  in  1905. 


Table  13.— ACTUAL  QUANTITY  AND  VALUE  OF  ALL  PRODUCTS  REPORTED  IN  1905,  AND  POSSIBLE  QUANTITY 
AND  VALUE  OF  PRODUCTS  IF  TOTAL  COAL  HAD  BEEN  TREATED  IN  BY-PRODUCT  OVENS. 


Unit  of  measure. 

ACTUAL. 

POSSIBLE. 

Quantity. 

Vi'lue. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Total 

$53,455,108 

100.0 

S90,947,244 

Short  tons 

125,143,288 
26,223,323 
31,54r,,781 

4,791,4l« 
16,232,309 

4,463,062 

> 50, 304, 623 
613,388 
818,290 
763,291 

94.1 
1.2 

1.5 
1.4 

27,295,467 
295,273,173 
719,119,069 

54,610,526 

Gallons 

6,906,697 

Pounds 

18,697,096 

Gallons 

Thousand  cubic  feet 

do 

,     183,025,147 
50,127,907 

843,787 

108, 532 

3,197 

1.6 
0.2 

9,474,174 

1,222.733 

36,018 

1 

'  Includes  410.225  short  tons  valued  at  81,302,572  made  in  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products. 
*  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


The  average  yield  of  gas  per  ton  of  coal  reported  for 
the  by-product  ovens  was  6,238  cubic  feet.  At  this 
same  rate  the  37,376,251  tons  of  coal  would  have 
yielded  233,153,053,738  cubic  feet.  The  percentage 
of  the  total  gas  produced  in  by-product  ovens  in  1905 
which  was  sold  was  21.6,  and  the  average  price  at 
wliich  it  was  sold  was  SO.  189  per  thousand  cubic  feet. 
Had  all  of  the  coal  used  in  1905  been  coked  in  by- 
product ovens,  the  volume  of  gas  available  for  sale, 
assuiniiig  the  same  percentage  as  for  1905,  would  have 
been  50,127,906,554  cubic  feet,  and  its  value  at  SO. 189 
per  thousand  cubic  feet  would  have  been  $9,474,174, 
or  there  would  have  been  an  increase  of  SS,630,387 
over  the  actual  return.  Proceeding  in  a  similar  man- 
ner for  the  coke,  and  assuming  the  same  percentage 
yield  of  coke  in  coal,  the  increase  in  the  yield  of  coke 
would  have  been  2,152,179  tons,  and,  at  the  same  rate 
per  ton,  the  increase  in  value  would  have  been 
S4 ,305,903.  Treating  the  data  for  tar  in  the  same 
maimer,  and  assuming  the  same  yield  per  ton  and  same 
value  per  gallon  as  for  that  reported,  the  increase  in 
the  yicltl  of  tar  would  have  been  269,049,()(iO  gallons, 
and  the  increase  in  tlie  value  S6,293,309.  Considering 
the  ammonia  compounds  and  assuming  them  to  be 
recov(T«ul  a,s  animf)nium  suliiliate,  the  increase  in  (|uan- 
tity  would  have  been  65(),4.S5,652  pounds,  and  the 
increase  in  value,  $17,115,515.  From  a  .similar  point 
of  view,  the  incrcnse  in  value  of  the  unchissilied  by- 
products would  have  been  31,114,201.  From  a  com- 
parison of  the  total  value  of  the  actual  iiroiiucl^  nIiowh 
in  Table  13  willi  tlie  lotnl  value  of  the  |)os>il)lc  |iic>(l- 


ucts,  it  appears  that  there  would  have  been  a  gain  of 
$37,492,136,  or  70.1  per  cent,  in  value  if  all  the  coal 
coked  in  1905  had  been  treated  in  by-product  ovens. 
This  increase  is  based  on  the  assumption  that  the  value 
per  unit  which  obtained  in  1905  would  be  maintained 
for  the  entire  output.  Such,  however,  would  not  be 
the  case,  for  the  supply  of  some,  at  least,  of  the  by- 
products would  greatly  exceed  the  existing  demand, 
and  the  value  would  consequently  fall.  Nevertheless, 
there  will  be  an  ultimate  economic  gain  in  the  treat- 
ment of  the  coal  in  by-product  ovens,  for,  with  the 
growth  of  jind  iiiiprovements  in  the  arts,  there  will  be 
a  constant  increase  in  the  demand  for  the  products 
in)t  only  to  apjily  more  extensively  to  present  uses, 
but,  as  such,  to  put  to  new  uses,  while  many  of  theni 
will  undoul)t('illy  become  sources  of  new  commercial 
products. 

FOREIGN  TRADE  IN  COKE  .VND  CORE  nY-riU)DITCTS. 

This  industry  is  affected  by  foreign  competition,  and 
it  is  desirable  to  con.sider  here  the  condition  of  our  for- 
eign cominerce  in  the  commodities  which  are  tlie  jirod- 
ucts  of  the  coke  industry.  The  statistics  for  this  have 
been  compiled  from  "Commerce  and  Navigatit)n  of 
the  United  States,"  issued  aniiuiiUy  l)y  the  Bureau  of 
Statistics,  Dcjiart  iiient  of  Conmicrce  and  Labor.  Ta- 
l>lc  II  presents  the  (piantity  and  value  of  coke  im- 
ported into  and  exported  from  the  United  States  for 
each  year  from  1896  to  1!)()5.  The  importations  and 
cxportations  for  I'.id.^)  aic  inclu(lc<l,  for  while  the  census 
veiir  is  from  .Iiimnii\-  to  Dcccmlicr,  I '.1(1 1 ,  inclusive,  (he 


COKE. 


525 


fiscal  year  of  the  Trca.sury  is  from  July  1,  1904,  to  June 
30,  1905,  and  this  would  lar<;ely  cover  the  period  in 
which  the  manufactures  of  the  calendar  year  1904 
were  disposed  of. 

Table  14. — Imports  and  exports  of  coke:  1896  to  1905. 


IMFOKTS. 

EXPORTS. 

TEAB. 

Long 
tous. 

Value. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Long 
tons. 

Value. 

Long 
tons. 

Value. 

1896        

44,812 
27,293 
37, 490 
61,435 
56,  448 
75, 104 
99,485 
122, 630 
123, 124 
196,008 

$117,361 
71, 692 
112,522 
172, 540 
232,555 
309,  .594 
359,370 
414,017 
403,570 
835,481 

130,070 
155,972 
212,021 
215,513 
363,202 
36.5, 888 
402, 495 
380,038 
479, 431 
650, 188 

$.500, 169 

557,046 

60S,  784 

632,788 

1,233,921 

1,433,497 

1, 720, 457 

1,912,459 

2,223,233 

2,228,442 

202 

1,070 

58 

$1.0.33 

1897 

1898 

3, 640 
511 

1900 

4 

1 

20 

69 

1901 

32 

1902 

67 

1904 

1905              

56 

479 

It  is  surprising  that  thei'e  should  have  been  such  a 
quantity  of  so  low  priced  a  commodity  imported  as  is 
shown  for  coke  for  1905,  and  especially  when  there  is  at 
present  an  ad  valorem  duty  of  20  per  cent  upon  it.  The 
importations  of  coke  for  1905  were:  From  Belgium, 
6  per  cent;  Germany,  14.8  per  cent;  United  Kingdom, 
18.8  per  cent;  Dominion  of  Canada,  60.3  per  cent; 
Mexico,  Japan,  and  British  Australasia,  collectively, 
one-tenth  of  1  per  cent.  Of  the  importations  from  the 
Dominion  of  Canada,  62.5  per  cent,  or  73,856  long  tons 
came  from  British  Columbia,  while  the  remainder  was 
from  Quebec,  Ontario,  and  Manitoba.  The  export 
data  indicate  that  the  foreign  trade  in  domestic  coke  is 
increasing  constantly.  Domestic  coke  was  in  1905 
exported  to  a  considerable  number  of  countries,  but 
principally  to  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  Mexico,  and 
Cuba;  Quebec,  Ontario,  and  Manitoba  taking  299,203 
long  tons,  or  54.4  per  cent,  of  the  total ;  Mexico,  241,262 
long  tons,  or  43.9  per  cent;  Cuba,  8,343  long  tons,  or 
1.5  per  cent;  and  16  other  countries,  two-tenths  of  1 
per  cent. 

Table  15  shows  the  number  of  barrels  and  the  value 
of  the  crude  coal  tar  and  coal  tar  pitch  imported  into 
the  United  States  for  each  year  from  1896  to  1905, 
mclusive,  and  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  domestic 
coal  tar  which  was  exported  for  each  year  from  1902  to 
1905. 

Table  15.  —Imports  and  exports  nf   coal  tar,  crude   and  pitch: 
1896  to  1905. 


IMPOETS. 

EXPORTS. 

Barrels. 

Value. 

Barrels. 

Value. 

1896 

141,515 
111,526 
88,603 
25,049 
74,385 
37.959 
32,057 
56,743 
43,732 
46,469 

$291,862 
259.490 
159,988 

57,853 
158,255 
101,044 

86,294 
139,393 

83,039 
115,377 

1897 . .                                   

1898                                                         .  . 

1899 

1900                                                         .  ... 

1901 

1902 ...                                      

114,555 
4,834 
6,383 
17,643 

"$41,062 

1903 

1904 

15,531 
19, 284 

1905 

50,252 

Tal)le  15  shows  a  growing  though  somewhat  fluctu- 
ating exportation  of  domestic  coal  tar.  Crude  coal  tar 
and  coal  tar  pitch  are  admitted  free  of  duty  under  the 
prevailing  tariff  act.  Nevertheless,  it  is  surprising 
that  the  (piaiitity  imported  should  be  so  large  when  it 
is  considered  that,  according  to  W.  II.  Blauvelt,'  28 
per  cent  of  the  tar  produced  in  this  country  in  1905 
was  burned  at  the  works,  because  of  a  lack  of  demand 
for  it.  The  foreign  coal  tar  and  coal  tar  pitch  im- 
ported in  1905  were  supplied  as  follows:  Germany,  896 
barrels,  or  1.9  per  cent;  I'liited  Kingdom,  21,756  bar- 
rels, or  46.8  per  cent;  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
23,817  barrels,  or  51.3  per  cent.  Of  the  provinces 
formmg  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia  and 
New  Brunswick  are  credited  with  supplying  18,635 
barrels,  or  78.2  per  cent.  The  influence  of  the  Otto- 
Hofl'mann  by-product  ovens  at  Sydney,  Nova  Scotia,  is 
thus  clearly  indicated.  The  domestic  coal  tar  which 
was  exported  in  1905  was  dispatched  to  some  29  dif- 
ferent countries,  and  therefore  shipped  in  small  lots. 
The  largest  amount,  11,328  barrels,  or  64.2  per  cent  of 
the  total,  was  exported  to  Italy;  4,311  barrels,  or  24.4 
per  cent,  were  sent  to  the  Dominion  of  Canada ;  and 
11.4  per  cent  to  all  other  countries. 

Table  16  sets  forth  the  values  of  the  coal  tar  prod- 
ucts, which  are  not  medicinal  preparations,  colors, 
or  dyes,  that  were  imported  into  the  United  States 
during  each  year  from  1898  to  1905.  These  substances 
are,  under  the  prevailing  tariff  act,  imported  free  of 
duty  and,  according  to  the  Treasmy  schedule,  include 
benzol,  toluol,  naphthalene,  xylol,  phenol,  cresol,  tolui- 
dine,xylidin,cumidin,  binitrotoluol,  binitrobenzol,  ben- 
zidin,  tolidin,  dianisidin,  naphthol,  naphthylamin,  di- 
phenylamin,  benzaldehyde,  benzyl  chloride,  resorcin, 
nitrobenzol,  and  nitrotoluol. 

Table  16. — Imparls  of  coal  tar  products,  not  medicinal  preparations, 

colors,  or  dyes:  ISDS  to  1905. 


Value. 


Value. 


1898 '  S228.037 

1899 ;     3'j3,602 

1900 '     3y7,780 

1901 i    3C3, 659 


1902 '  $308,098 

I'jOB I  425,069 

1904 391,645 

1905 468,352 


II 


I  Not  stated  separately  prior  to  1902. 


Some  of  these  substances,  like  benzol,  toluol,  naph- 
thalene, cresol,  and  others  are  found  occurring  as  such 
in  the  crude  coal  tar  and  maj-  be  obtained  from  it  by 
distillation,  or  cliiUing  and  expression.  Others  of 
these  bodies,  like  nitrobenzol  and  nitrotoluol,  are 
products  of  the  fiu-ther  manufacture  of  substances 
obtained  from  the  coal  tar.  Some  of  these  bodies, 
like  benzol,  may  be  obtained  also  from  the  gas  from 
by-product  ovens,  and  they  are  so  commercially  ob- 
tained in  tliis country,  and  are  included  in  Tables  1 2  and 
,  13  of  this  report  under  "  unclassified."  No  information 
has  been  obtained  as  to  the  countries  from  which  these 
products  are  exported,  but  undoubtedly  they  are  coun- 

I  *  Private  communication. 


526 


MANUFACTURES. 


tries  which,  hke  Germany,  pursue  the  economic  policy 
of  utilizing  labor  in  working  up  domestic  raw  material 
into  manufactured  products  having  an  enhanced  value. 
Table  17  sets  forth  the  quantity  and  value  of  the 
ammonium  sulphate,  carbonate,  and  cliloride  im- 
ported into  the  United  States  for  consumption  for 
each  of  the  years  from  1S96  to  1905,  inclusive. 

T.\BLE   17. — Imports  for  consumption  of  ammonium  salts: 
1S96  to  1905. 


SULPHATE. 

CARBONATE. 

CHLOKIDE. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1896 

24,541,396 
19,810.943 
16.413,443 
13,952,127 
16,822.090 
28,971,761 
36,291,938 
33,554.055 
33.333.767 
30,576,558 

$480,971 
336.073 
277.531 
297.347 
423.096 
694.454 
842.699 
852.551 
886,403 
807,480 

643,621 
372,466 
179,440 
150,540 
298,788 
181,701 
280,837 
488,283 
787,016 
463,169 

$40,371 
22,287 
10, 128 
8,405 
19,851 
12.204 
17,308 
29,873 
52,556 
29,746 

5,338,296 

4,708,169 
4,002,740 
5, 125, 644 
5,065,057 
4,772.364 
6,690.551 
6.150.708 
6,841.860 
7,134,343 

1897 

1898 

168,613 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

214,957 
245, 163 
328  57** 

1903 

308,695 
351  768 

1904 

1905 

368, 135 

The  salt  indicated  as  chloride  in  Table  17  is  also 
known  as  muriate  of  ammonia  and  as  sal  ammoniac. 
Besides  the  salts  enumerated,  beginning  with  1902 
there  have  been  reported  the  following  importations 
of  phosphate  of  ammonia:  1902,  68,750  pounds,  valued 
at  .?5,065;  1903,  231,867  pounds,  valued  at  $15,650; 
1904,  141,610  pounds,  valued  at  $9,065;  and  1905. 
67,070  pounds,  valued  at  $5,989.  No  aqua  ammonia 
appears  in  this  decade.  The  trade  in  this  article  seems 
to  have  ceased  completely,  for  whereas  in  1S91  aqua 
ammonia  was  imported  to  the  value  of  $12,858,  in  1893 
the  value  was  but  $718,  and  there  has  been  no  subse- 
quent entry  on  the  record.  The  various  ammonium 
compounds  imported  here  arc  obtained  usually  from 
bituminous  coal,  because  the  chief  source  of  the  ammo- 


nia in  all  ammonium  compounds  is  to-day  found  in  the 
ammoniacal  liquor  from  bj'-product  coke  ovens,  gas 
works,,  and  blast  furnaces,  though  synthetic  methods 
of  production  have  been  invented  and  may  come  into 
commercial  use.  To  show  more  fully  the  relations,  the 
quantity  of  each  of  these  salts,  except  the  sulphate, 
which  was  imported  in  1905,  was  converted  into  its 
equivalent  weight  of  sulphate  of  ammonia,  giving 
8,707,116  pounds,  which,  added  to  the  weight  of  the 
sulphate  of  ammonia,  imported  as  such,  gives  a  total  of 
39,283,674  pounds.  The  total  value  of  all  the  ammo- 
nium salts  imported  jn  1905  was  $1,211,350.  Each  of 
these  salts  is  subject  to  duty,  the  tariff  being  for  sul- 
phate 0.3  cent  per  pound,  for  carbonate  1.5  cents,  and 
for  muriate  0.75  cent,  while  on  the  phosphate  the  duty 
levied  is  25  per  cent  ad  valorem.  Notwithstanding 
these  duties,  and  the  enormous  quantity  of  ammo- 
niacal liquor  that  is  permitted  to  escape  from  beehive 
and  Belgian  ovens  and  to  be  totally  lost,  this  importa- 
tion of  foreign  ammonium  salts  tends,  on  the  whole, 
steadily  to  increase. 

Table  18  gives  detailed  statistics  of  the  coke  indus- 
try, by  states  and  territories,  as  reported  at  the  census 
of  1905.  This  table  shows  that  the  total  horsepower 
for  establishments  classified  under  "coke"  in  1905 
was  75,991.  A  comparison  with  the  figures  for  1900, 
from  which  the  amount  of  power  of  locomotives  and 
pumps  has  been  deducted,  since  it  was  not  enumerated 
in  1905,  shows  an  increase  of  45,374  horsepower,  or 
148.2  per  cent.  The  increase  in  steam  horsepower  was 
30,681,  or  105.3  per  cent,  and  in  electric  power  owned 
and  rented  9,047,  or  618.8  per  cent.  In  1905  steam- 
power  was  78.7  per  cent  of  the  total  horsepower  and 
electric  power  13.8  per  cent.  In  1900  they  were  95.2 
and  4.8  per  cent,  respectively.  Gas  or  gasoline  horse- 
power increased  from  7  to  150. 


528 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  IS.— COKE— DETAILED  SUMMARY. 


Number  of  establishments 

Capital 

Land 

Buildings 

Ovens 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  andsumiries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc.: 

Total  number 

Total  salaries ■. 

Officers  of  corporations- 
Number 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc.— 

Total  number 

Total  sa laries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women- 
Number 

Sh  laries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year :... 

Average  number 

Total  wages 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  U>  years- 
Average  nmnber 

Wages 

Average  number  of  wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  each  monUi: 
Men  16  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

March 

April 

May 

J  une 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Children  under  16  years- 
January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Autrnst 

St'ptcmhcr 

Octol^er 

November 

December 

Miscellaneous  expenses: 

Total 

Kent  of  works 

Fire  brick,  cement,  etc.,  used  in  repairing  ovens 

Taxes 

Rent  of  olRces.  insurance,  interest,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  included. 

Co nt ract  work 

Materials  used: 

A  ggregate  cost 

Coai  charged  into  ovens- 
Total  short,  tons 

Total  cost 

Run  of  mine — 
UnwuNhed — 

Short  tons 

Cost 

Washed- 

Short  tons 

Coat 

Slack- 
Unwashed— 

Short  tons 

Cost 

Wawhed— 

Short  tons 

COHt 

Ftiftl  other  than  charged  Into  ovens 

Mill  stipplicH 

All  other  materials 

Rent  of  power  and  heat '. 

Freight 

Products:  ' 

Aggregate  value 

CoTce- 

Totftl  iiliort  tons 

Total  vrthio 

From  l>of-hlvn  ovons — 

Short  tons 

Value 

From  ri'iort  or  by-product  ovons— 

Short,  tons 

Value 


United  States. 

Alabama. 

278 

24 

$90,712,877 

$3,425,193 

$8,374,672 

$133,242 

514,235,1)83 

$87,902 

550,862,467 

$2,541,487 

SS,  703, 863 

$347,893 

58,636,192 

73 

f 

1,386 

$314,669 

107 

$1,247,602 

$95, 518 

187 

34 

$309,011 

$23,327 

1,199 

73 

$938,491 

$72, 191 

1,154 

72 

$918,196 

$71,471 

45 

1 

$20,296 

$720 

24,652 

2,002 

16, 355 

1,492 

18.981 

2.165 

$9,304,498 

$923,983 

IS,  915 

2,155 

59,2<i0,216 

$921,813 

66 

10 

$14,282 

$2,170 

17.385 

2,264 

17.877 

2,386 

IS. 949 

2,408 

19.545 

2,449 

19.500 

2.472 

19.127 

2,457 

16.837 

1,693 

17,606 

1,743 

19.239 

1,880 

19,360 

1,988 

20.215 

2,031 

21,340 

2,089 

62 

11 

68 

12 

62 

13 

63 

11 

64 

11 

es 

15 

56 

7 

63 

2 

68 

4 

73 

11 

75 

12 

SO 

11 

$4.891, 1.10 

$156,902 

$64,287 

$2,000 

$500,  .372 

$52.S.'->9 

$451,082 

$16,416 

$3, 873. 299 

$85,627 

$2,090 
$29,8,84,532 

$3,997,247 

.30,781,006 

4,027,056 

$28,360,121 

$3,799,827 

24.872.731 

832,754 

$17,100,051 

$898,081 

2,649,251 

1,256,681 

53,290,181 

$1,246,737 

4.414,320 

4,9.33 

$3,403,148 

$6,602 

4,844,698 

1,933.288 

$4,.'i(i6.74I 

$1,648,407 

$3:16.499 

$2l.s:l7 

»-'74.!mn 

$7-i,:,(iii 

$S72, 001 

$71,(i.S3 

$1,733 
$39, 179 

$29,340 

$51,728,047 

$0, 175, 126 

24.733,063 

2,335,613 

$49,002,051 

$6,731,320 

2-2..'il2,lB2 

1,942,177 

$42,870,194 

$4.933,0.W 

2.216,783 

393,436 

$6,110,278 

$798,270 

■  Kxclualve  of  tha  atatliitlca  of  17  patalillahinoDta  making  coke,  but  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  other  producta;  tlii'KO  entubliNliinonts  proiliiced 
410,225  ahort  tona  of  coke,  valued  at  Il.3n2,/i72. 


COKE. 


529 


BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1905.> 


Coloriido. 

Indian  Terri- 
tory. 

Kansas. 

Kcntuclty. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

Tennessee. 

Virginia. 

West  Virginia. 

All  Other 
states.^ 

13 

$3,128,136 

$30,200 

$43,297 

$2,060,674 

$908,965 

$25,000 

3 

$116,806 

3 

$33,166 

6 

$178,686 
$940 
$10,800 
S84, 434 
Ss3.200 
$29,312 

4 

$583,913 

S.'!.6IW 

$22. 432 

$1(1.21X3 

$363, 1110 

$184,513 

1 

12 
$12, 504 

1 
$500 

11 
$12,004 

10 
$11,604 

1 
$400 

ira 

73 

113 

$54, 343 

113 
$54,343 

110 
$.'56,838,875 
$6,924,572 
$12,214,790 
$2H,316,452 
$3,474,715 
$5,908,346 
72 

749 
$733,617 

71 
$196,798 

678 
$536,819 

637 
$518,243 

41 

$18,576 

12, 452 

9,342 

10,154 

$5,172,736 

10,139 
$5,168,751 

15 
$3,985 

9,081 
9,586 
10,281 
10,628 
10,  .616 
10, 162 
8,9.50 
9,217 
10,420 
10,243 
10,899 
11,685 

15 
15 
16 
15 
16 
13 
8 
14 
15 
15 
17 
21 

$3,363,421 

$27,367 

$321,284 

$330,727 

$2,682,208 

$1,845 

$14,978,581 

23.083.044 
$14,423,048 

20, 59.').  5.57 
$12,465,659 

505,527 
$515,693 

1,079,682 
$816,312 

902.278 

$625,384 

$129,322 

$77,229 

$347.2.33 

$1,733 

$16 

$28,924,229 

16.273.046 
$28. 593. 136 

15.767.652 
$27, 542. 495 

505.394 
$1,050,641 

9 
$733,423 

$32,2.50 
$16,354 
$637,980 
$24,792 
$22,049 

13 

$3,467,449 
$451,457 
$322, 137 

$1,797,628 
$507,283 
$388,944 

74 
$8,063,570 
$36,029 
$621,627 
$6,320,838 
$640,472 
$444,604 

19 
$14,143,658 
$762,314 
$889,044 
$9,0'25,778 
$2,265,003 
$1,201,519 

1 
2 
3 

$6,500 
$45,000 
$.'i3.S06 
$11,500 

$800 
$21,996 
$4,634 
$5, 736 

4 

6 
6 
7 
8 

36 
$26,637 

4 

$2,810 

1 

$250 

3 

$2,660 

3 

$2,560 

4 

$8,000 

3 
$6,000 

1 
$2,000 

1 

$2,000 

39 
$24,315 

9 
$7,985 

30 
$16,330 

30 
$16,330 

70 

$58,147 

13 

$16,500 

57 
$41,647 

55 

$41,047 

2 
$600 

1,479 

1,072 

1,094 

$440,120 

1,064 
$434,963 

30 
$5,157 

653 

868 

921 

961 

922 

890 

875 

1,216 

1,269 

1,249 

1,310 

1,334 

29 
25 
26 
27 
26 
26 
27 

:« 

34 
35 
35 
37 

$52,643 
$4,970 
$12,877 
$10,238 
$24,558 

231 
$160,032 

35 
$27,123 

196 
$132,909 

196 
$132,909 

134 
$125,922 

20 
$30,528 

114 

$95,394 

114 

$95, 3J4 

9 

in 

11 

12 

36 
$26,637 

36 
$26,637 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

' 

18 

1,C37 

342 

5S1 

$371,897 

578 
$370,977 

3 

$920 

124 
162 
319 
451 
607 
699 
768 
762 
688 
704 
765 
887 

111 

V9 

90 

$44,013 

90 
$44,013 

24 
7 
11 

$5,  562 

11 
$5,562 

132 

80 

•    92 

$40. 493 

92 
$40,403 

476 

347 

377 

$128,568 

377 

$128,568 

3,627 

2,075 

2,533 

$1,003,592 

2,525 
$1,001,542 

8 
$2,050 

2,839 
2,749 
2,840 
2,793 
2,654 
2,538 
2,261 
2,014 
2,102 
2,  .321 
2,507 
2,682 

6 
7 
7 
8 
9 
9 
9 
10 
8 
8 
8 

$369,906 
$25.7.'i3 
$.V..738 
f 32. 241 

$275,174 

2,559 

1,446 

1.771 

$1,119,191 

1,771 
$1,119,191 

19 
20 
21 
22 

23 
24 

?'! 

?« 

105 
92 
86 
79 
79 
80 
80 
83 
89 
94 

111 

17 
17 
17 
21 
21 
10 
3 
7 
8 
4 
4 
3 

121 

103 
94 

105 
95 
84 
74 
71 
83 
82 
92 

100 

114 
114 
114 
114 
114 
114 
112 
112 
112 
112 
112 
112 

443 
436 

440 
421 
412 
414 
326 
321 
324 
319 
326 
342 

1,324 
l,3t.4 
1,429 
1,523 
1,608 
1,679 
1,695 
2,060 
2,264 
2,244 
2, 067 
1,995 

27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 

39 

40 

41 

3 
3 
5 
5 
5 
5 
4 
3 
3 

$38,372 

$1,600 

$36,442 

$125 

S60 

$245 

$985,817 

1,000.206 
$922, 394 

26.590 
$13,621 

26,008 
$14,485 

397.669 
$263,847 

649.939 
$630.  441 
S16.  500 
$13,993 
$33,930 

42 

43 

44 

1 

4,'i 

46 

47 

48 

49 

.■iO 

$6,000 
$1,600 
$3,000 

C335 

$7,963 
$89 
$2,494 
$1,384 
$3,996 

$9,400 

$500 

$225 

SI.  6.60 

$7,025 

$21,035 

$865. 183 

$618 

$24,348 

SM,309 

$783,908 

51 

.5? 

* 

$10. 105 
S3,(iS7 
$7,243 

53 

J305 

,54 

$1,500 

35 

,'i6 

$101,366 

!00.  S70 
$93. 062 

$16,392 

10. 761 
$16,392 

$21,253 

89,395 
$18,698 

$170, 423 

113.319 
$169,923 

$610,855 

573,629 
$582,461 

1,471 
$1,681 

192,379 
$266,206 

58.703 
$56,684 

321.076 

$257,890 

$7,230 

$4,652 

$9,312 

$1,183,079 

1,676.256 
$1,105,432 

1,297,706 
$845,046 

90. 141 
$5S,619 

288,409 
$201,767 

$2,647,482 

3.628,673 
$2,580,118 

1,413,466 
$1,216,904 

3,253 
$2,178 

2,063,934 
$1,261,252 

148.020 
$99,784 
$19,143 
$16,433 
$30,363 

$5,172,037 

2,477.207 
$4,648,766 

705,187 
$1,659,059 

575.262 
$1,186,263 

608.058 
$691,349 

6.SS  700 

$1,112,095 

$119,899 

$59,904 
$343,468 

57 

58 
59 

60 

61 

m 

m 

80.870 
$72,062 

20,000 

$21,000 

$600 

$7,704 

10.751 
$16,392 

14,521 
$8,864 

74,874 

$9,834 

$.806 

$476 

$75 

6.796 
$8,017 

106. 523 
$161,906 

64 
65 

66 

67 

522. i62 
$19,548 
$35,937 

68 

8500 

69 

70 



71 

$1, 198 

$100,194 

45.112 
$100, 194 

45,112 
$100,194 

$7,200 

$809,801 

324,451 
$809,801 

324.451 
$809,801 

$1,423 

$4,174,186 

2.282,147 
$3,986,081 

2,120.791 
$3,502,013 

161.356 
$484,068 

72 

$1,723,276 

585,662 
$1,723,276 

."iSS.  662 
$1,723,276 

$189,861 

41.061 
$189,861 

41.061 
$189. S6I 

$20,588 

6.776 
$20,588 

6.776 
$20,588 

$259,058 

65.170 
$181,889 

23. 369 
$77,385 

41.R01 
$104,  -M 

$1,884,570 

1,139.010 
$1,882,849 

1,139,010 
$1,882,849 

$7,467,758 

1,635,015 
$5,783,047 

516.  (Bl 
$2,094,673 

1,114.796 
$3,678,795 

73 

74 
75 

76 
77 

78 

79 

'Includes  estabUshiiients  distributed  as  follows:  Georgia,  2;  Illinois.  1;  Maryland,  1;  Massachusetts.  1;  Minnesota,  1;  Montana,  1;  New  Jersey,  1;  New  Mexico,  2; 
New  York,  2;  Utah,  2;  Washington,  2;  Wisconsin,  2;  Wyoming.  1. 


530 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  18.— COKE— DETAILED  SmiMARY 


87 


99 
100 

101 
102 

103 
104 

lOS 
lOfi 
107 


108 
109 

no 


Products— Continued . 

Coke — Continued. 

From  other  ovens — 

Sliort  tons 

Value 

Tar- 
Gallons  

Value 

Ammonium  sulphate — 

Pounds 

Value 

Ammonia  liquor — 

Gallons 

Value 

Total  amount  of  gas  made,  cubic  feet 

Deduct  amount  used  in  process  or  wasted,  cubic  feet 
Gas  sold — 

Total  cubic  feet 

Total  value 

For  illuminating — 

Cubic  feet 

Value 

For  fuel- 
Cubic  feet 

Va  lue 

All  otherproducts.  value 

Power: 

Number  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower 

Owned — 

Engines — 
Steam- 
Number 

H  orsepowpr 

Gas  or  gasoline — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Water  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Electric  motors- 
Number 

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Rented— 

Electric  motors — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Furnished  to  other  establishments,  horsepower 


United  States. 


4,128 

S9,S79 

23,074,225 
$551,836 

26,050,713 
$681,427 

4,339,679 

$697,644 

18.761,101,,'«XI 

14,878,300,900 

3,882,800,400 
$684,464 

3,747,408,300 
$608,  487 

135,392,100 

$15,977 

$111,225 

197 
75,991 


686 
59,829 


4 
ISO 

9 
188 

358 
9,322 
6,315 


27 

1,187 

112 


Alabama. 


4,081,211 
$91,827 

6,165,294 
$103,306 

576,664 
$175, 707 


$72,957 

17 
3,3S5 


67 
3,075 


11 
310 


COKE. 


531 


BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1905— Continued. 


Colorado. 

Indian  Terri- 
tory. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

Tennessee. 

Virginia. 

West  Virginia. 

AU  other 
states. 

1 

4,128 
$9,  .579 

12,238,062 
$300,968 

19,418,102 
$539,  .388 

1,577,093 

$171,993 

13, 622. 47.5.  .300 

9.948.380.000 

3, 074, 095.  .300 
$641,630 

3, 637,. W5. 200 
$633,702 

36,560,100 

S7.928 

$30,732 

13 
9,408 

69 
6,718 

3 
120 

m 

81 

77S,S60 
$15,404 

3,  SI  5. 240 
$84,812 

1,467,317 
$38,733 

1,334.775 

$190, 164 

4,772,401,000 

4,638,367,400 

134,033,600 
$11,569 

35,201,600 
$3,520 

98,832,000 
$8,049 
$5,815 

81 
48,955 

404 
38,308 

2.160.8.52 
$54,765 

82 

83 
84 



85 

287.063 

$26. 440 

366,225,000 

291,553,500 

74,671.500 
$31,265 

74,671,500 
131,265 

.'■)64.084 
5133,340 

86 
87 

89 

90 

■ 

91 

92 

95 

$1,721 

10 
5,495 

38 
4.755 

96 

11 
3,806 

42 

3,806 

2 
110 

2 

110 

4 
170 

7 
170 

2 
B50 

2 
350 

6 
405 

5 
315 

1 
30 

61 
3,907 

60 
3,222 

97 
9S 

100 
101 



.   . 

9 
188 

164 
4.477 
5.240 

10 

742 

103 

14 

665 
75 

10 
400 

1.57 
3.470 

105 
106 
107 

i        '  ■ 

2 

13 

285 

2 
100 
112 

108 

fin 

.: :.    : 

1                          1 '" 

532 


MANUFACTURES. 


HISTORICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE. 


GEOGRAPHIC    MSTKIBUTION. 

It  is  of  interest  to  study  the  geographic  location  of 
coke  plants  iii  the  United  States  at  different  periods, 
a  subject  which  may  perhaps  be  best  initiated  by  the 
following  quotation  from  the  report  of  the  census  of 
ISSO: 

At  the  census  of  1860  coke  is  returned  as  made  in  Allegheny, 
Cambria,  Clarion,  and  Fayette  counties,  Pennsylvania.  These 
counties  are,  respectively,  in  the  Pittsburg,  Allegheny  Mountain, 
Allegheny  River,  and  Connellsville  districts,  so  that  at  that  date 
what  are  now  the  chief  coke  producing  regions  of  Pennsylvania 
were  engaged  in  its  manufacture. 

A  remark  similar  to  that  made  concerning  the  statistics  of  1850 
is  also  applicable  to  those  of  ISGO,  as  coke  was  doubtless  made  in 
other  counties  of  Pennsylvania  than  those  named.  In  a  work 
published  in  Pittsburg  in  1857  the  statement  is  made: 

"The  coke  iron  consumed  by  the  manufacturers  of  Pittsburg  is  at 
present  obtained  both  from  a  distance  and  from  the  neighborhood. 
The  metal  of  this  description  made  from  the  fossil  ores  of  the  cen- 
tral counties  of  Pennsylvania  is  excellent  for  castings.  *  *  * 
From  the  neighboring  counties  of  Fayette,  Cambria,  Beaver,  Mer- 
cer, and  Lawrence  coke  metal  is  now  brought  to  Pittsburg." 

This  would  add  Beaver,  Mercer,  and  Lawrence  counties  to  the 
coke  producing  sections  of  Pennsylvania.  The  Clinton  furnace  at 
Pittsburg,  working  entirely  with  coke  as  a  fuel,  was  also  blown  in 
during  the  fall  of  1859,  and.  though  small,  its  consumption  of  coke 
would  have  been  a  considerable  proportion  of  that  reported  made 
in  the  census  year  1860.  Altogether,  the  indications  are  that  the 
returns  for  1860  are  very  incomplete,  as  they  omit  many  localities 
at  which  coke  was  made  and  faU  to  report  much  that  was  made, 
or  do  not  report  it  as  coke. 

In  1870  Ohio  for  the  first  time  appears  in  the  census  as  a  manu- 
facturer of  coke,  it  being  made  in  Hamilton,  Jefferson,  and  Tusca- 
rawas counties.  The  coke  made  in  Hamilton  county  was  probably 
made  from  the  screenings  gathered  from  the  different  coalyards. 
In  this  year,  according  to  the  report,  coke  was  made  in  Pennsyl- 
vania in  Allegheny,  Armstrong,  Cambria,  Clarion,  and  Fayette 
counties,  Armstrong  being  the  only  county  in  which  coke  was 
reported  as  made  at  the  Ninth  Census  in  which  it  was  not  reported 
as  made  at  the  Eighth. 

In  the  census  of  J  880  it  will  be  noticed  that  coke  is  reported  as 
being  manufactured  in  nine  states:  Alabama,  Colorado,  Georgia, 
Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  and  West  Vir- 
ginia. Two  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  coke  are  re- 
ported in  Virginia  near  Richmond,  but  no  coke  was  made  in  this 
state  in  the  census  year  1879-80.     »    *    * 

From  an  inspection  of  the  map  accompanying  this  report  and  a 
compari.son  of  the  figures  given  in  the  tables  showing  the  localities 
and  production  it  will  be  seen  that  the  coke  producing  bolt  of  the 
country  is  the  bituminous  coal  measures  of  the  Appalachian  chain. 
Beginning  very  nearly  at  the  extreme  northern  point  of  the  Alle- 
gheny mountains  in  Pennsylvania,  the  coke  ovens  follow  this 
range  of  the  Appalachians  nearly  to  their  southern  limit,  at  Hunts- 
ville,  Ala.  Outside  the  limit  of  this  region  the  make  of  coke  in 
the  census  year  was  but  26,000  tons  out  of  a  total  of  2,752,475,  or 
less  than  1  per  cent.  It  will  also  be  noticed  that  the  center  of 
production  is  the  Connellsville  region  of  Pennsylvania. 

No  doubt  coke  in  considerable  quantities  will  be  manufactured 
in  the  future  in  otluT  states.  Already  there  is  promise  of  this  in 
certain  sectiomf  of  Illinois  and  in  Colorado,  but  for  many  years  it 
is  f)robable  that  lhi>  bulk  of  the  coke  of  the  country  will  l>c  pro- 
duced along  the  .Mli-ghony  mountain  range,  from  the  coal  meas- 
ures of  which  such  a  large  percentage  is  now  supplied. 


In  1890  Indian  Territory,  Kansas,  Kentucky.  Mis- 
souri, Montana,  Utah,  Virginia,  Washington,  and  Wis- 
consin were  added  to  the  hst  of  coke  producing  states 
and  territories.  In  1900  Massachusetts,  New  Mexico, 
New  York,  and  Wj-oniing  were  added,  and  in  1905 
Maryland,  Muinesota,  and  New  Jersey.  Before  1890  the 
manufacture  of  coke  was  carried  on  only  in  states  that 
produced  bituminous  coal.  The  Census  Report  on 
Muies  and  Quarries  shows  that  in  1902  no  bituminous 
coal  was  produced  in  5  of  the  states  which  have  en- 
gaged in  the  production  of  coke  since  1880,  namely, 
Massachusetts,  Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico, 
and  Wisconsin.  However,  the  location  of  the  coke 
establishments  with  respect  to  the  deposits  of  bitu- 
minous coal  from  wliich  they  are  supplied  can  not  be 
set  forth  accurately  by  a  mere  enumeration  of  the 
states  and  territories  in  wliich  the  coke  establish- 
ments are  to  be  found,  for  the  position  of  an  estab- 
hshment  within  a  state  is  often  of  equal  importance. 
The  single  coke  establislunent_  reported  from  Mary- 
land in  1905  is  located  on  the  shore  of  Chesapeake 
Bay,  while  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  Maryland  are 
in  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  state.  The  devel- 
opment of  this  industry  is  grapliically  set  forth  in  the 
chart  facing  this  page  on  wliich  the  location  of  works  in 
1880  is  shown  by  circles  drawn  on  a  map  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  location  of  works  in  1905  is 
shown  by  rectangles.  By  inspection  of  this  chart  it 
is  evident  that  the  "coke  producing  belt"  still  fol- 
lows, in  the  main,  the  bituminous  coal  deposits  of  the 
Appalacliian  range,  and  that  as  the  industry  has  ex- 
tended outside  tliis  belt  it  has,  to  a  large  extent,  been 
located  near  other  deposits  of  bituminous  coal.  Yet, 
as  instanced  above,  there  are  marked  departures  from 
this  rule,  including  the  location  of  some  of  the  most 
recently  established  and  most  modern  plants. 

From  the  study  of  the  history  of  this  industry  it 
appears  that  in  the  earlier  days  coke  was  used  st)lo]y 
as  a  fuel  and  reducing  agent  in  isolating  iron  from  its 
ores,  and  in  working  it  into  marketable  forms.  The 
object  sought  in  the  coke  industry  was  simply  to  con- 
vert an  abundant  supply  of  unsuitable  material  (bitu- 
minous coal)  into  a  material  that  would  bear  the  bur- 
den of  the  blast  furiuice.  To-day  the  coke  industry 
not  only  serves  its  former  uses,  but  is  an  important 
source  of  those  prime  industrial  factors,  heat,  light, 
and  power,  and,  incidentally  it  furnishes  valuable 
materials  in  great  variety  as  by-products.  Natu- 
rally, coke  ovens  were  at  first  erected  and  ojjei-ated 
in  the  coal  fields  close  to  the  source  of  su]>ply,  and, 
as  i)ointcd  out,  this  custom  still  prevails  to  a  consid- 
erable extent.  It  was  one  factor  determining  the 
i'xiitiou  as  the  indu.'itry  extended;  but  with  the 
grow  til  mill   iniprovciiiciit  in  traiisjiortation  facilities, 


COKE. 


533 


and  especially  with  tho  rapid  increase  in  the  coal- 
caiTi^nng  capacity  of  railroads  per  unit  of  power  ex- 
pended, it  was  found  that,  while  still  practicing  the 
art  in  the  old  way,  there  was  an  economic  gain  in 
transporting  the  compact  coal  rather  than  the  more 
bidky  coke,  notwithstanding  the  loss  of  a  large  per- 
centage of  the  coal  in  coking.  The  practice  thus 
<rrew  of  locating  Coke  ovens  near  blast  furnaces  and 
other  points  of  consumption;  a  practice  which  was 
already  begim  in  1S80.  With  the  introduction  of 
by-product  ovens  this  advantage  in  transporting  the 
coal  to  points  where  not  only  coke,  but  the  by- 
products, could  be  used  most  economically  was  em- 
phasized, and  in  recent  years  coke  plants  have  been 
located  not  only  near  blast  furnaces  and  steel  works, 
but  at  chemical  works  also,  and  recently  near  great 
centers  of  population  fairly  remote  from  coal  fields, 
where  they  have  come  into  active  competition  with 
gas  companies  in  supplying  gas  for  light  and  heat 
and  where  the  coke  is  used  largely  as  a  domestic  fuel. 
Thus,  in  speaking  of  the  by-product  establishments 
in  operation  in  the  United  States  in  1903,  Pennock 
says:'  "Of  the  20  plants,  16  are  located  near  blast 
furnaces,  2  at  soda  ash  plants,  and  2  are  built  adja- 
cent to  cities  winch  are  supplied  with  illuminating 
gas.  Of  the  16  plants  located  at  blast  furnaces  which 
are  supplied  with  coke  8  also  supply  gas  for  illumi- 
nating purposes." 

PROCESS    OF   MAKING    COKE. 

Bituminous  coal  is  converted  into  the  coherent, 
carbonaceous  substance  called  coke  by  a  process  of 
"dry"  or  "destructive"  distillation,  in  which  its 
volatile  portions  are  driven  off  from  the  main  body. 
The  operation  is  carried  on  in  the  United  States  in 
beehive  ovens,  in  Belgian  or  flue  ovens,  and  in  by- 
product ovens.  Coal  was  formerly  coked  in  heaps, 
piles,  or  mounds,  or  in  open  kilns,  but  these  methods 
have  become  obsolete  in  this  country.  They  are  de- 
scribed in  detail,  and  accompanied  by  illustrations  in 
the  Report  on  the  Manufacture  of  Coke  of  the  census 
of  1880.  This  report  also  treats  at  length  of  the 
beehive  and  Belgian  ovens,  so  it  will  suflice  to  refer 
but  briefly  to  these  types  here,  especially  as  in  their  main 
features  they  remain  practically  unchanged  to-day. 

Beehive  ovens. — The  beeliive  oven  is  built  of  brick 
or  stone,  is  cone-shaped  in  the  interior  and  has  an 
exterior  the  shape  either  of  a  rectangular  prism  or 
with  one  or  more  of  the  sides  slanting  inward  from  the 
base.  Coal  is  poured  in  and  the  gases  escape  through 
an  opening  in  the  top,  while  the  coke  is  taken  out 
through  an  opening  in  the  face  of  the  oven  near  the 
base,  which  also  permits  the  proper  amount  of  air  to 
enter.     To  facilitate  the  withdrawal  of  the  coke,  the 

'  V.  Internationaler  Kongress  fur  angewandte  Chemie,  vol.  2, 
page  781. 


bottom  of  the  oven  is  usually  inclined  toward  the  front. 
The  standard  ovens,  designed  by  John  Fulton,  and 
used  in  the  coking  tests  by  the  United  States  Geolog- 
ical Survey  at  St.  Louis  in  1904,  were  12  feet  in  diame- 
ter and  7  feet  in  height.  They  are  usually  built  in 
batteries  for  economy  in  construction,  operation,  and 
heating,  and  frequently  two  batteries  are  placed  back 
to  back  within  the  same  inclosing  walls.  The  coal  is 
charged  into  the  oven  through  the  top  opening  from  a 
car  or  larry  running  on  tracks  resting  on  the  filling 
above  the  oven  dome,  and  then  is  leveled  ofi"  by  a  rake 
worked  by  hand  or  sometimes  by  a  mechanical  lev- 
eler,  after  which  the  door  is  closed  by  bricking  up, 
leaving  a  few  interstices  and  a  small  air  space  at  the 
top  above  the  level  of  the  coal  charge.  The  heat 
remaining  in  the  oven  brickwork  from  previous  opera- 
tions or  from  a  preliminarj^  heating  up  starts  the  dis- 
tillation, and  the  evolved  gas  becomes  ignited  and 
burns  with  the  air  entering  at  the  interstices  in  the 
door.  By  this  means  the  arched  dome  of  the  oven  is 
heated,  and  it  reflects  and  radiates  heat  upon  the  coal 
below,  thus  continuing  the  decomposition  until  only 
coke  remains.  When  the  gas  is  burned  off,  water  is 
turned  into  the  furnace  to  arrest  combustion  and  to 
give  the  coke  a  silver-gray  luster,  and  the  coherent 
mass  is  cracked  so  that  it  may  be  withdrawn.  The 
coke  is  then  drawn  from  the  oven  by  hand  rakes  or  by 
machinery,  and  the  operation  is  repeated.  The  charge 
of  coal  used  is  from  42  to  5  net  tons  of  coal  for  a  48- 
hour  coking  period  and  somewhat  more  for  a  72-hour 
coking  period,  but  in  either  case  the  oven  is  only 
partly  filled  by  the  coal,  leaving  a  large  space  above  it. 
The  coking  periods  are  usually  so  arranged  as  to  avoid 
drawing  coke  on  Sunday,  two  48-hour  charges  and  one 
72-hour  charge  constituting  a  week's  work.  During 
the  coking  the  coal  gives  off  in  the  gas  quantities  of 
heavy  hydrocarbons,  which,  in  burning  at  the  upper 
opening  of  the  oven,  emit  great  volumes  of  dense 
smoke. 

Belgian  ovens. — The  term  "Belgian  ovens"  includes 
a  number  of  forms  of  coke  ovens,  among  which  may 
be  enumerated  the  Dulait,  the  Coppee,  and  the  Appolt. 
They  differ  radically  from  the  beehive  ovens  in  three 
particidars:  (1)  In  the  exclusion  of  air  from  the  coking 
chamber,  the  heating  necessary  for  coking  being  ap- 
plied from  the  outside;  (2)  in  the  utihzation  of  the 
waste  heat  and  gases  to  facilitate  the  process  of  cok- 
ing; (3)  in  their  operation.  Coking  in  beehive  ovens 
proceeds  from  the  top  of  the  charge  of  coal  downward, 
the  heat  is  supplied  by  the  combustion  of  the  gases 
evolved  from  the  coal  and  of  part  of  the  coal  itself 
within  the  oven,  and  the  coke  is  also  quenched  in  the 
oven.  Coking  in  Belgian  ovens,  on  the  other  hand, 
proceeds  simultaneously  from  the  sides,  bottom,  and 
top  of  the  coal  charge  inward  toward  the  center,  the 
heat  necessary  being  supplied  by  the  combustion  in 
flues  in  the  walls  of  the  oven,  of  the  gases  of  distilla- 


534 


MANUFACTURES. 


tion  previously  collected,  and  the  coke  is  quenched 
outside  the  oven. 

The  various  types  of  Belgian  ovens  above  enumer- 
ated differ  in  features  of  construction  and  in  the  ar- 
rangement of  their  flues.  The  Coppee  oven,  which  is 
one  of  the  best  kno\vn,  may  be  taken  as  an  example 
of  all.  These  ovens  are  built  of  brick  in  pairs,  so  that 
one  may  be  charged  as  the  other  is  ready  to  be  dis- 
charged, and  these  pairs  are  grouped  in  batteries  of 
thirty.  Each  oven  is  26  feet  6  inches  long,  4  feet 
high,  and  varies  in  width  from  19  inches  at  the  dis- 
charging end  to  17  inches  at  the  front.  Connected 
with  each  oven  are  a  number  of  vertical  flues  through 
which  the  volatile  products  of  both  ovens  of  a  pair  are 
conveyed  downward  to  a  horizontal  flue  under  one  of 
them.  Then,  after  passing  the  length  of  this  oven, 
the  gases  return  by  a  similar  flue  under  the  other  and 
enter  a  chaimel  running  at  right  angles  to  the  ovens 
and  under  them,  passing  from  this  channel  either 
directly  into  a  cliimney  or  under  boilers  where  they 
are  used  to  generate  steam.  Air  is  supplied  to  these 
vertical  flues  in  the  sides  of  the  ovens  by  smaller  ver- 
tical flues,  there  being  one  or  two  to  each  oven,  con- 
nected with  the  top  near  the  center  charging  hole,  the 
air  becoming  heated  wliile  passing  through  the  flue. 

The  ovens  are  charged  through  tlu'ee  hoppers  in  the 
top  and  are  drawn  by  means  of  a  mechanical  ram 
propelled  by  a  cogged  driving  wheel  worked  by  a  small 
portable  engine.  At  each  end  of  an  oven  are  two  iron 
doors  moving  on  hinges  and  fixed  securely  in  metal 
frames,  the  lower  3  feet  high,  the  upper  1  foot.  In 
working  the  ovens  it  is  necessary  first  to  heat  them 
thoroughly,  which  is  done  by  lighting  fixes  of  coal  close 
to  the  doors  at  the  end  of  every  oven.  When  the  ovens 
are  suflicienlly  hot,  they  are  charged.  The  first  few 
charges  of  coal  are  in  small  lumps,  the  coke  produced 
being  of  an  inferior  quality;  but  in  a  few  days  the 
ovens  become  so  thoroughly  heated  that  crushed  coal 
of  the  consistency  of  very  coarse  meal  is  used,  it  being 
washed,  if  necessary,  to  remove  impurities.  When 
the  charge  is  to  be  withdrawn,  the  front  and  back 
doors  are  opened  and  the  ma.ss  of  coke  pushed  out  by 
a  ram.  The  ram  is  quickly  withdrawn  and  the  two 
lower  doors  are  closed.  The  oven  is  then  charged  im- 
mediately through  the  hojipers  or  openings  in  its  top, 
and  the  coal  is  leveled  with  rakes  by  two  men  working 
through  the  upper  doors  at  each  end.  The  doors  are 
then  closed  and  carefully  luted,  and  carbonization 
commences  immediately.  The  processes  of  discharg- 
ing and  charging  the  ovens  need  not  occupy  more 
than  eight  minutes.  The  coke  is  quenched  immedi- 
ately on  being  withdrawn.  Six  charges  are  coked  in 
each  oven  per  week,  each  charge  yielding  about  two 
tons  of  coke. 

Weeks  records  the  building  of  .SU  Cu|)p6e  ovens  in 
1880  at  Goshen  Bridge,  Va.,  by  the  Iron  and  Steel 
Works  Coni])Hriy  of  \'irginia  to  coke  coal  from  the  New 


River  region,  West  Virginia,  and  the  operation  of  Bel- 
gian ovens  in  Illmois  as  earl}-  as  1872. 

BT-PHODUCT    OVENS. 

In  the  "beehive"  and  Belgian  ovens  no  effort  is 
made  to  save  any  portion  of  the  matter  volatilized,  yet 
the  possibility  of  effecting  this  saving  has  long  been 
kno\vn,  for  Goethe  states  that  in  1771  Stauf,  near  Saar- 
brlicken,  endeavored  in  his  "connected  row  of  fur- 
naces" to  "cleanse  the  coal  from  sulphur  for  use  in 
iron  works  "  and  "  also  turn  the  oil  and  resm  to  account, 
not  even  losing  the  soot,"  but  that  "all  failed  because 
of  the  many  ends  in  view."  According  to  Blauvelt, 
"It  was  not  until  1S55  that  Pauwels,  Dubochet,  and 
Carl  Knab,  working  on  different  lines,  successfully  op- 
erated coke  ovens  where  the  tar  and  ammonia  were 
saved.  A  few  years  later  Carves  added  side  flues  to 
Knab's  design,  and  the  by-product  oven  in  its  essen- 
tials became  a  fact,  although  it  was  not  until  1881  that 
the  condensation  of  ammonia  and  tar  was  a  success 
along  with  the  production  of  a  good  quality  of  coke." 
Tlus  Knab-Carves  oven  was  the  progenitor  of  the 
Semet-Solvay  by-product  oven,  wliile  the  Coppee  oven 
was  the  forerunner  of  the  Otto-Hoft'mann  by-product 
oven.  In  the  Census  report  for  ISSO,  Weelcs  gives  a 
detailed  description  of  the  Siemens,  or  Simon-Carves, 
oven  as  operated  at  Besseges,  France,  by  the  Terre- 
noire  Company  from  1867  to  1S79,  showing  for  each 
year  the  number  of  ovens  operated  and  the  yields.  In 
1879  they  operated  96  of  these  ovens,  coking  46,900 
tons  of  coal  and  producing  33,092  tons  of  coke,  1,099 
tons  of  tar,  and  4,393  tons  of  ammoniacal  liquor.  The 
yield  of  coal  in  coke  was  75  per  cent.  No  gas  is  ac- 
counted for,  and  about  35  pounds  of  "small  fuel"  was 
burned  for  each  ton  of  coke  produced.  An  itemized 
statement  of  cost  of  constructing  100  Carves  ovens  is 
given,  the  total  reaching  about  $192,442. 

The  first  known  mention  of  the  utilization  of  by- 
products fiom  coking  in  the  United  States  is  the  state- 
ment in  the  census  of  18S0  that  the  Consolidated  Gas 
Company  of  Pittsburg  collected  the  gas  from  beehive 
ovens  and  distributed  it  for  lighting  purposes.  The 
first  plant  of  modern  bj'-product  ovens  built  in  the 
United  States  was  a  battery  of  12  Semet-Solvay  ovens 
erected  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  in  1892. 

Character intics  of  by-product  ovens. — By-product 
ovens,  such  as  are  in  use  in  the  United  States,  are  nar- 
row rectangular  cells  with  openings  the  full  size  of  the 
cross  section  of  the  cells  at  either  end,  which,  when  in 
use,  arc  closed  by  slab-like  doors  that  may  either  slide 
verlically  in  grooves  or  be  wholly  (h-tachahle,  and  when 
put  in  place  are  sealed  by  liiliiig  \\ilii  cliiy  or  by  other 
means  in  mnkc  (hem  gaslight.  These  ovens  are  built 
largely  of  icfractorv  brick,  in  batteries  or  blocks  to  |>re- 
vent,  so  far  as  possiiilc,  lo.ss  of  heat  by  railiation  and 
convection,  for  when  they  are  so  built  the  heat  of  the 
adjnceut  ovens  is  necessarily  intciciiunged.     The  coal 


BEEHIVE   OVENS  AT  UNIONTOWN,    PENNSYLVANIA. 


'-r 

JUk 

^L.  •■-- 

/AT 

--^ 

--^       \ 

/ 

wit 

— -^.  -  "^^^S 

KhL. 

HK^a 

.  ^^       / 

.^lLI  I 

_^^^^^| 

^^■WWra 

^1^ 


•i^^S: 


^^ 


L-^j^ 


COKE  DRAWER  AND  LOADER  FOR  BEEHIVE  OVENS. 


COKE. 


535 


in  the  ovens  is  carbonized  by  the  heat  produced  by  the 
combustion  ol'  gas  in  ikies  i)lHced  in  tlie  partition  walls 
which  divide  the  ovens  in  the  battery,  so  that  the 
process  is  one  of  destructive  distillation  pure  and  sim- 
ple. The  battery  is  placed  above  two  systems  of  flues 
or  regenerators.  Through  the  first  the  combustible 
mixture  of  gas  and  air  is  led  in  to  the  combustion  ilues 
in  the  side  walls  of  the  oven.  Through  the  second  the 
gaseous  products  of  combustion  are  led  out  to  the  chim- 
ney stack.  By  tliis  arrangement  some  of  the  heat  car- 
ried out  by  the  products  of  combustion  is  utilized  in 
heating  the  ingoing  gases,  thus  not  only  effecting  a 
saving  of  fuel,  but  also  furnisliing  a  higher  temperature 
at  the  point  of  combustion  than  could  be  obtained  if 
cold  gases  were  used. 

In  the  upper  part  of  each  oven  are  several  openings 
through  which  the  coal  may  be  dropped  in  charging  the 
oveias.  In  the  top  of  the  ovens  are  openings  connected 
mth  mains  tlu-ough  which  the  volatile  substances  pro- 
duced by  the  distillation  pass  out  and  are  carried  to 
various  reservoirs  as  they  are  separated  by  conden- 
sation into  gas,  ammoniacal  liquor,  and  tar.  These 
openings  are  usually  at  the  extreme  ends  of  the  ovens 
just  inside  the  doors.  Where  the  gas  produced  is  used 
as  fuel  gas  only,  there  is  but  one  of  these  openings  and 
one  set  of  mains,  but  where  part  of  the  gas  is  used  for 
illuminating  purposes  and  part  for  fuel,  there  are  two 
openings  and  two  sets  of  mains,  so  that  during  the  first 
part  of  the  heating,  when  rich  gas  is  produced,  this  may 
be  drawn  off  through  one  of  the  mains,  and  later  when 
the  lean  gas  is  produced,  this  may  be  drawn  off  through 
the  other  main.  In  ovens  of  the  class  described  the 
gas  used  for  heating  is  a  part  of  that  produced  in  the 
distillation  of  previous  charges  of  coal,  but  before  it  is 
used  as  fuel  it  is  cleansed  by  scrubbing  and  condensing, 
as  in  the  manufacture  of  coal  gas. 

As  this  process  involves  not  only  the  production  of 
coke  but  also  the  recovery  and  utilization  of  the  gas, 
ammonia,  benzol,  and  tar,  a  by-product  plant  includes 
not  only  the  batteries  of  ovens,  with  their  system  of 
heating  and  the  necessary  ducts  and  mains,  but  also  a 
recovery  plant.  First  in  importance  in  this  system  are 
the  exhausters,  which  remove  the  gas  from  the  ovens, 
draw  it  tlirough  the  mains  and  cooling  apparatus,  foi'ce 
it  through  the  scrubbing  apparatus  and  deliver  it  to 
the  combustion  flues  under  pressure,  or  in  case  of  rich 
gas,  to  the  purifiers  and  storage  gas  holders.  The  con- 
trol of  the  gas  passing  tlirough  the  system  centers  in 
the  exhauster  room,  and  here  is  placed  the  gauge  board 
on  which  are  placed  the  pressure  and  vacuum  gauges, 
which  indicate  the  existing  conditions  in  the  various 
apparatuses.  The  exhauster  is  used  because  the 
slight  pressure  wliich  is  maintained  in  the  ovens  at  all 
times,  to  prevent  the  leakage  of  air  into  them,  is  so 
variable  that  it  would  be  unwise  and  undesirable  to 
depend  upon  it  to  force  the  gas  through  the  system. 

First  in  order  in  the  apparatus  used  in  the  treat- 
45254— MFG  1905— PT  4—08 36 


mcnt  of  the  distillates  come  the  air  coolers,  through 
which  the  gas  is  led  to  and  fro  in  ascending  zigzag 
passages,  exposing  large  surfaces  to  atmospheric  cool- 
ing. A  number  of  these  cooling  units  are  arranged  in 
parallel,  so  that  any  one  of  them  may  be  taken  off  for 
cleaning  or  repairing  without  disturbing  the  operation 
of  the  remainder.  They  may  be  provided  with  an 
exterior  sprinkling  system,  so  that  water  cooling  may 
be  used  in  hot  weather,  when  necessary,  thus  adding 
to  the  flexibility  of  the  system.  Next  come  the  water 
coolers,  which  are  rectangular  in  shape  and  filled  with 
tubes  to  carry  the  water.  The  gas  space  is  divided  by 
successive  baffles,  so  that  a  tortuous  path  is  followed, 
and  the  circulating  water  is  made  to  flow  through  the 
tubes  in  a  parallel  but  opposite  direction  to  the  gas. 
After  the  gas  has  passed  the  air  and  water  coolers,  it  is 
delivered  by  the  exhauster  to  the  tar  scrubbers,  where 
the  tar  which  exists  in  finely  divided  particles  in  sus- 
pension in  the  gas,  like  a  mist,  is  removed  through 
friction  and  deposited  in  globules,  by  the  passage  of 
the  gas  through  small  openings  in  a  series  of  thin  st€el 
diaphragms.  When  the  coal  yields  considerable  naph- 
thalene wliich  may  plug  these  openings,  other  devices 
must  be  employed.  After  the  tar  scrubbers  follow  the 
ammonia  scrubbers,  which,  in  the  tower  type,  contain 
a  latticework  of  wooden  slabs,  over  which  the  water 
trickles  downward  while  the  gases  rise;  and  then  come 
the  purifiers,  which  are  rectangular  boxes,  containing 
perforated  trays  holding  layers  of  lime  or  Laming's 
mixture,  by  which  the  sulphur  and  carbon  dioxide  are 
removed  from  the  illuminating  gas.  Then  follows  the 
ammonia-recovery  plant,  where  the  weak  ammoniacal 
liquor  is  converted  by  distillation  into  concentrated 
crude  liquor  or  into  ammonium  sulphate,  and  the 
benzol-recovery  plant,  where  benzol  is  obtained  from 
the  lean  gas  by  scrubbing  it  with  dead  oil.  To  these 
should  be  added  the  necessary  gas  holders,  tar  tanks, 
ammonia  tanks,  and  other  receptacles  for  holding  the 
various  materials  and  products,  and  sheds  and  appli- 
ances for  storing  and  handling  the  coal  used  and  coke 
produced. 

Naturally,  where  the  operations  are  conducted  on  so 
large  a  scale,  it  becomes  possible  to  do  by  machinery 
much  that  in  small  plants  is  done  by  hand,  and  this  is 
one  of  the  economic  advantages  of  the  by-product 
plant.  The  mechanical  appliances  may  perhaps  be 
best  referred  to  in  a  description  of  the  method  of 
operation. 

Method  of  operating  by-product  ovens. — The  coal  is 
carried  by  conveyors  from  the  storage  pit  to  the  stor- 
age bin  above  the  battery  of  ovens,  where  it  is  drawn 
through  chutes  into  the  larry,  which  travels  on  rails 
over  the  top  of  the  battery.  The  doors  of  an  oven 
having  been  closed  and  the  oven  having  been  heated, 
the  manholes  in  the  top  of  the  oven  are  uncovered  and 
the  larry  brought  over  the  oven,  so  that  the  coal  in  the 
larrj'  may  be  discharged  into  it.     Through  an  opening 


536 


MANUFACTURES. 


in  one  of  the  doors  the  charge  is  leveled  In*  a  leveling 
bar,  the  oven  is  then  sealed  up.  and  the  valve  leading 
to  the  gas  main  is  opened.  When  the  coking  period 
has  elapsed,  the  valves  to  the  mains  are  closed,  the 
doors  on  either  end  of  the  oven  are  removed,  and  the 
charge  is  forced  out  by  a  ra  n  or  pusher,  which  trav- 
erses the  oven  and  pushes  the  coke  out  onto  a  wharf 
or  into  a  car  on  the  farther  side  of  the  oven,  where  it  is 
quenched  by  a  stream  of  water. 

To  obtain  water  cooling  the  coke  in  some  cases  is 
received  in  a  specially  devised  quencher,  which  con- 
sists of  a  rectangular  box  with  cast  iron  cellular  walls. 
It  is  large  enough  to  take  in  the  whole  oven  charge  and 
its  bottom  is  formed  of  a  motor-driven  chain  conveyor. 
The  whole  machine  travels  on  rails  parallel  to  the 
oven  battery,  and  connection  is  made  with  the  par- 
ticular oven  to  be  pushed  by  means  of  swinging  doors 
and  a  drop  bottom,  which,  assisted  by  the  moving  con- 
veyor bottom,  guides  the  coke  charge  to  the  conveyor. 
When  the  charge  is  received,  the  doors  are  closed  and 
the  coke  is  quenched  with  water.  The  immediate  and 
violent  generation  of  steam  is  taken  care  of  by  escape 
stacks.  The  whole  receptacle  is  filled  with  steam, 
practicalh'  excluding  the  air,  and  the  silvery  gray 
color,  characteristic  of  beehive  coke,  is  thus  obtained. 
"\Mien  the  quenching  is  complete,  the  coke  is  dis- 
charged into  a  car  on  the  adjoining  track. 

The  coal  used  in  these  ovens  is  fine  coal,  which  not 
only  facilitates  charging  but  also  permits  the  charge  to 
pack  closely,  whereby  the  density  of  the  resulting  coke 
is  improved.  A  modern  practice  in  Europe  for  coals 
which  had  failed  to  produce  a  coke  of  sufficient  den- 
sit  j'  or  strength  is  to  compress  the  charge  into  a  cake 
before  loading  it  into  the  oven.  In  this  case  the  coal 
is  ground  to  the  size  of  rice  and  moistened,  so  that  it 
will  cake  slightly  when  comj)resscd  in  the  hand.  It  is 
then  fed  into  a  box  somewhat  narrower  than  the  oven 
and  stamped,  layer  by  layer,  by  two  or  more  stamps, 
which  in  some  cases  travel  back  and  forth  in  the  box 
and  in  others  remain  stationarj"  while  the  box  moves 
to  and  fro.  When  the  box  is  fidl  the  coal  has  been 
compressed  about  25  per  cent.  The  box  is  now  run 
ftnto  a  transfer  car  attached  to  the  pusher,  and  then 
taken  to  the  oven,  where  the  sides  of  the  box  are  re- 
moved and  the  coke  pu.shed  into  the  oven.  The 
stamping  f)f  the  coal  prevents  the  formal  ion  of  (he 
'•P""nJ'  coke  produced  by  certain  coals  and  improves 
the  physical  structure  as  well.  The  process  is  not, 
liowever,  advantageous  for  all  coals,  it  being  hekl  (hat, 
when  employed  on  coal.s  whicli  ordinarily  ])roduce  a 
den.se  coke,  the  grain  is  made  too  cJo.se.  A  fewinstal-. 
IntioriH  for  this  method  have  been  nuidr-  in  (his  country, 
but  it  has  not  as  jet  been  general!}'  adopted  here. 

Semel-Sohaij  by-product  ovens. — The  first  Semet- 
Rolvay  ovens,  fi  in  number,  were  buil(  for  experimen(al 
purposes  in  1SS2,  near  Mons,  JJclgiuni,  and  the  resuhs 
were  so  satisfactory  that  their  use  spread.     In  IS!)2  a 


battery  of  12  ovens  was  built  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  to 
which  shortly  after  1.3  more  were  added.  This  was  the 
first  plant  of  by-product  ovens  erected  in  the  United 
States,  but  by  January,  1906,  there  had  been  built  or 
were  being  built  in  the  United  States  13  plants  of 
Seniet-Solvay  ovens,  e  nbracing  1,295  ovens.  The 
locations  of  these  plants,  the  number  of  ovens  in  each 
plant,  the  character  of  the  coke  produced,  and  the  use 
to  wliich  the  gas  is  put  is  shown  in  the  following 
statement: 

Semet-Solvay  by-product  ovens  built  or  building  in  the   United  States, 
January,  1906. 


LOCATION. 

Number 

of 

ovens. 

Kind  of  coke. 

Use  of  gas. 

40 
110 

25 
240 
120 
120 

40 

40 
100 

90 

m 

160 
120 

Fuel. 

Dunba r.  Fa 

Pjlrnjicp 

Fuel. 

Fuel. 

Ensiev,  Ala 

Furnace. . . . 

Fuel. 

Fuel. 

Detroit.  Mich 

Chester.  Pa 

Furnace,  foundry,  domestic. 

Illuuiinatingr. 
Illuminating. 
Fuel. 

Milwaukee.  Wis. .. 
Lebanon.  Pa       ... 

Furnace,  foundry,  domestic . . 
Furnace .         ... 

Illuminating. 
Fuel. 

Geneva.  N.  V 

Foundry,  domestic 

Illuminating. 
Illuminating. 

Chicago,  111 

Furnace,  foundry,  domestic. . 

As  marking  the  progress  it  may  be  noted  that  in  1893 
the  standard  block  of  Semet-Solvay  ovens  was  25 
ovens,  having  a  coal  capacity  of  4.4  short  tons  each,  or 
a  total  of  110  tons;  in  1903  the  standard  block  was  40 
ovens,  having  a  coal  capacity  of  7  to  9  short  tons  each, 
or  a  maximum  of  360  tons;  and  in  1905  the  standard 
block  was  SO  ovens,  having  a  coal  capacity  of  9  .short 
tons  each,  or  a  total  of  720  tons.  The  length  of  the 
ovens  has  increased  from  30  to  35  feet,  and  the  height 
from  5i  to  9  feet,  but  though  greater  widths  have  been 
tried,  an  average  of  10  V  inches  has  been  found  most 
advantageous.  The  number  of  flues  in  the  side  walls 
in  1893  was  three,  in  1903  four,  and  1905  five,  the 
ovens  being  consequently  spoken  of  as  tlu-ec  high,  four 
high,  or  five  high.  The  time  required  for  the  treat- 
ment of  a  charge  in  1893  was  twenty-six  hours;  in  1903 
the  average  was  twenty-four  hours;  in  1905  it  was 
eighteen  hours;  the  shortening  of  the  time  being  attri- 
butefl  to  the  introduction  of  machinery  for  chnrging 
and  discharging  the  ovens  and  to  the  use  of  higher 
heats.  The  entire  operation  of  discharging,  charging, 
and  sealing  up  an  oven  does  not  now  occupy  over 
fifleen  minutes. 

The  Semet-Solvay  system  is  distinguished  by  the 
use  III'  hniizonlal  (lues  formed  either  with  siiudl  bricks 
or  with  hdllow  (ire  brick  (iles;  and  by  a  special  means 
fur  |ir('hi'!iting  the  air  for  combustion,  and  sometimes 
(he  comliiist  il)le  gases  also,  by  (he  waste  gases  of  com- 
bustion. The  hollow  (ire  brick  tiles  are  about  .3  feet 
long  iiiid.  [ilnrcd  end  (o  cud.  tlicy  form  the  Hues,  while 
|)hiced  one  on  aiiolher,  they  form  (he  facings  of  (ho 
side  walls  of  t  he  o\'ens.  The  Hues  ai'e  connected  by  an 
opening  in  I  lie  i)oi  imii  |)lii (■(•(]  nciir  one  end  of  e;ii'h  Hue, 


COKE. 


537 


so  that  gases  and  flamos  inky  traverse  the  entire  lenj^th 
of  all  the  Hues.  To  licat  the  ovens,  in  a  four  lii<^h  oven 
for  instance,  gas  is  adniitted  at  the  ends  of  three  of  tlie 
four  Hues  and  meets  hot  air  from  the  recuperators 
below.  The  flame  travels  along  the  entire  series  of 
flues,  from  above  downward,  being  reinforced  at  each 
point  of  gas  supply  until  it  reaches  the  bottom  of  the 
oven,  and  tlius  ab.solute  control  of  the  temperature  at 
any  point  is  obtained.  At  the  bottom  of  the  oven  the 
ciu'rents  of  gases  from  the  several  flues  meet,  pass 
through  a  series  of  channels  with  thin  walls,  thereby 
preheating  the  air  for  the  combustion  of  the  gas  above, 
and  out  to  tlie  cliinuiey  flue.  On  tlie  way  to  the  stack 
the  gases  pass  tlu'ough  water-tube  l)oilers  where  they 
raise  part  of  tlie  steam  for  opei-ating  the  plant,  although 
the  temperature  of  the  flue  before  the  boilers  is  not 
above  a  dull  red,  and  is  often  entirely  black.  Neverthe- 
less, the  volume  of  the  gases  is  large  and  generates  con- 
siderable steam.  Tliis  utilization  of  the  waste  heat  of 
the  combustion  gases  effects  a  considerable  economy, 
as  a  large  volume  of  steam  is  requh'ed  in  the  treatment 
of  the  ammoniacal  liquors.  The  air  for  supporting  the 
combustion  is  drawn  in  by  a  chinmey  draft  through  a 

Longitudinal  cross  section  of  Jive  high  Semet-Solvay  ovens. 


flue,  where  it  is  heated  to  a  temperature  of  from  200° 
to  .500°  C.  by  gases  of  combustion  which  pass  out  in  the 
flue  below  the  oven.  The  ah*  is  admitted  to  oven  flues 
and  regulated  by  dampers  so  nicely  and  the  gas  supply 
is  under  such  control  that  combustion  takes  place 
with  the  minimum  amount  of  au'  and  the  temperatiu-e 
of  the  flues  may  be  maintained  at  will  from  900°  to 
1,400°  C. 

The  advantage  claimed  for  the  Semet-Solvay  method 
of  construction  is  that  the  hollow  flues  forming  the  walls 
of  the  oven  are  entirely  intlependent  of  the  side  walls. 
These  side  walls,  made  of  fu'e  brick,  carry  the  huge 
mass  of  brickwork,  coal  cars,  etc.,  above  the  oven 
proper  and  thus  relieve  the  flue-structure  bricks  from 
all  strains  and  thrusts,  which  woidd  have  a  tendency  to 
displace  them,  causiTig  leaks  deleterious  to  the  gas  and 
othei'  products.  Because  of  the  freedom  from  l)urden, 
the  oven  sides  of  the  flues  can  be  made  nmch  thinner 
than  they  otherwise  could,  so  that  they  conduct  the 
heat  from  the  flue  where  the  combustion  of  the  gas 
takes  jjlace  to  the  mass  of  coal  in  the  oven  more  advan- 
tageously.    The  thick  side  walls  and  the  mass  of  brick- 


work above  serve  to  hold  the  heat,  giving  it  up  to  the 
oven  during  the  time  of  discharging  and  charging,  thus 
preventing  any  chilling  of  the  oven.  An  expansion 
space  above  the  oven  permits  the  tile  to  expand  with- 
out aflecting  the  main  body  of  brickwork.  Moreover, 
the  horizontal  arrangement  of  the  flues  and  the  admis- 
sion of  the  gas  at  several  points  jx-rmit  an  easy  con- 
trol of  the  temperature  of  all  parts  of  the  coking  cham- 
ber, and  a  ready  inspection  of  the  whole  length  of  every 
flue  to  determine  whether  the  temperatures  are  con- 
trolled and  distributed  properly.  This  [xiiut  is  of 
great  importance,  since  it  insures  the  whole  nia.ss  of 
coal  being  thoroughly  coked,  and  in  the  minimum  time, 
without  any  danger  of  overheai  ing  any  part  of  the  (jven 
structure.  In  fact,  a  uniform  and  accurately  controlled 
temperature  in  the  oven  chamber  is  essential  to  the  best 
coke  in  the  shortest  time. 

Otto-IIoJj'mann  by-product  oven. — In  1881  the  fu-m  of 
Dr.  C.  Otto  &  Co.  constructed  and  exploited  in  Ger- 
many an  oven  in  which  Siemens'  regenerator  was 
employed  to  recover  the  heat  from  the  waste  gases  and 
to  furnish  heated  air  for  combustion,  the  oven  con- 
struction being  of  the  Otto-Coppee  type,  then  well 
known.  This  form  of  oven  met  with  such  acceptance 
that  by  1894  over  1,200  of  them  had  been  constructed 
on  the  continent  of  Europe.  In  1894  the  first  plant  of 
this  type  was  erected  in  the  United  States,  a  battery 
of  60  ovens  being  built  for  the  Cambria  Steel  Company 
at  Johnstown,  Pa.,  to  produce  coke  for  use  in  its  blast 
furnaces.  Tliis  was  therefore  the  fu-st  by-product  oven 
plant  operated  in  conjunction  with  a  blast  furnace  in 
the  United  States.  Since  this  date  there  has  been  a 
steady  increase  in  the  number  of  Otto-Hoffmann 
ovens,  as  is  shown  in  the  following  statement: 

(itto-HolTmann  by-prodiirt  coke  orens  hiiilt  or  contracted  for  in  the 
United  States:  1905. 


LOCATION. 

Numlrer 
of  ovens. 

Use  of  coke. 

Use  of  surplus  gas. 

.Tohn.'!to\vii.  Pa 

372 
120 
400 

.VI 
232 
1  XA 
lOfl 
1  ."lO 
200 

l.'i 
•           11.5 

"so 

Blast  furnace 

Fuel  and  power. 

Illuminating,  fuel. 

Illuminating,  fuel. 

Illuminating,  power. 

Fuel. 

Fuel. 

Illuminating,  power. 

lUimiiiiating,  power. 

Illuminating. 

Fuel. 

Fuel. 

Fuel. 

Illuminating. 

Glassport,  Pa 

Blast,  domestic 

Domestic,  locomotive. 
Foundry,  domestic... 

Blast  furnace 

Blast  furnace 

Foundry,  domestic... 
Foundry,  domestic- . . 

Blast  furnace 

I.,imekilns 

Limekilns 

Blast  furnace 

Blast  furnace 

Everett,  Mass 

Hamilton,  Ohio 

Lebanon.  Pa 

Biiflalo,  N.  Y 

Camden,  N.  J. . . 

Camden,  N.  J 

Sparrow  Point,  Md 

Wyandotte,  Mieli 

Wyandotte.  Mich 

Soiith  Sharon,  Pa 

'  Not  completed. 

The  Otto-IIoffniann  system  is  distinguished  by  the 
use  of  vertical  flues  in  the  side  walls  of  the  ovens  or  re- 
torts and  the  utilization  of  the  Siemens'  regenerator. 
The  ovens  or  retorts  of  the  usual  rectangular  form 
were  built  at  first  in  batteries  of  30  and  later  of  .50. 
The  ovens  are  33  feet  long,  6i  feet  high,  and  from  17  to 
22  inches  wide,  their  capacity  being  from  6  to  7  net  tons 
of  coal.     The  walls  of  the  ovens  are  sometimes  built  to 


538 


MANUFACTURES. 


taper,  so  that  the  oven  is  wider  at  the  discharging  end 
than  at  the  pushing  end.  This  taper  varies  from  4 
inches  for  swelhng  coals  to  1  inch  for  those  of  a  shrink- 
ing nature.  The  side  walls  are  provided  with  vertical 
internal  flues,  through  which  the  ovens  or  retorts  are 
heated.  The  heating  of  the  oven  is  done  by  gas,  re- 
turned from  the  condensing  house  through  lines  run- 
ning along  each  side  of  the  battery,  there  being  a  burner 
at  either  end  of  each  oven.  Only  one  burner  is  used  at 
a  time.  The  air  for  combustion  is  taken  in  at  the  end 
of  the  battery  where  the  gas  and  air  reversing  valves 
are  located,  and  is  led  tlirough  imderground  passages  to 
flues  beneath  the  regenerative  chambers.  These  cham- 
bers extend  the  whole  length  of  the  oven  battery  and 
are  filled  with  checker  brick.  The  air  rising  through 
this  checker  work  is  heated  to  a  high  degree  and  then 
passes  tlirough  uptake  connections  to  the  space  be- 
neath the  floor  of  the  oven  chambers,  and  thence 
through  lateral  ports  to  the  combustion  chamber, 
where  it  meets  the  gas  from  the  burner.  The  burmng 
gases  rise  through  the  vertical  flues  of  half  the  oven 
wall,  pass  along  the  horizontal  connecting  flue  above, 
and  down  the  remaining  vertical  flues  to  the  horizontal 
flues  below,  thence  passing  to  the  regenerator,  where 
their  sensible  heat  is  absorbed  by  the  checker  work. 
From  there  they  are  led  to  the  lower  regenerator  flue, 
past  the  reversing  valve,  to  the  draft  stack.  On  the  re- 
versal of  the  air  and  gas  the  gas  burner  at  the  other  end 
of  the  oven  comes  into  use,  the  air  passing  up  through 
the  heated  regenerator  on  that  side  to  the  gas  burner 
and  combustion  chamber,  the  heated  gases  passing  in 
the  reverse  direction  through  the  wall  flues,  downward 
through  the  regenerator  and  so  to  the  stack.  The 
period  of  reversal  is  usually  thirty  minutes. 

Vnited-Otto  ly-iproduct  ovens. — The  United  Coke  and 
Gas  Company,  in  its  work  of  erecting  the  Otto-IIofT- 
mann  plants  in  the  United  .States,  has  modified  the 
original  design  so  much  that  it  is  now  building  a  new 
oven,  kno\vn  as  the  United-Otto  oven.  Tlie  ])rincipal 
change  involved  is  the  adoption  of  the  iindcr-fired  prin- 
ciple, which  makes  it  possible  to  heat  a  longer  retort  of 
greater  capacity  than  heretofore,  and  also  makes  each 
oven  battery  an  economical  unit  without  the  use  of  an 
auxiliary  steam  boiler  to  absorb  the  heat  from  the  com- 
bustion gases.  The  construction  is  described  in  the 
following  statement,  which  was  kindly  supplied  by  this 
company: 

Tlif:  oven  itself  is  a  rectangular  retort  from  33  to  43  fett  long,  7  to  9 
feet  high,  and  17  inches  in  width,  the  dimensions  varying  with  the 
characteristics  of  the  coal  that  is  to  be  used.  The  retort  walls,  top 
and  bottom,  arc  composed  of  refractory  material,  and  the  masonry 
is  supfKjrfed  on  a  nteel  and  concrete  substructure,  so  as  to  be  entirely 
independent  ot  I  lie  repcniTativc  chambers  below.  This*  avoids  I  lie 
cracking  of  the  oven  walls  and  the  consequent  loss  of  gas,  liable  to 
occur  from  the  exjiansion  and  contraction  of  the  henled  regenerator 
walls  beneath  the  oven  siructure.  Acci'ss  is  alsfj  given  to  all  purln 
of  the  oven  for  inspection  and  incidental  repairs.  The  ojien  Hub- 
Btructure  admits  cf  a  complete  anchoring  system  joining  lh(.'  biKk- 


stays  above  and  below,  and  holding  the  oven  walls  securely  in  place. 
The  steel  work  of  the  substructure  is  protected  from  the  heated  br'ck 
work  above  by  a  course  of  hollow  tiie,  which  also  serves  to  retain  the 
heat  in  the  ovens.  The  oven  chamber  is  closed  at  either  end  by 
doors,  which  are  of  the  self-sealing  Ij'pe,  replacing  the  older  form  of 
clay-luted  doors.  These  do  away  with  the  labor  of  mixing  and 
applying  the  luting  clay,  which  has  hitherto  formed  a  large  item  in 
the  operating  expenses. 

The  construction  of  the  oven  walls  is  a  point  of  vital  importance. 
Shaped  brick  of  the  best  grade  of  refractory  material  of  moderate  size 
and  simple  design  are  used,  complicated  and  irregular  shapes  and 
those  of  large  size  being  avoided  as  being  more  liable  to  cracks  and 
distortion.  The  time  honored  methods  of  laboriously  chipping 
bricks  of  uneven  thickness  to  form  an  even  course  in  laying  the  oven 
walls  has  been  abandoned  entirely,  and  all  cutting  is  done  to  exact 
dimensions  by  large  carborundum  grinding  wheels,  which  econo- 
mize the  high-priced  mason's  labor  and  result  in  a  quality  of  work- 
manship far  beyond  anything  previously  considered  possible.  This 
results  in  a  practically  gas  tight  wall  of  great  strength. 

The  resistance  of  the  wall  is  enhanced  by  the  vertical  flue  system, 
as  the  beating  flues  run  perpendicularly  along  all  that  portion  of  the 
oven  wall  against  which  the  coal  can  exert  any  pressure.  The  divi- 
sions between  the  flues  form  vertical  strengthening  ribs  and  tie  the 
wall  into  a  single  homogeneous  whole.  This  is  of  vital  importance 
when  coals  of  only  slightly  shrinking  or  even  expanding  nature  are 
to  be  coked,  such  as  are  used  at  the  Cambria  plant.  The  greater 
unsupported  wall  areas  necessarily  exposed  to  the  pressure  exerted 
by  this  coal  in  a  horizontal  flue  system  is  liable  to  result  in  bulging 
of  the  side  walls  and  destruction  of  the  oven.  A  great  advantage 
of  the  vertical  flue  construction  is  it.s  ability  to  withstand  the  com- 
pression loads  due  to  the  weight  of  the  oven  superstructure,  thus 
doing  away  with  the  necessity  of  supporting  walls  built  between  the 
heating  flue  systems  of  each  adjacent  oven,  and  decreasing  the  cost 
of  the  masonry,  as  well  as  saving  33  per  cent  of  the  space  required 
for  a  given  block  of  ovens. 

The  heating  of  the  ovens  is  accomplished,  as  in  the  Otto-Hoffmann 
oven,  by  the  use  of  gas  returned  from  the  condensing  house.  The 
air  for  combustion  is  sup])lied  to  the  regenerator  by  a  fan,  this  method 
aiding  in  the  equal  distribution  of  the  air  to  each  oven  and  reducing 
the  amount  of  stack  draft  necessary.  This  not  only  allows  the  use  of 
a  smaller  stack  but  makes  a  more  even  balance  of  the  pressure  in  the 
flues  and  diminishes  the  loss  of  gas  from  an  oven  should  a  leak  occur 
in  the  division  wall.  The  gas  is  admitted  through  a  bmner  at  each 
end  and  four  or  six  burners  in  the  bottom,  placed  symmetrically  on 
each  side  of  the  middle  line.  This  avoids  the  use  of  bottom  burners 
al)o\e  the  regenerative  chambers,  where  they  are  less  easy  of  access 
for  cleaning  and  regulation.  At  the  same  time  it  makes  it  possible 
to  heat  properly  ovens  up  to  43  feet  in  length,  instead  of  33  feet, 
which  was  the  limit  of  the  Otto-IIoffmann  oven  heated  with  the  end 
burners  alone.  This  results  in  an  increase  of  oven  cajiacity  of  ap- 
proximately 50  per  cent,  and  a  corresponding  saving  in  the  operating 
cost  per  ton  of  output.  The  surface  of  the  checker  brick  in  the  re- 
generators is  so  proportioned  as  to  render  the  most  efficient  service 
in  ab.sorbing  the  heat  from  the  waste  giises,  at  the  same  lime  avoid- 
ing unneces.sary  cost  in  installation.  The  temperature  of  the  waste 
ga.sps  leaving  the  regenerators  is  not  high  enough  to  cause  dcteriora- 
I  ion  of  cast  iron  reversing  valves  of  the  usual  form. 

Roihherg  oven. — The  Kothbcrg  oven  consists  of  a 
long,  narrow,  rectangular  coking  chamber  about  16 
inches  wide,  6  foot  4  inches  high,  and  '.V^  foot  long, 
closed  at  both  ends  with  cast  iron  doors  lined  with 
brick.  It  is  of  tlio  horizontal  -flue  type,  one  set  of  flues 
serving  two  iidjacont  ovens.  In  the  center  of  llio  flue 
system  is  a  vertical  wiill  which  (livi(h's  il  into  sopiirate 
parts.  Tlio  ovon,  ns  Imilt  nl  iiullniu,  hiis  .^i  liorizon- 
tnl  loiiihiist  ion  linos  ill  I'licii  \>nv\,  wilh   a  rooiiporator 


COKE. 


539 


flue  for  preheating  the  air  above.  At  the  end  of  each 
combuslioii  flue  is  a  biiriuM-  connection  for  supplyinj^ 
gas  and  also  a  damper  to  regulate  the  amount  of 
flame.  The.  method  of  operation  is  as  follows:  Free 
air  is  admitted  tlirougli  openings  in  the  top  to  the  re- 
cuperator Hue,  where  it  is  heated,  and  then  it  meets  the 
gas  at  the  end  of  the  combustion  flue;  the  flame  then 
passes  along  the  u))por  flue  to  the  one  bdow,  continu- 
ing this  zigzag  course  until  the  bottom  flue  is  readied, 
when  it  passes  through  ports  to  the  stack  flue  under  the 
battery  of  ovens.  From  here  it  is  led  to  the  stack. 
This  same  operation  is  performed  simultaneously  at 
the  other  end  of  the  oven,  there  being  no  reversals  of 
the  gas  and  air.  In  each  port  connecting  with  the 
stack  flue  is  a  damper  by  whicli  the  stack  draft  for  any 
oven  can  be  regulated.  To  maintain  a  uniform  tem- 
perature in  the  flues,  gas  is  admitted  into  the  different 
flues  through  the  burner  connections  in  the  front  walls, 
and  air  can  also  b(^  admitted  through  ])eepholes  located 
near  the  burner  connections.  In  the  roof  of  the  oven 
are  openings  for  charging  coal,  and  a  single  opening  in 
the  center  passes  off  the  gas,  evolved  during  coking,  to 
a  gas  collecting  main  on  the  top  of  the  battery. 

The  ovens  are  arranged  side  by  side  in  a  battery  of 
47.  At  present  there  are  two  of  these  batteries  in  op- 
eration, and  a  third  is  ready  for  use.  The  ovens  are 
charged  with  a  compressed  cake  of  coal,  with  a  cross 
section  slightly  less  than  that  of  the  oven  and  a  length 
a  few  feet  shorter,  the  cake  being  delivered  to  the  oven 
in  a  charging  box.  When  coked,  it  is  pushed  out  of  the 
oven  by  an  electric  pusher  onto  a  quenching  pan,  and 
from  there  put  into  cars  and  taken  away.  There  were 
94  Rothberg  ovens  reported  in  operation  in  1904  and 
141  in  the  process  of  construction. 

USES    OF    COKE. 

While  certain  minor  uses  are  found  for  coke,  such  as 
an  acid-proof  distributing  medium  in  chemical  works, 
or  as  a  filtering  medium,  its  most  important  use  is  as  a 
fuel  and  reducing  agent,  and  its  greatest  consumption 
is  found  in  metallurgy.  It  is  not  a  uniform  product, 
but  varies  with  the  composition  and  physical  condition 
of  the  coal  from  which  it  is  produced  and  the  manner 
in  which  it  is  made.  It  may  be  classified  as  follows: 
Metallurgical  coke,  which  includes  furnace  coke  and 
foundry  coke;  fuel  or  domestic  coke,  which  includes 
egg,  stove,  and  nut  coke. 

Furnace  coke  is  designed  for  use  in  blast  furnaces. 
It  should  be  strong  enough  to  resist  the  burden  of  the 
furnace,  not  so  brittle  that  it  crushes  easilj-  in  handling 
in  transportation  or  under  the  load  of  the  furnace,  suf- 
ficiently porous  to  permit  the  gases  to  permeate  its 
mass,  but  so  resistxnt  that  it  may  reach  the  zone  of 
reduction  in  the  furnace  without  any  serious  loss  from 
reaction  at  incandescence  with  the  carbon  dioxide  ris- 
ing through  the  charge.  Furnace  coke  is  sometimes 
spoken  of  as  4S-hour  coke. 


Foundry  coke  is  used  largely  in  cupola  furnaces,  and 
as  it  must  there  withstand  the  weight  of  the  pig  iron 
which  is  to  be  melted,  it  is  a  denser  and  stronger  coke 
than  that  used  in  blast  furnaces.  Foundry  coke  is 
sometimes  sjioken  of  as  72-hour  coke.  According  to 
Stammler,'  "Coke  for  foundry  use  must  be  studied 
from  various  standpoints.  If  the  cupola  is  of  a  low- 
tuyere  type  and  long  heats  are  taken  ofi",  a  heavy  coke 
is  necessary  to  furnish  sudicient  fuel  in  small  bulk  to 
melt  the  metal  and  still  hold  the  melting  zone  in  proper 
position  for  economical  work.  Even  should  a  light  and 
strong  coke  hold  the  iron  without  crushing,  it  might 
not  be  possible  to  get  enough  of  this  coke  in  a  low- 
tuyere  cupola  to  melt  the  iron  and  retain  the  next 
charge  at  its  proper  height.  On  the  other  hand,  a 
strong,  light  coke  in  a  high-tuyere  cupola  is  satisfactory 
and  economical.  It  takes  less  coke  to  hold  the  iron  at 
the  proper  melting  zone,  is  more  permeable  to  the 
blast,  burns  freer,  and  melts  the  iron  faster  than  does 
heavy  coke.  Cokes  should,  therefore,  be  divided  into 
two  classes,  and  reconmiended  according  to  their  den- 
sity, for  high-tuyere  or  low-tuyere  cupolas,  as  the  coke 
is  light  or  heavy." 

According  to  Dewey,'  "The  credit  of  the  first  sys- 
tematic investigation  of  the  physical  properties  of  coke 
belongs  to  John  Fulton,  mining  engineer  of  the  Cam- 
bria Iron  Company."  This  investigation  was  begun 
in  1875,  and  it  is  now  universally  admitted  that  the 
physical  characteristics  determine  largety  the  value  of 
a  coke.  Fulton  states  '  that  the  structure  of  coke  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  irregular,  promiscuously  disposed 
cells,  with  vitreous  walls,  these  cells  being  connected 
by  diminutive  passages  that  afford  free  courses  for  the 
oxidizing  gases  of  the  blast  furnace.  It  is  these  hard, 
vitreous  cell  walls  in  coke  that  give  it  the  superior  value 
it  possesses  as  an  energetic  fuel  in  blast  furnaces. 
"  From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  evident  that  the  physical 
structure  of  coke,  other  things  being  equal,  is  the  main 
element  that  confers  on  it  the  superior  place  it  holds 
among  blast  furnace  fuels.  The  same  is  true,  in  a 
modified  way,  of  charcoal  fuel.  The  anthracite  holds 
the  lowest  rank."  Thus  the  desirable  ratio  between 
the  cellular  space  and  the  cell  walls  or  body  in  a  given 
volume  of  the  coke  has  been  carefully  determined,  and 
it  is  43.73  per  cent  of  body  to  56.27  per  cent  of  cellular 
walls.  On  the  other  hand,  the  chemical  composition 
is  of  importance,  as  any  impurities  in  the  coke  may  en- 
ter the  metal  wliich  is  to  be  reduced  or  may  form  slag, 
and  thus  require  a  certain  quantity  of  flux  to  prevent  a 
waste  of  n-.etal.  It  is  well  known  that  coal  contains 
ash,  sulphur  or  sulphur  compounds,  and  phosphorus 
compounds,  and  these  wdl  be  to  a  certain  degree  re- 
tained by  the  coke.  A  coke  containing  not  more  than 
10  per  cent  of  ash  can  be  regarded  as  an  average  clean 

'  Report  on  Coal  Testing  Plant.  Part  III,  p^e  1369. 

^  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Mining  Kng.,  1884,  vol.  12,  page  111. 

H'oke.  by  John  Fulton,  mb.  page  329. 


540 


MANUFACTURES. 


fuel,  and  those  containing  only  5  to  7  per  cent  of  ash, 
as  exceptionally  pure.  The  sulphur  in  coke  for  use  in 
metallurgical  processes  should  be  less  than  1  per  cent. 
The  best  coke  contains  only  0.5  to  0.75  per  cent  of  this 
element.  The  purest  varieties  of  coke  contain  from 
0.012.  to  0.029  per  cent  of  phosphorus.  Often  as  much 
as  40  pel-  cent  of  the  sulphur  in  the  coal  is  volatilized  in 
the  coke  oven,  but  as  a  rule  all  the  phosphorus  in  the 
coal  goes  into  the  coke.  Often  a  large  part  of  the  sul- 
phur and  some  of  the  phosphorus  may  be  removed  by 
■\vasliing  the  coal  before  coking  it.  Domestic  or  fuel 
coke  need  not  be  so  free  from  these  foreign  bodies  and  it 
may  be  denser  and  softer.  In  such  a  coke  readiness  in 
combustibility  and,  when  hot,  solubility  in  carbon 
dioxide  gas  are  desirable,  as,  for  instance,  in  producers 
when  coke  is  used  for  making  gas. 

Besides  being  used  in  gas  producers  and  water  gas 
generators,  coke  is  being  largely  used  as  a  fuel  for  loco- 
motives, especially  in  New  England.  It  is  also  being 
crushed  to  size,  screened  and  bagged  for  use  as  do- 


mestic fuel.  According  to  the  United  Coke  and  Gas 
Company,'  "Of  the  large  output  of  the  New  England 
Gas  and  Coke  Company,  at  Everett,  Mass.,  some 
200,000  gross  tons  per  year  are  disposed  of  for  domestic 
and  industrial  service,  a  similar  amount  being  used  for 
firing  locomotives,  particularly  in  suburban  service,  be- 
cause of  its  smokeless  nature.  The  same  outlet  has 
been  found  for  the  output  of  the  Camden  plant,  a  por- 
tion of  M-liich,  however,  is  sold  for  foundry  purposes." 
The  fine  coke,  or  braize,  made  in  the  handling  and 
crushing  of  the  coke  is  used  directly  under  steam  boil- 
ers, or  it  is  made  up  into  briquettes,  although  some  is 
employed  in  lining  steel  furnaces.  The  amount  and 
value  of  the  coke  consumed  in  each  branch  of  the  iron 
and  steel  industry,  together  with  the  per  cent  which 
this  quantity  forms  of  the  total  output,  are  given  in 
Table  19  for  each  census  year  from  1880  to  1905. 

'  Short  Treatise  on   the  Destructive  Distillation  of  Bituminous 
Coal,  1900,  page  101. 


Table  19.— QUANTITY  AND  COST  OF  COKE  CONSUMED  IN  THE  IRON  AND  STEEL  INDUSTRY:  1880  TO  1905. 


BR.VXni  OF  INDUSTRY. 

QUANTITY  IN  SHORT  TONS. 

COST. 

PEE  CENT  OF  TOT.U, 
PRODUCT. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

18S0 

1805 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1906 

1900 

1890 

18S0 

All  branches 

20,378,452 

17,682,072 

9,797,353 

2,315,500 

S59,13B,419  S40,991,400 

$28,752,972 

$3,743,382 

81.0 

90.0 

97.9 

84.1 

Blast  furnaces 

19,739,676 
638,776 

16,755,489 

926,516 

67 

9,402,898 

393,051 

1,404 

2,166,200 

142,605 

6,695 

57,127,027 
2,009,392 

38,976,770 

2,014,390 

240 

27,435,780 

1,311,588 

6,604 

8,129,240 
582,901 
31,241 

78.5 
2.5 

85.3 
4.7 
(') 

94.0 
3.9 
(') 

Rolling  mills  and  steel  works 

5.2 
0.2 

1  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


From  a  table  of  statistics  given  by  J.  M.  Swank,' 
showing  the  extent  to  which  dillVrent  fuels  have  been 
used  in  the  United  States  for  iron  .'-meUing,  it  appears 
that  prior  to  1855  charcoal  was  supreme,  the  quantity 
used  exceeding  that  of  either  anthracite  coal  or  coke, 
but  in  that  year  the  consumption  of  anthracite  ex- 
ceeded that  of  charcoal;  in  1.S69  the  con.surnption  of 
coke  exceeded  that  of  charcoal;  in  1.S75  the  consump- 
tion exceeded  that  of  either  charcoal  or  anthracite 
coal;  in  1880  the  consumption  of  coke  exceeded  that 
of  both  charcoal  and  anthracite  combined,  and  this 
supremacy  of  coke  has  been  maintained  and  extended 
ever  since. 

The  account  lor  the  consumjilion  of  coke  in  the 
United  States  in  the  cctisus  year  may  be  thus  set  forth: 

Short  tons. 
Total 28.382,817 

Coke  produced 2S,  143, 288 

Coke  Imported 219, 629 

Total 26,362,817 

Coke  used  In  Iron  and  steel  Industry 20,378,462 

Coke  exp'irted •. 616, 273 

Coko  used  fur  all  other  purposes 4,368.092 

USE.S    OF   BY-PROOUCT.S. 

The  ammoniacal  liquor  coming  from  the  waslicrs  con- 
tains from  0.5  to  2  per  cent  of  ammonia  existing  in  a 

■Manufacture  of  Iron  in  All  Agc-B,  page  284. 


variety  of  compounds.  It  is  so  weak  it  must  be  further 
treated  before  it  is  marketable.  On  subjecting  it  to 
heat,  part  of  this  ammonia,  known  as  free  ammonia, 
comes  off  and  may  be  collected  in  water.  The  rest 
may  be  liberated  by  heating  the  liquor  with  lime  or 
some  other  alkali.  The  treatment  then  consists  in 
distilling  the  liquor  with  lime  and  eitlier  collecting  the 
distillate  in  sulphuric  acid  so  as  to  form  ammonium 
suljihate,  or  else  condensing  it  with  sufficient  steam  to 
form  a  strong  ii(nior  containing  from  15  to  20  j)er  cent 
of  ammonia.  Tiie  ammoniacal  liquor  from  by-product 
coke  ovens,  gas  works,  boneblack  factories,  and  blast 
furnaces  is  the  chief  source  of  the  ammonia  water, 
anhydrous  ammonia  used  in  refrigeration,  and  the 
ammonium  compounds  of  commerce.  Ammonium  sul- 
piiate  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  alum  and  other 
comiKuirids  and  as  an  ingredient  of  fertihzers.  Tlio 
quantity  of  ammonium  sulpliate  reported  as  used  in 
the  present  (■ciisus  year  in  fertilizers  was  21,080,000 
lioiinds.  The  total  ])roduct  of  ammonium  suliihate 
rcporlcd  for  Ihiil  ycnr  was  .Sl,54(),7()l{  ])ounds,  and  the 
amoniil  iiri|iorlc(i  ;i(),576,5.')8  pounds,  or  a  total  of 
(52,12I5,;{21  pounds,  so  that  but  slightly  over  one-third 
of  the  available  supply  was  consumed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  fertilizers. 

The  till-  which  results  from  the  dry  dist  illiil  ion  of  coal 


z 
o 


3 


5 

o 


COKE. 


541 


is  a  mixliiio  of  a  variety  of  hydrocarhoiia,  amines,  phe- 
nols, and  oilier  ur<;aiiic  snhstaiKti's  toi^cllier  with  free 
carbon,  and  it  varies  both  willi  the  character  of  the 
coal  treated  and  the  manner  in  whicli  it  is  treated.  By- 
product coal  tar  diircrs  from  <ias-house  coal  tar  in  tliat 
it  contains  oidy  about  14  per  cent  of  free  carbon,  while 
gas-house  tar  contains  as  much  as  28  per  cent.  This  is 
due  to  the  much  hif^lior  (cnipeniture  of  the  f^as  retort, 
the  greater  rajiidity  with  which  the  nuiximum  tempera- 
ture is  attained,  and  the  smaller  charge  used.  The  per- 
centage of  tar  acids  is  also  greater  in  gas-house  tar  than 
in  coke-oven  tar.  The  tar  acids  from  coke-oven  tar 
contain  a  high  ])ercentage  of  crcsol,  thus  necessitating 
nuiny  distillations  in  order  to  produce  pure  phenol. 
Coal  tar  is  the  source  of  many  organic  substances,  such 
as  artificial  dyestuffs  and  photograpiiic  and  })harmaceu- 
tical  chemicals.  In  the  crude  state  it  is  used  in  making 
tarred  paper,  paint,  and  varnishes  for  coating  bricks; 
and  as  a  fuel,  being  equal,  weight  for  weight,  to  crude 
petroleum  in  fuel  value.  Five  pounds  of  tar  are  prac- 
tically equal  to  from  7  to  S  pounds  of  coal.  When  heated 
to  250°  C.,  to  drive  off  tlie  volatiles,  coal  tar  pitch  is 
produced,  which  is  used  in  making  tar  macadam  pave- 
ments, about  2  gallons  being  used  per  square  yard  of 
finished  road.  According  to  Pennock,'  "As  a  con- 
sumer of  tar,  the  tar  macadam  for  1903  will  absorb 
4,000,000  gallons,  or  the  product  of  the  dry  distillation 
of  400,000  tons  of  coal."  The  tar  macadam  laid  in  the 
United  States  in  1901  by  a  single  company  was  14,400 
square  yards;  in  1902,  440,000  scjuare  yards;  laid  and 
contracted  for  in  1903,  2,001,000  square  yards,  so  that 
this  mdustrj'  is  a  constantly  growing  one.     Coal  tar 


'Loc.  cit.,  page  788. 


pitch  is  also  used  for  briquetting.  In  distilling  the  tar 
to  obtain  the  pitch  the  distillate  is  divided  into  two 
portions — that  which  is  lighter  than  water  and  that 
which  is  heavier.  The  light  oil  is  redistilled  for  benzol 
and  solvent  naphtha.  The  heavy  oil  is  in  demand  for 
creosoting  tindjer.  Two  grades  of  pilch  are  usually 
made — paving  pitch  and  roofing  pitch. 

The  volume  of  gas  evolved  from  a  by-product  oven 
is  deternuned  directly  by  tiie  quantity  of  volatiles  in 
the  coal  used  and  the  heat  applied.  The  quantity 
necessary  to  be  returned  t(j  heat  the  ovens  varies  also 
with  the  coal.  If  the  coal  contains  32  to  34  per  cent 
of  volatile  matter,  from  .')0  to  .55  per  cent  of  the  gas 
must  be  returned,  but  less  gas  sufhces  for  those  con- 
taining less  volatile  matter.  The  compositi<m  of  the 
gas  varies  throughout  the  operation,  it  being  richer  in 
illuminants,  methane,  and  carbon  monoxide  at  the 
begimung.  In  separating  the  gas,  in  order  to  .sell  the 
surplus,  the  first  runnings  from  22  dowTi  to  14  candle- 
power  are  taken.  This  comes  off  on  an  average  in  the 
first  ten  hours  of  the  operation.  The  rest  of  the  gas, 
knowTi  as  the  lean  gas,  is  that  which  is  used  in  heating 
the  coke  ovens.  .Sometimes  the  benzol  is  removed 
from  this  lean  gas  and  added  to  the  surplus  gas  to 
enrich  it — that  is,  to  increase  its  candlepower.  The 
benzol  is  removed  by  scrubbing  the  gas  with  tar  oil, 
which  dissolves  it,  and  then  recovering  the  hydrocarbon 
from  the  tar  oil  by  fractional  distillation.  Gas  from 
by-product  plants  is  sent  considerable  distances.  The 
plant  at  Everett,  Mass.,  supplies  Boston  and  the  sur- 
rounding cities;  from  Sparrow  Point,  Md.,  the  gas  is 
pumped  11  miles  to  Baltimore;  from  the  Camden, 
N.  J.,  plant  it  is  pumped  3S  miles  to  Trenton;  and  the 
Duluth  plant  supplies  the  cities  of  Duluth  and  Superior. 


APPENDIX  A. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Atwater,  Christopher  G.  The  Development  of  the  Modern 
By-product  Oven,  Transactions  American  Institute  Mining  Engi- 
neers, 1903,  vol.  33,  page  760. 

Blauvelt,  W.  H.  The  By-product  Coke  Oven,  Journal  Western 
Society  of  Engineers,  August,  1905,  vol.  10,  pages  477-499. 

Bjorling,  Philip  R.     Briquettes  ami  Patent  Fuel.    London,  1903. 

Catleit,  Charles.  Coking  in  Beehive  Ovens  with  Reference  to 
Yields,  Transactions  American  Institute  Mining  Engineers,  1903, 
vol.  33,  page  272. 

Dewey,  Fred  P.  Porosity  and  Specific  Gravity  of  Coke,  Transac- 
tions American  Institute  Mining  Engineers,  18S4,  vol.  12,  page  111. 

Dow,  Allan  W.  Coal  Tar  Pavements,  Municipal  Journal  and 
Engineer,  March,  1903,  No.  3,  vol.  14. 

Fulton,  John.  A  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  of  Coke  and  Other 
Prepared  Ftiels  and  the  Saving  of  the  By-products,  2d  edition.  Scran- 
ton,  Pa.,  1905. 

Pennock,  John  D.  The  Retort  Coke  Oven  and  the  Chemistry  of 
its  By-products,  Journal  American  Chemical  Society,  1899,  vol.  21, 
pages  678-705. 

By-product  Coke  Industry  of  the  United  States,  Berichte  V. 

Internationaler  Koiigress  fiir  Angewandte  Chemie,  vol.  2,  pages 
770-797.    Berlin,  1904. 


Pratt,  Joseph  Hyde.  Briquetting  Tests.  Report  on  the  Coal 
Testing  Plant  at  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  Professional 
Paper  No.  48,  United  States  Geological  Sui-vey,  Part  III,  page  1389. 
Washington,  1906. 

Schniewind,  F.  The  Everett  Coke  Oven  Plant,  Progressive  Age, 
1S99,  vol.  17,  pages  36G-370,  386-392. 

VON  Schrenk,  Hermann.  The  Decay  of  Timber  and  Methods  of 
Preventing  it.  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Bulletin  No.  14,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture.     Washington,  1902. 

Stammler,  Fred  W.  Coking  Tests.  Report  on  the  Coal  Testing 
Plant  at  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  Professional  Paper  No. 
48,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Part  III,  page  1326.  Washing- 
ton, 1906. 

Swank,  James  M.  History  of  the  Manufacture  of  Iron  in  All 
Ages.     Philadelphia,  1884. 

United  Otto-Coke  and  Gas  Company.  A  Short  Treatise 
on  the  Destructive  Distillation  of  Bituminous  Coal,  with  Refererux 
to  the  United-Otto  System  of  By-product  Coke  Ovens.  New  York, 
1906. 

Wekks,  Jos.  D.  Report  on  the  Manufacture  of  Coke.  Tenth  Cen- 
sus of  the  United  States,  Vol.  X. 

(543) 


APPENDIX  B. 


DIGEST'  OF  PATP:NTS  RELATING  TO  COKE. 

This  di<rost  covers  tho  patt'iits  incliuled  in  the  subclasses  named  in  Class  1202,  Ciiarcoal  and  Coke,  of  the 
United  States  Patent  Office  classilication. 

Some  of  the  patents  in  these  catet2:ories  are  quite  foreign  to  the  subject  under  consideraiinn  and  many  but 
indirectly  rehited  to  it.  On  account  of  tlie  form  which  discussions  of  patent  issues  often  take,  it  has  been  thoujrht 
better,  however,  to  incUide  these  latter  patents.  The  aim  in  making  the  digest  has  been  to  give  such  a  sketch 
as  will  indicate  the  nature  of  the  invention  and  what  is  claimed  by  the  inventor,  this  generally  being  done  by  an 
actual  abstract  from  or  para})hrase  of  the  words  of  the  letters  patent,  but  no  responsi])ility  is  assumed  for  the 
opinions,  theories,  or  claims  tl  us  set  forth.  Other  related  patents  may  have  been  granted  which  do  not  appear 
in  this  digest,  because  they  are  not  embraced  in  the  subclasses  enumerated.  It  is  suggested  that  such  patents 
may  be  found  in  the  classes  relating  to  illuminating  gas,  wood  distillation,  and  similar  topics. 


CLASS  202.— CHARCOAL  AND  COKE. 

CHARCOAL. 

SUBCLASS  2,— PROCESSES. 

7S0~April  S8,1838.    MICHAEL  CARROLL.    Improved  mode  of  forming  a  kiln 

for  making  charcoal. 

Relates  to  the  manner  in  which  the  logs  are  to  be  piled  in  forming  the  mound. 
14,619— April 8.1  S56.     SANDFORD  S.  PERRY.    Improvement  in  charring  wood. 

Claims  the  process  or  mode  of  charring  wood,  or,  as  it  is  commonly  called, 
"burning  charcoal,"  by  the  application  of  hot  or  heated  air  to  the  wood  to  be 
charred. 


10, S04— December   $S,   1856, 
charcoal. 


ANDREW   GRIMES.     Improvement   in   burning 


Claims  burning  wood  in  the  open  air  without  any  covering  of  earth,  or  any 
substitute  therefor,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  reduce  any  given  amoimt  of  wood  to 
a  mass  of  red-hot  coals  while  preventing  the  pile  from  burning  to  ashes  until 
this  result  is  accomphshed. 

l£9,815~July  33,1872.    LEVEN  S.GOODRICH.    Improvement  in  processes  and 

apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of  charcoal. 

Claims  the  process  which  consists  of  a  variable  air  supply  to  carry  on  the  proc- 
ess of  wood  charring  by  the  combustion  of  the  flammable  gaseous  products 
thereof,  and  to  prevent  the  said  air  supply  from  coming  in  direct  contact  with 
the  charcoal  produced  by  the  distillation  of  the  wood  by  the  said  combustion. 

19GJ1 4— October  SO,  1877.    LEVI  STEVENS.    Improvement  in  coking  coal  and 

desulphurizing  ike  coke. 

Claims  the  process  of  coking  coal,  which  consists  in  passing  the  gases  evolved 
from  the  coking  coal  contained  in  one  chamber  into  and  through  the  coke  con- 
tained in  an  adjoining  chamber,  produced  from  a  previous  charge,  and  kept  at 
a  high  temperature,  whereby  said  coke  takes  up  carbon  from  the  hydrocarbon 
gases  of  the  coking  coal,  and  is  thereby  rendered  compact  and  firm. 

SOO, ess—February  26,  1878.     WILLIAM  A.  MILES,    Improvement  in  methods  of 

operaJing  charcoal  kilns. 

Claims  the  method  of  operating  charcoal  kilns  consisting,  essentially,  in  first, 
preparing  the  kiln  in  the  usu;il  well-known  manner  and  hghting  the  fire;  second, 
closing  tightly  the  usual  opening  or  openings  into  the  atmosphere:  and,  third, 
forcing  air  into  the  kiln  in  a  series  of  equal  or  unequal  jets  and  out  of  the  same 
with  the  products  of  distiUation  in  another  series  of  jets  to  the  condenser. 

Sll,376— January  14,1879.  HORACE  L.  BROOKE.  Improrement  in  plants  and 
processes  for  the  manufacture  of  charcoal  and  pyroligneous  acid. 
Claims  the  process  of  manufacturing  charcoal  and  pyroligneous  acid,  consist- 
ing in  forcing  into  a  charcoal  kiln  a  quantity  of  air  sufficient  to  support  com- 
bustion of  H  jiart  of  its  contents,  and  thereby  char  the  rest,  and  condensing  and 
recovering  the  pyroligneous  acid  and  vapors. 

S49,S66— November  S,  1S81.    JOSHUA  KIDD.     Charring  or  en. 

Claims  the  improvement  in  the  method  of  charring  substances  which  consists 
In  passing  the  products  of  combustion  through  a  fresh  charge  of  material  for 
charring  the  latter  and  depriving  the  products  of  combustion  of  a  large  pro- 
portion of  their  heat,  and  then  passing  the  same  in  their  lowered  temperature 
through  a  chaise  of  material  which  has  I>ecn  previously  charred  for  expediting 
the  cooling  thereof. 


27S, 976— February  S7, 
charcoal. 


188S.    HENRY  M.  PIERCE.    Process  of  manufacluring 


Claims  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal,  the  method  of  conducting  the  carbon- 
izing process,  which  consists  in  admitting  the  air  supply  at  or  near  the  center 
and  base  of  the  charge,  firing  the  charge  at  or  near  the  top  thereof,  and  with- 
drawing the  gases  and  vapors  from  the  base  and  circumference  of  the  charge. 

978,731— June  5,  1883.     HENRY  M.  PIERCE.     Manufacture  of  charcoal. 

Claims  as  an  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal  or  coke  the  method 
for  cooling  the  contents  of  the  kiln,  consisting  in  maintaining  a  circulation 
through  the  kiln  of  a  noncombining  gas— such  as  carbonic  oxide  or  carbonic 
acid,  said  gas  being  maintained  at  a  lower  temperature  than  the  kiln  and  its 
circulation  continued  after  the  fire  has  been  extinguished  and  until  the  con- 
tents of  the  kiln  have  l)ecn  reduced  to  a  low  temperature:  and, 

The  method  of  extinguishing  the  fire  of  a  charcoal  kiln  or  like  chamber  and 
cooling  the  charge  thereof,  which  consists  in  cooling  the  carbonic  acid  gas  gen- 
erated from  the  burning  or  carbonizing  mass  contained  in  the  kiln  and  then 
forcing  it  into  the  kiln  and  into  and  among  the  charge. 

284,058— August  28,  1883.    HENRY  M.  PIERCE.     Method  Of  distilling  and  char- 
ring wood  and  kiln  therefor. 

Claims  the  method  of  distilling  and  charring  wood,  which  consists  in  firing 
the  charge  and  withdrawing  the  moist  volatile  products  from  the  lop  of  the 
charge,  and  condensing  liquefiable  portions,  then  closing  the  discharge  pip^  at 
the  top  of  the  kiln  and  withdrawing  the  gases  down  through  the  charge  to  the 
bottom  of  the  kiln,  condensing  the  liquefiable  portions  thereof,  and  forcing  the 
uncondensed  gases  by  a  steam-jet  ejector  to  a  furnace  for  combustion. 

284,059— August  28,   1S8S.    HENRY  M.    PIERCE.    Process  of  manufacturing 

charcoal  and  kiln  therefor. 

Claims  the  method  of  manufacturing  charcoal,  which  consists  in  charging  the 
kiln  with  wood  laid  in  reticulated  form  and  with  flues  extending  from  bottnm 
to  top  of  the  kiln,  firing  the  charge,  and  admitting  jets  of  steam  or  other 
gaseous  fluid  into  the  flues,  and  thereby  causing  a  circulation  of  the  heat  and 
gaseous  products  through  all  the  interstices  of  the  charge,  whereby  it  is  rapidly 
and  uniformly  heated  and  reduced  to  charcoal  of  even  quality. 

309,874~December  30,  1884.    HENRY  M.  PIERCE.     Method  of  and  apparatus 

for  treating  wood  for  the  manufacture  of  charcoal. 

Claims  the  method  of  preparing  woods  for  carbonization,  which  consists  in 
permitting  the  condensable  vapors  of  an  initial  char;ge  to  escape  directly  into 
the  open  air,  or  into  a  condenser,  and  then  passing  the  hght,  highly  heated 
gases  given  off  toward  the  close  of  carbonization  or  distiUation  through  the 
fresh  charge  to  be  treated. 

326,452- September  15,  1885.    HENRY  M.  PIERCE.    Process  of  utilizing  wood 

gases  for  metallurgical  purposes. 

Claims  in  a  blast  furnace  the  process  of  utilizing  the  gases  evolved  in  the 
destructive  distillation  of  wood  as  fuel,  which  cons. sis  in  fiist  conducting  the 
wood  gases  to  a  condenser  and  reducing  to  liquid  their  condensable  constitu- 
•ents,  then  forcing  the  uncondensable  gases  into  a  healing  chaml  er  wh.ch  is 
heated  by  the  waste  gases  from  the  sa.d  blast  furnace,  then  mixing  a  suitable 
quantity  of  atmospheric  air  with  said  wood  gases,  and  then  injecting  the  whole 
into  a  blast  furnace. 

345,151— July  6, 1886.    LEVEN  S.  GOODRICH. 
coal. 


Process  of  manufacturing  char- 


Claims  in  charcoal  making,  the  process  which  consists  in  arrestingand  storing 
the  noninflammable  gases  resulting  from  the  carbonizing  process,  and  at  the 
completion  of  the  latter  returning  said  gases  to  the  kiln  under  pressure  greater 
than  that  of  the  external  atmosphere,  and  maintaining  such  pressure  within 
the  kiln  until  the  cooling  of  the  latter  is  effected. 

>  Copies  of  these  patents  may  be  obtained  upon  application  to  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Patents.'  Washington,  D.  C.  at  a  cost 
of  5  cents  each. 

(545) 


546 


MANUFACTURES. 


^ee^eS—December  S9, 1891,    LEOPOLD  ZWILLINGER.    Process  of  and  appa- 
ratus for  making  charcoal. 

Claims  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal,  the  improvement  which  consists  in  plac- 
ing the  material  in  a  retort,  and  means  substantially  such  as  described  for  heat- 
ing the  same,  applying  heat  to  the  latter,  and  passing  through  the  material  in 
the  retort  superheated  air  substantially  free  from  oxygen  and  combined  with 
Bteam  by  first  passing  the  air  through  water  for  the  purpose  of  eliminating  the 
oxygen  and  combining  the  air  with  moisture,  and  then  superheating  the  mois- 
ture laden  air. 

477^0— Jum  SS,  189S.    ALBERT  VICKERS.     Method  of  arresting  and  extin- 

guUhing  combustion  in  charcoal  kilns. 

Claims  the  method  of  arresting  and  extinguishing  combustion  in  charcoal 
kilns,  which  consists  in  introducing  into  the  kiln,  after  firing  has  reached  the 
desired  point,  sulphuric  acid  or  like  liquid  decomposable  into  noncombustiblo 
gases  under  the  action  of  the  heat  and  carbon  present  and  causing  the  said 
generated  gases  to  circulate  continuously  through  the  charcoal  from  top  to 
bottom  of  the  kiln. 

607^1— JtUy  It,  1898.    JOSEPH  BERRY.     Charcoal  kUn. 

Claims  a  charcoal  kiln  consisting  of  a  foundation  of  longitudinally  laid  sticks, 
a  V-shaped  space  formed  by  the  arrangement  of  sticks  at  the  front  portion  of 
the  kiln,  a  series  of  draft  spaces  formed  around  the  edge  of  the  kiln  by  over- 
lapping the  ends  thereof,  and  a  superstructure  composed  of  cord  wood  built 
thereon. 

705,S1S—July  SS,  1902.    OSCAR  DAUBE.     Method  of  carbonizing  organic  mate- 
rials. 

Claims  the  method  of  carbonizing  organic  material  and  material  of  oiganic 
origin  which  consists  in  mixing  6tj§  per  cent  air  under  a  constant  pressure  of 
from  5  to  S  pounds  and  33J  per  cent  highly  nitrogenous  gas:  passing  the 
resultant  gas  through  a  coal  fire,  reducing  the  temperature  of  the  gas  issuing 
from  the  fire  to  from  400°  to  600°  Fahrenheit,  subjecting  the  material  to  be  car- 
bonized to  said  last  mentioned  gas  at  the  said  temperature  of  from  400°  to  600" 
Fahrenheit,  and  under  the  said  pressure  still  constantly  maintained,  and  ex- 
hausting the  eases  emanating  from  said  material  during  carbonization  imme- 
diately they  free  themselves. 

705J9SS—July  29, 1903     JOSEPH  HEMINGWAY.     Continuous  process  of  coking 

coal. 

Claims  the  continuous  process  of  making  metallurgical  coke  which  consists 
In  pulverizing  bituminous  or  semibituminous  coal,  mixing  it  with  about  4  per 
cent  of  boiUng  hot  water,  mixing  the  moistened  mass  with  about  10  per  cent 
of  coal  tar,  charging  the  coking  ovens  with  said  mixture,  distilUng  it,  and 
returning  the  heavy  portion  of  the  distillate,  contuining  tar,  pitch,  and  similar 
substances  (mixed  with  a  fresh  charge  of  coal  moistened  with  hot  water)  into 
the  coking  ovens  during  the  coking  operation. 

711,905-~October  SI,  1902.    THADBEUS  S.  C.  LOWE.    Process  of  manufactur- 
ing coke. 

Claims  in  the  manufacture  of  coke  the  process  of  continuously  and  progress- 
ively converting  the  charge  into  coke  and  intermittently  recovering  gas  from 
the  charge  while  being  coked,  which  consists  in  alternately  raising  ttie  terflpera- 
ture  of  the  oven  arches  to  above  the  temperature  retiuircd  for  coining,  and  then 
introducing  steam  at  or  above  its  decomposable  te[iii"^ratiire  into  the  upper 
parts  of  the  ovens  and  above  the  body  of  the  charge  with  reference  to  effecting 
the  recombination  of  the  elements  of  the  steam  and  the  otherwise  waste  gas 
evolved  in  coking  Into  a  fixed  recoverable  gas. 

744,669— November  17,  I90S.    BERNHARD  ZWILLINGER,    Process  of  carbon- 
izing and  cooling  down  the  charge. 

Claims  the  process  of  producing  carbonized  substances  which  consists  in  ini- 
tially carbonizing  the  said  substances  and  subsenuently,  while  the  charge  is 
still  hot,  continuously  subjecting  it  to  the  action  of  mechanicjilly  propelled 
cooled  gases  free  of  uncombined  oxygen  in  a  greater  (luantity  than  the  capacity 
of  the  carbonized  substances  for  absorption  after  cooling  and  at  atmospheric 
pressure,  whereby  the  charge  may  be  cooled  down  in  a  rapid  and  efficient  manner. 

744,670— November  17, 190S.    BERNHARD  ZWILLINGER.    Process  of  carbon- 
izing material. 

Claims  the  process  of  carbonization  which  consists  in  preliminarily  dcoxy- 
geni/.ing  atmospheric  air,  heating  the  resultant  gas  to  such  a  temperature  as 
to  etlcct  the  carbonization  of  the  carbonizable  material  in  the  kiln  at  a  tem- 
perature not  exceeding  800°  Fahrenheit,  and  acting  upon  the  said  material  with 
the  said  heated  gas,  removing  the  products  of  carbonization,  and  thereupon 
continuing  the  carbonization  by  heating  and  circulating  the  said  products  of 
carbonization  through  the  kiln  so  as  to  effect  the  carbonization  at  a  tempera- 
ture not  exceeding  800°  Fahrenheit- 

794,481— Jvly  11,   1005.    DAVID  M.  BALCH.    Process  of  manufacturing  fuel 

from  seaweeds. 

Claims  the  process  of  treating  seaweed  to  obtain  fuel  consisting  in  drying  the 
weed,  then  coating  the  weed  with  an  alkaline  substance  prior  to  further  troaL- 
ment,  then  subjecting  the  dried  and  alkaline-coated  weed  to  the  indirect  action 
of  dry  heat  immediately  subsequent  to  coating  the  weed  with  the  alkaline  and 
until  the  volatile  products  are  driven  off  and*u  char  results,  then  lixiviating 
the  charred  residuum  with  water  until  the  saline  constituents  of  the  residuum 
are  removed,  and  subsequently  dr>'ing  the  residuum. 

SUBCLASS  3.— RETORTS. 

840s— November  4,  18SL    W.  P.  McCONNELL.    Improvement  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  charcoal. 

Claims  an  Iron  cylinder  with  a  double  bottom,  the  upper  one  being  perforated. 
And  these  combined  with  several  flues  covered  at  the  top  with  dampers  ana 
protected  withm  with  Iron  ringH,  the  whole  ho  constructed  that  the  flro  may 
De  applied  cither  on  the  top,  under  the  bottom,  or  within  the  Uuos,  or  In  all 
together,  at  pleasure. 

Bej940— November  9,  i860.    JOHN  ADAUS.    Improved  apparatus  f<yr  carbonizing 
peal. 

The  Invention  consists  In  carbonizing  peat  for  making  Into  marking  Ink  and 
other  UHcful  products,  by  beating  the  peat  In  retorts  sot  In  a  furmico  and  con- 
nected with  ft  fll'-am  boiler,  bo  that  when  carbonization  Is  attained  the  flro  may 
bo  extinguished  by  the  steam. 

IB4M9— December  6,  1876.    OEOUGE  L.  HARRISON,  JR.    Improvement  in 
processes  ami  appftratu^  for  the  manufacture  of  clutrbon-roux. 
Clalmn  the  prn<T«Rof  mnklnK'^harbon-roux  which  ronslsts  In  subjecting  billets 
of  wood  to  hr-nt  undt-r  (igiliirinri,  imd  the  cfMnbinntiori  of  a  retort  having   a 
removable  head  plate,  and  pipe,  with  a  revolving  cnge  and  furnace. 


197,94s— December  11,  1877.    MOSES  NICHOLS.    Improvement  in  retorts  for 

making  gunpowder  charcoal. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  pro\ide  a  retort  and  furnace  for  making 
charcoal  for  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder  and  for  the  distillation  of  pyro- 
ligneous  acids  for  medicinal  and  chemical  purposes  of  more  uniform  quality 
than  has  hitherto  been  produced  from  retorts  as  ordinarily  constructed,  owing 
to  the  uneven  application  of  the  heat  from  the  furnace,  whereby  the  outer  por- 
tions of  the  contents  of  the  retort  are  generally  burned  too  much,  while  the 
interior  is  not  sulticiently  burned,  resulting  in  a  loss  of  wood  and  a  variable 
quality  of  charcoal  unfit  for  the  particular  purpose  designed;  and  it  consists 
in  a  novel  arrangement  of  flues  and  diaphragms  both  around  and  within  the 
retort;  also  in  provision  for  extracting  and  preserving  the  acids  evolved  during 
the  process  of  burmng. 

S76,2S2— April  24, 188S.    JOHN  BURT.     Charcoal  furnace. 

Claims  in  an  oblong  charcoal  furnace  the  combination  of  a  removable  heating 
chaml.'cr  arranged  in  said  furnace,  forming  retort  chambers,  the  floors  of  which 
overhang  the  front  and  rear  of  the  fire  chamber  and  inchnc  from  the  centrally 
located  deatmg  chamber  to  the  front  and  rear  to  form  the  top  of  the  front  and 
rear  ends  of  the  lire  chamber. 

883,643— August  SI,  18S3.    CHARLES  S.  NELLIS.     Charcoal  kiln. 

Claims  the  combination  of  the  retorts  ha\ing  a  combustion  chamber  extending 
through  it,  horizontal  flues  communicating  at  each  end  with  the  chimney  and 
connected  with  the  combustion  chambers,  respectively,  at  the  upper  and  lowerend 
of  the  retorts,  vertical  flues  connecting  the  horizontal  flues  intennediutely  be- 
tween the  retorts,  and  dampers  in  the  horizontal  flues  intennediately  between  the 
vertical  flues  and  combustion  chambers  at  each  side  thereof. 

S87, 817— August  14,  1SS8.    JACOB  SCHERFFIUS.    Apparatus  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  charcoal. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  producing  charcoal,  the  combination,  with  a  fire 
chamber,  of  a  charring  chamber,  a  jacket  surrounding  said  charring  chamber,  a 
space,  however,  being  left  between  the  walls  of  the  charring  chamber  and  the  walls 
of  the  jacket,  tubes  or  pipes  connecting  the  outlet  of  the  fire  chamber  with  the 
space  between  the  walls  of  the  charring  chamber  and  its  jacket,  valves  or  dumpers 
arranged  in  connection  with  said  tubes,  a  smoke  pipe  leading  from  said  space 
between  the  charnng  chamber  and  its  jacket,  and  a  branch  smoke  pipe  provided 
with  a  damper,  which  said  branch  smoke  pipe  leads  from  the  discharge  opening  of 
the  fire  chamber  to  the  main  smoke  pipe. 

407,166— July  16,  1889.    FRANKLIN  S.  CLARK.    Retort  for  distilUng  wood  and 

making  charcoal. 

Claims  in  a  wood-distilling  apparatus,  a  furnace,  combined  with  the  stationary 
outer  cylinder,  arranged  within  the  furnace,  and  a  removable  inner  cylinder  to 
contain  the  wood  and  having  openings  in  its  sides,  said  inner  cylinder  being 
smaller  than  the  outer  cylinder  and  arranged  within  the  latter,  so  as  to  provide  an 
air  space  around  the  inner  cylinder,  with  which  air  space  the  openings  conmiuni- 
cate,  and  doors  on  the  inner  cylinder  for  closing  the  openings,  said  doors  being 
carried  by  the  inner  removable  cylinder  when  it  is  drawn  out. 

^09,873— August  S7, 1880.    JACOB  SCHERFFIUS.     Charcoal  apparatus. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  fire  and  charring  chambers,  of  a  dampered  pipe 
extending  from  the  former  into  the  latter,  chambers  surrounding  both  the  fire  and 
charring  chambers,  communication  being  established  between  the  rin-  rh;iniber 
and  the  chamber  surrounding  the  charring  chamber  and  between  the  latter  and 
the  chamber  surrounding  the  fire  chamber,  and  condensing  pipes  comu  cling  the 
charring  chamber  and  the  chamber  surrounding  the  fire  chamber. 

682, Sis-September  10, 1901.    BERNHARD  ZWILLINGER.    Apparatus  for  car- 
bonizing material. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  carbonizing  chamber,  having  its  lateral  walls 
made  hollow  to  fonn  a  flue  extending  nearly  around  the  chaniber,  of  a  chimney 
leading  from  oneend  of  said  flue,  and  a  superheating  furnace  discharging  its  waste 
gases  into  the  opposite  end  of  said  flue,  whereby  the  chamber  is  praotioilly  sur- 
rounded by  a  constantly  renewed  layer  of  heated  gas,  and  moans  for  passing  gas 
through  said  superheating  furnace  and  into  the  carbonizing  chamber. 

687,504— November  S6,  1901.    GUSTAF   GRONDAL.    Apparatus  for  charring 

wood,  etc. 

Claims  the  process  of  continuously  carbonizing  or  charring  wood  and  the  like, 
consisting  of  passing  the  wood  through  a  furnace,  causing  a  gas  indifferent  to  rod- 
hot  coals  to  enter  tlie  furnace  at  a  point  where  the  coals  are  incandescent,  thereby 
heating  the  gas  and  cooling  the  coals,  passing  said  heated  gas  around  a  charring 
mulll<\  but  not  in  contact  with  the  wood  therein,  adniitting  air  to  the  gas  at  this 
point  to  cause  combustion  to  char  the  wood  in  the  mullle,  and  causing  the  burned 
air  and  gas  to  heat  the  wood  preliminary  to  its  reception  into  the  muffle. 

701. M.5  -  May  S7,  IOCS.    CHARLES  J.  T.  BURCEY.    Apparatus  for  manufactur- 
ing cfuircoal. 

Claims  an  apparatus  for  manufacturing  charcoal  comprising  a  combustion 
chamber,  a  receiving  chamber  for  the  wood  to  be  charred,  a  main  neat  condueting 
passage  eoiumnnieiiting  with  the  combustion  chamber,  a  plvirallty  of  passages 
communicating  independently  with  the  main  heat  conducting  passage  and  also 
conununicating  independently  with  the  atmosphere,  said  passages  being  each  pro- 
vided with  an  Inclosing  wall  for  preveiuing  the  escape  of  the  products  of  combus- 
tion from  the  passages  Into  the  interior  of  the  receiving  i'haml>er.  and  means  for 
controlling  the  (low  of  the  products  of  combustion  from  the  combustion  chamber 
and  the  main  heat  conducting  passage  to  the  atmosphere  through  said  Plurality 
of  passages  independently,  and  thereby  rendering  substantially  uniform  the 
treatment  of  the  wood  Ln  the  different  portions  of  the  Interior  of  the  receiving 
chamber. 

7S1,059-June  16,  1903.    PER  LORENTZ  LAURELL.    Retort  for  carbonizing 

wood  or  the  like. 

Claims  a  carbonizer  comprising  a  retort  having  a  central  open-ended  flue,  a  cas- 
ing, a  cource  of  heat  supply  on  one  side  and  at  the  foot  then'of,  a  support  for  tho 
retort  In  said  caning  inclining  downwardly  to  the  opposite  side,  flues  below  said 
support  provided  with  cut-off  devices  and  diverging  from  the  source  of  heat  sup- 
ply and  leading  to  a  wntral  space  In  communication  with  the  flue  of  the  ri'tort,  an 
air  fliKi  opposite  tho  source  of  heat  supply .  nrovldcd  with  a  cut-off  device  and  lend- 
ing alH'i  to  said  central  spuco,  a  pipe  provided  with  a  vertical  brunch  In  said  air 
flue  and  connected  with  the  retort,  at  its  lowest  point,  and  a  stack  Inconumuilca- 
Hon  with  tho  space  about  the  retort  substantially  at  tho  lowest  point  of  its  sup- 
port. 

744,700— November  17,  1903.    ALONZO  T.  WILSON.     Charcoal  or  coke  oven. 

Claims  an  oven  for  making  charcoal  and  coke  comprising  a  front  wall  having  A 
doorway,  a  n'ar  wall  hiivliig  iuirlzcintal  flues,  a  chimney  (•(Piitn-eted  with  mild  (lues. 
an  arched  wall  and  n»>f  cl.iMed  from  top  to  bottom  and  from  front  lo  rear,  iiclosed 
floor,  furmiceH  In  IIh-  fmnt  wall  under  the  floor  and  comninnienlliig  witli  an  oyicn 
Bpiu^  under  thn  floor  and  combiiHl  l<>ncbaml>i'r  extending  rearwanl  from  the  front 
wall  ami  upwanl  fmrn  tlu-  furnaces  and  provided  with  upertures  communicating 
with  the  chamlwr  obovo  tho  floor. 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  COKE. 


547 


777, -UG— December  IS,  1904.    WERTHER  ANDERS  GUSTAF  VON  HEIDEN- 

STAM.    Apparatus  for  charring  wood  refuse  or  the  like. 

Claims  tho  combinution,  with  a  charring  retort  for  wood  refuse,  peat,  or  the 
like,  of  a  plunger,  guide  rods  provided  with  a  bottom  plate  and  guide  plates 
adapted  to  divide  the  material  into  sections  while  being  charred,  and  a  hood 
inclosing  said  guide  rods,  guide  plates,  and  charring  material. 

790,105— August  1, 1905.    JOHAN  EMANUEL  AsivIN.     Charring  retort. 

Claims  in  a  charring  kiln  a  substantially  cylindricul  retort  having  a  pair  of  sep- 
arate furnaces  iit  tho  front,  a  Hue  loiulinj^  from  each  furnace  through  the  outer 
walls  of  the  retort  to  the,  reur  jmrtionof  thi-  furmice,  upwardly  extending  passages 
communicating  with  the  rear  jmrtions  of  sjiid  Hues,  a  valve  in  each  said  tlue  adja- 
cent its  rear  extremity,  a  Hue  exb-ndiiit:;  across  tlie  bottom  of  tho  retort  and  lead- 
ing from  eacli  stiid  furnace  and  opening  wito  the  rear  portion  of  each  said  flue,  a 
valve  arranged  at  llie  jjortion  of  each  said  latter  flue  adjacent  the  furnace,  and  a 
valve  arranged  at  the  other  extremity  of  each  said  latter  flue. 

80^,S39~ November  I4,  1905.    TnEODOR   LEDERMULLER.    Apparatus  for 

carbonizing  peal. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  carbonizing  peat,  the  combination,  with  a  heatinK 
oven,  of  a  press  adapted  to  contain  the  in;iland  mounted  in  the  oven  in  a  position 
to  be  exposed  to  the  gases  from  tlie  fin'plaee  of  the  oven,  a  series  of  press  plates 
arranged  in  said  press  and  adapted  to  receive  molding  boxes  between  them  and 
means  permitting  the  introduction  of  molding  boxes  between  said  press  plates 
without  their  traversing  the  fireplace  of  the  oven. 

SUBCLASS  lo.-KILNS. 

S, 7$$— August  SB,  i84S.    A.  H.  TAIT.    Improvement  in  coking  wood  by  the  waste 

heat  of  iron  furnaces. 

Claims  the  application  of  waste  or  escape  heat  from  forge  or  furnace  fires  making 
iron  to  the  purpose  of  coking  wood  by  radiation  from  flues  constructed  of  iron  or 
any  other  suitable  material  and  in  the  same  process  of  coking  by  waste  or  escape 
heat  to  extract  from  the  wood  pyroligneous  acid,  the  flues  being  so  arranged  in 
connection  with  walls  or  piers  as  to  prevent  the  wood  from  coming  in  contact  with 
or  resting  upon  said  Hues  or  pipes,  by  which  means  the  atmospheric  air  is  ex- 
cluded and  that  portion  of  the  wood  consumed  by  the  old  process  in  coking  the 
remainder  converted  into  charcoal. 

Se,090— August  6, 1S62.    CHARLES   T.   HARVEY.    Improvement  in  charcoal 

kilns. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  combine  a  kiln  for  the  manufacture  of  charcoal, 
80  as  to  secure  portability,  exclusion  of  air.  strength,  and  durability  in  a  novel  and 
useful  manner.  To  do  this,  construct  an  outer  shell  or  covering  of  convenient  form 
and  size,  of  metal  divided  into  convenient  segments,  sections,  or  parts,  composed 
of  one  or  more  sheets  of  metal  and  prepared  with  bolts  or  other  fastenings,  so  that 
when  each  segment  or  part  is  placed  in  position  it  can  be  securely  fastened  to  and 
with  other  segments  or  parts,  so  as  to  fonn,  collectively,  a  complete  metallic  kiln, 
covering,  or  outer  shell  strong  and  durable.  Then  lay  upon  the  inside  a  thin  wall 
of  brick  or  stone,  having  a  space  left  between  it  and  the  metallic  covering.  Then 
fill  in  the  space  between  the  masonry  lining'  ami  metallic  covering  with  cement  or 
grout  formed  of  fireclay  or  other  fluid  mortar  hardening  in  due  time,  which,  when 
accomplished,  renders  "the  kiln  complete  and  ready  for  use. 

66,5S8~July  S4,  1S66.    K.  S.  CHAFFEE.     Improved  apparatus  for  Tnaking  char- 
coal. 
This  invention  relates  to  a  charcoal  kiln  provided  with  means  for  condensing 

pyroligneous  acid  from  the  smoke  and  volatile  products  resulting  from  a  charge 

when  in  combustion  within  such  kiln  instead  of  being  heated  from  outside,  and  the 

inventor — 
Claims  the  application  of  a  condenser  to  a  kiln  by  extending  such  condenser  as  a 

pipe  around  the  kiln  and  supporting  it  by  means  of  series  of  oranch  pipea  leading 

from  it  into  the  kiln,  and  combining  with  such  condenser  a  discharge  pipe  to 

extend  from  it. 

7 1,SS3- November  26,  1867.    WILLIAM   H.   GUIGNON   AND   WILLIAM   B. 

McDonald,    improvement  in  kilns  for  charring  wood,  etc. 

Claims  a  kiln  for  charring  or  carbonizing  wood  or  coal,  which  is  self-acting  o"^ 
automatic  in  its  operation,  and  a  portable  kiln  for  carbonizing  wood  or  coal, 
which  is  formed  of  a  double  wall,  or  an  outer  and  an  inner  shell,  whereby  the  heat 
is  confined  in  the  kiln. 

78,264— May  26, 1S6S.    MORTON  E.  CONVERSE  AND  ABEL  T.  ATHERTON. 

Improvement  in  the  manufactarc  of  pyroligneous  acid. 

Claims  the  application  and  arrangement  of  the  flue  tubes  in  one  or  more  rows, 
to  a  kiln  in  such  a  manner  that  they  willconduct,carry  off,  and  save,  the  products 
of  destructive  distillation  of  wood. 

129,814— July  23,  1872.    LEVEN  S.  GOODRICH.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

the  manufacture  of  charcoal. 

The  object  of  this  Invention  is  to  produce  an  apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of 
charcoal  which  will  save  all  the  useful  products  arising  from  the  distillation  of  the 
wood  and  at  the  same  time  increase  the  quantity  and  improve  the  quaUty  of  char- 
coal produced  from  any  given  amount  of  wood,  and  it  consists  in  constructing  a 
stationary  kiln  or  furnace  of  any  suitable  size  to  contain  about  one-half  of  the 
wood  to  make  a  desired  charge,  covering  the  said  kiln  with  a  telescopic  bottomless 
holder,  which  reciprocates  vertically  in  an  annular  chamber  surrounding  said 
kiln,  provided  with  a  suitable  liquid  for  sealing  the  same,  like  that  of  an  ordinary 
gas  holder.  Said  holder  rises  high  enough  to  form  a  chamber  between  its  top  and 
the  bottom  of  the  kiln  of  sufiicient  dimensions  to  receive  an  amount  of  wood  to 
make  the  desired  charge,  thus  making  up  for  the  deficient  capacity  of  the  kiln 
itself,  which  is  only  designed  to  hold  about  half  of  said  charge.  At  or  near  the  top 
of  said  holder  is  situated  a  suitable  number  of  doors,  through  which  the  kiln  may 
be  charged  to  avoid  the  neci-ssity  of  removing  the  said  holder  for  that  purpose. 
Near  these  doors  is  situated  a  pipe  or  pipes  for  carrying  off  the  products  of  dis- 
tillation. The  bottom  of  the  kiln  is  provided  with  an  arch,  to  which  access  may  be 
had  for  regulating  the  air  supply,  which  enters  the  kiln  through  orifices  in  said 
arch. 

163,700— May  25, 1875.    WARREN  SPARROW.    Improvement  in  charcoal  kilns_ 
Claims  a  sectional  charcoal  kiln  for  the  dry  distUlation  of  wood,  composed 
entirely  of  thin  metal  sheets,  which  are  formed  into  sections  and  adapted  to  be 
placed  on  and  combined  with  a  perforated  foundation  of  stone. 

178,855~June  SO,  1876.    BART  KANE.    Improvement  in  charcoal  kilns. 

Claims  a  kiln  for  making  charcoal,  of  conical  shape,  with  air-tight  top,  doors  at 
base  and  midway  up.  and  holes  around  its  base. 

£25.297- March  9,  1880.    WILLIAM  A.  MILES.     Charcoal  kiln.     {Reissue  10,746, 

July  20,  1386.) 

This  invention  covers  a  by-product  kiln  in  which  the  gases  generated  are  recov- 
ered and  used  in  the  further  carbonization  of  the  wood  under  treatment. 


243,301— June  ft,  1881.    HENRY  M.  PIERCE.    Ma/nufaclure  0/  charcoal. 

The  invention  rclntca  to  the  utilization  of  the  noncondensable  and  uncondensed 
gascH  and  vapors  K'ven  off  In  the  carbonization  of  wood  for  the  purpose  of  char- 
ring the  wood,  and  has  for  its  object  to  economiz^j  fuel  and  obtain  a  larger  yield  of 
charcoal  from  the  kiln;  and. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  closed  charcoal  kiln,  of  a  weighted  or  automatic 
vent  valve  or  valves,  a  valved  eduction  pipe,  an  induction  pipe,  and  an  inter- 
posed fan. 

243,302— June  21, 1881.    HENRY  M.  PIERCE.    Automatic  cooler  for  kilns. 

This  invention  has  for  its  object  to  save  time  and  labor,  to  increase  the  working 
capacity  of  the  apparatus  employed,  and  consequently  to  reduce  the  capitiu 
required  for  various  manufacturing  purposes,  such  as  the  manufacture  of  char- 
coal, lime,  and  the  like,  or  wherever  the  contents  of  kilns,  furnaces,  and  heating 
chaml>ers  are  preferably  or  necessarily  cooled  out  of  contact  with  the  air;  and, 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  kiln,  furnace,  or  heating  chamlxir,  of  an  educ- 
tion pipe  leading  from,  at,  or  near  the  upper  part  of  the  kiln,  a  cooler  located  above 
the  level  of  the  kiln  or  furmice,  and  an  inauction  pijte  leading  from  the  cooler  to  the 
kiln,  whereby  an  automatic  circulation  of  a  cooling  gas  through  the  kiln  or  fur- 
nace can  be  established  and  maintained. 

266,850-0 ctober  SI,  1882.    WALTER  A.  LOVELACE.     Charcoal  kiln. 

This  Invention  relates  to  that  class  of  charcoal  kilns  In  which  the  kiln  consists  of 
a  hood  adapted  to  be  seated  upon  a  foundation  and  provided  with  a  door  and  with 
smoke  and  steam  escape  pipes;  and, 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  kiln  hood  with  its  foundation  provided  with  an 
inclosed  centrally  located  fireplnee,  hot-air  flues  for  conducting  the  hot  air  from 
the  fireplace  into  the  kiln,  and  smoke  and  steam  escapf;  flues  forconducting  smoke 
and  steam  through  tho  foundation  from  the  kiln  to  the  external  atmosphere 
when  the  hood  is  closed. 

272,766— February  SO,  1883.    HENRY  M.  PIERCE.     Charcoal  kiln. 

Claims  a  charcoal  kiln  having  one  or  more  transverse  pendent  partitions  wblcb 
divide  the  upper  portion  of  the  kiln  into  a  series  of  separate  chambers  and  having 
its  floor  made  up  of  inclines  whose  lowest  points  are  beneath  the  transverse 
pendent  partitions. 

292,635— January  89,  I884.    JOHN  A.  EDWARDS.     Charcoal  oven. 

Claims  a  conical  metallic  charcoal  oven  adapted  to  rest  on  the  ground,  In  combi- 
nation with  corner  posts  and  hoisting  ropes. 

307,928— November  11,  I884.    JOHN  A.  EDWARDS.     Charcoal  oven. 

Claims  a  charcoal  furnace  composed  of  sheets  of  metal,  the  sheets  of  the  upper 
course  being  lapped  outside  the  edges  of  the  lower,  whereby  the  joint  Is  made  auto- 
matically air  tight  in  use. 

S26,45l—Sept€mber  15,  1885.    HENRY  M.  PIERCE.    Apparatus  for  utilizing 

wood  gases. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  provide  means,  in  combination  with  a  blast 
furnace,  whereby  the  gases  evolved  in  the  destructive  distiUation  of  wood,  to- 
gether with  some  fixed  fuel — such  as  charcoal,  coke,  or  coal — may  be  utilized  for 
the  reduction  of  ores;  and. 

Claims,  in  an  apparatus  for  utilizing  wood  gases  for  metallurgical  purposes,  the 
combination  of  a  charcoal  kiln,  pipes  leading  therefrom,  a  heating  chamber 
through  which  said  pipes  pass,  a  blast  furnace  to  which  said  pipes  lead,  and  a 
second  pipe  leading  from  the  blast  furnace  to  the  heating  chamilber,  whereby  the 
spent  gases  from  the  furnace  are  utilized  to  heat  the  heating  chamber  and  wood 
gases. 

327,804— October  6,  1885.     WALTER  A.  LOVELACE.     Charcoal  kUn. 
Claims,  in  a  charcoal  kiln,  the  combination,  with  a  central  undei^ound  flr&- 

Elace,  having  a  grate,  and  a  horizontal  underground  draft-flue,  extending  from 
eneath  said  fireplace  to  a  point  outside  the  kiln,  of  a  portable  dome-shaped  hood, 
composed  of  a  single  thickness  of  iron  plates,  and  having  doors,  a  series  of  lateral 
opemngs,  near  the  bottom,  and  a  circular  opening  at  the  top  closed  by  a  cap. 

342,201- May  18,  1886.    LEVEN  S.  GOODRICH.    Apparatus  for  the  jnanufac- 

ture  of  charcoal. 

Claims  a  kiln  for  the  production  of  charcoal  having  an  annular  flue  below  its 
floor,  openings  through  the  floor  connecting  said  flue  with  the  interior  of  the  kiln, 
a  central  chamber  surrounded  by  said  annular  flue  and  communicating  with  the 
latter  through  suitable  openings  in  the  dividing  waU,  and  a  pipe  extending  from 
said  central  chamber  into  and  toward  the  top  of  the  kiln. 

S4S,202—May  18,  1886.    LEVEN  S.  GOODRICH.     Charcoal  kQn. 

Claims  a  charcoal  kiln  provided  with  top  and  bottom  inlets,  in  combination 
with  branch  supply-pipes  connected  with  said  top  and  bottom  inlets  and  leading 
to  the  source  of  supply  of  hot  gas,  and  provided  with  suitable  dampers,  whereby 
said  gas  may  be  aduiitted  to  the  kiln  either  at  the  top  or  bottom,  or  both. 

352, 931 —Nov ember  23,  1886.    HENRY  M.  PIERCE.    Kiln  for  the  manufacture 

of  charcoal. 

Claims,  as  au  improvement  in  the  construction  of  movable  or  forest  meilers,  a 
rigid  removable  base  section  or  breastwork  having  air  ports  and  gas  vents,  and 
a  soil  or  similar  cap  section. 

360.238— March  29,  1887.    JAMES  E.  McXAUGHTON.     Charcoal  kiln. 

Claims  a  charcoal  kiln  consisting  of  vertical  sides  and  an  arched  roof  formed  of 
sheet-metal  plates  secured  together,  rows  of  supporting  pins  secured  to  the  ends 
of  said  roof  and  side  plates,  end  plates  of  the  kiln  removably  sustained  by  said 
pins,  and  upright  frames  connected  by  angle  irons  and  eyebofts  to  the  kiln  walls. 

399,255— March  12, 1889.    JOHN  FRIEDRICH.     Condenser  for  charcoal  kilns. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  kiln  and  an  outer  casing  surrounding  its  lower 
portion,  of  division  plates  dividing  the  chamber  between  the  kiln  waU  and  casing 
into  several  commumcating  compartments,  water  pipes  transversing  said  com- 
partments, and  connections  between  the  interior  of  the  kiln  and  the  chamber 
between  the  kiln  wall  and  casing. 

399.634— March  IS.  1889.     MICHAEL  SANDFORD.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  constructed  of  equal-sized  large  blocks,  having  a  lateraUy 
arched  top  and  a  common  feed  and  discharge  opening  in  the  middle  of  said  top 
and  a  door  in  its  front,  in  combination  with  a  heavy  stone  waU,  rectangular  in 
shape,  provided  with  a  door  registering  with  the  above-mentioned  door  not  lea.n- 
ing  on  the  front  of  the  oven,  and  with  its  sides  rising  flush  with  the  sides  of  said 
oven,  so  that  when  a  number  of  said  ovens  are  arranged  side  by  side  the  side 
edges  of  said  walls  will  be  in  contact  aU  the  way  to  the  tops,  and  wiU  support 
the  earth  packed  between  the  arched  tops  of  adjacent  ovens,  for  the  purpose  of 
laying  a  railway  track  thereon. 


548 


MANUFACTURES. 


41s. 506-  October  SB,  1SS9.    EDWARD  WILKES  RATHBUN.     Kiln  for  making 

charcoal. 

Claims  in  a  ^J^^"  tor  making  charcoal,  in  which  the  gases  are  conveyed  from  the 
kiln  to  a  condenser  and  then  returned  to  the  combustion  chamber  of  the  kiln,  the 
combination  of  walls  provided  with  flues  beginning  near  the  bottom  of  the  kiln 
and  terzninating  near  the  top  thereof,  achamberfor  receiving  the  gases  from  said 
flues  and  having  a  pipe  leading  to  the  condenser,  and  a  perforated  combustion 
chamber,  having  a  passage,  and  a  pipe  to  convey  gas  from  the  condenser  to  the 
combustion  chamber. 

647,271— October  1,  1895.    ERIK  JOHAN  LJUNGBERG.     Continuous  charcoal 

kiin. 

Claims  the  combination  of  the  kiln  compartments,  passages  from  one  compart- 
ment to  the  adjoining  compartment,  a  channel  leading  from  each  such  passage  to 
the  chimney  or  other  outlet,  a  furnace  located  in  each  passage  to  ignite  the  gases 
passing  from  one  compartment  to  the  adjoining  compartment,  and  a  double 
water-seal  located  at  the  connection  of  the  said  channel  with  the  said  passage, 
whereby  each  compartment  may  be  connected  either  with  the  chimney  or  with 
the  adjoining  compartment. 

607,331— July  IS,  1898.    JOSEPH  BERRY.     Charcoal  kiln. 

Claims  a  charcoal  kiln  consisting  of  a  series  of  longitudinal  sticks  so  laid  as  to 
provide  lengthwise  draft  spaces,  cross  sticks  laid  thereon,  a  V-shaped  space 
formed  in  the  front  end  of  the  kiln  by  the  proper  stacking  of  the  wood,  a  series  of 
draft  spaces  formed  around  the  edge  of  the  kiln  by  the  proper  overlapping  of  a 
series  of  sticks  to  the  right  and  left,  a  block  from  which  these  overlapping  sticks 
start,  and  a  block  upon  which  the  outer  ends  of  the  last  of  these  overlapping 
sticks  rest. 

7g4,601— April  7,  1903.  FRANK  WOLF  NEWBERGER.  Method  of  making 
charcoal  and  of  conserving  ike  vaporous  distillates  thereof. 
Claims  the  method  of  making  charcoal  and  of  conserving  the  vaporous  distil- 
lates thereof,  which  consists  in  inclosing  the  logs  to  form  the  charcoal  in  an  air- 
tight covering  having  means  associated  therewith  to  supply  air  as  requisite  to  the 
piif.  disposing  between  the  logs,  at  the  lower  portion  of  the  pile,  downwardly 
inchned  collectors  which  operate  to  catch  the  vaporous  distillates  as  generated 
within  the  pile  and  convey  them  without  the  pile,  and  then  condensing  the  dis- 
tillates. 

744'^^^*^— November  17,1903.    BERNHARD   ZWILLINGER.     Carbonizing  ap- 
paratus. 

In  a  carbonizing  apparatus,  the  combination  with  a  closed  kiln,  of  a  conduit 
leading  from  the  kiln,  a  compressor,  the  inlet  of  which  isconnecteil  with  said  con- 
duit, a  cooler  located  in  the  path  of  the  gas  between  the  kiln  and  the  compressor, 
a  ves.sel  connected  with  the  outlet  of  the  compressor  and  adapted  to  hold  water 
to  partially  deoxygenize  any  air  that  may  be  fed  by  the  compressor,  and  to 
charge  it  with  aqueous  vapor,  a  heater  connected  with  the  outlet  of  said  vessel, 
and  a  connection  from  the  outlet  of  said  heater  to  the  inlet  of  the  kiln  so  that  a 
mixture  of  gases  and  air  partially  deoxygenized  and  charged  with  aqueous  vapor 
will  be  forced  into  the  kiln  at  the  beginnmg  of  the  operation. 

748,457— December  S9. 1903.  HENRIK  CONSTANTIN  AMINOFF.  Apparatus 
for  continual  charring  and  dry  distillation  of  organic  substances. 
Claims  in  a  charring  and  distilling  apparatus  the  combination  of  an  extended. 
inclined  chamber,  means  for  successively  transporting  the  substance  to  becharred 
from  the  lower  end  of  the  chamber  to  its  top  end,  a  passage  leading  gases  gener- 
ate'! in  the  chamber  from  its  lower  end  to  the  top  end.  and  condensers,  a  fan  and  u 
heating  device  mounted  in  the  said  passage  between  the  said  lower  end  and  the 
top  end. 

749.091— January  5, 1904.    FREDERICK  M.  PERKINS.     Wood  carbonizer. 

Claims,  in  a  wood  carbonizer,  a  carlionizing  chamber  to  receive  the  wood  to  bo 
carbonized,  a  furnace  within  the  walls  of  the  carbonizing  chamber  and  within 
which  heat  is  generated  to  carbonize  the  wood  in  saiil  (rhamlier,  a  due  from  said 
furnace  having  branch  (lues  communicating  with  the  carlnmizing  chamber,  said 
line  and  branch  (lues  also  located  within  the  walls  of  said  chamber,  and  an  ex- 
haust flue  from  the  carbonizing  chamber. 

COKE. 
SUBCLASS  4.— COKE  OVENS. 
t£8.t51—June  18, 1876.    THOMA.S  G.  KEN'XY.     Improvement  in  coke  ovens. 

This  invention  relates  to  an  improved  porlablo  coke  oven,  particularly  appli- 
cable to  use  in  connection  with  iron  or  other  furnaces,  whereby  cnal  may  bo  nuifln 
int^tcoke  for  smelting  purpo.ses  at  or  near  the  blast  furnace,  so  that  the  oven  iiuty 
be  brought  to  the  (uniiice  at  the  time  required  and  the  coke  discharged  directly 
frf>m  the  oven  into  the  furnace  while  in  a  hot  stjite,  instead  of  being  made  at  a  dis- 
tance and  transported  by  cars  or  other  means  to  the  furnace  In  a  cold  state.  By 
this  means  great  saving,  not  only  in  fuel  consumed  but  also  of  waste  in  trans- 
porting the  coke  from  place  to  place,  l8  obtained,  and  the  coke  is  supplied  to  the 
furnace  free  from  hydrogen. 

214,086— April  8, 1878.    LEON  BEMELMANS.    Improvement  in  coke  ovens. 

The  Invention  consists  Inacokeovenhavlngits  ton  open  throughout  its  length, 
and  having  an  inclined  bottom  with  a  door  at  the  lower  end  for  discharging  its 
i,'onlent«  from  gravity,  and  a  perforated  false  bottom  and  subjacent  flue  for  cur- 
ry i  tig  oil  the  gases,  ami  also  In  the  combination  of  valves  and  doors  for  controlling 
and  operating  tho  oven. 

232.389— September  SI,  1880.    EDWARD  BURNS.     Coke  oven. 

Claim s  in  a  coking  oven,  the  combination  of  a  ring-shaped  smokn  flue,  extending 
h'>rizontally  arouM'i  the  oven,  and  at  the  rear  side  connected  with  Its  interior  by  a 
llameajM-rturoHnd  two  air-supply  flues,  each  having  its  inlet  at  the  front  wall  and 
exiiTiduig  around  the  oven  below  tht;  smoke  flue,  and  at  Iho  rear  having  a  con- 
neetlon  with  the  ring-shaped  Hmoko  flue,  but  upon  opposite  sides  of  tho  flamo 
apt^rture. 

t35M8-~December  14,1880.    CA88IUSC.  MARKLE  AND  ROLAND  H.  SMITH. 
Cote  or  en. 

' » r,"  .rii.-.r,  r.-i.f.-i  to  an  improvod  ponst  niction  of  appafatufl  for  tho  making 

'  iiinnus  coals,  wherein  the  crirbonaceoun  gases  from  tho 

f"  iind  through  a  Merles  of  condenHors  or  washers,  tlieiice 

t-'  ,.  ..      ihrough  plpeH  or  pasHfiges  In  the  IncloHlng  walls  of  tho 

oven  or  rivfTiiH  for  tho  rrliciitlng  of  tho  Bumo,  and  arc  flnully  discharged  In  Jets  Into 
the  charge  Inclosed  In  the  oven. 

tSO.fm- January  ?j>,  \HH\.     ARTHUR  M.  CHAMBKR.S.     Coke  oven. 

Thn  object  nf  thl'«  irnentton  ii  to  furnish  a  device  by  which  nlr  Is  ndntitled  to 
the  interior  of  tin-  i>\vu  iiliove  the  l>urniiigeoal.  and  directed  to  the  flue  leading  to 
the  chinifH  y.  hu  thiit  the  f  oniiiUMtion  of  gii«  from  tlie  coal  can  ho  exiu'tly  regu- 
lated n^  '\rf\rri\,  nnd  the  "itiile  of  Ihf  ih1<>rior  of  tho  oven  can  bo  watchod'at  any 
tlriif  i-v  fill  iirifti'liiii? ,  or  ii  H  rrmii.riii  urt-  i.'>in«l  l.y  h  itymuieter. 


S5S.iS2~ February  7,   18SS.    JOSEPH  H.  CAMPBELL.    Apparatus  for  extin* 

guishing  fires  in  coke  oiens. 

This  invention  consists  in  the  combination  of  a  furnace,  steam-jet  pipe,  water 
pipe,  trap,  and  coke  oven,  arranged  and  operating  with  relation  to  each  other  so 
that  the  carbonic  add  gas  generated  In  the  furnace  Is  drawn  therefrom  through 
the  medium  of  the  ste.am  jet  and  pipes  and  cooled  and  forced  Into  the  coke  oven 
and  Into  and  among  the  burning  coke,  thereby  extinguishing  the  fire  and  adding 
carbon  to  the  coke. 

S5S,4S9—May  S3, 188S.    WILLIAM  B.  SMITH.     Coke  oven. 

The  object  of  this  Invention  is  to  provide  simple  and  effective  means  for  desul- 
phurizing the  coke,  whereby  the  latter  is  better  adapted  for  use  in  metallurgical 
rumaces  and  the  Iron  or  product  obtained  from  the  same  Is  of  a  superior  quality. 
To  these  ends  the  invention  consists  in  a  coke  oven  of  any  desired  form  or  con- 
struction, which  is  traversed  by  a  system  of  horizontal  tul>es  that  serve  for  the 
circulation  of  water  and  air  through  the  same.  The  products  of  combustion  in 
the  oven  will  tend  to  generate  a  sulliclent  amount  of  steam  In  the  tubes,  which 
escapes  through  openings  in  the  upper  side  of  said  tubes,  and  Is  readily  decom- 
posed in  the  oven,  furnishing  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  that  combine  with  the  sul- 
phur in  the  coal  and  carry  it  off. 

£76,002— April  17, 18S3.    BRODIE  COCHRANE.     Coke  oven. 

This  invention  has  for  its  object  to  so  construct  the  coke  ovens  as  to  utilize  to 
the  utmost  the  otherwise  waste  heat  radiated  from  them  for  heating  the  air  sup- 

f)lied  to  the  interior  of  the  oven,  and  at  the  same  time  to  protect  them  from  the 
oss  and  irregularity  of  heat  which  occur  at  the  upper  part  as  ordinarily  con- 
structed, when  the  roofs  or  domes,  being  exposed  to  the  open  air,  are  lialde  to 
great  and  sudden  changes  of  temperature  owing  to  winds,  rain,  snow,  and  atmos- 
pheric Influences.  These  improvements  elTect  not  only  an  Increased  yield  of  coke, 
out  also  a  considerable  saving  in  the  time  necessary  for  coking  and  cover  in  Claim 
1  a  coke  oven  having  over  its  ordinary  dome  a  second  dome  with  walls  forming  a 
seriesofconmiunicating  air  flues.,  with  an  air  inlet  to  the  flues  at  one  point  and  an 
air  exit  Into  the  interior  of  the  oven  at  another  point. 

£87.433— October  30, 1SS3.    HAYDEN  H.  HALL.    Oas  and  coke  kiln. 

The  invention  consists  in  a  kiln  open  at  top,  for  charging  and  lighting,  and  hav- 
ing a  removable  cover,  and  also  a  blast  and  exhaust  pipe  or  flue  traversing  It  at 
the  line  of  the  base,  floor,  or  grate  ol'  the  charge-receiving  chamber,  another  cham- 
ber being  provided  below  the  chiirging  chamber,  to  receive  the  coke  of  each  charge 
by  thefall  of  the  sectional  floor  or  grate  at  the  sides  of  the  blast  pipe,  and  further 
in  special  constructions  of  the  blast  or  exhaust  pipe  in  pyramidal  cross-sectional 
form,  and  with  higher  and  lower  rows  of  exhaust  apertures  controlled  by  inde- 
pendently working  dampers,  and  protected  by  overhanging  plates  or  hoods  from 
the  drip  of  the  residual  tar  from  the  coal-  Theexliaust  pipe  being  suitably  valved 
at  the  gas-discharge  end.  and  fitted  with  a  movable  head  at  tne  opposite  end, 
having  telescopic  connection  with  the  valved  outlet  of  the  blowing  engine  or 
steam  blast,  for  a  cont  rolhil'le  Mast  supply  and  for  a  means  of  cleaning  the  blast 
pipe,  which  conuuunlcates  with  suitable  gas  receivers  for  storing  the  gases  or  con- 
veying them  for  use.  and  further,  in  the  arrangement  within  the  walls  of  the 
charge-receiving  chamber  fitted  with  a  removable  cover,  and  for  charging  and 
firing  the  charge  from  the  top  of  the  kiln,  of  pipes  fitted  with  nozzles  for  ejecting 
superheated  steam  into  the  charged  coal  during  the  coal  gas  generating  process, 
for  increasing  the  downward  draft  and  producing  hydrogen  gases,  to  mingle 
with  the  coal  gases  for  intensifying  the  useful  heating  eflect  of  the  gaseous  product. 

S89.S87— December  11,  1883.    JOSEPH  BUTLER.     Cokeoven. 

The  invention  consists  in  the  combination,  with  an  oven  and  its  main  discharge 
flue  or  stack,  of  draft  passages  arranged  in  the  sides  of  the  oven  and  adapted  to 
admit  air  to  the  interior  of  the  oven,  and  escape  passages  for  conveying  the  prod- 
ucts of  combustion  to  discharge  flues  arranged  Independently  of  the  main  flue, 
and  special  features  of  construction  and  combinations  of  parts. 

30S,.5] 4— November  $5,  I8S4.    THOMAS  NICHOLSON.    Apparatus  for  coking 

and  collecting  the  resulting  ga.fes  and  their  product.^. 

Claims  a  coking  oven  and  pipe  leading  therefrom,  combined  with  main  and 
branch  pine  and  main  provided,  respectively,  with  valves  and  .^pparate  con- 
densers, whereby  early  products  or  illuminating  gas  may  he  separated  from  the 
later  product  of  heating  gas  and  separately  treated,  as  set  fortn. 

420,897— February  4,  IS'M.     WILLIAM  W.  ANDERSON.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  having  in  combination  a  bed  provided  with  a  retaining  ring 
and  a  removalrte  dome  or  hood  resting  upon  the  beci  outside  of  the  retaining  ring. 

4S7,210—Mny  0, 1890.    COLIN  CAMPBELL  WYLLIE.    Apparatus  for  utilizing 

waste  gases  from  coke  ovens. 

Claims  tho  eonibination.  with  a  furnace  adapted  to  produce  combnstilile  gases, 
of  a  gas  main  or  conduit  lending  therefrom,  and  apneuniatic  pump  whose  cvMnder 
and  valves  are  inclireitly  connected  witli  the  gas  conduit  l)y  means  of  Uraneh 
pipes,  whereby  a  body  of  dead  gas  is  interijosed  between  tho  main  coudult  and  tho 
cylinder. 

459,064— September    8,    1891.     ARTHUR     MARSHALL    CHAMBERS    AND 

THOMAS  SMITH.    Cokeoven. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  provided  nt  tho  top  on  one  side  with  an  outlet  flue,  an  air- 
blast  pipe  discharging  into  tlio  said  oven  below  said  outlet  flue,  hut  on  tho  oppo- 
site side  of  .said  oven,  a  tubular  outlet  extending  outward  ami  downward  from  the 
lower  jiart  of  said  flue,  a  regulator  in  said  flue  above  tho  outlet  pipe,  and  a  regu- 
lator in  tho  latter  pipe. 

464,844— December  8,  1891.     JOHN  A.  BECK.     Means  for  utilizing  waste  heat 

from  coke  ovens. 

Claims  tho  combination,  with  n  scries  of  ojien  toj^jied  ovens,  of  a  lluid-eontalning 
vessel  above  t  hi- same  and  draft  stacks  or  vent  sex  tent  lint;  from  said  ovimis  throncn 
said  VO8S0!,  eai'h  of  said  stacks  or  vents  having  a  flaring  lower  en<l  arranged  at  tho 
inner  end  of  11  plurality  of  adjacent  ovons  and  commiuilcating  with  ana  carrying 
the  waste  heat  from  said  plurality  thereof. 

460, 8C,G~M arch  1,  ISOS.    THOMAS  R.  OSBOURN.     Coke  oven. 

Cininis  In  a  coke  oven,  a  slrucluro  forming  a  pit  and  a  beehive  oven  situated 
above  tho  same,  and  embodying  in  its  masoiu'v  verticil  1  lift. channels,  bores  or  tun- 
nels exterior  to  the  oven  and  extending  from  tlio  topof  the  struct  ure  to  the  pit  and 
terminating  at  their  lower  ends  immodlately  over  a  movable  floor,  and  lifts  situ- 
ated within  said  channels. 

470,506— March  8,  1892.    JOHANNES  RKITER.    Coke  oven. 

Tho  ordinary  beehive  ovons  employed  In  tho  production  of  coke  produce  tlio  best 
(inrtof  coke,  known  us  "patent  coko","  but  have  tlie  <lrawback  that  Ihev  oidv  pro- 
duci-  a  small  output  in  conserpience  of  tlie  considembii'  Itinning  away  of  the  coal. 
This  wanto  results  from  the  Inlid  of  air  consetiuent  on  liiesi-  ovens  not  lieliig  her- 
nietlcHJIy  cIoHcd  during'  working.  In  (hem  I  he  process  of  drivlnn  olf  the  gasoN  pro- 
ceeds from  top  lo  botlnm  witliln  the  oven  In  cotisequence  of  air  supplied  from  tho 
outsldo,  aud  coals  having  aJMiut  twenty  per  cent  of  gas  jproduce  about  sixty  per 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  COKE. 


549 


cent  of  coke.  When  stich  ovenn  are  modlflrd  to  admit  of  the  recovery  of  the  by- 
products contained  in  the  oven  rmscs  urnl  ji,ni  ultciiMi  ho  as  to  circit  Inc  hcrrrifliu 
closuro  noctjssury  for  tlic  pniccs.s  of  ilislilliition,  the  K"-f^c^  ^'Micrale'l  in  the  nvons 
and  freed  in  tlie  condensation  tiii|.iirutuH  from  the  by-inodU'lH  an;  h'd  under  the 
floor  of  the  oven  for  the  purnost;  of  heiiling  it.  Ity  tliiw  niodihcation  it  has  been 
rendered  possible  to  increase  by  Hixteen  to  twenty  percent  the  output  of  coke  pro- 
duced in  sueli  ovens,  wliich  are  thus  transformed,  as  It  wi-ii',  into  retorts,  while 
obtaining  a  product  of  llio  same  quality  and  cointiiercial  vtilue  as  the  coke  pro- 
duced in  ovens  of  the  old  form;  but,  since  these  beehive  ovens  as  altered  for  dis- 
tilliition  working  itic  lie:ited  from  the  (loor  only,  the  time  required  for  the  coking 
process  is  considorahlv  greater  than  in  ovens  of  other  systems  that  are  heated 
I)ol,li  from  ttio  lloor  and  sides.  The  time  required  for  coking  in  the  aforesaid  modi- 
fied ovens  is  ahnost  double  that  of  the  last  mentioned  ovens  with  the  same  charge 
and  the  same  dimensions. 

The  present  mvetition  rel;ites  to  the  construction  of  an  oven  in  which  not  only 
fine  p;i  leiil  I  nke  cjiTi  he  prixliiced,  but  in  which  also  the  time  required  for  coking  is 
brought  down  to  the  ndiiceil  amount  required  for  ovens  of  the  more  modern  sys- 
tems. This  oven  can  ulso  be  employed  for  ordinary  coking  in  heu  of  the  beehive 
ovens  of  the  old  form  with  small  output.  When  it  is  so  employed  without  any 
attempt  being  made  to  elTect  the  recovery  of  by-i)roducls,  the  time  required  for 
coking  is  reduced  by  utilizing  the  raw  and  powerful  gases  generated  within  the 
oven.  These  gases  are  mudi'  to  heat  t!ie  oven  from  the  sides  simultaneously  with 
the  Jieatmg  from  the  (loor,  thus  eiTocting  the  driving  olT  of  the  gases  and  afso  the 
compleic  shutting  oiT  of  air  from  the  interior  of  the  oven,  and  in  this  manner  the 
output  is  cousidenil'ly  incieased.  An  oven  of  this  kind  is  adapted  to  be  em- 
jiUiyed  not  oidy  iu  the  production  of  coke  from  gassy  fat  coals,  but  also  from  a 
mixture  of  dust  froTu  ih'y  coals  or  dust  from  llaming(;oals  with  coal  tar  or  gas  coals 
contitiiiing  sulhiiont  gas  for  coking.  This  oven  is  also  adapted  for  producing  coke 
from  I'rKiui'ttes  or  blocks  made  from  a  mixture  of  coke  waste  and  dust  from  dry 
coals  or  dust  from  flaming  coals  with  ;i  icm  niiige  of  coal  tar  of  six  to  eight  I'er 
cent  or  fifty-eight  per  cent.  If  the  ((inhni  ..|  lms  of  such  a  mixture  be  not  sufli- 
cient  alone  to  permanently  maintain  the  liciimg  of  the  sides  and  the  floor  of  the 
oven,  the  oven  can  be  connected  with  any  exiKinig  battery  of  ovens  and  can  take 
from  it  the  requisite  additional  quantity  of  gas  necessary  for  coking. 

The  drawing  of  the  coke  from  an  oven  of  this  kind  is  effected  by  manual  labor  in 
a  similar  manner  as  in  the  ordinary  beehive  oven  or  iu  beehive  ovens  that  have 
been  transformed  for  the  purpose  of  recovery  of  by-products,  since  a  drawing 
machine  is  not  eiTective  in  consequence  of  the  round  form  of  the  said  ovens.  Since 
a  drawing  operation  requires  much  time,  the  glowing  coke  must  be  cooled  by 
quencliing  within  the  oven  in  order  to  prevent  loss  by  the  burning  of  the  coke  in 
consefiuence  of  the  continued  inUux  of  air  when  tlie  oven  door  is  opened. 

For  two  reasons  the  circular  beehive  form  has  been  departed  from  in  favor  of  an 
elUptical  cross-section  in  which  the  major  axis  exceeds  the  minor  axis  in  length  by 
about  one-foiu'th.  One  reason  is  that  in  a  circular  oven  sulticient  width  of  door 
for  tlie  drawing  out  cannot  be  readily  obtained  witliout  interference  with  the  side 
flues,  which  occupy  the  parts  of  the  periphery  of  the  ovl'u  that  are  necessary  for 
the  oven  door.  Another  reason  for  adopting  the  elliptical  form  is  to  obtain  a 
large  area  of  floor  of  a  larger  charging  space.  In  an  elliptical  oven  the  door  can  be 
arranged  on  tlie  side  of  the  oven  fronting  tlie  inajf>r  axis  at  the  point  where  the 
side  flues  are  situated  which  are  fartliest  apart  and  between  which  there  is  suffi- 
cient space  for  accommodating  the  door. 

And  the  inventor  claims  a  coke  oven  having  a  central  chamber,  a  series  of  par- 
allel flues  beneath  the  floor  thereof,  arranged  in  two  sets,  a  series  of  wall  flues  con- 
necting with  the  parallel  flues  and  opening  into  the  space  above  the  dome,  division 
walls  in  said  space,  and  a  door  opening  to  said  central  chamber  above  the  hue  of 
the  floor  flues. 

471,035— March  16, 1892.    RICHARD  DE  SOLDENHOFF.    Coke  oven. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  the  ovens  and  the  collecting  flues  communicating 
therewith,  of  gas  flues  formed  In  the  side  wall  of  said  ovens  and  having  communi- 
cation with  said  collecting  flues,  a  smoke  flue,  gas  flues  arranged  under  the  ovens 
and  communicating  with  the  aforesaid  gas  flues  and  with  said  smoke  flue,  an  air- 
inlet  flue,  and  connected  flues  forming  one  continuous  flue,  having  connection  at 
one  end  with  said  air-inlet  flue  and  at  the  other  with  the  gas  flues  in  the  side  walls 
of  the  ovens  and  being  arranged  mider  the  gas  flues. 

471,692~MaTck  39,  1893.    HERMAN  EKELUND.     Coking  oven. 

This  invention  relates  to  improvements  in  furnaces  for  charring,  roasting,  bak- 
ing, or  coking  wood,  coal,  or  other  material.  This  furnace  consists  of  3  principal 
chambers  or  compartments  A,  B,  and  C,  of  which  chambers.  A  is  for  drying  and 
heating,  B  for  baking,  charring,  roasting,  or  coking,  and  C  for  extinguishing  and 
cooling  the  roasted,  chan-ed.  or  coked  materials  received  from  chamber  B.  The 
chamber  or  compartment  B  is  separated  at  its  ends  by  partition  waUs  from  the 
adjoining  compartments  I>  and  E.  The  compartments  A  and  B  are  separated 
irom  one  another  partly  by  double-vaulted  floors  containing  two  channels  and 
partly  by  shding  doors,  by  which  the  openings  or  passages  between  the  compart- 
ments may  be  opened  or  closed.  The  compartments  B  and  C  are  separated  by 
vaulted  floors,  containing  each  only  one  channel,  and  by  shding  doors  in  said 
floors.  In  the  compartment  C  iron  tanks  or  cistenas  are  placed.  The  furaace  is 
covered  bv  a  vaulted  roof  or  cover  provided  with  the  doors,  a  funnel  or  chimney, 
and  an  exhaust  fan.  The  compartments  A  and  B  are  to  lie  filled  with  the  mate- 
rials to  be  operated  upon.  From  a  fireplace  situated  outside  of  the  furnace  the 
heat  is  conducted  through  an  opening  into  the  compartment  D,  tlirough  openings 
into  the  lower  chaimcls  O,  passes  thence  downward  through  holes  in  the  bottoms 
of  the  said  channels,  into  the  compartment  B,  and  cllccts  tiicre  the  charring, 
baking,  roasting,  or  coking  of  the  materials  placed  in  said  compartment  B.  The 
gases  produced  thereby  pass  tlirough  jicrforated  or  grate-shaped  vaulted  bot- 
toms of  the  compartment  B  into  the  channels  and  from  these  through  pipe  into  a 
tank  or  cistern,  the  circulation  being  maintained  by  means  of  a  fan  placed  upon 
the  latter.  The  gases  proceed  then  through  a  pipe  into  the  compartment  E,  the 
latter  constituting  a  fireplace  where  the  gas  is  ignited.  Water  and  tar  are  con- 
densed in  a  tank  or  cistern.  From  the  compartment  E  the  gases  are  conducted 
up  into  the  channeiS  and  through  openings  in  their  roof  into  the  compartment  A. 

473,110— April  5,  1S93.    WILLIAM  T.  GATES  AND  GEORGE    H.  SHARP. 

Coke  oven. 

The  objects  of  this  invention  are  to  provide  means  for  spreading  or  leveling  the 
coal  within  the  oven,  for  removing  the  coke  from  the  oven,  for  separating  the  coke 
from  the  ashes,  and  for  loading  the  coke  into  cars  for  shipment.  And  the  inven- 
tors claim  the  combination,  with  an  oven  open  at  one  end,  of  a  plunger  terminat- 
ing at  one  end  in  a  transverse  head  provided  at  its  rear  side  with  rearwardly  dis- 
posed wings  arranged  parallel  to  each  other  and  at  opposite  sides  of  the  plunger, 
and  means  for  reciprocating  the  plunger. 

614MS—Febrmnj    13,    1894.    NILS    KARL   HERMAN    EKELUND.     Coking 
furnace. 

Claims  a  coking  furnace  comprising  a  drying  chamber  extending  across  the 
upper  part  and  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  horizontal  partition  wall,  provided 
with  doors,  a  central  partition  wall  beneath  the  drying  chamber  having  a  conical 
apex,  grated  doors  opening  in  each  side  of  the  conical  apex  and  leading  to  coking 
chambers. 


53n,397-Jvly  S4,  189/,.    THOMAS  CUMMINOS  AND  JOSEPH  CUMMING8. 

Coke  oven. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  consisting  of  a  longitudinal  chamber  having  arched  oneningfl 
at  each  end  of  the  chamlx-r,  the  openings  formed  the  full  width  of  the  chamber,  the 
jambs  of  the  openingH  provided  with  metallic  lazy  bar  Bupporis,  a  chamber  arch 
suppf)rted  on  the  side  waUs,  the  <'hamber  arch  provide*!  with  tunnel  heads,  the 
tunnel  heads  being  provided  with  dampers  to  partly  cover  the  openings  to  defiul- 
phuri/c  the  coke. 

533,602— July  U,  i894.  ALBERT  DICKINSON  SHREWSBURY.  Coke  oven. 
Claims  in  a  coke  oven,  an  Intermediate  chamber  in  the  upper  part  of  said  oven, 
a  division  therein  forming  two  parts,  an  air  passage  from  the  outsifle  ojjemng  into 
one  part  of  said  chamber,  an  exhaust  opening  into  the  other  part  of  said  chamber, 
and  a  series  of  passages  between  said  oven  and  both  parts  of  the  intermediate 
chamber. 

6S8,898-May  7, 1895.    FRANZ  JOSEPH  COLLIN.    Horizontal  coke  oven. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  provided  with  essentially  horizontal  chambers  or  ovens, 
channels  arranged  directly  above  the  said  chambers  and  communicating  there- 
with, longitudinal  passages  extending  between  the  said  channels  and  communi- 
cating therewith,  said  passages  being  divided  into  two  parts  at  approximately 
the  center  of  the  oven,  sinuous  channels  arranged  in  the  side  walls  of  the  oven  and 
connected  to  the  said  passages  at  the  ends  of  tlie  oven,  essentially  horizontal  flues 
located  below  the  said  siniKms  channels  and  communicating  therewith  at  the 
central  portion  of  the  oven,  and  bottom  channels  connected  to  the  said  flues  and 
of  which  each  two  communicate  witli  citch  other  so  as  to  cause  the  gases  from  either 
of  the  ovens  or  chambers  connected  to  the  said  channels  to  pass  successively 
imder  each  of  the  ovens  through  the  said  two  bottom  channels,  one  of  each  two 
bottom  channels  being  connected  with  a  smoke  flue. 

696, 753— January  4,   1898.    JEANNOT  W.  KENEVEL.    Apparatus  for  coking 

and  desulphurizing  bituminous  coal. 

Claims  an  apparatus  for  coking  and  desulphurizing  bituminous  coal,  compris- 
ing, in  combination,  a  structure  containing  a  retort,  a  mixing  chamber  below  the 
retort,  a  gas  chamber  below  the  opening  into  said  mixing  chamber,  a  liase  flue 
connected  by  ducts  with  said  mixing  chamber,  air  passages  connected  bv  ducts 
with  said  base  flue,  flues,  passages  connecting  the  mixing  chamber  with  said  flues, 
and  steam-suppiy  pipes  leading  through  the  jjassages  into  .said  retort,  a  steam 
generator  with  which  said  steam  jiipesareconnec-ted,  a  stack  into  which  said  Hues 
discharge,  a  hydraulic  main,  a  sulphm-  flue,  a  sulphur-intercejtling  chamber  into 
which  said  sulphur  flue  discharges,  and  a  pipe  having  valve-controUed  branches 
and  leading,  respectively,  to  said  sulphur  flue  and  hydraulic  main. 

660,480— October  23,  1900.    EDWIN  A.  BABBAGE.    Coke  oven. 

Claims  a  battery  of  ovens,  comprising  parallel  walls,  two  rows  of  ovens  arranged 
between  the  waUs  with  the  ovens  of  one  row  opposite  the  spaces  between  the  ovens 
of  the  other  row,  said  ovens  having  door  openings  leading  through  the  aforesaid 
walls,  smoke  passages  leading  from  the  rear  walls  of  the  ovens  at  a  ])oint  about 
opposite  the  door  openings  and  in  line  with  the  top  portions  thereof  and  commu- 
nicating with  vertical  passages  or  stacks  located  between  adjacent  ovens  and  in 
line  with  the  openings  formed  in  the  crowns  thereof,  pillars  at  the  sides  of  the 
horizontal  portion  of  the  passages  and  extending  thereover  and  to  a  point  above 
the  crowns  of  the  ovens,  and  rails  supported  upon  said  piflars.  tliespa<-es  between 
the  longitudinal  waUs  and  the  ovens  being  filled  with  earth  or  the  like. 

680,790— August  30,  1901.    WILLIAM  JOHN  KNOX.    Apparatus  for  the  manu- 
facture of  coke. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  superheater,  one  or  more  coking  chambers,  an  inlet 
or  outlet  to  each  rtiamber  at  its  ujjper  part,  a  fixing  chamber  connecte<I  with  the 
outlet  of  the  coking  chamber  or  chambers,  means  for  continuously  circulating  gas 
through  the  heating  chamber  and  the  coking  chamber  or  chaniibers  in  contact 
with  tne  coal  and  coke  and  through  the  fixing  chamber,  and  means  for  withdraw- 
ing and  utilizing  a  regulable  amount  of  the  gas. 

680,791— August  20,  1901.    WILLIAM  JOHN  KNOX.    Apparatus  for  manvfae- 

turing  coke  and  gas. 

The  general  plan  ol  the  invention  is  to  pass  the  hydrocarbon  vapors  generated 
in  coke  ovens  through  suitable  stoves  in  which  more  or  less  of  the  heat  carried  by 
the  vapors  is  conserved  or  stored,  thence  through  cooling  devices— such,  for  in- 
stance, as  a  steam  generator— and  thence  into  heating  stoves,  where  the  tempera- 
ture is  raised  to  the  degree  required  for  efi'eetively  acting  upon  the  coal  to  reduce 
it  to  coke.  These  heated  vapors  are  then  passed  into  the  coking  ovens  and  usu- 
ally across  the  top  of  the  bed  of  coal  or  coke.  This  operation  is  continued  until 
the  stove  which  has  been  employed  as  the  heat-absorbing  stove  has  ab.sorbed 
and  stored  a  predetermined  amount  of  sensible  heat,  whereupon  the  direction  of 
circulation  is  reversed  and  this  stove  is  utilized  as  the  heating  stove  and  the 
fonner  heating  stove  as  the  heat-absorbing  stove,  and  this  operation  of  reversal 
is  repeated  continuously  at  suitable  intervals  as  long  as  the  temperature  of  the 
stoves  is  sufliciently  high  to  conduct  the  coking  operation.  Additional  stoves 
may  be  employed,  so  that  any  stove  which  has  pre\iously  been  used  as  described 
and  its  temperature  reduced  thereby  may  be  cut  out  of  the  circuit  and  further 
heated  by  the  consumption  of  fuel  therein  to  restore  its  condition  as  a  beating 
stove.  And  the  inventor  claims  the  combination  of  one  or  more  coking  ovens, 
means  for  passing  a  heated  fluid  carrier  through  thecokingovens.  means  for  cool- 
ing the  fluid  earner  as  it  passes  from  the  coking  ovens  and  means  for  reheating 
a  regulable  amount  of  the  fluid  carrier  for  retransmission  therethrough. 

681,064~Av^ust  SO,  1901.    RICHARD  DANIEL  MARTIN.    Drawing  machine 

for  coke  ovens. 

A  drawing  mac-hine  having  a  scraper,  comprising  a  scraper  guideway,  a  scraper 
beam  mounted  to  slide  thereon,  a  scraper  blade  hung  on  said  Ijcam,  a  horizon- 
tally arranged  shaft  on  which  said  guideway  is  fulcrumed  to  swing  up  and  down, 
means  for  actuating  the  scraper  beam  from'  said  shaft,  a  vertical  shaft  on  which 
one  end  of  said  horizontal  shaft  is  fulcrumed.  whereby  the  said  horizontal  shaft 
and  the  guideway  may  bo  swung  laterally,  gearing  between  the  said  shafts,  and  a 
shaft  arranged  to  drive  the  said  vertical  shaft  and  on  which  the  latter  is  mounted 
to  swing. 

690.748— January  7, 1903.    RICHARD  D.  MARTIN.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  adjoining  coke  ovens  separated  by  an  intervening  wall  having  a  V- 
shaped  passage  leading  directly  from  one  oven  to  the  other  through  the  outer 
part  of  the  masonrj',  in  combination  with  means  for  opening  and  closing  said 
passage. 

701.219— May  S7, 1902.    PAUL  NAEF.    Apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of  coke. 

The  object  of  this  Invention  is  to  provide  an  apparatus  to  produce  coke  or  to 
coke  coal  in  a  single  furnace  in  much  larger  quantities  than  has  been  done  hereto- 
fore and  on  a  scale  commensurate  with  the  requirements  of  a  blast  furnac-e  and 
to  utilize  the  by-products.  Further  to  provide  an  apparatus  to  do  this  with  a 
small  waste  of  heat,  so  that  the  heat  units  required  for  the  distiflation  only  are 
consumed,  the  remaining  heat  units  being  retained  in  the  coke  and  gas;  to  ia- 


550 


MANUFACTURES. 


crease  the  prodaction  of  ammonia  by  tlie  action  of  superheated  steam  on  the  coke 
in  an  incandescent  state;  to  utilize  the  heat  of  the  incandescent  coke  for  pro- 
ducing steam  and  superheating  the  same;  to  make  the  coking  of  the  coal  and^the 
cooling  and  loading  of  the  coke  wholly  automatic;  to  manufacture  fuel  and  illu- 
minating gas,  as  well  as  tar,  ammonia,  and  coke;  to  reduce  the  cost  of  plant 
Investment  and  repairs  per  ton  of  coke,  and  to  effect  great  economy  in  the  cost 
of  production  and  in  the  utilization  of  the  by-products  and  also  to  construct  the 
apparatus  so  as  to  utilize  the  mtrogenous  components  which  are  with  ordinary 
coking  processes  left  in  the  coke  (and  which  represent  usually  more  than  fifty 
-per  cent  of  the  mtrogen  contents  of  the  coal)  for  the  production  of  ammonia, 
while  providing  an  apparatus  by  means  of  which  to  produce  a  coke  with  a  low 
percentage  of  ashes  and  to  avoid  the  combustion  of  coke  in  the  coking  apparatus, 
the  heat  necessary  for  the  coking  being  supplied  from  a  separate  healing  appara- 
tus. And  the  inventor  claims  a  coking  apparatus  consisting  of  a  shaft  provided 
at  its  lower  end  with  a  coke  outlet  and  having  imets  for  gaseous  fluid,  inlets  for 
steam  at  a  lower  level  than  the  gaseous-fluid  inlet  and  imets  for  water  at  a  still 
lower  level  all  of  said  inlets  being  above  the  coke  outlet. 

705,681— July  S9,  1902.    RUDOLF  KUHN.'  ^Process  of  making  the  interior  of 

coke  ovens  or  other  kilns  tight- 

Claims  a  process  of  making  the  interior  of  coke  ovens  and  other  kilns  tight 
which  consists  in  mixing  fine  ore-dust  with  fine-ground  ashes  or  other  dusty 
material  and  then  blowing  the  mixture  into  the  hot  chamber,  the  walls  or  sides 
of  which  are  intended  to  be  tightened,  the  effect  being  that  the  dust  will  keep 
floating  for  a  while  and  then  settle  by  degrees  in  the  pores  and  cracks  and  thereby 
make  the  walls  perfectly  tight. 

707, 9U-~ August  £6, 1902.    WILLIAM  T.  GATES.     Coke  oven. 

The  invention  consists  in  arranging  the  forty-eight  hour  or  furnace-coke  pro- 
ducing oven  on  a  plane  below  that  occupied  by  the  seventy-two  hour  or  foundry- 
coke  producing  oven  and  in  directing  the  heat  from  the' forty-eight  hour  oven 
into  and  beneath  the  floor  of  the  seventy-two  hour  oven,  and  thence  entirely 
around  the  lower  portion  of  the  side  wall's  thereof.  The  improvements  herein- 
after described  are  equally  adaptable  to  seventy-two  hour  ovens  having  either 
single  or  double  walls,  the  result  being  affected  in  the  former  case  by  providing 
externally  arranged  flues  around  the  lower  portion  of  the  oven  to  receive  the  heat 
from  the  forty-eight  hour  oven  and  in  the  latter  case  by  providing  an  internally 
arranged  flue  between  the  walls  of  the  lower  portion  of  "the  oven. 

711,500— Odober  21, 1902.    JOHN  M.  HUNKER.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  in  the  walls  of  which  is  arranged  a  series  of  blocks,  said 
blocks  formed  with  centrally  arranged  longitudinal  and  transverse  openings, 
said  transverse  openings  cornmunicitting  with  each  other,  thereby  forming  a 
continuous  passage,  and  the  longitudinal  openings  forming  a  series  of  direct  com- 
munication between  the  exterior  and  the  interior  of  the  coke  oven. 

7 11,90^— October  SI.  1902.    THADDEUS  S.  C.  LOWE.    Apparatus  for  the  manu- 
facture of  coke  and  the  recovery  of  gases  therefrom. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  plurality  of  coke  ovens,  passages  connecting  the 
ovens  above  the  coke  line,  a  superheater  and  a  steam  generator  at  each  end  of 
the  ovens,  passages  forming  communication  between  the  superheaters  and  the 
ovens,  and  passages  forming  communication  between  the  steam  generators  and 
the  superheaters,  means  for  admitting  air  to  either  end  of  the  apparatus,  and 
means  for  admitting  water  to  the  steam  generators,  exhaust  passages  in  each 
steam  generator,  ana  means  for  carrying  on  the  resmtant  gases. 

718,008-.Jnnuary  6,  1903.    THADDEUS  S.  C.  LOWE.    Air  heater  and  steam 
generator. 

Claims  the  combination,  In  an  apparatus  for  making  gas  from  coking  coal,  of  a 
coke  oven,  a  steam  generator  on  each  side  thereof  and  communicating  with  the 
coke  oven  above  the  coking  line,  upper  and  lower  sets  nf  metal  bars  or  ironwork 
In  said  generators,  a  valved  air  inlet  communicating  with  each  of  thi^  gcncraturs 
above  the  said  upper  set,  a  steam  or  water  supply  pipe  communicating  with  each 
of  the  generators  Detween  the  said  upper  and  lower  sets,  a  waste-gas  outlet  for 
each  of  said  generators,  and  a  gas  outlet  from  each  of  said  generators. 

7ttfi8Z-March  17,  1903.    LOUIS  J.  HIRT.     Coking  oven. 

This  Invention  relates  to  a  coking  oven  wherein  the  process  of  coking  a  plu- 
rality of  grades  or  kinds  of  coal  may  be  simultaneously  carried  on  without  inlcr- 
ferin'g  one  with  the  other  or  wherein  a  Mingle  grade  or  'kind  of  coal  may  be  coked. 
For  this  purpose  the  coking  oven  is  provided  with  a  plurality  of  retorts  or  cham- 
bers whif-h  communirate  at  their  upper  ends  with  a  gas-outlet  pasyage  or  Hue 
separated  from  the  coking  chambers,  except  as  to  the  gas-outlet  ports,  by  a  wall 
of  rofractorj'  material,  which  serves  to  prevent  the  gas  in  the  passage  from  being 
Influenced  bv  the  heat  of  the  coking  chiimbcr-s  to  such  extent  as  would  destroy 
the  light  hydrocarbons.  The  gas-out  lot  passage  or  flue  referred  to  may  be  desig- 
nated the  ''  main  *'  outlet  passiige  and  has  conununicating  with  it  a  second  gas- 
outlet  flue  or  passage,  which  may  be  placed  in  commumcation  with  one  or  more 
of  the  roking  fhambers  by  means  of  one  or  more  valves  In  the  main  out  lot  passage, 
so  that  a  rich  kind  or  grade  of  coal  in  one  or  more  of  the  coking  chambers  and  a 
poorer  grade  or  kind  in  the  other  of  said  coking  chambers  may  \>v  coked  simul- 
taneously, and  the  richer  gases  may  bo  carried  off  through  the  main  flue  or  yias- 
sage  and  utilized  for  illuminating  or  for  other  purposes  and  the  poorer  gases  may 
be  carried  off  through  the  second  outlet  passage  and  utilized  for  heating  the  ovens 
or  coking  chambers  or  for  other  purposes. 

7£4.0SB~MaTch  SI.  tdOS.    OEOHGE  FRANCIS  MYERS.     Coke  oven. 

The  main  characteristic  feature  of  this  invention  consists  In  providing  a  U- 
Bhaped  floor  for  the  oven,  while  retaining  the  dome  shape  of  the  pn'scnl  beehive 
oven,  preserving  all  the  advantages  of  the  beehive  oven— such,  for  instanets  us 
Its  good  coklnir  qualities— but  dispensing  with  the  small  door  in  the  front  part 
thereof,  providing  In  lieu  of  said  cloor  a  door  eciual  in  width  to  the  full  widtn  of 
the  oven,  thereby  facilitating  the  discharging  of  the  coke  from  the  oven. 
7£5,f}40~Apni  H.  1903.     ROIJERT  S.  MOSS.     Coking  oven. 

Claims.  In  a  coking  oven,  the  combination  with  the  coking  chamber,  of  a  series 
of  air  'lischarglng  a[>ertures  or  oponincs  in  the  wall  of  the  oven,  each  awrturo 
oroiM^fiUighavinga  lateral  Inclination  for  projecting  air  into  the  coking  chainlH^r 
at  an  Miiglo  and  giving  a  cinrulatlon  thereto  around  and  within  the  coking  (<liani- 
]>cr.  a  bottom  for  the  coking  chamber,  an  alr-siipply  ehamlwr  In  the  bottom,  and 
a  flooring  or  covering  for  the  alr-.sunply  chamber  having  perforations  or  Bllta 
therein  gradually  Increasing  In  width  from  the  point  of  admission  to  the  side 
farthest  removed  from  the  admission  of  air. 

782,097^June  SO.  ims.    CASPAR  W.  METTLER,  ADOLF  METTLER,  AND 

JACOB  MET'I  LEU.     Coking  kiln. 

Clalma  a  kiln  having  two  coking  chaml)era  with  brick  side  walls,  center  wall 
and  roof,  and  Iron  door**  at  lioth  cihIs,  tracks  oxt^Midlng  through  the  coking  cham- 
bers, a  furnrici.  PTt.-n'lIng  tran»vers*'Iy  Irf-low  one  end  of  the  coking  chamlK'rs, 
flues  oxti'nding  through  the  walls  from  the  combustion  chambers  of  the  funmco 
and  ofienlng  into  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  coking  chamljcrs,  dampers  for  con- 
trolling the  ofKUilngs  from  the  flues  Into  the  chambers,  flues  extending  longi- 
tudinally under  the  bottom  of  the  coking  chumbora  to  a  tank  and  a  stuck  com- 
municating with  the  tank. 


733,878— July  U,  1903.     GEORGE  SHARPE  RAMSAY.     Coke  oven.     ^ 

Claims  a  coke  oven  having  a  charging  opening  at  the  top  thereof,  a  door  In  tha 
front  of  the  oven  for  withdrawing  the  coke,  a  stack  located  in  rear  of  the  oven,  a 
main  flue  located  centrally  below  the  floor  of  the  oven  with  its  front  end  piercing 
the  front  of  the  oven  wall  and  its  rear  end  in  communication  with  the  stack,  a 
damper  door  for  the  front  end  of  the  Que,  substantially  radial  flues  at  opposite 
sides  of  and  in  commumcation  with  the  main  flue  and  permitting  the  products  of 
combustion  to  pass  directly  to  the  stack,  other  radial  flues  terminated  short  of 
the  main  flue,  transverse  flues  connecting  the  radial  flues  and  also  in  communica- 
tion with  the  main  flue,  and  independent  upstanding  flues  upon  the  exterior  of 
the  oven  wall  \vith  their  upper  ends  piercing  the  oven  wall  for  communication 
with  the  Interior  of  the  oven  and  their  lower  ends  in  communication  with  the 
flues  beneath  the  floor  at  the  points  of  intersection  between  the  outermost  trans- 
verse flues  and  those  radial  flues  which  terminate  short  of  the  main  flue,  the  up- 
standing flues  being  located  at  opposite  sides  of  the  main  flue  and  at  the  front  and 
rear  of  the  oven. 

740,078— September  £9, 190S.    THEODOR  VON  BAUER.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  battery  of  coke  ovens,  air  channels  located  in  the 
foundation  of  the  same,  Intermediate  chaimels  located  between  the  sole  chan- 
nels and  the  crown  of  the  air  channels,  charmels  connecting  the  air  channels  with 
said  intermediate  channels,  combustion  flues  in  the  partition  walls  between  the 
ovens,  gas -distributing  and  return-gas  flues  above  said  combustion  flues  and 
connected  therewith,  air-supply  pipes  terminating  in  openings  at  the  upper  parts 
of  said  combustion  flues,  and  connected  with  the  interme'liate  channels,  and  a 
sole  channel  connected  with  the  lower  ends  of  the  combustion  flues. 

744,668- I^ovember   17,   1903.    BERNHARD    ZWILLINGER.    Apparatus  for 

carbonizing. 

Claims  in  a  carbonizing  apparatus,  the  combination  of  a  kiln,  a  heater  for  gases 
having  two  separate  chamiets,  channels  located  under  the  kiln,  and  comieclion 
from  one  of  the  channels  of  the  heater  to  said  channels  under  the  kiln,  a  cut-off 
device  located  in  said  connection,  a  device  located  in  said  coimection  between  the 
cut-off  device  and  the  kiln  for  connecting  the  channels  under  the  kiln  with  the 
atmosphere  at  their  supply  end,  or  closing  said  chamiels  to  the  atmosphere  at 
said  end,  a  draft  device  connected  with  the  outer  end  of  the  channels  under  the 
kiin,  means  for  conve>'ing  a  gaseous  mixture  to  the  outer  channel  of  the  heater, 
and  a  connection  through  the  outlet  of  said  outer  channel  to  the  interior  of  the 
kiin. 

745,290— November  24,  1903.    PAUL  NAEF.    Apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of 
coke. 

Claims  the  combination  in  a  coking  apparatus  having  two  chambers,  of  hollow- 
doors  between  said  chambers,  having  a  partition,  and  the  hollow  revoluble  shafts 
to  whiuh  the  doors  are  secured  having  a  partition,  and  a  cooling  ring  fonned  in 
sections,  and  surrounding  the  doors,  and  mth  the  shafts  extended  therethrough, 
means  for  circulating  water  from  a  water  supply  through  the  shafts,  doors,  and 
ring,  comprising  an  induction  pipe,  having  branches  joined  to  one  end  of  the  shafts 
so  that  the  latter  can  be  revolved,  an  induction  pipe  ^rom  said  branch  to  the  ring, 
a  discharge  pipe  connected  to  said  water  supply,  and  having  branch  pipes  with 
rotary  joints  at  the  other  end  of  the  shafts,  and  a  discharge  pip©  from  the  said 
ring  to  the  said  discharge  branch. 

7G0.S7S—May  17,  1904-    JACOB  B.  BEAM.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  series  of  ovens,  a  main  flue  running  parallel  with 
the  ovens  below  the  top  level  and  communicating  with  the  ovens  by  branch  flues 
which  enter  the  ovens  above  the  coke  level  and  close  to  the  filling  "orifices  of  the 
ovens,  valves  in  the  branch  flues  controlling  the  passage  of  gases  from  the  ovens 
to  the  niain  flue,  a  furnace  close  to  the  ovens  and  comiectod  with  the  main  flue  by 
a  branch  flue  and  a  valve  in  said  branch  Hue  for  regulating  the  admission  of  gases 
to  the  furnace  and  which  when  closed  causes  the  gases  to  back  up  into  a  recently 
charged  oven. 

761.521- May  SI,  1904-    JOSEPH  SPEAR  MAXWELL.     Coke  oven. 

Clidms  the  combination  with  a  long  series  of  coke  ovens  arranged  In  a  single 
structure,  of  pairs  of  end  ovens  spaced  from  the  structure,  each  oven  being  rec- 
tangular in  cross  area  and  having  an  arched  top  provided  with  a  central  vent, 
braic  1  earns  extended  upward  along  the  end  walls  of  the  pair  of  ovens,  tie  rods 
connecting  opposite  beams  above  llie  ovens,  braces  extended  across  the  spaces 
bctwci'u  adjacent  walls  and  connecting  said  walls,  a  packing  of  dirt  or  the  like 
supported  on  the  ovens,  and  car  tracks  extended  along  over  all  of  the  ovens  at 
one  side  of  the  vents. 

76S,S68-June  28, 1904.    MICHAEL  R.  CONLEY.    ElectHc  coke  oven. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  of  nonconducting  material  open  at  the  top  and  provided 
with  swinging  doors  at  the  bottom  which  open  the  full  bigness  of  the  oven,  and 
electric  resistance-plates  held  in  the  iiuier  waU  of  Ihe  o\cn  to  heat  it,  the  entire 
height  of  the  oven  being  left  clear  and  unobstructed. 

769,246— Septfmber  6, 1904.    JASPER  II.  BOWLING.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  In  a  battery  of  beehive  coke  ovens  the  conibination  with  an  oven,  of  a 
substantially  straight,  horizontal  main  llticloe.'dedadjjieent  to  one  side  of  and  be- 
low the  floor  of  said  oven  and  conimu  mealing  iit  one  end  with  the  exterior,  a  simi- 
lar main  flue  located  at  the  opposite  side  of  taiui  oven,achinuiey  with  which  said 
second  line  commnnir-ates,  a  pluralil  y  of  substantially  straight  and  paraUel  cross 
flU''s extending  from  the  lirst  mentioned  line  to  the  second,  and  a  flue  loading  from 
the  interior  of  iin  a'ijacent  oven  into  said  lirst  mentioned  main  flue,  said  cross 
lliir-s  III 'Mig  constructed  of  tile  of  rectangular  cross  section  and  said  main  flues  hav- 
ing their  upper  walls  composed  of  plate  tiles  resting  by  one  edge  upon  the  tiles 
wiiich  form  said  cross  flues. 

77S,son- November  1, 1904.    GEORGE  S.RAMSAY.     Coke  oven. 

<'laiins  a  coke  oven  having  a  stack,  and  provided  with  a  central  main  bottom 
flue  conununicating  at  one  end  with  the  stack,  front  and  i-car  upstanding  Hues 
communlcaling  at  their  upper  ends  with  the  interior  of  the  oven,  and  the  inde- 
pend"nt  front  and  roar  bottom  Mues  connccUng  the  uiislandlng  lines  with  the 
main  bottom  flue,  the  rear  bottom  Mues  being  sliorter  I  liaii  t  he  front  bottom  Hues, 
and  the  walls  separating  and  fonning  the  front  and  rear  liottom  Ihies  being  con- 
tiiuiatif>ns  of  the  outer  walls  of  the  oven  to  provhio  continuous  supports  for  the 
door  of  the  same. 

786,f!94-AprH4,190/i.    JAMES  M.  SULLIVAN.     Coking  oven. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  coking  co;il,  the  combination  with  a  plurality  of 
ovens  arranged  In  parallel  series,  of  party  walls  separating  adjoining  ovens 
through  which  passiiges  extend,  a  flue  o.\ tending  between  tlie  series  of  ovens  hav- 
ing pa>*sagcH  communiciiting  with  the  individual  ovens  In  each  series,  dampers 
controlling  said  passages  In  the  walls  and  in  the  line  whereby  allemate  ovens  Id 
each  series  may  communicate  wUh  said  flue  through  the  adjoining  ovens,  and 
moariH  for  forcing  air  through  said  Uuo  thereby  promoting  the  draft  through  the 
oveus. 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  COKE. 


551 


79S,668-^uly  4, 1005.    DANIEL  F.  LEPI.EY.    Coke-oven  nilachment. 

Claims  in  upparalus  for  tlir  iitiii-'jit  ion  of  wast'-  ptsos  from  coke  ovons  a  sta- 
tionary coko  ovon  having'  u  (.■Imr^rmj;  liolc  al  tin-  lop  of  tlio  oven,  and  through 
which  a  <'harKt'  of  coal  imiy  ]»•■  dt  posiird  in  said  oven,  a  gas  conduit,  a  valxoU-ss 
duct  leading  from  the  conduit  toward  the  oven  and  opening:  at  the  top  of  the  oven, 
and  a  iu\oIally  mounted  Ihn;  memhnr  mo\able  to  estabhsh  comnnmieation 
betw.HMi  the  hole  and  duct,  and  for  closing  coimnunicatiou  between  the  duct  and 
the  outer  air. 

Subclass  5.     Coke  Ovens— Chargers  and  Dischargers. 

61,1U—J(inuaTy  15,  18G7,    SEALY  JAMES  BEST  AND  JAMES  JOHN  IIOL- 
DEN,    Improved  apparatus  for  charging  and  drawing  gaa  retorts,  and  other  like 
purposes. 
Covers  a  system  of  scoops  and  scrapers  mounted  on  a  traveling  platform. 

75,30S~March  10,  1SG8.    JAMES  F.  SNEDIKER  AND  WILLIAM  F.  BAILEY. 

Improved  apparatus  for  charginy  tjn.s  rtlorls. 

Claims  a  truck  and  its  swivel  bearings  in  combination  with  a  series  of  scoops, 
the  handles  of  which  rest  on  and  slide  in  the  said  liearings,  a  sliding  bottom,  in 
combination  witli  a  scoop,  a  scoop, consisting  of  adjustable  sidepieees,  and  bot- 
tom pieces  constructed,  arranged,  and  connected  to  a  handle,  and  wheels  in  com- 
bination with  a  scoop. 

9^. 0J^5— August  £4,  1869.    N.  O.  J.  TISDALE.     Improved  machine  for  charging 

gas  retorts. 

Claims  a  guide-way,  a  charger,  when  provided  with  reversible  bottom  or  apron, 
and  the  combination  of  the  guide-way  and  charger. 

109,940— December  6,  1870.    THOMAS  PRICE.     Improvement  in  coke  furnaces. 

Claims  a  cradle  placed  in  acoke  furnace  to  servo  as  a  grate  and  conveyor  for  the 
coal,  acoke  furnace  provided  with  curved  smoke  channels,  and  a  furnace  arranged 
in  line  with  the  coke  furnacG  to  receive  the  cradle  containing  the  coke. 

114,68S—May  9,  1871.    JAMES  JOHN  HOLDEN.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  charging  and  discharging  gas  retorts. 

This  apparatus  for  charging  and  discharging  gas  retorts  comprises  a  traveling 
frame,  carrying  a  set  of  scoops,  feeders,  or  charging  tools  or  instruments  on  one 
side,  and  a  set  of  rakers,  rakes,  clearcrs,  or  drawing  or  discharging  tools  or  instru- 
ments on  the  other  side,  and  having  a  to  and  fro  motion  on  a  traversing  frante  or 
carriage.  The  set  of  scoops  or  charging  instruments  and  the  set  of  rakes  or  dis- 
chai-ging  tools  or  instruments  aie  mounted  and  arranged,  each  set  respectively, 
on  an  upright  spindle,  or  on  a  framing  on  the  carrier,  so  that  each  set  is  capable 
of  being  swung,  turned,  or  moved  partiaUy  around,  in  order  that  such  set  may  be 
brougt^.t  either  lengthwise  of  or  at  an  angle  to  the  general  body  of  the  apparatus, 
as  required. 

120,151— October  £4,  1S71.    DARIUS  DAVISON.    Improvement  in  the  manvfac- 

ture  of  coal  gas. 

Claims  the  process  of  manufacturing  coal  gas  by  dividing  the  usual  whole  charge 
into  two  equal  parts,  or  thereabout,  and  depositmi^  each  fresh  supply  of  a  divided 
charge  in  rear  of  the  retort  and  successively  distiibuting  a  series  of  such  partial 
whole  charges  within  the  retort  at  intervalsin  a  progressive  manner  from  the  rear 
toward  the  mouth  of  the  retort. 

127.144~-MaySS,}S7S.    LA  FAYETTE  BLAIR.     Improvement  in  gas  retorts  and 

api-aratus  for  charging. 

The  first  jiart  of  the  invention  relates  to  the  construction  of  the  gas  retort, 
which  is  built  up  in  masonry  in  the  usual  manner.  Both  ends  of  the  retort  extend 
outside  of  the  walls,  the  fi'ont  end  for  the  convenience  of  filling  the  coal  magazine 
and  the  rear  end  for  discharging  the  coke.  The  magazine  is  attached  on  the  top 
and  near  the  front  end  of  the  retort.  The  contents  of  the  magazine  are  kept  in 
their  place  by  the  sUdes  which  pass  into  the  conductor  of  the  magazine.  Th<'  sec- 
ond part  of  this  invention  relates  to  the  combination  of  the  coal  distributer  and 
the  coke  scraper. 

ISO, SS8— August   IS,   1S72.     ROBERT  PORTER  AND  THOMAS  LANE.     Im- 
provement in  gas  apparatus. 
Claims  a  retort  in  combination  with  a  central  rotating  screw,  having  a  sloping 

or  inclined  thread  adapted  to  cause  the  coal  to  pass  through  the  retort  in  close 

contact  with  the  heated  surface  of  the  retort. 

131,564September  S/f,  1872.    THOMAS  F.  ROWLAND.    Improvement  in  ma- 
chines for  charging  gas  retorts. 

Claims  a  scoop,  with  suitable  supporting  means,  and  having  a  removable  bot- 
tom, and  valves,  combined  and  arranged  for  joint  operation,  and  a  removatUe 
bottom  corrugated  lon^^itudinally,  in  combination  with  correspondingly  formed 
valves  and  curved  sides  adapted  to  mutch  in  a  D-retort,  and  reciprocate  separately 
therein. 

134,055— December  17,  lS7g,     ALONZO  F.  HAVENS.     Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  charging  gas  retorts. 

Claims  a  scoop  for  charging  gas  retorts  made  in  two  or  more  segments,  and  each 
segment  hung  at  the  (-nds  upon  separate  center  studs,  in  combination  with  mech- 
anism, for  giving  to  the  segments  a  swinging  movement  to  discharge  the  contents 
into  the  retort, 

134,056— December  17, 187$.    ALONZO  F.  HAVENS.    ImprovemerU  in  apparatus 

for  charging  gas  retorts. 

Claims  a  chute,  in  combination  with  a  coal  hopper  and  mechanism  for  sliding  in 
and  withdrawing  the  chute  so  as  to  receive  its  supply  of  coal  while  being  moved 
into  the  retort,  and  scrapers  or  detainers  combined  with  the  chute  for  causing  the 
delivery  of  the  coal  into  the  retort. 

1S4,399— December  SI,  1872.  THOMAS  F.  ROWLAND.  Improvement  in  appa- 
ratus for  filling  gas  retort  chargers.  {Reissue  No.  7,6S1,  April  24,  1877.) 
Claims  a  cylindrical  measure  or  meter,  consisting  of  a  revohing  barrel  or  cyl- 
inder, having  an  opening  for  the  inception  and  discharge  of  coal  and  arranged  to 
be  revolved  completely  around  its  axis,  in  combination  with  a  hopper,  and  one  or 
more  guides  for  measuring  and  transferring  coal  into  the  retort  chai^crs. 

137,485— April  1,  1873.    THOMAS  F.  ROWLAND.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  charging  gas  retorts. 

This  invention  provides  buckets  adapted  to  receive  the  charges  of  coat  laterally 
at  the  proper  point,  and  carry  them  by  means  of  a  suspended  railway  along  the 
fronts  of  the  retorts,  dropping  the  coal  automatically  at  the  required  points  by 
opening  the  bottoms  of  the  several  buckets. 

45254— MF<;   1905— pt  4— OS 37 


1S7 ,48fi— April  1,  187S.    THOMAS  F.  ROWLAND.    Improvement  in  apparattu 

for  raking  gas  retorts.     {Reissue  No.  7,592,  April  3,  1877.) 

Claims  a  rake  and  rake  carriage,  combiniMl  with  mechanism  which,  upon  the 
forward  motion  of  the  carnage,  automatically  raises  the  rake,  so  that  it  passes 
into  tho  retort  free  of  the  coke,  and  which,  upon  the  backward  motion  of  the  car- 
riage, drops  the  rake  into  the  coke. 

137,487- April  1,1873.    THOMAS  F.ROWLAND.    Improvement  in  gas  retort 

chargers. 

'I'ho  apparatus  described  in  tlie  inventor's  previous  application  for  patent  for 
charging  gas  retorts  has  a  revolving  meter  with  only  one  aperture.  A  certain 
period  is  required  foranymeter  to  till  properly  with  coal,  and,  again,  a  c<^rlain  pe- 
riod for  it  to  empty.  The  present  improved  apparatus  provides  a  larger  revolv- 
ing meter  with  an  incieased  number  of  apertures  and  cliambers,  so  that  one  may 
be  filling  while  another  is  emptying.  It  allows  for  tho  convenient  changing  of 
the  capacities  of  the  chambers  by  the  in.sertion  and  removal  of  pi'  res.  This  allows 
the  meter  to  be  charged  as  the  retorts  bt*ome  gradually  fdled  or  encumbered  with 
gas  carbon.  It  provides  automatic  mrchanism  for  changing  the  position  of  the 
dell«  ctors  or  valves  that  determine  into  which  of  the  retorts  the  charge  shall  be 
placed.  It  provides  steel  knives  for  better  cutting  off  the  coal  when  an  aperture 
in  the  meter  passes  out  of  contact  with  the  sujjply  passage.  It  also  provides 
checks  for  retarding  the  motion  of  tho  coal  in  descendmg  to  roach  the  lowermost 
of  the  retorts,  which  tends  to  equalize  the  velocity  of  the  coal  in  passing  into  ail 
the  several  retorts. 

140,624— July  8,  1873.    ALONZO  F.  HAVENS.    Improvtment  in  apparatus  for 

charging  gas  retorts. 

Charging  scoops  for  gas  retorts  have  been  made  for  delivering  the  contents  into 
the  retort  by  drawing  aside  a  divided  .segmental  bottom.  This  present  invention 
is  for  accomphshiiig  the  same  obiett,  but  by  diUerent  mechanism,  consisting  of  a 
bottom  to  the  scoop  made  of  two  leaves  hinged  together  in  the  mi'idle,  lengthwis*! 
of  the  scoop,  and  attached  to  arms  that  arc  employed  for  lifting  up  the  central 
portion  of  the  hinged  bottom,  so  as  to  draw  in  the  edges  and  allow  the  coal  to  be 
delivered  off  the  leaves  in  their  inclined  jmsitions  toward  the  angles  of  the  retort, 
so  as  to  be  more  easily  and  eveidy  spread  upon  the  bottom  of  the  retort  than  in 
those  cases  where  the  coal  is  delivered  in  the  center  of  the  retort. 

143,039— September 23,  1873.    JOHN  SOMERVILLE  AND  JOHN  ROBINSON. 

Improvement  in  apparatus  for  charging  gas  retorts. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  cradle,  having  detents  or  stops  arranged  in  pairs 
on  rocking  spindles,  with  vertical  rakes  and  operating  levers. 

144.526— November  11.  1873.    WILLIAM  FOULIS.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  charging  and  drawing  ga.-;  rttorts. 

Claims  an  apparatus  for  charging  or  drawing  retorts,  in  which  the  scoop  or  rake 
is  combined  with  and  operated  by  the  piston  rod  of  a  water  or  other  fluid  engine. 

US,S4l— March  £4,  1874,    PETER  MUNZINGER.    Improvement  in  gas  retort 

ckaroers. 

The  invention  consists,  first,  of  a  revolving  scoop  carrier  in  connection  with  a 

wagon  or  other  suitable  carry- ing  device:  second,  of  a  revolving  scoop  carrier  in 
connection  with  suspension  or  scoop  carrying  <le  vices:  third,  of  a  revolving  scoop- 
can'ier  in  connection  with  geared  wheels  for  working  the  same:  fourth,  of  a 
revolving  scoop  carrier  in  connection  withia  ratchet  wheel  and  a  detent  for  holding 
the  said  scoop  carrier  in  any  required  position. 

149.836— April  SI,  1874.    JOSEPH  H.  CONNELLY.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  drawing  coke  from  ovens. 

This  invention  consists  in  a  long-handled  hook  and  fork,  forming  a  pair  of  tonga 
mounted  on  a  carriage,  with  which  the  coke  is  grasped  and  removed  from  the 
oven;  or  a  long-handled  hook  mounted  in  a  similar  carriage. 

160.490— March  2, 1875.  JOHN  WEST.  Improvement  in  char ger.f  for  gas  retorts. 
This  invention  consists,  mainly,  in  the  peculiar  construction  of  a  charger  ot 
carriage  adapted  to  convey  coal  into  the  retort,  and  distribute  the  same  in  an 
even  layer  throughout  its  entire  length.  It  consists,  further,  in  the  combination 
of  the  charger  with  the  retort,  and  a  hopper  for  supplying  it  with  coal  without 
rendering  necessary  the  opening  of  the  retort. 

165.667— July  SO,   1875.    WILLIAM  FOULIS.     Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

charging  retorts. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  scoop,  capable  of  both  longitudinal  and  rotary 
movements,  a  hauling  chain  connected  at  both  ends  to  and  lapped  in  opposite 
directions  round  the  scoop,  and  appliances  for  imparting  motion  to  the  chain  in 
either  direction. 

168.968— October  19,  1875.    PROVANCE  M.  BUTTERMORE.    Improvement  in 

scrapers  for  coke  ovens. 

Claims  a  scraper  for  coke  ovens  having  a  cast  iron  blade  that  tapers,  in  cro.<is 
section,  from  the  heel  to  the  point,  and  that  has  a  flange,  on  the  rear  side  of  the 
blade,  that  tapers  from  the  center  to  the  edges,  in  combination  with  a  wrought 
iron  rod  roughened  or  made  crooked  on  its  end. 

173,344— February  8,   1876.    JOEL  F.  RICE.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

charging  retorts. 

In  order  to  prevent  loss  of  gas.  and  also  cracking  of  retorts  by  sudden  change 
of  temperature,  chargers  holding  a  large  quantity  of  coal,  and  provided  with 
devices  for  operating  them  quickly,  have  been  devised,  and  to  some  extent  adopted 
in  practice.  This  invention  is  an  improvement  in  this  class  of  apparatus;  and 
consists,  chiefly,  in  the  arrangement  of  a  plug  or  stop  device  and  means  for  lock- 
ing the  same,  or  holding  it  stationary,  in  the  frame  that  supports  the  tubular 
reciprocating  charger. 

177.326— May  16.   1878,    WILLIAM   FOULIS.    Improvement  in  machines  for 

charging  retorts. 

Claims  a  combination  of  parts  constituting  the  mechanism  for  traversing  the 
scoop  and  by  which  the  charging  apparatus  is  raised  and  lowered. 

177,327- May  16.  1876.    WILLIAM  FOULIS.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

drawing  retorts. 

Claims  the  mechanism  whereby  a  hydraulic  cylinder  may  be  utilized  in  traver»- 
ing  the  machine  continuously  in  one  direction  and  the  rake  is  operated. 

182 AS3— September  12,  1876.    JOEL  F.  RICE.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

removing  coke  from  retorts. 

This  invention  consists  of  a  sliding  scoop  placed  on  a  swiveled  support  that 
is  carried  by  a  truck,  the  scoop  being  forced  into  the  retort  under  the  coke  by  a 
winch  and  withdrawn  by  the  same  meaiu. 


552 


MANUFACTURES. 


19S.}SS—June  19.  !S77.    THOMAS  F.  ROWLAND.    Improremenl  in  retort  cfiarg- 

ing  and  discharging  apparatus. 

Claims  the  comMnation  of  a  meter,  a  coal  charging  apparatus  having  a  remov- 
able bottom,  and  a  coal  discharging  apparatus,  anu  an  engine  carried  upon  the 
same  frame  and  adapted  to  be  brought  opposite  the  retort  to  be  discharged. 

19S,lS9—June  19,  1S77.    THOMAS  F.  ROWLAND.    Improremcrtt  in  gas  retort 

chargers. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  scoop,  having  a  removable  bottom  with  a  sup- 
porting traveling  frame,  which  carries  said  scoop,  and  is  itst  If  supported  upon 
two  sets  of  nmuers  or  rollers,  one  sit  of  wnich  travtls  upon  the  upper  surface  of 
a  rail,  while  the  other  set  travels  upon  the  under  surface  of  a  rail. 

191.100— June  19,  1877.    THOMAS  F.  ROWLAND.    Improvement  in  gas  raking 

apparatus. 

Claims  a  rake  and  rake  handle  combined  with  mechanism,  whereby  the  down- 
ward position  of  the  rake  upon  the  bottom  of  the  retort  is  regidated  or  altered  at 
any  point  of  its  travel,  while  the  rake  and  rake  supporting  mechanism  advance 
and  retire  in  the  same  line,  as  distinguished  from  a  nike  which  is  laterally  adjust- 
able by  the  lateral  movement  of  its  entire  supporting  mechanism. 
192.191— June  19,  1S77.    THOMAS  F.  ROWL.^ND.    Improvement  in  revohing 

coal  meters. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  coal  meter  and  an  adjustable  chute  with  mechanism 
wherebv  the  chute  is  automaticallv  lowered  into  the  .scoop  beneath  during  the 
passage'  of  the  coal  and  is  automatically  raised  after  its  discharge,  whereby  the 
scoop  is  enabled  to  advance  into  the  retort  free  of  the  chute. 

l9i,99S— September   11.    1ST7.    CH.\RLES    F.   DIETERICH.    Improvement  in 

machinery  for  charging  gas  retorts. 

Claims  a  coal  transporting  car  having  one  or  more  series  of  invertilil^  troughs 
placed. one  above  the  other,  each  trougn  having  capacity  tor  a  eharg-  for  a  single 
retort,  and  being  constructed  to  empty  its  contents  into  a  ritort  charger  when 
placed  thereunder. 
199. S 16— January  IS,   1S78.    ABBOTT   Q.   BOSS.    Improvement  in  gas  retort 

chargers. 

This  invention  consists,  first,  of  a  retort  charging  apparatus  embracing,  in  its 
construction,  a  carriage  or  frame,  a  bar  projecting  therefrom  and  supported 
thereby,  and  a  divided  scoop,  pivoted  to  said  bar,  and  arranged  to  open  at  the 
bottom  by  the  swinging  of  its  parts  outward,  the  whole  being  designed  to  carry 
coal  into  the  retort  without  depending  on  the  latter  for  the  support  of  any  part 
of  the  apparatus,  and  to  pr-rmit  the  withdrawal  of  the  .»coop  without  obstruction 
from  the  coal  deposited:  second,  of  a  certain  combination  of  parts,  making  up  an 
automaticallv  operating  device  for  opening  and  closing  the  scoop  at  the  ends  of 
its  longitudinal  movement:  third,  in  attaching  a  swinging  plate  to  the  forward 
end  of  the  bar  to  which  the  two  parts  of  the  scoop  are  pivoted,  which  plate  is  used 
to  discharge  the  fuel  from  open-backed  or  "through  "  re  torts,  and  may  be  oper- 
ated to  rake  the  fuel  from  retorts  open  at  the  front  only. 

100.888- March  o,  1878.    THOM-^S  H.  BIRCH.    Improvement  in  charging  scoops 
for  gas  retorts. 

Claims  the  series  of  buckets,  pivoted  transversely  within  an  open  scoop-frame. 
and  having  geared  or  other  suitable  connection  with  one  or  more  slide  bars  or 
racks. 

eiS.669— February  IS,  1879.    ABBOTT  Q.  ROSS.    Improvement  in  gas  retort  dis- 
charging apparatus. 

Claims  an  automatic  discharging  rake  constructed  to  enter  a  retort,  and  pro- 
vided with  a  longitudinally  acting  spring,  situated  between  the  rake  and  rake 
carriage,  for  tlie  purpose  ofpreventing  injury  to  the  rake  or  the  retorts  when  the 
rake  is  forced  into  the  retort  and  of  allowing  the  rake  to  yield  and  slide  toward 
the  carriage. 

111,170— February  IS,  1879.    ABBOTT  Q.  ROSS.     Improvement  in  charging  gas 
retorU. 

Claims  the  mode  of  charging  gas  retorts,  consisting  essentially  in  first  separa- 
ting from  the  mass  of  coal  a  full  charge  for  the  retort  and  then  blowing  said  charge 
in  quickly  at  one  operation  by  the  action  of  dry  steam  or  compressed  air. 

tie.S7 1— February  tS,  1879.    ABBOTT  Q.  ROSS.    Improvement  in  gas  retort 

dischargers. 

Claims  in  a  retort  discharger,  theconibinntion  of  a  long  longitudinally  movable 
bla.«t  pi[)<-  with  a  laterallv  movable  discharge  end  to  enter  the  retort  to  a  point 
behind  the  matirials  to  !"«■  discharged  therefrom,  and  deliver  the  blast  diriTtly 
Into  said  n-tort,  with  a  steam  or  compressed  air  reservoir,  a  connecting  pipe  lead- 
ing from  such  reservoir,  and  a  controlling  cock. 
tit. 671— February  SB,  1879.    ABBOTT  Q.  ROSS.    Improvement  in  gat  retoH 

chargers. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  provide,  for  the  use  of  small  gas  manufaeto- 
rtos.  a  simple  and  convenient  hand  tnick  charger,  whereby  a  (nil  charge  of  coal 
can  be  wheeled  to  the  retort,  brought  to  the  proper  position,  and  discllarged  into 
the  retort  by  ii  blast  of  steam  orcompressed  air:  and  the  invention  consists,  (Irst, 
In  a  combined  charger  and  two-whei.|  truck  provi.led  with  blast  jets  and  a  ccm- 
nection  for  a  llexlhle  U'lescopic  or  Jointed  pip<'  for  introducing  tln'  steam  or  com- 
pres.ied  air;  and,  secondly,  in  an  agitator,  operat^'d  in  part  or  in  whole  by  the 
compreased  air  or  steam,  lor  the  purpose  of  feeding  the  coal  <lovvn  proiurly  in 
the  charger. 
tlt.S7S— February  tS,  1879.    ABBOTT  Q.  ROSS.    Improvement  in  gas  retort 

chargers. 

Clalm.i  the  combined  charger,  conduit,  and  blast  plin',  in  coinl>lnatlon  with 

mi'chanism  for  raising  and  lowering  them  together,  whep.by  Ih vend  charges 

ore  adjustable  to  the  hiight  of  their  n-sp'Ctlve  ri.torts.  jiikI  delivered  Into  tho 
same  without  the  niwssity  of  n-charging  the  apparatus  during  the  operation. 

injeri— July  8,1879.    CHARLES  F.  DIETERICH.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  removing  coke  from  gas  retorts. 

This  Invention  r<late«  to  an  apparotus  for  removing  coke  from  gas  retorts, 
»pecinllTde«iimed  tor  Tiw  In connict Inn  with  an  opparatusforcharglnggaa  retorts 
paf- ■  •    '  •     '     ""  -Itiv  of  .S-pleiiilM'r.  1X77. 

'I  t   In  mounting  a  series  of  extensible  riike.s  In  a  frame 

ha..  which  works  In  a  nut  or  Ixarlng  ftirmlng  part  of  a 

win .  ■••  I  ■  ■■•ing  the  rakes  Is  whis'led  to  the  front  of 

the  retort  1  the  rakes  may  be  adjilstcil  by  means  of 

the  fitiv,  iind  by  other  suitable  means  projecterl 

Into  and  ■■  '  he  purpose  of  removing  t  hi*  c(»ke  there- 

from,    'i  :  in  tiiejins  whi-reby  th<'  [irongH  of  the 

rakes  m/i  ■|i.,«..ot  facilitating  their  imssage  to  the 

farthere.i. .     ..  ;..    . ■        .,    o  as  to  catch  llii' coke  when  said  rakes 

•ro  to  be  withdrawn,  and  also  in  the  siieoinc  means  employed  for  cITi'CtIng  the 


prolection  and  retraction  of  the  rakes.  Lastly,  the  invention  consists  in  moans 
whereby  the  rakes  may  be  adjusted  in  height  independently  of  the  supporting 
framework  thereof. 

St8.6S9— August  19.  1879.  FREDERICK  A.  S.\BBATON.  Improvement  in 
deinces  for  feeding  gas  retort  furnaces  tvith  ignited  colic  from  the  retorts. 
This  invention  consists  of  a  device  having  combined  therein  a  spout  fitting  the 
ordinary  feed  door,  through  which  solid  fuel  is  introduced  into  the  furnace,  a 
conduit" which,  when  the  spout  is  adjusted  to  the  feed  door,  wiU  receive  hot  coke 
drawn  from  a  retort  in  the  furnace  and  conduct  the  coke  into  the  spout,  and  a 
passage  arranged  opposite  to  the  spout,  and  through  which  the  workmen  can 
use  a  stoking  t>ar  to  push  the  coke  from  the  spout  through  the  feed  door  and  into 
the  furnace,  and  in  the  couiliination  with  the  device  composed  of  the  spout,  con- 
duit, and  stoking  passage  of  a  wheeled  truck,  whereby  the  whole  is  rendered 
conveniently  portable  and  readily  adjustable  to  the  furnace.  , 

■  SSS.562— December  9,   18T9.    ABBOTT   Q.   ROSS.    Improvement  in  gas  retort 

chargers. 

Claims  in  a  gas  retort  charger,  a  main  car  or  platform,  movable  back  and  forth 
in  trout  of  the  retorts,  a  secondary  frame  or  support  for  the  charging  hopper, 
movable  in  or  out  toward  and  froiii  the  retorts,  a  steam-charging  hopper  or  ves- 
sel, and  means  for  raising  and  lowering  the  same  vertically,  and  a  steam  receiver 
and  boiler,  located  on  the  main  car  or  platform,  and  connected  with  the  charging 
vessel  by  a  flexible  or  jointed  pipe. 

liS.-KS— December  9,  1879.    AV  50TT  Q.  ROSS.     Improvement  in  machinery  for 

discharging  gas  retorts. 

Claims  in  combination  with  a  reciprocating  rake  or  series  of  rakes,  an  auto- 
matically adjustable  counter  balance,  in  combination  with  and  actuated  by  the 
piston  rod  and  connecting  mechanism. 

2S1.56J,— December  9.  1879.    ABBOTT  Q.  ROSS.    Improvement  in  gas  retort  dis- 
charging apparatus. 

Claims  in  a  gas  retort  discharger,  the  combination,  with  a  reciprocating  traveler, 
of  two  rakes  or  series  of  rakes  located  on  opposite  sides  of  the  traveler,  devices 
for  connecting  either  of  said  rakes  or  series  of  rakes  to  the  traveler  when  desired, 
and  devices  tor  connecting  either  of  said  rakes  or  series  of  rakes  to  a  stationary 
part  of  the  machine  when  desired,  whereby  either  of  the  rakes  or  series  of  rakes 
may  be  thrown  into  operation  while  the  rest  remain  idle  and  are  cooling, 

222.505— December  9,  1879.    ABBOTT  Q.  ROSS.    Improvement  in  discharging 

apparatus  for  gas  retorts. 

Claims  in  a  gas  retort  discharger,  the  combination,  with  a  rake  or  rakes  hinged 
to  a  reciprocating  traveler,  of  an  adjustable  support  tor  said  rake  or  rakes,  by 
which  their  elevation  and  depression  may  lie  controlled  at  any  part  of  their  st  roke, 
or  when  the  traveler  is  at  rest,  at  the  "will  ot  the  operator,  and  with  a  counter 
balance  for  assisting  in  said  elevation  and  depression. 

2i9.69i— November  15.  18S1.    RICU.VRD  THOMAS.     Coke  furnace  and  appa- 
ratus connected  thercicilh. 
Claims  the  plant  tor  manufacture  of  coke  consisting  of  elevated  furnaces  or 

retorts,  provided  with  doors  at  both  ends,  tracks,  elevating  apparatus,  engine, 

and  endless  traveling  rope. 

276  504— April  2i.  1883.    RICHARD  THOMAS.     Coke  furnace  and  apparatus 

connected  thereivith. 

This  is  a  device  for  withdrawal  ot  coke  from  ovens  or  furnaces  and  loading  It 
into  cars. 

SOO  J,6S—June  17 .  lS8i.    JONATHAN  GREEN.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  in  coke  oven,  the  cradle  comprising  the  gas  pipe  frame,  having  series 
of  apertures  and  prongs  upmi  its  upper  surface,  said  prongs  being  adapted  to 
support  and  retain  the  coke  upon  the  cradle  while  being  drawn. 

Sli  510— March  24.   1885.    GEORGE   W.   BIERER.    Apparatus  for  removing 

coke  from  ovens. 

Claims  in  a  machine  tor  drawing  coke  from  ovens  or  kilns,  the  combination  of 
a  frame  with  a  block  sliding  thereon,  and  picks  or  forks  provided  with  means  tor 
giving  lateral  and  hiiri/oiitiil  motion  to  the  forks  or  picks,  and  lever  and  treadle 
lor  raising  the  ends  of  the  picks  or  forks  as  they  enter  the  oven  or  kiln, 

SlS.sn.'i- April  H.  1886.    EDMUND  J.  BOWEN.     Coke  oven. 

riaims  a  coke  oven  having  an  inlet  opening  at  one  end  and  an  outlet  at  its 
opjiositi'  end  and  having  its  floor  inclined  downward  toward  its  discharge  or 
outlet  end  and  provided  on  such  floor  with  a  longitudinal  series  of  rails  arranged 
side  by  side  and  a  slight  distance  apart. 
S2S.128—July   U,   1886.    THOMAS   F,   ROWLAND.     Machinery  for  charging 

retorts. 

Claims  in  combinaticui,  in  n  retort  charging  machine,  a  scoop  providi'd  with  a 
sliding  hot  loin,  a  livdraulie  apparatus  tor  projecting  and  withdrawing  the  .scoop, 
consisting  ot  a  cylinder  altaelied  to  the  scoop  and  moving  on  a  H.\ed  piston,  and 
a  like  hydraulic' apparatus  tor  projecting  and  withdrawing  the  bott<uii  ot  tho 
scoop, 

862.180- May  S,  1887.    FREDERIC  C.  WEIR.     Machine  for  pulling  coke  from 

ovens. 

Tliis  invention  comprisos  driving  devices  operated  by  an  engine,  iireferalily 
mounted  upon  a  ear.  which  can  be  run  up  in  ironl  of  the  oven,  and  a  windlass 
oinTatlilg  a  reciprocating  arm  carrying  tlie  pulling  claws,  with  suilalile  mech- 
anism tor  stopping,  starting,  tilting,  ami  operating  tlie  reciprocating  claw-arm. 

S6S.i89-June  28.  1887.    JULIUS  QUAGLIO.    Apparatus  for  compressing  coal 

and  introducing  the  .same  into  coke  ovens. 

Claims  thc>  combination,  with  a  carriage,  of  a  chest  for  receiving  and  jiressing 
coal,  a  slliliug  bottom  plate  in  the  cheat,  a  coke  case  on  the  carriage,  a  hinged 
bottom  on  the  coke  case,  an  engine  on  the  carriage,  and  a  windlass  opposite  one 
end  of  the  chest  tor  receiving  the  coal,  which  windlass  is  operated  from  the  engine. 

S76.58I — January  17,  1888.    AUGUST  LENTZ.    Device  for  charging  relnrls. 
Claims  the  ti-i'illiig  ineehanism  tor  retorts,  consisting  ot  the  eurveil  feeding  t  ubo 

provided  with  a  t 1  hopjier,  the  wheeled  shaft  for  carrying  said  tube,  and  a 

chain,  for  raising  and  lowering  said  tulie. 

iOa.VKI-  July  2.  1880.    JAMES  H.  WALKER,     Retort  charging  device. 

ClalmH  In  a  retort  charging  niiielilne.  the  coniblnatinn  ot  a  enrrhige,  a  frame 
llxi'd  then'on,  M  llul<l  jiressun' cylinder  secured  to  the  Irauie  and  luivlnga  piston 

and  roil  conmeted  to  a  Ira IMti'd  to  movi'  vertlcallv  in  the  fixed  traiiie.  n  .si'i-ies 

of  tilllllK  ellUles,  eiii'li  suppcu-te.l  ndjiicvlll    to  ojiposite  iMlds  upon  the  llxeil  mid 
til''   movalile  tniMieM,   r"S|vet  Ively,  and   slnps  fixed  to  the  chllles  ill  poHltioll  to 

abut  against  their  supports  and  regulate  their  degree  ot  horizontal  traverse 
thereon. 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  COKE. 


553 


iSS,9U— March  25,  1S90.     ISAAC  B.  HAMMOND.     Feeding  device  for  ore  rood- 

ing  fuTnace..s. 

Claims  as  an  appliance  for  an  ore  furnace,  an  ore-fewler  consisting  of  a  hopper 
to  cnnliiin  1  he  ore  to  bo  rnjistod,  a  rovolnlilp  fluted  cylinder  located  ut  the  bottom 
of  till'  hopper  and  above  tlie  furinici'  (looi-  mui  adiiiitcd  to  diHclijirtic  thereon  rcpi- 
Ijitc'l  iinioimts  of  ore  at  rc^'ulMlivi  inli'rv:ils,  and  pHwl  and  ratchet  mechanism  for 
revolving  tlieeyliiiderat  regiihitcd  inlervalH  ton  n-KUlated  extent,  in  combinatifm 
with  II  reiijinicutinK  ruk(^  and  a  conneetion  between  said  reciprocating  ruko  and 
the  pawl  of  the  pawl  and  ratchet  mechanism,  whereby  the  cyhnder  U  caused  to 
revolve. 

4$5,797— April  IB,  1890.    CHARLES  W.  HUNT.     Car  for  coke. 

Claims  the  combinntion,  with  the  iron  car  for  coke  or  similar  Incandescent  or 
hot  materials,  of  perforated  pipes  around  the  interior  of  such  car  near  the  uiJ|ier 
part  thereof,  and  oniplint;  eonrieelions  for  a  water  supjdy,  whereby  the  melutlic 
car  is  protet^tud  from  injury  by  a  stratum  of  water  caused  to  pass  over  it8  interior 
surface. 

4$8.466-'May  SO,  1890.     WILLIAM  H.  DINSMORE.     Device  for  removing  coke 

from  ovens. 

Claims  the  device,  consisting  of  a  frame  having  the  downwardly  and  rearwardly 
inclined  notches,  a  transverse  rod  hiiving  its  ends  seated  in  said  notches,  a  <'bain 
jicndent  from  said  rod  and  movable  thereon,  a  puUei*'  i)lock  swiveled  to  the  lower 
end  of  said  <'h!iin,  so  as  to  turn  freely  in  any  direction,  said  i)ulley  block  having 
mounted  therein  a  inilley  wheel,  andn  clearing  rod  fitting  in  thegrooveof  said 
wheel  and  guided  thereby,  said  rod  provided  on  its  outer  end  with  a  hand  piece 
or  ring  an(i  on  its  inner  end  with  an  angularly  bent  scraping  blade. 

4S5,89]~Septemb€r  S,  1890.     NATHANIEL  O.  GOLDSMITH.     Coke  drawing 

machine. 

Claims  in  a  coke  drawing  machine,  the  combination,  with  a  platform  car.  of  an 
engine  and  a  swiveled  table  mounted  on  the  platform,  a  reciprocating  rake  sup- 
ported by  the  table  and  having  a  rack,  an  engine  shaft  geared  to  one  of  the  car 
axles,  a  counter  shaft  rotated  by  tlie  enuine  shaft  and  geared  to  the  rack  on  the 
rake.chilch  devices  for  throwing  the  engine  shaft  into  and  out  of  gear  with  the  car 
V  heel  and  the  counter  shaft,  and  rack  and  pinion  mechanism  actuated  by  the  en- 
gine for  turning  the  table. 

44^.9SG~February  S4,  1891.    THOMAS  SMITH.    Apparatus  for  extracting  coke 

from  ovens. 

These  improvements  provide  first,  means  for  forcing  a  plate  through  the  door  of 
the  oven  and  under  the  coke  and  for  then  withdrawing  the  said  plate,  bringing 
with  it  the  coke  which  is  to  be  extracted;  second,  enable  the  said  platetobediret-tcd 
to  all  parts  of  the  oven  in  succession,  so  as  to  withdraw  the  whole  of  the  coke; 
third,  provide  guides  for  the  bar  carrying  the  said  plate  and  for  allowing  it  to  be 
moved  horizontally  in  any  direetion.  and,  fourth,  provide  means  for  propelling 
the  entire  machine  along  rails  in  either  direction. 

447, OSS— February  S4,  1891.    GASTON  A,  BRONDER.    Qas  retort  discharging 

apparatus. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  discharging  gas  retorts,  the  combination,  with  a 
track,  of  a  carriage  mounted  on  the  track  and  an  extensible  and  contractible  rake 
compose!  of  two  parts,  each  provided  with  a  rake  head,  one  of  the  parts  having 
a  longitudinally  sliding  engagement  with  the  other  part,  said  parts  being  con- 
trolled in  their  "movements  by  the  movement  of  the  carriage. 

448,656— March  $4,  1891.    ALVA  C.  COCHRAN.    Coke  oven  plant. 

Claims  in  a  coke  oven  plant,  the  combination,  with  a  series  or  line  of  coke  ovens 
having  discharging  doors,  of  a  phitform  in  front  of  the  doors  and  about  at  tlie 
level  tliereof.  a  subway  beneath  the  platform,  and  a  chute  leading  in  a  down- 
wardly inclined  direction  through  the  platform  to  a  car  in  the  subway. 

45e,t40-July  SI,  1891.    JAMES  ELLIOTT.    Apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of 

coal  gas. 

Claims  in  a  gas  producing  apparatus,  the  combination  of  retorts  provided  at 
their  front  ends  with  hoppers  cormected  to  a  mouthpiece  by  a  pipe  and  at  their 
rear  ends  with  a  mouthpiece,  with  ascension-pipe  hole,  and  opening,  correspond- 
ing with  openings  of  a  cylinder,  pivoted  to  arms,  and  chargers  placed  into  said 
retorts  and  attached  to  a  rod,  passing  through  lids  of  retorts  attached  to  toothed 
wheels,  acted  upon  by  worm  wheels,  secured  to  shafting. 

456,569~July  28,  1891.    ANDREW  HICKENLOOPER.     Gas  retort  charger. 

Claims  in  a  retort  charger,  a  carriap  adjustable  to  and  from  the  face  of  the  re- 
tort bench,  two  or  more  fixed  chargmg  hoppers  arranged  in  vertical  succession 
with  discharge  nozzles  in  a  common  vertical  plane  adapted  to  enter  the  mouths 
of  two  or  more  retorts  simultaneously,  a  blast  distributer  to  each  hopper  at  the 
rear  of  the  discharge  nozzle,  a  standpipe  upon  said  carriage  having  an  extensible 
connection  with  a  reservoir  of  blast  force,  and  connections  between  said  stand- 
pipe  and  blast  distributers. 

469. 180— February  16,  189S.    GEORGE  R.  WAITE.    Oas  apparatus. 

Claims  in  a  gas  apparatus,  the  combination  of  a  bench  having  retorts,  remov- 
able cartridges  for  such  retorts,  e.ich  having  a  socket  or  sockets,  the  elevated 
track,  the  trolley  con.lned  on  such  track,  the  depending  rod  at  its  upper  end.  piv- 
otally  united  to  the  trolley  frame,  and  the  cartridge-supporting  lever  between  its 
ends  hung  from  the  lower  end  of  such  rod. 

460M8— March  1,  1S92.    THOMAS  R.  OSBOURN.    Apparatus  for  quenching 

coke. 

Claims  an  apparatus  for  quenching  coke  bv  steam,  consisting  of  a  closed  car, 
chamber,  or  other  receptacle,  adapted  to  contain  coke,  provided  with  a  second  or 
external  wall  which  forms  with  the  wall  of  the  receptacle  a  close  1  water  contain- 
ing compartment  or  jacket  to  receive  the  heat  ra<liated  from  the  coke,  a  water 
sutply  discharging  into  said  water  containing  compartment,  and  steam  outlets 
leading  from  tjie  upper  portion  of  said  water  containing  compartment  and  dis- 
charging into  the  coke  receptacle. 

476.5^0— May  24,  1S92.  ANDR6  COZE.  Apparatus  for  discharging  gas  retorts. 
Claims  in  combination  with  a  suitable  traveling  carriage  and  rake  and  handle 
consisting  of  a  flexible  band  or  rod  adapted  to  be  curved  upward,  guide  rollers 
for  guiding  the  handle  in  a  vertical  direction,  and  mechanism  for  propelling  such 
rake  and  handle  into  and  out  of  the  retort. 

476,685— June  7,  1S9S.    JOHN  RUSCOE.    Apparatus  for  charging  gas  retorts. 

Claims  the  combination  of  main  frame,  scoop -carrying  frame  movable  vertically 
in  the  main  frame,  horizon  t  aid  riving  shaft,  connections  1  etween  the  driving  shaft 
and  the  movable  frame  for  raising  and  lowering  the  latter,  a  vertical  shaft  an<i 
cluJiCh-actuated  gearing  between  the  same  and  the  driving  shaft,  a  worm  gear  on 
the  ilTovable  frame,  connections  between  said  gear  and  the  scoop  for  actuating 
the  latter,  and  a  sliding  worm  on  the  vertical  shaft  for  actuating  the  worm  ge:if. 


470,68n-Jiine  7,  1892.    JOHN  RUSCOE.    Apparatus  for  drarring  gas  retorts. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  drawmg  gas  retorts,  a  main  frame,  a  second  frame, 
supported  in  the  main  frame,  and  a  rake  arrange!  to  slide  longiludinaJiy  on  the 
second  frame,  in  combi.iallon  with  a  chain,  connected  to  the  rake,  the  chain-car- 
rying pulleys,  and  the  worm  gear  and  jtinions  for  driving  the  same,  all  mounted, 
on  the  second  frame,  the  vertical  drivmg  shaft,  the  worm  splined  on  said  shaft 
and  capable  of  sli<ling  up  and  down  thereon,  and  means  for  raising  and  lowering 
the  second  frame. 

498.755-June  6,  1898.    WILLIAM  ARROL  AND  WILLIAM  FOULIS.    Appa- 

rnfus  for  charging  gas  retorts. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  charging  gas  and  other  retorts  the  combination 
with  a  frame  and  a  bar  pivoted  thereon,  of  a  rod  mounted  on  safd  pivoted  bar  for 
tilting  the  bar  and  means  for  reciprocatini^;  the  rod  so  connected  as  to  be  operated 
Hinniltaneously  by  the  movement  of  a  suitable  actuating  device. 

498,779— June  6,  189$.    WILLIAM  FOULIS.    Apparatus  for  stirring  and  draw- 
ing gas  retorts. 

In  carrying  out  this  inventionmonnt  on  thetopsldeof  the  I  iron  or  steel  bar  an 
iron  or  stt^el  plate,  which  has  also  mounted  at  its  under  side  two  stiffening  angle 
iron  or  steel  bars,  which  may  ext<*nd  the  whole  length  of  the  plate  or  not  as  desired. 
Th(t  said  I  iron  or  steel  bar  has  the  slipper  or  carringc  mounted  on  its  lower  side 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  en;ible  it  to  be  reciprocated  b;i<:kward  and  forward  by  the 
two  horizontal  acting  hydraulic  cvlindcrs  and  rams  as  hitherto,  but  which,  in 
this  case,  are  mounted  oh  the  top  si'le  of  the  plate  which  is  fonned  with  two  lon- 
gitudinal slots  or  openings,  through  which  the  pulleys  on  the  ends  of  the  rams 
work.  The  said  slots  also  act  as  guides  for  the  front  ends  of  the  said  rams  which 
are  formed  with  suitably  shaped  guide  or  slipper  lilocks.  Also  provide  the  front 
end  of  the  raising  and  lowering  cylinder's  ram  with  a  guide  or  slipper  blwk  which 
works  on  the  upright  standard  of  the  apparatus,  which  as  w*-ll  as  the  plate  has 
wooden  or  other  buffers  attnehed  so  as  to  t^-rminate  the  strokes  of  the  rams  and 
slipper  or  carriage.  Near  the  front  end  of  the  I  or  steel  bar  mount  preferat»Iy  a 
hardened  steel  block  in  such  a  manner  as  to  guide  the  rake  rod  or  it  may  be  stirrer 
rod  or  rods,  during  their  li;ickward  and  forward  movements.  Also  so  shaj>e  the 
race  of  the  automatic  drop  plate,  that  when  the  ajiparatus  is  not  in  use  the  plate 
will  ])p  nearly  in  a  horizontal  plane  and  so  permit  of  vehicles  and  such  like  passing 
underneath  the  front  end  of  the  apparatus. 

534, 43S— February  19,  1896.    GASTON  A.  BRONDER.    Qaa  retort  charging  ap- 
paratus. 

Claims  the  combination  in  a  retort  charging  apparatus,  of  a  main  earriuge  for 
running  along  in  front  of  the  retorts,  a  scoop  cirriage  arranged  to  run  trans- 
versely upon  the  first-mentioned  c  irruige  and  having  two  or  more  scoop  supports, 
scoops  upon  said  supports,  and  locking  devices  for  locking  each  scoop  either  to 
the  scoop  carriage  or  to  the  main  carriage  that  it  may  either  move  with  the  scoop 
carriage  or  leave  the  latter  free  to  move  without  it. 

563,781— July  14,  1896.    JOHN  A.  MONTGOMERY.     Combined  coke  dravcing, 

cleaning,  sprinkling,  and  loading  machine. 

Claims  in  a  machine  for  drawing  coke  from  ovens,  the  reciprocating  and  later- 
ally moving  coke-drawing  frame  provided  with  the  endless  conveyor,  the  coke- 
drawing  breaker  or  shoa-I,  the  vertical  saws,  and  the  vertical  and  horizontal 
fingers  and  their  supporting  frame,  and  the  racks  on  the  coke-drawing  frame,  in 
coniblnation  with  a  frame  having  a  rotary  turntable  provided  with  an  engine 
having  a  drive  shaft  and  pinions  thereon  which  engage  the  said  racks  by  means 
of  which  the  coke  drawer  is  reciprocated,  and  the  sprocket  wheels  to  engage  and 
operate  the  conveyor, 

695,039— December  7,  1897.    GASTON  A.  BRONDER.     Machinery  for  discharg- 
ing gas  retorts. 

Claims  in  a  machine  for  dischar^ng  gas  retorts,  the  combination  of  a  carriage, 
two  or  more  rakes,  a  carrier  for  said  rakes  and  means  for  moving  said  carrier 
biickward  and  forward  on  said  carriage,  a  lifting  bar  on  said  C:irriage  common  to 
the  several  rakes,  a  counterbalance  lever  from  which  said  lifting  bar  is  suspended 
and  the  fulcrum  of  which  is  movable,  mechanism  for  moving  the  said  fulcrum, 
means  for  connecting  said  rakes  with  the  said  carrier  and  carriage  whereby  one 
or  more  of  them  may  be  moved  with  the  carrier  while  the  other  or  others  are  held 
stationary  on  the  carriage  and  a  detachable  connection  between  the  fulcrum- 
moving  mechanism  and  the  carrier-moving  mechanism. 

621,663— March  21,  1899.    JOHN  A.  HEBB.     Coke  draver. 

Claims  in  a  coke  drawer,  the  combination  of  a  rotatable  table,  an  actuating 
lever  and  dogs  for  operating  said  table  and  supported  thereby,  a  segmental 
rack  bar  engaged  by  said  dogs,  a  vertically  adjustable  reciprocating  scraper  sup- 
ported by  said  table,  and  mechanism  carried  by  said  Uible  for  operating  said 
scraper. 

643.633- February  [20,1900.    ANDRE  COZE.    Apparatus  for  charging  inclined  ga4 

retorts. 

Claims  in  the  automatic  system  for  charging  inclined  retorts,  the  combination 
with  a  charging  hopper,  of  avElvecontroIliMg  the  outlet  of  said  hopper,  means  for 
operating  said  valve,  a  ?nring-suj)ported  bucket  and  mechanism  for  establishing 
a  conneetioii  between  said  valve-operatinc  means  and  the  bucket,  wherpuy  the 
com.i)rcssioit  of  tb.e  springs  and  the  desx-ent  of  the  bucket  tmder  the  load  will  cflect 
the  automatic  closure  of  "the  delivery  valve  of  the  supply  hopper  when  the  bucket 
has  receiv-ed  a  load  suiheient  for  the  charging  of  the  retort. 

644.053— February  $7,  1900.    ALEXANDER  E.  BKOW'N.     Cokr  pusher. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  charging  or  drawing  coke  ovens,  open  hearth  or 
steel  heating  furnaces  and  the  like,  the  combination  of  a  frame  or  suDporting 
structure,  and  a  pusher  bar  or  ram  composed  of  sectional  members,  one  of  which 
members  rests  and  is  movable  horizontally  upon  said  frame  or  supporting  struc- 
ture, upon  or  against  rollers  or  similar  rotating  supports  or  beanngs  provided 
for  the  purpose,  .and  the  other  of  which  member?  rcjl**  upon  the  ^^st  named  of 
said  members,  upon  or  against  like  rollers  or  rotating  supports  or  bearings; 
pheavej?  or  similar  appUances,  at  the  rear  and  forwar:!  f  ortions  respectively  of 
said  first  named  member,  and  chains,  or  like  devices,  fastened  to  the  rear  portion 
of  t>aid  second  named  member,  and.  re-spectively,  to  the  rear  and  forward  portions 
of  said  frame  or  stnictnre,  which  chains,  in  one  ease,  pass  fiver  ssid  shenve  or 
sheaves  at  s.iid  rear  portion,  and,  in  the  other  case,  pass  over  said  sheave  or 
sheaves  at  said  forward  portion  of  said  first  named  nien-ber,  together  with  suit- 
able means  for  actuating  said  first  named  meniber  horizontally  forwardsnd  tack 
on  said  frame  or  supporting  structure. 


640,820— April  3,  1900.    WILLIAM  FOULIS.    Apparatus  for  charging  retorts. 

Claims  in  apparatus  for  cbjtrging  retorts  and  for  drawing  the  charges  thereof, 
the  combination,  with  a  guide  or  beam,  a  rod  carrying  a  charge  pushing  or  with- 
d'^awingdevic,  longitudinally  movable  on  the  guide  or  beam,  and  nir>iof  n.echan- 
ism  such  as  hydraulic  cylinders  and  rams  for  Imparting  such  moventtnt  to  the 
rod,  of  motor  mechanism  for  raising  and  lowering  the  said  rod  independently  of 
the  guide  or  he.am. 


554 


MANUFACTURES. 


€47,Si7— April  10,  1900.    SAMUEL  T.  WFLLMAN,  CHAKLE8  H.  ^\KLLMAN, 

AND  JOIIK  M*.  SEAVER.    I'usher  for  coke  ovens. 

Claims  a  coke-oven  pusher  having  a  PtPni  coirpcipd  oi  sections  adapted  to  slide 
telepcopically  one  witriin  another,  the  innermost  s^K'tion  carrying  the  pusher,  and 
connections  "whereby  theraovenient  of  an  inner  section  is  imparted  to'the  section 
pprroimding  it,  in  combination  with  a  chain  connected  to  the  iniierniost  snction 
of  said  stem,  and  ccmposp;!  of  flat  elongated  links,  a  sprocket  wheel  for  actuating 
said  chain,  and  pro\nEion  /or  rotating  said  sprocket  wheel. 

Ce5,?fS—Drcfmber  i.  1900,    GASTON  A.  KKOXDER.    Machinery  for  discharn- 

ing  gas  retorts. 

Claims  in  a  machine  for  discharging  gas  retorts,  the  combination,  with  a  car- 
riage and  a  rake  carrier  arranged  to  run  therein,  of  a  motor  cylinder  and  a  fixed 
rack  and  a  flying  rack  all  on  said  carriage,  a  gear  carried  by  the  piston  rod  of  said 
motor  cylinder  and  engaging  with  both  of  said  racks, sheaves  pivotally  attached 
to  said  carriage,  sheaves  pivotally  attached  to  said  flying  rack,  and  a'  rope  con- 
nected at  two  points  with  said  carriage  and  also  connected  with  the  rake  carrier 
and  running  on  said  several  sheaves. 

€68,S.U— February  19,  1901.    MAXIMILLIAN  M.  SUPPES.    Apparatus  for  use 

in  the  manufacture  of  coke. 

riairas  the  combination  of  a  coke  oven  having  a  coke  making  chamber  therein, 
a  vessel  of  substantially  the  same  internal  section  as  that  of  said  chamber,  a  re- 
cess in  the  foundation  wall  at  one  end  of  the  suid  oven,  a  flange  at  one  end  of  said 
vessel  adapted  to  enter  said  recess,  a  projection  from  a  centralportionof  said  ves- 
sel, and  a  fixed  stop  adapted  to  be  engaged  by  said  projection. 

669,977— March  5,  1901.    ADDISON  M.  BACON.    Coke  drawing  apparatus. 

Claims  a  coke  drawing  apparatus  comprising  a  fixed  support,  a  supplemental 
support  on  which  the  apparatus  may  be  moved,  means  for  moving  one  of  the  said 
supports  vertically,  a  hollow  drawing  tool  adapted  to  be  projected  and  retracted 
on  said  support,  and  means  for  passing  a  stream  of  water  to  said  tool. 

S7e,02o~-June  U,  1901.  GASTON  A.  BRONDER.  Gas  retort  charging  apparatus. 
Claims  In  a  retort  charging  apparatus,  the  combination  of  a  main  carriage,  a 
hopper  mounted  on  the  same,  a  scoop  carriage  operating  on  the  main  carriage, 
Coa!  scoops  carried  on  the  scoop  carriage,  scraper  frames  with  scrapers  actuating 
In  the  scoops,  locking  bar  support  angles  secured  to  the  uprights  of  the  main  car- 
riage and  to  the  hopper,  locking  bars  f  ulcruniiHl  to  the  locking  bar  support  angles 
for  det:iining  the  scrapers  in  the  retorts,  tipping  cams  secured  to  the  horizontal 
braces  of  the  scoop  carriage  for  unlocking  the  locking  bars,  adjusting  cams  at- 
tached to  the  locking  bar  support  angles,  friction  and  adjusting  rollers  secured 
to  the  scoops  actuated  by  the  adjusting  cams  to  obtain  the  proper  positions  for 
the  scoops  to  enter  the  retorts. 

ess. 79S— September   17,    1901.    EDWARD    DRORY.     Means  for   charging   gas 

retorts. 

Claims  the  combination  with  sets  of  furnaces  arranged  to  have  a  clear  space 
between,  separate  roofs  for  each  set  of  furnaces,  structural  ironwork  supporting 
the  ends  of  the  roofs  and  connected  above  the  ground  to  leave  a  free  passage 
between  the  buildings,  two  sets  of  cantalevers  projecting  into  each  building,  coal 
receptacles  above  and  proximate,  the  furnace  fronts  supported  on  the  upper  sets 
of  cantalevers,  discharging  hoppers  on  said  receptacles,  a  track  supported  by  the 
upper  set  of  cuntalevers^a  charging  vessel  arranged  to  move  on  said  track.imd  a 
platform  beneath  the  coal  receptacles  supported  by  the  lower  sets  of  cantalevers. 

m, 600 -November  £6,  1901.    GASTON  A.  BRONDER.     Coal  hopper  for  gas 

retort  chargers. 

Claims  a  hopper,  pushers  extending  between  the  sides  of  the  hopper,  consisting 
of  a  plate  curved  approximately  at  right  angles,  sliding  brackets  supporting  the 
said  curved  plate,  brackets  fastened  to  the  plates,  links  pinned  to  the  lirackets; 
In  combination  with  cross  shafts,  cranks  fastened  to  said  shafts,  links  connecting 
th"  cranks  and  the  brackets  fastened  to  the  pushers,  levers  fastened  to  the  cross 
shafts,  handle  bars  pinned  to  the  levers. 

691.148— January  14,  190£.    WALTER  KENNEDY.    Plata  for  coke  making. 

Claims  in  an  oppiratns  lor  manufacture  of  coke,  the  combination  of  two  lines 
of  hearths,  two  series  of  two  or  more  ovens  movably  arning^-d  on  the  hearths,  a 
car  movable  between  the  lines  of  hearths,  a  bridge  nuivjibly  mounted  on  rails 
parallel  with  the  hearths, a  buggy  movably  mounted  on  thu  bridge, and  hoisting 
m'^chanlsm  arranged  on  the  buggj'  and  adapted  to  be  connected  to  the  ovens  in 
turn. 

692.746- February  4.  1902.  SAMUEL  T.  WELLMAN,  CHARLES  H.  WELL- 
MAN,  AND  JOIIN  W.  SEAVER.  Combined  charging  and  discharging  device 
for  coke  ovens. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  or  retort  charging  machine  having  a  movable  coal  carrier 
when-by  the  charge  of  coal  is  carrle<r  into  the  oven  or  retort,  and  a  pusher  com- 
bined with  said  coal  carrier,  whereby  the  charge  of  coke  may  Iw  pushed  from  the 
oven  at  the  same  time  that  the  fresh  charge  of  coal  is  being  introduced  Into  the 
same. 

69SJ970-March  £S,  1902.    EDWARD  N.  TRUMP.     Coke  handling  apparatus. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  an  oven,  of  a  device  for  discharging  the  body  of 
coke  in  a  substnntiullv  horizontal  plane  from  the  oven,  ond  mcnns  provided  with 
a  platform  of  a  lengih  gn-nt^^r  than  the  width  of  the  body  of  cok^:  for  rt'cdving 
and  n  I  iiiiuiL'  th''cok»'.  said  mfans  being  movable  for  moving  1h<^  platform  cross- 
wi-  '     nf  iheb'tOy  <»f  coke  during  (he discharge  of  vaid  biKly  of  coke, and 

CO'  :  I  h  '■aid  d*^vice  for  causing  thr-  advancing  end  portions  of  the  body 

of  '  ■:■•.•■  'U-tuehed  thenff^fni  in  masses  whleii  iirr  nnised  to  tumble  or 

fall  lo-iii  ll.tudviiiicing  body  of  cike  successively  din-clly  upon  the  platform,  and 
to  U'eome  distribuled  on  siiid  plutfonn  in  a  broken  condition  iind  In  a  layer  of 
substantially  uniform  thickness  extending  crosswise  of  tin-  i)ath  (tf  the  body  of 
coko. 

70SM6-JvXy  to,  1002.    EDWARD  DRORY.    Means  for  charging  gas  retorts. 

f'lalmn  the  combination,  with  furnac«H  arranged  to  have  a  clear  space  between 
them,  IndeiM-ndent  roof  BtruelureB.  jto.sli  to  nupport  the  rorjf  HtructUR'S,  Itcfims 
conm-'llnp  the  pit<)iH  supporting  the  lndei>ondent  roof  Htruclun'H  and  coal  bins 
supported  on  wild  Ixiams  within  the  free  space  Iwtwecn  the  roof  slructun's. 

7a7JS79-Auau$t  19.  1902.  l60N  BERTHAND.  Apparatus  for  quenching  or 
cooling  coke. 

Clftlm^.tn  nn  fipparfiftn  forr^uAnrhlng  or  cooling  coki>,lhr>  combination,  with  a 

tft"^  '  .  ,  of  a  hopp«'r  ."tultabjy  attaehed  to  said  tank. 

nieii  •■,.u\  iiMiously  'll»chiir;'itig  et»kc.  iiieiinft  Id  hjiUI 

tan*  I  litTilnto.Mfid  nieiiiif*  In  siiid  tiink  forciirrvlng 

off  the  tiiii'i  tv  II- nu.'.i  Ly  ni<>  eke  whllo  being  Imiucrscd  In  the  lliiuid  coiiliiiiied 
Id  told  tank. 


707. 5So— August  19, 1902.    JOHN  WRIGHT  SEAVER.    Process  of  manufaaW' 

ing  coke. 

Claims  the  process  of  manufacturing  coke,  consisting  in  assembling  the  charge 
to  be  coked,  assembling  the  charge  and  the  dome,  moving  the  assembled  charge 
and  dome  onto  a  fixed  hearth,  and  coking  the  charge. 

707,686— August  26,  1902.    DAVID  FERGUSON.     Coke  drawer. 

Claims,  in  a  coke  drawer,  a  frame,  a  drum  mounted  therein,  a  reach  rod,  a  flexible 
device  operatively  connecting  the  drum  and  the  rod.  a  conveyor,  discoimectible 
driving  conniclions  between  the  conveyor  and  the  drum,  and  means  secured  to 
the  rod  to  which  power  may  be  applied  for  driving  the  rod  and  the  drum  when  the 
rod  is  entering  the  coke  oven. 

710,64S~October   7,    1902.    JOHN  F.  WILCOX.     Coal   ramming   and   transfer 

apparatus, 

CUiims  the  combination,  in  a  coking  plant,  of  a  ramming  station,  a  plurality  of 
rammers  and  ramming  boxes,  a  series  of  ovens,  a  main  track  for  the  delivery  of 
charges  to  the  ovens,  and  auxiliary  tracks  for  the  delivery  of  the  ramming  boxes 
to  the  main  track. 

713,416— November  n,  1902.  ALFRED  ERNST.  Charging  device  for  coke  ovens. 
Claims  the  combination,  In  a  charging  hopper  for  coke  oven  charging  machines, 
of  sides  moval.tle  from  and  toward  each  other,  a  longitudinally  movable  Ijottom, 
and  means  whereby  said  longitudinal  movement  of  the  bottom  is  caused  to  effect 
expansion  or  contraction  of  the  sides  of  the  hopper. 

713.648— November  18,  1902.    HUGH  KENNEDY.     Coke  oven. 

Claims,  in  combination  with  a  coking  hearth,  a  platform  movable  upwardly  and 
downwardly  below  the  level  of  said  hearth,  and  a  coke  oven  movable  transversely 
to  and  from  the  hearth  and  platform. 

715,004— December  £,  1902.    LEON  BERTRAND.    Apparatus  for  discharging 

retorts. 

Claims,  in  an  apparatus  for  dischargring  coke  from  gas  retorts,  a  plurality  of 
extensible  sections,  operating  means  fjr  inivancing  one  of  said  sections,  means 
for  locking  said  section  to  the  next  succeeding  section,  means  for  releasing  said 
operating  means;  and  opemtmg  means  acting  upon  the  last-mentioned  section 
for  advancing  both  of  said  sections. 

716,201— December  16,  1902.    JOSEPH  DE  BROUWER.    Apparatus  for  charge 

ing  retorts. 

Claims  a  projecting  apparatus  for  charging  coal  into  retorts,  comprising  a 
rotary  projector,  an  endless  belt,  a  frame  carrying  them,  said  frame  being  adapted 
to  be  oscillated  to  vary  the  trajectory  of  the  projected  coal. 

717,334— December   SO,    1902.    GASTON  A.  BRONDER.    Oas   retort    charging 

apparatus. 

Claims,  in  a  retort  charging  apparatus,  the  combination  of  a  scoop,  a  plow  on 
the  scoop,  a  scraper  frame  arranged  to  slide  on  the  scoop,  scrapers  extending 
from  the  said  franie  and  Into  the  scoop,  openings  iu  the  scrapers,  covers  over  the 
said  openings  arranged  to  open  the  said  openings  by  the  plows  bearing  therein. 

717,440— December  SO,  1902.    GEORGE  H.  McCRACKEN.     Unloading  mechan- 
ism for  coke  ovens. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  coke  oven,  of  a  rotatable  bottom  therefor,  a  car 
movable  at  the  side  of  the  oven,  mechanism  Interposed  bitwe.  ii  Uie  ear  ;ind  rota- 
table bottom  for  imparting  movement  to  the  latter,  and  nu-jins  loeal'd  on  thecal 
whereby  the  interposed  mechanism  Is  operated  to  rotate  the  rotatable  bottom. 

7 17, 575- January  6,   1903.    WALTER    RALPH    HERRING.    Apparatus    for 

charging  inclined  retorts. 

Claims,  in  apparatus  for  charging  retorts,  the  combination,  with  a  chute  having 
guide  rails  at  its  lower  part,  of  a  hood  slidable  on  the  said  rails  longitudinally  of 
the  n'torts,  an  Inclined  shoe,  links  pivoting  the  lower  part  of  the  said  shoe  to'the 
said  hood,  and  means  for  adjusting  the  position  of  the  upper  end  portion  of  the 
shoe  wllliin  the  said  hood. 

720,065— February  10, 1903.  IRWIN  W.  PIKE.  Apparatus  for  cooling  coke,  etc. 
Claims, in  an  apparatus  of  the  character  recited. the  combination  of  a  water- 
containing  tank,  a  traekwjiy  leading  into  und  out  of  the  same,  a  truck  upon  said 
trackway,  a  hood  closed  except  at  the  bottom  and  enclosing  the  top  sides  jind  eutls 
of  said  truck, and  having  its  lower  end  beneath  the  surface  of  the  water  In  said 
tank,  together  with  means  for  flowing  water  over  said  hood. 

721,519  -  February  £4,  1905.     WILLIAM  S.  JONES  AND  JOHN  P.  DONOHOE. 

Coke  drawer. 

Claims  a  mechanical  means  for  drawing  coke,  comprising  a  main  frame,  a  sup- 
port for  the  operator,  movable  on  the  mam  frame  to  and  from  the  oven,  a  scraper 
nobler  mounted  on  said  support  and  adapted  to  pull  the  scraper  out  with  it  as 
the  support  is  moved  away  Irom  the  oven. 

721,953     March  S,  1903,    WALTER  RALPH  HERRING.    Qas  retort  discharg- 
ing apparatus. 

Claims  an  oi>parntus  for  use  in  discharging  Inclined  gas  retorts,  and  comprising 
a  carriage  mounted  on  wheels,  a  body  erected  or  suspended  IhenMui  having  a  ver- 
tical clmto  and  II n  inclined  chute,  a  (lap  hinged  upon  a  shaft  within  said  body  so  as 
to  control  the  inlet  to  said  chutes,  means  for  operating  said  flap,  a  swing  box  car- 
ried upon  a  shaft,  within  siiid  vertical  chute  and  having  an  extended  cent  ral  parti- 
tion whorobv  the  direction  oi  discharge  from  the  vertical  ihute  mii>'  bi'  reeuiated, 
nieiins  for  adjusting  the  position  oi  said  swing  box,  a  tar  screen,  and  a  rail  carried 
by  supports. 

7S2.5U9-March  10.  1903.    BURTON  J.  MATTESON.     Coke  drawing  machine. 

Chilms.tnn  machine  of  the  class  described,  a  laterally  movable  drawbar,  a  shaft, 
mechanism  for  oppositely  rotating  said  shaft,  a  spherical  portion  fixed  to  said 
Hhiift,  and  a  power  t  rnnsEnitting  nK'inber  for  at^tuating  said  drawbar,  having  a 
spherical  seal  to  receive  said  spherical  portion,  and  rotative  with  the  latter. 

723. It79- March  21,.  um.    I'.DWIN  A.  MOORE.     Coke  pusher. 

Chilmsacoke  pu.iher  having  an  ex tensUile  jib  pivotally  secured  at  Its  lower  end 
to  the  frame  of  nviir.  jin<l  provided  with  revolu  hie  carriers,  in  conihinjitlon  with  a 

JuiMher  bur  HUpported     .■  .'*ald  jib  and  carriers,  and  provided  with  means  for  pro- 
ccthigand  retracting  the  Jib. 

7£3,i9S-March    £4,    1903.    FREDERIC  W.  C.  SCHNIEWIND.    Double    coke 

pusher. 

Claims  o  coke  pusher  provided  with  two  opposite  balancing  pusher  bars,  moans 
for  supporting  mild  bars,  and  n  separate  motor  for  each  bar,  whereby  the  bars  may 
be  reclpr^M-ated  slmultaneuusly  or  Indcpcudontly  of  each  other;  in  combination 
with  two  opposite  ovens. 


DKJEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  COKE. 


555 


7S5,7S(f~April£l,  1903.     EDWIN  A.  MOORE.     Construction  of  coke,  oveng. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  having  rails  on  each  side  thereof,  in  combinat  ion  with  a  coal 
charging  car  having  laterally  movable  wheels  engaging  said  rails. 

7S7,790-  May  12,  1003.    JOHN  A.  ItEHB.     Coke  (Imwinq  machine. 

Claims,  in  apparatus  for  drtiwing  (■"kn.thc  ennibinalion  with  a  reciprocating 
beam,  of  a  pivotally  uttuclicd  rake  adapted  to  be  folded  backwardly  by  ctmtact 
with  the  coke,  a  spring  device  located  remotely  from  the  rake,  and  connections 
between  the  spring  device  and  rake  by  which  tne  rake  is  extended. 

7S7W—May  12,  1903.    JOHN  A.  IIEBB.     Coke  drawinff  machine. 

Claims,  in  a  coke  drawing  machine, the  combination  of  a  main  framework  pro- 
vided with  supporting  whi-els.  a  niairi  driving  shaft,  a  countershaft  at  right 
angles  thereto,  a  central  vertical  shaft,  gearing  by  which  motion  is  transniiltod 
from  the  main  shaft  to  the  countershaft  and  vertical  shaft,  respectivi'ly,  a  turn- 
table mountcMl  on  the  upper  framework,  a  rnciproeating  beam  provided  with  a 
rake  hea<l.  nuMiis  for  transmitliiig  reciprocating  motion  to  the  beam  from  the 
vertical  slmft.  means  for  raising  and  lowering  the  iMid  of  the  beam,  means  for  rotat- 
ing the  turntable,  and  means  for  moving  the  framework  along  the  track. 

7S7,9^—Mayl2,i903.    JOHN  A.  HEBB.     Coke  drawing  machine. 

Claims,  in  apparatus  for  drawing  coke, the  eonit>iiiiitir>n.  with  a  reciprocating 
beam.of  a  pivotally  alt  uehed  sera  per  adapted  io  be  foMed  backwardly  by  contact 
with  the  coke,  a  coiuUerweighled  lever  pivoted  to  llie  iK'ii.m,  and  a  connection 
between  said  counter  weigh  tod  lever  and  the  scraper  by  which  the  scraper  is 
extended. 

7£8,101—May  IS,  1903.    JOIIN  A.  HEBB.     Coke  drawing  machine. 

Claims,  in  a  coke  drawing  machine,  mechanism  for  transmitting  longitudinal 
movement  to  the  beam, consisting  of  a  driving  shaft,  a  driving  pinion  secured  to 
the  shaft,  bevel  wheels  loosely  journaled  on  the  shaft  and  provided  with  clutch 
portions,  clutch  (Un'iccs  in  spline  engagement  with  the  shaft  adapted  to  engage 
said  portions,  and  means  for  driving  tiie  toothed  wheels  in  opposite  directions. 

7S8,102~-May  IS,  1903.    JOHN  A.  IIEBB.     Coke  drawing  machine. 

Claims,  in  a  coke  drawing  machine,  mechanism  for  raising  and  lowering  the 
beam, consisting  of  a  crank,  arms  connected  therewith,  and  provided  with  means 
for  engagement  with  the  beam,  a  shaft,  and  gearing  for  imparting  movement  to 
the  cranS  arm  and  beam  in  either  direction. 

788,168— May  12,  1003.  JOHN  A.  HEBB.  Conveying  mechanism  for  coke  draw- 
ing machines. 

Claims,  In  combination  with  a  coke  drawing  machine  provided  with  a  longitu- 
dinally movable  rake;  a  transversely  arranged  receiving  conveyor,  an  independent 
delivery  conveyor  at  an  angle  thereto,  and  means  for  driving  both  conveyors. 

729,259— May  26,  1903.     LEON  BERTRAND.    Apparatus  for  charging  retorts. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  motor;  a  charging  device  operated  by  said  motor; 
a  feed  device  adjacent  to  snid  charging  device;  and  means,  thrown  into  operation 
by  said  feed  device,  for  reducing  the  speed  of  said  motor. 

751,251— June  16,  1903.  CHARLES  H.  WELLMAN,  ALFRED  ERNST,  AND 
FREDELLIA  H.  MOVER.  Combined  charging  and  discharging  device  for 
coke  ovens. 

Claims  the  combination  of  the  movable  hopper  bottom  of  a  coke  oven  charging 
machine,  with  a  pusher  plate  and  one  or  more  brace  bars  therefor,  both  the  plate 
and  its  brace  bar  or  bars  being  pivotally  mounted  upon  the  forward  end  of  said 
hopper  bottom  whereby  they  can  be  swung  into  horizontal  position  for  with- 
drawal beneath  the  charge  of  coal  in  the  oven. 

731,252'-June  16,  1903.    CHARLES  H.  WELLMAN  AND  ALFRED  ERNST. 

Apparatus  for  pushing  coke  from  coke  ovens. 

Claims  the  combination,  in  a  coke  oven  pusher,  of  a  double  ended  pusher  bar,  a 
structure  upon  which  said  bar  is  mounted  so  as  to  be  projected  from  either  side  of 
the  machine,  and  means  for  imparting  longitudinal  movement  to  the  bar. 

731,37^— June  16,  1903.    JAMES  B.  LADD.     Coal  compressing  device. 

Claims,  in  a  coal  compressing  device,  the  combination  of  a  receptacle  comprising 
a  movable  bottom,  a  hinged  front  end.  a  removable  back  end, a  hinged  top. and 
means  for  locking  said  parts  in  fixed  relative  position,  laterally  movable  sides 
adapted  to  have  a  forward  contracting  and  receding  movement,  means  whereby 
said  forward  movement  of  the  sides  is  imparted  to  the  memt>ers  above  recited, 
and  means  whereby  the  forward  movement  of  the  sides  is  caused. 

7S1,9U— June  23,  1903.    JAMES  ELLWOOD  JONES.     Machine  for  discharging 

coke  ovens. 

Claims  a  coke  puller  comprising  an  underworking  wedge-like  scraper, movable 
over  the  bottom  of  a  coke  oven  and  operative  on  its  instroke  to  loosen  coke  for 
withdrawal,  and  means  adjustable  after  the  instroke  to  engage  and  hold  loosened 
coke- 

731,912— June  23, 1905,  JAMES  ELLWOOD  JONES.  Mechanism  for  discharg- 
ing coke  ovens. 

Claims  in  a  coke  puller  the  combination  of  an  underworking  scraper  movable 
over  the  bottom  of  a  coke  oven  and  ])rovided  with  means  for  loosening  the  mass 
of  coke  under  which  it  passes  on  the  instroke  from  the  eaked  mass  of  coke  within 
the  oven,  and  an  overworking  claw  connected  therewitli  and  adapted  to  close 
over  said  scraper  for  grasping  the  loosened  coke  on  the  outstroke. 

731,915~June  25,  1905.  JAMES  ELLWOOD  JONES.  Machine  for  discharg- 
ing coke  ovens. 

Claims  in  a  coke  puller  the  combination  of  an  underworking  wedge-like  scraper 
movable  over  the  bottom  of  a  coke  oven  and  adapted  on  its  instroke  to  loosen 
coke  for  withdrawal,  a  swinging  coke  grasper  hmged  to  said  scraper  and  means 
connected  with  the  underside  of  said  grasper  for  adjusting  it  into  holding  posi- 
tion on  the  outstroke. 

735,056— July  7,  1905.  PHILIP  B.  HASBROUCK.  Coke  oven  operating  appa- 
ratus. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  operating  apparatus  comprising  a  movable  supporting 
structure,  a  pusher  or  ram  carried  on  said  structure,  screw  shaft*,  means  for  actu- 
ating the  screw  shafts,  means  mounted  on  the  screw  shafts  arranged  to  travel 
thereon,  said  pusher  or  ram  flexibly  connected  with  said  latter  means. 

742,0S7—Octob€r  20, 1903.     WILLIAM  KERNS.     Coke  drawer. 

Claims  a  device  comprising  in  combination  a  frame  or  casing  designed  to  be 
extended  into  a  coke  oven,  means  for  gradually  advancing  the  same,  an  endless 
convevor,  an  incline  extending  from  the  end  of  the  frame,  a  clawer  for  forcing 
the  coke  up  such  incline  and  means  for  actuating  such  clawer. 


74e.055~December  8,  1903.    DAVID  FERGUSON.    Coke  drawer. 

Claims  m  a  mechanical  rake  or  drawer  a  drawer  bar,  a  rake  carried  thereby  and 
having  movement  transversely  thereof,  means  connected  to  said  rake  and  to 
said  bar  which  initially  causes  the  rake  to  travel  transversely  of  the  bar  and 
when  the  travel  of  the  rake  has  reached  a  limit  causes  the  bar  with  the  attached 
rake  to  travel  longitudinally. 

747.17.2— December  15,   1905.    JOHN  HAUG.    Apparatus  for  compressing  and 

charging  coal  into  coke  ovens. 

Claims  in  a  device  means  for  compressing  the  coal  and  means  for  forming  de- 
pressions on  the  lower  side  of  the  cake  of  compressed  coal. 

743,058— January  6, 1904.    JOHN  A.  HEBB.    Coke  drawing  machine. 

Claims  in  a  coke  drawing  machine  the  combination  with  a  longitudinally  mov- 
able beam  provided  with  a  scraper,  of  screw  mechanism  for  raising  and  dejiressing 
the  beam. 

752,904— February  25,   1904.    CHARLES  WALLACE  HUNT.    Apparatus  for 

handling  coke. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  bench  of  retorts,  a  floor  having  an  opening  through 
which  the  coke  discharged  from  the  retorts  may  fall,  means  to  quench  the  coke 
as  it  falls  through  said  openmg,  a  chamber  beneath  said  opening,  and  an  exhaust 
devi<-e  eoimected  to  said  chamber  to  withdraw  the  steam  from  said  chamber  as 
the  coke  is  quenched 

753,142— February  25, 1904.    JOSEPH  KERSHGENS.    Machine  fot  discharging 

coke  from  ovens. 

Claims  in  a  machine  for  discharging  coke  from  ovens  the  combination  with  a 
supporting  frame,  of  a  push  bar  arranged  for  recinrocation  on  said  frame  and 
adapted  to  be  proje<te(l  from  the  side  of  the  frame,  means  for  proieetine  said 
jiusn  liar  normally  disengaged  from  the  push  bar,  and  separate  means  (or  impart- 
ing initial  movement  to  the  push  bar  to  bring  it  into  engagement  with  said  pro- 
jcetmg  means. 

754,233— March  8, 1904-  SAMUEL  T.  WELLMAN,  CHARLES  H.  WELLMAN, 
JOHN  W.  SEAVER,  AND  THOMAS  R.  MORGAN.  Machine  for  charging 
coke  ovens. 

Claims  in  a  coke  oven  charging  machine  a  hopper  with  sides  adjustable  from 
and  toward  each  other,  slides  carrying  an  adjustable  side  of  the  hopper  and  lat- 
erally adjustable  upon  the  frame  of  the  machine,  and  means  for  effecting  simul- 
taneous adjustment  of  all  of  said  slides. 

75b,154—March  22,  1904.    EDWIN  A.  MOORE.    Coke  quenching  and  bleaching 

apparatus. 

Claims  a  coke  quenching  and  bleaching  apparatus,  consisting  of  a  receptacle 
provided  with  laterally  movable  doors  at  both  its  ends,  means  for  supplying 
water  thereto,  an  outlet  for  water  at  the  bottom  and  at  one  end  of  the  reteiJlacic, 
an  outlet  for  steam,  and  means  for  controlling  said  outlet. 

756.325—April  5,   1904.    WALTER  WILLIAM  FIDDES.    Gas  retoH  charger 

and  discharger. 

Claims  a  discharging  charger  for  drawing  and  charging  gas  retorts  consisting 
of  the  two  side  plates,  distance  piet  es  between  the  two  side  i)latcs  near  their  tops, 
and  division  plates  pivoted  between  the  two  side  plates  and  free  to  swing  forward 
toward  the  front  of  the  charger,  and  a  bed  plate  on  which  the  parts  rest. 

756,6£6— April  6, 1904.  ADOLF  PFEIFFER.  Apparatus  for  feeding  gas  retorts. 
Claims  the  combination  with  two  parallel  revolubly  mounted  feed  tubes  pro- 
vided with  discharge  openings,  and  means  for  rotating  the  tubes  in  opposite  di- 
rections to  bring  their  openings  into  filling  and  discharging  position,  of  two  rev- 
olubly mounted  valves,  suspended  between  the  upper  sides  oi  the  tubes  in  register 
with  their  openings,  whereby  the  valves  will  he  close  together  when  the  tubes 
are  filled  but  will  separate  and  overlie  the  closed  sides  of  the  tubes  when  they  are 
discharging  their  contents. 

757,283— April  12,  1904.    ANDREW  JACKSON  DOSS.     Coke  puUcr. 

Claims  a  coke  puller  comprising  an  tmderworking  wedge-like  hollow  scraper 
provided  with  an  opening  in  its  upper  part  and  with  a  hollow  shank,  an  actuat- 
ing bar  extending  through  said  hollow  shank  into  said  hollow  scraper,  and  an 
adjustable  coke  holder  consisting  of  a  plate  hinged  to  said  bar  and  thrust  into 
operative  position  through  said  opening. 

757,512— April  12,  1904.    JAMES  ELLWOOD  JONES.     Coke  puller. 

Claims  a  coke  puller  comprising  an  underworking  wedge-hke  scraper  movable 
over  the  bottom  of  a  coke  oven,  an  adjustable  coke  holder  hinged  to  said  scraper 
and  provided  with  a  crank  arm.  a  lever  engaging  said  crank  arm,  and  an  actuat- 
ing rod  connected  with  said  lever  for  swinging  said  coke  holder  into  operative 
position. 

761,251— May  31, 1904.    CHARLES  S.  PRICE.    Coke  quenching  apparatus. 

Claims  the  eombmation  with  a  retort  coke  oven,  of  a  quenching  apparatus  con- 
sisting of  a  covered  receptacle  of  considerably  greater  width  than  the  coke  oven, 
said  apparatus  being  provided  with  a  door  opening  adapted  to  register  with 
that  of  the  coke  oven,  a  series  of  water  spray  pipes  mounted  within  the  upper 
portion  of  said  receptacle,  and  means  for  supplymg  and  regulating  the  flow  of 
water  therethrough. 

765,809— July  26,  1904.    GASTON  A.  BRONDER.    Gas  retort  charging  appara- 

tU.'i. 

Claims  in  a  scoop  of  a  retort  charging  apparatus  the  combination  of  a  scraper 
frame  with  scrapers  arranged  to  slide  on  tlie  scoop,  covers  arranged  to  rise, 
lower  and  swing  on  the  scrapers,  a  plow  with  rising  and  horizontally  diverging 
sides  on  the  scoop,  and  arranged  to  pass  under  the  scrapers. 

768,067— August  25,  1904.     WILLIAM  H.  McCONNELL.     Coke  extractor. 

Claims  in  a  coke  extractor  the  combination  of  a  ram  carriage  arranged  to 
rotate  on  suitable  rollers  on  the  bed  plate  of  the  machine;  a  suitable  bearing 
attached  to  the  bed  plate  around  which  the  carriage  rotates,  a  driving  shaft 
passing  through  and  rotating  in  said  bearing,  a  ram  shding  in  the  carriage  actu- 
ated by  the  rotation  of  the  shaft;  suitable  vertical  guiding  rollers  in  the  carriage 
for  guiding  the  horizontal  movement  of  the  ram  in  the  carriage:  horizontal 
rollers  at  eitlier  end  of  the  carriage  for  guiding  the  vertical  movement  of  the 
ram;  and  devices  substantially  as  described  whereby  the  ram  carriage  and  ram 
are  rotated  on  the  bed  plate. 

774,530— November  S,  1904.  EDWIN  A.  MOORE.  Coke  quenching  and  bleach- 
ing apparatus. 

Claims  a  receptacle  for  hot  coke  and  means  for  supplying  water  thereto:  in 
combination  with  means  for  collecting  and  condensing  steam  generated  in  treat- 
ing the  coke. 


556 


MANUFACTURES. 


775  J77— November  to,  1904.    JAMES  ELLWOOD  JONES  AND  HARRY  KING. 

Coke  puUer. 

Claims  a  coke  puUer  comprising  an  underworking  wedge-like  scraper  movable 
over  the  bottom  of  a  coke  oven,  a  plurality  of  coke  holders  connected  therewith 
and  adjustable  after  the  instroke  to  enlarge  the  capacity  of  the  scraper  on  the 
outstroke,  and  means  for  adjusting  said  coke  holders. 

77o.l78~NovemheT  15, 1904-    JAMES  ELLWOOD  JONES  AND  HARRY  KING. 

Coke  puUer. 

Claims  a  coke  puller  comprising  an  unden^-orking  wedge-like  scraper  movable 
over  the  bottom  of  a  coke  oven  and  provided  with  a  slot  or  opening,  an  adjust- 
able arc  shaped  coke  holder  disposed  within  said  scriipcr.  and  means  for  tluusting 
said  arc  shaped  coke  holder  outward  into  operative  poGition  to  hold  coke  on  the 
outstroke. 

775,179-~Xov€mber  15.  1904-    JAMES  ELLWOOD  JONES.     Coke  pnHer. 

Claims  a  coke  puller  comprising  an  underworking  scraper,  a  coke  holder  cora- 
pnsing  a  swinging  plate  hinged  to  said  scraper  and  provided  with  a  toothed  seg- 
ment, an  actuating  rack  bar  and  a  pinion  connecting  said  rack  bar  with  said  seg- 
ment. 

775,108~Noi'ember  15, 1904.    JAMES  ELLWOOD  JONES.     Coke  puller. 

Claims  a  coke  puller  comprising  a  frame  and  a  phn'ality  of  swinging  wedge- 
like  extractors  disposed  one  behind  another  and  adjiistable  to  horizontal  position 
to  ser\"e  as  coke  looseners  on  the  instroke  and  to  ujiright  position  to  serve  as 
coke  holders  on  the  outstroke,  and  means  for  swinging  said  extractors  into 
different  positions  to  adapt  them  to  perform  their  separate  functions  in  succession. 

775,182— November  15,   1904.    HARRY  KING.    Machhie  for  discharging  coke 

ovens. 

Claims  in  a  coke  puller  the  combination  of  an  underworking  wedge-like  scraper 
movable  over  the  bottom  of  a  coke  oven  and  adapted  on  its  instroke  to  loosen 
coke  for  witndrawal  and  on  its  outstroke  to  witlidraw  loosened  coke,  a  swinging 
coke  grasper  rrovided  with  a  rigid  arm  extending  downward  therefi'om,  a  slide 
bar  eounected  with  said  rigid  arm,  and  another  slide  bar  having  a  link  connection 
with  said  rigid  arm. 

775.18S~November  15, 1904.    HARRY  KING.     Coke  puller. 

Claims  a  coke  puller  comprising  an  underworking  scraper  adapted  to  operate 
on  its  instroke  to  loosen  coke  for  withdrawal  and  ou  its  outstroke  to  withdraw 
loo.sened  <-ol:c.  a  tilting  plate  pivoted  about  midway  of  its  length  to  the  body 
of  said  scrajer  and  adapted  to  seire  in  a  fonvardly  inclined  position  as  a  wedging 
or  liftlig  surface  for  said  scraper  and  in  the  oppositely  inclined  position  as  a 
coke  grasper  or  holder,  and  means  for  tilting  said  plate. 

775,l96~Novemberl5,t904.  FRANK  CHASE  SOMES.  Mechanical  coke  puller. 
Claims  a  coke  puller  comprising  an  inulorworking  scraper  adapted  to  operate 
on  its  instroke  to  loosen  coke  for  withdrawal  and  on  its  outstroke  to  withdraw 
loosened  coke,  and  a  sliding  extension  plate  movable  on  said  scraper  and  adapted 
to  receive  and  hold  the  loosened  coke  which  falls  thereon  on  the  outstroke. 

775J97~November  15,  1904.    FRANK  CHASE  SOMES.    Coke  puller. 

Claims  a  coke  puller  comprising  an  underworking  scraper  adapted  to  operate 
on  its  instroke  to  Ujosen  coke  for  withdrawal  and  on  its  outstroke  to  withdi'aw 
loosened  coke,  a  sliding  extension  plate  movalilo  on  said  scraper  and  adapted  to 
receive  and  hold  the  loosened  coke  which  falls  thereon  on  the  outsti'oke  and 
means  un<lcr  the  control  of  the  operator  for  sliding  said  plate  into  extended 
position  to  receive  coke  falling  from  said  scraper  on  the  outstroke. 

775.211— November  15, 1904.    ANDREW  JACKSON  DOSS.     Coke  oven  dixchurg- 

ing  machine. 

Claims  in  a  coke  drawing  machine  the  combination  of  a  track,  a  coke  puller 
carriage  adapted  to  travel  on  said  track  toward  and  from  a  coke  oven,  a  coke 
puller  supported  on  said  carriage  and  aJapto  I  to  travel  therewith  to  clToct  the 
cok«*  pulling  opcr.itions.  means  for  recitirocating  said  coke  puller  carriage,  and 
mc-hanical  means  on  said  carriage  and  under  the  control  of  the  operator  for 
otherwise  manipulating  said  coke  puller. 

775.221— November  15,  1904.    HARRY  KING.    Coke  puller. 

Claims  a  coke  puller  comprising  an  underworking  st  raper  adapted  to  oi  <  rnte 
on  its  instroke  to  loosen  coke  for  withdrawal  and  on  its  outstroke  to  wittidniw 
loosened  coke,  a  swinging  coke  grasper  hingerl  to  said  scrajjer  an<l  prtu  uled 
with  a  rigid  arm  extending  downward  within  .said  scraper  from  the  pivot  of 
said  coke  grasper,  and  a  slide  rod  having  a  pin  and  slot  connection  with  said 
rigid  arm  for  swinging  it  into  open  and  closed  position. 

776,2e6~'November  15,  1904-    ANDREW  JACKSON  DOSS.    Implement  for  dis- 
charging coke  ovens. 
Claims  an  implement  for  use  in  the  discharge  of  a  coke  oven  comprising  a  coke 

loosener  having  a  doubly  inelined  upper  face  adapted  to  slide  under  the  i-oke 

on  the  inward  and  outward  strokes  and  provided  with  a  shank  adajited  for 

detachably  engaging  a  han<llc. 

776. 275^ November  IS.  1904.     HARRY  KINO.     Coke  puller. 

Claims  In  a  coke  puller  the  cfimblnation  of  a  coke  puller  bar,  a  coke  puller  bludc 
having  a  pivotal  connection  with  .sai'l  bar  and  adanted  to  swing  outward  approxi- 
mati-ly  in  line  therewith  to  form  a  wedge-likr-  coke  loosener  or  to  swini;  snb.'^tan- 
tially  at  right  ungl«'<i  to  flaid  bar  to  form  a  claw,  and  means  for  swinging  .said 
blade  Into  Us  different  po.*iition8. 

780. 2ff.%— January  17,  Ifm.  JAMES  li.  LADD.  Clmrginrj  device  for  coke  ovens. 
ClaimH  in  a  coke  f>ven  charei  ig  inarhlne  Ihe  cortit,«nfition  of  a  longitudinally 
movable  peel,  a  threadc'l  shaft  rotatably  nuHinted  dingonally  lui'ts.H  the  longi- 
tudinal extension  of  the  i>ocl,  and  means  connect4-d  with  tlie  i  eel  for  cooperating 
with  the  Bhttfl  tocaum;  the  movement  of  the  peel  upon  the  rotation  of  the  Rhafl. 

78i.6S7— February  B8, 1905.    JAMES  B.  LADD.    Coal  compressing  and  charging 

device. 

rialmfi  t»'  "■' 
movHblf 
maticaltv  > 


,Ku,,.t(».n  with  a  coal  compresHlon  box,  having  a  horizontally 
lently  movable,  power  operated   mechanlHUi  for  aulo- 
1  box  exactly  full  at  a  single  oiu-ration. 

78G,GtS~April   4,   1^05.    FREDERICK  D.   DUFFUM.    Machine  for  drawing 
coke. 


ri.t'  — 
ftti  ' 
Ifin  c 


.,»..,  r  rirnprJKlng  m  Its  construction  n  shovel  having 
t>e  rotated  'ir  om-jlljited  on  an  axis  extending 
'(   re<-iprfH'aling  Ihu  said  shovel,  and  power 


790.3^6— May  SS,  1905.    FRED  R.  STILL.     Coke  quenching  apparatus. 

Claims  in  a  coke  quenching  apparatus  tlie  combination  of  a  substantially 
horizontally  extending  receptacle  having  formed  lengthwise  therein  a  series 
of  fill  openings  and  a  corresponding  nmnbor  of  discharge  outlets,  and  a  draft 
conduit  communicating  with  the  receptacle  and  adapted  to  remove  the  gases 
and  vapors  produced  by  the  receptacle  contents. 

791,685— June  6,  1905.  SAMUEL  J.  FOWLER.  .4.pi)aratus  for  charging  retorts. 
Claims  a  projecting  apparatus  comprising  a  rotary  wheel  having  provisions  for 
admitting  nmtorial  adjacent  its  axis  and  ejecting  the  same  at  its  periphery,  an 
endless  belt  surrounding  a  greater  portion  of  said  wheel  in  contact  with  the 
periphery  thereof  and  cooperating  with  said  wheel  to  permit  the  material  to  be 
projected  through  the  space  not  surrounded  by  the  endless  belt. 

793.2SS—June  27,  1905.    CARL  SCHROETTER.    Discharger  for  coke  ovens. 

Claims  a  discharger  for  coke  ovens  and  retorts  adapted  to  remain  in  the  coking 
chamber  during  the  coking  operation  and  comprising  a  metal  plate  equal  in  width 
to  the  oven  and  bent  at  substantially  right  angles  to  form  a  horizontal  member 
lying  upon  the  sole  of  the  retort  and  a  vertical  iiienibcr  of  substantially  the  height 
of  the  charge,  a  similarly  bent  bar  constituting  a  reinforcing  rib  secured  to  said 
plate  longitudinally  and  substantially  centrally  thereof,  and  a  pair  of  tie  rods 
uniting  the  free  ends  of  said  horizontal  and  vertical  meml>ers. 

793.355— June  27,  1905.    JOSEPH  DE  BROUWER.    Apparatus  for  discharging 

coke. 

Clauns  an  apparatus  for  pushing  coke  from  through  retorts,  consisting  of  a 
rigid  rod-bar,  toothed  Hnks  attached  thereto,  forming  a  rank  flexible  in  one  direc- 
tion only,  means  on  which  the  rack  may  be  folded  up,  and  an  operating  pinion 
meshing  with  said  rack. 

793,773- July  4,  1905.     CHRISTIAN  EITLE.     Gas  retort  charging  machine. 

Claims  in  a  machine  for  filling  retorts  a  centrifugal  drum,  rotating  blades 
mounted  within  the  drum,  a  feed  orifice,  a  feed  worm  in  the  feed  orifice,  a  storage 
receptacle,  a  raising  and  lowering  device,  and  a  deflecting  plate. 

794,960— July  18,  1905.    HERBERT  JOHN  TOOGOOD.     Charging  machine  for 

gas  retorts. 

Claims  in  a  retort  charger  the  combination,  with  a  charging  chamber  provided 
with  an  inlet  and  an  outlet,  of  nioval^le  feeding  devices  arranged  in  the  said  cham- 
ber, and  means  for  accelenitin;;  the  motion  of  the  said  feeding  devices  in  their 
passage  from  the  said  inlet  to  the  said  outlet. 

795,202— July  18,  1905.  LEON  DEGRAND.  Apparatus  for  discharging  retorts, ' 
Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  discharging  retorts  mechanism  for  providing  a 
properly-tiincd  operation  of  the  apparatus,  the  said  mechanism  consisting  of  a 
series  of  racks,  all  of  which  are  movable  and  provided  with  loclcing  means  to 
couple  the  same  for  unitary  sliding  movement  at  intervals,  said  locking  means 
consisting  of  pins  projecting  from  jind  openings  fonned  in  the  several  racks,  the 
pins  consecutively  and  loosely  engaging  the  openings  of  the  racks  and  also  njiera- 
tive  in  part  to  prevent  one  rack  from  being  driven  by  the  friction  of  an  adjacent 
rack  before  the  latter  rack  is  at  the  end  of  its  stroke. 

801.492— October  10,  1905.    JOHN  WEST.    Gas  retort  charging  machine. 

Claims  in  a  gas  retort  charging  apparatus  the  combination  of  a  carriage,  means 
to  move  the  same,  a  ram.  the  stem  of  which  is  provided  with  a  rack,  a  chain  drum,  a 
shaft  having  parallel  wheels  mounted  thereon  over  w  liich  the  chain  on  said  drum 
operates,  a  gear  niounteil  on  said  last  mentitmed  shaft  a<iap1ed  t<iniesh  with  a 
gear  mounted  upon  a  shaft  in  advance  of  saW.l  last  nientioneii  shaft,  a  cam  adai)ted 
to  operate  a  clutch  mechanism  alternately  in  ditlcrent'directions  laterally,  in  com- 
bination with  mechanism  to  prevent  the  cam  shaft  operating  until  the  proper 
time. 

808,586- November  7,  1905.    JOHN  S.  HAM.     Coke  extractor. 

Claims  in  a  coke  extractor  the  combination  of  a  truck  mounted  on  wheels,  a  rara 
carriage  arranged  to  rotate  on  the  truck  and  a  ram  or  bar  arranged  to  move  hori- 
zontally therein,  tlic  rear  end  of  which  is  composed  of  parts  joined  together  so 
that  the  ram  is  rigid  at  the  end  toward  the  coke  oven  and  ngiil  or  llexible  at  the 
outer  end.  as  may  be  desired. 

804.670- November  14.  1905.     HAURY  FUANOIS  I'KAUSON.     Coke  puller. 

Claims  in  a  coke  puller  the  com li; nation  of  a  movable  support,  a  turret  mounted 
thereabove.  a  motor  upon  said  turret,  a  device  for  swing. ng  said  turret  upon  said 
support,  and  means  for  connecting  .-^aid  device  to  said  motor. 

Subclass  6.     Coke  Ovens — Doors. 

184,47.S— November  £1, 1876.    HENRY  A.  LAUGIILIN.    Improvement  in  furnace 

doors. 

A  cast  irondoorbody  having  openings  therein,  in  coniltlnation  with  removable 
panel  plates  covering  the  openings;  a  series  of  stuiMe<i  jj.inel  plates,  in  combina- 
tion with  a  door  body  having  transverse  ribs  ami  (ipeiiiiigs;  a  plastic  tilling,  in 
combination  with  studded  plates  an<l  panelerl  door  body;  a  shoe,  in  combination 
with  an  upright,  the  two  iiilerUicking,  aixl  ii|uiglils  connected  at  their  uitper  em  is 
by  a  cro.ssbar,  in  combination  with  one  or  more  tie  rods  passing  through  the 
crossbar. 

244.528-July  19,  1881.    CHRISTOPHER  BEAM.    Door  for  coke  ovens. 

Claims  in  a  coke  oven  a  chambere<i  door  conijiosed  of  a  lower  part,  constructed 
with  an  exterior  perforated  wall  of  iron,  having  llaiiges.  and  an  inside  sectitmal 
wall  of  fire  cla>'.  and  ujiper  solid  arched  pait  of  iron.  hing<'d  to  the  tcp  of  the 
chambered  hiwer  part,  ami  adapted  to  open  outwardly  In  u  vertical  plane. 

£53,235— February  7,  WHS.    WILLIAM  11.  STRICKLER.    Oven  and  furnace  door. 
ClalniH  In  a  furmice  door,  the  coml'iniitlon,  with  a  metallic  front,  of  a  fire  brick 
back  bolted  thereto,  ihi' sjiid  front  and  buck  being  some  distance  apart,  and  the 
heads  f)fthi<  boll  ^iembe<lded  in  the  lire  brick. 

287,2iir,     OitolHT  i3,  ISS.i.     .lOlIN  IIERUON  AND  UOMERT  T.  WRAY.     Coke 

ovrn  door  and  f  rami  ihrrcfor.     {lirissued  June  S,  ISS4,  A'o.  tO,4S4.) 

Claims  the  combination  of  door  frame,  inclosed  lire  brick,  movable  Iron  plate 

jjrovided  with  haiidle.  crossbar,  and  werlge.  connected  \o  chain;  alsoa  cloor  frame 

provided  witli  refractory  l)rick  lllling  and  an  air  Inlet  above  the  arch  or  upi)er  bar. 

S8H.7fU^2\ovcmhrr  W.  tHS3.     WILLIAM  II.  BKCKWITH.     CoAr  oj  (•»  >/oor. 

Cbiims  a  coke  oven  <ioor.  consisting  of  a  lower  se  -lion,  for  permitting  Ihechargo 
to  be  withdrawn,  and  upi)er  section  fnr  permit!  Ing  the  charge  to  be  li'veled  with- 
out e-tcaping  from  tlie  oven,  iiiiil  air  inh't  duors  applied  In  openingN  at  the  top  of 
the  up|)er  seel  ion,  and  adapted  to  bi!  oi)i'ni'il  and  lo  stand  o])en  to  a  greater  or  less 
oxlenl,  according  to  the  reipiired  supply  of  air  to  the  oven. 


i 


DKiEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  COKE. 


557 


£94.845^  Affirrh  tl,  1884-     WALTER  A.  BLYTIIE  AND  JAMES  HENDERSON. 

Coke  01(11  door. 

Claims  the  combination  of  oven,  horizontal  water  pipe  arranged  above  the 
doorw.ty  and  eonnectcil  with  a  water  .siipi)ly.  door  provided  with  a  wiitor  jacket, 
connect  1 11^'  pijn-  di'inMidins  from  the  watiT  pipe  and  arranged  to  deliver  water  into 
the  wutiT  j;t'-kct.  iiriil  liaiipr  hut  journaled  at  one  end  on  the  water  pipe  and 
having  its  other  end  ((nincclrd  with  the  door. 

800,250— June  10,  1884.    JOUN  IIERKON  AND  ROIiERT  T.  WRAY.    Door  for 

coke  overnt. 

ClainiH  thfcombiniition  of  a  frame  nnd  brick  work  built  tlierein.  witli  a  double 
door,  which  is  placed  inside  of  the  (inor  franu'  iiiid  whicli  is  provided  with  means 
fo.Tegulating  thepass;ige  of  air  up  through  the  door,  and  a  peephole. 

507. 358— October  S8, 1884,    WILLIAM  H.  BECKWITH.     Coke  oven  door. 

Claims,  in  coml)ination  with  an  oven  door  provided  with  guides  and  air  inlet,  a 
shde  having  its  ends  innunled  in  said  gui<ie8  and  provided  with  a  big  and  a  luver, 
pivoted  to  the  door,  and  having  an  eccentric  head  l)earing  against  the  lug. 

807,720— November  4,  I884.    JOHN  IIERKON.    Door  for  coke  ovens. 

Claims  a  door  for  coke  ovens,  composed  of  two  separable  sections,  each  one  of 
which  consists  of ;(  metallic  sbrll  or  frame,  a  filling  01  fireproof  ooinpoaition,  and 
a  wire  iirll  in^'  for  Imldin^,'  I  he  (■(unposil  ion  in  place,  the  upjier  section  being  pro- 
vided wilh  tlcpending  .strijj.s  tor  catching  against  the  face  of  the  lower  section. 

974,942— December  20,  1887.    JOITN  J.  DA\*IS.     Coke  oven  door. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  coke  oven,  of  a  door  plate  seated  removably  on 
the  bottom  of  the  discharge  opening  of  the  oven  and  reaching  part  way  the  height 
of  sairi  opening,  and  jirovided  with  a  top  ledge,  and  a  shelf,  supported  with  its 
inner  edge  removable  on  siiid  ledge. 

441 , OSS  -  November  18, 1890.    JOHN  WATERS.     Furnacedoor. 

Claims  a  furnace  door,  consisting  of  the  combination,  with  a  frame,  of  a  brick 
having  an  undercut  groove,  and  a  removable  fastening  device  comprising  a  fiange, 
atlapled  to  lit  said  groove,  and  a  stud,  and  means  for  securing  the  latter  to  said 
frame. 

678,510— March  9, 1897.  CHARLES  WILSON  GARLAND.  Door  for  coke  ovens. 
Claims  an  oven  door,  comprising  the  upper  and  lower  pairs  of  doors  hinged  at 
their  outer  edgei  and  provided  with  perforations,  the  lower  doors  being  provided 
at  their  upper  and  lower  edges  with  openings  and  removable  linings  (ietachal:)ly 
interlocked  with  the  doors,  forming  intervening  spaces  between  them  and  the  doors 
and  provided  with  openings  corresponding  with  the  openings  in  the  doors. 

60U4G8— March  29, 1898.     GUSTAV  HILGENSTOCK.     Cote  oren door. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  in  combination  with  a  door  lined  with  refractory  material 
and  having  a  combustionchamber  f  orined  therein,  w'ith  passages  for  the  introduc- 
tion of  gas  and  escape  of  products  of  combustion. 

725,74s— April  21, 1903.    EDWIN  A.  MOORE.     Coke  07^cn  door. 

Claims  a  coke  oven  door,  in  combination  with  a  plurality  of  clamping  bars, 
raoval'le  links,  a  shaft  on  which  the clampijig  bars  are  mounted,  and  a  shaft  which 
passes  through  the  movable  links,  and  means  on  each  of  said  shafts  for  forcing  the 
door  to  its  seat  by  revolving  the  shafts. 

725,746— April  21, 1903.    EDWIN  A.  MOORE.     Water-cooled  coke  oven  door. 

A  hoUow  rectangular  coke  oven  door  having  communicating  water  chambers 
therein,  and  a  hollow  rectangular  door  frame  provided  with  water  chambers,  in 
CO  nl)ination  with  a  supply  pipe,  a  connection  between  said  pipe  and  the  door,  a 
connection  between  the  supply  pipe  and  the  door  frame,  a  discharge  pipe,  a 
connection  between  the  discharge  pipe  and  the  door,  and  a  connection  between 
said  pipe  and  the  door  frame. 

7S5,747-~April  21,  1903.    EDWIN  A.  MOORE.     Water-cooled  coke  oven  door 

frame. 

Claims  a  hollow  coke  oven  door  frame  provided  with  partitions  extending  from 
the  upper  end  of  the  frame  down  through  the  sides  ami  part  way  across  the  lower 
end  toward  the  transverse  center  thereof,  an  intcrme^liate  partition  in  the  lower 
end  of  the  frame,  a  water  supply  and  a  water  discharge  opening  at  the  upper  end 
and  on  opposite  sides  of  the  transverse  center  of  the  frame. 

7S6,Z81— August  11, 1903.     GEORGE  D.  MACDOUGALL.     Coke  oven  door. 

Claims  in  an  oven  the  combination  of  the  door  casing  having  the  packing,  the 
■fouckstays  having  the  inclined  or  beveled  vertical  edge  llanges.  the  door  having 
theinturned  flange  engaging  siid  packing,  the  exterior  rotary  latch  levers  pivoted 
to  the  door  and  having  the  lieve'ed  end  rabbets  engaging  the  beveled  flanges  of 
said  buckstays  to  press  the  door  flange  against  said  pacldng. 

750,323— Janunry 2S,  1904.    BIRDINE  TROUTMAN.     Cokeovendoor. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  the  doors,  of  a  lug  formed  upon  the  lower  door, 
and  the  upper  door  frame  having  a  recess  within  which  the  lug  is  adapted  to  be 
received  and  lock  the  lower  door,  said  pin  also  acting  as  a  fulcrum  for  the  coal 
leveling  implement. 

Subclass  7.    Coke  Ovens— Dumping  Bottoms. 

60,552— October  24,  1S65.    JACOB  BOWERS.     Improvement  in  coke  ovem. 

Claims  placing  the  opening  or  doorway  for  discharging  the  contents  of  the  oven 
below  the  level  of  the  bottom  of  the  oven,  in  combination  with  amoving  liottom, 
so  constructed  and  arranged  as  to  make  a  passage  from  the  interior  of  the  oven  to 
the  doorway  when  the  bottom  is  tilted  and  to  close  the  communication  when  the 
l)Ottom  is  shut  down. 

129,803— July  23,  1872.     JULIUS     ERICHSEN     AND     JORGEN     GEORG 

MAARDT      Improvement  in  coke  ovens. 

Claims  a  hinged  bed,  in  combination  with  ovens  or  fire  chambers,  and  mechan- 
ism, for  raising  and  lowering  the  front  edge  of  the  bed;  also  coke  carts  made  witli 
an  mclined  front,  incombination  with  the  hinged  bed. 

150.808—  May  12, 1874.    IIENRY  ZAHN.    Improvement  infUrnaces  and  processes 

for  manufacturing  coke  and  gas. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  coke  oven,  in  which  the  waste  products  of  combus- 
tion are  partially  or  wholly  confined,  with  a  working  chamber  or  heating  grate, 
by  means  of  a  flue  or  flues,  which  servo  to  conduct  and  control  the  current  of  these 
products  into  the  fire  of  said  chamber  or  grate,  and  whereby  said  waste  products 
of  the  first  combustion  are  utilized. 

151, 5 1.3^1  une  ?,  1874.    LEWIS  SCHANTL.    Improvement  in  coke  ovens. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  coke  oven,  having  circular  flue  and  lateral  flues, 
with  an  oscillating  bottom,  trunnions,  plate,  and  pit. 


163,333-  May  18, 1875.    LEWIS  SCHANTL.    Improvement  in  coke  ovens. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  coke  oven,  of  a  bottom  having  a  vertical  and 
oscillating  movement. 

160.840— August  17,  1875.     LOUIS  CHARLES  ERNEST  CARRt.     Improvement 

in  apparatus  for  economizing  fuel. 

Claims  the  combimition  of  a  tilting  grate  and  chute  with  a  water  pipe,  arranged 
above  the  receptacle  into  which  the  coke  ia  discharged. 

225.29'!- Marrh  9.  1880.    WILLIAM  A.  MILES.     Ckiir coal  kiln. 

Claims  a  chute  having  weighted  doors  arranged  one  above  the  other  in  a  vertical 
plane. 

S86./,27-July  17^1888.     DAVID  EVANS  AND  ALBERT  WILLIAM  ADAMS. 

Portable  bottom  coke  oven. 

Claims  in  a  coke  oven  having  a  pit  below  the  level  of  its  base  or  floor,  the  combi- 
nation, with  a  mova'ile  liottoni  having  a  central  opening,  of  u  chain  passing 
through  sai<l  opening  and  through  the  eye  of  the  oven,  a  portable  crab  above 
the  oven  mounted  on  rails,  a  spider  or  frame  below  the  floor,  and  a  car  or  truck 
mounted  on  tracks  within  said  i)it. 

4.?7.307—May  0,  1890.     DAVID  EVANS  AND  ALBERT  WILLIAM  ADAMS. 

Forlable  bottom  for  coke  ovens. 

Claims  in  a  coking  oven,  the  combination,  with  the  piston  of  a  hydraulic  ram 
provided  with  a  bend  having  an  upwardly  extending  conical  projection,  of  a 
concave  bottom  provided  with  a  cent  ral  conical  Mperturc  iidapt<Ml  to  receive  the 
jirojection  of  the  piston  to  sui)i)ort  and  renter  the  bottom  on  the  piston,  and  also 
to  serve  as  a  means  for  allowinK  the  water  thrown  upon  the  coke  to  cool  it  after 
the  bottom  has  been  removed  irom  the  oven  to  flow  off  and  leave  the  bottom 
clean  and  dry. 

469,817— March  1,  189S.    HUGH  KENNEDY.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  in  apparatus  for  coking  coal,  the  combination  of  a  stationarj'  hearth 
on  whi<'h  the  charge  to  be  coki'd  rests,  an  oven  open  at  the  bottom  and  set  over 
said  hearth  with  its  sides  extending  to  about  the  leve!  thereof,  and  means  for 
moving  the  oven  laterally  on  the  hearth,  whereby  the  coked  charge  is  dragged 
by  the  oven  and  removed  from  the  hearth,  said  apparatus  having  a  dumping 
place  or  drop  in  the  path  of  motion  of  the  oven. 

499,565— June  IS,  1S9S.     GEORGE  W.  NIXON.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  two  sets  of  rails,  arranged  at  an  angle  to  each 
other,  the  lower  rails  being  curved  at  their  lower  ends,  of  the  traveling  coke 
oven,  having  a  base  portion  which  travels  on  said  lower  rails,  and  a  dome,  or 
top  portion,  which  is  hinged  to  the  rear  edge  of  said  base  and  provided  with 
means  for  engaging  with  the  upper  rails,  whereby  the  contents  of  the  oven 
may  be  automatically  dumped. 

561.922^Iune  9, 1S96.  NORTON  B.  TAYLOR  AND  JOHN  C.  DIAS.  Coke  oven. 
Claims  a  coke  oven  provided  with  a  vertically  movable  bottom,  comprising  the 
metallic  plate  and  noncombustible  layer  adjacent  to  the  plate,  the  upper  edges 
of  the  plate  being  flanged  and  extended  inward  over  the  noncombustible  layer. 
and  brick  or  tiling  resting  upon  said  layer  and  anchored  to  the  plate,  combined 
with  a  combined  stop  and  scraper  for  said  bottom. 

728,95S~May  36,  1903.     GEORGE  M.  MILLER.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  the  combination  with  a  coke  oven  and  an  inclined  floor  therein,  of  an 
aperture  in  the  floor,  a  frame,  in  the  aperture,  a  slide  plate  working  in  the  frame, 
and  a  chute  underneath  the  frame  and  integral  therewith,  said  frame  and  chute 
being  made  of  heat-retaining  material. 

767,469— April  19,  1904.    ANDREW  C.  KLOMAN.    Retort  coke  oven. 

Claims  in  a  retort  coke  oven,  a  horizontal  bottom,  composed  of  pivotally  con- 
nected sections,  and  means  for  elevating  the  pivoted  portion  of  the  same,  whereby 
a  fulcrum  is  fomied  for  breaking  apart  the  cake  of  cote  and  incbned  beds  are 
provided  for  the  separated  parts  of  the  cake:  and  also,  in  a  retort  coke  oven,  a 
series  of  parallel  ovens,  walls  conunon  to  each  two  adjoining:  ovens,  a  series  of 
uptake  and  rlowntake  flues  in  each  wall  associated  respectively  with  said  ovens, 
an  offtake  flue  common  to  each  series  of  uptake  and  downtake  flues,  and  a  main 
offtake  flue  common  to  the  other  offtake  flues. 

757,509— April  19,  1904.    WILLIAM  M.  SCOTT.    Retort  coke  oven. 

Claims  in  a  retort  coke  oven  plant,  a  battery  of  coke  ovens  having  pivotally 
mounted  bottoms,  a  car  arranged  to  travel  beneath  the  said  bottoms,  a  beam 
on  the  car,  means  mounted  on  the  car  and  adapted  to  be  opcratively  connected 
to  any  selected  bottom  for  swinging  the  same  on  its  pivotal  mounting,  and  means 
cooperating  with  said  beam  for  sustaining  the  reaction  of  said  fi.rst-named  means 
while  operating  the  said  bottoms. 

Subclass  S.^Coke  Processes. 

93,629- Augu.H  10,  1809.    WILLIAM  J.  LYND.    Improved  process  of  preparing 

coke  from  Colorado  and  other  coals. 

This  is  accomplished  by  coking  the  coal  in  ovens  or  kilns  so  arranged  that  when 
aU  the  coal  is  in  a  state  of  combustion  the  draughts  can  be  closed  and  the  process  is 
hastened  and  improved  by  the  introduction  of  carbureted  hydrogen  gasorvapor 
from  oil,  coal  tar,  or  other  hydrocarbons. 

98,006— January  4,  1870.    WILLIAM  JOHN  LYND.    Improved  process  of  pre- 
paring coal  for  smelting  ores. 

The  inventor  places  a  mixture  of  five-sixths  of  coal  and  one-sixth  of  quicksilver 
in  a  furnace,  thoroughly  ignites,  and  then  closes  the  furnace,  or  he  makes  briquettes 
of  powdered  coal  and  pine  tar  or  other  hydrocarbon  and  cokes  them  in  a  retort. 

!]7, 7 14- August  1.1871.    WALTER  McFHEETERS  AND  CHARLES  PEARCE. 

Imirrorement  in  the  manufacture  of  coke. 

This  invention  relates  to  improvements  in  ovens  and  a  new  process  for  making 
coke  of  slack  bituminous  coal,  and  consists  in  an  oven  composed  of  four  vertical 
side  brick  or  stone  walls,  traversed  between  said  walls  in  both  directions  by 
V-shaped  flues,  formed  of  planks  or  slabs  of  wood,  whereon  the  slack  coil  is 
packed  as  high  as  the  walls  will  admit,  around  numerous  small  pieces  of  wood 
set  endwise  upon  the  flues,  to  form  vertical  passages  by  being  drawn  out  after 
the  slack  is  packed.  The  fire  is  set  in  each  end  of  the  lai^est  flue,  it  is  allowed'to 
bum  a  sullirient  time  to  expel  the  sulphur,  and  then  put  out  by  flooding.  After 
the  fire  is  started,  should  the  slack  become  heated  unevenly." the  heat  may  be 
reduced  by  covering  such  overheated  portion  with  earth  or  claV.  which  is  removed 
when  an  even  temperature  throughout  the  oven  is  attained:  or  it  may  besufl^cient 
to  drop  balls  of  nnid  over  the  vertical  flues  in  the  overheated  portion,  thus  shut- 
ting off  the  draft  and  causing  the  heat  to  be  evenly  diffused  throughout  the  slack. 


558 


MAXUFACTURES. 


2S8,89f~ March  11.  1S7S.  HEKRY  ENGELXfAXN.  Improvement  fn  j)TOcess€S 
/or  making  coke  from  lignites.  {Reissued  J uly  15,  ISIS.  So.  5wit>-) 
The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  provide  a  process  of  effectually  coking  brown 
coal,  lignite,  and  other  coal-like  material  incapable  of  being  coked  in  the  usual  op- 
eration of  an  ordinary  coking  oven  or  retort ,  and  consists  in  mixing  with  the  lignite 
or  other  refractory  material  to  be  coked  coal  taror  certain  varieties  of  bituminous 
coal  or  asphalt  um  or  analogous  substance  and  subjecting  the  material  thus 
prepared  to  an  initial  and  sustained  heat  above  a  cherry-red,  laterally  applied, 
soflicient  not  only  to  volatilize  the  hydrocarbons  and  eliminate  the  volatile 
matter  contained  in  the  mass,  but  also  to  decompose  the  aforesaid  hydrocarbons 
into  gases  that  may  be  conducted  away  and  carbonaceous  matter,  that,  being 
distributed  through  the  mass,  serves  to  cement  the  fragments  of  lignites  or 
equivalent  material  together  to  form  a  compact  product  capable  of  use  in  the 
gamemannerascokemade  wholly  from  *'cokmg'*  or  "caking"  coal,  this  result 
being  in  contradistinction  to  that  showninthefragmentary  andcomparatively 
micoked  product  obtained  by  subjecting  lignite  or  like  substance  to  the  action  of 
the  coking  apparatus  hitherto  in  use.  The  invention  also  includes  compacting 
the  charge  during  or  after  its  introduction  to  thf  toking  furnace  by  subjecting 
it  to  pressure,  as  by  compressing  rollers,  whereby  the  relative  solidity  of  the  mass 
and  its  integrity  when  used  or  apphed  for  fuel  purposes  are  materiaUy  enhanced; 
and. 

Claims  the  process  of  coking  brown  coal,  lignite,  and  analogous  coal-like  mate- 
rial incapable  of  effective  coking  by  the  usual  practice  with  ordinary  coking  ovens 
by  mingling  the  same  with  coal  tar.  asphaltmn,  or  analogous  substances,  or  with 
bituminous  coking  coal,  or  with  coal  tar  and  coking  coal  together,  and  subjecting 
the  whole  to  an  initial  and  sustained  heat  above  a  "cherry-red,"  bo  termed,  and 
applied  laterally  throughout  the  mass. 

IS0,87S—May  IS,  1874.    WILLIAM  J.  LYND.    Improvement  in  coking  fossil  coals 

or  lignites. 

Claims  the  process  of  treating  fossil  coals,  as  designated,  by  reducing  the  coal 
to  a  hnely  divided  or  powdered  state,  and  then  subjecting  the  same,  whether 
mixed  or  not  with  a  powdered  or  finely  divided  hydrogenous  coal,  to  the  coking 
operation. 

JS0,87S—Mayl£,lS74.  WILLIAM  J.  LYND.   Improvement  in  coking  fossil  coals 

or  lignites. 

Claims  the  mode  of  coking  coals  commonly  known  as  lignites  by  coking  the 
mass  from  the  bottom  upward  and  carrying'off  the  gases  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion, the  same  being  effected  by  the  admission  of  air  from  above  in  small  quan- 
tity at  first,  and  the  gradual  diminution  and  final  cutting  off  of  said  air  supply 
as  the  coking  proceeds  and  before  it  is  terminated,  the  coking  of  the  upper  part 
of  the  mass  being  effected  by  radiation  from  the  lower  ignited  portion. 

The  combination,  with  the  charge  chamber  and  the  chimneys  communicating 
therewith  at  or  near  the  level  of  the  floor  or  hearth,  of  one  or  more  air-supply 
pipes  or  apertures.  located  in  the  top  or  arch  of  the  oven,  and  communicating 
with  said  fhamber. 

The  air  flues  beneath  the  oven  floor  or  hearth  for  conveying  air  to  the  interior 
of  the  charge-chamber. 

17S.7U~Apra4,lS76.   WILLIAM  PENROSE  AND  WILLIAM  F.  RICHARDS. 

Improvement  in  processes  of  making  coke. 

The  invention  consists  in  the  mixing  or  incorporating  of  anthracite  or  stone 
coal,  or  free  burning  steam  coal,  or  coal  known  us  Staffordshire  slack,  or  other 
noncokingcoals.  with  bituminous  coal,  or  any  other  coal  capable  of  making  coke, 
together  with  pitch  or  tar,  or  with  any  forni  of  tar  or  bitiinuTi  mineral  oils  con- 
taining bitumen,  petroleum,  or  any  of  the  waste  products  of  introlcum,  such 
coal  or  coals,  pitch,  tar.  or  other  bituminous  matters  being  ground  and  mixed 
together,  and  the  mixture  thus  produced  placed  in  any  well-knowTi  fonu  of 
oven  or  retort  commonly  used  for  coking,  and  the  surface  then  covered  with  a 
layer  of  bituminous  coal  or  other  bituminous  matter. 

£S1, $57^ November  {,  1879.  LEVI  STEVENS.  Improvement  in  processes  and 
apparatus  for  utilizing  in  furnaces  the  gases  from  toking  coal. 
Claims  the  method  of  utilizing  the  gases  arising  from  coking  coal  for  fuel  in 
furnaces,  which  consists  in  conveying  said  gases  from  the  cells  or  chambers 
wherein  the  coking  is  in  progress  into  a  chamber  adjacent  to  the  furnace,  then 
driving  them  with  great  lone  into  the  interior  of  the  furnace,  and  there  causing 
them  to  encounter  a  current  of  atmospheric  air.  whereby  they  burst  spontane- 
ously into  llame.and  develop  great  heat.siisceptil^lcof  n])pli('ation  to  drying  the 
coal  and  to  other  purposes,  and  the  apparatus  by  which  this  is  accompiislied. 

tBS, 9^— October  S,  1883.    LAWRENCE  II.  ARMOUR.     Method  of  and  appa- 
ratus for  the  treatment  of  spoil  heaps  of  coliicrics. 

Claims  the  mode  of  treating  the  spoil  heaps  of  collieries,  peat  bogs,  and  similar 
materials  for  the  recovery  of  the  volatile  products  therefrom,  and  for  other 
piiri>oses.  consisting  in  closing  the  surfaces  of  the  heaps  practically  air  tight,  and 
then  withdrawing  the  gases  arising  from  combustion  oy  exhaustion  and  con- 
densing the  exhausted  gases. 

t88,7IG— November  SO,  188S.    JEAN  A.  MATHIEU.    Process  of  manufacturing 

charcoal. 

Claims  the  process  of  removing  deleterious  substances  from  charcoal  and  ren- 
dering it  more  flense,  which  consists  in  washing  the  vajjor  of  a  rlintilling  charge 
of  wood,  as  descrilnrd,  and  subsequently  forcing  the  gases  remaining  uncondenscd 
upon  a  charge  of  heated  charcoal. 

8C7,050— October  t!,  1884.    JOHN  JAMESON.    Manufacture  of  coke. 

Claims  in  the  nuimifactnrc  of  coke  according  to  the  ordinary  process  of  Igniting 
the  chnrgf  at  the  top  and  burning  gradually  downward,  the  combination,  witn 
An  <>.'  :    ]  uilh  ofienings  for  giving  in^jn-ss  to  the  air  and  egress  to  the 

istion  at  the  upper  part  of  said  oven,  of  Ihi'  oiith-t  aiwl  exhaust 


fifO'l 
or  '■^ 
air  a  I 
fron- 
for  Ir 
ftmmoru 


inn  the  lower  part,  and  practically  closed  to  the  aflmlssion  or 
'  rt,  of  the  oven,  the  gaw)*  and  va[ior»  generated  in  or  distilled 
■  .V  that  In  combustion,  thi;  jiurlllers.  condenserH.  or  scruI'luTH 
k'uscH  or  vajiors  to  recover  therefrom  materials  nuch  as  oil, 
I  1  me  like,  and  the  pipes  and  connections  l(»r  introducing  at  on 
advanced  stage  in  the  coking  a  regulated  supply  of  the  purified  hydrocarl>on 
gaaea  or  vapors  at  the  bottom  of  the  charge. 

8l8M)^^MauM.188S.     HENRY  M.  PIERCE.     Proce/m  of  manufacturing  coke. 

Claims,  In  the  iirt  of  mnniifacturlngeoke,  the  method  of  condutUng  I  hi-  fiirnnco 
operation  >"  c  li<i  yield,  which  consists  in  partially  lilling  tJie  oven 

with  an  In.'  iid  coking  the  same   by  downwitrri  |»rfigre«Hton.  then. 

while  such  '  ■      ,  i.H  statlonury  within  the  oven,  and  near  the  end  of  the 

•aldeokint:o;..i,.ti'..  itiiiuc  i he  oven  to  a  further  height  bv  an  adtlltional  charge, 
thernbv  retiirdln«  thr  ".kiut:  of  the  Initial  clinrKe.  poking  the  Heeonrl  charge, 
and  proceeding  in  like  munncr.  the  coking  going  on  progrc-twlvely  until  the  oven 
!•  nilod. 


SS0.G27^June  •5,  18S5.     ARTHUR  MARSHALL  CHAMBERS  AND  THOMAS 

SMITH,    Method  of  coking  coal. 

Claims  the  method  of  coking  consisting  in  introducing  an  upwardly  or  hori- 
zontally directed  current  of  hot  air  alone  to  the  interior  of  the  upper  part  of  the 
oven  and  drawing  the  products  of  combustion  down  through  the  coal,  the  oven 
being  without  other  inlet  than  said  hot-air  pipe  during  said  operation,  and  the 
direction  of  the  jet  or  current  of  air  away  from  the  coal,  insuring  uniform  pressure 
on  the  latter  and  preventing  it  from  being  burned  away  or  injured. 

530,731— November  17,  18S5,    HENRY  M.  PIERCE.    Process  of  manufacturing 

coke. 

Claims,  as  an  improvement  in  the  art  of  manufacturing  coke,  the  method  of 
conducting  the  furnace  operation  which  consists  in  heating  the  charge  by  radi- 
ation untilinllammable  gases  are  given  off,  then  leading  said  gases  beneath  the 
Hoor  of  the  coking  chamber  and  burning  them  therein,  thereby  coking  the  under 
layers  of  the  charge  by  radiated  heat,  and  finally  shutting  oti  the  How  of  gases  to 
the  under  combustion  chaml^er  and  burning  them  in  the  top  of  the  kiln,  thereby 
coking  the  top  layers  of  the  charge  by  direct  heat. 

SSe. 6 IS— December  15,  1885.    ISAAC  M.  KELLEY.     Manufacture  of  coke. 

This  invention  relates  to  a  new  and  improved  process  of  preparing  coal  for  the 
manufactureof  coke,  and  to  apparatus  therefor;  and  itconsists  in  first  separating 
the  slack  from  the  coal  and  at  the  same  time  washing  it  by  jots  of  water,  after 
which  the  slack  and  fine  coal  are  ground  to  the  required  size  and  saturated, 
coated,  or  mingled  with  water,  hydrocarbon  oils,  or  other  hydrogenous  matter 
during  the  grinding  operation,  to  supply  a  sufficient  amount  of  hydrogen  orcar- 
bon  to  facilitate  the  coking  of  the  coal  in  coke  ovens. 

579,960— March  27.  1888.   CHARLES  H.  LAND.    Manufacture  of  refractory  car- 
bon. 

Claims  the  process  of  producing  a  refractory  carbon,  consisting  in  subjecting 
carlionaccoiis  matter  in  an  open  muffle  located  in  a  furnace  to  tiic  products  of 
combustion  under  pressure,  whereby  a  coimter  resistance  is  offered  to  expel 
oxygen  from  the  miijiie,  prevent  ignition  of  said  matter,  and  drive  off"  determined 
elements  therefrom. 

388,543— March  SS,  1S86.    JAMES  J.  McTIGHE.    Manufacture  of  hard  carbon. 

This  invention  relates  to  the  manufacture  from  the  so-called  '  natural  gas" 
obtained  in  large  quantities  in  certain  parts  of  this  country,  and  chiefly  utilized 
at  present  forconsumpticm  in  furnaces  in  various  industries,  of  a  denst;  hard  car- 
bon or  coke,  which  in  chemical  constitution,  in  physical  structure  and  character- 
istics, in  appearance  of  surface  and  fracture,  and  in  fitness  for  certain  industrial 
uses  differs  essentially  from  any  and  all  other  forms  or  varieties  of  carbon  known, 
and  is  readilj'  distinguishable  therefrom.  This  product  is  eminently  useful  for 
metallurgical  purposes,  and.  in  fact,  wherever  hardness,  purity,  fine  texture,  and 
uniform  density  are  desired.  It  has.  moreover,  properties  that  render  it  par- 
ticularly suitable  for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  carbon  pencils  or  electrodes  for 
electriclights.  The  mode  of  treatment  consists,  briefly,  in  taking  natural  gas 
and  decomposing  it  by  heat,  and  precipitating  the  nascent  molecules  of  carbon 
into  a  solid  agglomerate. 

J^l, 299— February  11, 1890.    HUGO  MULLER.    Art  of  manufacturing  coke. 

Claims  as  an  improvement  in  the  art  of  manufacturing  coke  from  anthracite 
coal  dust,  the  process  which  consists  in  aECgregatingthecraldustintoboulels.then 
piling  the  boulcts  up  in  an  oven  or  furnace,  leaving  continuous  air  channels  from 
the  bottom  of  the  pile  to  its  top.  then  passing  Ihnnigh  these  ebaiinrU  a  current 
of  highly  heated  or  ignited  gases  free  from  oxygen,  and  tinally  wlthclrawing  the 
ready-formed  coke  from  be.ieath  while  fresh  lumps  are  fed  in  from  above. 

47S.6$1— April  IS,  1892.    FREDERICK  JOSIAII  JONES.    Process  of  making 

coke. 

Claims  in  the  process  of  making  coke  and  obtaining  by-products,  the  improve- 
ment which  consists  in  coolinp  and  washing  the  mixed  gases  resulting  from  llie 
coking  operation,  collecting  the  condensal:ile  constituents,  passing  the  conlecl 
and  washed  gases  through  a  purifier,  then  mixing  thorn  with  fresh  gas-producer 
gases  generate<l  from  coke  and  with  air.  and  finally  passing  the  gases  resulting 
from  the  combustion  of  the  purified  and  reheated  gaseous  mixture  through  a 
fresh  or  partially  cnked  charge. 

485.904— November  8, 1892.    JAMES  C.  ANDERSON.     Method  of  manufacturing 

or  burning  coke. 

Claims  the  process  and  method  of  coking  coal,  which  consists  in  londing  the 
coal  upon  a  series  of  cars,  igniting  the  cral  upon  the  initial  end  of  the  train  iii  any 
well-known  manner,  tlieu  passing  the  leaded  cars  consetulively  through  a  tunnel 
way.  utilizing  the  heat  from  the  siu cessively  burning  Inadsto  heat  the  tunnel 
way  and  ignite  and  coke  the  charges  of  coalon  the  succceiling  cars,  and  finally 
passing  the  cars  out  of  the  tunnel  way  at  the  opposile  end  1o  that  in  which  they 
enter,  thus  constituting  a  contlTiuons  and  progressive  method  and  avoiding  fre- 
quent handlings. 

486.100- November    15.    1892.    JAMES  J.  FRONHEISER  AND  CHARLES  S. 
riUCK.     Manufacture  of  coke. 

Claims  the  process  of  manufacturing  hard  coke,  which  consists  In  pulverizing 
soft  coal,  mixing  therewith  a  suitable  hardening  substance,  charging  the  same 
into  ovens,  and  heating  them,  and  as  a  new  article  of  manufaclnre.  coke  hardened 
by  combining  with  it  caustic  lime  or  other  suitable  .'Jolid  hardening  siib.stance  in 
the  process  of  its  manufacture  in  such  a  manner  that  the  propnrtitm  of  Us  cell 
splice  to  its  cell  walls  is  diminished,  giving  to  it  greater  densil  y  and  llrmness. 

611,SS4--DecembrrS0.  18US.     OEOROE  C.  IIEWETT.     Proces.t  of  making  cokr. 

Claims  the  process  of  making  coke,  which  consists  In  first  lieating  comminuted 
conl  at  a  low  temperaliire  under  pressure  greater  than  twenty-four  inches  of 
water,  and  then  subjeeting  the  thus  prepared  coal  to  ji  higher  temperature  and 
drawing  off  the  volatile  matters  as  in  the  ordinary  coking  operation. 

609. 150 -August  16, 1898.    JOHN  THOMAS  KEY.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for 
manufacturing  coke. 

Claims  the  process  of  producing  coke,  which  consists  in  igniting  a  charge  of 
smufige  at  its  top  siirfir-e  and  int  rodiicing  a  supplv  of  air  above  the  same,  pro- 
ducing a  downward  draft  through  the  charge  anti  lherel)V  drawing  the  pntducts 
of  combustion  thrniigh  the  .same  until  the  volatile  e<inslituents  of  tlie  dial  have 
been  driven  off,  and  thmi  shutting  off  s;ii<l  dnwnwnrd  drufl  and  f^mring  steam 
In  beneath  the  coke  and  un  entirely  through  llie  snuw  in  the  opposite  direction 
to  the  original  downwnni  draft,  in  such  quimtity  that  (he  coke  Is  thereby 
quencherland  the  remiiining  sulphurous  fu  men  clriveii  out  thereof,  and  a  coke  oven 
comprising  an  oven  propiT  having  a  falsi-  l.oltom  consisling  of  three  layers  of 
bricks,  nipes  arranged  lo  draw  I  he  products  of  combustlmi  dowinva  rdly  through 
the  Slid  fiilse  bottom,  said  itipns  being  connected  with  suitable  exhausting  and 
condensing  appanlUH,  pipes  exlendlng  around  the  circumference  of  the  faLsn 
b  it  torn,  ailjacent  to  the  middle  layer  thereof  and  provided  willi  a  plurality  of 
openings,  these  lalter  plpen  being  conned ed  with  a  sleain  Hn)t|»lv.  and  pipes"  for 
the  admlsRlon  of  air  connecled  with  a  plurality  of  holes  exli-ndlng  around  the 
oven  above  the  level  of  Its  charKC. 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  COKE. 


559 


619,080— Nov  ember  8,  1898.    EDWARD  M.  ETDHERR.    Process  of  eUminafing 

impurities  from  coal.  etc. 

Claims  the  process  for  the  eUminatton  of  impurities  froin  coal  and  ore?  during 
thecokin?  or  rousting  proncss,  cnnsiatinf?  of  the  introducing  into  cnntfict  with  the 
rtiw  matcriMi  hy  tin-  iiid  of  siipcrhi'iitcl  stfinti,  a  rputulil  v  of  K'yc'Tin  and  hydro- 
chloric aci<l.  aii'i  hi  I  IT  iiil  rn-lnctti^'  a  qiMiit  it  v  of  ^'Ivccrin  and  nit  no  acid,  by  the 
aid  of  suitcrhcjitt-d  hIi-jihi.  and  then  siil-JL-ctuii^  the  Iinishcd  product,  to  the  action 
of  the  Buperlieated  steam. 

687,695-Jvve  £7,   1899.    FREDERIC  W.  C.  SCHNIEVVIND.     CoJce  oven  and 

method  of  operating  same. 

This  invention  relates  to  the  construction  and  mode  of  operation  of  closed, 
extermilly  hcatcil  coke  ovens,  having  for  its  purpose  the  separate  collection  of 
the  gases  of  varying  riclincssand  value  given  olT  at  dilTerent  stages  of  the  coking 
operation,  the  <irawing  olf  of  the  gases  at  dillerent  stages  of  the  operation  by 
sucking  or  cxhiiusting  devices  working  at  ditlerent  pressures,  the  quenching  of 
the  coke  while  still  in  ttieoven  and  with  utih/.ationof  itsheat  for  the  manufacture 
of  water  gas.  and  the  carbureting  of  that  portion  of  the  water  gas  which  is  on  gen- 
eration of  sullicient  heat  to  crack  hydrocarbon  oils.  And  it  consists  in  drawing 
off  the  gases  generated  in  the  oven  at  diilVrent  stages  of  the  C(iking  operation 
through  dilTerent  g;is  mains  and  by  means  of  exhausting  devices  working  at  dif- 
ferent pressures,  whereby  the  pressure  in  the  ovens  may  be  maintained  approxi- 
mately constant  iin<i  approxim:itely  equal  to  the  pressure  in  the  surrounding 
heating  flues.  In  this  way  it  will  t)e'obviou3  that  not  only  will  the  poor  and  rich 
gases  be  collected  separately,  but  the  loss  of  oven  gas  or  its  admixture  with  heat- 
ing Hue  gas  practically  prevented. 

6S7.S55— November  ei ,  1899.  JOSEPH  HEMINGWAY.  Process  of  making  coU. 
Claims  the  process  of  coking  coal,  which  consists  in  confining  the  coal  in  an 
oven,  firing  the  coal,  then  introducing  into  the  oven,  above  the  coal,  an  extrane- 
ously  heated  deoxygenizi'd  blast  of  atempernt  ure.  before  its  introduction,  greater 
than  that  usually  etnployed  in  the  coking  (tpemlion,  to  increase  the  heat  in  the 
oven  above  the  ieniperature  produced  by  the  cornliustion  therein  of  the  gases 
generated  from  the  cojil  and  to  acceleratethe  gi^icration  of  such  gases,  and  then 
permitting  the  deoxygenized  blast  and  that  portion  of  the  evolved  gases  not 
converted  into  fixed  carbon  to  escape  through  aii  opening  at  the  top  of  the  oven. 

641,591— January  16.  1900.    CHARLES  B.JACOBS.    Conservation  of  volatile 

products  from  beehive  coke  ovens. 

Claims  the  method  of  collecting  the  volatile  products  in  the  coking  of  coal  in 
beehive  ovens,  which  consists  in  laterally  detiecting  the  volatile  products  from 
the  charging  hole  of  the  beehive  oven  by  me  ins  of  suction  applied  laterallv  to 
such  charging  hole,  such  suction  being  iiisullicient  to  aft'ect  the  natural  draft  of 
the  oven,  and  couununication  with  the  outer  air  being  maintained  through  such 
charging  hole. 

eU^OtS— February  SO  J  900.  JOSEPH  HEMINGWAY.  Process  of  distilling  coal. 
Claims  the  method  of  heating  a  part  of  a  battery  of  coke  ovens,  which  consists 
in  utilizing  the  waste  heat  of  one-.iatf  of  said  ovens,  and  also  the  heat  obtained 
from  the  combustion  of  the  volatile  products  of  said  half  of  said  ovens,  to  heat 
and  force  air  into  tne  other  half  of  said  ovens. 

680,780— August  20, 1901.    WILLIAM  JOHN  KNOX.    Process  of  manufacturing 

coke. 

The  general  plan  of  the  invention  is  to  pass  the  hydrocarbon  vapors  generated 
in  the  coke  ovens  through  suitable  stoves,  in  which  more  or  less  of  the  heat  carried 
by  the  vapor&  is  conserved  or  stored,  thence  through  cooling  devices — such,  for 
instance,  as  a  steam  generator— thence  into  heating  stoves,  where  the  temperature 
is  raised  to  the  dc'^ree  required  for  effectively  acting  upon  the  coal  to  reduce  it  to 
coke.  These  he;itcd  vapors  are  then  passed  into  the  coking  ovens  and  usually 
across  the  top  of  the  bed  of  coal  or  coke.  This  operation  is  continued  until  the 
stove  Which  has  been  employed  as  the  heat  absorbing  stove  has  absorbed  and 
stored  a  predeterminerl  amount  of  sensible  heat,  whereupon  the  direction  of  circu- 
lation is  reversed  and  this  stove  is  utilized  as  the  heating  stove  and  the  former 
heating  stove  as  the  heat  absorbing  stove,  and  this  operation  of  reversal  is  re- 
peated continuiusly  at  suitable  intervals  as  long  as  the  temperature  of  the  stoves 
IS  sutficiently  high  to  conduct  the  coking  operation. 

680.783— August  m,  1901.    WILLIAM  JOHN  KNOX.     Manufacture  of  coke. 

This  inventicm  provides  a  process  of  making  coke  for  metallurgical  purposes  by 
introducing  a  heated  gas  into  the  interior  of  a  coke  oven  above  the  body  of  fuel 
and  liberating  heat  from  the  gas  within  the  oven  by  direct  radiation,  by'contact 
vrith  the  coaror  coke  and  with  the  walls  and  arch  of  the  oven,  and  then  "by  radia- 
tion from  the  walls  and  arch  of  the  oven.  The  coking  action  resembles  in  some 
respect  what  is  known  as  the  * '  beehive ' '  process  in  supplying  the  heat  from  above 
and  acting  downward  on  a  comparatively  thin  broad  layer  of  coking  coal,  which 
is  free  to  expand,  and  the  oven  may  be  of  the  same  general  form  as  the  beehive 
oven  or  the  AV'elsh  or  Thomas  oven.  It  differs  from  the  beehive  process,  howevei, 
in  not  supplving  air  for  the  combustion  of  the  fuel  within  the  oven,  the  doors  or 
openings  and  the  charging  openings  being  completely  closed  during  the  process, 
the  charge  of  co;il  being  converted  into  coke  by  baking  from  above  by  the  action 
of  heat  carried  into  the  oven  from  the  outside  by  the  lluid  carrier. 

706.US— August  5, 190S.    PAUL  NAEF.    Process  of  making  coke. 

This  is  a  continuous  process,  and  the  inventor  claims  in  a  process  for  producing 
coke,  passing  a  mass  of  finely  divided  carbonaceous  material  through  a  shaft  or 
furnace,  generating  a  gas  under  pressure  and  heating  said  gas  and  coking  said 
carbonaceous  material  by  injecting  said  heated  gas  under  pressure  into  the  mass 
as  it  passes  through  the  furnace  or  shaft,  at  a  point  between  and  a  considerable 
distance  from  the  ends  of  the  furnace  or  shaft  through  which  said  mass  passes, 
whereby  portions  of  the  mass  will  be  coked  successively  and  the  hot  gas  with 
by-products  absorbed  thereby  will  ascend  through  theuncoked  portion  of  the 
mass  and  be  permitted  to  pass  from  the  upper  end  of  the  shaft  or  furnace. 

7$5,904— April  SI.  1003.    JOHN  F.  WILCOX.     Process  of  manvfacturing  coke. 

Many  objections  have  been  raised  to  the  use  of  coke  made  in  retort  or  closed 
coke  ovens  for  metallurgical  purposes,  based  mainly  on  the  presence  of  a  greater 
or  less  amount  of  spongy,  porous,  friable  coke.  The  inventor  seeks  to  prevent 
the  formation  of  this  spongy .  porous,  friable  coke  by  the  process  of  manufacturing 
coke  in  retort  ovens,  consisting  in  forming  outside  the  ovens  the  charges  with  a 
portion  or  portions  of  the  same  spaced  apart,  the  spaced  portion  or  portions 
extending  from  the  top  of  the  charges  to  a  short  distance  from  the  bottom,  enter- 
ing the  charges  into  the  ovens,  and  heating  the  same. 

7S1, 949— June  23. 1903.    JOHN  A.  POTTER.     Method  of  making  coke  and  gas. 

This  inventi<m  is  f,ir  a  continuous  process  of  coke  and  gas  making  and  there  is 
claimed  the  metho<l  of  miking  coke  and  gas.  consisting  in  maintaining  a  vertical 
burden,  intermittently  feeding  coal  to  the  upper  end  and  shearing  off  and  remov- 
ing coke  from  the  li>werend  of  said  burden,  drawing  the  lean  and  fuel  gas  from  an 
intermediate  point  of  the  charge,  and  burning  it  around  the  intermediate  and 
upper  portion  of  the  charge,  and  withdrawing  the  rich  and  illuminating  gases 
from  the  upper  end  of  the  charge  for  further  use. 


744M7-  November  17.  J90S.     BERNTIARD  ZWILLTNGER.    Process  of  carbon^ 
izing. 

This  invention  relates  to  carbonizing  wood,  and  there  i«  claimed  the  carbonizing 
process  which  consists  in  mixing  an  excess  of  air  with  combustible  gas,  heating 
the  mixture  under  the  exclusion  of  further  atmospheric  air  in  a  confined  space 
bringing  the  resultant  gases  into  contact  with  material  to  be  carbonized  under 
the  exclusion  of  atmospheric  air  80  as  to  carbonize  the  material  partly  by  the 
heat  of  the  ga.ses,  partly  by  the  combustion  of  the  hot  combustible  gases  intro- 
duced and  partly  oy  the  combustion  of  the  gases  given  off  from  the  material 
being  carbonized. 

755,155— March   £S,    IOO4.    EDWIN  A.  MOORE.    Process    of   Quenching   and 
bleaching  coke. 

Claims  the  process  of  extinguishing  and  bleaching  coke,  which  consists  In  trans- 
ferring hot  coke  from  an  oven  into  a  rer-eptacle  from  which  atmospheric  air  is 
excluded,  deluging  the  coke  with  water  and  discharging  the  excess  of  water  as 
rapidly  as  it  is  supplied,  and  then  subjecting  the  coke  to  steam  generated  in  the 
receptacle  by  the  neat  in  and  the  water  on  the  coke. 

76SS39~JuneS8, 1904.    MICHAEL  R.  CONLEY.    Process  of  making  coke. 

Claims  the  process  of  making  coke,  which  consists  in  inclosing  the  coal  in  nn 
essentially  air-tight  oven  of  nonconducting  material  and  raising  the  inner  Wiill 
of  the  oven  by  means  of  electrical  resistances  included  in  the  wall  to  a  temperature 
higher  than  that  obtained  in  the  ordinary  coke  oven. 

769. S4I— September  6,  1904.    CHARLES  F.  SPAULDING.    Process   of  coking 
coal. 

This  invention  relates  to  beehive  ovens,  and  the  inventor  claims  the  process  of 
coknr^  coal,  which  consists  in  confining  the  coal  in  an  oven,  firing  the  coal,  and 
then  forcing  into  the  oven  above  the  coal  a  blast  of  combined  air  and  oxygen. 

788.558- May  S.  1905.    ALBERT  D.SHREWSBURY.    Process  of  producing 
compressed  (oke. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  provide  p  practtcally  continuous  and  simple 
process  for  producing  compressed  nonporous  blocks  or  briquets  of  coke  designed 
to  be  used  as  fuel,  since  compressed  coke  has  many  advantages  over  ordinary 
coke  and  for  some  purposes  is  superior  to  anthracite  coal.  It  is  compact,  easily 
handled,  occupies  but  little  space  for  shipping,  is  free  from  sulfurous  and  other 
noxious  gases,  it  burns  freely,  and  is  almost  entirely  consumed,  leaving  but  little 
clinker  or  ash.  In  carrying  out  the  process  the  coke  is  taken  from  the  coke  oven 
at  the  time  when  it  has  reached  a  plastic  or  agglutinate  state  and  compressed 
into  blocks  of  the  desired  size  and  shape.  The  ;e  blocks  or  briquets  may  be  pro- 
duced as  a  by-product  of  a  gas  producing  plant,  or  the  product  may  be  the  result 
of  a  specially  designed  apparatus  in  which  the  gas  may  lie  regarded  as  a  secondary 
consideration.  The  coke  is  dumped  into  the  compressor  as  quickly  as  possible 
to  avoid  the  ignition  and  consequent  combustion  of  the  same. 

Subclass  9. — Coke  Ovens — Retort  Ovens. 

19,575—  March  9, 1858.    DANIEL  C.  KNAB.    Improvement  in  the  jnanufacture  of 

illuminating  gas. 

This  invention  consists  principally  in  the  peculiar  consideration  and  operatirm 
of  carbonizing  furnaces,  and  what  distinguishes  these  furnaces  from  all  others 
heretofore  in  use  is  that  while  carbontzing^coal  on  a  large  scale  the  inventor  ob- 
tains besides  the  C3ke  all  other  accessory  products  of  the  distillation,  such  as 
tar.  amraoniacal  liquor,  and  gas.  and  he  provides  for  the  reworking  of  these  sec- 
ondary products  so  as  to  obtain  benzol,  creosote,  sulphate  of  ammonia,  and  & 
variety  of  other  products. 

37 ,41^-Januarv iS,1863.    WILLIAM  GEORGE  VALENTIN.    Improvementin 

coking  coal  and  generating  -jases. 

Claims  coking  cml  in  close  chambers  or  retorts  heated  externally  by  the  com- 
busti'in  of  gases  generated  from  similar  previous  coking  operations,  and  applied 
in  the  manner  set  forth,  and  the  use  of  verticil  close  chambers  or  retorts,  in  com- 
bination with  external  flues  or  heating  channels  supplied  with  combustible  gases 
and  air  from  burners.  The  inventor  quenches  his  coke  with  hydrochloric  ac.d 
gas  or  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  which  it  is  alleged  removes  part  of  the  sulphur 
from  the  coke. 

65,8S0^June  18,   1867.    FREDERIC  J.  F.  LAUMONIER.    Improved   circular 

coke  oven. 

Cliims  a  circular  coke  oven,  composed  of  any  suitable  number  of  radial  cori- 
partnients  converging  towards  a  central  chimney,  in  combination  with  flues  f  r 
conducting  the  products  of  combustion  from  the  said  compartments  to  the  cen- 
tral chimney,  the  combination,  with  the  radial  compartments  provided  wim 
openings  in  "their  top.  of  a  circular  railway  passing  over  the  said  openings,  and  a 
water  conduit  or  pipe  encircling  the  oven. 

103.507—  May  84,  1870.    LEWIS  SCH ANTL.    Improvement  in  coke  ovens. 

Claims  the  combination  and  arrangement  in  pairs  of  two  or  more  coke  ovens, 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  burning  gases  given  off  by  the  oal  in  each  may.  bv 
means  of  vertical  and  side  flues,  be  made  to  pass  around  the  sides  and  bottom  of 
both  ovens,  for  the  purpose  of  more  evenly  and  effectually  distributmg  the  heat 
to  all  parts  of  each  oven,  and  the  construction  of  the  walls  of  U-shaped  blocks, 
which  at  the  same  time  form  the  vertical  flues. 

105.413— July  19,  1870.    LEONARD  FORBES  BECKWITH  AND  ARTHUR 

BECKWITH.     Improvement  in  coke  ovens. 

This  invention  consists  in  a  novel  arrangement  of  vertical  and  horizontal  flues, 
chambers,  and  communications,  whereby  the  gases  evolved  in  coking  are  utiliz(?d 
in  a  most  advantageous  manner,  and  includes  a  tongue  construction  of  fire  bricks 
applied  to  form  the  flues  through  which  the  gases  are  circulated,  and  ser^-ing  to 
brace  the  walls  of  the  oven.  The  invention  is  applicable  to  coking  various  kinds 
of  coal,  either  separately  or  mixed,  with  or  without  a  cementing  substance — such, 
for  instance,  as  coal  tar  or  asphalt. 

119.092— September  19.  1871.    THEODORE  G.  MEIER.    Improvement  in  coke 

ovens. 

The  improvements  relate:  To  such  a  novel  arrangement  of  vertical  and  hori- 
zontal flues  that  each  oven  gives  as  well  as  receives  heat,  and  wherebv  the  gases 
are  utilized  and  the  generated  heat  is  equally  distributed  to  all  parts  o"f  the  oven: 
to  a  jHx-uliarly  constructed  right  or  left  trough-shaped  tile,  forming  the  upper 
and  lower  inlet  and  outlet  connections  with  vertical  and  horizontal  flues:  in 
fonning  a  skew-back  tile  with  two  horizontal  holes  and  one  diagonal  hole  or  flue, 
whereby  said  tile  is  also  made  right  or  left  in  combination  with  trough-s'aaped 
tile:  in  arranging,  in  combination  \rith  vertical  and  horizontal  flues,  a  svstem 
of  pipes  to  aid  combustion  of  gases  by  the  introduction  of  cold  or  hot  air  or 
steam;  the  arrangement  and  construction  of  all  said  parts  being  such  that  every 
oven  can  be  operated  separately  or  independent  of  aajoining  ovens. 


560 


MANUFACTURES. 


141,778— August  It,  1879.    HENRY  ENGELMANN.    ImprovemeiU  in  coking 

furnaces. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  narrow  and  high  ovens,  of  the  vertical  heating 
flues,  provided  in  the  wails  between  these  ovens,  constituting,  in  fact,  as  many 
different  heating  furnaces,  and  a  valve  or  equivalent  means  of  throttling  or  stop- 
ping the  outflow  of  gases  from  the  material  subjected  to  coking,  whereby  the 
retention  of  the  gases  long  enough  to  secure  the  most  efficient  deposition  of 
carbon  therefrom  is  provided  for. 

141.779— August  IS,  1873.    HENRY  ENGELMANN.    Improvement  in  coking 

furnaces. 

This  invention  consists  in  the  combination  of  vertical  flues  arranged  in  the  side 
walls  of  coking  ovens,  of  peculiar  height,  with  gas  or  tlanie  conduits,  diminishing 
in  transverse  area  as  the  number  of  flues  to  l.>e  supplied  diminishes,  in  such  manner 
that  combustible  gases  to  be  burned  in  the  flues  themselves,  or  flame  and  hot 
products  of  combustion  from  the  burning  of  such  gases  in  the  conduits,  or  flame 
and  hot  products  of  combustion  from  a  furnace  connecting  with  the  conduits,  uill 
(one  or  the  other,  as  the  case  may  be)  l>e  unifnnnly  distriliuted  throughout  whole 
series  of  flues  to  uniformlv  heat  the  ovens  throughout  their  length.  The  inven- 
tion also  comprises  certain  novel  means  of  supplying  the  requisite  quantity  of  air 
to  the  burning  fuel,  of  equil.zing  the  draft  of  the  heating  flues,  and  of  facilitating 
the  removal  of  the  coked  product  from  the  oven. 

169,756— Xovember  9.  1875.    HENRY  AITKEN.     Improvement  in  coke  ovens. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  a  coking  oven  in  which  air,  after  being  thor- 
ouighly  heated  by  passing  through  heated  channels,  is  directed  among  the  gases 
arising  from  coke  arranged  upon  a  stationary  or  movable  bottom.  The  cluims 
cover  special  combinations  of  oven,  passages,  heating  pipes,  flues,  and  tuyeres, 
with  mechanism  for  operating  the  movable  bottom.. 

171,371— December  81,  1875.    EMIL  S.  GOBIET.    Improvement  in  coke  ovens. 

This  invention  consists  in  combining  with  a  coke  oven  a  series  of  side  flues, 
bottom  tlues.  and  top  flues,  the  side  flues  being  made  to  communicate  with  the 
i  ite  ior  of  the  oven  in  such  a  manner  that  the  heated  gases  which  escape  from  the 
oven  envelop  said  oven  from  all  sides,  and  thereby  a  uniform  heat  is  produced, 
and  the  formation  of  coke  is  materially  facilitated. 

176,379— April  18,  1876.    SEBASTIAN  STUTZ.     Improvement  in  coke  ovens. 

The  invention  consists  in  the  particular  construction  and  arrangement  of  a  coke 
oven,  cilled  independent — that  is,  which  can  be  erected  and  worked  either  sepa- 
rately or  in  connection  with  any  desired  nimiber,  and  in  which  the  openings  and 
cha:nbers  are  so  combined  that  part  of  the  produced  gases  resulting  from  the  cok- 
ing hcits  the  oven  itself,  whereas  the  remaining  gjses.  usually  wasted,  may  be 
collected  in  a  reservoir,  and  either  admitted  to  a  l'<iiler  or  puddling  furnaces  for 
heating  t.iein;  or  they  may  be  exhausted  from  the  reservoir,  and  cleaned  for 
illuminating  purposes;  or  they  may  be  let  into  the  open  air  through  a  chimney 
and  wasted. 

180.010— July  18.  1876.    SAMUEL  DIESCHER.     Improvement  in  coke  ovens. 

This  invention  relates  to  an  improvement  in  coke  ovens;  and  it  consists  in  the 
constructi'tn  and  arrangement  of  gas  and  air  Hues  fnr  the  purpose  of  coobng  by 
the  litter  th<'  foundation  and  lower  portions  of  the  brickwork  of  the  ovens,  and 
also  for  using  the  air.  after  becoming  heated  and  interaiixed  with  the  gas  escaping 
from  thp  coal  during  the  process  of  coking,  to  obtain  an  intense  heat  by  a  thorough 
combustion  of  the  gas. 

SOS. 930  -October  15,  1878.    WILLIAM  H.  ROSEWARNE.    Improvement  in  coke 

ovens. 

Heretofore,  in  the  process  of  coke  making,  a  considerable  amount  of  fuel  has 
been  consumed  in  Igniting  the  charge  of  coal,  and  after  ignition  a  still  greater 
waste  was  occasioned  l)y  allowing  the  burning  gases  from  the  charge  to  pass  off 
without  doing  any  useful  work.  To  prevent  this  loss,  and  to  also  shorten  the  time 
of  tlie  proces.s,  the  inventor  constructs  the  coke  ovens  in  pairs,  so  that  they  may 
act  conjointly,  and  in  the  divirling  waM.  near  the  top,  he  arranges,  in  a  horiz.ontal 
line,  a  number  of  connecting  flues^  cap.ible  of  being  closed  or  opened  by  a  horizon- 
tal damper,  sd  as  to  ail  )W  the  burning  gases  from  l.ie  operating  oven  to  be  con- 
ducted over  for  the  purpose  of  igniting  th''  fresh  charge  in  the  other  oven;  and  in 
order  to  insure  rapid  c-unbustim  he  proviiles  a  series  of  flues,  so  arranged  as  to 
conduct  the  gises  from  the  ignited  charge  uu'ler  the  hearths,  said  hearths  being 
suTiciently  elevated  an<I  mounted  on  rollers  in  order  to  f;icilitate  the  charging 
and  diseli!tn,'in<.:  of  the  ov^-ns.  Walled  spaces  beneath  the  hearth,  and  fonned  by 
It.  constitute  subhearth  Hues,  which  communicate  by  other  similarly  formed  flue's 
with  the  stack. 


S7S.82S— March  IS,  1883. 

This  invention  relates  to  certain  improvement 
coke  ovens,  and  consists,  first,  in  increasing  the 
their  maximum.     The  increase  of  healing  surfii 


RICHARD  DE  SOLDENHOFF.     Coke  oven. 

upon  the  well-known  Coppt'e 

aling  surf;iee3  in  the  oven  to 

s  is  attaUied  i>y  giving  to  the 


oven  Ihi"  shape  or  Utrm  of  a  n'Ctani;le,  in  which  the  nuinerieal  value  of  its  area  is 
not  mon*  than  half  of  the  numerical  value  of  its  periphery,  and  second,  in  the 
mcan»  of  restorui^  the  heat  to  the  ovens,  which  would  be  otherwise  lost,  and 
third,  the  arrangement  of  the  cross  (lues  outside  the  oveu. 

V9.099—June  6,  1883.    FRITZ  LOKMANN.    Apparatus  for  the  continuous  diS' 

tilltiion.  sublimation,  or  roa/iHng  of  solid  materials. 

Cliiim<i,lna  di.'ft.llitr.f  kiln  or  coking  oven,  the  working-oven  having  its  bottom, 
iide.and  top  walls  (jfjie  1  of  thin  (ln_^  brick  pl'ici'd  llat-wise  in  the  walls,  bracctl  or 
supp'irb"!  tit  th(Nr  Jnint.s  all  round  the  oven  by  riifhl- mi  ;|ed  walls,  whieh  also 
(onn  (iuen  hounded  in  one  direetion  by  the  thin  walls  of  the  <iven  Moor  and  sides, 
and  the  top  chiimlierH.  In  eomlnnatlon  with  u  charging  ap()aratus  arranged  to 
force  flolld  materials  through  said  oven. 

gSIJ)0-July  10,  1883,    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Furnace  for  the  manufacture  of 

carbon. 

Thl«  Ihvnntlnn  relates  to  an  Improvo-nent  In  furnaces  for  the  manufacture  of 
car' -  '■  ' 'ft  rie  liRht  rarbons  and  oth«'f  purposes;  and 

<  '< ..  fnr  the  riianuf  ietun<  of  carl  ion.  constructed  with  a  Mat  door  or 

hen  ;  "f  tiling  with  packed  Jnint.H  and  capable  of  retaining  a  liipiid  or 

wn  '  Hire  thep'on.  lluefi  extendlnx  lionooth  the  entire  floor,  discharg- 

ing t  on  a  level  with  the  hearth  or  lloor,  and  a  charging  door  located 

ttb'  f  the  hetirth  or  floor. 


TKK. 


th' 
m>i 


if  ' 
thr 

thm.... 
■onry  ul  i 


KUKUKUICH  C.  EIIEULEY  AND  RUDOLPH  RICII- 

./  kiln. 

'  ■  ■■ ..•■■"■■■!  "ven  in  which  coal  l»  reduoecl  to  coke  and 

'.'•n.  and  when  the  ovens  and  inclosing 
-1  in  the  ovens  Is  fln-d  by  lh»'  heat  of  the 
1 1<-|  ihroiiKh  a|NTtiires  nuidi;  In  the  arch 
iN-fl.  Thi-  gii*t  arising  and  passing  out 
■   with  air  from  the  exterior  introduced 

, .-,...u  1.  then-by  thoroughly  heating  Hi"  nia- 

ihu  pruducis  vi  vumhustloii  thus  produced  aaconu  through 


vertical  flues  into  a  main  channel  or  flue,  which  conveys  them  to  the  kilns  in  which 
the  burning  is  to  be  done.  These  kilns  are  suitatily  located  between  the  series  of 
coke  ovens,  so  that  the  heat  given  off  Ijy  the  surrounding  masonry  of  the  coke 
ovens,  as  well  as  the  products  of  combustion  al>ove  described,  is  thus  utilized. 
The  arrangement  of  the  flues  conveying  the  ignited  gases  to  the  kilns  is  such  that 
they  may  be  taken  to  one  kiln  and  then  discharged  into  the  smokestack,  or  if 
they  are  not  spent,  may  be  carried  on  to  another  kiln. 

28S.60!t— August  7. 18S3.    JOHN  F.  BENNETT.    Apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of 

bituminous  coal  coke. 

Claims  a  combination  of  furnace,  flat-arched-roofed  ovens,  passages,  flues, 
boilers,  fan,  valve,  gas  holder,  pipes,  hood,  cars,  track.  He  cools  his  coke  by 
steam. 

S87.332— October  S3.  1883.     LOUIS  SEMET.     Coke  oven. 

The  improved  kilns  or  ovens  consist  of  a  series  of  massive  vertical  walls  con- 
nected togetlierat  their  upper  ends  by  arches  or  vaults  which  support  the  super- 
structure of  brickwork,  and  with  the  walls  form  a  series  of  coking  or  distilling 
chaml^ers.  Within  these  chaml.iers,  and  on  each  side  of  the  vertical  walls,  are 
placed  large  hollow  bricks  of  fire  clay,  the  sides  of  which  bricks  are  made  thin,  so 
as  to  allow  of  tlio  heat  passing  easily  through  them.  The  said  hollow  l>ricks  are 
placed  either  vertically  side  by  side  or  horizontally  one  above  the  other,  and 
through  the  said  holbnv  bricks' the  gases  and  products  of  combustion  are  caused 
to  circulate.  The  result  of  the  above  descril'ed  combination  of  a  massive  wall 
covered  on  each  side  with  series  of  hollow  fire  clay  bricks  is  a  sort  of  threefold  wall 
extending  throughout  the  entire  height  of  the  chamber,  wherein  the  coal  to  be 
coked  or  distilled  js  to  be  placed.  From  suitable  furnaces  the  flames  and  products 
of  combustion  pass  imder  the  soles  of  thechaml>ers.  and  at  the  rear  end  of  the  said 
chambers  they  separate  into  two  currents,  which  pass  through  the  series  of  hollow 
bricks,  whether  disposed  horizontally  or  vertically,  the  velocity  of  the  said  cur- 
rents being  regulated  by  suitable  dampers.  If  required,  a  second  inlet  for  gases 
and  airmay  bearrangedby  means  of  lira nch  flues  placed  underneath  the  gas  flues, 
and  vertical  ducts  may  be  fonned  in  tlie  massive  walls,  to  conduct  heated  air  to 
the  parts  where  the  gases  enter.  When  arranged  side  by  side,  the  hollow  bricks 
form  vertical  flues,  and  when  placed  one  above  the  other  the  hollow  bricks  fonii 
horizontal  flues,  and  in  both  cases  they  constitute  hollow  sides  of  the  central  mas- 
sive wall.  Longitudin.dly  the  walls  are  consolidated  by  means  of  suital'le  tie 
rods,  and  the  bricks  a  re  i)revented  from  sliding  transversely  by  the  bricks  fonniiig 
the  soles  and  arches  of  the  kilns  or  ovens.  The  said  bricks  may  also  be  comiected 
together  by  grooves  and  tongue  pieces  throughout  their  length. 

S87.905—Xovemb€r6,  1883.    FRANCOIS  CARVES.     Coke  oven. 

Claims,  in  a  closed  coke  oven  heated  by  external  firing,  the  combination  of  cok- 
ing chambers,  partition  walls,  horizontal  zigzag  flues  in  the  partition  walls,  com- 
municating at  their  upper  ends  with  flues  beneath  the  1  ed  of  the  oven  leading 
from  the  firing  place,  and  at  their  lower  ends  with  the  chimney,  so  that  the  hot 
combustion  gases  shall  p;isS  to  the  top  of  the  zigzag  flue  and  travel  downward 
therein  before  escaping  to  the  chimney. 

S88,S74— November  SO.  1883.     GEORGES  SEIBEL.     Coke  oven. 

This  invention  rel-ites  to  the  manufacture  of  coke  from  coal,  especially  from 
bituminous  coal,  and  is  based  on  the  f.iet  that  the  hydrocarbon  gases  produced 
by  the  distillation  of  coal,  and  passing  at  a  liigli  temperature  through  a  mass  of 
coal  which  is  beingconverled  into  coke,  y  ield  a  po  rt  ion  of  their  carl>on  to  the  spongy 
material  through  which  they  are  passing,  and  that  the  quantity  of  carbon  thus 
given  off  increases  with  the  thickness  of  the  coal  stratum  through  wiiich  the  said 
gases  are  filtered,  and  consists  of  a  peculiar  combination  of  tlues  and  tuyeres  in 
a  coke  oven,  which  disTienses  entirely  with  a  grate,  and  is  heated  by  tlie  gas  arising 
from  the  distillation  of  the  coal. 

S91.433— January  1,  1S8^.    IIEINRICH  STIER.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  generator,  and  coke  shafts,  of  channels,  ar- 
ranged in  front  of  and  surrountling  said  generator  and  c^ke  shafts,  said  channels 
bein?  composed  of  1. 1  vers  of  perforated  stone,  or  its  described  equivalent,  forhi-at- 
ing  I  lie  gas  or  air  used  for<-ombiistion;  ami  the  coml^ination  of  the  movable  slides 
or" registers  witli  tlie  entrance  and  exit  channels  of  the  e.ike  ch;Muln'rs.  s  lid  slu'es 
beiiu  arranged  substantially  as  shown,  whereby,  by  their  proper  adjustment, 
each  coke  chaml>er  may  be  utilized  as  such,  or  by  closing  the  passage  for  the  out- 
flowing products  of  distillation  and  connecting  the  coke  chamber  with  the  main 
gas  channel,  each  coke  chamber  may  be  utilized  as  a  generator. 

S93, 023— February  5,  I884.    ARTHUR  RICHARD  BALDWIN  HILTAWSKI. 

Coking  furnace . 

The  invention  consists  in  a  coking  furnace  constructed  with  a  series  of  coking 
chambers  for  n-ciiving  the  coal  to  be  ct>ked,  between  which  coking  eliaml>ers  gis 
chambers  are  arranged,  into  wiiieh  gas  is  passed  from  the  <-okin^,'  eliambers,  the 
said  gas  cliambers  being  provided  in  their  bottonis  with  openings  leading  lo  trans- 
vt-rse  channels  connecting  a  serica  of  b>ngiludinal  channels  below  the  gas  eh  im- 
bers,  so  that  the  gases  will  circulate  until  exhausted,  and  then  pass  oil'  through  a 
suitable  channel  leading  to  the  smokestack. 

502,171— July  15,  ISS^    HEINRICH  STIER.     Coke  oven. 

Channels  or  pipes  are  arranged  in  the  unpcr  part  of  the  apparatus  for  utilizing 
the  rai Hating  heat,  through  wiiieh  chaimols  or  pipes  air  and  water  are  forced,  and 
In  which  they  l)eeome  heated,  the  water  being  turned  into  steam.  The  airmay  be 
forced  in  vnuler  pn'ssure.  The  steam  is  serviceable  for  transformation  inio  «  afer 
gas.  wiiieh  transformation  can  be  accomplished  by  forcing  llie  steam,  eilheralone 
or  to'/ether  with  air,  into  the  coke  chamber.  For  this  purpose  theeoke  chambers 
may  be  providi-d  with  a  pipe  or  other  (tpenimr  le-idinj;  into  siiid  coke  (iminber. 
Thlsconstructl<)U  of  oven  may  thus  be  used  for  treat  itii;  bituminous  and  c.irbon- 
aceous  substances  for  obtainhig  heating  gases  and  products  of  disllllation. 

308,133— November  18.  I884.    FRANCOIS  CARVES.     Coke  oven. 

Cliiims,  in  combination  with  a  range  of  coke  ovens  heoterl  l>y  external  llring,  one 
or  nuiro  external  horizontal  smoke  flues  extending  along  the  range  of  ovens  with 
the  firing  places  of  which  it  or  they  comnuuiieate.  and  one  or  more  air  flues  ar- 
ranged alongside  of  the  sn\<\  smoke  ilui^s,  through  wiileli  air  flues  the  air  suj)ply  to 
the  said  flrliiK  placet  is  made  to  pass,  so  as  to  take  up  the  heat  given  oil  to  the 
walls  of  tlie  smoke  flues  by  the  coml)Ustion  gases. 

318,4%— May  ^-  '^S^-    HKNUY  M.  PIERCE.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  nokimc  oven  having  a  enklng  chamber,  a  combustion  cliaiubernrraiiged 
immedlftlely  under  the  coking  eh  nn be r  so  as  to  lieat  the  sami',  and  a  cent  nil  K">*- 
exit  flue  wiiieh  enunt'cis  the  upper  part  of  the  coking  eliamlier  with  the  eonil)Us- 
lion  chamber,  the  floor  of  the  coking  chamber  being  iufiuied  from  the  gas-exit 
Duo  to  the  disclnirge  doors  of  the  eoklng  chamber. 

330.73.'— November  17.  1S8S.     HKNUV  M.  TIERCE.     Furnace  for  the  mnnufac' 

ture  of  ioke. 

ChilniHa  battery  of  coke  ovenn  having  each  o  closed  coking  chamber  and  basal 
CO. iiiiustUm  chamber.  In  combination  wilh  a  leceivlnp  main  extending  along  and 
common  to  all  the  ovenii.  valved  liranch  pipes  joining  said  nuun  wilh  each  of  th'> 


I 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  COKE. 


561 


closed  chambpr8.  a  doMvory  main  parallel  to  the  receiving  main,  valvt-d  cross  pipes 
coniit'cting  the  two  mainw,  and  vulvcd  liruncU  pipes  connt'cliiig  the  delivery  main 
with  each  of  the  combustion  chambers. 

S38,006~March  SS.  ISSO.    JAMES  J.  McTIGlIE.    Apparatus  for  producing  hard 

carbon  jrom  hydrocarbon  vapor. 

Claims  an  apparatus  for  producing  coke  from  natural  gas,  comprising  in  com- 
bination fi  furnace  structure,  a  vented  retort  set  therein,  a  main  supply  gas  pipe, 
a  liranch  thereof  conununicating  with  said  retort,  and  a  second  branch  leading  to 
said  conibUHtion  chambtT. 

406,98G~July  16,  1889.    TIIEODOR  BAUEU.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  a  coke  ovon  having  a  series  of  radiiil  retorts  connected  by  ducts  with  a 
ceiilrtil  pii.s  coiidiiil ,  II n  jiniiuljir  (combustion  chaniber  proviiiiMJ  wilii  iiir  ituhiction 
Hues  nu<\  surroini'liiiK  sniii  ^ms  conduit,  Hues  e<.nn''etiiig  tlir  cmlr;!!  enndiiit  and 
the  uniiuljir  '■'iniliiislion  chain  her.  an<i  ii  centrjil  exit  pife  \\  illiiu  the  ^:i^  cunduit 
hiivinj,'  its  Inwer  iiid  connected  with  a  series  of  gas  outlet  cliaiinels  which  are  so 
jirnm^'ed  verliodly  between  two  series  of  horizontal  air  inlet  channels  that  the 
air  passing  throu^'h  said  air  inlet  channels  is  heated  by  spent  gases  passing  out 
of  said  vertical  pipe. 

i07,879'-July  50,  1889.    ADAM  WEBER.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  coke  chamber,  a  combustion  chamber  provided 
with  a  grate,  each  siile  wall  of  the  combustion  chamber  having  separate  series 
of  hoi'i/oiital  gas  heati?ig  flues,  gas  supply  pipes  connecting  with  the  front  end 
of  the  lowermost  pis  liejiting  Hue.  and  lateral  channels  connecting  the  uppermost 
gas  heating  lilies  \\  it  h  the  combustion  chamber,  and  means  for  supplying  air  to 
the  combustion  chaniber. 

409.081— August  IS.  1889.    ADAM  WEBER.     Coke  furnace. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  coking  chamber  formed  of  blocks  or  tiles,  a  mantel 
surrounding  the  coking  chamber,  lateral  brace  blocks  connecting  the  side  walls 
of  the  coking  cha  ml  ier  and  mantel,  and  lateral  plates  connecting  the  upper  corners 
of  the  coking  chamber  and  mantel,  said  plates  being  provided  with  front  and  rear 
openings,  and  sliding  dampers  for  regulating  the  size  of  said  openings. 

409.567— August  eo,  1889,    RICHARD  DE  SOLDENHOFE.    Apparatus  for  the 

manufacture  of  coke. 

Claims  tiie  combination,  with  two  or  more  coke  ovens  and  flues  under  said 
ovens,  of  an  incinerating  furnace  situated  lietween  said  ovens  and  consisting  of 
two  inclined  chambers  communicating  at  their  upper  ends.  Hues  connecting  the 
upper  portions  of  said  ovens  with  the  lower  ends  of  said  inclined  chambers,  and 
flues  under  said  inclined  chambers  connected  with  the  upper  ends  thereof  and 
with  the  flues  under  the  ovens. 

4-31, 583— February  18,  1890.    ISAAC  N.  KN'APP.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  in  a  stack  of  coke  ovens,  the  combination  of  the  ovens,  combustion 
chambers  situated  below  said  ovens,  chambers  situated  above  said  ovens,  flues 
connecting  the  chamlicrs  below  with  the  chambers  above,  a  gas  main  connecting 
with  the  ovens,  conduits  arranged  on  each  side  of  the  stack  connecting  with  the 
main  and  having  indei»eniient  stopcocks,  a  series  of  pipes  leading  from  conduits 
to  the  chambers  below,  reg'Tierators  coimected.  respectively,  with  the  chambers 
lielow  l.)y  openings,  chaini>ers  below  and  beside  the  grates  connecting  with  the 
regenerators,  an  air  chaml>er,  a  chamber  coimected  with  the  stack,  conduits  lead- 
ing from  the  said  four  chambers  to  a  valve  chamber,  a  four-way  valve  by  which 
thi^  air  chamber  can  be  connected  with  either  of  the  regenerators  and  the  stack 
with  the  other  regenerator  at  will,  and  a  stejim  pipe  having  branches  extending 
into  each  oven  and  opening  therein  through  numerous  orifices. 

430. 88:^^ September  S$,  1890.    CHARLES  N.  TRUMP.    Apparatus  for  making 

<oke  and  gas. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  gas  generator,  a  coke  oven,  a  regenerator,  a  cooler. 
a  scrubber,  and  gas  connections  extending  from  the  generator  through  the  regen- 
erator, cooler,  and  scrubber,  and  back  through  the  regenerator  to  the  furnace  of 
the  coke  oven. 

4^5.394— January  27,  1891.     EDWARD  T.  COX.    Apparatus  for  making  coke. 

Claims  a  coking  oven  provided  with  a  closed  chamber  with  perforations  in  the 
bottom  and  adapted  to  receive  the  coal,  a  bottom  channel  leading  to  a  receptacle 
for  the  liquid  products  Ijelow  said  bottom,  a  heating  casing  arranged  williin  the 
chamber  in  position  to  be  surrounded  by  the  coal,  and  means  for  introducing  a 
heating  medium  into  the  casing. 

451.488— May  5, 189U    FREDERICK  JOSIAH  JONES.    Apparatus  for  making 

(oke. 

Claims  the  apparatus  for  coking  coal  by  the  passage  through  it  of  the  gases  of 
combustion,  such  apparatus  consisting  in  the  combination  of  a  gas  producer,  a 
central  gas  combustion  chamber  in  comnmnication  with  the  producer  and  situ- 
ated I)etween  duplicate  sets  of  coking  chambers,  and  of  gas  collecting  chambers 
placed  at  the  other  sides  of  the  coking  chambers,  the  walls  separating  the  coking 
chambers  from  the  combustion  chamber  on  the  one  hancl  and  the  collecting 
chambc-r  on  the  other  hand  being  perforated  to  give  passage  to  the  gases,  the  two 
coking  charaliers  of  each  set  having  oppositely  inclined  floors,  heating  chambers 
beneath  the  floors,  and  inclined  ledges  or  shoulders  at  the  upper  part  of  the  side 
wails  of  the  coking  chambers. 

455.684— July  7,  1891.    WILHELM  FRITSCH.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  the  improvement  in  coke  ovens,  which  consists  in  a  plurality  of  vertical 
parallel  coking  chambers,  a  combustion  chamber  interposed  between  each  two 
coking  chambers,  an  air  heating  flue  arranged  immediately  under  the  sole  of  the 
combustion  chambers  and  provided  with  a  plurality  of  air"  escape  ports  of  difi^er- 
ent  area  opening  into  the  combustion  chamber  at  dilTerent  points,  a  damper  for 
the  air  port  of  greatest  area,  and  flues  for  the  escape  of  the  p  roducts  of  combus- 
tion interposed  between  the  air  heating  flues  immediately  under  the  sole  of  the 
coking  chambers  and  in  communication  with  the  combustion  chambers. 

477.?S6~-Jun€  2U  1S92.    JOHN  ARTHUR  YEADON  AND  WILLIAM  ADGIE. 

Retort  furnace. 

Claims  a  retort  furnace,  in  combination  with  a  retort  revolubly  mounted  in  the 
furnace,  the  interior  of  said  retort  being  provided  with  stirrer  blades  tapering 
or  diminishing  in  height  toward  the  discharge  end  of  the  retort. 

493.400— February  28.  189S.    GUSTAV  HOFFMANX.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  in  combin.ation  ovens  having  thecomljustlon  chambers  under  the  same, 
and  shafts  extending  about  them,  canals  at  the  top  of  said  shafts,  regenerators 
with  air  passages  leading  thereto,  gas  conduits  leading  from  the  ovens  and  ports 
connecting  the  same  with  the  canals  and  the  passages,  leading  directly  from  the 
regenerators  to  the  cinals  and  past  the  combustion  chambers. 


S00,684-July  4,  189S.    FRANZ  WESTERMANN.    Regenerative  coke  oven. 

Claims  in  combination,  two  series  of  coking  chambers  with  theirindependent 
combustion  passages,  pipes  for  supplying  gas  thereto,  two  regenerators  arranged 
side  by  side  and  intermediate  of  the  coking  chambers  and  extending  longitudi- 
nally from  end  to  end  of  the  series,  a  series  of  conduits  extending  from  the  regen- 
erators, respectively,  down  between  the  separ.iLed  passages,  and  having  lateral 
branches  connecting  the  conduits  with  the  passages  and  the  valves  in  the  said  lat- 
eral branches- 

6O4.548— September  S,  189S.    THEODOR  BAUER  AND  OEORG  MENDHEIM. 

Coke  and  carbonizing  oven. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  series  of  parallel  carbonizing  chambers,  combus- 
tion chambers  located  near  the  tops  of  the  carbonizing  chambers  and  at  the  outer 
ends  of  the  same,  air  hejiting  apparatus,  passages  leading  from  the  tops  of  the 
carl)oni7.ingchambrTs  to  the  combuslifin  chambers.  i)assages  leading  downward 
from  the  e<mibustinn  chambers  near  the  outer  ends  of  the  carbonizing  chambers, 
upward  Hues  passing  alon^  the  carbonizing  chambers  and  flues  placed  in  con- 
nection with  said  nj)ward  flues  and  conducting  to  the  air  hejiling  apparatus; 
said  air  heating  apparatus  I)eing  provided  with  vertical  downtakes  for  the  waste 
gases  connected  at  the  bottom  with  the  chinuiey.  and  also  provided  with  air  pas- 
sages arranged  to  compel  air  and  gas  to  travel  in  substantially  opposite  di:ec- 
tions,  inlets  for  atinosijheric  air  connected  to  the  bottoms  of  tlie  air  jaissuges,  and 
flues  connecting  the  tops  of  the  air  passages  with  the  combustion  chambers. 

6 10.448— December  12,  1895.     MARTIN  V.  SMITH.    Oven  for  the  manufacture  of 
coke. 

Claims  in  combination  with  an  outer  wall,  an  interior  oven  within,  a  series  of 
vertical  flues  between  the  wall  and  oven  and  encircling  the  latter,  an  annular  gas 
flue  arranged  horizontally  in  the  upper  part  of  the  outer  wall  and  in  connection 
with  the  vertical  flues  and  a  second  annular  horizontal  flue  for  the  air  with  pas- 
sages therefrom  to  the  vertical  flues,  gas  and  air  supply  pijics  connecting  with  the 
flues,  a  draft  stack  leading  from  the  base  and  passages  from  said  vertical  flues  to 
said  stack. 

511.974— January  S.  1S94.  ARCHIBALD  ROBERT  STRACHAN.  Coke  oven. 
Claims  in  a  cokingoven  having  a  chargingchutein  itstopandanexit  fluecom- 
municating  with  said  chute,  also  with  diving  flue  and  with  a  series  of  flues  beneath 
the  oven  floor  formed  by  the  cruciform  chaniber  inclr)sed  by  walls  connected  to 
the  oven  walls,  said  chamber  being  dividi  d  by  a  in;iin  partition  connected  to  the 
oven  wall  adjacent  tlie  said  tiiving  flue  and  exten<ling  near  the  opposite  side  of  the 
oven  and  also  divided  by  a  partition  transversi-  to  the  main  partition  and  termi- 
nating at  each  end  nejir  the  oven  wall,  said  flues  beneath  the  floor  communicating 
with  an  up-draft  chinmey  flue,  a  part  of  said  series  of  snbfloor  flues,  next  in  the 
course  of  escaping  products  to  the  coking  chaiiiber,  lieing  situated  adjacent  to 
others  more  remote  from  said  chamber  to  heat  said  more  remot(^  antl  relatively 
cooler  flues  by  conduction  through  the  intermediate  walls  and  thereby  quicken 
the  draft  therein. 

613.257— January  25, 1894.    THEODOR  BAUER.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  in  a  coke  oven  plant,  the  combination  of  a  series  of  horizontal  retorts, 
combustion  chambers  located  between  the  retorts  at  their  outer  ends  and  near 
the  tops  of  the  same,  a  series  of  vertical  flame  flues  on  the  sides  of  the  n*torts, 
air  heating  apparatus  located  beneath  the  retorts,  chamiels  for  leading  cold  air 
to  and  through  thi'  air  lu-ating  ajtparatus,  vertical  hot  air  flues  betwwn  the  llame 
flues  connected  with  the  cold  air  channels,  horizontal  chambers  la^lween  the 
combustion  chambers,  and  communicating  with  the  same  and  flues  leading 
from  the  flame  flues  to  and  through  the  air  heating  apparatus  and  from  the  latter 
to  the  chimney. 

516,184— March  15,  1894.     FRANZ  BRUNCK.     Coke  oven. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  essentially  increase  the  efl5ciency  of  the  wall 
heating.  In  ovens  having  double  separated  wall  heating  channel  systems  in  each 
partition  wall,  and  while  the  upper  horizontal  conm-cling  chamiels  were,  up  to 
the  present  time,  placed  above  the  top  of  the  oven  chamber,  these  channels  are 
by  this  inventor  placed  below  the  top  on  the  sides. 

557,872— April  23.  1895.    CHARLES  H.  VANNIER.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  a  coking  oven  having  a  dome-shaperi  top  and  flat  bottom,  a  series  of 
straight  horizontal  flues  arranged  t)eneath  the  bf»ttoni  and  communicating,  with 
a  common  transverse  flue. a  series  of  straight  vertical  flues  in  the  rcir  wab.each 
vertical  flue  having  direct  communication  with  two  of  said  horizontal  flues,  the 
inclined  flues  leathng  from  the  tops  of  the  vertical  flues  into  the  oven,  and  one  or 
more  inclined  air-passages  leading  into  each  vertical  flue. 

SSl.llS-December  10,  1895.    NILS  KARL  HERMAN  EKELUND.    Apparatus 

for  manufacturing  coal  powder  from  peat.  etc. 

Claims  in  a  coking  apparatus  for  manufacturing  coal  powder  of  peat,  sawdust, 
and  the  like,  the  combination  of  a  zigzag-shaped  drying  and  coking  conduit, 
provided  with  transport  screws  for  moving  the  mass,  a  heating  canal  extending 
beneath  and  along  said  conduit,  this  canal  conmiunicating  below  with  a  fireplace; 
a  compartment,  forming  a  part  of  the  conduit  and  situated  at  a  distance  from 
one  end  of  the  same,  feeding  rollers  situated  in  the  compartment,  and  a  damper 
ser\ing  to  regulate  the  feeding  so  as  to  maintain  the  compartment  filled  with 
the  mass,  whereby  the  conduit  is  di\idcd  into  two  divisions,  %iz,  one  upper 
division  for  the  drying  and  one  lower  division  for  the  coking. 

668,074— September  S9, 1896.    FRANK  L.  SLOCUM.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  a  longitudinally  extending  coke  oven  ha^ing  heating  flues  in  the  side 
walls  thereof  and  having  the  side  walls  between  the  coking  chamln-rs  and  flues 
formed  of  vertical  slabs  with  horizontally  and  inwardly  extending  flanges  above 
and  below  the  flues,  and  horizontal  tiles  forming  tile  plates  between  the  vertical 
slabs  extending  into  the  central  wall  beyond  the  slabs. 

568,075— September  22, 1896.    FRANK  L.  SLOCUM.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  a  bank  of  coke  ovens  having  longitudinally  extending  coking  chambers, 
combustion  and  heating  flues  in  the  bottom  and  side  walls  thereof,  and  a  series 
of  longitudinally  extending  waste  product  flues  and  air  heating  flues  aitemating 
with  each  other  and  filhng  the  space  under  the  coke  oven,  a  gas  producer  commu- 
nicating with  the  combustion  flue  of  the  coke  oven,  the  bottom  air  heating  flues 
of  said  series  leading  to  the  gas  producer,  and  the  other  air  heating  flues  passing 
between  the  waste  product  flues  and  opening  into  the  combustion  flue  under  the 
coking  chamber. 

682,491— Mai/  It.  1S97.    HUGO  STINNES.     Coke  furnace. 

Consists  in  building  up  the  coking  chamber  with  heating  flues  at  the  bottom 
and  at  the  sides  and  in  pro\iding  such  air  admitting  and  air  hejiting  flues  that  the 
best  utilization  of  the  heating  gas  is  obtained  and  that  the  flues  during  the  process 
may  be  controlled  and  inspected,  and  finally,  that  repairs  in  the  most  exposed 
parts  of  the  interior  of  flues  and  distilling  chamber  may  be  made  without  disturb- 
ing the  neighljoring  parts  in  the  furnace  and  in  the  flues  and  without  necessitat- 
ing the  pulling  down  of  other  parts  of  the  furnace. 


562 


MANUFACTURES. 


€07.4S7—Julr/  19,  1898.    LOUIS  J.  HIRT.     Colcing  oren. 

Claims  a  coking  oven  comprising  a  retort,  a  series  of  substantially  horizontal 
flues  arranged  one  above  the  other  on  opposite  sides  of  the  retort  and  extended 
substantiallv  the  length  of  the  retort  to  form  a  continuous  passage  for  the  heat 
from  end  to  end  of  the  retort,  vertical  flues  communicating  with  saiii  horizontal 
flues  at  the  opposite  ends  of  the  same,  substantially  horizontal  flues  communi- 
cating with  the  end  flues  and  extended  tielow  the  solo  of  the  retort  toward  its 
center,  and  regenerators  connected  to  said  sole-heating  flues. 

613,709— December  JS.  1898.     ALBERT  HUSSEXER  AND  LOUIS  HOLBECK 

AND  JOSEPH  KIRSCHFINK.     Horizontal  coke  oven. 

Claims  in  horizontal  coke  ovens  for  recovering  by-products  having  partition 
walls  between  the  coking  chambers  and  a  separate  system  of  zigzitg  flues  at 
either  side  of  each  of  the  said  chambers,  the  combination  of  a  duplex  subsole 
flue  having  each  of  its  members  separately  and  independently  communicating 
with  one  of  the  said  lateral  flue  r-ystems,  each  of  these  members  being  connected 
to  one  uptake  of  each  side  wall  fl  le  system  and  of  a  series  of  auxiliary  air  chan- 
nels lying  between  the  lowest  waste  heat  flues  in  the  lowest  part  of  the  founda- 
tion of  the  oven,  extending  with  both  ends  through  the  front  walls  of  the  ovens — 
one  end  of  these  channels  leading  to  the  open  air  for  the  reception  of  cold  air 
and  the  other  end  communicating  with  the  pipes  for  leading  the  heated  air 
to  the  gas  supply— entering  the  heating  flues  for  the  purpose  of  combustion 
therewith. 

6Si,17S-~May  2,  1899.    ALBERT  CAMPBELL.     Fuel, 

Claims  an  improved  fuel,  consisting  of  coke,  the  lumps  or  pieces  of  which  have 
smooth  external  surfaces. 

637,043— June  IS,  1899.    JOHN  BOWING.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for  coking. 

Claim.s  the  process  of  coking  refractory  coal,  which  consists  in  placing  the  coal 
in  a  finely  di^•ided  and  wet  condition  In  a  closed  retort,  raising  the  temperature 
rapidly  until  the  coking  temperature  is  reached,  and  maintaining  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  coal  without  fluctuations  until  the  coking  is  complete,  and  conducting 
the  gases  produced  during  the  coking  of  the  coal  to  the  coal  to  be  afterwards  acted 
upon,  to  enrich  it;  and, 

A  coking  oven  provided  with  a  vertical  retort  of  metal,  a  muflle  of  nonheat- 
conducting  material  surroimding  said  retort  for  protecting  the  same,  but  sepa- 
rated therefrom  by  an  intervening  annular  space,  a  circular  flue  surrounding 
said  muffle  and  passages  for  conducting  the  products  of  combustion  to  the  flue, 
the  combined  sectional  area  of  said  passages  Vieing  equal  to  the  sectional  area  of 
said  flue,  whereby  fluctuations  in  the  temperature  of  the  retort  and  contents  are 
prevented. 

632.116— August  29,  1899.     LOUIS  J.  HIRT.     Coking  oven. 

Claims  the  combination  with  a  coking  oven  provided  with  a  series  of  retorts 
having  a  series  of  heating  flues,  of  generators  located  on  substantially  the  same 
level  as  the  coking  oven  and  provided  with  outlet  pipes  or  flues  extended  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  coking  oven  and  communicating  with  the  heating  flues, 
and  gas  supply  pipes  extended  on  opposite  sides  of  the  coking  oven  and  com- 
municating with  said  heating  flues. 

644.309— February  S7,  1900.    FREDERIC  W.  C.  SCHNIEWIND.    Regenerative 

coke  ovfn. 

Claims  in  combination  with  a  bank  of  coke  ovens  having  regenerators  for  pre- 
heating the  air  and  to  support  combustion  by  the  waste  heat  of  the  furnaces 
used  for  heating  the  ovens,  a  system  of  cooling  flues  situated  in  the  masonry 
beneith  the  ovens  and  furnaces,  a  collecting  fan  for  drawing  air  through  said 
flues,  and  a  discharge  conduit  from  said  fan  connecting  with  the  air-supply  pipes 
leading  to  the  regenerators. 

649,450— Afay  15,  1900.    GUSTAV  HILGENSTOCK.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  in  combination  with  a  series  of  horizontal  externally  heated  coke  ovens 
arramred  side  by  side  and  having  heating  flues  arranged  in  their  partition  walls 
and  discharging  openings  at  their  ends,  a  series  of  parallel  tunnels,  of  size  suffi- 
ci'-nt  to  [xTinit  the  passage  of  a  man,  arranf;*'d  beneath  the  ovens  and  heating 
flues  and  parallel  with  the  ovens,  gas  conduits  running  throu2;h  and  accrssibly 
situated  in  s-tid  tunnels  and  a  series  of  bumer  pipes  extending  from  different 
points  along  the  length  of  each  of  said  conduits  into  the  heating  flues. 

649,483— ^fay  15.  1900.    OTTOMAR  RUPPERT.     Fxternally  heated  coke  oven. 

Claims  in  combination  with  a  series  of  horizontal  coke  ovens  arranged  to 
receive  heat  throus;h  their  walls  and  for  the  saving  of  by-products,  two  sf  parato 
an'l  rr'hitively  independent  combustion  chamlxrs  situated  one  above  the  other 
b  -tween  th*^'  walls  of  adjacent  ovens,  separate  air  and  gas  supjilies  entering  each 
Co  nbustifin  charntwr  and  a  common  flue  system  also  situated  between  the  adja- 
cent ovens  connected  with  but  not  passing  through  the  combustion  chambers. 

654.01'}— July  17,  1907.    ROBERT  E.  LAUCK.    Retort  furnace. 

Claims  in  a  retort  furnace,  a  retort  having  its  fmnt  end  projecting  through 
the  furnace  wall,  and  comprising  a  casing  having  an  Inlet  port  near  one  end  and 
an  outlet  port  at  the  other,  and  provided  with  an  intenifil  comb,  a  perfurnteil 
partition  at  the  front  end  of  the  comb  mid  furnice,  a  nonconductor  of  hejit  filling 
the  casing  forward  of  the  partition,  and  a  shaft  journiiir-d  in  the  casing  and 
ext*'nding  through  the  partition  and  provided  with  a  skeleton  spiral  conveyor, 
the  tooth  of  which  pass  ixstwccn  those  of  tho  comb. 

654.S07~July  24.  1901.     EVENCE  COPPfeE.     Coke  oven. 

The  objfct  of  this  invention  Is  to  provide  an  oven  in  which  the  gases  mav  bo 
Introdur-ed  Into  the  lower  parts  thiTcof  and  principally  under  the  bottom  o{  the 
ovrn  chamtxT.  so  that  the  greatest  hr-at  may  Ik*  prnrlueed  in  these  lower  parts 
and  the  h»*al  In  the  upp<T  parts  will  not  1)0  great  ennui;h  tr)  decompose  tin-  light 
oll.i  which  are  evolved  from  the  roal  In  the  oven.  It  also  aims  to  distribute  the 
Inh'ts  for  the  gant-s  and  air,  so  ns  to  have  unlfr»rm  hejit  in  tin-  niiiidle  and  iit  tlie 
finds  of  the  ovt-n.  and  to  provide  means  for  dividing  nnd  cniitrnlling  the  dritft  in 
thn  (lueji  of  the  oven  and  to  He(mral<>lv  n-gulato  the  draft  of  tln'  gasi-s  uti'l  of  ihn 
ftir  Introduced  at  the  fronl  and  at  the  back  of  the  oven  Into  these  flues,  and 
tho  Invinitor  claims  a  particular  arrangement  of  chambers,  oixmings.  and  flues. 

e5€,H9S~Augu8te8,  1000.    JEANNOT  W.  KENEVEL.    Appnralu$  for  treating 
COfil  and  orrn. 

'  'he  kind  descrlt-ed.  tho  combination  of  a  horlzon- 

Ncann  for  charciiig  find  discharging  the  sanie.  a 

n,,.  r-t'.rt,  fl  Mutinfantially  vertical  flue  conuniml- 

I  urningf'd  at  the  side  of  the  n-tort  for 

;  flue  lr>rHled  nrljaecnt  s  dd  ri-tort  nn<l 

,    '■>   means  of  a  return  (lur-  witli  said 

nr  i'i[>*   in  hmi-i  horizontjil  fluc.  and  eonuretinn  from 


CInl  -  -    - 

tnlh 
corn' 

ratbiL;  •■•.  II  n  in-'  • 
hi'allnK  the  nnuv 
cornbuitlon  chut:, 
vertical  flu*,  a  rI'jimi  imm 
tho  some  Into  th«»  r-torl. 


659.046— October  S.  1900.    CHRISTOPHER  G.  ATWATER.     Coking  oven. 

Claims  in  a  coke  oven,  a  coking  space  shaped  like  a  truncnted  wedge,  base 
upward,  horizontal  fire  brick  passages  tmder  each  other  fitted  to  the  sides  of 
said  wedge,  so  as  to  widen  downward  in  proportion  as  the  coking  space  narrows, 
and  burners  for  introducing  gas  into  said  passages  at  intervals. 

66S,6S8—Decemb€r  11.  1900.     HEINRICH  POETTER.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  the  combination  of  coke  oven,  heatingchamber.  partitions  in  the  heat- 
ing chamber,  nozzles  in  the  top  of  chamber  above  partitions,  gas  pipe  communi- 
cating with  the  nozzles,  means  for  supplying  gas  to  both  ends  of  pipe,  an  air 
chamber  above  the  oven,  and  air  passages  beside  the  nozzles  and  inchnt  d  toward 
each  other,  so  that  the  air  and  gas  currents  meet  and  conmiingle above  partitions. 

668, 2?5— February  19.  1901.     FREDERIC  W.  C.  SCHNIEWIND.    Apparatus  for 

manufacturing  gas. 

Claims  the  combination  with  a  multiple  series  of  carbonizing  chambers  and  a 
common  gas  collecting  main  receiving  gas  therefrom,  of  gas  furnaces  arranged 
to  heat  the  carbonizing  chamliers.  a  gas  purifying  plant  connected  to  the  com- 
mon collecting  main  and  a  gas  conduit  leading  from  the  purifying  plant  to  the 
gas  furnaces  and  inclosing  the  gas  collecting  main  aforesaid,  whereby  the  gas 
coming  from  the  carbonizing  chambers  is  cooled  in  tho  collecting  main,  then 
purified,  then  reheated,  and  then  burned  in  the  furnaces. 

668,402— February  19.  1901.    PORT  B.  ELKINS.     Coking  furnace. 

Claims  a  coking  furnace  of  heating  walls  suitably  spaced  with  reference  to  the 
formation  of  coking  cliambers  between  adjacent  walls,  each  wall  for  its  entire  , 

length,  orappro.ximately  so.  being  provided  with  twoseriesof  vertical  flues  and         ' 
with  two  horizontal  flues,  each  connected  with  the  upper  ends  of  one  series  of 
vertical  flues,  and  two  combustion  chambers,  each  connected  to  the  lower  ends 
of  one-half,  more  or  less,  of  both  series  of  vertical  flues. 

673,928- May  14.1901.     FREDERIC   WILLIAM   CHARLES   SCHNIEWIND. 

Regenerative  coke  oven. 

Claims  a  series  of  coke  ovens  with  heating  flues  situated  between  adjacent 
ovens  built  up  rf  masonry  supported  above  the  ground  on  metiil  columns  in 
combination  with  a  pair  of  regenerators  connected  with  the  heating  flues  cf  the- 
ovens,  said  regenerators  being  situated  beneath  the  ovens  and  supported  on 
the  ground  independently  of  the  colunms. 

679.749— August  6,  1901.    LOUIS  J.  HIRT.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  in  a  coking  oven,  the  combination  with  a  vertically  arrnnged  oven  pro- 
vided with  vertically  arranged  partition  walls  separating  the  said  oven  into  a 
series  of  chambers  which  communicate  at  their  upper  ends  with  a  common  pas- 
sage extended  across  the  tops  of  siud  chambers,  a  fuel  inlet  for  said  chaml.iers, 
and  a  coke  outlet  for  srid  chambers  at  their  lower  ends,  substanti  illy  horizontal 
superimposed  flues  in  the  opposite  side  walls  of  said  oven  connected  at  their  oppo- 
site ends  to  form  a  continuous  passage,  which  communicates  with  the  atmos- 
phere at  the  lower  end  of  said  passage,  a  g:is  inlet  communicating  with  the  said 
flues  at  an  intermediate  point  and  with  the  gas  outlet  for  said  oven,  and  means 
to  control  the  communication  of  said  gas  inlet  with  said  gas  outlet. 

682,441— September  10.   1901.     SAMUEL  T.  WELLMAN  AND  CHARLES  H. 

WELLMAN.     Coke  oven. 

This  invention  is  based  upon  the  discovery  that  mngnesite  or  carbonate  of 
magnesin  (calcined)  made  into  bricks  has  a  very  much  higher  conductivity  as  a 
carrier  of  heat  than  either  chiy  or  silica  bricks,  having  on  an  avemge  about  twice 
the  conductivity  of  either  of  the  latter.  This  would  be  a  particularly  desirable 
material  from  which  to  form  the  walls  of  retort  coke  ovens;  but,  unfnrtunntely. 
these  bricks  when  heated  to  a  high  temperature  have  little  strength,  will  not 
carry  much  weight,  and  under  the  influence  of  high  temperature  are  apt  to  shrink 
considerably.  Consequently,  if  the  inner  walls  of  the  ovens  were  fonned  entirely 
of  this  material,  the  oven  would  soon  get  out  of  shape,  the  gases  would  leak 
through  the  walls,  and  in  a  short  time  the  ovens  would  be  of  such  shape  tluit  Ihey 
could  not  be  used  at  all.  To  obviate  the  objections  due  to  its  shrinkage  and 
inferior  strength  when  heated,  bricks  made  of  magnosite  or  mMgiiesi;i  ore  em- 
ployed in  conjunction  with  clny  or  silica  bricks,  or  bricks  formed  of  u  mixture  of 
maguesite  or  magnesia  with  clay  or  silica  are  used. 

705, 4.'fG'- July  2'i.  1902.     MATHEW  E.  ROTHBERG.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  in  adjacent  coking  ovens,  a  hollow  longitudinnl  wall  separating  the 
oven  chaml>ers.  and  longitudinal  deflecting  partitions  forming  heating  or  com- 
bustion flues  in  the  cavity  or  chamber  of  said  wall,  and  a  verticiil  hot-air  flue 
at  the  outer  ends  of  snidcombustion  flues,  the  inner  wall  of  which  air  flue  is 
pierced  for  passage  of  air  to  the  combustion  flues. 

711.268-Octobcr   I4,  1902.     JOHN   F.  WILCOX    AND   DIETRICH  E.  WAG- 

ENER.     Retort  coke  oven. 

Claims  the  combination  of  by-product  retort  coking  ovens  heated  by  gas  in 
thr-  presence  of  ln-ated  air,  a  hot'-air  intake  flue  exten<iing  transversrly  above  the 
ovens  and  ])rovided  with  lateral  branches  lying  over  the  ()vens.  and  cr.nibustion 
chambers  contiguous  to  tho  upiM^r  part  of  the  oven,  whereby  the  expansiiui  due 
to  heat  in  tho  flue  and  chamber  may  take  place  without  injury  to  the  retorts. 

718.027— Janizary  G.  1903.    MATHEW  E.  ROTIIBERO.     Coke  oven. 

In  adjacent  coke  ovens,  a  hollow  bottom,  partitions  In  the  cavity  of  snid  bot- 
tom anrl  forming  transverse  reverting  combust icm  flues,  a  hollow  wjill  sepuriitlng 
the  oven  ehnmbers,  a  transverse  partition  dividing  the  cavity  of  stiid  wnll  into 
two  C(unp:irtments.  partitions  forming,'  hm^il  udiiiiil  reverting  comluislion  flui'S 
in  H'lid  er)mpartnieniH.  a  reverting  hot-nir  flue  lending  to  .sold  transverNi-  flues,  a 
imrizontnl  dnifl  Hue.  a  hot-air  ehinnbi-r  surnnnHiing  siiid  draft  flue,  a  hot-air 
Ipecomnmniciiting  with  sal'l  revrrliuK  hot-iiir  flue.  Jind  with  an  id  hot-iiirchitin- 
Hfild  hiMKlt  udirml  combustion  Ibn'w  com  tin  mien  ting  at  one  end  thereof  with 
sulci  tran.sverse  flties.  and  at  the  other  end  thereof  with  the  draft  flue. 

720.071— February  17.  190.H.     MATITEW  E.  ROTHBERG.     Coke  oven. 

Cltiims  In  adjacent  open-end  coking  ovi-ns,  a  hoUnw  longitudinnl  wall  separat- 
ing the  oven  eharntiiTs.  longitudinnl  delheiing  j)iirtitions  forming  n-verting 
eoinbusllon  fliK'S  In  the  cnvllv  or  ehninber  of  Hiild  wnll.  iillernnte  pnrtitbuui 
hiiving  oi)enln\'H  thircthmu^h  tormina  short -eireuit  ing  passiiges  eonneeling  M-ld 
flues,  nnrl  provided  with  sliding  valves,  the  n\en  wnll  hnvlngan  opening  adjaci  nt 
to  each  such  valve,  and  i)lugs  for  dosing  such  ojH'nlngs. 

7t5.74H— April  SJ,  1903.    EDWIN  A.  MOORE.     Foundation  or  substructure  for 
coke  ovrn. 

Claims  a  foimdntlon  or  substructure  for  coke  ovens,  cotnprlslnga  floor,  girders 
and  Joists  of  mctnl  euibcddrd  In  conerete.  nu'l  colutTUis  of  ef>nerete,  In  comhi- 
nation  with  mctnllie  tie  rods  hetween  the  girders  and  the  cnhitnjis. 

■!Sf,,y  40  ~  April  21,  1903.     EDWIN  A.  MOORE.     Mr  una  for  protecting  cokeovtns 
Claims  a  cok"  oven  hoving  Its  sidi'S  Incused  In  metnllie  sictions  provh'ed 
with  recogBOS  1p  t»>p  rear  sides  thereof,  and  hcat-nonconrluellng  material  In  snhl 
recossoi. 


t 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  COKE. 


563 


7S1.088~'June  16,  190S.     MAHLON  UPDiKE.     nrOrt  coke  oven. 

Claims  in  an  appiiratiis  ol  the  kind  dcserihcd,  ii  closed  ri;tort  provldt^d  with 
means  for  conducting  tlu;  guacs  and  vapors  therofrom  and  means  for  charging 
and  dischiirging  tlur  satnc,  and  having  side  wails  composed  of  sectional  (lue- 
tiling,  the  openings  through  wliich  form  oiJiiosifi'ly  arrangod  continuous  yerpen- 
tine  flues  for  eonduetiug  the  prniliicts  of  eniiiliiislinn  in  el()se  proximity  to  the 
retort,  a  main  llui;  eoimic)  mg  with  the  inuiT  ends  of  said  lluis.  and  a  combustion 
chamber  eotuncting  with  tlio  outer  ends  of  the  same,  in  conibination  with  a 
burner  arm nged  in  said  combustion  chamlter  and  constructed  to  drive  the  prod- 
ucts of  combustion  into  and  thnjugh  said  flues. 

731,950— Ju7ie  23,  1903.    JOHN  A.  POTTER.     Coke  oven  and  gas  producer. 

Claims  a  coke  and  gas  producer  of  vertical  atac^k  form  arranged  to  contain  a 
vertical  charge,  regenerative  flues  around  its  lower  portion  hax'ing  gaseous  inlets 
and  arranged  to  he;i.t  said  gases,  a  gas  olTtake.  at  the  upper  I'lid  of  the  producer 
and  mechanism  at  the  Itottom  of  the  producer  arranged  to  shear  oil  and  discharge 
successive  portions  of  the  charge. 

738,918— September  16,  1903.  HEINRICH  KOPPERS.  Regenerative  coke  oven. 
Claims  improvement  in  regenerative  coke  ovens  comprising,  in  combination 
with  the  usual  coking  chamliers  and  the  heating  flues,  gas  regenerators  and  air 
regenerators  below  said  coking  eliaml)ers  and  lieating  flues,  gas  distril)Uting 
channels  below  the  bottom  of  the  heating  flu<'s,  air  distributing  channels  below 
the  ovens  and  with  which  the  air  regenerators  coimnuuicate,  covering  arches 
above  the  heating  flues,  vertical  borings  in  the  bottom  of  the  heating  flues  placed 
perpendicularly  below  the  openings  in  the  covering  arches  of  the  heating  flues, 
said  vertical  borings  communicating  with  the  gas  distributing  channels,  remov- 
able nozzles  in  said  borings,  r* cesses  in  the  side  walls  of  the  heating  flues  close 
to  the  bottom  of  the  same,  horizontal  borings  in  the  side  walls  of  the  air  channels 
conni'cting  the  same  with  the  recesses  in  the  side  walls  of  the  heating  flues,  noz- 
zles in  siiid  horizontal  borings,  openings  in  the  top  wall  of  the  oven  above  the 
gas  channels  at  the  upper  end  of  the  heating  flues  and  removable  cover  plates 
closing  said  openings  in  the  top  wall  of  the  oven. 

76SJ40— February  23,  1904.    HEINRICH  KOPPERS.    Coke  oven. 

Cliiims  a  coke  oven  comprisuig  in  combination  with  the  usual  coking  chambers 
and  the  heatuig  flues,  provided  with  nozzles  at  the  bottom  for  the  admission  of  a 
vertically  ascending  gas  column,  inclined  channels  conne(!ttng  the  air  conduits 
with  the  base  part  of  the  heating  flues,  the  inelinution  being  out  of  line  with  tlie 
ascending  gas  column  in  order  to  leave  it  undisturbed  and  to  circulate  around  it. 

754,4o9~March  15, 1904.    ANTHONY  C.  KLOMAN.    Eetort  for  making  gas  and 

coke. 

Claims  a  coke  retort  chamber  having  means  for  applying  heat  thereto,  said 
chamber  having  a  bottom  inclined  in  both  directions  from  a  middle  angular  ridge 
and  discharge  openmgs  at  the  ends  of  said  inclined  bottoms,  the  tops  of  said 
openings  extending  to  a  level  above  the  ridge,  and  doors  closing  said  dit.charge 
openmgs. 

761,789— June  7,  1904.    CARL  SCHROETTER.    Coke  oven. 

This  invention  relates  to  improvements  in  coke  ovens  of  that  general  type 
wherein  the  oven  comnrises  within  a  single  external  housing  or  casing  a  series  oi 
similarly  arranged  and  equipped  retorts  adapted  to  treat  independent  quantities 
of  coal  sui)plied  thereto,  the  several  retorts  being  adapted  to  efl'ect  the  coking 
action  solely  through  the  application  of  external  heat,  the  coking  action  not 
being  dependent  upon  heat  furnished  by  combustion  within  the  retorts;  and, 

Tlie  inventor  claims  in  a  coke  retort  "of  the  elianuter  specified  the  top  and  side 
■walls  whereof  are  formed  with  an  intermeliaie  etieikerwork  through  which  the 
burning  fuel  and  hot  products  of  combustion  are  circulated,  the  combination  with 
a  combustion  chamber  directly  beneath  the  sole  of  the  retort,  of  means  for  intro- 
ducing fuel  with  air  under  pressure  to  support  combustion  directly  into  the  com- 
bustion chamber  and  other  means  for  introducing  fuel  with  air  under  pressure  to 
support  combustion  directly  into  the  checkerwork  of  the  side  wafls. 

766. 89S— August  9,  1904.     HEINRICH  POETTER.     Horizontal  coke  oven. 

According  to  this  invention  the  heating  gases  are  conducted  simultaneously 
from  both  oven  crowns  below  on  each  side  by  a  lateral  piping  and  two  branched- 
off  gas  pipes  or  more  into  two  or  several  gas  divi.iing  ports,  which  are  disposed 
below  eacn  other,  so  as  to  be  mutually  quite  indei.endent.  From  said  gas  divid- 
ing ports  the  heating  gases  pass  through  vertical  nozzles  in  the  heatmg  or  com- 
bustion ports,  in  which  they  become  mixeii  with  strongly  heated  air  and  are  then 
burned,  whereby  said  gases  during  their  asccn<i<m  lieat  one-fourth  or  less  of  the 
oven  wafl.  Owing  to  this  division  or  distribution  of  the  heating  gases  into  two 
or  several  spaces  which  are  completely  separated  or  independent  from  each  other, 
the  result  is  obtained  that  said  gases  flow  out  from  aU  nozzles  with  the  same  pres- 
sure, so  that  all  the  combustion  ports  are  uniformly  heated. 

769,53t~September  6,   1904.    EWALD  BREMER.    Oven  for  coking  peat  with 

recovery  of  by-products. 

Claims  an  oven  for  coking  peat,  comprising  a  vertically  disposed  retort,  a  pre- 
liminary drier  on  the  upper  end  of  the  retort,  adapted  to  discharge  itscontents  into 
the  retort,  a  cooling  or  condensing  box  at  the  lower  end  of  tiie  said  retort,  for 
receiving  the  coked  peat  from  the  retort,  a  vertieiilly  arranged  collecting  cham- 
ber in  the  wall  of  the  retort  and  in  communication  therewith,  for  collecting  the 
^ases  arising  in  the  retort,  a  gas  receiver  eonuniuiiealing  with  the  upper  end  of 
the  collecting  chamber,  and  a  combustion  chamber  in  the  wall  of  the  retort  for 
burning  the  said  gases  after  they  are  regenerated  and  mixed  with  air. 

770,151— September  IS,  1904.     THEODOR  BAUER.     Coke  oven. 

Claims  in  a  battery  of  adjacent  coke  ovens,  the  combination  with  a  plurality  of 
ovens,  of  a  plurality  of  heating  chambers,  two  on  both  sides  of  each  oven,  each 
di^dded  by  partitions  into  a  plurality  of  groups  of  vertical  flues,  a  plurality  of 
air-heating  chambers,  one  between  two  adjacent  heating  chambers  and  one  on  the 
side  of  the  external  heating  chambers  of  ttie  end  ovens,  each  divided  by  partitions 
into  a  plurality  of  groups  of  vertical  channels  which  communicate  with  the  atmos- 


phere by  openings  and  with  the  flues  of  the  adjacent  heating  chambers  by  boles, 

three  main  mixing  channei?-  jijaced  in  the  longitudinal  direction  of  the  battery 
above  the  ovens  and  the  healing  chambers  and  communicating  therewith,  means 
for  closing  and  opening  the  three  main  mixing  channels  to  the  ovens  and  the  heat- 
ing chambers,  means  for  arbitrarily  exhausting  the  gases  from  the  ovens,  a  con- 
densing apparatus  for  jmrifying  the  exhausted  gascH.  three  lubes  with  branches 
lor  conducting  a  part  of  thepuniied  gases  from  the  condensing  apparatus  to  the 
three  main  mixing  channels,  a  steam  source,  means  for  injecting  the  purified 
gases  from  the  l)ranches  of  the  three  tubes  by  means  of  steam  from  the  steam 
Hourceinto  the  three  main  mixing  channels,  a  plurality  of  horizontal  heating  flues, 
one  I  eneath  each  oven  and  divi<ied  by  one  partitir>n  into  halvcswliich  communi- 
cate with  the  last  flues  of  the  a<ijacent  vertical  heating  chambers  by  slots,  a  plu- 
rality of  horizontal  cooling  channels,  one  beneath  each  horizontal  heating  flue 
and  divided  by  jmrtitions  into  several  parts  which  communicate  by  holes  with 
one  adjacent  air-hea ting  chain  ber  f(»r  prellrrunarily  heating  the  air,  two  main  col- 
lecting flues  placed  along  the  two  lom,'itudinal  battery  siUes  and  leading  to  boil- 
ers or  the  like  and  to  a  chimney,  u  plurality  of  de-ce'nding  flues  connecting  the 
horizontal  heating  flues  with  the  nuiin  collecting  flues,  u  plurality  of  communi- 
cating channels  connecting  the  tJirw  main  mixing  chamiels  with  each  other,  a 
plurality  of  descending  channels  connecting  the  conununieating  channels  with 
the  two  main  collecting  flues,  and  means  for  regulating  the  escape  of  any  excess 
of  gases  or  mixture  from  the  main  mixing  channels  to  the  main  collecting  flues. 

7S?,.?50— February  14,  1005.    CLYDE  S.  MA.SON.     lietort  coke  oven. 

( iaims  in  a  retort  coking  oven,  the  combination  of  a  scries  of  horizontal  retort 
ovens,  combustion  chamtjiirs  below  the  same,  vertical  heating  flues  arranged 
between  adjacent  ovens  an<l  comnnmicating  at  their  lower  ends  with  the  combus- 
tion chambers,  and  a  pluralitv  of  horizontal  flues  between  adjac(;nt  ovens,  one  oi 
siiid  Hues  communicating  with  the  upper  ends  of  tiie  vertical  flues  and  another  of 
said  flues  extending  from  side  to  side  of  the  series  of  ovens,  the  wall  or  walls  syja- 
ra  i  ing  said  horizontal  flues  being  provided  with  openings  for  equalizing  the  flow 
of  the  gases. 

793.360— June  27,  1905.    MARTIN  ZIEGLER.    Kiln  for  coking  peat  or  Hmilar 
material. 

Claims  a  furnace  for  coking  peat  and  the  like  having  an  upright  retort  of  oval  or 
elongated  form  in  cross  yeclion  and  superposed  j)artitions  arranged  near  to  the 
end  walls  in  the  interior  of  the  retort,  each  partition  being  situat^  nearer  to  the 
end  wall  of  the  retort  than  the  one  above  it,  in  such  a  manner  that  openings  are 
formed  between  the  partitions. 

794,662— July  11,  1905.    EVKXCE  COPPEE.    Coke  oven. 

Claims  in  combination  with  a  series  of  horizontal  externally  heated  coke  ovens, 
which  can  be  worked  with  or  without  recovery  of  by-products,  and  having  walls 
constructed  similarly  in  the  front  and  rear  of  the  ovens,  gas  return  passages 
beneath  the  ovens  distributing  the  mixture  of  gas  and  air  arriving  from  the  walls 
of  two  contiguous  ovens,  in  variable  and  adjustable  proportions  according  to  the 
necessities  of  the  working,  one  part  under  the  floor  of  one  of  said  ovens  and  the 
other  part  under  the  floor  of  the  neighboring  oven. 

797,70s— AuquH  e2,  1905.     FRANZ  PALLENBERG  AND  FRIEDRICH  WIL- 

HELM  SANDMANN.     Coking  oven. 

Claims  in  a  coking  oven  the  combination  of  vertical  flues,  gas  distributing  chan- 
nels lieneath  the  said  flues,  jets  for  feeding  gas  to  the  said  flues,  passages  parallel 
to  the  gas  distributing  channels,  means  adjustable  from  said  pas>ages  for  intro- 
ducing air  into  the  flues,  openings  connecting  the  said  flues  and  passages  and  ren- 
dering the  said  jets  accessible,  and  means  for  closing  the  said  openings. 

79S. 086— August  29,  1905.     GUSTAV  WOLTEKS.     Coking  furnace. 

Ciamis  in  a  coking  oven,  having  a  series  of  alternately  operated  regenerators  and 
alternately  operated  gas  feeds,  the  combination  of  a  series  of  chamoers  formed  in 
the  oven  walls  and  means  for  alternately  feeding  live  gas  and  air  to  certain  of  these 
chambers  in  each  wall,  means  for  feeding  the  gases  of  combustion  to  the  interme- 
diate chambers  of  the  same  wall,  to  which  said  chambers  the  hve  gas  was  not  fed, 
and  means  for  simultaneously  withdrawing  waste  gas  from  the  latter  chambers 
and  vice  versa. 

804.053— November  7,  1905.    MATHEW  E.  ROTHBERG.    Coke  oven. 

Claims  a  coking  oven  having  in  combination  a  series  of  adjacent  coking  cham- 
bers, reverting  beating  flues  in  the  side  wafls  of  the  coking  chambers,  a  transverse 
stack  draft  flue  in  the  foundation  at  one  end  of  said  heating  Mues.  vertical  ofl'-gas 
flues  connect  ing  said  stack  draft  flue  with  said  heating  flues,  a  transverse  air  sup- 
ply flue  in  the  foimdation  parallel  to  said  stack  draft  flue  and  at  the  other  end  of 
said  heating  flues,  and  com  bustion  chambers  under  the  ovens  and  having  connec- 
tion \nth  said  air  supply  flue. 

S04.054-~November  7,  1905.    MATHEW  E.  ROTHBERG.    Coke  oven. 

Claims  in  double  front  coke  ovens,  the  combination  of  hollow  longitudinal  waUs 
ha^-ing  each  a  median  transverse  partition,  a  set  of  vertical  updraft  heating  flues 
and  a  set  of  vertical  downdraft  heating  flues  upon  each  side  of  said  partition  and 
extending  from  front  to  middle  of  the  ovens,  a  chamber  above  ea*-h  double  set  of 
said  heatingfiuesandinto  which  they  open,  said  chamber  extending  from  front  to 
middle  of  the  ovens,  combustion  chambers  under  the  ovens  having  communication 
with  said  updraft  heating  flues,  a  common  central  oiT-gas  flue  in  the  foundation 
having  connection  with  the  downdraft  heating  (lues,  and  air  passages  in  the  foun- 
dation having  connection  with  said  combustion  chambers. 

807,532— December  19.  1905.    VINCENT  G.  APPLE.    Coke  and  gas  pUuU. 

Claims  a  coke  and  gas  plant  comprising  two  batteries  of  retorts  arranged  side  by 
side  in  lateral  alignment,  a  source  of  power  supply  arranged  in  the  space  between 
said  batteries,  a  source  of  oiaterial  supply,  and  "means  comprising  a  single  con- 
tinuously operable  equipment  of  transfer  devices  extending  laterally  of  the  retort 
batteries  and  said  sonn-e  of  material  supply  forconstantlvconvevingmaterial  10 
the  retort,  and  operating  connections  between  said  transfer  device's  and  the  source 
of  [lower. 


PETROLEUM   REFINING 


(565) 


PETROLEUM  REPINING. 


By  Charles  E.  Munroe,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  George  Washingtuii  University,  Expert  Special  Agent. 


This  report  deals  with  those  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments in  which  a  variety  of  marketable  products 
are  produced  by  the  treatment  of  crude  petroleum. 
Establishments  which  purchase  relined  or  partly  re- 
fined petroleum  products  and  mix  or  compound  them 
with  vegetable,  animal,  or  mineral  oils,  or  other  sub- 
stances, in  order  to  ])roduce  a  special  composition  are 
not  included  in  this  category.  Statistics  of  this  indus- 
try were  first  collected  in  1S80  and  were  treated  in  a 
special  report,  but  tlicy  were  not  tlien  included  in  the 
Report  on  Manufactures.     At  the  censuses  of  1890 


and  I'JOU  this  industry  was  treated  as  manufacturing, 
and  it  was  so  considered  at  the  census  of  1905.  It  has 
been  the  endeavor  to  prepare  the  schedules  of  inquiry 
and  to  comj)ile  the  tables  of  results  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  data  for  each  census  are  comparable  with 
those  for  the  one  preceding. 

Table  1  j)rcsents  the  general  statistics  for  the  estab- 
lishments engaged  actively  in  petroleum  refining  at  the 
censuses  from  ISSO  to  190.5,  with  the  amount  and  per 
cent  of  increase  in  each  item  for  the  several  periods 
considered. 


Table  1.— COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY,  WITH  AMOUNT  AND  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1880  TO  1905. 


1905 


Number  of  establishments 98 

Capital 8136,280,541 

Salaried  oSicials,  clerks,  etc.,  num- 
ber  '  1,974 

Salaries !    $2, 724,063 

Wage-earners,  average  number 16, 770 

Total  wages S9, 989,367 

Men  16  years  and  over 16,256 

Wages S9,  S32, 124 

Women  16  years  and  over 82 

Wages $26, 117 

Children  under  16  years i  432 

Wages $131, 126 

Miscellaneous  expenses ■    $5,207,508 

Cost  of  materials  used $1.30, 387, 2lJ 

Value  of  products $175,003, 320 


1900 


167 
$95,327,892 


$1, 


$3, 
$102, 
-"3 


1 

811 

12 

1,717 

u: 

i,673; 

$15; 

$27, 
330, 
839, 
929 


1890 


'94 
$77,416,290 

< 1,068 

'$1,117, on 

11,403 

$5,872,467 

10,885 

$5,786,737 

2 

$622 

510 

SS5, 108 

$2,069,268 

$67,918,723 

$85,001,198 


1880 


$27,325,746 


INCREASE. 


PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


1900  to 
1905 


9,869 
$4,381,572 


$34,999,101 
5843,705,218 


31 
540,952,649 


$912, 

4, 

$3,272, 

4, 

S3, 158, 

$10, 

$103, 
$1,966, 
S36,.527, 
$51,075, 


1890  to 
1905 


ISSO  to 
1905 


6,C01 
$5,607,793 


4  12 

$58,864,245  ,$108,954,795 


906 

$1,607,034 

5,367 

$4,116,900 

3,371 

$4,043,387 

SO 

$25,495 

=  84 

$46,018 

$3,228,240 

J7I,4(1S,490 

$90,004,122 


1900 

to 

1905 


$104,388,112 
$131,300,102 


48.3 
43.0 

64.4 
SO.  4 
37.5 
48.7 
36.2 
47.3 
24  2 
67!? 
118.2 
370.2 
59.0 
35.5 
41.2 


1890 

to 
1905 


4.3 
76.0 

84.S 

143.9 

47.1 

70.1 

49.3 

69.9 

,000.0 

,098.9 

a  16. 3 

54.1 

156.0 

105.2 

105.9 


1880 

to 
1905 


14.0 

398.7 


298.3 
bOO.4 


1890       1880 

to  to 

1900       IS'JO 


•28.7 
23.1 

12.5 

62.2 

7.0 

14.4 

9.6 

15.3 

3,200.0 

2,403.2 

»61.6 

>67.2 

61.0 

51.4 

45.8 


9.3 
180.3 


13.5 
34.0 


94.1 
94.5 


1  Exclusive  of  2  Idle  establishments,  with  aggregate  capital  amounting  to  S90.00O. 

'  Exclusive  of  7  idle  estabUshments,  with  aggreg.ite  capital  amounting  to  S423,508. 

3  Decrca.se. 

<  Includes  proprietors  and  firm  members,  with  their  salaries:  number  only  reported  in  1900  and  1905,  but  not  included  in  this  table. 

6  Not  reported. 

6  Does  not  include  the  value  of  packages  made  at  the  refinery. 


The  term  "  capital "  as  used  in  Table  1  refers  only  to 
the  sum  invested  in  lands,  buildings,  machinery,  tools, 
and  implements,  and  the  funds  required  to  carry  on  the 
business,  and  does  not  include  capital  stock. 

The  various  classes  of  wage-earners  were  divided  as 
follows  in  1905:  Men,  96.9  per  cent;  women,  five- 
tenths  of  1  ]ier  cent;  children,  2.6  per  cent.  In  1900 
the  proportions  were  97. S  per  cent  for  men,  six-tenths 
of  1  per  cent  for  women,  and  1.6  per  cent  for  children; 
while  in  1,890  they  were  95.5  per  cent  for  men,  less 
than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent  for  women,  and  4.5  per 
cent  for  children. 

Table  2  shows,  by  states,  the  number  of  refineries  in 
operation  at  each  census  from  1S80  to  1905. 


Table  2. — Number  of  active  refineries,  hy  slates:  1S80  to  1905. 


ST.WE. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

United  States 

104 

75 

106 

89 

California 

19 
2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Color.'dn 

Indian:i 

Kansas 

Kentucky. 
Louisian;i. 
Maine . 


Maryland 

Massachusetts. 
\richipa 


Xmv  Jersey 

New  York 

Oliio 

Pennsylvania., 

Texas 

Uest  Virginia. 
Wyoming , 


2 
21 
IS 
."13 


45254— MFG  1905— PT  4—08- 


-38 


(567) 


568 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  total  number  of  refineries  shown  in  Table  2 
difi"ers  from  the  total  number  of  establishments  shown 
for  the  same  census  in  Table  1.  This  difference  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  when  two  or  more  refineries  in  the 
same  city  or  county  are  operated  by  one  corporation, 
firm,  or  individual,  they  are  considered  by  the  Bureau 
of  the  Census  as  one  establisliment.  The  total  number 
of  refineries  in  operation  at  the  different  censuses  has 
fluctuated,  the  number  in  1905  being  29,  or  38.7  per 
cent,  greater  than  in  1900;  2,  or  1.9  per  cent,  less  than 
in  1890;  and  15,  or  16.9  per  cent,  greater  than  in  ISSO. 

In  1905  there  were  104  refineries  distributed  among 
13  states;  in  1900,  75  refineries  in  12  states;  in  1890, 
106  refineries  in  9  states;  and  in  1880,  89  refineries  in 
9  states.  In  1905  Louisiana  and  Wyoming  were 
added  to  the  list  of  states  in  which  petroleum  is  re- 
fined.    In  4   states — California,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania, 


and  Texas — the  number  of  refineries  in  operation  in 
1905  was  greater  than  in  1900.  No  refinery  was  re- 
ported in  1905  for  Michigan,  where  1  was  in  operation 
in  1900. 

Pennsylvania  ranked  first  in  the  number  of  refineries 
in  1905,  a  position  which  this  state  has  held  since  1880, 
when  the  statistics  of  this  industry  were  first  collected. 
California,  for  which  statistics  were  first  reported  in 
1890,  ranked  second  in  1905,  displacing  Ohio  and  New 
York,  which  jointly  held  this  rank  in  1900.  Oliio  was 
third.  New  York  fourth,  Texas  fifth,  and  New  Jersey 
sixth.  In  none  of  the  other  states  were  more  than  2 
refineries  in  operation  in  1905. 

Table  3  gives, for  the  censuses  from  1890  to  1905, the 
details  of  the  capital  for  the  active  establisliments  in 
the  United  States,  udth  the  amount  and  per  cent  of 
increase;  also  the  number  of  stills. 


T.\BLE  3.— CAPITAL,  WITH  A:^I0UNT  AND  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1890  TO  1905. 


CENSUS. 

INCEE.tSE. 

PEE  CENT  OF  INCKEASE. 

1903 

1900 

1S90 

1900  to  1905 

1890  to  1905 

1900 

to 
1905 

1S90 

to 
1903 

1890 

to 

1900 

Nranber  of  establishments 

98 

1,907 

$1,36,280,541 

$10,221,401 

$9,389,369 

$.53,223,807 

$63,445,964 

167 
1,774 
$95,327,892 
$8, 166, 032 
$6,502,182 
$39,565,389 
$41,094,289 

»94 
1,275 
$77,416,296 
$7,886,608 
$6,403,994 
$20,837,038 
$42,288,596 

31 

133 

$40,952,649 

$2,055,369 

$2,887,187 

$13,6,5,8,418 

$22,351,675 

4 

632 

$58,864,245 

$2.. 3.34, 733 

$2,985,375 

$32,386,769 

$21,157,368 

4«.  3 
7.  5 
43.0 
25.2 
44.4 
34.5 
64.4 

4.3 
49.6 
7a  0 
29.6 
4&6 
155.4 
50  0 

•2&7 
39.1 
23.1 

as 

1.5 
89.9 
•  2.8 

Number  of  stills 

Capital 

Land 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

'  Exclusive  of  2  idle  establishments,  with  aggregate  capital  amounting  to  590,000. 
2  Exclusive  of  7  idle  establishments,  with  aggregate  cai>ital  amounting  to  $423,508. 
•  Decrease. 


Some  fluctuation  is  shown  in  the  number  of  estab- 
lishments and  in  the  amount  of  capital  represented  by 
the  item  "cash  and  sundries."  Every  other  item 
in  the  table  shows  a  steady  increase. 

Table  4  shows  the  per  cent  distribution  of  capital. 

Table  4. — Per  rent  distribution  of  capital:  1890  to  1905. 


1905 

1900 

1890 

Capital 

100.0 

100.0 

100  0 

Land ...  . 

7.S 

6.0 

39.0 

4&6 

ao 
as 

41.5 
43.1 

10  2 

Buildings 

a3 

Machinery,  tools,  and  Implements 

26  9 

54.6 

The  proportion  of  the  capital  invested  in  land 
has  decreased  steadily.  The  proportion  invested  in 
buildmgs  has  decreased  since  1890,  but  was  nearly 
constant  at  the  last  two  censuses.  The  proportion 
invested  in  machinery,  tools,  and  implements  has 
fluctuated,  but  was  larger  in  1905  than  in  1890.  The 
proportion  of  the  capital  credited  to  cash  and  sun- 
dries constituted  the  largest  item  at  each  census.  It 
has  fluctuated  from  census  to  census,  but  was  smaller 
in  1905  than  in  1890. 

Table  5  shows  the  kind,  quantity,  and  cost  of  the 
materials  used  for  each  census  from  ISSO  to  1905, 
with  the  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase. 


PETROLEUM  REFININC}.  569 

Table  5.— MATERIALS  USED,  WITU  AMOUNT  AND  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1880  TO  1005. 


1906 


Materials  used,  total  cost $139,387,213 

Crude  pftrolcuin: 

Quantity  (Imrrcls  o(  42  gal- 
lons)   '    (■i0,!)82,  fi62 

'      Cost $107,487,091 

Fuel. '  1  SS,  139, 934 

Acids j    $2, 304, 035 

Barrels,  cases,  and  tin  cans  (pur-  i 

chased) $fi,  880, 310 

Coopers',  carpenters',   and   tin- 
ners' materials I  $11,990,038 

Mill  supplies $403,886 

All  other  materials I    $5. 1366.  rjOl 

Freight 1       $514,818 


$102,859,341 


52,011,005 

$80,424,207 

$3,120,441 

$1,735,782 

$2,930,805 

$8,220,928 

$228,920 

$3,300,851 

$2,897,401 


$67,918,723  $34,999,101 


1S80 


30,662,629 
$44,879,783 
$2,275,408 
$1,530,065 

$4,340,274 

$12,49.5,600 

(>) 
$2,  .397, 533 

m 


17,417,4,55 

$16,340,581 

$1,319,008 

$1,206,300 

$8,388,572 

$7,576,055 

(>) 

$108, 585 

(') 


INCREASE. 

1900 

1S90 

1880 

to 

U) 

to 

1905 

1905 

1905 

$36,527,872 

$71,468,490 

$104,388,112 

14,971,8,57 

$27,002,884 

$2,019,493 

$508,853 

36,320,233 

$02,007,308 

$2, 804, 406 

$774,570 

49,56.5,407 

$91,140,510 

$3,820,920 

$1,098,335 

$2, 949,  .505 

$1,540,036 

'$2,508,262 

$3,709,110 

$174,900 

$2,30,5.0,50 

-  $2, 082,583 

» $505, 562 

$4,413,983 

$3,208,908 

$5,497,910 



PEB  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


1900   1890  I  1S80 

ti.     In      to 

1905     1905       1905 


3S.6 


2&g 
3a7 
64.7 
32:8 

100.6 

45.8 

70.4 

7L7 

»82l2 


105.2 

lias 

139.5 
12,5.9 
50.6 

35.5 

>4.0 


13a  3 


298.3 

2846 
557.8 
289.7 
9L0 

«29.9 

sa3 


3,26L2 


1890 

to 
1900 


5L4 


79.2 
37.1 

ia4 
»3as 

>34.2 


37.7 


1880 

to 
1890 


94.1 


76  0 
174.7 
72.5 
26i8 

>4a3 

64.9 


1,322.2 


1  Includes  $3,008  for  rent  of  power  and  heat. 
3  Decrease. 


8  Not  reported  separately. 

*  Includes  $127,205.  the  value  of  residuum  and  naphtha  used  as  mat'-rials. 


The  total  cost  and  quantity  of  crude  petroleum  u.'^ed 
at  each  C(>n.sus  has  increased  steadily,  though  not  in  the 
same  proportion  lor  each.  The  increase  in  cost  for 
1890  over  1880  was  $28,539,202;  for  1900  over  1890, 
$35,544,424;  and  for  1905  over  1900,  $27,062,884. 
The  increase  in  quaniily  for  1890  over  1880  was 
13,245,174  barrels;  for  1900  over  1890,  21,348,376 
barrels;  and  tor  1905  over  1900,  14,971,857  barrels. 
While  in  commerce  crude  petroleum  is  measured  by 
barrels  of  42  United  States  (Winchester)  gallons,  re- 
fined petroleum  is  measured  by  barrels  of  50  Uiuted 
States  gallons.' 

Under  the  term  "acids,"  as  used  in  Table  5,  were 
included  at  each  census  a  number  of  different  chem- 
ical substances.  In  1905  the  term  included  sulphuric 
acid,  alkali,  sulphur,  and  pyrites;  in  1900,  acids,  alka- 
lies, and  sulphur;  in  1S90,  sulphuric  and  all  other 
acids;  and  in  ISSO,  sulphuric  acid,  h}'drochloric  acid, 
and  sulphur.  In  1905  the  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid 
used  in  refining  the  crude  petroleum  was  reported  in 
two  items — 162,152  short  tons  were  purchased  and 
49,379  short  tons  were  produced  in  the  refineries  and 
consumed  in  refining.  In  all,  211,531  tons,  or 
423,062,000  pounds,  were  used.  In  1890,  95,916 
tons,  or  191,832,000  pounds,  were  used;  and  in  1880, 
45,820  tons,  or  91,640,000  pounds.  No  separate  re- 
turns were  secured  for  this  item  at  the  census  of 
1900.  The  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  used  in  refin- 
ing in  1905  was  115,615  tons,  or  120.5  per  cent, 
greater  than  in  1890,  and  165,711  tons,  or  361.7  per 
cent,  greater  than  in  1880.  In  1905,  1  pound  of  sul- 
phuric acid  was  used  to  6.6  gallons  of  crude  petro- 
leum; in  1890,  1  pound  to  6.7  gallons;  and  in  188U, 
1  pound  to  8  gallons. 

In  the  case  of  many  of  the  returns  the  cost  of 
freight  is  included  in  the  cost  given  for  the  separate 
items  of  materials  used. 

'  .\s  a  gallon  of.the  crude  potroUiiin  fcnind  in  the  United  States 
varies  in  weight  from  fi.41  to  7. S3  jjotinds,  the  oil  in  a  barrel  varies 
from  269.22  to  328.86  pounds. 


At  each  census  the  cost  of  the  crude  petroleum  has 
formed  the  largest  proportion  of  the  total  cost  of  ma- 
terials used,  although  in  1880  it  exceeded  that  for  con- 
tainers by  only  1.1  per  cent.  In  1880  it  formed  46.7 
per  cent  of  the  total  cost;  in  1890,  66.1  per  cent;  and 
in  1900,  78.2  per  cent;  but  in  1905  it  fell  to  77.1  per 
cent.  The  cost  of  containers,  as  set  forth  in  Table  5, 
embraces  two  items:  First,  the  packages  purchased, 
such  as  barrels,  tin  cans,  and  cases;  and  second,  the 
coopers',  carpenters',  and  tinners'  materials,  from 
which  containers  are  manufactured  within  the  estab- 
lishments. Evidently  the  final  cost  of  the  contamers 
made  from  the  last  enumerated  materials  would  be 
greater  by  the  cost  of  the  labor,  fuel,  and  the  like  ex- 
pended upon  them.  These  items  of  cost  appear  in 
totals  in  their  assigned  places  in  Table  1  and  Table 
5.  There  is  no  information  at  command  which  per- 
mits of  their  being  apportioned  to  their  several  duties. 

The  proportion  which  the  cost  of  fuel  formed  of  the 
total  cost  of  materials  used  at  the  different  censuses 
was:  In  1880,  3.8  per  cent;  in  1890,  3.3  per  cent;  in 
1900,  3  per  cent;  and  in  1905,  3.7  per  cent — the  aver- 
age for  the  four  censuses  being  3.4  per  cent.  The  pro- 
portion of  acids  decreased  from  3.4  per  cent  in  1880  to 
1.6  per  cent  in  1900.  The  proportion  of  "all  other 
materials"  increased  steadily  from  five-tenths  of  1  per 
cent  in  1880  to  4.1  per  cent  in  1905. 

The  combined  amount  of  the  total  cost  of  materials 
usetl  and  total  wages  was:  At  the  census  of  1880, 
.$39,380,673  ;of  1890, 873,791,190  ;of  1900,8109,576,428; 
and  of  1905,  $149,376,580.  The  proportion  which  the 
cost  of  the  crude  petroleum  used  bore  to  this  com- 
bined total  was:  At  the  census  of  1880,  41.5  per  cent; 
of  1890,  60.8  per  cent;  of  1900,  73.4  per  cent;  and  of 
1905,  72  per  cent.  The  proportion  which  the  total 
wages  bore  to  this  combined  total  was:  At  the  census 
of  1880,  11.1  per  cent;  of  1890,  8  per  cent;  of  1900,  6.1 
per  cent;  and  of  1905,  6.7  per  cent. 

Table  6  presents  statistics  concerning  the  equipment 
of  plants  by  slates  in  1890,  1900,  and  1905. 


570 


MANUFACTURES. 

Table  6.— EQUIPMENT  OF  PLANT,  BY  STATES:  1890  TO  1905. 


Censas. 

IIUILDINGS. 

PC  WEE. 

Presses. 

STORAQE  TANKS.' 

Cooper 
shops. 

Tin- 
smith 
shops. 

StiUs. 

ChiUing 
Agita-     houses 
tors.          for 

paraffin. 

Total 

horse- 
power. 

Engines. 

Elec- 
tric 
mo- 
tors. 

Pumps, 
etc., 
and 
alUed 
equip- 
ments. 

Por 
crude 
petro- 
leum. 

STATE. 

Heated 

by 
steam. 

Heated 

by  su- 
per- 
heated 
steam. 

Heated 
by  Are. 

Steam. 

Gas 

and 
gaso- 
line. 

For  re- 
fined pe- 
troleum. 

United  States 

1905 
1900 
1S90 

64 
48 
31 

17 
13 
20 

282 
290 
217 

15 
26 
61 

1,610 

1,458 

997 

374               67 
327                 48 
306                39 

49,337 
37,052 
36,281 

1,072 
864 
545 

57 
28 

224 
69 

41 

»194 
(?) 

311 
510 

767 

304 
257 
292 

3,575 
2.S69 
1,861 

1905 

11 
2 

S 
9 
4 

7 
5 
4 

30 
25 
12 

11 

7 
11 

2 

1 

5 
4 
1 

1 

\ 

3 

2 
3 

6 
5 
14 

14 
9 

33 

42 
23 

32 
32 
34 

112 
106 
86 

91 
101 
74 

6' 

8' 

1 
1 
17 

4 

8 

36 

10 
3 
8 

92 
22 

3.39 

47 

7 

'a 

1 

1 

3 

10 
6 

8 
8 
6 

48 
21 

17 

7 
8 
10 

1,323 
180 

10,059 
12,048 
11,036 

4,406 
2,491 
5,997 

13,268 
13,328 
8,223 

19,681 
9,005 
11,025 

25 

4 

172 
121 
220 

140 
65 
63 

311 
470 
164 

424 

2W 

98 

1 
1 

1 

6 

31 

27 

15 
20 

'""129' 

2 
2 

34 
123 

86 

41 
54 
174 

124 

20s 

i           133 

110 
123 
374 

43 
12 

27 
32 
22 

20 

21 
28 

131 

152 
161 

83 
40 
81 

375 

1900 

1905 
1930 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

1905 
1900 
1890 

62 
400 

303            64 

188  52 

184            52 

189  53 
163            54 

400           120 
414            113 
305            98 

595  I        103 
530  \          90 
341  1        102 

497 
375 

Ohio 

5 

2 

6 

499 
275 

172 

Pennsylvania 

46 
2.5 

60 
5 

21 

1,191 
1, 198 

707 

All  other  state?  > 

4 
2 

125 
37 

1,110 
837 
607 

I  Not  intended  to  cover  tanks  used  in  marketing  the  products,  though  possibly  some  such  are  included. 
«  Includes  1  refrigerating  macliine. 

*  Not  reported  separately. 

*  In  1S90  included  in  "all  other  states." 

*  Includes  establishments  distributed  as  follows;  1905 — Colorado,  2;  Indiana,  1;  Kansas,  1;  Louisiana,  1;  Maryland,  1;  New  York,  5:  Texas,  7;  West  Virginia,  1; 
Wyoming,  1;  1900— Colorado.  2;  Indiana,  1;  Kansas.  1;  Maryland,  1;  Michigan,  1;  New  York,  4;  Texas,  1;  West  Virginia,  1;  1890— CaJfomia,  2;  Colorado,  2;  Mary- 
land, 2;  Massachusetts,  1;  New  York,  a;  West  Virginia,  4. 


The  total  number  of  engines  of  all  kinds  in  1905  was 
greater  than  in  1900  by  2.37,  or  26.6  per  cent,  and 
greater  than  in  1890  by  584,  or  107.2  per  cent.  The 
ga.soline  engines  in  190.5  constituted  5  per  cent  of 
the  total  number  of  engines  and  in  1900,  3.1  per  cent. 
The  number  of  electric  motors  reported  in  1905  was 


greater  than  in  1900  by  155,  or  224.6  per  cent,  while 
the  number  of  pumps  and  related  machines  was  less 
by  153,  or  78.8  per  cent. 

Table  7  shows  the  details  of  the  industiy,  as  to  the 
kind,  quantity,  and  value  of  products,  and  the  average 
price  per  barrel  for  each  census  fi'om  1880  to  1905. 


Table  7. -PRODUCTS,  BY  KIND.  QUANTITY,  AND  VALUE;  1880  TO  190.5. 


1905 


Number  of 
barrels. 


Burning  oUa 34,344,522 

Residuum '     3. 187. 921 

I'araflin  oils 1,644.400 

ParafTin  wax 794,068 


$100,571,835 
3.i:«,361 
6,210.279 
10,007,274 


UedHC<!doli8 1  »  4, 452, 248  I  16,794,789 

Naphtha  and  gasoline...     5,811.289  21,314.s;!7 

Neutral  llltered  oils |       .504,042  1  I,942,l.';3 

Ail  other  products ' 15,025,802 


Average 

vaiuc  per 

barrei. 


1900 


$2.93 

0.98 
:i.78 
12.00 

3.86 
3.67 
3.85 


Nimiber  of 
barrels. 


Value. 


31,266,513  582,244,961 


.596.615 

1,606.783 

774,924 

"1,766,090 

5,61.'i,554 

608, 185 


Average 

value  per 

barrel. 


OSS,  455 
3,987.0;t7 
7,791,149 

7, 108. 168  i 
)5,9fll.742  1 
2,256,626 
3,801,246    . 


1890 


Nv;mber  of 
barrels. 


$2.03  16,967.397 

1.15  ,  1,194,967 

2.  4X  I  6.S4,,S49 

10.05  I  241,951 


4.03 
2.85 
3.71 


W6. 7;f0 
3, 290, 462 


Value.i 


$47, 842,  .'537 
1,235,490 
3.022,048 
2,904,902 

2,. 333, 923 
7,115,388 


20,546,910 


Average 

value  per 

barrel. 


$2.82 
1.03 
4.41 

12.01 

2.72 
2.16 


1880 


Number  of  i 
barrels. 


11,002,249 

229, 1.33 

79, 46'i 

=  20,856 

2;ffl.S59 
1,502.181 


Value.' 


$36,839,613 
297.. 529 
40.S.023 
631,944 

1,:«15,037 
2,961,561 


1,171,511 


Average 

value  per 

barrel. 


$3.35 

l.:.o 

5.13 

30. ;« 

6.04 
1.97 


'  The  cost  of  packages  was  not  unilormly  included  in  the  value  of  products  for  1880  and  1890.    This  should  be  considered  in  connection  with  the  average  value  per 
barrel. 

'  Reported  aa  7,889,026  pounds  in  1880,  but  the  figures  were  converted  into  barrels  on  the  assuniplion  lliul  llie  average  weight  of  panillln  In  a  50-gallon  barrel  Is 


378,3  pounds 

'  Includes  llltered  cy     .    . 

*  Includes  coke,  carbon  points,  and  black  naphtha. 


ncltides  flltererl  cylinder  oils  and  greases, 
ncludes  coke,  carbon  points,  and  black  nn , 
'  Includes  J1»,25S,054,  the  value  of  packages  I'nudu  at  tlic  refliiery. 


oil  are  combined  under  the 
lie  classilication   followed  in 


The  number  of   prndiicts  which   may   be   oblaimd  illuminating  oil  innl   In 

from  petroleum  in  the  process  of  rcdning  is  very  large,  head   of  liiiriiing  oils. 

the  inmiber  actiiiilly  ol)taiiied  (•ciimncrciiilly   I'ciiig  so  '{"able  7  is  that  used  in  tlie  Eleventh  and  Twelfth  cen- 

great  as  to  render  it  impracticable  to  obi iiin  returns  in  suses.      It    <iiffera   sonicwlint    from    that   used   in   the 
detail  for  all  of  them.     ronse<|iieiitiy  a  soMiewhat  ar-   ,  Tenth  Ceiisiis.  this  change  being  due  to  the  manner  in 

bitraiy,    but   well    recognized,    classilicatioii    has   been  which    I  he  industry   has  developed.     Tlu^   returns  for 

ado])ted.     For  instance,  all   of  the   \  mious  gindo  of  the  eiiiliiT  (■cn^iisc,^  h!i\  c  Ikcii  uiuupcd  in  this  table  in 


PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


571 


as  close  conformity  as  pcssible  with  the  returns  for  tlie 
later  censuses.  Where  products  have  been  reported 
wliich  did  not  conform  witli  this  classification,  they 
liave  been  included  in  the  item  "all  other  products." 
No  attempt  has  been  made  in  collecting  the  statistics 
for  the  later  censuses  to  extend  the  inquiry  in  detail  to 
embrace  vaseline  or  cosmolinc,  and  other  minor  prod- 
ucts, or  candles  and  compounds  or  compositions  of 
various  kinds,  but  the  values  for  these  are  included  in 
"all  other  products." 

The  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase  in  the  total 
value  of  the  products  for  1905  over  that  for  each  of  the 


previous  censuses  has  been  given  in  Table  1.  The 
total  value  of  [iroducts  was  greater  than  the  cost 
of  the  crude  j)ctroleuni  from  which  they  were  pro- 
duced by  $07,.5 18.229  in  1905;  by  S43,.50o,177  in 
1900;  by  $40,121,415  in  1S90;  and  by  $27,364,637 
in  1880. 

In  comparing  values  at  different  censuses  it  is  to  be 
borne  in  mind  that  a  larger  percentage  of  oil  is  now 
sliipped  in  bulk  than  was  formerly  the  case. 

Table  8  shows  for  each  item  i)rescnted  in  Table  7, 
the  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase  for  the  censuses 
from  1880  to  1905. 


Table  S.— PKODUCTS,  WITH  AMOUNT  AND  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE  IN  QUANTITY  AND  VALUE:   1880  TO  1905. 


INCREASE. 


PEE  CENT  OF  INCREASE. 


1900  to  1905 


Quantity 
(barrels). 


Value. 


Bumingoiis 3.078.009  S18.326.864 

Residuum 1  2,591.306  1     2,449.906 

ParaffinoUs 37,617      2.223,242 

Paraffinwax 19,144      2,216,125 

9,686,621 

5,323,095 

!  314, 473 

11,164,556 


Reduced  oils 2,586.158 

Naphtha  and  pasoline 195.735 

Neutral  filtcrrd  oils 2  io4,143 

All  other  products 


1890  to  1903 


Quantity 
(barrels). 


Value. 


1880  to  1903 


1900  to  1905 


Quantity  ' 
(barrels). 


Value. 


17,377,125  S52,729.29S  23,342.273  $63,732,212 

1,992,954  1.902..S71  2,95S.788  2,840,8.32 

959,551  3,188.231  1,504.9.35  5,802,256 

552,117  7,102,372  '773.212  9,375,330 


3, 495,  .518 
2,520,827 


14,460.866 
14, 199, 449 


4,121.389 
4,309,108 


15.399,752 
18,353,276 


13,854,291 


Quan- 
tity. 


9.8 

434.3 

2.3 

2.5 

14a  4 

a5 

«17.1 


Value. 


22.3 
355.9 
55.8 
2a4 

13&3 
33.3 

>ia9 

289.1 


1890  to  1903 


Quan- 
tity. 


Value. 


I 


102.4 
166.8 
140.1 
22a2 

4oao 

76.6 


110.0 
154.0 
105.5 
244  5 

619.6 
199.6 


'2a9 


1880  to  1905 


Quan- 
tity. 


212.2 

1,291.3 

1,909.3 

'3,707.4 

1,785.2 
28a9 


Value. 


17a  0 

954.8 
1,4220 
l,4Sa6 

i,iaa9 

619.7 


1,182.6 


'  Reported  as  7,889,626  pounds  in  1880,  but  the  figures  were  converted  into  barrels  on  the  assumption  that  the  average  weight  of  parafUn  in  a  50-gallon  barrel  is 
378.3  poimds. 
2  Decrease. 


Table  9  shows  the  percentage  which  the  quantity 
of  each  product  formed  of  the  total  quantity  of  crude 
petroleum  used,  for  the  censuses  from  1880  to  1905. 

Table  9. — Per  cent    distribution  of  crude    'petroleum   among  the 
several  products:  1880  to  1905. 


Burning  oils 

Residuum 

Paraffin  oils 

Paraflin  wax 

Reduced  oils 

Naphtha  and  gasoline. 
Neutral  filtered  oils 


1905 


61.0 
5.7 
2.9 
1.4 
7.7 

10.3 
0.9 


1900       1890   !    1880 


71.fi 
1.4 

a  7 

1.8 

4.0 

12.9 

1.4 


65.9 
4.6 
2.7 
0.9 

a  3 
12.8 


Table  10  shows  the  percentage  which  the  value  of 
each  product  formed  of  the  total  value  of  all  products, 
for  the  censuses  from  1880  to  1905. 

Table  lO. — Per  cent  distribution  of  the  value  of  products:  1880  to  1905. 


1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

100. 0 

100.0 

100.0 

56.3 
1.4 

a  6 
a  4 

2.7 
8.4 

"""2i'2' 

100.(1 

57.5 
l.S 

as 

a.  7 

9.6 

12  2 

1.1 

8.6 

60.4 
0.6 

a  2 

6.3 
.5.7 
12.9 
l.S 

ai 

M.3 
0  7 

Residuui'i 

Para  (tin  oils     

0.9 

Reduced  oils 

3  2 

Naphtha  and  gasoline 

Neutral  liltercd  oils 

6  S 

All  other 

2  7 

7.1.2 
1.6 
0.5 
0.1 
l.fi 

10.3 


The  total  volume  of  refined  products  for  which 
quantities  were  reported  was.  in  1905,  50,638,490  bar- 
rels (of  50  United  States  galluns);  in  1900,  42,234,664   , 


barrels;  in  1890,  23,236,356  barrels;  and  in  1880, 
13,157,570  barrels.  Using  these  figures,  it  appeare 
that  in  1905  1  pound  of  sulphuric  acid  was  used  in  re- 
fining for  every  5.9  gallons  of  products  obtained;  in 
1890,  1  pound  for  ever^-  6.1  gallons;  and  in  1880,  1 
pound  for  every  7.2  gallons.  It  is  evident  that  these 
proportions  are  to  some  degree  affected  by  the  varia- 
tions in  "all  other  products."  Taking  the  single  item 
"burning oils,"  it  appears  that  in  1905, 1  pound  of  sul- 
phuric acid  was  used  for  every  4.1  gallons  of  burning 
oils  produced;  in  1890,  1  pound  for  every  4.4  gallons; 
and  in  1880,  1  pound  for  every  6  gallons. 

At  the  outset  of  the  preparation  of  this  report  it  was 
planned  to  present  separate  statistics  for  illuminating 
oils  and  fuel  oils,  since  in  the  pubhc  mind  they  repre- 
sent, because  of  their  uses,  two  different  classes  of 
products,  and  the  inquiry  was  made  with  this  in  view. 
Careful  consideration  of  the  returns  and  of  the  de- 
velopment of  the  industry  indicates  that  this  sepa- 
ration can  not  be  made  with  much  precision,  and 
even  suggests  that  the  illuminating  oil  shown  sepa- 
rately at  the  census  of  1880  included  oil  used  as  fuel. 

The  use  of  petroleum  oils  for  fuel  is  old.  In  the 
report  on  the  Production,  Technology,  and  Uses  of 
Petroleum  and  its  Products  for  the  Census  of  1880  it 
is  stated  '  that  '■Petroleum  and  nearly  all  its  products 
and  natural  gas  are  used  in  glass  houses  for  producing 

'  Page  251. 


572 


MANUFACTURES. 


high  temperatures  and  flames  free  from  soot  and  other 
materials  that  would  injure  the  glass;"  also  "The 
kerosene  stoves  are  being  brought  to  a  great  degree  of 
perfection  and  are  found  to  be  very  usefid.  *  *  * 
These  stoves  act  best  with  liigh-test  oil  and  are  there- 
fore safe.  Their  healthfulness  depends  upon  the  man- 
ner in  wliich  they  are  used.  *  *  *  Yet  they  are 
cheap  and  convenient,  are  used  by  tens  of  thousands, 
and  their  use  is  increasing."  For  fuel  purposes  a  kero- 
sene may  be  used  which  is  less  completely  refined  than 
that  used  for  lamps,  especially  so  when  the  oil  is  used 
under  steam  generators  and  the  same  fraction  in  a  dif- 
ferent condition  of  purity  might  be  styled  illuminating 
oil  or  fuel  oil,  from  a  consideration  of  the  purposes  to 
which  it  is  to  be  put.  In  the  progress  of  the  art,  the 
residuum  came  to  be  used  as  fuel.  In  the  report  on 
the  Refining  of  Petroleum  for  the  Census  of  1890  it  :S 
stated:'  "Of  the  residuum  reported  as  fuel,  .399,243 
barrels  were  consumed  m  the  refineries  located  in  the 
state  of  New  York."  As  described  further  on,  certain 
petroleum  residuums  have  for  a  long  time  been  treated 
for  the  production  of  lubricating  oils  and  paraffin  prod- 
ucts, though  they  may  be  "cracked"  to  produce  burn- 
ing oils.  This  latter  method  of  treatment  was  de- 
scribed in  1S72  b}'  S.  Dana  Hayes.^  Since  the  census 
of  1900  was  taken,  beginning  with  the  opening  of  the 
Lucas  well  at  Beaumont,  Tex.,  a  grade  of  petroleum 
has  been  made  accessible,  in  large  quantity,  whose  resid- 
uum finds  use  as  a  fuel  oil ;  and  the  development  of  the 
California  field,  in  which  a  somewhat  related  petroleum 
is  found,  lias  led  to  such  an  increase  in  its  use  that  it 
has  become  an  important  factor.  These  petroleums 
give  such  difl'eront  yields  and  yield  certain  products 
so  different  from  those  obtamed  from  the  crude  petro- 
leums employed  before  these  fields  were  operated,  that 
it  is  believed  confusion  has  been  introduced  into  the 
trade  and  into  the  returns  in  the  designation  of  fuel 
oils  and  also  of  residuum.  The  confusion  in  the  use  of 
the  term  "fuel  oil"  is  the  greater  because  crude  petro- 
leum, especially  that  from  tlu;  suuthoastern  Texas  and 
Louisiana  fi<'id  and  from  California,  is  also  used  exten- 
sively as  fuel. 

The  petroleum  distillates  of  various  grades  have  also 
come  into  extended  use  as  the  source  of  energy  in 
explosion  engines.  As  early  as  1S72  ^  the  Brayton 
engine,  which  was  the  first  in  wliich  kerosene  was 
employed,  was  patented  in  tlie  United  States,  and  the 
u.se  of  these  heavier  distillates  for  engine  fuel  lias  mate- 
rially increased  from  that  time.  Oil  for  this  use  may 
be  reported  as  engine  distillate,  or  even  as  gas  oil. 

'  Page  3C3. 

'  On  tho  lii.'ftory  and  inaniifaoture  of  petroleum  pro.lurls.  Am. 
Chemist,  vol.  2,  pages  401  to  405. 

•Redwood,  Petroleum,  vol.  2,  page  725. 


In  consideration  of  these  conditions,  the  term  "burn- 
ing oils,"  mtroduced  in  the  census  classification  of  tliis 
industry  in  1890,  has  been  retained  notwithstanding 
that,  according  to  Hayes,*  the  term  "burning  oils"  was 
originally  applied  to  the  kerosenes.  Accoixling  to  the 
present  Census  use,  this  term  embraces  all  petro- 
leum distillates  employed  for  the  production  of  light, 
heat,  or  power,  other  than  the  "naphthas  and  gaso- 
lines," and  it  has  this  significance  in  the  table. 

Premising  that,  for  the  census  of  1905  at  least,  these 
statistics  are  to  an  extent  the  result  of  estimates,  it 
may  be  stated  that  at  the  census  of  1905  there  were 
produced  27,135,094  barrels  of  illuminating  oils,  having 
a  value  of  S91,366,434,  and  7,209,428  barrels  of  fuel  oils, 
havmg  a  value  of  $9,205,391.  At  the  census  of  1900 
there  were  produced  25,171,289  barrels  of  illuminating 
oils,  having  a  value  of  $74,694,297,  and  6,095,224 
barrels  of  fuel  oils,  having  a  value  of  $7,550,664.  The 
increase  in  the  quantity  of  illuminating  oils  for  1905 
over  1900  was  1,963,805  barrels,  and  the  mcrease  in 
value  was  $16,672,137.  The  increase  in  the  quantity 
of  fuel  oils  for  1905  over  1900  was  1,114,204  barrels, 
and  the  increase  in  value  was  $1,654,727. 

The  statistics  obtained  for  residuum  are,  for  reasons 
similar  to  those  given  above,  regarded  as  open  to  ques- 
tion, it  being  doubtful  if  the  same  "fraction"  is  re- 
turned by  different  establishments  under  tliis  category. 
There  can  be  no  question  that  with  the  use  of  the 
Texas  and  California  petroleums  in  refining,  a  consid- 
erable part  of  the  residuum  is  different  from  that  ob- 
tained from  the  Pennsylvania  and  similar  petroleums. 
Hence  the  statistics  for  the  present  census  are  not 
strictly  comparable  with  tho.se  for  previous  censuses. 
The  difficulties  here  set  forth  do  not  obtain  with  the 
statistics  for  the  total  products  as  they  do  for  the  sep- 
arate ones. 

The  total  volume  of  refmed  products  for  which 
quantities  were  reported  in  1905  aggregated  50,638,490 
barrels  of  50  United  States  gallons.  Of  this  quantity, 
34,344,522  barrels  were  burning  oils,  and  5,81 1 ,289  bar- 
rels were  naphtha  and  gasoline.  These  three  classes  of 
products  constituted  the  jirincijial  productswhen  rated 
by  quantity,  while  burning  oils  and  iiajihtha  and  gas- 
oline were  the  principal  jiroducts  when  rated  by  value. 

The  total  ciuantity  of  crude  ])ctrt)l(niiii  ])ro<luced  in 
the  United  States  in  li)04,  accorduig  to  the  re])orts  to 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  was  117,063,421 
barrels  (of  42  United  States  gallons), of  which  2,647,060 
barrels  were  exported.  The  quantity  of  crude  oil 
reported  as  u.sod  by  the  refineries  was  66,982,862  bar- 
rels, which  leaves  47,433,500  barrels  added  to  stocks 


«  Loc.  fit. 


PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


573 


of  crude  oil,  or  lost  hy  iosikage,  fire,  or  other  accident, 
or  otherwise  to  be  accounted  for.  The  corresponding 
remainder  obtained  by  a  similar  computation  with  the 
data  of  the  census  of  1900  was  2,257,846  barrels.  The 
fact  that  this  amount  not  definitely  accounted  for  was 
larger  at  the  census  of  1905  may  be  to  a  degree  attrib- 
uted to  the  increased  use  in  recent  years  of  crude 
petroleum  lor  fuel  and  for  other  purposes. 

The  total  quantity  of  refined  products  r(;j)orted 
separately  on  the  census  schedules  for  1905  amounted 
to  50,638,490  barrels  of  50  gallons  each,  which  would 
be  equivalent  to  60,283,917  barrels  of  42  gallons. 
Deducting  this  from  the  66,982,862  barrels  of  crude 
petroleum  reported  as  used  by  refineries  there  is  a  dif- 
ference of  6,698,945  barrels  of  42  gallons  each,  or 
5,627,114  barrels  of  50  gallons  each.  This  difference 
represents  to  some  degree  the  quantity  of  crude  petro- 


leum used  in  the  manufacture  of  "all  other  products." 
In  1900  tliis  quantity  was  represented  by  1,731,644 
barrels  of  42  gallons.  This  volume  is  somewhat  in 
excess  of  the  true  quantity  u.sed  for  "all  other  prod- 
ucts," since  all  manufacturing  processes  are  accom- 
panifd  Ijy  some  necessary  waste  and  in  the  processes 
of  reiining  by  destructive  distillation  it  is  practically 
impossible  to  prevent  the  formation  of  gases  and 
vajiors  which  escape  condensation. 

Talile  11  shows  for  1880  and  for  each  year  between 
1889  and  1904  the  total  production  of  crude  petro- 
leum, us  taken  from  the  reports  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  and  the  exports  of  crude  and 
refined  oils,  as  obtained  from  the  reports  of  the  Biu-eau 
of  Statistics  of  the  Department  of  Commerce  and 
Labor,  the  latter  being  converted  from,  the  fiscal  year 
to  the  calendar  year. 


Table  11.— PRODUCTION  OF  CRUDE  PETROLEUM,  AND  EXPORTS  OF  CRUDE  AND  REFINED  OILS,  FROM  1889  TO 

1904,  AND  FOR  1880. 


19(M. 
1903, 
1902, 
1901, 
1900. 

1899. 
1898. 
1897. 
1896. 

1895. 
1894. 
1893. 
1892. 

1891. 
1890. 
1889. 
1880. 


Production 
(barrels  of 
42  gallons) . 


117,063,421 
100,4H1,337 
88, 766, 916 
69, 389, 194 
63,620,529 

57, 070, 850 
55, 364, 233 
60,475,516 
60,960,361 

52, 892, 276 
49,344,516 
48,412,666 
50, 509, 136 

54,291,980 
45,822,672 
35,163,513 
26, 286, 123 


E.XPORTS.' 


Total. 


Barrels 

of  50 
gallons. 


20, 442, 325 
18,733,945 
21,284,672 
21,581,490 
19,  737, 129 

19.020,488 
19,729.612 
19,8S5,9.t4 
17,809,179 

17,690,041 
18,  165. 045 
16,084,424 
14, 892,  770 

13,478,111 
13, 876, 597 
13,614,108 
6,935,588 


Value. 


$80,624,207 
72,628.539 
68,597,143 
72,784,912 
74,493,707 

64,982,249 
52,5.11,048 
59,057,547 
62,383,403 

46,660,082 
41,499,806 
42,142.058 
42,  729, 157 

46,174,835 
52.270,953 
53, 293, 299 
34,505,645 


Crude,  including  all 
natural  oils,  with- 
out reg.ird  to 
gravity. 


Barrels 

of  50 
gallons. 


2, 223, 530 
2, 530, 234 
2,904,d74 
2,  .MO,  160 
2, 703, 223 

2,353,679 
2,298,302 
2,429,774 
2,218,472 

2, 225, 705 
2,438,527 
2,234,070 
2,087,942 

1,934,456 

1,931,453 

1, 703, 793 

734,962 


Value. 


S6, 350, 682 
6,782,150 
6,331,011 
6, 037.  .544 
7, 340, 749 

5,957,829 
4,764,111 
5,020,968 
6,121,836 

5,161,710 
4,415,915 
4, 667, 391 
4,696,191 

5,  .f  65, 579 
6,535,499 
6, 134, 002 
2,772,400 


Refined  or  manufactured. 


Naphthas,  benzine, 
gasoline,  etc. 


Barrels 

of  50 
gallons. 


499,  788 
259, 463 
393,653 
433, 695 
371,410 

358,080 
340,532 
268,606 
246,986 

296,024 
311,115 

346, 080 
327, 866 

228.500 
249, 253 
279,688 
302, 302 


Value. 


$2,321,714 
1,518,541 
1,392,771 
1,741,547 
1,681,201 

1,657,607 

1, 053, 231 

994, 781 

1, 059, 542 

910,988 

943,970 

1,074,710 

1,037,558 

868, 137 
1,050,613 
1,208,116 
1,344,529 


niummating. 


Lubricating  and 
heavy  paraimx  oil. 


Barrels 

of  50 
gallons. 


Value. 


Barrels 

of  50 
gallons. 


15, 227, 163 
13, 836, 744 
15, 576, 020 
16,549,589 
14,783,269 

14,491,259 
15, 223, 042 
15,918,390 
14,329,111 

14,297,183 
14,607,372 
12,  .844, 796 
11,788,364 

10,628,902 
11,017,468 
11,035,393 
5,722,631 


$.58,384,273 
51,355,608 
49,079,055 
53,490,713 
54,692,872 

48,466.200 
38,542.082 
46, 229, 679 
48,630,920 

34, 706. 844 
30,676,217 
31,719,404 
31,826,545 

34,879,759 
39, 826, 086 
41,215,192 
29,047,908 


1,793,762 
1,912,439 
1,644,010 
1,506,119 
1,424,227 

1,386,584 
1, 279, 367 
1,024,566 
1,010,511 

868. 379 
803,811 
648, 657 
680,537 

666,205 
641,811 
558,065 
112,140 


Value. 


$12,393,382 
12,690,051 
10,872,154 
10,260,125 
9,933,548 

8,344,735 

7,385,054 
6,478,479 
6,556,775 

5,867,477 
6,449,000 
4,738,892 
5,130,643 

4,999,978 
4,766,850 
4,638,724 
1, 141, 825 


Residuum,  tar, 
piuh,  and  all 
other,  from  which 
the  light  bodies 
have  been  dis- 
tiUed. 


Barrels 

of  50 

gallons. 


Value. 


Paraffin 

and 
paraffin 

wax 
(value). 


698,082 
195,065 
766,315 
551,927 
395,000 

$1, 174, 156 

282,129 

922, 152 

1,254,983 

845,337 

430,886 

588,369 

244,618 

4,099 

655,878 

806,570 

333,740 

14,330 

2,750 
4,220 
10,821 
8,061 

13,063 

14,704 
41,661 
38,220 

20,048 
36,612 
37, 169 
63,553 

61,382 
91,905 
97,265 
198,983 

$8,272,856 
9,  .596, 308 
8, 398,  450 
7,9.59,991 
8, 185, 513 

7,650,449 
6,362,871 
5,283,929 
4,563,168 

4,504,912 
3,276,837 
4,552,543 
4,159,538 

3,978,8»« 

2,920,262 

2,287,760 

(') 


I  Compiled  from  reports  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor. 


•  Not  reported  separately. 


Table  11  shows  that  in  1904,  18,218,795  barrels  of 
refined  products,  or  36.6  per  cent  of  the  total  for  that 
year,  were  exported.  In  1899,  16,666,809  barrels,  or 
39.5  per  cent  of  the  refined  product  for  the  year,  were 
exported.  The  total  value  at  the  ports  of  shipment  of 
the  lelined  petroleum  exported  in  1904  was  .$74,2"(  3,525. 


Although  the  quantity  was  greater  in  1901  and  1902, 
this  is  the  largest  value  ever  reported  for  refined  petro- 
leum exported,  and  it  exceeds  the  value  of  that  ex- 
ported in  1899  by  §15,249,105,  or  25.8  per  cent;  of 
that  exported  in  1889  by  .S27. 114.228.  or  57.5  per  cent; 
and  of  that  exported  in  ISSO  by  §42,540,280,  or  134.1 


574 


MANUFACTURES. 


percent.  Taking  the  quantity  of  the  crude  petroleum 
produced  as  showTi  for  the  cen.sus  years  in  Table  11, 
and  the  quantity  used  in  refineries  as  reported  in 
Table  5,  the  proportion  of  the  total  crude  petroleum 
refined  at  the  census  of  1905  was  .57.2  per  cent;  in 
1900,  S1.8  per  cent;  in  1890,  66.9  per  cent;  and  in 
1880,  66.3  per  cent. 

Notwithstanding  the  extent  of  the  exports  of  petro- 
leum and  petroleum  products  from  the  United  States, 
mineral  oils  and  paraffin  to  a  limited  extent  are  im- 
ported. It  is  probable  that  these  are  special  articles, 
and  that  the  paraffin  is  largely  from  other  sources  than 
petroleum.  This  importation  is  sho\vn  by  cjuantity 
and  value  in  Table  12. 


Table  12. — Imports  of  mineral  oils  and  paraffin:^  1901  to  1905. 


MINERAL  OILS. 

PARAFFIN. 

Gallons. 

Value. 

Gallons.       Value. 

1905 

10, 000, 502 
4,65:i,508 
3,708,127 
3,235,467 
2,147,938 

$494,221 
280,746 
227,217 
193,076 
172,465 

1,425,074 
1,224,392 
2,654,716 
=  754,265 
5  255,603 

$73,435 
65,040 

149,  479 
44,332 
17  551 

1904 

1903                                              .       .    .    . 

1902 

1901 

>  ■■Cora Tierce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States,"  Bureau  of  Statistics, 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor.  Kach  of  these  articles  is  dutiable  if 
imported  from  countries  which  impose  duty  on  like  articles  imported  from  the 
United  States;  otherwise,  free.    Part  of  these  imports  in  each  yejir  paid  duty. 

'  Includes  only  the  quantity  on  which  no  duty  was  paid.  The  value  was 
reported  and  is  included  in  the  aggregate  value  for  the  year. 

Table  13  presents  by  states  the  detailed  statistics  of 
petroleum  refining  for  1905. 


Table  13.— PETROLEUM  REFINING— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


Number  of  establishments. 
Capital: 
Total. 


Land 

Buildings 

Machinery,  tools,  and  implements 

Cash  and  sundries 

Proprietors  and  firm  members 

Salaried  officials,  clerks,  etc. ; 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Officers  of  corporations — 

Xumber 

Salaries 

General  superintendents,  managers,  clerks,  etc. — 

Total  number 

Total  salaries 

Men- 
Number 

Salaries 

Women — 

Number 

Salaries 

Wage-earners,  including  pieceworkers  and  total  wages: 

Greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year. 

Least  number  employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year 

Average  number 

Wa 


klen  16  years  ana  over- 
Average  number 

Wages 

Women  16  years  anfl  over — 

Average  number 

Wages 

Children  under  16  years- 
Average  number 

Wages 

Average  numlier  of  wagi'-eamers,  including  pieceworkers,  employed  during  .'ach  month: 
Men  16  years  and  over- 
January  

February 

March 

April ! 

May 

June 

July 

A  ugust 

Septemlwr 

October ',..,'.'.'.','.'.'.'.'..'.'. '.'.'. 

Nnvem  t)er 

December 

Women  16  years  and  over — 

January 

February '.,..'.,.','.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Mfireh '..'..'....'..'....'.'.',.'.'.'.. 

April '■ 

May ;... 

June 

July '.\.. '.'.'.. ..WW-W"  """"'.'.'.][ 

Au>;ust 

Beptembor 

f  )ctolier 

November -.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.','.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Decern  t)er ..!!.]!!!!.'!."!!!!!!!!!","]."""!!]!!!!!!!! 

Children  under  10  years — 

January ^ 

Fei)rnftry ".iiilii!ii!l!]!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!i"!!!!!!!!!*!.'!!!!!!!!.!!!!!! 

Ma  reh .* 

Aj.rll .■ 

May ;. ..■;.■.;; 

June ' 

July '"..!."i;!!;;;";;;;i!'"!;;""j;"  ;;■;;;;;!!;;!! 

AilgUflt '.'.V.'.'.'.V.'.'.'.'.'.'.V.'.   "",'.'.'".".'".".'".'.'.'.'.'. . 

flepti-rnber '!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!]!"*.' "* 

oetfiii<^r '!!!!!"!!*!!!!!!!!!!.*! '. '.".'. 

No\-emij«r .'.".'.".'.'.V.'".!'.!*,  111!!!  *.*'.'.*.'.'. 'Ill  ".'"'.'.!*""!!!!'! 

December ...'.".[ 


United 
States. 


$136, 2S0, 
$10,221, 
S9.389, 
S53, 223, 
$63,445, 


1, 
52,724, 


$6i: 

1 

$2,111. 


541 
401 
309 
807 
964 
24 

974 
065 

152 
,428 

822 
037 


California. 


1,692 
$2,041,076 


$70, 

19, 
13, 

16, 
$9,9S9, 

16, 
$9,8.32, 


$26, 
$131, 


158 
247 
798 
431 
668 
117 
921 
635 
278 
883 
339 
897 

88 

83 

8S 

82 

87 

70 

04 

6S 

73 

102 

103 

102 

42« 
427 
407 
424 
443 
433 
405 
4m 

4(KI 
406 
403 
368 


19 

$5,4,13,012 

$520,017 

$459,915 

$1,900,860 

$2, 572, 220 


Ohio. 


162 
$211,752 

16 
$48, 475 

146 
$163,277 

130 
$154,346 

16 
$8,931 

867 

582 

678 

$477, 118 

678 
$477,118 


573 
617 

630 
l«9 
695 
778 
816 
743 
687 
649 
602 
657 


12 

$10,384,741 

$694,604 

$742,333 

$3,214,746 

$5,733,058 


216 
$206, 171 

20 
$00,480 

196 
$205,691 

185 
$200, 591 

11 
$5,100 

2,181 

1,694 

1,900 

$1,053,598 

1,717 
$999,040 

54 

$18,602 

129 
$35,956 


1,860 
1,849 
l,Rni 
1 .  .594 
1 .  636 
1,734 
1,830 
1,6,\S 
1,6.59 
1 ,  676 
l,l>86 
1,612 

59 
S5 
51 
49 
45 
V) 
38 
36 
40 
74 
74 
73 

13G 
134 
133 
134 
126 
100 
124 
127 
129 
134 
133 
131 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


All  other 
states." 


43 

$32,846,578 
$1, .583,414 
$2,464,759 
$11,664,990 
$17,133,416 


408 
$556, 501 

50 
$138, 565 

358 
$417,936 

322 
$396, 532 

36 
$21,404 

4,922 

3.411 

4,227 

$2,371,027 

4,112 
$2,342,811 


113 
$27,059 


4,331 
4,2.5;! 
4,. 309 
4,:W5 
4,:i83 
4, '228 
4,011 
3,962 
4.092 
4,031 
3,791 
3,598 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

114 
116 
108 
120 
167 
134 
67 
03 
141 
127 
109 
80 


24 

$S7,,596,210 

$7,423,366 

55,  722.  :!62 

$36,443,211 

$38,007,271 

2 

1,188 
$1,689,641 

66 
$364,908 

1,122 
$1,324,733 

1,055 
$1,289,607 

67 
$35, 126 

11,651 

8,026 

9.965 

$6,087,624 

9,749 
$6,013,155 

26 
$6,958 

190 
$67,511 


9,385 
9,528 
10,0,58 
9,793 
9,954 
10,, 377 
10,264 
10,^272 
9,840 
9,  ,527 
9,260 
8,730 

27 
20 
32 
31 
20 
23 
24 
27 
22 
26 
27 
27 

176 
177 
166 
170 
161 
190 
224 
246 
229 
235 
161 
167 


...   '  l™'i"'''J.''"'''*'"»*>'"""t»  J'otributed  as  follows:  Colorado,  2;  Indiana,  1;  Kannao,  1;  Louisiana,  1; 
Virginia,  I:  Wyoming,  1. 


Maryl/ind.  I;  New  Jersey,  4;  New  "^'ork,  6:  Texas,  7;  West 


PETROLEUM  REFINING. 

Table  13.— PETROLEUM  REFINING— DETAILED  SUMMARY,  BY  STATES:  1905— Continued. 


575 


Miscellaneous  expenses: 

Total 

Kent  of  works """!"!"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!" 

Taxes,  not  inehiding  internal  levenue. .......!................. 

Rent  of  oflices,  interest,  insurance,  and  all  other  sundry  expenses  not  hitherto  in- 
cluded   

Contract  work 

Materials  used:  

Total  cost 

Crude  petroieum  — 

Barrels  of  42  gallons 

Cost '.'.'.'..'.'. 

Sulphuric  acid  — 

Short  tons 

Cost i.!...!.!!!!!!!!;!!!!!!"!"!!;"' 

Caustic  soda — 

Pounds 

Cost ] 

Sulphur—  '" 

Short  tons 

Cost 

Pyrites— 

I/ongtons 

Cost m'.. '..'.'.['.['.'..'.'.'.'.'.'....... [.'..['..'. 

Coopers'  and  carpenters'  materials,  cost '...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Tinners'  ni  ilerials.  cost '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Barrels,  cases,  and  tin  cans  (purchased),  cost. . 

Fuel .'.'!.!!!!!!!!!. '!!!'.'! 

Rent  of  power  and  lieat [ '....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Mill  supplies  '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. 

All  other  materials []"'.'.'.'.[['.['.]" [.,'.'.'.[[.[' [ 

Freight .'.!.!!!]!!!!!."!!."'!!!!! 

Product s  consumed :  

Sulphuric  acid,  short  tons 

Products:  

Total  value 

Burning  oils —  

Barrels  of  50  gallons 

Va  lue 

Residuum —  

Barrels  of  50  gallons 

Value 

Paraffin  oils—  

Barrels  of  50  gallons 

Value 

Reduced  oils—  

Barrels  of  50  gallons 

Value '.]'.'.'.'. 

Neutral  flltcrcd  oils—  

Barrels  of  50  gallons 

Value \[\\\[[[\\\\[\\ .  .\ . . 

Filtered  cylinder  oils —  

Barrels  of  50  gallons 

Value '..'.'.'. 

Grease  (lubricating,  etc.)—  

Barrels  of  50  gallons 

Value _. [.[....'..'. 

Naphtha  and  gasoline — 

Barrels  of  50  gallons 

Value " 

Paraffin  wax —  

Barrels  of  50  gallons 

Value ] 

Sludce  acid—  

Short  tons 

Value .'..'..".'.".."."!].'!.".".. 

Coke  and  black  naphtha,  value [.]'..['.["'.[['.. 

-\11  other  products,  value '."'.'.['.['.'...'.'.'.'.'.]'. 

Equipment:  

Stills- 
Heated  by  steam,  number 

1  leated  by  superheated  steam,  number '.'".".".'".'!!!." 

Heated  by  fire, number .!!!!"!"! 

Agitators,  number 

Chilling  houses  for  paraffin,  number !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 

Hydraulic  or  other  presses,  nimiber '  ] 

Storage  tanks —  

Crude  petroleum,  number 

Capacity  in  gallons !.!!!!!!]]!"! 

Refined  petroleum,  nimiber ] ." 

Capacity  in  gallons 

Cooper  shops 

Tin  shops '..... 

Powc-:  

Niunber  of  establishments  reporting 

Total  horsepower '..""[][. 

Owned —  

Engines- 
Steam- 

Number 

Horsepower '..'.'.'. 

Gas  or  gasoline —  

Number 

Horsepower : 

Electric  motors^ 

Number 

Horsepower [!!!"!!""!J" 

Other  power,  horsepower ] .' 

Rented —  "'■ 

Electric  motors — 

Nimiber 

Horsepower !.!!!!!!!!!!!! 


United 
States. 


S5, 297,  .108 

$40,  5(iS 

S572,(K)3 

14,03.5,029 
$49,248 


California. 


00,982,862 
$107,487,091 

162,152 
$2,003,031 

11,101.376 
$208,  440 


S13,380 

20, 601 

$79. 784 

$5,628,274 

$0,301,764 

$5,880,310 

$5,  by..  266 

$3,008 

$403,880 

$5.  Oi.iO,  501 

$514,818 

49,379 

$175,005,320 

34, 344,  .522 
$100,  ,571, 825 

3,187,921 
$3,138,361 

1.644,400 
$6,210,279 

2.783,148 
$6,008,360 

504,042 
$1,942,153 

1.. 300. 661 
$9, 332, 299 

202.439 
$1,394,130 

5,811,289 
$21,314,837 

794,068 
$10,007,274 

105. 104 

$400. 480 

$149,053 

$14,475,669 


282 

15 

1,010 

374 
67 

311 


$146,719 

$2, 525 

$15,225 

$128,919 
$50 


$139,387,213    $4,130,809 


304 

245,760,493 

3,575 

576,458,825 

64 

17 

94 
49,337 


1,072 
43,480 

57 
2,059 

224 
3,318 
330  : 


4,309,600 
$3,431,754 

13, 103 
$310,831 

469,929 
$10,018 

843 
$11,437 


$6,542 

$10 

$124,852 

$191,386 

$1..177 

$2.3ti8 

$21,977 

$12, 257 

1,988 

$5,748,598 

1,379,149 
$2,611,916 

2, 152, 437 
$1,667,414 

20. 000 
$120,077 

17,504 
$57,602 

114 
$290 

15,734 
$43,791 

23,875 
$79, 594 

238,015 
$926,063 

3,898 
$38,919 

18.045 
f 25. 829 
$10,008 
$137,095 


92 

47 

1 

2 

■13 

12.439.724 

375 

49,410,383 

11 


17 
1,323 


I 


14 
150 


25 
1,048 

1 
10 

6 
40 
75 


14 
150 


Ohio. 


Pemisyl- 
vania. 


$7.52.712 

$.5.:)93 

$79,030 

$667,504 
$785 

$7,062,397 

4,195,871 
$£,143,137 

10,787 
$120,504 

1,005,404 
$17,380 

43 

$1,871 

2,8.13 
$14,247 
$362,970 
$140,817 
$432, 872 
$497,738 


$21,814 

$908,792 

$105 

5,665 

$10,948,864 

1,961,105 
$5,188,808 

111,339 
$210,911 

114.201 
$411,121 

150. 169 
$586,258 

300 
$2,900 

71,446 
$540,617 

19,659 

$158,885 

467.  .594 
$1,676,529 

47,533 
$549,515 


$30. 448 
$1,592,872 


32 
1 
184 
52 
8 
41 

20 

8,964.030 

499 

84,SS8,V35 

7 

1 

12 
4,406 


140 
4,172 

S 
139 

2 
20 
75 


$1,218,572 

$3,731 

$49,979 

$1,159,400 
$5, 462 

$38,921,919 

17,977,686 
$31,957, 135 

45. 177 
$489,741 

2,680.308 
$54,987 


All  other 
states. 


3.780 

$18,910 

$51/1.4.58 

$1,001,930 

$1,6)3,024 

$1,543,851 


$133,991 

$1,187,618 

$351,274 

8,398 

$47,459,502 

9,977,418 
$28,412,940 

152,282 
$408,634 

371,724 
$1,173,727 

626, 449 
$1,684,109 

253.874 
$754,370 

618.390 
$3,565,552 

88,085 
$377, 137 

1,774.626 
$6,402,492 

279,511 
$3,017,004 

38.210 

$140. r27 

$23,481 

$1,499,369 


112 
4 
400 
120 
48 
124 

131 

42,683.656 

1,191 

110,111,758 

30 

3 

42 
13,268 


311 
9,C89 

46 
1,740 

60 

1.659 

180 


$3,179,505 
$28,919 
$428,429 

$2,679,206 
$42,951 

$88,672,088 

40,439,705 
$60,955,065 

93,085 
$1,075,865 

7,0a5,735 
$126,055 

2 
$72 

14,048 

$46,627 

$4,689,304 

$5,219,007 

$3,709,562 

$2,903,291 

$2,291 

$245. 713 

$3,548,114 

$151,122 

33,328 

$110,848,356 

21,026,850 
$64,328,161 

771,863 
$8.51,402 

1.137,809 
$4,505,354 

1,989,026 
$3,740,331 

249,754 
$1,184,593 

661,091 
$5,182,339 

70,820 

$778,514 

3,331,054 
$12,309,753 

463,126 
$6,401,836 

108,843 

$234,024 

$85,716 

$11,246,333 


124 
10 

934 

153 
10 

144 

110 

181,673,083 

1,5)0 

332,047,749 

16 

11 

23 
30,340 


596 
28,571 

5 
170 

156 
1,599 


576 


MANUFACTURES. 


HISTORICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE. 


Petroleum,  known  also  by  other  names,  such  as  rock 
oil,  mineral  oil,  coal  oil,  or  earth  oil,  is  an  oily  liquid, 
varying  in  color  from  light  straw  through  amber,  red, 
and  bro-mi  to  black.  Existing  in  the  earth,  it  is  ob- 
tained from  either  springs  or  wells.  Petroleum  is 
distributed  widely,  and  its  existence  was  known  to 
the  ancients.  The  aborigines  were  familiar  ^y-ith  many 
localities  in  North  Amciica  where  it  issued  from  the 
ground  and  spread  out  on  the  sm-face  of  the  water  m 
contiguous  pools,  creeks,  and  rivei-s.  The  oil  spring  of 
the  Seneca  Indians,  located  near  what  is  now  Cuba, 
N.  Y.,  was  one  of  the  more  celebrated  of  these  springs, 
and  the  oil  collected  there  was  used  for  medicinal  pur- 
poses. 

Although  a  natural  product,  petroleum  is  not  a  defi- 
nite chemical  compound.  It  consists  of  a  mixtm'e  of 
various  hydrocarbons  from  several  different  acj'clic 
and  cychc  series,  and  of  hydrocarbon  derivatives  con- 
taining sulphiu",  or  oxygen,  or  nitrogen,  or  other  ele- 
ments. These  chemical  substances  have  widely  vary- 
ing physical  properties  and  appearances,  differing  m 
color,  odor,  volatiHty,  viscosity,  inflammability,  spe- 
cific gravity,  boiling  and  freezing  points,  and  in  other 
particulars;  hence  mixtures  of  them  in  different  pro- 
portions will  appear  quite  unlike.  Furthermore,  the 
components  in  such  mixtures  are  held  together  so 
loosely  that  they  may  be  separated,  more  or  less  com- 
pletely, by  comparatively  simple  methods,  such  as  fil- 
tration, and  especially  capillaiy  filtration,  thi'ough 
fuller's  earth,  kaolin,  boneblack,  or  other  finely  divided 
and  porous  solids,  or  b}'  fractional  distillation.  There- 
fore, considering  the  conditions  which  aff'cct  the  natural 
material  in  different  locaHties,  it  is  not  surprising  that 
the  varieties  of  petroleum  obtained  in  Texas,  California, 
and  Ohio  should  differ  in  appearance  and  properties 
from  each  other  and  from  the  better  known  Pennsyl- 
vania petroleum;  or  that  in  Kansas  petroleum  maybe 
obtained  which  is  immediately  siiitablf!  for  use  as  an 
ilhiminant,  while  in  West  Virginia  petroleum  ia  found 
which  is  suitable  for  use  as  a  lubricant  witliout  under- 
going any  preliminary  treatment. 

If  the  survey  were  extended  to  include  the  petroleum 
found  in  foreign  countries,  such  as  Canada,  Russia, 
Burma,  and  elsewhere,  additional  variations  niiglit  be 
noted,  yet  Mabery,  who  has  exhaustively  examined  a 
large  number  of  samples  from  widely  different  sources, 
says:'  "Now,  after  these  years  of  arduous  labor,  I 
have  reached  the  conclusion  that  petroleum  from  w  hut- 
ever  source  is  one  and  the  same  substance,  ca])al)lc  of  a 
Birii|)li'  (lefmition — a  mi.xture  in  variable  proi)ortions  of 
a  f<'W  series  of  hydrocarbons,  the  product  of  any  partic- 
ular field  fliffering  from  that  of  any  (jther  field  <jnly  in 
the  |)ro|)ortioM  of  these  series  and  the  memheis  of  the 


■Journal  'American  Chemical  Society,  1906,  vol.  28,  page  417. 


series."  However,  from  a  commercial  standpoint,  pe- 
troleum from  different  localities  is  regarded  as  different 
substances,  and  the  products  are  referred  to  and  con- 
sidered from  the  standpoint  of  some  predominating  or 
characteristic  constituent.  Thus,  Pennsylvania  petro- 
leum is  classed  as  an  oil  with  a  paraffin  base ;  Texas  and 
California  petroleum,  as  oils  with  an  "asphalt"  base; 
petroleum  from  the  Lima  field  in  Ohio,  as  a  sulphm- 
oil;  and  so  on  as  the  characteristics  are  developed. 

Although  petroleum  as  found  m  natm-e,  and  there- 
fore staled  crude  petroleum,  has  in  recent  years  come 
to  be  used  extensively  in  locomotives  and  ships,  and  for 
metallurgical,  manufacturing,  and  domestic  purposes 
as  a  fuel,  and  although  other  uses  have  been  found  for 
it,  such  as  oiling  roads,  coating  piles,  and  exterminat- 
ing insects,  yet  for  the  majority  of  purposes  petroleum 
must  be  treated  before  use  to  adapt  it  to  the  special 
purpose  to  wMch  it  is  to  be  applied,  and  this  treatment 
constitutes  the  industry  known  as  petroleum  refuiing. 
The  processes  employed  in  petroleum  refinmg  are 
many  m  number  and  different  in  degree  of  complexity. 
The  particular  process  used  in  any  given  case  is  deter- 
mined by  the  character  of  the  petroleum  to  be  treated 
and  the  character  of  the  products  sought.  In  the  case 
of  the  more  complex  processes  a  method  of  treatment 
suitable  for  a  crude  petroleum  from  one  locality  is 
poorly  adapted  or  wholly  imsuitable  for  the  treatment 
of  crude  petroleum  from  another.  The  processes  of  re- 
fining may  be  roughly  classified  as  follows:  Treatment 
by  settling  to  remove  suspended  matter  and  water;  fil- 
tration; fractional  distillation;  destructive  distillation; 
and,  subsequent  to  or  combined  ysith  the  process  of  dis- 
tillation, the  treatment  of  the  distillates,  known  as  frac- 
tions, with  acids  or  alkalies,  or  both,  and  sometimes 
with  other  chemicals;  also,  treatment  by  dulling,  pres- 
sure, and  filtration. 

The  cleaning  of  crude  petroleimi  by  settling  is  the 
process  used  in  the  ease  of  heavy,  viscid  oils  found  in 
loose  sand  of  great  fuieness,  since  the  sand  and  water 
become  mixed  with  the  oil  and  are  pumped  up  with  it. 
An  example  of  tliis  method  is  found  m  the  practice  ob- 
taining m  the  Kern  River  oil  field  of  California,  where 
great  difliculty  is  experienced  from  sand.  It  is  cus- 
tomary there  to  puinj)  the  oil  into  small  excavations 
made  m  sandy  soil  as  close  to  the  well  as  possible. 
These  holes,  called  "sumps,"  are  originally  of  from  FMO 
to  2,000  barrels  capacitj',  i)ut  Ihey  rapidly  becom<'  shal- 
lower from  the  de|)osits  of  detritus  from  the  oil.  I'rom 
the  suni])s  the  oil  ilows  by  gravity  to  storage  reservoirs, 
which  ar(^  shallow  excavations  made  in  the  soil  aTid  cov- 
ered with  light  wo(j<len  roofs.  These  reservoiis  are 
often  of  great  size,  and  it  is  customary  to  carry  in  th(>m 
as  large  a  quantity  of  oil  as  possible,  in  order  that  the 
santl  may  settle  and  the  water  separate  cunipietely. 
During  the  summer  months  the  oil  is  continually  at  a 


PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


577 


high  tompcrature  and  becomes  clean  by  this  siin])k' 
treatment.  DiU'ing  cooler  weather,  or  whenever  the 
reservoir  ])iirilication  is  thoujiht  insufficient,  the  oil,  be- 
fore shipment,  is  passed  throu<;;h  a  small  steel  tank  pro- 
vided with  steam  coils,  where  it  is  heated  for  a  sufficient 
time  to  remove  these  impurities.  The  degree  of  tem- 
perature, which  is  from  110-'  to  150°  Fahi-enheit,  and 
the  duration  of  time,  which  is  usually  only  a  few  hours, 
are  determined  l)y  the  specific  gravity  of  the  oil  and 
the  amount  of  impurities  it  contains.  According  to 
Prutzman,' "The  high  degree  of  purity  wliich  is  ob- 
tained by  the  use  of  th(>se  simple  methods  is  quite  as- 
tonisliing.  Even  where  the  impurities  originally 
amoimt  to  50  per  cent  of  the  bulk  of  the  crude  oil, 
which  is  often  the  case,  the  oil  finally  shipped  will  not 
contam  more  than  2  per  cent  of  foreign  matter  of  all 
kinds,  and  the  larger  part  of  the  fuel  oil  in  the  San  Fran- 
cisco market,  at  least,  will  be  found  to  contain  less  than 
Ih  per  cent  of  impurity."  This  treatment  results  in 
other  advantages,  for  the  gas  with  which  the  oil  is 
charged  as  it  comes  from  the  well,  and  which  affects  its 
gravity  and  flash  point,  is  also  very  largely  removed. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  when  oils,  such  as  these 
teavy  crude  oils,  are  exposed  in  shallow  pools  to  sun- 
light in  hot  climates  the  oil  is  so  oxidized  that  its  grav- 
ity is  lowered  while  its  viscosity  is  raised,  and  the  oxida- 
tion may  proceed  so  far  as  to  convert  the  oil  into  a  tarry 
mass.  If  the  dissolved  gases  be  removed  from  the  oils 
and  sunlight  be  excluded,  the  effects  of  high  natural 
temperatures  are  not  serious,  and  it  thus  becomes  pos- 
sible to  store  oil  for  considerable  periods  in  such  reser- 
voirs. Although  the  oil  has  been  distinctly  improved 
by  methods  of  purification,  such  as  described,  the  prod- 
uct is  not  considered  as  refined  oil  in  the  Census  classi- 
fication and  the  establishment  in  which  the  operation  is 
carried  on  is  not  included  with  refineries. 

Filtration  was  resorted  to  for  the  purification  and 
refining  of  petroleum,  especially  in  preparing  it  for  use 
in  medicine,  at  a  very  early  date.  Doctor  Hildreth  in 
1833  mentions^  filtering  petroleum  through  charcoal, 
by  which  process  much  of  its  "  empyreumatic  smell  is 
destroyed  and  the  oil  greatly  improved  in  quality  and 
appearance."  Since  then  a  large  number  of  diflerent 
substances  have  been  employed  as  ffitering  mediums 
to  remove  from  crude  petroleum  all  sediment  and  sus- 
pended matter,  together  with  part  of  the  color  and 
odor.  Since  the  development  of  refining  by  distilla- 
tion, filtration  for  the  removal  of  color  and  odor  has 
been  confined  largely  to  the  denser  natural  oils  which 
are  used  for  the  production  of  lubricating  oils  and  which 
may  lose  some  of  the  qualities  that  especially  fit  them 
for  this  purpose,  if  subjected  to  the  conditions  wliich 
obtain  in  the  process  of  distillation.  Crude  oils  which 
contain  lubricating  oils,  but  owing  to  the  presence  of 


'  Bulletin  No.  32,  California  States  Mining  Bureau,  page  56. 
'American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  24,  series  1,  page  63. 


volatile  portions  are  too  fluid  for  direct  use,  are  reduced 
to  the  desired  consistency  by  partial  evaporation, 
either  by  exposing  them  in  shallow  tanks  to  solar  heat, 
or  by  driving  off  the  more  volatile  portions  in  stills,  or 
both,  and  they  may  be  further  clean.sed  and  purified 
before  or  after  concentration  ])y  filtration. 

Partial  distillation  is  emplo3'ed  in  the  producti(jn  of 
reduced  oils.  This  process  requires  the  use  of  shallow 
wooden  tanks  on  the  bottom  of  which  flat  steam  coils 
are  placed;  water  is  run  into  the  tanks  to  a  depth  of 
from  8  to  10  inches,  and  a  layer  of  oil  1  inch  in  depth 
is  placed  upon  the  water;  the  whole  is  then  heated 
until  the  oil  becomes  very  limpid,  and  this  temj)erature 
is  maintained  until  the  desired  specific  gravity  is 
reached.  An  advantage  in  this  treatment,  as  in  the 
method  of  settlmg  described  above,  lies  in  the  removal 
of  every  kind  of  dirt,  especially  the  minute  particles  of 
grit  which  may  have  been  held  in  suspension  in  the 
viscid  oil,  and  if  allowed  to  remain  would  .seriously  de- 
tract from  the  value  of  the  reduced  oil  as  a  lubricant. 
Another  method  practiced  in  the  manufacture  of  re- 
duced oils  consists  in  suspending  sheets  of  loosely 
woven  cloth  vertically  above  troughs  in  a  heated  cham- 
ber, and  tlu'ough  a  perforated  pipe  spraying  the  crude 
oil  upon  the  upper  edge  of  these  curtains.  As  the  oil 
slowly  descends  the  curtain  it  spreads  out  as  a  thin 
film,  thus  exposing  a  very  large  surface  to  the  heated 
atmosphere  of  the  chamber ;  and  thereby  the  more  vol- 
atile portions  of  the  oil  are  rapidly  driven  off.  At  the 
same  time  the  fiber  acts  as  a  filtering  medium,  retain- 
ing the  sediment  and  other  impurities  of  the  crude  oil, 
so  that  the  surplus  oil,  as  it  drips  from  the  lower  border 
of  the  curtains  into  receiving  troughs,  is  not  only  re- 
duced and  rendered  more  viscid  but  is  also  purified 
and  cleansed. 

The  process  of  refining  by  fractional  distillation  de- 
pends primarily  upon  the  fact  that  different  liquids, 
when  subjected  to  the  same  pres.sure,  boil  at  different 
temperatures,  from  which  it  might  be  inferred  that  if 
a  mixture  of  difl'erent  liquids  were  heated  gradually', 
each  component  of  the  mixture  as  it  reached  the 
temperature  at  which  it  boils  would  assume  the  state 
of  a  vapor  and  separate  from  the  mixture.  If  only 
these  simple  conditions  obtained,  the  separation  of 
a  liquid  mixture  into  its  individual  components  could 
be  effected  merelj'  by  heating  the  liquid  to  the  suc- 
cessive boiling  points  of  its  components,  and  con- 
densing and  collecting  the  distillates.  But  the  condi- 
tions are  not  so  simple,  for  the  separation  of  compo- 
nents of  solutions  by  heat  depends  not  only  on  their 
relative  boiling  points,  but  also  on  their  relative  vapor 
pressures,  and  vapor  pressures  change  with  the  tem- 
perature. Further,  the  most  complicated  conditions 
arise  where,  as  in  the  case  of  crude  petroleum,  the  mix- 
ture consists  of  liquids  which  dissolve  one  another,  that 
is,  are  miscible  in  each  other,  and  the  complexity-  in- 
creases with  the  increase  in  the  number  of  components. 


578 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  case  may  be  stated  for  a  system  of  two  miscible 
liquids  as  follows:  Such  a  mixture  on  being  heated  is 
continually  changed  in  compt>siti()n  during  vaporiza- 
tion, and  this  brings  about  a  change  in  the  pressure  and 
the  composition  of  the  vapor.  If  the  two  components 
have  very  different  vapor  pressures  and  their  boiling 
points  are  correspondingly  wide  apart,  the  vapor  pres- 
sure and  boiling  point  of  the  mixture  usually  fall 
between  those  of  the  components,  and  under  these  cir- 
cumstances the  more  volatile  liquid  goes  over  in  the 
largest  proportion  in  the  first  stages  of  the  distillation, 
while  the  greater  portion  of  the  less  volatile  liquid 
remains  behind.  The  separation  is  not,  however,  com- 
plete. The  liquid  mixture  has  been  divided  into  por- 
tions, called  fractions,  but  each  fraction  still  contains 
some  of  each  constituent.  It  has  obeyed  the  law 
stated  by  Barker:'  "Since  at  the  same  temperature  the 
vapor  pressure  of  a  liquid  is  proportioned  to  its  vola- 
tility, a  mixture  of  two  or  more  vapors  when  condensed 
will  yield  a  liquid  richer  in  the  more  volatile  constitu- 
ent." Bv  repeating  the  distillation  of  the  separate 
fractions  and  uniting  those  obtained  between  the  same 
boiling  point  limits,  a  practically  complete  separation 
may  eventually  be  effected.  But  if,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  two  components  of  the  liciuid  taken  as  an  example 
have  vapor  pressures  and  boiling  points  which  lie  near 
together,  one  of  two  other  consequences  may  follow. 
The  mixture  behaves  similarly  to  one  composed  of  liq- 
uids not  completely  mif?.cible,  and  the  vapor  pressure  of 
the  solution  is  greater  than  that  of  each  of  its  compo- 
nents. In  this  case  there  must  be  a  certain  ratio  be- 
tween the  two  pure  liq^iids  at  which  the  common  vapor 
pressure  will  attain  its  highest  value.  This  mixture 
will  consequently  have  the  lowest  boiling  point  of  any 
possible  combination  of  these  two  substances,  and  it 
will,  on  distillation,  behave  like  a  pure  substance  with 
a  constant  boiling  point  and  distill  over,  leaving  in  the 
still  the  substance  which  is  in  excess  with  respect  to 
this  boiling  point  mixture.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
mixture  of  the  two  lic|uids  may  have  a  lower  vapor 
pressure  than  that  of  either  component.  Such  liquids 
must  form,  in  definite  proportions,  that  mixture  which 
has  the  lowest  vapor  pressure  and  the  highest  boiling 
point  of  any  possiV^le  mixture  of  these  two  substances, 
and  on  distilling  the  liquid,  anything  present,  for  exam- 
ple an  excess  of  one  of  the  coiii])()nents  which  is  more 
volatile  than  this  definite  mixture,  passes  over  first, 
leaving  in  the  still  the  mixture  witli  the  highest  boiling 
point,  wliicli  beliavcs  much  like  a  siiigU^  substatice,  and 
distills  wiliiDut  sei)arating  into  its  coinponeiits. 

Tlic  distillation  of  crude  petroleum  is  usunlly  <  iirricd 
out  in  either  cylindrical  or  "cheese  box''  stills.  Tlic 
size  and  the  arruiigeinent  of  these  stills  and  the  iiu'tliod 
of  healing  tliem  vary  with  the  character  of  oil  to  be 
treated  and  tho  ])roducts  sought.     The  cylindrical  still 

'Goorge  F,  Barker:  Phym'cg,  1892,  paRO  318. 


consists  of  a  cylinder  of  boiler  plate,  30  to  40  feet  in 
length  and  12  feet  6  inches  to  14  feet  in  diameter,  the 
lower  half  of  which  is  usually  of  steel.  The  still  is  set 
horizontally  in  a  furnace  of  brickwork,  which  is  usually 
so  constructed  that  the  upper  surface  of  the  still  is  ex- 
posed to  the  air.  Stills  are  often  set  in  batteries  of 
from  two  to  ten  for  convenience  in  operation.  The 
"cheese  box  "  still  has  a  body  and  a  dome-shaped  top 
made  of  boiler  plate,  and  a  double  curved  bottom 
made  of  steel  plate.  They  may  be  30  feet  in  diameter 
and  9  feet  in  height,  and  they  are  set  vertically  on  a 
series  of  brick  arches.  The  working  charge  of  the 
cylmdrical  still  is  from  600  to  1,000  barrels,  and  of 
the  cheese  box  still,  1,200  barrels. 

Either  form  of  still  may  be  heated  by  direct  fires  or 
by  coils  of  steam  pipes,  either  closed  or  perforated, 
which  may  be  fitted  into  the  stills  to  heat  the  oil,  or 
by  the  injection  of  steam  to  facilitate,  on  the  principle 
of  partial  pressures,  the  passing  over  of  the  distillates. 
Some  stills  are  connected  with  an  exhaust  pump  by 
which  a  vacuum  may  be  mamtaincd  in  them  during 
distillation.  The  top  of  the  still  is  usually  provided 
with  a  dome  into  which  the  vapors  rise  and  fi-oni 
which  they  pass  to  the  condensers.  The  condensing 
apparatus  consists  primarily  of  long  coils  of  pipe 
immersed  in  tanks  tlirough  \\hich  cooling  water  flows. 
All  the  coils  or  lines  are  made  to  converge  near  the 
terminal  so  that  they  enter  the  receiving  house  within 
a  few  inches  of  each  other.  A  trap  is  placed  in  the 
pipe  near  the  end  of  each  line  for  the  purpose  of  lead- 
ing off  the  gases  or  difficultly  condensable  vapors 
which  are  produced,  and  these  are  either  collected  for 
fuel  or  discharged  into  the  atmosphere.  The  con- 
densing pi])es  generally  deliver  the  distillates  into  box- 
like receptacles,  sometimes  Icnown  as  "sight  boxes" 
because  they  have  sides  of  plate  glass  tlirough  which 
the  running  of  the  distillate  may  be  observed.  Hy- 
drometers, by  which  the  density  of  the  distillate  may 
be  noted,  and  thermometers,  for  determining  its  tem- 
))erature,  are  immersed  in  the  flowing  liquid  or  in 
samples  of  the  run  which  may  be  taken  from  time  to 
time  for  testing.  As  the  character  of  the  distillate 
changes,  the  delivery  pi])es  from  the  condensers  are 
turned  to  different  receptacles.  Tho  receptacles  lead 
to  storage  tanlcs  or  reservoirs,  sometimes  styled  "cut 
tanks." 

In  addition  to  the  above  stills  there  are  in  use  what, 
lire  know  n  as  tar  stills,  which  are  made  of  iron  or  steel 
and  are  lylinders  10  fe(>t  in  diamclcr  and  20  feet  in 
lenglh.  They  are  set  hori/.ontally  in  l)rick\\ork  in 
hallci'ics  (if  [\\n  n\\i\  .'Hi'  Iicii1("(l  by  lire.  They  hi>l(l 
iihout  2()ll  hiincls,  inul  iirc  ])n)vide(l  above  with  air 
(•on<leiis('rs  leading  from  a  dome  in  the  center  of  the 
top  of  each  cylinder.  The  cundcnscrs  arc  of  4-inch 
iron  pijie  coiled  in  three  turns  one  above  the  other  in  a, 
rectiingle  of  about  the  lenglh  and  width  of  the  still. 
As  tho  coil  makes  one  coin])lele  turn,  it  is  trapped  to 


STILLS  FOR   CRUDE   PETROLEUM- 


BIRD  S-EYE  VIEW  OF   ECLIPSE  WORKS. 


PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


579 


carry  off  the  products  wliich  have  condensed  at  that 
stage. 

As  stated,  tlie  process  of  distillation  varies  with  the 
circumstances,  but  the  operation  may  take  place  as 
follows:  The  oil  is  first  allowed  to  stand  in  large  tanks 
so  that  part  of  the  water  and  sediment  are  removed 
before  it  is  pumped  to  stills  into  which  live  steam  is 
introduced.  Distillation  coniniences  at  once  and  tlic 
distillate  is  colleclcd  in  a  receptacle  continuously  until 
its  specific  gravity  reaches  0.74  (60°  B.).  The  con- 
densers are  now  coimected  to  another  receptacle,  and 
as  tlie  temperature  rises  and  distillation  proceeds  the 
distillate  is  collected  until  its  specific  gravity  reaches 
0.81  (40°  B.).  The  heavy  oil  which  remains  is  often 
distilled  witli  superheated  steam  for  the  production  of 
lubricating  oil.  The  first  original  distillate  is  redis- 
tilled by  steam  and  separated,  commonly,  into  five 
different  fractions.  The  second  original  fi-action  may 
be  subjected  to  a  second  distillation  to  drive  oft" 
lighter  oils,  which  are  then  added  to  the  first  original 
fi'action.  The  third  original  fraction  may  be  chilled 
so  as  to  cause  the  paraifin  present  to  crystallize.  The 
semisolid  mass  of  paraffin  thus  produced  is  then  sub- 
jected to  pressure  to  drive  out  the  oil  which  is  present. 
This  oil  is  further  subjected  to  the  action  of  steam  in  a 
still  to  remove  from  it  certain  oils  which  possess  a  pun- 
gent and  offensive  odor.  The  distillates  are  then  sub- 
jected to  chemical  treatment  or  to  filtration,  or  to 
both  if  further  refining  be  desired. 

It  was  noted  long  ago  in  the  making  of  coal  gas  that 
if  the  less  volatile  products  from  the  distillation  of  the 
coal  were  allowed  to  condense  and  fall  back  into  the 
hot  retort,  the  liquid  was  decomposed  into  other  sub- 
stances, some  of  which  were  much  more  volatile  than 
the  original  condensation  product.  This  process  of 
breakhig  up  an  organic  liquid  by  heat  is  called  "crack- 
ing." It  is  a  process  of  destructive  distillation  and 
may  be  applied  to  many  substances.  It  has  long  been 
applied  to  the  treatment  of  petroleum,  for  by  its  use  a 
larger  portion  of  illuminants  and  oils  of  low  boiling 
point  maj"  be  obtained  from  a  crude  petroleum  than  is 
usually  obtained  by  simple  distillation  only,  since  in 
the  latter  case  a  large  per  cent  of  the  petroleum  may 
remain  as  heavy  oils  or  paraffins.  In  tlus  process  the 
operation  of  distillation  is  carried  out  as  before,  using 
fire,  but  when  the  second  original  fraction  has  been 
separated  and  collected,  the  fu'es  are  slackened  and  the 
distillation  allowed  to  proceed  slowly,  in  consequence 
of  which  the  vapors  of  tlie  heavy  oil  are  repeatedly 
condensed  upon  tlie  dome  of  the  still  and  fall  back 
upon  the  hot  oil  beneath,  with  the  result  that  there  is 
produced  a  large  volume  of  gas,  composed  chiefly  of 
marsh  gas  and  hydrogen;  a  distillate  of  suitable  spe- 
cific gravity  for  the  production  of  illiniiinatiug  oil;  and 
a  heavy,  tarry  residue,  called  "residuum,"  which  re- 
mains in  the  still.  This  residuum  goes  to  the  tar  still, 
where,  on  further  distillation  by  fire,  there  is  collected 


at  the  first  trap  heavy  distillate,  at  the  second  trap 
inlermediate  distillate,  and  at  the  third  trap  light  dis- 
tillate, while  tar  coke  is  left  in  the  still.  The  first  of 
the  above  distillates  is  wax  bearing,  and  in  the  last 
part  of  its  run  this  distillate  is  known  as  wax  taihngs; 
the  third  consists  largely  of  illuminants,  while  the  sec- 
ond distillate  is  of  an  intermediate  character.  All  are 
joined  to  analogous  materials  passing  througli  the  re- 
finery and  are  reworked  by  methods  similar  to  those 
described  above. 

Oils  that  are  to  be  subjected  to  chemical  treatment 
to  improve  their  color,  or  to  remove  components  which 
might  interfere  with  their  use  for  particular  purposes, 
are  jnimped  from  the  cut  tanks  into  the  agitators. 
The  latter  are  narrow  upright  cyluiders  with  conical 
bottoms,  generally  lined  with  sheet  lead  and  provided 
with  an  air  blast  descending  from  above  and  with  out- 
lets below  for  the  spent  chemicals  and  the  treated  oils. 
Agitators  may  hold  50,000  gallons  of  oil  at  one  charge. 
The  reagents  usually  employed  are  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid  and  caustic  soda  or  other  alkalies.  The 
sulphuric  acid  forms  sulphonic  acids,  and  addition  and 
other  compounds  with  the  unsaturated  hydrocarbons, 
tlii'ough  \\hicli  they  become  soluble  in  water,  and  maj^ 
be  removed.  At  the  same  time  other  of  the  compo- 
nents of  the  oil  are  oxidized,  so  that,  as  a  result  of  the 
reaction,  when  the  oil  is  mixed  with  acid  by  means  of 
the  air  blast,  the  mixture  becomes  thick  and  black  and 
there  is  an  evolution  of  sulphur  dioxide.  The  mass  is 
allowed  to  stand  and  thereby  separates  into  layers  of 
oil  and  spent  or  "sludge"  acid.  The  latter  is  d^a^^^l 
off  and  the  oil  washed  by  agitation  with  water.  It  is 
then  treated  with  an  alkaline  solution,  hx  means  of 
vrhich  not  only  any  free  sulphuric  acid  but  also  any 
acid  salts  or  other  bodies  present  may  be  neutralized. 
After  the  alkaline  solution  has  settled  and  been  drawn 
off,  the  oil  is  washed  until  all  traces  of  alkali  are  elimi- 
nated, and  then  it  is  drawn  off  to  settling  or  sunning 
tanks.  In  special  cases  it  may  now  be  agam  distilled 
to  fraction  it  more  completelj^,  or  it  may  be  treated  in  a 
steam  still  to  reduce  it. 

The  (juantily  of  sulphuric  acid  required  in  refining 
petroleum  and  the  length  of  exposure  to  its  action  de- 
pends on  the  original  purity  of  the  distillate  and  the 
purity  sought.  Cracked  oils  require  more  acid  than 
uncracked,  and  the  Ohio  oils  require  more  than  the 
Pennsylvania.  Usually  the  amount  of  acid  required 
increases  with  the  density  of  the  distillate.  It  is,  as 
a  rule,  added  in  repeated  dcses  until  the  desired  result 
',  is  obtained.  The  acid  sludge  is  sometimes  treated  so 
!  as  to  regain  the  sulphuric  acid  for  reuse;  at  other 
times  it  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  fertilizers  and 
for  other  purposes  in  chemical  manufacture. 

In  1905,  165,104  short  tons  of  sludge  acid,  having  a 
value  of  S400,4S0,  or  S2.4.3  per  ton,  were  reported  as 
having  been  sold  from  the  refineries.  The  weight  of 
sludge  acid  thus  accounted  for  formed  78.1  per  cent  of 


580 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  total  sulphuric  acid  used  in  refining  in  that  year. 
In  1890  there  were  reported  33,911  tons  of  sludge  acid 
used  for  fertilizers  and  chemicals,  and  19,962  tons  for 
recovered  sulphuric  acid,  the  total,  53,873  tons,  con- 
stituting 56.1  per  cent  of  the  total  sulphuric  acid 
reported  as  iised  in  refining  petroleum  at  that  census. 
In  1880  there  were  reported  22,163  tons  of  sludge  acid 
used  for  fertihzers,  and  21,159  tons  for  recovered  sul- 
phuric acid,  the  total,  43,322  tons,  constituting  94.5 
per  cent  of  the  total  sulphuric  acid  reported  as  used  in 
refining  petroleum  at  that  census.  The  alkali  sludge 
has  sometimes  been  heated  to  destroy  the  organic 
matter  present  and  recover  the  alkali,  but  this  is  usu- 
ally found  unprofitable. 

When  sulphiu-  is  present  in  petroleum,  it  is  difficult 
of  removal,  so  that  special  treatment  must  be  given 
oils,  such  as  Lima  oil,  which  are  high  in  sulphur  con- 
tents. Some  refiners  effect  this  by  distilling  the 
petroleum  over  scrap  iron  and  treating  the  distillate 
first  with  an  alkaline  solution  of  lead  oxide,  and  then 
with  flowers  of  sulphur  to  remove  the  last  traces  of 
lead.  Much  the  greater  part,  however,  is  distilled  over 
copper  oxide,  the  oxide  being  regained  by  burning  off 
the  sulphur. 

According  to  Mabery,*  "Probably  50  tons  of  sul- 
phur daily  is  a  conservative  estimate  of  the  amount 
extracted  from  Ohio  oil  and  burned  off  into  the  atmos- 
phere. It  is  claimed  for  this  process  that  it  is  capable 
of  removing  the  sulphur  to  two  one-hundredths  of  1 
per  cent,  which  is  probably  correct."  In  addition  to 
the  chemicals  mentioned,  others  are  sometimes  used, 
among  which  are  cluoniic  acid  or  bichromate  of  pot- 
ash and  sulphuric  acid,  employed  to  oxidize  the  acrid 
and  objectionable  components;  nitronapiithalcne, 
added  to  the  oil  preparetl  for  sale  to  mask  the  phe- 
nomenon of  fluorescence,  or  to  debloom  the  oil;  and 
many  others  mentioned  in  the  ]ia tents  on  petroleum 
refining. 

The  classification  of  petroleum  products  is  a  matter 
of  difficulty  because  the  same  name  has  at  various 
times  been  given  to  different  substances,  some  of  wliich 
are  not  products  of  petroleum,  and  because  the  same 
materiiii  has  been  known  by  difl'orent  names.  The 
different  products  may,  to  some  degree,  be  differen- 
tiated by  their  boiling  points,  specific  gravities,  and 
fire  te.sts.  Yet  again  there  is  confusion  from  the  use, 
for  liquids  lighter  than  water,  of  tlie  Baunie  hydrom- 
eter, which  has  a  purely  arbitrarj'  scale,  with  which  to 
gauge  the  densities  of  the  oils,  instead  of  one  which 
would  measure  their  real  s|)ecific  gravities  directly,  .so 
that  a  60°  oil  on  the  Baum6  .scale  is  one  whose  real 
specific  gravity  is  0.745,  while  a  4S°  B.  oil  is  one  whose 
real  apecKic  gravity  is  0.794 ;  in  other  words,  the  higher 
the  number  on  tlir  Bauin^'  scale,  the  lower  is  the  real 
s|)i'ci(ic  gravity  and  the  lighter  the  oil.     Likewise,  the 

'  Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  Society,  1900,  vol .  28,  page  432. 


fire  test,  or  test  of  the  behavior  of  the  oil  on  exposure 
to  a  naked  flame  or  source  of  ignition,  covers  both  the 
flasliing  point  test,  for  determining  the  lowest  tem- 
perature at  which  the  oil  gives  off  vapors  which  form 
combustible  and  explosive  mixtures  with  air,  and  the 
burning  point  test,  for  determining  the  lowest  tem- 
perature at  wliich  the  body  of  oil  will  take  fire  and 
continue  to  burn.  It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that 
this  confusion  exists  m  the  literature  on  the  subject, 
and  particularly  in  the  statute  books,  as  the  flashing 
point  test  is  the  one  by  which  the  community  is  pro- 
tected from  accidental  explosions  and  fii-es  in  the 
handling  and  use  of  illuminating  oils. 

With  tliis  introductorj-  explanation,  it  may  be  stated 
that  the  term  "naphtha  and  gasoline"  embraces 
pentane,  boiling  point  100.4°  F.,  real  specific  gravity 
0.625,  which  is  used  as  a  standard  of  light  in  photo- 
metric work;  petroleum  ether,  boiling  point  104°  F. 
to  158°  F.,  specific  gravity  0.65  to  0.66  or  85°  to  80* 
B.,  which  is  sometimes  known  as  Sherwood  oil,  and  is 
used  as  a  solvent  for  caoutchouc  and  fatty  oils,  and  for 
carburetting  air  in  gas  machines;  76°  gasoline,  boiling 
point  158°  F.  to  194°  F.,  specific  gravity  0.66  to  0.69 
or  80°  to  75°  B.,  known  also  as  680  spirit,  motor  spirit, 
petrol,  carbiu-ine,  and  boulevard  gas  fluid,  and  used  in 
naphtha  lamps  and  internal  combustion  engines,  m  the 
extraction  of  oil  from  seeds  and  fat  from  garbage  and 
wool,  and  in  carburetting  water  gas;  naphtha,  boiling 
point  177°  F.  to  230''  F.,  specific  gravity  0.69  to  0.70 
or  76°  to  70°  B.,  Ivuown  also  as  Danforth's  oil,  ordinary 
spii-it  (when  in  the  condition  of  im treated  distillate), 
deodorized  spirit  (when  purified),  and  city  naphtha, 
and  used  as  petrol  in  motor  cars,  for  l)urning  in  vapor 
stoves  and  street  lam])s,  as  a  solvent  for  resins  in  mak- 
ing varnishes,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  oilcloths; 
stove  naphtha,  specific  gravity  0.70  or  70.4°  B.; 
ligroin,  boiling  point  176°  F.  to  248°  F.,  specific  grav- 
ity 0.71  to  0.73  or  67°  to  62°  B.,  used  as  a  solvent  in  tlie 
chemical  laboratory  and  in  pharmacy  and  for  burning 
in  sponge  lamps;  benzine  (deodorized),  boiling  point 
248°  F.  to  302°  F.,  specific  gravity  0.73  to  0.75  or  (i5° 
to  57°  B.,  used  as  a  substitute  for  turpentine  for  clean- 
ing i)rintcrs'  type,  and  for  dyers',  scourers',  and 
painters'  uses.  In  the  refinery  all  of  the  above  men- 
tioned fractions  may  be  included  in  the  substances 
known  as  A-na])htlia,  specific  gravity  0.74  or  64°  to  60° 
B.;  B-naphtha,  si)e(ific  gravity  0.72  or  68°  to  64°  B.; 
and  C-naphtha,  specific  gravity  0.70  or  80°  to  68°  B. 
All  iietroleum  distillates  having  a  sjiecific  gravity 
above  (>if  B.  may  l)e  styled  "na|)htha  and  gasoline." 
Althougii  engine  distillates  which  are  a  cut  between 
"na]ih(lia  and  gasoline"  and  kerosene,  may  be  classed 
with  flic  former,  the  lightest  engine  distillates,  wliich 
run  well  u|i  in  the  sixties  in  gravity,  are  ])repared  for 
sTiuili  engines,  wiiile  the  heaviest  are  intended  to  re- 
places kerosene  in  kerosene  engines.     As  a  rule  they  are 


PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


581 


not  as  carefully  jiurified  as  gasolines  and  kerosenes  of 
the  same  fj;i'avity  and  difTer,  in  the  lower  menil)er.s, 
from  kerosene  in  that  no  attention  is  paid  to  the  Hash- 
ing point. 

Tlie  distillate  collected  between  60°  B.  and  40°  R., 
or  specific  gravity  0.744  to  0.829,  is  crude  illuaiiuating 
oil.  The  refined  illuminating  oils  are  known  by  a 
large  number  of  names,  the  most  common  general 
name  being  kerosene.  The  oils  are  graded  by  their 
color,  their  flashing  point  tests,  their  burning  jioint 
tests,  and  their  specific  gravities.  Water  white  oil  of 
120°  F.  flashing  point  test,  150°  F.  burning  point  test, 
and  48°  B.  gravity  is  standard,  but  there  are  many 
other  gravities  of  water  wliite  oil.  The  Quartermas- 
ter's Department  of  the  Army  has  .specified  1.35°  F. 
flaslung  point  as  the  minimum  for  oil  supplied  to  that 
department.  Other  grades,  by  color,  are  prime  white, 
having  a  faint  yellow  color,  and  standard  white,  hav- 
ing a  pronounced  yellow  color.  Water  white  oil  of 
gravity  45.5°  B.  and  175°  F.  burning  point  is  fre- 
quently sold  as  headlight  oil  for  use  in  locomotives. 
Water  white  oil  of  36°  to  38°  B.,  and  300°  F.  burning 
point  is  knowTi  as  mineral  sperm  oil,  mineral  seal  oil, 
mineral  colza  oil,  coach  oil,  and  300°  oil,  and  is  used  as 
an  illuminant  in  railway  coaches  and  lighthouses,  and 
for  other  purposes  where  readily  ignitible  oils  are 
objectionable.  Such  an  oil  produced  from  wax  oil, 
when  pressed,  and  not  lighter  than  34°  B.,  is  used  in 
Pennsylvania  in  compounding  miners'  lamp  oil.  An 
oil  having  a  specific  gravity  of  from  0.S5  to  0.86  and  a 
flashing  point  above  100°  F.  is  laiown  as  gas  oil.  Stove 
oil  is  generally  a  cut  froni  the  crude  still  following  the 
kerosene. 

The  lubricating  oils  vary  so  greatly  as  to  be  beyond 
description  within  reasonable  limits.  All  should  have 
high  burning  points,  and  a  natural  lubricating  oil  to  be  of 
real  value  must  not  ignite  under  a  temperature  of  325° 
F.  The  lightest  of  the  lubricating  oils,  varying  in  grav- 
ity from  32°  to  38°  B.,  are  known  as  neutral  oils,  or 
when  further  purified  by  filtration  tlu-ough  boneblack 
or  fuller's  earth,  as  they  usually  are,  as  neutral  filtered 
oils.  Heavier  lubricating  oils  are  styled  "spindle  oil" 
and  "cylinder  oil."  The  most  important  characteristics 
which  distinguish  these  oils  are  high  burning  point,  and 
viscosity,  and  low  cold  test.  Cylinder  oils  are  obtained 
by  distilling  the  heavyoils,  from  which  the  naphthas  and 
illuminating  oils  have  been  removed,  with  superheated 
steam,  taking  care  that  no  cracking  takes  place.  Or 
they  may  be  produced  bj^  distillation  in  a  vacuum. 
Paraflin  lubricating  oils  are  obtained  by  chilling  the 
first  distillate  from  the  tar  stills  or  other  wax  bearing 
distillates,  these  being  chilled  in  the  chilling  house  by 
cold  brine  from  an  ammonia  ice  nuichine.  The  chilled 
mass  is  pressed  to  separate  it  into  paraffin  and  oil,  and 
this  oil  is  then  redistilled  and  cut  into  several  fractions. 
The  common  cuts  for  paraffin  oil  are  one  of  29°  to  30° 
B.,  and  a  heavy  cut  of  23°  to  26°  B.     To  give  the  oils 


higher  burning  points  and  viscosities,  they  are  cut  from 
one-half  to  one  flegree  higher  than  wanted  and  then  re- 
duced in  a  reducing  still  by  means  of  steam  and  fuel. 

Besides  the  various  oils,  semisolid  products,  repre- 
sented by  vaseline,  and  solids,  such  as  paraffin  and  pe- 
troleum coke,  are  obtained  in  petroleum  refining.  Vas- 
eline is  obtained  by  filtering  heavy  cylinder  stock 
through  boneblack  filters  until  the  required  color  is  ob- 
tained; the  first  runnings  from  the  filters,  which  are 
sufficiently  light  in  color,  may  be  used  for  vaseline,  and 
the  darker  part  used  as  filtered  cylinder  stock.  To  .se- 
cure the  necessary  consistency  and  melting  point,  pure 
paraflin  is  melted  and  added  to  the  filtered  material. 
Rod  wax  obtained  from  the  tubes  and  rods  of  ])umping 
wells  and  the  salvy  residues  from  oil  tanks  and  pipe 
lines,  which  is  known  in  the  industry  as  B.  S.,  are  em- 
ployed in  the  manufacture  of  these  semisolid  petroleum 
products.  Thej-  are  used  directly  as  ointments  or  em- 
ployed with  drugs  in  the  manufacture  of  ointments  and 
salves,  and  are  styled  in  the  United  States  Pharma- 
copoeia Petrolatum  molle,  or  soft  petrolatum,  the  re- 
quirement being  that  they  have  a  melting  point  of  from 
104°  to  113°  F.  If  the  rod  wax  l)e  pressed,  it  yields  a 
solid  with  a  low  melting  point  and  a  salvy  half-parafiin 
nature,  which,  either  directly  or  when  mixed  with  chicle 
or  balata  gum,  is  used  as  chewinsr  gum.  Paraffin,  ob- 
tained from  the  chilling  and  pressing  of  the  wax  bearing 
distillates,  preferably  distilled  at  high  temperatures  to 
insure  crystallization,  is  generally  manufactured  in 
three  varieties,  with  melting  points  of  125°  F.,  128°  F., 
and  135°  F.,  known  as  C,  B.,  and  A.  paraffin,  respec- 
tivel3^.  The  Petrolatum  spissum.  or  hard  petrolatum, 
of  the  United  States  Pharmaco])<r  ia,  should  have  a 
melting  point  of  from  113°  to  125°  F.  Thus  petro- 
leum paraffin  stands  next  in  the  order  of  petroleum 
products  as  classified  by  the  melting  points.  The  par- 
affin is  purified  by  chemical  treatment  like  that  for  the 
other  distillates,  by  filtration  to  remove  color,  by  re- 
crvstallization  from  solution  in  benzine,  and  l)y  sweat- 
ing. This  last  is  done  by  chilling  it  in  cakes  in  shallow 
trays  having  wire-mesh  bottoms.  These  are  stacked 
in  rooms,  which  are  gradually  heated.  The  paraflin. 
having  the  lowest  melting  point,  becomes  liquid,  drips 
out,  and  is  collected;  with  another  increase  in  tempera- 
ture and  change  of  receivers  the  paraffin  of  the  next 
higher  melting  point  is  obtained,  and  the  operation  is 
thus  continued  until  the  desired  degree  of  separation  is 
efl'ected. 

Paraffin  is  used  for  many  purposes  in  the  arts.  The 
harder  varieties  are  used  largely  in  the  manufacture  of 
candles,  about  5  per  cent  of  stearic  acid  being  added  to 
prevent  the  candle  from  softening  and  bending.  They 
are  used  also  for  finishing  calicoes  and  woven  goods  and 
in  laundry  work  to  produce  a  luster.  The  softer  varie- 
ties are  used  for  coating  jellies  and  fruits  in  preserving 
jars,  for  the  preparation  of  translucent  and  waterproof 
paper,  for  w^aterproofing  cloth,  for  mixing  with  stearic 


582 


MANUFACTURES. 


acid  and  wax  in  candle  making,  for  impregnating  the 
wood  of  Swedish  matches,  and  as  the  absorbent  in  the 
process  of  enfleurage  or  extraction  of  the  perfume  from 
flowers. 

Residual  pitches  are  obtained  in  the  distillation  of  the 
"asphaltic"petroleuniof  California,  the  ■'"semiasphaltic'' 
petroleum  of  Texas,  and  of  some  paraffin  petroleum. 
The  residues  from  California  petroleum  have  been  used 
to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  pavmg  industry  and  are 
generally  known  as  "D"  grade  asphalt  or  by  some  spe- 
cial trade  designation  or  brand.  According  to  Rich- 
ardson' this  "D"  grade  asphalt,  when  properly  made, 
contains  not  over  10  per  cent  of  fixed  carbon,  while  the 
asphalt  from  Texas  oil  contains  a  higher  percentage  of 
this  constituent.  The  more  liquid  portions  of  these 
residuums  are  used  in  compounding  sheet  asphalt,  in 
wliich  they  constitute  from  12  to  50  per  cent  of  the  com- 
position. For  this  purpose,  California  oil  should  be 
from  10°  to  1.3°  B. ;  Texas  oil,  14°  to  16°  B. :  and  Eastern 
oi],  18°  to  22°  B.;  and  all  should  have  a  flasliing  point 
above  .350°  F.  to  be  suitable  for  use. 

Other  petroleum  products  used  in  the  paving  indus- 
try are  Pittsburg  flux,  produced  by  heating  a  gallon  of 
ordinary  Pennsylvania  petroleum  residuum  with  about 
1  pound  of  sulphur;  Ventura  flux,  made  by  treatment 
of  the  California  residuum  in  a  similar  manner;  byer- 
h'te,  formed  by  oxidizing  Pennsylvania  residuum  by 
sucking  air  through  it,  Byerly  of  Cleveland  having 
foimd  that  oxygen,  like  sulphm",  efl'ected  a  condensation 
of  the  residuum;  and  hydroline  B.,  produced  by  blow- 
ing air  through  the  ''asphaltic"  residuvuu  from  Texas 
petroleum.  These  substances  are  prepared  for  use  as 
fluxes  for  native  asphalt.  By  blowing  the  crude  oil 
with  air  similar  oxidation  and  inspissation  takes  place. 
If  the  oil  be  warmed  at  the  start,  the  oxidation  not  only 
maintains  the  temperature  but  causes  it  to  rise  to  as 
high  as  900°  F.  ^Vater  vapor  is  evolved,  though  but 
little,  if  any,  of  the  more  volatile  components  of  the  oil 
are  driven  off.  The  blown  residues  tluis  formed  are 
used  for  waterproofing,  for  |)aints,  for  rubl)er  substi- 
tutes, and  for  use  in  the  arts.  Residuums  are  used  in 
oiiiiigdirt  romls.  Petroleum  coke,  which  is  the  porous, 
brilliant  black  solid  left  in  the  tar  stills,  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  electric  light  carbons. 

Greases  are  semisolid  to  solid  products  tised  in  lubri- 
cation. They  are  usually  nuulc  by  mixing  a  lime  soap 
with  a  petrolciiMi  distillate.  .V  rosin-lime  son|)  and 
mineral  oil  |)roduces  axle  grease  or  set  grease,  and  a 
mixture  of  lime  soap  nnide  from  horse  fat  or  cottonseed 
oil  with  minernl  oil  is  styled  "  engine  grease."  Bo(  h  may 
be  niixr'.d  with  lead  oxide,  mica,  soapstoiie,  or  gra|)hite. 
Wax  liiiliiigs  are  used  on  the  rolls  in  iron  and  tin-plate 
mills  under  the  name  of  roll  grease.  Cami)oun(lcd  oils 
are  produced  by  mixing  mineral  oils  willi  tinirnal  oils, 
such  as  neat's-foot,  Inrd,  tallow,  sjxirm,  and  whale,  or 


'  The  Modern  Asphalt  Puvi-ment,  1905,  page  253. 


vegetable  oils,  such  as  rape-seed,  olive,  or  palm,  with 
soaps,  such  as  lead  and  aluminum  soap,  and  with 
solids,  such  as  graphite,  mica,  and  soapstone.  A  very 
common  ofl,  known  as  mineral  castor  oil,  is  made  by 
compounding  an  aluminum  soap  with  petroleum  dis- 
tillate. The  number  of  mixtures  possible  is  well-nigh 
infinite,  and  a  very  large  number  of  these  have  been 
made,  ofl^ered  in  commerce,  and  used. 

From  the  description  here  given  of  the  petroleum 
products  and  fi"om  the  consideration  of  the  brief  dis- 
cussion of  the  laW'S  which  govern  the  behavior  of 
miscible  licpiids  when  subjected  to  distillation,  as  pre- 
viously set  forth,  it  is  apparent  that  the  petroleum 
distillates  offered  in  commerce  are  not  definite  chem- 
ical compounds,  or  even  definitely  compounded  and 
constant  mixtures.  Although,  by  the  use  of  the  hy- 
drometer and  thermometer,  fractions  may  be  obtained 
having  witliin  limits  similar  specific  gravities  and  boil- 
ing points,  yet  it  does  not  follow  that  two  distillates 
possessing  these  characteristics  are  otherwise  similar, 
and  observation  of  such  distillates  from  different  locali- 
ties shows  them  to  be  different.  It  follows  then  that 
the  general  trade  names  only  rougldy  designate  the 
difi'erent  distillates,  and  that  a  desired  distillate  nnist 
be  carefully  described  m  specifications  by  its  physical 
and  chemical  properties.  It  is  evident  too  that  the 
process  of  refining  requires  much  distilling  and  redis- 
tilling, with  compounding  of  the  distillates  between 
redistillations,  to  obtain  the  maximum  quantity  of  a 
desired  product  from  the  crude  petroleum,  and  (hat 
these  processes  will  vary  in  kind  and  number  with  the 
particular  crude  petroleum  treated  and  as  to  whether 
or  not  cracking  is  resorted  to.  When  there  is  added  to 
these  the  employment  of  fii-e,  or  low-pressiu'e  steam,  or 
high-pressure  steam,  or  a  vacuum  in  the  processes  of 
distillation  and  the  variations  in  chemical  treatnu'ut 
and  filtration,  it  is  apparent  that  no  general  description 
of  the  process  of  petroleum  refuiing  can  set  forth  the 
operations  of  the  different  individual  factories  except 
in  a  very  broad  way. 

The  transportation  and  storage  of  petroleum  prod- 
ucts, and  more  especially  of  the  lighter  distillates,  are 
of  great  public  concern,  since  they  have  frequently 
given  rise  to  accidents,  owing  to  the  fact  that  they 
freely  give  off,  at  the  lowest  natural  temperatures, 
volatile  iniliunmable  vai)ors  which  form  exjilosive 
mixtures  willi  air.  The  li(|uid  distillates  are  trans- 
])orted  on  a  large  conunci'cial  scale,  in  bulk,  in  l)ipe 
lines,  ti\uk  cars,  and  tank  slii])s,  to  distributing  ])oints, 
from  \\lii<li  llicy  arc  delivered  in  taidv  wagons,  barrels, 
and  cans  to  small  consumers.  Probably  (h(>  larger 
part  of  all  the  lighter  distillates  jjroduced  are  dislrib- 
ulcij  in  1,'iiik  ciirs,  wliicli  consist  of  cylindiical  steel 
tanks  moinit<'(l  on  their  sides  on  ])la(form  cars.  They 
vary  in  size,  but  are  frecpuMitly  25  feci  long  by  (i  feet  in 
(JiMincIci-  and  carry  about  S, ()()()  giillons  of  distillate. 
',  They  arc  ])i'ovidc(l  on  the  ui)])cr  side  witli  a  covered 


REFINERY,   WHITING,    INDIANA. 


REFINERY,    WHITING.    INDIANA. 


PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


583 


manhole,  tliroufili  wliidi  (licy  are  filled,  and  a  safety 
valve  to  diminish  tlie  liability  to  explosion  in  case  of 
fire.  Forsliipment  al)n)ad,oil  is  put  in  rectangular  tin 
cans  holding  5  gallons  each,  and  two  such  cans  are 
packed  in  a  woodc^n  case.  As  examples  of  the  hazard 
attending  the  transportation  of  petroleum  products, 
there  may  be  cited  the  explosion  at  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
December  21,  1887,  foUowmg  leakage  from  a  pipe  line 
across  that  city,  and  the  fire  and  explosion  at  the 
Sheraden  Yard,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  May  12,  1902,  follow- 
ing the  collision  of  other  cars  with  a  tank  car  in  making 
up  a  train.  The  liquid  distillates  are  generally  stored 
in  steel  tanks  above  ground.  These  should  be  pro- 
vided with  safety  valves  or  screened  ventilators  and 

45254— MF(i  1905— PT  4—08 39 


should  be  surrounded  by  screen  walls  of  such  con- 
struction and  height,  or  should  be  partly  sunk  in  an 
excavation  or  pit,  in  such  manner  that  the  inclosure 
will  hold  all  of  the  liquid  contained  in  the  tank  and 
prevent  its  escape  in  case  of  tire.  These  tanks  above 
ground  are  frequently  struck  by  lightning.  A  safer 
method  of  storage  is  in  underground  tanks,  and  only 
such  tanks  should  be  permitted  in  the  midst  of  popu- 
lated districts.  Yet  in  tliese  cases  special  precau- 
tions should  be  taken  in  construction  and  mainte- 
nance to  prevent  corrosion  and  leakage,  as  the  escape 
of  these  volatile  inflammable  Uquids  into  sewers, 
wells,  and  cellars  may  lead  to  very  serious  disas- 
ters. 


APPENDIX  A. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Allen,  Alfred  H.,  and  Leffmann,  Henry.  Petroleum  and 
Shale  Products;  Commercial  Organic  Analysis,  Vol.  II,  Part  11,  pages 
90-151.     Philadelphia,  1900. 

Arlington  Mills,  The.  Tops,  a  New  American  Industry.  Law- 
rence, Mass.,  1898. 

Chandler,  C.  F.,  Ph.  D.  Report  on  Petroleum  as  an  Illumi- 
nator.    New  York,  1871. 

Committee  Report  on  Tank  Cars.  Proceedings  Master  Car 
Builders'  Association,  1903,  page  312. 

Crew,  Benjamin  J.  A  Practical  Treatise  on  Petroleum.  Phila- 
delphia, 1887. 

Goldingham,  a.  H.     Oil  engines.     New  York,  1900. 

Hayden,  H.  F.  The  Use  of  Petroleum  as  Furnace  Fuel.  Wash- 
ington, 1884. 

Hiscox,  Gardner  D.  Gas,  Gasoline, -and  Oil  Vapor  Engines. 
New  York,  1898. 

International  Library  of  Technology.  Petroleum  and 
Products.     Scran  ton.  Pa.,  1902. 

Lucas,  Anthony  F.  The  great  oil  well  near  Beaumont,  Tex.  Trans. 
Am.  Inst.  Mining  Eng.  1902,  vol.  31,  pages  302  to  374. 

Mabery,  Charles  F.  Composition  of  American  Petroleum. 
Journal  American  Chemical  Society,  1906,  vol.  28,  page  415. 

North,  Sydney  H.  Oil  fuel.  Its  Supply,  Composition,  and 
Application.     Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1905. 

Ostwald,  W.,  translated  by  J.  Walker.  Outlines  of  General 
Chemistry.     London,   1890. 

Peckham,  S.  F.  Nitrogen  Contevl  of  California.  Petroleum.  Am. 
J.  Sec.  [3].  250-255:  1894. 

Peckham,  S.  F.  Tfie  Oenesis  of  Bitumens  as  related  to  Chemical 
Geology.     Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  37,  108-139:  1898. 

Petroleum.  The  Encyclopedia  Britannica,  1885,  vol.  18,  page 
712. 


Petroleum.  Universal  Cyclopedia  and  Atlas,  vol.  9,  page  240. 
New  York,  1903. 

Report  on  the  Production,  Technology,  arul  Uses  of  Petroleum  and 
Its  Products.  Government  Printing  Oirico,  Washington,  1884.  (It 
contains  a  bibliography  of  490  titles.) 

Petroleum.  The  Encyclopedia  Britannica  Supplement,  1891,  vol. 
4,  page  186. 

Phillips,  William  Battle,  Ph.  D.  Texas  Petroleum,  The  Uni- 
versity of  Texas  Mineral  Survey  Bulletin,  No.  1,  19fX). 

Prutzman,  Paul  W.  Production  and  Use  of  Petroleum  in  Cali- 
fornia, Bulletin  No.  32,  California  State  Mining  Bureau.  Sacra- 
mento, Cal.,  1904. 

Redwood,  Boverton.  A  Treatise  on  Petroleum,  two  volumes. 
London,  1896. 

Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Corporations  on  the  Transportation 
of  Petroleum.    Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  1906. 

Report  of  United  States  Naval  Liquid  Fuel  Board.  Government 
Printing  Office,  Washington,   1904. 

RicHARDso.N,  Clifford.  The  Modem  Asphalt  Pavement.  New 
York,  1905. 

Sadtler,  Samuel  P.  A  Handbook  of  Industrial  Organic  Chem- 
istry.    Philadelphia,  1895. 

Schweitzer,  P.,  Ph.  D.  A  Lecture  on  Petroleum.  Columbia,  Mo., 
1879.     (It  contains  a  bibliography  of  169  titles.) 

S.  S.  Atlas.  New  Oil-  Tank  Steamer  for  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany, Marine  Engineering,  1899,  vol.  3,  page  27. 

Tar  and  Oil  for  Road  Improvement,  Circular  No.  47,  Office  of 
Public  Roads,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office,  Washington,  1906. 

Thomson,  Capt.  J.  H.,  and  Redwood,  Boverton.  Handbook 
on  Petroleum.    London,  1901. 

Wrigley,  Henry  E.  Special  Report  on  the  Petroleum  of  Penn- 
sylvania.- Harrisburg,  Pa.,  1875. 

(585) 


APPENDIX  B. 


DIGEST^  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  PETROLEUM  REFINING. 

This  digest  covers  the  patents  included  in  the  subclasses  named  in  Class  196,  Mineral  Oils,  of  the  United 
States  Patent  Office  classification. 

Some  of  the  patents  in  these  categories  are  quite  foreign  to  the  subject  under  consideration  and  many  but 
indirectly  related  to  it.  On  account  of  the  form  which  discussions  of  patent  issues  often  take,  it  has  been  thought 
better,  however,  to  include  these  latter  patents.  The  aim  in  making  the  digest  has  been  to  give  such  a  sketch  as 
will  indicate  the  nature  of  the  invention  and  what  is  claimed  by  the  inventor,  this  generally  being  done  by  an 
actual  abstract  from  or  paraphrase  of  the  words  of  the  letters  patent;  but  no  responsibility  is  assumed  for  the 
opinions,  theories,  or  claims  thus  set  forth.  Other  related  patents  may  have  been  granted  which  do  not  appear 
in  tliis  digest,  because  they  are  not  embraced  in  the  subclasses  enumerated.  It  is  suggested  that  such  patents 
may  be  found  in  the  classes  relating  to  illuminating  gas,  wood  distillation,  coke,  and  similar  topics. 


CLASS  196.— MINERAL  OILS. 

SUBCLASS   I,— APPARATUS. 

US.02^— March  28,  1871.    BENJAMIN  CRAWFORD.    Improvement  in  appor 

Tatus  for  puTifying  coal  oil. 

Claims  the  treatment  of  explosive  burning  fluids  to  a  hot  water  bath,  by  means 
•ubstantiaUy  as  described. 

U4,S9S^Maj/  2.  1871.    SAMUEL  A.  HILL  AND  CHARLES  F,  THUMM.    Im- 
provement in  disliUing  hydrocarbon  oils. 

This  invention  consists  in  preventing  the  explosion  of  stills  used  for  distilling 
hydrocarbon  oils  where  hot  oil  is  transferred  from  one  still  to  another  in  the 
process  of  distilling  it.  by  placing  in  the  still  which  is  to  receive  the  hot  hydrocar- 
bon oil  a  small  quantity  of  cold  oil,  which  is  heated  to  the  evolving  point  prior  to 
Its  receiving  the  hot  oil.  or  by  placing  a  quantity  of  oil  in  the  still  to  which  is  to  be 
transferred  the  hot  oil  and  arranging  the  pipes  which  convey  the  oil  from  one  still 
to  the  other  so  that  the  hot  oil  will  cuter  the  still  at  a  point  which  is  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  cold  oil,  or  by  charging  the  still  which  is  to  receive  the  hot  oil  with  car- 
bonic acid  gas  or  its  equivalent  prior  to  charging  it  with  the  hot  oil,  the  whole  be- 
ing for  the  purpose  of  expelling  the  air  from  the  still  prior  to  transferring  hot  oil 
into  it. 

166.600— August  SI,  1874.    JULIUS  SCHUBERT.    Improvement  in  stills  for  refin- 
ing oils. 
The  invention  relates  to  modes  of  eliminating  impurities  from  natural  oils  with 

hot  water,  and  consists  in  the  use  of  a  hot  water  coil  in  its  purifier. 

£40,925— May  3,  ISSl.  GEORGE  H.  PERKINS.  Apparatus  for  cooling  and  dry- 
ing  the  air  blast  employed  in  the  process  of  coolijig  and  refining  oil. 
Heretofore  the  process  of  agitating  oil  for  purifying  purposes  has  consisted, 
essentially,  of  the  following  steps,  viz,  warm  distillate  or  oil  from  the  still  is 
mixed  with  cold  water  in  an  agitator.  The  mixed  mass  is  agitated  by  means  of  a 
blast  of  air  forced  through  it.  The  water  is  then  drawn  off  from  the  bottom  of  the 
agitator  and  the  couled  oil  is  dried  or  freed  from  moisture,  as  well  as  from  tar,  by 
the  addition  of  sulphuric  acid  and  by  agitation  together  therewith,  by  means  of  a 
blast  of  air  forced  into  and  through  the  mixture  in  the  agitator.  By  the  above 
treatment  the  water  and  tar  have  been  caused  to  separate  from  the  oil  and  to  fall 
to  the  bottom  of  the  agitator,  at  which  point  they  are  drawn  of!.  In  the  above 
operation,  however,  the  temperature  of  the  oil  is  gradually  raised  by  reason  of  the 
increase  of  temperature  of  the  air  blast,  due  to  the  force  and  velocity  with  which 
it  is  forced  into  the  agitator  and  by  reason  of  the  action  of  the  sulphuric  acid  upon 
the  water  or  moisture  in  said  air  blast,  with  the  result  that  the  separation  of  tar 
from  the  oil  is  rendered  more  slow  and  incomplete  as  the  temperature  of  said  mass 
increases. 

This  invention  consists  In  providing  an  apparatus  for  cooling  and  drying  the  aii 
blast  employed  in  connection  with  oil  agitators:  and  the  inventor  claims— 

An  apparatus  for  cooling  and  purifying  oil,  which  consists  in  a  vessel  or  agitator 
for  containing  oil,  an  air  blower,  an  air  blast  pipe  extending  from  said  blower 
into  H  hath  of  sulphuric  acid  contained  in  an  air-tight  tank,  an  air  blast  pipe 
extending  from  the  top  of  said  acid  tank  to  a  point  within  said  agitator  in  prox- 
imity to  the  bottom  thereof,  and  a  water  jacket  surrounding  said  last-named 
blast  pipe  and  adapted  to  contain  cold  water. 

g40,9S?~-May  S,  18S1.    WILLIAM  G.  AVARDEN.    Apparatus  for  cooling  and 
drying  the  air  blast  employed  in  the  process  of  cooling  and  refining  oil. 


305,182— September  16,  1884^     HALVOR  HALVORSON.     AppareUtu  for  dit- 

tributing  crude  petroleum. 

Claims  an  apparatus  for  dividing  cnide  petroleum,  comprising  a  plate  or  part 
having  an  upper  inclined  separating  surface  and  a  lower  inclined  collecting  sor- 
face,  which  surfaces  are  continuous,  means  for  deUvering  the  oil  to  be  separated 
to  the  upper  part  of  the  separating  surface,  and  means  for  collecting  the  primary 
and  secondary  oils  separately  as  they  drip  off,  all  arranged  to  operate. 

S0G,8S7— October  SI,  1884.    JOHN  S.  KLEIN.    Device/or  heating  oil. 

This  invention  has  relation  to  improvements  in  devices  for  heating  petroleum, 
and  it  consists  in  the  novel  arrangement  of  the  same,  whereby  the  oil  is  carried 
from  the  lank  to  a  heating  drum,  wiiere  it  is  heated  and  again  returned  to  the  taulc. 

S39,201—April  6, 1886.    JOSEF  MERZ.    Apparatus  for  making  extracts. 

This  invention  relates  to  improvements  in  apparatus  for  extracting  from  sub- 
stances their  fatty  and  other  constituents,  such  as  oils,  sulphur,  coloring  matter, 
and  in  general  ail  such  constituents  as  are  soluble  in  volatile  solvents,  such  as 
some  of  the  hydrocarbons,  bisulphide  of  carbon,  alcohol,  or  ether,  and  it  consists 
in  a  resen'Oir,  an  extraction  chamber,  a  siphon  regulator,  a  boiler,  and  a  condenser. 

481, S9S— August  BS,  189S,    JACOB  P.  ENGLE.    Separation  of  waste  products  of 

petroleum  distillation. 

Claims  the  process  of  separating  the  heavy  oil  arising  from  petroleum  distilla- 
tion from  the  water  with  which  it  is  mixed,  consisting,  essentially,  in  imparting 
to  the  material  a  rubbing  action  to  break  up  the  globules  and  separate  the  water 
from  the  oil. 

680,639— August  IS,  1901.    GEORGE  FITZHUGH  CARTER.    Oil  purifier. 

Clauns  an  oil  purifier  comprising  a  storage  tank,  a  heating  drum  including  a 
cylindrical  body  portion  and  a  central  vertical  stack,  a  coil  in  the  body  portion,  a 
pipe  leading  from  the  lower  end  of  the  tank  to  the  lower  end  of  the  coil,  a  pipe 
leading  from  the  upper  end  of  the  coll  through  the  stack  and  connected  to  the 
upper  end  of  the  tank,  a  burner  in  the  body  below  the  coil,  and  a  pipe  connected 
with  the  pipe  passed  through  the  stack  at  a  point  above  the  stack  and  leading 
downwardly  and  vertically  to  the  burner. 

SUBCLASS  2.— REDUCING  GRAVITY. 

42,121— March    S9,     1864.    ALLAN  GREIG  AND  JAMES  SMITH.    Improve- 
ment in  apparatus  for  separating  gas  from  petroleum. 

Petroleum,  on  being  taken  from  the  wells,  contains  a  large  quantity  of  gas, 
which,  when  separated  from  the  oil.  can  be  used  for  fuel  and  also  for  the  punpo.-^e 
of  illumination:  and  furthermore,  by  expelling  the  gas  the  inflammabihty  of^the 
oil  and  the  danger  of  explosions  consequent  upon  this  inflammabihty  are  con- 
siderably reduced. 

By  the  apparatus  which  forms  the  subject  of  this  invention  the  gas  is  expelled 
from  the  oil  by  the  action  of  a  current  of  air  forced  in  by  a  fan  blower  or  any  other 
convenient  means,  and  by  the  action  of  an  air  pump  it  is  stored  up  in  a  suitable 
receiver,  from  which  it  may  be  conducted  through  suitable  pipes  to  the  place  or 
places  of  consumption. 

46,794— March  14,  1865.    JOEL  GREEN.    Improved  apparatus  for  deodorizing 

petroleum,  benzole,  etc. 

This  invention  consists  in  the  employment  of  an  apparatus  for  deodorizing  or 
removing  the  gas  contained  in  the  oil 'in  vacuo,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  oil  is 
properly  agitated  to  free  it  of  the  gas  and  is  properly  drawn  off  by  a  pump,  and 
at  the  same  time  wasteful  expenditure  from  conversion  of  the  oil  into  gas  by  too 
high  a  temperature  is  prevented  by  retaining  said  gas  in  the  apparatus  till  the 
excess  is  again  condensed. 

*  Copies  of  these  patents  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Patents,  Wafihington,  D.  C,  at  a  cost 
of  5  cents  each. 

(587) 


Claims  an  apparatus  for  cooling  and  purifying  oil.  which  consists  in  a  vessel 
or  agitator  for  containing  oil.  an  air  blower,  an  air  bin  st  pipe  extending  from  said 
blower  to  a  point  within  siiid  agitator  in  proxiniity  to  the  l»uttom  thereof,  and  a 
water  jacket  surrounding  said  blast  pipe  and  adapted  to  contain  coid  water 


588 


MANUFACTURES. 


61477— February   6,   1866.    NORMAN  W.  WHEELER.     Improved   method   of 

relieving  liquids  of  gases. 

The  essence  of  this  invention  consists  in  so  combining  a  liquid  trap  with  the 
discharge  pipe  of  a  force  pump  or  a  vessel  containing  liquid  and  gas  that  that 
part  of  the  gas  or  air  not  m  intimate  combination  with  the  liquid  will  be  set  free 
automatically. 

64.917— May  22,  1S66.    JOHN  JOHNSON.    Improvement  in  collecting  the  light 

oUs  from  oil  icells. 

Claims  the  separating  and  gathering  at  the  wells  a  new  article  of  commerce, 
viz,  the  light  condensable  vapors  which  rise  with  petroleum,  and  which  m,ay  be 
pumped  off  under  any  suitable  seal  and  condensed,  and, 

Volatilizing  and  condensing  the  condensable  products  from  petroleum  at  the 
wells  by  forcing  air  or  gases  through  petroleum  as  carriers  of  the  light  products. 

71.619— December  3,  1867.    FLEURY  HUOT.    Improved  mode  of  treating  petro- 
leum to  remove  the  more  volatile  portions. 
Claims  subjecting  petroleum  and  other  oils  to  the  action  of  air  while  such  oil  is 

In  a  finely  comminuted  or  atomic  condition,  as  and  for  the  purposes  set  forth. 

81,654— SepUmber  1,  1868.     ROBERT  G.  LOFTUS.     Improved  process  of  treat- 
ing petroleum  to  remove  the  more  volatile  portions. 

Claims  the  separation  of  the  petroleum  into  fine  streams,  and  causing  the  same 
to  pass  through  the  atmosphere,  so  as  to  enable  the  latter  to  vaporize  and  dis- 
sipate the  inflammable  elements  thereof. 

82,083— September  15,  1868.    CALVIN  CARPENTER,  JR.    Improved  lubricat- 
ing material. 

This  invention  relates  to  a  lubricating  material  which  is  produced  by  putting 
crude  petroleum  in  an  open  tank  or  cistern,  setting  fire  to  it,  and  allowing  it  to 
burn  until  all  the  light  constituents  of  the  petroleum  are  consumed  and  a  resid- 
uum is  obtained  of  superior  lubricating  properties. 

The  separation  of  the  Ught  constituents  of  the  crude  petroleum  from  its  heavy 
parts  being  facihtated  by  floating  the  crude  oil  on  water  and  passing  a  current 
of  air  or  stream^  through  it  from  below. 

89,998— May  11,  1869.    ALBERT  H.  HOOK.    Improved  apparatus  for  freeing 

petroleum  ana  other  liquids  from  gas. 

Consists  of  a  vertical  cyhnder  containing  a  series  of  wire  gauge  diaphragn\s 
upon  which  the  petroleum  falls,  while  by  means  of  a  fan  air  is  sucked  up  through 
the  falling  oil. 

140,801— July   16,   187S.    SAMUEL  VAN  SYCKEL.    Improvement  in   refining 
petroleum. 

In  pumping  oil  wells  it  has  been  found  that  a  gas  exists  in  the  oil  as  it  comes 
from  the  well,  which  becomes  free  as  soon  as  the  oil  is  exposed  to  the  atmosphere, 
and  passing  off  is,  on  account  of  its  highly  explosive  character,  a  source  oigreat 
danger,  but  which,  if  collected  and  conveyed  to  the  fire  of  the  pumping  engine, 
may  be  utihzed  as  fufl,  with  a  consequent  saving  in  that  item  of  expenditure  and 
also  with  a  total  avoidance  of  the  danger  which  ordinarilv  results  from  the  escape 
of  this  giis  into  the  atmosphere.  It  is  also  well  known  that  in  the  distillation  of 
crude  petroleum  a  portion  of  the  fighter  vapors  give,  when  distilled,  a  product  of 
comparatively  small  commercial  value,  which,  according  to  its  specific  gravity, 
is  variously  known  as  naphtha,  gasofine.  benzine,  etc.  These  products,  if  they 
could  be  sepiirated  from  the  oil  at  the  wells,  could  be  in  many  cases  used  as  fuel 
with  great  advantage.  It  is  sought  by  this  invention  to  draw  off  such  gases  and 
fighter  vapors  from  the  oil  at  any  suitable  point  between  the  wefi  and  the  tank 
and  conduct  them  to  the  engine  furnace  or  to  any  other  desired  fire,  where,  being 
used  as  fuel,  they  will  be  usefully  employed,  with  a  consequent  saving  of  expense. 

147,783— February  24, 1874.    GEORGE  W.  MYERS.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  purifying  oils. 

This  invention  has  for  its  object  removing  the  dangerous  and  explosive  gases 
from  refined  petroleum  oil  by  forcing  a  strong  current  of  heated  jiir  through  the 
said  oil  when  spread  into  a  thin  sheet  or  spray,  therebv  increasing  its  illiiiiiinating 
qualities  while  rendering  it  safe.  The  invention  consists  of  Uii-  cnnibiuatiou  of 
the  fan  nozzle,  apron,  screen  or  screens,  inlet  pipes,  and  outlet  pipes  with  each 
other  and  with  the  tank,  and  in  the  combination  of  the  air'tank  itnd  the  coil  of 
steam  pipe  with  the  fan  nozzle,  apron,  screen,  or  screens,  inlet  pipes  and  outlet 
pipes  of  the  tank. 

160,614— May  5,  1874.    JACOB  RKKSE.     Improvement  in  treating  refined  petro- 
leum oils. 

Claims  subjecting  the  distilled  and  refined  ifiuminating  petroleum  oils  of  com- 
merce to  the  action  of  a  vacuum,  or  partial  vacuum,  when  not  subjected  to  the 
action  of  artificial  heat,  and. 

Recharging  or  resaturating  the  oil,  after  being  subjected  to  the  action  of  a 
vacuum,  or  partial  vacuum,  with  any  suitable  nonexplosive  gas  or  vapor. 

t99,189— October  26, 1876.    WILLIAM  C.  PARKER.    Improvement  in  apparatus 
for  reducing  crude  oil. 

This  invention  relates  to  means  for  making  lubricating  oil  for  rnarhinery  and 
other  purposes,  and  the  invention  consists  in  nn  iiitparalus  of  novel  <<MiHinK-tion 
whereby  crude  oil  can  be  ©conomicuUy  reduced  without  a  process  of  di^^t  illation. 

175,014— March  21,  1876.    WILLIAM  H.  BIRGE.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  increasing  the  density  of  oils,  etc. 

This  Invention  relates  to  means  for  Increasing  the  flpoclflc  gravity  or  density 
Of  crude  hydrofiarbons,  by  the  evaporation  of  a  portion  of  llie  lighter  constituents 
Of  the  (luid  in  its  passage  from  a  reservoir  to  a  tank  or  other  receptacle. 

182.626— September  26,   1876.    GEORGE  ALLEN.    Improvement  in  apparatus 
for  tretitiiig  petroleum. 

Th  "  ••  ' .  ■  •  Mf,  niHtes  to  apparatus  In  which  the  oil  Is  drawn  from  elevated 
J^"  illury  attraction,  and  conducted  l>y  means  of  muslin  or  other 

"'"  '  '  '»  pan  or  oil  re*'(fptarle  lii-Utw.  the  oil  in  its  piissnge  to  the  said 

P**' ^      ,  ..lied  to  the  iiction  of  curnntw  of  heated  air  caused  by  suitable 

hcjiliiiK  apparatus  located  in  or  nwir  to  the  pun. 

»ll.056-lHrfmhrr  17,  1878.  P.VVENPORT  ROGERS.  Improvement  in  appa- 
ratus for  setxirating  refined  petroleum  into  oils  of  different  grades  and  fire  tests. 
Clalmit  a  slcam  heater  or  drum,  Its  contained  coil  of  oil  supply  pipe,  separator 
cylinder,  a  spiral  per/orated  flange  and  coiidenHer  all  combined  as  shown  and 
deacrtbed,  and  constituting  an  ai)r>tiratUH  for  separating  refined  petroleum  or 
Olatlllatcs  Into  oiia  of  different  specific  gravities  and  fire  tests,  as  specified. 

SUBCLASS  3.— STILLS. 

4fi08~  April  tt,  1846.     WM.  T.  CLOUGH.     Manufacture  of  a  useful  ott. 

Claims  the  process  of  disMllInK  rosin  or  the  rcslduefl  from  rosin  gas  worka  and 
tbeMpanition  of  the  oily  dlsllllato  from  the  acid  distillate  which  Is  produced. 


15,642-September  2.   1856.     CUMMINGS  CHERRY.      Improvement   {n  appa- 
ratus for  purifying  oil  obtained  from  mineral  coal. 
Claims  the  arrangement  of  horizontal  retorts,  as  combined  with  copper  heads 

of  the  rectifying  chamber  steam  conduits  to  the  oil  boiler  and  agitating  apparatus. 

27,768— April  10,  1860.     LUTHER  ATWOOD.     Improvement  in  apparatus  for 
distillation  of  coal  oils. 

Claims  a  volatile  oU  stifi  capable  of  being  heated  at  the  sides,  and  constructed 
with  a  removable  lower  section  consisting  of  the  bottom  and  a  short  section  of 
the  sides. 

29,218— July  17,  1860.    BENJAMIN  GARVEY.    Improvement  in  distillation  of 

coal  oil. 

This  invention  consists  in  using  compressed  air  to  support  combustion,  so  that 
the  gaseous  products  may  be  held  under  compression  until  so  much  of  their  heat 
has  l:)een  utifized,  the  amount  of  such  utiUzation  depending  upon  the  pressure 
under  which  they  are  generated,  that,  on  being  allowed  to  expand,  they  will  be 
of  about  the  same  temperature  and  in  about  the  same  state  of  elasticity  as  the 
surrounding  atmosphere. 

37,709— February  17,  1863.    JOHN  D.  SMEDLEY.    Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  the  use  of  a  large  pipe  in  combination  with  a  small  horizontal  connect- 
ing tube,  in  any  way,  by  means  of  which  the  fluid  in  the  i>ipe,  being  kept  con- 
stantly cool  and  free  from  agitation  from  the  still,  the  quantity  of  liqxua  in  the 
stiff  is'always  conectly  indicated. 

44,t 37— September  6,  1864;  reissue  1,989— June  IS,  1S6S.    WILLIAM  ARCHER. 

Improvement  in  distilling  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  continuous  and  fractional  distillation  and  separation  of  hydro- 
carbon and  other  oils  and  volatile  substances  by  the  direct  application  of  super- 
heated steam  or  hot  air  to  the  surface  of  a  flowing  sheet,  column,  or  shower  of 
the  substance  to  be  distilled  in  the  nijinner  described  or  any  modification  thereof 
by  which  the  same  result  may  be  accompfished. 

49,689-- August  29,  1865.    JOHN  IVES  VAUGHAN.    Improved  apparatus  for 

the  continuous  distillation  of  petroleum,  etc. 

Claims  the  treatment  of  resins  and  resinous  substances  by  continued  or  con- 
nected operations,  whereby  the  spirit  is  distilled  from  the  crude  substances 
and  the  residual  resin  volatilized  or  distilled  into  a  product  which  becomes  solid 
at  tlie  ordinary  temperatiu'e  of  the  atmosphere  without  packing  or  cooling  the 
resins  between  the  operations. 

50,935— November  1^,  1865.    JAMES  J.  JOHNSTON.    Improved  apparatus  for 

evaporating  liquids. 

Claims  applying  heat  by  means  of  steam  or  heated  air,  separately  or  com- 
bined, to  the  upper  and  lower  surface  of  oil  or  other  liquid. 

60,935— November  14,  1865;  reissue  8,373— August  IS,  1S78.    Division  A.    JAMES 
J.  JOHNSTON.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for  evaporating  liquids. 
Claims  the  combination  of  a  vaporizing  chamber,  a  steam  and  air  superlieater 

conmumicatlng  therewith,  and  means  for  commingfing  the  vapor,  steam,  and 

air  m  a  highly  neated  condition. 

52,284— January  SO,  1866.    H.   P.   GENGEMBRE.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  extracting  oil,  etc.,  from  minerals. 

This  invention  consists  in  an  apparatus  so  constructed  as  to  submit  to  the 
action  of  a  solvent  or  solvents,  in  a  rational,  continuous,  and  progressive  man- 
ner, the  mineral  containing  oil,  paraffine,  or  bitumen,  and  to  recover  the  solvent 
or  solvents  l)y  separating  it  or  them  from  the  oil,  paraffine,  or  bitumen  by  a 
peculiar  distillation. 

52,509— February     IS,     1866.    CHARLES  ADAMS.    Improved     apparatus    for 

bleaching  oil,  paraffins,  wax,  etc. 

This  invention  consists  in  an  apparatus  for  bleaching  oil.  paraffine,  or  wax, 
so  constructed  as  to  submit  these  substances,  while  in  the  sliape  of  vapors,  to 
the  action  of  steam  imder  pressure,  varying  at  pleasure,  whereby  aU  the  impu- 
rities are  removed  from  the  oil,  paraffme,  or  wax,  and  they  are  rendered  per- 
fectly white  witliout  the  use  of  any  chemicals. 

66,855— June  26,  1866.    C.  H.  HALL.    Improvement  of  distilling  petrolettm  and 

other  liquids. 

Claims  tlio  method  herein  described  of  separating  the  condensable  from  the 
noncnndensable  gases,  or  any  other  method  wliereby  the  condensable  gases 
are  made  to  collect  in  the  lower  part  of  a  receiver  while  the  noncondensable  gases 
are  made  to  pass  off  by  the  suction  of  a  current  of  steam. 

55,855-^une  26,  1S66;  reissue  2,,',70-~Ja7iuary  29,  1867.    C.  H.  HALL,    Improved 

apparatus  for  distilling  petroleum  and  other  liquids 

This  improvement  relates  to  an  apparatus  particularly  designed  for  refining 
petroleum  oil.  but  which  may  be  used  for  rellnmg  coal  oils,  turpentine,  or  vola- 
tile liquids  of  any  description.  It  consists,  first,  of  a  supply  tank  into  which 
the  rnide  oil  or  other  liqind  is  first  placed  to  be  refined  and  m  which  it  is  partially 
heiited:  second,  of  a  retort  into  which  the  oil  or  other  liquid  Uows  to  bo  distilled 
and  through  which  it  passes  in  a  thin  stratum;  third,  of  a  chamber  through 
whifli  the  va[)or8  pass  into  the  condenser;  foiu-th,  of  a  condenser  in  which  the 
volatile  portions  of  the  oil  or  other  li(iuid8  become  condensed;  liflli,  of  a  receiver 
In  wlilch  the  products  of  condensation  are  collected  and  eeimrated  from  the 
noncondensal»lo  gases;  sixth,  of  a  series  of  water  and  steam  jackets  Inclosing 
the  condenser  in  which  steam  is  generated  by  the  heat  of  the  condensing  vapors 
of  tin-  oil  or  other  liinild  being  (listillcd;  seventh,  of  a  scries  of  scrapers  carried 
over  the  bottom  of  tno  retort  to  prevent  the  forming  of  a  sediment  on  said  bot- 
tom; eighth,  of  a  purlfving  tank  Into  which  the  residuum  Is  forced  by  Jot  of 
stcHin;  and,  lastly,  of  a  furnace  and  arch  over  which  the  retort  Is  placed. 

66,!36~Mau  28.  1867.    DEXTER  SYMONDS.    Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  m  stIIlH  for  deodorizing  and  purifying  ods  where  the  substance  or 
niaterlnt  nseil  and  the  i)rocesH  of  deodorizing  an(l  purifying  are  herein  described, 
the  employment  of  one  or  more  flcrecnu. 

68.074— SepicmbrT   17.   1867.    SAMUKL  GIBBONS.    Improvements  in   still  for 


ffj^ — acpicmnrr    u,    lO'tf. 

rfining  and  (Ustilting  oils 


This  Invention  eonslsis  of  a  retort  nr  still,  made  cyllnrirical  or  any  other  siitt- 
ablo  Hliape,  and  placed  In  a  horizontal  iiositlon.  Depending  from  and  connect- 
ing with  thin  hIIII  at  Us  bottf^tm  are  two  chnmhera.  to  which  are  connected  waste 
pipes.  UiMiiiIng  Into  this  sill)  from  one  end,  and  near  its  liotlom.  Is  a  pifie. 
wnjeh  Is  provided  with  a  series  of  sliorl  ])ipeH.  wliicli  iiin  erovswise  of  It  and 
of  the  cylinder,  said  fhorl  j)|pes  being  provided  wllli  n  number  of  fimiill  perfora- 
tions. AUo  a  pipe  whi'-h  pa-^Hes  down  throuiih  Ihe  still  and  opens  inio  one  of 
thei'hambersfor  tlie  nurpoHe  of  conveying  the  oil  into  the  still,  and  a  pipe  which 
eomminileati!S  with  tiio  still  at  Us  top,  tor  the  purpose  of  conveyhig  away  the 
vaporised  oil. 


DTCEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATINCJ  TO  IMTTiOEiaTM  in-TIXIXG. 


589 


69,715— October  U,  18G7.    RAMUEL  ANDREWS.    Improved  safety  valve  for  oil 

stilts. 

The  nature  of  this  invontion  consists  in  tlin  construction  an<l  upi'liintion  of  a 
safety  valve  to  be  placfid  in  the  bottom  of  oil  stills  as  a  prcvciitivr  nt-'ainst  the 
flow  of  the  contents  of  the  stlli  in  case  of  acciiic;nt  of  any  Kind  liuppcning  to  the 
tar  pipe,  as  in  the  case  of  the  breakinp;  out  of  fire  in  oil  rehncriee  it  has  always 
been  imposMiblo  to  aavo  the  contents  of  tho  stills  from  bi-ing  consumed,  because 
of  the  breaking,  bursting,  or  fracturing  of  tlic  tar  pijjes  from  tbe  failing  of  tim- 
bers or  dcbns,  or  any  of  the  chuscs  incident  thereto,  and  jicrniitting  the  eseaj  e 
ol  the  entue  contents  of  the  stills,  thus  greatly  enhancing  Uic  dangers  attendant 
upon  the  manufacture  of  oils,  ett;.;  also,  in  extreme eold  weather,  pipes  frequently 
burst  from  that  cause  and  tlie  contents  wasted. 

91,955— June  SO,  isno.    FRANCIS  McCARTY.    Improvement  in  (he  distillation 

of  hydrocarbon  oih: 

Claims  causing  the  oil  in  the  still  to  move  in  a  continuously  returning  current 
or  (low.  by  means  of  a  jet  of  steam,  and  a  funnel  inserted  In  the  steam  pipe  baek 
of  the  discharging  aperture. 

110,516— December  S7,  1670.    SAMUEL  VAN  SYCKEL.    Improvement  in  stills 

for  petroleum  and  other  oils. 

The  still  and  furnace  are  constructed  in  the  ordinary  manner,  and  the  dome, 
preferably  of  triangular  form,  is  connected  with  the  still.  At  or  near  the  center 
of  the  still,  and  from  the  interior  of  the  dome,  suspend  a  series  of  pipes,  connected 
with  tho  steam  boiler,  somewhat  resembling  a  gas  chandelier.  The  ends  or 
surfaces  of  these  pipes  are  perforated,  so  that  jets  of  steam  may  be  thrown 
through  theiM  into  the  vapor  above  the  surfnc  e  vt  the  oil.  The  doino  is  for  the 
purpose  of  conducting  the  lighter  vapors  to  the  pipes  connecting  with  the  worm, 
as  tney,  rising  lirst,  will  fill  the  dome  and  keep  the  heavier  ones  from  the  conduct- 
ing pipes  imtil  the  steam  jets  act  upon  them. 

tH,8iO—Januarn  16,  1872.    CHARLES  J.  T.  BURCEY.    Improvement  in  dis- 
tilling and  bleaching  oils. 
Claims  the  combination  of  air  tube  heat  chamber  revolving  hollow  heater 

shaft  heaters  and  hollow  perforated  arms  in  the  retort. 

IS-^, 435— November  26,  1873.    HIRAM  W.  FAUCETT.    Improvement  in  appa- 
ratus for  distilling  hydrocarbons. 
Claims  the  combination  of  chemiea!  box  dripping  pipes,  and  vapor  pipes  with 

condensing  cylinder  and  perforated  cylincler. 

153,650-^une  30,  1S7^.    ROBERT  KLOSTERMAN.    Improvement  in  appara- 
tus for  distilling  oils,  fats,  and  petroleum. 
Claims  the  combination  of  a  still,  a  steam  pipe,  provided  with  a  water  trap,  a 

blow-ofi  cock,  and  an  upwardly  incUned  nozzle. 

i 66, S65— October  27,  1874.    J-  PARK  ALEXANDER  AND  WILLIAM  EBER- 

HARD.    Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  tho  combination  of  a  still  provided  vdth  the  steam  coil,  which  extends 
a  short  distance  above  the  contained  oil.  provided  with  inlet  pipe,  which  extends 
down  into  and  to  the  bottom  of  the  sujierheating  clminbcr,  a  furnace  situated 
a  short  distance  below  the  still,  and  independent  thereof;  and  a  cylindrical  super- 
heater provided  at  its  top  with  an  inlet  pipe  and  exit  pipe,  wliich  extends  down 
into  and  to  the  bottom  tnereof,  said  superheater  phu-ed  entirely  within  the  fur- 
nace at  its  top  central  portion,  and  extending  from  the  top  down  into  the  fur- 
nace to  near  the  bottom,  whereby  the  heat  in  the  furnace  is  made  to  pass  all 
around  and  envelop  the  superheater  on  all  sides. 

168,5^3— Octobrr   6,    1875.    CORNELIUS  VAN  DEVORT  AND  CORNELIUS 

VAN  FLEET.    Improvement  in  distilling  oils. 

Claims  a  convex  metallic  cove  provided  with  a  (lange  and  stops  in  combination 
with  a  wooden  tub,  the  tlange  forming  a  tight  joint. 

174,789— March  14,  1876.    WILLIAM  DOE.    Improvement  in  ail  refineries. 

Claims  the  combination  of  still  coil  pipes,  heater,  and  separator  provided  with 
a  stirrer. 

£54,176— February  28,  1883.    CHARLES  J.  TAGLIABUE.    Apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling petroleum. 
Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  distilling  oils,  the  combination  of  a  furnace,  a  liquid 

receptacle  above  the  same,  an  oil  tank  and  vapor  chamber,  a  condenser,  a  vapor 

&ipe  leading  from  the  vapor  chamber  to  the  condenser,  a  vapor  pipe  leading 
om  the  oil  tank  also  to  said  condenser,  an  oil  lifting  pipe  extending  from  the 
oil  t,ank  into  the  vapor  chamber,  and  a  steam  pipe  uniting  at  its  end  with  the 
end  of  the  oil  lifting  pipe  and  forming  therewith  a  steam  atomizer. 

290,866— December  35,  1888.    RICHARD  DEAN.    Apparatus  for  distillation. 

Claims  the  combination  with  a  still  and  a  heater  for  heating  the  material  before 
it  is  distilled,  of  a  steam  atomizer  located  within  the  still,  said  atomizer  consist- 
ing of  an  oil  chamtter  having  an  oil  supply  pipe  communicating  therewith  and 
orifices  opening  into  the  still,  a  steam  chamber  provided  with  steam  induction 
pipe  and  with  small  pipes  or  tubes  extending  into  the  oil  chamber  for  atomizing 
the  oil,  and  a  steam  coil  located  below  the  atomizer. 

S05,097—September    16,    1884.    HENRY  McMANUS.    Apparatus   for    treating 

refuse  from  oil  refineries. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  utilize  the  waste  product  from  coal  oil  and 
petroleum  refineries  known  as  "sludge,"  and  which  is  ordinarUv  discharged 
mto  streams,  watercourses,  or  the  ocean.  In  producing  a  heavv  hytirocarbon 
oil  suitable  for  lubricating  and  other  purposes,  by  subjecting  the" sludge  to  heat 
in  an  apparatus  constructed  to  permit  a  free  circulation,  and  thorough  and 
uniform  heating  of  the  material,  however  thick  and  viscid  it  may  be,  and  regard- 
less of  the  extent  to  which  it  may  foam,  and  claims— 

The  combination  with  a  lower  vessel  having  a  heating  apparatus  connected 
thereto,  of  an  upper  vessel,  a  pipe  leading  from  the  upper  part  of  the  lower  to 
the  upper  part  oi  the  upper  vessel,  a  pipe  leading  from  the  lower  part  of  the 
upper  to  the  lower  part  of  the  lower  vessel,  and  pipes  leading  from  both  vessels 
to  the  condensers. 

411,394— September   17,    1889.     WILLIAM  H.    PITT.    Apparatus  for  dislilling 

crude  petroleum. 

Claims  the  apparatus  for  distilling  and  deodorizing  petroleum  having  sul- 
phurous or  other  offensive  odors,  said  apparatus  consistiTig  of  a  furnace  with 
two  fireplaces,  a  retort  over  one  fireplace,  and  a  deodorizing  receptacle  over 
the  other  firejilace,  and  a  pipe  opening  into  the  upper  part  of  the  retort  arid 
passing  dowii  tlirough  the  retort  and  out  near  the  bottom  of  the  latter  to  the 
said  receptacle,  which  has  a  discharge  outlet  for  the  deodorized  vapors. 

415,876— November  26,  1889.    FRANK  W.  MINSIIALL.    Process  of  and  appa- 
ratus for  disHlling  and  desulphurizing  hydrocarbon  oil. 
Claims  the  process  of  distilling  and  desulphurizing  volatile  hydrocarbon  oils. 

which  consists  in  heating  a  quantity  of  hydrocarbon  oil  of  high  8peci£c  gi^avity 


In  a  still,  and  injecting  a  lighter  hydrocarbon  oil  Into  the  still  with  steam  and 
oxygen,  the  steam  being  alternately  sujjerheated  or  wet,  according  to  the  tem- 
perature of  the  bath. 

431,386— July  1,  1800.    THOMSON  McGO  WAN.    Apparatus  for  distiUing  oil. 

Claims  tho  combination,  with  a  still,  of  a  chemical  container  located  Inside 
the  still,  said  chemical  container  having  a  feed  pipe  extending  outside  the  still 
and  having  an  eduction  pipe  or  opening  discharging  into  tlie  vapor  space  of  the 
still. 

444,833— Janu'iry  20,  1891.    BENJAMIN   N.  HAWES.    AppartUus  for  refining 

oil. 
.  Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  refimng  oils,  a  steam  generator  and  an  oil  vapor- 
izing ciiamber.  in  combination  with  a  desulphurizing  chamber  containing  gravel 
or  other  like  substance,  an  intermediate  chamber  partially  filled  with  gravel 
and  connei;ted  with  the  desulphurizing  chamber  and  pipe.**  connecting  the  steam 
generator  and  oil  vaporizing  chamber  with  said  intermediate  chamber. 

469.777—  .March  1,  1802.    HENRY  A.  DIEHL.    Production  and  manufacture  of 

pure  asphaltum,  etc.,  from  natural  asphalt. 

Claims  the  process  of  obtaining  pure  asplmltum,  which  consists  in  subjecting 
the  bituminous  substance  to  a  sullioicnt  degree  of  heat  in  a  closed  primary  retort 
to  melt  it,  separating  from  the  melted  bitumen  its  earthy  and  solid  impurities, 
and  again  submitting  the  thus  purified  bitumen  to  heat  in  a  secondary  closed 
retort  to  distill  it. 

477,153— June  14.  1892.    CARL  MARIA  PIELSTICKER.    Distillation  of  hydro- 
carbon or  other  oils. 

Claims  in  an  ai)paratU8  for  the  continuous  distillation  of  oil,  a  supply  tank,  a 
coil,  connections  iictwccn  the  two,  means  for  heating  both  tank  and  coil,  means 
for  forcing  the  litpii'i  from  the  supply  tank  through  the  said  coil,  a  steam  jet  or 
blast  in  connect  inn  \\  itii  sai'l  coil,  a  retort  through  which  the  liquid  is  also  forced, 
said  retort  being  ])rovidcd  with  bafile  plates  and  a  draw-oil  cof;lc,  a  steam  ejector 
fitted  to  said  draw-ofi'  cock,  a  second  neating  coil  in  connection  with  the  re  tort, 
an  expansion  chamber  connected  with  one  end  thereof,  a  condenser  in  connection 
therewith,  and  a  gas  holder  or  other  receptacle. 

492,431— February  28,  1893.    THOMSON  McGOWAN.    Stai  for  the  distiUation 

and  purification  of  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  in  a  still  for  the  distillation  and  purification  of  hydrocarbons,  the  com- 
bination with  a  still  body  or  shell,  of  shelf  or  diaphragm  for  supporting  purifying 
material,  circuitous  passages  formed  for  the  distillates  to  jpass  through,  said 
passages  covered  or  constructed  in  such  a  manner  that  particles  dropping  from 
above  thera  are  prevented  from  dropping  through  them. 

507.230— October  34.  1S03.    ROBERT  H.  LAIRD.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for 

deodorizing  and  refining  crude  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  distilling  oil,  which  consists  in  first  introducing  the  crude 
oil  to  be  treated  into  a  vaporizer,  then  introducing  steam  at  a  temperature  of 
sul)stantially  212°  to  said  vaporizer,  whereby  the  alcoholic  series  of  vapors  are 
generated,  then  withdrawing  said  vapors,  then  introducing  superheated  steam 
to  said  vaporizer,  whereby  the  oleic  series  of  vapors  are  generated,  and  then  with- 
drawing said  vapors  as  in  an  apparatus  for  distilling  ou,  the  combination  with  a 
boiler,  a  series  or  flues  therein,  a  tubular  oil  chamber  surrounding  each  of  several 
of  said  flues,  an  inlet  and  an  outlet  for  each  of  said  oil  chambers,  a  pipe  atTording 
conununication  between  the  steam  space  of  the  boiler  and  the  inVt  of  said  oil 
chambers,  a  receptacle  outside  the  boiler,  and  a  pipe  communicating  between  said 
receptacle  and  said  oil  chambers. 

531,560— December  25,  1894.    STANLEY  C.  PEUCHEN.    Apparatus  for  vaporiz- 
ing petroleum  or  other  liquids. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  vaporizing  liquids,  a  still  to  contain  the  liquid  to  be 
operated  on,  an  electric  heating  apparatus  for  acting  on  said  liquid,  means  for 
suspending  said  electric  heating  apparatus  near  the  surface  of  the  liquid,  and 
wires  connected  with  said  heating  apparatus  and  with  the  still  at  about  the  center 
of  the  latter,  whereby  said  heating  apparatus  may  rise  and  fail  equally  above  and 
below  the  center  of  said  still. 

556.155— March   10,    1896.    WALTER    P.   LOWE   AND  CHARLES   W.   BIL- 

FINGER.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for  distillation  of  oil. 

Claims  an  oil  still  provided  at  its  top  portion  with  a  heat-storing  and  beat- 
absorbing  structure  sustained  therein,  the  lower  portion  of  the  still  forming  a 
receptacle  for  the  collection  of  drippings  from  said  structure,  an  oil  admission 
pipe,  a  steam  injector  pipe  therefor,  both  of  said  pipes  being  located  in  front  of  said 
structure,  and  a  vapor  exit  pipe. 

564,930— July  38,  1896.  HERMAN  FRASCH.  Apparatus  for  purifying  petroleum. 
Claims  in  combination  with  an  oil  still  and  a  condenser  a  purifying  apparatus 
comprising  a  vessel  containing  a  liquid  bath,  a  number  of  columns  of  small 
diameter  containing  purifying  material  arranged  in  said  vessel  and  surrounded 
by  said  bath,  pipe  connections  between  the  vapor  space  of  said  still  and  the 
column  inlets  severally,  so  that  every  column  receives  its  several  portion  of  vapors 
given  oft  together  from  the  same  body  of  oil  in  distiUation,  pipe  connections 
between  the  column  outlets  and  said  condenser,  and  exhausters  in  communication 
with  the  said  column  outlets  arranged  to  aid  in  counteracting  differences  in  the 
resistance  of  the  said  columns. 

629,536— July  25,  1899.    ALEXANDER  ADIASSEWICH.    Apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling petroleum,  etc. 

Claims  an  apparatus  for  distilling  Uquid,  consisting  of  a  heater,  a  cylinder 
heated  by  the  latter,  a  chamber  located  at  one  end  of  the  cylinder  and  into  which 
the  liquid  is  delivered,  and  a  rotary,  tubular  shaft  having  helical  scrapers  and 
jet  nozzles  and  extending  through,  communicating  with,  and  receiving  the  liquid 
from  said  chamber,  the  liquid  entering  the  shaft  and  issuing  from  the  jet  nozzles 
against  the  inside  of  the  cylinder. 

645,743— March  20, 1900.    FRIEDRICH  BERG.     Mineral-oa  stai. 

Claims  a  retort  or  still  for  vaporizing  petroleum,  comprising  an  oil  receiving 
tank  having  a  vapor  outlet  at  the  top,  heating  coils  arranged  at  different  eleva- 
tions, respectively,  within  the  tank,  means  for  supplying  and  controlling  the 
supply  of  steam  to  the  said  coils,  and  means  for  discharging  and  controlling  the 
discharge  of  live  steam  into  the  tank  at  diflerent  elevations. 

749,368- January  12,  1904.    ADOLPHE  C.   G.  DUPUIS  AND   WILLIAM  S. 

FELL.    Distilling  apparatus. 

Claims  a  distilling  apparatus, comprising  a  liquid  containing  receptacle,  the  wall 
of  said  receptacle  having  corrugations  formed  therein,  a  conical  vapor  chamber 
mounted  above  said  receptacle,  a  foraminous  chemical-containmg  partition 
between  the  chamber  and  the  receptacle,  upwardly  extending  converging  plates 
mounted  in  said  chamber,  a  filling  of  nonconducting  material  for  said  plates,  an 
outlet  for  the  lighter  vapors  at  the  apex  of  said  chamber,  and  outlet  conduits  for 
the  heavier  vapors,  lying  between  the  walls  of  the  chamber  and  the  aforesaid 
converging  plates,  said  conduits  converging  and  joining  a  common  duct  outside 
said  chamber. 


590 


MANUFACTURES. 


757. 387— April  it.  190^.  HORACE  \V.  ASH.  Sf  ill  for  crude  bituminous  material. 
Claims  the  combination  ot  a  still  for  distilling  crude  bituminous  material,  a 
compartment  at  the  exterior  of  the  still,  a  furnace  so  located  as  I  cheat  the  exterior 
of  the  still,  the  interior  of  the  furnace  being  in  communication  with  the  aforesaid 
compartment,  the  compartment  being  in  communication  with  the  interior  of  the 
still,  whereby  the  products  of  combustion  may  pass  from  the  furnace  to  the  com- 
partment and  there  heat  the  exterior  of  the  stiil,  and  then  pass  on  and  be  injected 
mto  the  interior  of  the  still. 

786,828— Apra  11, 1905.    EDWIN  A.  MOORE.     Tar  dehydrater. 

Claims  a  tar  dehydrater  consisting  of  a  receptacle  provided  with  a  supply  pipe, 
an  agitator  having  a  tubular  body  and  tuuular  arms,  trunnions  detachably 
connected  to  the  body  of  the  agitator  and  provided,  respectively,  with  steam 
supply  and  discharge  pipes,  a  detachable  head  at  each  end  of  the  receptacle  pro- 
vided with  tubular  bearings  and  stulhng  boxes  for  said  trunnions,  a  tar  discharge 
opening  in  one  of  the  heads  of  the  receptacle  and  in  the  plane  of  the  level  of  the  tar, 
and  a  condenser. 

Subclass  4. — Stirrers  and  Scrapers. 

SS. 97$— February  15,  1859.    JOHN  NICHOLSON.    Improvement  in  retorts  for 

distilling  oils  from  coal. 

Claims  the  use  of  a  curved  blade  or  blades  placed  on  the  agitators  or  arms  of  a 
shaft,  for  the  purpose  of  agitating,  lifting,  mixing,  and  bringing  all  parts  of  the 
mass  within  the  retort  in  contact  with  the  heat.  Reissue  712,  May  3, 1859.  Covers 
the  use  of  straight  as  well  as  carved  blades. 

£S.719~April  19, 1859.    WILLI.\M  SMITH.     Improvement  in  coal-oil  retorts. 

Claimsthemakingof  hollow  agitating  arms,  to  communicate  with  a  hollow  shaft 
lor  the  purpose  of  cooling  them,  by  means  of  a  current  of  air  or  water  passing 
through  the  said  shaft. 

£6. 3S6~  November  e9, 1859.    MATTHEW  HODKINSON.    Improvement  in  retorts 
for  distilling  coal  oil. 

Claims  a  stationary  retort  with  a  shaft  armed  with  knives  whose  edges  are  at 
right  angles  with  the  shaft  passing  through  it,  by  which,  when  motion  is  given 
to  the  shaft,  the  coal  is  broken  and  pulverizedmore  effectually  and  more  econom- 
ically than  by  any  other  method. 

£1,042— November  SI,  1865.    CHARLES  A.  HARDY.     Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  constructing  a  still  for  the  distillation  of  oil  and  other  liquids  with  an 
outer  chamber  enveloping  it  on  the  top  and  at  the  sides  so  as  to  leave  a  space 
above  and  around  or  partly  around  the  inner  or  main  still,  thus  forming  an  outer 
and  inner  chamber,  communicating  with  each  other  by  means  of  one  or  more 
siphons  or  valves,  for  the  purpose  of  heating  the  oil  or  other  litiuid  and  vaporizing 
its  lighter  constituents  before  its  admission  into  the  main  or  umer  still,  and  thus 
effecting  an  economy  of  heat. 

80,S94— July  28,1868.  CHARLES  LOCKHART  AND  JOHN  GRACIE.    Improve- 
ment in  stills  for  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  providing  a  still  for  hydrocarbons  with  a  valve,  which  will  act  from  an 
internal  or  external  pressure. 

80,S94—July  28.  1868;  reissue  4,615— August  15,  1871.    CHARLES  LOCKHART 
AND  JOHN  GRACIE.     Improvuntiit  in  stills  for  hydrotarbons. 
Claims  in  combination  with  an  upright  still  a  series  of  fire  chambers  radially 

arranged  around  and  under  the  still,  such  chambers  converging  to  a  central 

smoke  chamber  connecting  with  a  flue  or  chimney. 

130.668— August  20,  1878.    WILLIAM  B.  SNOW.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 
distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  the  arrangement  within  a  tank  of  a  rock  shaft  carrying  a  dasher,  a 
crank  rod,  and  crank  arm  of  a  driving  shaft  for  operation. 

137,496— April  1,  1873.     WILLIAM  B.  SNOW.     Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  a  reciprocating  dasher  corresponding  in  contour,  as  described,  with  the 
transverse  section  of  the  tank,  and  arranged  to  move  in  a  direction  longitudinal 
with  the  latter,  and  at  a  slight  but  appreciable  distance  from  the  heating  surface 
of  the  tank. 

150.406^ May  5,   1874.    CORNELIUS  J.  CRONIN.     Improvement  in  stills  for 
refining  oils. 

Claims  the  improved  still  for  n*fining  petrnlcum,  consisting  of  a  still  with  end 
extension  chambers,  and  recipr*^>CiitiiiK  scraper  plates  for  preventing  the  forma- 
tion of  the  sediment  on  the  bottom  of  the  still  and  carrying  the  same  into  the  end 
receptacles. 

161,965— May  4, 1875.    JOHN  L.  STEWA  HT.     Improvement  in  petroleum  stills. 

This  invention  relates  to  improvements  in  the  construction  of  apparatus  for 
the  continuous  distillation  of  oils  of  different  density  from  a  compartment  stiil, 
or  .several  stills  connected  together,  and  consists  in  dividing  one  still  into  two, 
thre«,  or  more  compartments  or  Mcctions,  ho  that  each  compartment  having 
separate  fires  can  be  heated  to  the  necessary  temperature  to  suit  tin-  density  of 
the  oil  contained  therein,  and  make  oil  of  a  different  specific  gmvily  from  each 
compartment.  These  compartments  are  provided  with  srraper.s"  secured  to 
endles.s  chains,  which  are  mounted  on  shafts  driven  bv  i)ower.  These  scrapers 
remove  all  sediment  and  paralline  oil  from  the  hottrim  of  each  compartment  into 
a  receptacle  at  the  back  end.  thereby  obviating  the  necessity  of  having  to  stop  to 
clean  out  the  stills,  fn-erflow  pipes  are  so  arranged  in  combination  with  self- 
acting  valves  controlled  by  floats  as  to  carry  off  the  henw  oil  from  the  bottom 
of  one  still  into  the  next  contiguous  still,  anri  then-by  maintain  constantly  the 
proper  level  of  oil  in  ciich  eoni[mrtini-nl.  Als()  in  IheVombinatlon,  with  a  com- 
partment still  forconlinuousdistillation.  of  coinrnunicatinK  pi[tes  and  automatic 
regulating  valves,  whereby  the  oil  in  each  still  is  rnalnlarned  at  a  i)roper  level; 
also.  In  the  combination,  with  a  compartment  still  forconlinuous  distillation,  of 
a  pipe  or  trou^'h  conveying  the  oil  from  rear  pm-ket  of  one  slill  to  the  front  end 
of  the  next  still;  also,  in  making  the  sal<l  pipe  as  a  conduit  or  lining  along  the 
side  of  the  still,  to  form  a  lining  of  running  oil  between  each  compartment,  and 
thereby  [.revent  the  temperature  of  one  compartment  being  alTecIed  to  any  great 
extent  by  that  of  the  next;  also,  In  the  conihination,  In  a  ccunpurtment  sliil  for 
CODtlnuoiiH  flislillation,  of  s^Tapers  arranged  on  eiulless  chain.s;  also,  in  the 
particular  conMtructlrtn  of  the  FH;raperH  arul  the  mode  of  connect Ing  them  to  the 
chain;  anri.  alno.  the  general  combination  of  parts  which  go  to  form  the  con- 
tinuous scraping  arrangement. 

i^!^''"      ^  '\tm.    JULIU8C.  DICKEY.     Improrrment  in  oil  stills. 

'  iirovlded  with  an  Inclined  partition  In  combinatltm  with  a  pump 

or '  ipparntiiH, 

tO&J/iJt-yovemhf.r  12.  tff78.     OLE  TILTON.     tmprovrment  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  In  an  oil  still,  a  subfjhnmber,  provided  with  Inlet  openings  and  dlscharae 
tubes,  ^  •* 


224-^01- February  10,  ISSO.  JAMES  D.  MEIGHER.  Still  for  refining  petroleum. 
The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  prevent  all  coking  or  burning  of  the  oil  while 
being  vaporized,  prevent  chilling,  preserve  a  uniform  heat  through  the  whole 
mass,  cause  more  rapid  vaporization,  and  preserve  the  color  of  the  jiroducts.  and, 
in  making  lubricating  oils,  to  prevent  them  from  chiUing  and  becoming  I'lackand 
stringy,  and  this  is  accomplished  by  the  agitation  of  the  whole  body  of  oil  by 
mechanical  contrivance  while  being  vaporized  by  heat,  and  at  the  same  time 
introducing  a  current  of  heated  air  into  the  oil  to  assist  the  vaporization  and 
facilitate  the  flow  of  vapor  through  the  pipes  into  the  condenser. 

252,981— January  31,  1S82.     GEORGE  C.  TREWBY  AND  HENRY  W.  FEN- 

NER.    Distillation  of  coal  tar. 

Claims  the  apparatus  for  distilling  coal  tar,  consisting  of  a  main  steam  pipe 
with  itscontrollingcock,  small  branch  pipes,  ring,  lesser  branches,  and  outlets  or 
jets  in  conjunction  with  a  suitable  form  of  still  bottom. 

405,738— June  25. 1889.    ROSS  J.  HOFFMAN.    Evaporating  apparatus. 

Claims  in  combination  mth  the  st  II  for  treating  hydrocarbon  oils,  a  steam  pipe 
within  said  still  arranged  to  substantially  cover  the"  surface  exposed  to  the  heat, 
the  said  pipe  being  pluced  close  to  sjid  surface  and  being  provided  with  discharge 
orifices  opening  directly  against  the  said  surface,  whereby  the  jets  of  steam  are 
caused  to  impinge  directly  on  the  surface  to  1  e  piotected. 

490.144— January  17,  1893.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Apparatus  for  refining  petro- 
leum. 
Claims  the  combination  with  an  oil  stUl  having  a  furnace  and  a  flue  leading 

therefrom,  of  a  purifier  in  the  flue,  and  a  feeder  adapted  to  discharge  the  purifying 

material  among  the  vapors  in  said  purifier,  which  purifier  communicates  with  the 

vapor  space  of  said  still  and  has  a  vapor  exit  pipe. 

503,996- August  29.  1893.    WILLIAM  H.  STELWAGON.     Taror  petroleum  still. 
Claims  a  tar  or  petroleum  still  having  a  rotary  agitator  therein,  the  same  being 
formed  of  rectangular  and  tapering  vanes,  whereby  the  material  in  the  still  may 
be  raised  and  also  directed  laterally',  and  thereby  caused  to  circulate. 

553,191— January  I4.  1896.     HERMAN  FRASCTI.    Agitator  for  stills. 

Claims  the  combination  with  an  oil  still,  of  a  number  of  narrow  drags  arranged 
side  by  side  on  the  still  bottom  and  provided  with  supporting  and  scraping 
edges  which  rest  upon  the  still  bottom  in  advance  of  one  another  and  which 
keep  said  drags  from  turning  over  and  conform  to  the  still  bottom  even  when  it 
becomes  warped,  and  means  for  drawing  said  drags  flatwise  over  said  still  bottom 
while  leaving  them  free  to  adjust  themselves  in  all  directions. 

761,315— May  31,  1904.     FRANCES  B.  MERRILL.    Still. 

Claims  a  horizontal  still  of  unifonn  section  from  end  to  end.  its  bottom  being 
curved  in  the  arc  of  a  circle  described  from  a  point  near  the  top  of  the  still,  and 
the  top  being  contracted,  in  combination  with  the  pendent  vibratory  agitator, 
having  a  horizontal  axis  near  the  top  of  the  still. 

Subclass  5. — Condensers. 

10,81S—April  25,  1854.    JAMES  R.  STAFFORD.    Improvement  in  distilling  and 

condensing  apparatus. 

Claims  the  cniplojTuent,  for  the  purpose  of  separating  the  more  and  less  volatile 
products  of  lilstillation,  of  a  vessel,  uhich  has  an  opening  for  the  escape  or  with- 
drawal of  condensed  matters,  anil  another  opening  for  the  escape  of  the  more  vola- 
tile matters,  and  which  has  its  temperntnre  regulated  by  the  admission  of  steam 
or  air  through  a  pipe,  passing  through  its  interior  or  through  a  chamber,  sur- 
rounding it. 

24.50]— June  28,  1859.     WM.  G.  W.  JAEGER.     Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

condensing  coal  oil. 

Claims  the  employment  of  a  fan  blower  when  the  same  is  used  to  draw  the 
vapors  from  the  retort. 

24.56!— June  28,  1859:  reissue  1,902— March  14. 1865.     WM,  G.  W.  JAEGER,     /m- 

provement  in  coudensing  and  separating  oils  and  gases. 

C'airas  in  apparatus  for  condensing  oils  and  other  liquids,  in  combination,  an 
annularcondensing  chamber,  through  which  the  vapors  of  oils  and  other  liquids 
are  to  pass  as  they  come  from  the  retort  or  still,  a  condensing  surface  siirroimd- 
ing  such  chamber,  and  a  condensing  surface  surrounded  by  such  chamber. 

24.920— August  2.  1859.    WILLIAM  T.  UAUNES.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 
condensing  coal  oil. 

Claims  the  employment  of  a  tul>e.  tlio  lower  extremity  of  which  Is  provided 
with  tubular  arms,  th<'  same  being  matle  to  revohe,  iind  bein^'  usctl  in  connection 
with  a  tank  partially  tilled  with  water,  and  a  conducting  pipe. 

28,2lt6—May  15.  1860.    H'TiIER  ATWOOD.    Improvement  in  construction  of 

apfxtratus  for  the  redi.ftiliition  of  co<il  oils. 

Claims  a  .separating  chamber  constructed  when  arranged  and  con\liined  with  a 
volatile  oil  still  anci  condens)>r  in  such  iiiaTuier  as  to  gradually  si'pjirate  and  coii- 
den.se  the  heavier  parts  of  the  oleaginous  vapors  formed  and  continuously  re- 
turn them  to  the  sflU  for  a  further  action  of  the  heat,  and  at  the  same  timepre- 
8er\'e  the  lighter  vapors  and  pass  them  over  to  the  condenser. 

28,341-May  2B.  1860.    JOHN   F.  BENNETT.    ImprovemeiU  in  apparatus  for 
condensing  coal  oil. 

Claims  subjecting  the  volatile  products  of  the  distillation  of  coal  (composed  of 
a  mixture  of  various  substances  in  the  fonn  of  vapon  direellv  as  it  passes  from 
the  retort  or  nrime  generator  to  gradually  diminishing  degrees  of  hiMit  in  a  suc- 
cession of  condeiiNers.  for  the  purpose  of  separating  bv  <.ne  uperatii'ii  I'ach  of  the  0 
w»veral  dlflcnMit  sul'slances  from  the  other  substances  with  which  It  is  mixed 
when  In  the  fr»rin  of  vajior.  at  tin'  part  icular  degree  of  temperature  at  which  It 
assumes  tin-  li<piid  form  as  distinguished  from  the  lluid  or  gaseous  form,  by 
means  of  an  apparatus  such  as  deNciihed  when  combined  with  a  coal  oil  retort. 

31,858-    Marrh  26.  }H6l.    LUTHEK  ATWOOD.    Improvement  in  the  mnnufac- 

turr  of  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  dln-ct  application  of  ice  or  Ice  and  salt  to  the  condensation  of  hydro- 
carbon oil  vapors. 

3i.9n8-April  9,   1861.    AUUAIIAM    QCINN.     Improvement  in  apft^iratus  for 
distilling  oil.^. 

Claims  the  n-i-tiner  composed  df  an  Inverted  siphon  with  Its  faucets  and  other 
apiH-ndnges,  ai>plie<l,  in  combination  with  still  and  condenser.  In  such  nuuiner 
as  to  booapablo  of  e(Ii«tlng  the  several  operations  and  purposes. 


DTr;EST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  PETROLET'M  REFINING. 


591 


85,497— June  10,   186S.    JAME8  ADAIR.    Imprnvemfnt  in  rondensera  for  oil 

stills. 

Claims  so  constructing  the  worm  chest  of  tho  onndonser  as  to  separatn  the 
dKferciit  qiialitiHS  of  oil  by  partitions,  which  tlm  comlciisud  lliiid  can  not  imss, 
but  which  pri'scnt  no  obstacle  to  tho  flow  of  tlio  unconUensed  vapor  and  gas 
through  the  worm. 

S6,40S— September  9,   1865.    CHARLE8   W.   GRANNIS.    Improved   condenser 

for  coal  oil  stills. 

Claims  a  condenser  which  combines  the  following  features,  to  wit:  First,  sloping 
sides;  second,  an  intcnial  trough  to  catch  and  conduct  the  condensed  vapors  to 
an  external  conductor;  Ihinl,  an  external  spout  or  conductor  passing  through 
or  in  a  trough  of  cold  water  to  conduct  the  condensed  vapors  to  the  worm  or 
cooler;  fourth,  jets  of  wnli-r  or  a  body  of  cold  water  upon  its  outside,  in  combi- 
nation with  II  I'M  1(1  roll  or  still  having  a  broad  open  top,  upon  which  the  condenser 
is  fitted,  fortiiiiig  a  f')vtT  thereto,  so  that  the  vapors  arising  from  the  entire  sur- 
face of  tho  oil  in  the  still  may  pass  directly  to  the  condenser. 

S6,481—SeDtember  16,  186S.    ABRAHAM  QUINN.    Irnprovcment  in  apparatus 

for  distilling  petroleum  and  other  oils. 

Claims  the  arrangement  of  several  rectifiers  in  combination  with  each  other, 
with  the  still  retort,  and  with  the  device  or  apparatus  for  feeding  the  crude  oil  in 
such  manner  that  the  vapors  of  tho  heavier  oils  on  their  way  to  the  condensing 
apparatus  meet  the  crude  oil  on  its  way  toward  the  still  retort  and  heat  the 
latter  oil  to  such  an  extent  as  to  extract  the  vapor  of  the  more  volatile  portions 
of  it  before  it  arrives  at  the  retort  of  the  still. 

87.263- December  BS,  1862.     THOMAS  K.  PETTY  AND  WILLIAM  G.  WAR- 
DEN.    Improrrment  in  oil  .iliUs. 

Claims  the  use  in  stills  for  distilling  hydrocarbon  oils,  of  a  double  trap,  so  con- 
nected with  the  still  and  its  worm  pipe  or  goose  neek  as  not  to  return  to  the  still 
the  heavier  vapors  or  any  condensed  products  of  distillation,  but  so  that  any 
unvaporized  liquid  or  solid  substances  carried  over  with  the  vapor,  or  boiling 
over  from  the  still,  through  the  still  head  or  goose  neck,  shall  be  arrested  before 
reaching  the  worm  or  condenser,  and  either  returned  to  the  still  or  collected  in 
a  separate  receptacle. 

89,978— September  IS,  1863.    I.  W.  WETMORE.    Improved  apparatus  for  coitr 

densing  oil  vapors. 

Claims  the  separate  upward  flowing  currents  above  and  below  the  vapor  cham- 
ber, the  propulsion  of  these  currents  on  the  principle  of  the  siphon,  the  corruga- 
tion of  the  upper  condensing  surface,  the  breaks  of  wooden  angles  and  doors  in 
the  vapor  chamber,  and  a  sprinkler. 

47,SS9— April  11, 18G5.   CYRUS  M.  AVARREN.    Improved  apparatus  for  distilling 

petroleum,  etc. 

Claims  the  special  application  of  heat  by  means  of  a  separate  fire  or  its  equiv- 
alent to  a  con(lenser  attached  to  a  still,  for  the  purpose  of  controlling  and  regu- 
lating the  temperatures  of  the  vapors  given  oil  in  distillation,  in  order  to  pro- 
duce a  more  complete  separation  of  the  constituents  of  complex  mixtm-es  of 
liquids- 

48,4S5—June    57.    1865.     ELIJAH    FREEMAN    PRENTISS   AND    ROBERT 
ADAM  ROBERTSON.     Improved  apparatus  for  distilling  petroleum. 
Claims  the  eiuploynieiit  of  beut  vapor,  sLeam,  and  air  pipes,  arranged,  con- 
structed, and  operating  substantially  as  shown  and  described. 

49,0S0—July  25.  ]S>'!5.     L.  N.  U  ILCOX.     Improved  apparatus  for  separating  the 

products  of  distilliition  of  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  separating  benzole  from  illuminating  oils  in  distilling  hydrocarbon 
oils  and  other  substances  by  means  of  separate  pipes  arranged  with  traps,  leading 
off  from  different  parts  of  the  condenser. 

60,368— October  10,  1865.    A.  KREUSLER.    Improved  apparatus  for  distilling 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  use  of  a  series  of  adjoiningcondensing  chambers,  arranged  substan- 
tially as  described,  for  the  purpose  of  separating  the  condensed  liquids  of  different 
speciflc  gravity. 

62, B77— January  SO,  1866.    SOLOMON  B.  ELLITHORP.    Improved  refrigerator 

and  condenser. 

Claims  a  refrigerator  or  condenser  for  cooling  liquors  or  condensing  vapors, 
consisting  of  an  outer  chamber,  an  inner  chamber,  and  a  system  of  perforated 
pipes. 

63.528— March  27.  1866.    J.  H.  FAIRCHILD.     Improved  condenser. 

Claims  a  basin  and  perforated  condensing  pipe  in  combination  with  a  water 
pipe  and  vapor  pipe. 

68,005— September  11.  1866.     P.  H.  VANDER  WEYDE.     Improvement  in  dis- 
tilling pftrolcum  and  other  liquids. 

Claims  the  production  of  a  partial  vacuum  by  suction  produced  in  the  still  by 
a  pump  either  between  it  and  the  condenser,  or  at  the  end  of  the  tube  intended 
for  the  escape  of  the  noncondensable  products,  which  vacuum  may  be  filled  l)y 
those  noncondensaVde  products — vapor,  air,  or  steam  —  led  to  and  admitted 
from  the  other  end  of  the  apparatus,  provided  with  a  safety  valve. 

60,166— December  4,    1866.    ANDRE    FOUBERT.    Improvement   in   distilling 

and  refining  oils,  wines,  and  other  liquids. 

Claims  a  column  containing  perforated  diaphragms  in  combination  with  a 
worm  or  condenser  and  pipe  passing  back  to  the  column. 

61.120— January   8,   1867.    ALEXIS    THIRAULT.    Improvement   in  distilling 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  apparatus  constructed  to  secure  a  continuous  distillation  by  one 
single  operation.beinga  combination  of  boilers  and  tar  cock  with  hot-air  chaml>er 
and  all  the  pipes  and  other  parts  composing  the  said  apparatus. 

63.96S—April  16,  1867.    ALEXIS  THIRAULT.     Improved  apparatus  for  treating 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  arrangement  of  one  or  more  steam  jets  in  combination  with  a  con- 
densing coil. 

€5,8S4—June  IS,  1867.     SAMUEL  DAVIS.     Improved  mode  of  condensing  noxious 

vapors  from  lard  rendering,  etc. 

Claims  discharging  a  stream  of  water  into  the  discharge  pipe  of  a  boiler,  for  the 
purpose  of  increasing  the  draught  from  the  boiler. 


66,243— July  t,  1867.    CLARENCE  MORFIT.    Improvement  in  condtnsera  for 

stills. 

Claims  a  condenser,  which  is  adapted  for  use  In  conjunction  with  a  BtiU,  and 
which,  is  divided  into  a  number  of  chambers  communicating  with  each  other 
and  provided  with  two  series  of  ni|M's  or  conduits,  so  arranged  as  to  admit  of  the 
separation  and  revaporization  of  the  distillates  and  their  return  to  the  still. 

68,257— August  27,  1867.    CHARLES  STOTT.    Improved  apparatus  for  distUling 

and  rectifying  petroleum. 

Claims  an  apparatus  for  distilling  and  rectifying  petroleum,  Ln  which  steam 
is  used  in  the  still,  or  retort  and  rectifier. 

86, 232^ January  28,  1860.    C.  M.  .J.\MES.    Improved  apparatus  for  dittilling  vola^ 

tile  hydrocarbons  and  other  substances. 

Claims  an  arrangement  of  mechanism,  by  means  of  which  the  substance  to  be 
distilled,  and  the  vapor  to  be  condensed,  either  or  both,  are  operated  upon  when 
extended  in  thin  sheets  or  strata. 

96,997- November  16,  1869.    AUGUSTUS  HENRY  TAIT.    Improvement  in  atiUs 

for  distilling  naphtha  and  petroleum. 

This  invention  consists  in  a  supplementary  or  ascending  worm,  and  a  con- 
denser, placed  over  the  still  proper,  up  to  or  into  which  ascends  all  the  vapors 
that  are  generated,  and,  where  they  become  separated  into  light  and  ht-avy 
vapors,  the  heavy  vapors  falling  back  into  the  still,  leaving  the  lighter  vapors  in 
tlie  worm  or  supplementary  condenser,  whence  they  pass  into  a  s'cond  condens- 
ing apparatus,  where  they  are  fl,nally  condensed,  the  naphtha  or  light  oils  formed 
from  them  being  gathered  into  a  suitable  receiver. 

117,426— July  25,  1871.    JAMES  J.  JOHNSTON.    Improvement  in  processes  and 

apparatus  for  treating  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  combination  of  pipes  constructed  and  arranged  wUh  relation  to 
each  other  and  a  condenser,  substantially  as  described. 

117.873— Augusts,  1871.     HIRAM  W.  FAUCETT  AND  THOMSON McGOWAN. 

Improvement  in  condensers  for  oil  stills. 

Claims  a  longitudinal  cylindrical  perforated  pipe,  arranged  within  the  con- 
densing cylinder  and  communicating  with  the  feed  pipe  in  combination  with 
vapor  pipes  surrounded  by  water  in  water  box  and  operating  in  reference  to 
the  stiU. 

118,603— August  29,  1871.    ANDRE  FOUBERT.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

distilling  and  refining  oils. 

This  invention  is  especially  for  the  refining  of  petroleum  and  separating  the 
same  into  gasoline  or  naphttia.  burning  oil,  and  refuse  coloring  matter,  and  con- 
sists in  the  use  of  a  column  somewhat  similar  to  that  employed  in  a  rectifying 
apparatus  for  alcohol,  the  parts  Iteing  arranged  so  that  the  burning  oils  may 
»  be  returned  to  the  still  or  arawn  off  separately,  and  the  gasohne  or  naphtha  is 
condensed  until  the  lighter  oils  are  distilled  entirely,  after  which  the  burning  oil 
can  be  distilled.  During  the  distillation  the  coloring  matter  and  thick  heavy 
oils  are  to  be  conveyed  away  to  a  separate  receptacle,  so  that  there  may  l>e  no 
tar,  heavy  oil.  or  similar  material  to  obstruct  the  apparatus  when  it  is  allowed 
to  cool,  or  after  each  charge  of  the  apparatus. 

120,539— October  31,   1871.    HENRY  H.  ROGERS.    ImprovemerU  in  distilling 

naphtha  and  other  hydrocarbon  liquids. 

This  invention  consists  in  an  apparatus  for  separating  volatile  hydrocarbons 
by  repeated  vaporization  and  condensation.  The  operation  is  continuous,  and 
what  is  equivalent  to  a  large  number  of  fractional  distillations  is  accomplished 
during  a  singje  distillation.  The  apparatus  used  is,  in  many  respects,  similar 
to  wliat  is  known  as  the  column  still  for  distilling  alcoholic  spirits,  but  modified 
in  all  the  details,  so  as  to  make  it  available  for  distilHng  oils.  In  the  spirit  still 
it  is  only  required  to  separate  two  principal  liquids— alcohol  and  water.  But  m 
the  oil  still  a  long  series  of  liquids  is  to  be  separated. 

123,907— February  20,  1872.     SAMUEL  HUDSON.     Improvement  in  distilling 

coal  oils. 

Claims  in  distilling  burning  oil  from  petroleum,  the  use  of  a  condenser  of  a  tem- 
perature as  high  a^  the  fire  test  of  the  oil,  and  passing  away  the  uncondensed 
vapors  freely  and  directly  to  the  atmosphere. 

152,263— October  15,  1872.    CHARLES  W.  DURANT  AND  JOHN  GRIFFITH. 

Improvement  in  condensers  for  vacuum  pans,  etc. 

Claims  the  arrangement  of  a  cooling  jacket  or  apron  between  the  vapor  supply 
pipe  of  a  condenser,  and  the  injection  pipe,  said  jacket  or  apron  being  macK  to 
dip  beneath  the  bottom  end  of  the  injection  pipe  in  the  condenser. 

133.436- November     26.    1872.      HIRAM     W.     FAUCETT    AND    THOMSON 
McGOWAN.     Improvement  in  apparatus  for  refining  hydrocarbon  oils. 
Claims  the  arrangement  of  a  supply  pipe,  injecting  pipes,  and  vapor  pipes, 

combined  and  operating  in  connection  with  a  still  and  water  box. 

143.945— October  21,  1873.    SAMUEL  VAN  SYCKEL.    Improvement  in  appara^ 

tus  and  processes  for  treating  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  treating  crude  petroleum  with  the  resultant  product  of 
only  oil  and  gas.  by  effecting  the  condensation  of  the  oleaginous  vapors,  and  the 
immediate  return  of  the  condensed  product  to  the  body  of  oU  in  the  treating 
chamber,  and  earning  over  only  the  uneondensable  gases;  and. 

The  combination  of  a  vertical  chamber,  for  treating  crude  oil.  furnished  at  or 
near  its  lower  end  with  a  pipe  or  pipes  for  the  admission  of  steam,  and  a  con- 
densing chamber  arranged  above,  with  condensing  pipes  for  condensing  the  oily 
vapors,  and  a  gas  pipe  from  the  dome  or  chamber  above  forcarryingofl  the  uncon- 
densed gases. 

154.771— September  8.  1874.     SAMUEL  VAN  SYCKEL.    Improvement  in  cotI' 

densers  for  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  in  comlnnation  with  a  vertical  condensing  chamber,  a  vapor  pipe  admit- 
ting the  vapors  at  or  near  its  upper  end.  a  water  spray  pipe  discharging  upward 
at  or  near  its  lower  end,  and  a  supplemental  tubular  condenser. 

156.899- November  17,  1874-    REUBEN  D.  TURNER.     Improvement  in  appara- 
tus for  refining  oils. 

Claims  the  combination  of  oU  evaporator,  steam  jacket  perforated  mixing 
chamber  for  the  vapors  of  the  oil  and  steam,  diip  pipe,  and  one  or  moie  con- 
densers, all  being  arranged  for  operation. 

168.060~September  21,  1875.    ROBERT  SPEIR  AND  JOHN  MATHER.     Im- 
provement in  apparatus  for  condensing  vapors,  gases,  etc. 
Claims  the  apparatus  consisting  of  the  shelves,  blocks,  provided  with  tapered 

openings,  baffle  plates,  pipes  and  tanks,  all  combined  and  oiierat'ing  together. 


592 


MANUFACTURES. 


170,730— December  7,  1875.    MILO  HARRIS.     Improvement  in  c&ndensers  for 

stiUs  and  drying  cJiambeTS. 

Clauns  the  combination,  in  an  evaporating  chamber,  of  a  spiral  or  rabbeted 
condenser,  havmg  a  longer  vertical  than  horizontal  dimension  in  its  cross  sec- 
tion, and  ha-s'ing  its  inlet  and  outlet  extended  outside  of  the  chamber,  with  a  cor- 
respondingly spiral  or  rabbeted  trough,  to  catch  and  convey  the  condensation. 

SIS,S9S— March  18,  1879.    JOHN  DAUL.     Improvement  in  apparatus  for  rectify- 
ing petroleum. 
Claims  in  combination  with  a  still  rectifier  and  condenser,  the  separator  with 

a  pipe,  for  conducting  the  oil  directly  back  to  the  still,  and  the  attached  pipe,  for 

drawing  ofl  the  water. 

^17,995— July  £9,  1879.    JOHN  W.  CULMER.     Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

separating  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  in  a  separator  condenser  for  hydrocarbons,  a  worm  consisting  of  two 
or  more  straight  pipes  connected  at  recurring  lower  levels  by  couplings  foniiing 
cross  pipes  Ln  combination  with  a  trap  receiver,  for  each  cross'pipe  and  a  separate 
tail  pipe,  having  the  upward  bend  between  said  trap  receiver  and  the  outflow  end 
of  said  tail  pipe. 

iBJ^.OST— February  S,  1880.    JOHN  H.  NICOLAI  AND  WILLIAM  F.  NICOLAI. 

Coal  oU  condensing  and  separating  apparatus. 

This  invention  relates  to  means  for  separating  the  distillate  from  coal  oU  or 
petroleum  stills  into  fluid  bodies  difiermg  in  specific  gravity;  and  it  consists  in 
a  worm  tub  or  coohng  vat  and  a  closed  separator  provided  with  a  pipe  leading 
from  the  separator  to  the  exterior  of  the  vat,  and  having  a  worm  section  leading 
from  the  still  to  the  separator,  and  also  other  worm  sections  leading  from  suit- 
able parts  of  said  separator  to  nozzles  at  the  lower  part  of  the  vat.  by  means  of 
which  a  heavy  burning  fluid  and  a  hght  hydrocarbon  are  delivered  from  the  respec- 
tive nozzles  at  the  same  time. 

286,151— A  pril  6,  1880.     WILLIAM  ATWOOD.     Distillation  of  oils. 

Clamis  the  combination,  with  a  still  for  vaporizing  hydrocarbon  oil.  of  a  con- 
denser inclined  upward  from  the  dome  or  goose  neck  of  the  stUl,  to  cause  the 
vapors  condensing  therein  to  flow  back  through  the  upward  current  of  uncon- 
densed  hot  vapors,  a  refrigerator  or  cooler  connecting  with  the  lower  end  of  the 
inclined  condenser  by  a  pipe  provided  with  a  trap  to  prevent  the  passage  of 
uncondensed  vapor  or  gases  through  the  refrigerator. 

£S9,S97—June  S9,  1880.    JAMES  H.  ALEXANDER.    Process  of  refining  petro- 
leum, etc. 

Claims  the  method  of  separating  the  products  of  distillation  into  several  grades 
which  consists  in  conducting  the  vapors  from  the  still  into  a  common  receptacle 
wherein  the  vapors  are  allowed  to  separate,  as  such,  by  their  own  gravities,  and 
then  conducting  them,  according  to  their  gravities,  to  separate  condensing 
worms. 

S30,S39—July  SO,  1880.    SAMUEL  CHENEY.    Process  and  apparatus  for  distill- 
ing petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  producing  lubricating  oil  from  crude  petroleum  placed  in 
a  digester  by  driving  off  the  gas  with  st^am  at  a  pressure  of  about  40  pounds 
and  that  portion  of  the  petroleum  adapted  for  illuminating  oil  by  the  action  of 
live  steam  at  a  pressure  of  not  over  75  pounds,  allowing  the  heavy  oil  to  cool, 
heating  it  and  agitating  it  a  second  time  by  live  steam  at  the  pressure  last  men- 
tioned, allowing  it  to  cool,  and  heating  it  and  agitating  it  by  steam  a  third  time, 
and  then  cooling  the  heavy  or  lubricating  oil,  with  its  condensed  water,  as  slowly 
as  practicable  in  receivers;  and. 

A  separator  made  to  receive  condensed  liquid  from  distillate  of  petroleum  and 
water,  constructed  with  inclined  sides,  partition  inclined  shelf,  and  waterway  with 
its  gate. 

iS9.618— Aprils,  1881.    ALBERT  NEILSON.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling petroleum  products. 

Claims  the  method  of  separating  the  products  of  petroleum  by  distillation, 
consi.sttng  in  subjecting  the  vapors  to  the  condensing  action  of  one  or  more  dia- 
Ithrugins  of  water  attempered  to  condense  the  desired  constituent  of  the  oil 
fcnd  permit  the  passage  of  the  next  more  volatile  constituent  to  the  condenser. 

£4S.i9f>—Junc  £8,   1881.     OTTO  BRAUN.      Cooling  apparatus  for  condensing 

vapors. 

Claims  In  a  cooling  apparatus  a  cooling  pipe  suspended  from  a  plate  and  con- 
tracted at  the  upper  end. 

ti3,9S0—July  6,  1881.    THOMAS  MARRIN.    Apparatus  for  refining  petroleum 

and  tar. 

Claims  the  combination,  in  a  refinery,  of  a  tank,  a  series  of  siphon  pipes  having 
their  lower  end  immersed  in  a  coohng  liquid  in  said  tank,  an  elevutea  connecting 
pipe  uniting  the  upper  end  or  longest  leg  of  the  siphons,  and  pipe  with  the  ben- 
zine tank,  steam  cou  therein,  and  gas  holder. 

£64.99f)  ~  March  14, 188t.    JOHN  N.  MARTIN.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling oil. 

Claims  the  improvement  In  the  process  of  distilling  oil  which  consists  in  sepa- 
rating the  prini-iry  distillate  from  the  still  into  oil  and  vapor,  partially  or  wholly 
condensing  such  vapor,  then  sentirating  the  resulting  condensed  products  into  oil 
and  light  vapor  by  subjecting  tncm  to  the  action  of  the  primary  not  vapor  distil- 
late, and  finally  conducting  away  and  condensing  separately  the  light  and  heavy 
products. 

SS8.t84-  May  £3, 188£.    LOUIS  DAUL.    Apparatus  for  rectifying  petroleum. 

Claims  In  an  apparatus  for  rectifying  petroleum,  In  combination  with  the  main 
portion  or  walls,  perforated  plates,  pipes,  and  cnp.  the  coils  or  worms  situated 
just  beneftth  plates  and  the  hot  water  tank,  and  pipe  connecting  the  worms  with 
such  tanks. 

t8l.046-July  10,  1883.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for  the 

frartionnt  dintill/ttion  of  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claim**  r  Uif-  fracMonnl  dlfltlllHtlon  of  hydrocarbon  oils.  cnnslMting 

In  Intro'l  .■  viijiur  from  the  still  a  vapor  for  which  hydrocfirbrin  oil 

has  llttl'  III  I  [NtHHliij;  tngcther  such  vapors  through  a  serie.i  of  ctjn- 

denwrs  *>\  'ini-  lun-H,  and. 

In  an  ii[»nrir,»'  •'■tlonal  fllstlllation  of  hydrocarbon  oils,  the  combi- 

nation with  a  '  vided  with  a  vapor  conduit,  of  pipes  for  supplying 

mixed  vapor  ^^\  tr.  if  - nrhf.n  oils  and  steam  or  equivalent  vopor  to  the  lower 
portion  of  the  condenser. 


t98,StO-  ^r 
Claim 


EDWARD  KELLS.    Apfinratun  for  diHillino  pr.trnlrum. 
'fi,  water  box  or  tank,  pv< 
pes  oiH-iiing  Into  the  rrceiv 
provided  Willi,  a  bcuL  tutw,  fixed  to  Its  underside. 


ri,  water  br>x  or  tank,  pvclving  box  or  brixcs,  immorsi>d 
therein,  <  pen  o|H-iiing  Into  the  receiving  boxes,  iind  diseharKe  pipe 


309,037~D€cember  9,  1SS4.    CHARLES  ANTHONY  BURGHARDT.    Appara- 
tus for  condensing  naphtha  and  other  lapors. 

Claims  a  condenser  or  section  of  a  condenser  for  use  in  the  recovery  of  India 
rubber  solvents  and  for  other  uses,  divided  into  compartments  by  means  of  par- 
titions of  wire  gauze  or  perforated  plates  extending  through  the  shell  or  walls  of 
the  condenser  into  the  body  of  cooling  liquid  outside  the  condenser. 

31 0497 —January  6, 1885.    RICHARD  DEAN.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for  the 

fractional  distillation  of  petroleum. 

Claims  in  the  fractional  distillation  of  petroleum,  the  process  consisting  in 
passing  the  vapor  from  the  still  through  condensing  tubes  or  conduits  (one  '^r 
more),  and  conducting  the  uncondensed  vapors  backwardly  in  direct  contact 
with  said  tubes  or  conduits,  and  thence  into  a  condenser,  whereby  the  uncon- 
densed vapor  sen' es  as  the  sole  condensing  bath  or  medium  for  the  vapor  coming 
from  the  still,  and  drawing  off  the  Hquid  condensed  in  said  primary  condensing 
tubes  or  conduits;  and. 

In  an  apparatus  for  the  fractional  distillation  of  petroleum,  the  combination, 
with  a  still  and  condensing  tubes  or  conduits  (one  or  more)  communicating  there- 
with, of  a  chamber  inclosing  said  condensing  tubes  or  conduits,  and  constructed 
and  arranged  to  convey  the  uncondensed  vapor  issuing  from  the  said  tubes  or 
conduits  backwardly  in  direct  contact  therewith,  and  constitute  the  sole  con- 
densing medium  therefor,  a  condenser  connected  with  said  inclosing  chamber,  and 
pipes  for  drawing  off  the  liquid  from  the  condensing  tubes  or  conduits. 

$13,979— March  17,  1SS5.    JOHN  E.  BICKNELL.    Apparatus  for  separating  oU 

vapors. 

Claims  the  separation  of  the  different  grades  of  oil  contained  in  one  common 
invention  which  consists  in  a  special  construction  having  the  object  to  insure  the 
certain  condensation  of  the  vapors  of  the  heavy  oil,  while  the  vapors  of  lighter 
specific  gravity  pass  off  separately,  and  also  in  means  for  accurately  regulating 
the  temperature  of  the  condenser  at  all  times. 

389,988— September  S5,  1888.    CHARLES  F.  THUMM.    Refining  petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  primary  furnace  and  its  retorts,  of  injector,  and 
pro\ision  for  admitting  air,  and  a  series  of  successive  condensers  and  trap  pipes 
leading  from  the  same,  and  the  retort  wherein  the  oil  is  initially  heated,  the  same 
being  connected  with  the  decomposing  retort  in  the  primary  "furnace  by  means 
of  a  trap  pipe. 

4£6,17S— April  SS.  1890.    JAMES  DEWAR   AND  BOVERTON  REDWOOD. 

Apparatus  for  the  distillation  of  mineral  oils  and  like  products. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  distiUing  oil,  the  combination  of  the  retort,  the  still 
head,  in  free  communication  with  the  retort,  the  condenser  in  free  communication 
with  the  still  head  and  provided  with  a  regulated  outlet,  the  oil  pump  having  a 
pipe  leading  into  the  retort  and  extending  nearly  its  full  length,  and  the  air  com- 
pressing pump  having  a  pipe  communicating  with  the  still  head. 

471. S91— March  £S,  189£.    JOHN  LAING.    Apparatus  for  destructive  distillation 

of  mineral  oils. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  still  for  the  destructive  distillation  of  mineral 
oils,  of  a  loaded  outlet  valve  and  a  relief  tank  Interj^osed  between  the  said  outlet 
valve  and  an  ordinary  condenser,  the  said  relief  tank  being  used  more  or  less  as 
a  condenser. 

486,654— November  SS,  189S,    HENRY  S.  BLACKMORE.     Condenser. 

Claims  in  a  condenser,  the  combination  of  an  inverted  conical  outer  vessel  hav- 
ing an  inlet  pipe  and  a  discharge  pipe  at  Its  lower  end  portion  and  an  inlet  pipe 
at  its  upper  end  portion,  the  inverted  conical  inner  vessel,  having  its  exterior  pro- 
vided with  a  spiral  llunge.  which  gradually  diminishes  f rnni  t  he  iarge  to  the  small 
end  of  the  inner  vessel  and  has  it  s  outer  edge  in  juxtaix'sition  to  the  inner  surface 
of  the  outer  vessel,  means  for  rotating  the  inner  vessi-l,  witti  its  diminishing  spiral 
flange,  to  force  the  condensed  material  toward  the  discharge  pipe  of  the  outer 
vessel,  a  movable  cover  and  a  water  jacket  surrounding  the  outer  vessel  and  pro- 
vided with  a  lower  inlet  pipe  and  an  upper  outlet  pipe. 

630,300— December  4, 1894.    ALLEN  H.  DUNKLE.     Vapor  condenser. 

Claims  the  condensing  chamber  provided  with  inlet  and  outlet  openings,  in 
combination  with  a  central  water  uipe  and  a  coiled  water  pipe,  the  ends  of  said 
water  pipes  projecting  through  the  closed  top  of  the  condensing  chamber  and 
discharging  thereon  so  as  to  overflow  the  exterior  of  the  chamber. 

696,874— January  4,  1898.    HARRY  W.  HAND.     Condenser,  distiller,  and  feed- 

vater  heater. 

Claims  the  combination  in  an  apparatus  for  condensing,  distilling,  or  heating 
feed-water,  of  a  casing,  a  series  oi  tubes,  and  tube-plates  so  arranged  as  to  bo 
detachable  from  the  casing  and  fonning  a  removable  tuoe  structure,  with  deflect- 
ing-platcs  carried  by  the  removable  tube  structure. 

619, 51£~ February  14,  1899.    ADAM  SLUCKI.    Apparatus  for  heating  or  cooling 

gaseous  media. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  heating  or  cooling  fluids  the  combination  of  tubes 
forming  acondut^ting  way  for  one  medium,  a  easing  itu^losing  said  tubes,  and  cor- 
rugated pari  It  inns  separating  the  tubes,  thecre.sts  <>f  l  lie  corrugat  ions  extending 
between  tultes  nearly  to  the  plane  of  the  axis  thereof,  wlu'it'l>y  thin  si)aces  are 
formed  around  tubes  and  connecting  slits,  said  slits  and  spacosforminga  way  or 
conduit  for  a  second  medium. 

6£e,936— April  11.  1899.  JAMES  R.  WHITING  AND  WILLIAM  A.  LAW- 
RKNCE.  Apparatus  for  st  /mrnting  arid  recovering  valunhlc  vapors. 
Claims  an  ajjparatus  fnr  recovering  or  restoring  vapors  to  li<iuld  form,  com- 
prising a  nuiln  receiver,  a  refrigerator,  a  i)inf'  leading  from  the  main  receiver  into 
aeoil  in  the  refrigerator,  a  collecting  vessel  in  suid  rrfrigerat<tr,  with  the  Interior 
of  which  the  coll  communicates,  a  tra])ped  iiii)e  leading  from  the  lower  portion 
of  sold  colli-rting  vessel  to  another  receiver,  a  vapor  receiver  having  a  val  vc  con- 
tr'illed  piiJeccuuieelion  with  the  upper  end  of  theenlleeting  vessel,  a  pump  having 
a  pipe  conneftion  with  the  vapor  receiver,  an  air-light  tank  for  containing  a 
llquhl.a  pljielcadlngfroin  the  pump  to  the  bottom  of  said  lank  and  having  a  per- 
forated horizontally  disposed  portion,  a  coll  in  said  tank  eoniiriiniicntlng  with 
an<l  receiving  the  drip  frnm  the  refrigerator,  an  air  <llscharge  pipe  leading  from 
the  said  tank,  and  a  pipe  leading  from  the  upper  portion  of  said  tank  to  the  sold 
other  receiver. 

700.373 -Map  to.  t90S.    .lOITN  S.  UOAKK.     Disfillinfj  apparatus. 

Claims  In  an  ai)paralus  nf  ( he  eha  racier  descrllied.  a  condenser  coll,  a  pipe  load- 
ing from  a  retorl ,  an  enir)\v  coTuiccting  said  pipe  and  the  coll.  a  boss  on  sii hi  elbow, 
a  tajjered  caning  detachahly  monnled  on  safil  boss,  a  Jet  nozzle  extending  into 
sahl  rasing  and  connected  witli  a  source  ftf  sleain  Mtipply,  a  pipe  connecting  said 
casing  with  an  elevated  tank,  and  a  jiipe  also  connected  to  fluid  casing  and  with  an 
open  funnel. 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATINf;  TO  PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


593 


7t7,m-.^f(iii^,tQm.    WILLIAM  T.  LEMAN.     Condenser. 

Claims  a  trondenser  comprising  a  casinp  having  a  plunilil,y  of  flues  extending 
thercthroii;rli,  muana  fnr  pushing  a  cooling  ngrnt  thrniit,'h  said  lines,  means  for 
admitting  vjipor  into  said  casing  at  ont.'  side  Ihtn-nr,  and  an  annular  baffle  pbito 
arranged  hcLwoon  the  (lues  within  said  casing  iidiiiili'd  to  compel  the  vapors  to 
pass  iin.imd  panillct  to  the  oiiti-r  wiill  thereof  acmas  the  path  of  the  outer  Hues, 
said  Imlllr  plate  hring  aperture<l  on  the  opposite  Hide  thereof  to  admit  the  vapors 
into  the  sp.ice  within  the  same  and  into  contact  with  the  imier  flues. 

755,760- AfarchSd,  1904.    LOUIS  GATHMANN.    Apparatus  for  distilling  petro- 
leum. 
Clitiina  in  a  distilling  aj)p)initiis.  the  combination  of  a  liquid-heating  means;  a 

vapnii/i-r  in  comnnniujil  mn  therewith;  a  condenser  ooinniniiicHling  therewith; 

means  hivoring  the  m-lijilinn  of  hciit  from  the  top  walls  only  of  said  condenser; 

ami  nuvins  for  drawing  oil  fractions  of  the  condensate  along  the  course  of  said 

condenser. 

Subclass  6. — Bottoms. 

i4,£l7~  Afatf  31,  1859.     WILLIAM  G.  \V.  JAEGER.     Improvement  in  retorts  for 

distilhmj  oil  from  coal. 

Consists  in  providing  certain  side  channels  at  the  side  of  the  retort  and  arching 
the  bottom  so  that  the  heavier  oils  may  be  drawn  oti  before  they  are  charred. 

S£,667~Jvn€  18,  18G1.    J.  O.  COLLINS.     Improved   method  of  securing  bottoms 

to  stills. 

Claims  a  ring  or  clamp  in  combination  with  the  bottom  and  a  flange,  each 
formed  and  constructed  as  described. 

SS,704—Julij  S.  1801.    JOSHUA  MERRILL.     Improvement  in  the  distillation  of 

hT/drornrhon  oils. 

In  the  distillation  of  hydrocarbon  illuminating  oils  from  crude  coal  oil  or  petro- 
leum it  is  customary  to  place  caustic  soda  or  caustic  potash  In  the  still  for  the 
purpose  of  removing  undesirable  matters  from  the  oil.  This  practice,  although 
apparently  necessary  to  the  Dnnluction  of  good  oil,  is  very  destructive  to  still 
bottoms,  which,  being  covered  with  the  alkah,  burn  out  rapidly.  There  is  also  a 
loss  of  fuel  in  heating  the  oil  through  the  layer  of  alkali. 

This  invention  consists  in  a  mode  of  using  caustic  alkali  within  the  still  and  in 
direct  contact  with  the  boiUng  oil  witlmut  sulTering  it  to  lie  on  the  still  bottom 
by  placing  the  alkali  in  a  pan  of  suitable  size  and  adapted  for  the  purpose. 

SSJOG—July  S,  1861.    JOSHUA  MERRILL.    Improvement  m  the  construction  of 
stills. 

Claims  the  still,  as  a  whole,  consisting  of  a  cast  iron  top.  wrought  iron  sides, 
and  wrought  iron  seamless  bottom,  combined  together  by  angle  iron  counlings, 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a  comparatively  light  and  durable  hydrocarbon-oil 
still. 

53,955— December  17,  1861.    JOSHUA  MERRILL.    Improvement  in  constructing 
stills  and  still  bottoms. 

This  invention  consists  in  a  new  kind  of  atill  bottom,  viz,  a  formed  seamless 
steel  still  bottom,  and  in  combining  it  with  the  body  of  a  still. 

85,8 -"i— July  8,  186$.    JACOB  REESE.    Improvement  in  furnaces  for  coal  oil 
.11  Us. 

Claims  the  mode  of  constructing  stills,  the  bottom  of  which  is  composed  of 
more  than  one  piece,  and  furnaces  therefor  in  such  manner  that  all  the  joints, 
seams,  and  rivets  which  are  placed  inside  of  the  fire  chamber  shall  rest  upon  or 
be  covered  by  walls  or  supports  of  brickwork  or  cement,  and  thus  protected 
from  the  direct  action  of  the  fire. 
58,603— May  19,  IS63.    JACOB  REESE.     Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  the  use.  in  combination  with  the  gutti^red  fire  walls  inclosing  the  joints 
of  the  still,  of  air  flues  for  the  purpose  of  passing  a  current  of  cold  air  along  and 
over  so  much  of  the  joints  and  rivets  of  stills  as  are  situate  in  that  part  of  the 
still  which  is  situate  within  the  fire  chamber  of  the  furnace,  and  thereby  prevent- 
ing the  opening  of  the  joints  and  carrying  off  any  oil  which  may  leak  from  the 
still;  and. 

The  use  of  two  or  more  goose  necks  in  a  single  still,  where  the  still  is  so  con- 
structed as  that  a  separate  vapor  space  is  for.ned  for  each  goose  neck,  while  the 
fluid  distillate  is  allowed  to  pass  freely  between  the  compartments  thus  fonned. 

46m8— January  SI,  1865.     GEORGE  H.  S.  DUFFUS.     Improvement  in  retorts 
for  distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  in  stills  for  rectifylngpotroleum  and  otheroils,  or  producing  illuminating 
or  other  oils  or  gases  from  any  substances  capable  of  treatment  by  heat,  making 
the  bottom  of  the  retort  with  a  dome,  or  its  equivalent,  rising  therefrom  up  within 
its  interior. 

46,090— January  Si,  1865.    GEORGE  H.  S.  DUFFUS.    Improvement  in  retorts 

for  distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  in  stills  for  rectifying  petroleum,  or  in  which  oils,  coal,  or  other  sub- 
stances are  treated  by  heat,  arranging  the  furnace  or  burner  by  which  the  heat 
is  communicated  or  cr**;ited  so  that  it  and  the  flames  or  incandescent  fuel  can  be 
moved  nearer  to  and  farther  away  from  the  retort,  according  to  the  condition  of 
the  work. 

61,S91~^anuary  15,  1867.    WILLIAM  C.  WELLES.    Improved  still  for  petro- 
leum. 

The  present  invention  consists,  first,  in  securing  the  fire  sheets  or  plates  to  the 
bottom  of  the  still  through  the  medium  of  a  frame,  whereby  many  important 
advantages  are  setnin^d,  and,  second,  in  a  novel  arrangement  of  the  "furnace  flues 
under  the  stiU.  whereby  the  products  of  combustion  after  leaving  the  fire  chamber 
are  made  to  pass  over  the  entire  surface  of  the  bottom  of  the  still,  thus  effecting 
not  only  a  great  economy  in  coal,  but  diffusing  a  greater  proportion  of  heat,  and 
producing  a  much  better  quality  of  oil. 

103. 186— April  19.  1870.    JOHN  WARREN.     Improvement  in  stills  for  petroleum. 
The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  furnish  an  adjustable  standard  or  support 
for  the  StiU  bottom,  and  also  to  provide  for  the  opening  or  closing  of  the  upper 
end  of  the  tar  pipe,  at  its  point  of  connection  with  the  still. 

117.4S5—July   S5,    1871.    JAMES  J.  JOHNSTON.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  distilling  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  a  still  with  a  corrugated  heating  surface,  in  which  is  a  series  of  oil  cham- 
bers elevated  one  above  the  other,  and  so  arranged  with  relation  to  each  other 
that  the  oil  shall  flow  from  the  uppor  chamber  iii  a  broad  chin  sheet  over  a  con- 
vexed  surface  into  the  chamber  next  below  it,  and  thus  flow  down  from  one 
chamber  to  the  other  through  the  whole  series. 

156.557— March  4,   1875.    JOHN  L.   STEWART  AND  JOHN  B.   DUBLER. 

Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

This  invention  consists  chiefly  in  the  mode  of  bracing  the  still,  and  supporting 
It  over  the  fire;  also  in  the  device  for  returning  the  condensed  oil  back  to  the  still; 
also,  the  construction  and  arrangement  of  the  fire  and  brictwork. 


14^,515— September  t,  1873.    HENRY  RYDER.    Tmpror^mfnt  in  apparatus  for 

distilling  heavy  oils. 

The  main  purpose  of  this  improvement  la  to  prevent,  in  a  still,  the  coUacting  of 
carbonaceous  or  other  heavy  deposits  on  the  surface  directly  over  that  exposed 
to  the  direct  action  of  the  (lainc  of  the  fuel  in  the  furnace. 

It  is  frequently  the  case,  with  coal  oil  Ktills  of  ordinary  construction,  that  the 
deposits  on  their  bottoms  are  so  great  and  become  so  hard  and  thick  a.s  not  only 
to  l)i-come  a  means  of  preventing  the  heat  of  the  furnace  from  being  absorbed 
by  the  contents  of  the  still,  but  of  so  insulating  the  bottom  of  the  still  from  th<» 
oily  contents  as  to  enable  such  bottom  soon  to  be  buraed  through  or  injured 
more  or  less  by  the  fire. 

WlJfiG-  May  29,  1877.    JOHN  T,  COLEMAN.    Improvement  in  oil  stilU. 

Claims  a  cyhndrical  sheet  metal  still,  divided  longitudinaflv  into  sections,  the 
said  sections  being  connected  together  by  continuous  int^rnaror  inwardly  turned 
flanges,  the  said  flanges  having  pronounced  rounded  corners  and  connected  by 
rivets. 

S15,157—  March  11,  1879.    CLARK  ALVORD.    Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  an  oil  still,  of  a  series* of  metal  rods  fixed  In  the 
bottom  of  the  same  and  extending  up  into  the  body  of  the  oil. 

493.4^0— February  S8, 1893.    THOMSON  McGOWAN.    StiU  lining. 

Claims  an  inside  lining  or  covering  for  stills  con.sisting  of  an  absorbent  and 
practically  noninflammauJe  and  indestructible  material;  and, 

An  inside  lining  or  covering  for  stills  consisting  of  mineral  wool  impregnated 
or  saturated  with  plumbate  of  soda. 

504,917— September  IS,  1893.    JOHN  FREEL.    RetoH for  stills. 

In  practice  great  trouble  has  been  caused  by  reason  of  the  incrustation  of  the 
bottom  of  the  retort,  owing  to  the  accumulation  thereon  of  th*^  solid  matters 
contained  in  the  crude  oil.  and  of  the  accumulation  of  solid  deodorizing  com- 
pounds which  it  is  usual  to  place  in  the  oil  during  the  distilling  process.  This 
incrustation  necessitates  the  frequent  renewal  of  the  bottom  of  the  retort,  thus 
entailing  consideral)le  expense. 

The  ooject  of  this  invention  is  to  overcome  this  objectionable  incrustation. 
and  it  consists  in  providing  the  retort  with  a  false  bottom  adapted  to  retain  the 
solid  matters,  anil  constructed  to  permit  a  free  circulation  of  the  oil.  so  that  the 
latter  will  act  as  a  conductor  of  heat  between  the  main  and  false  bottoms,  and 
will  serve  to  prevent  the  flame  from  acting  injuriously  upon  the  retort. 

The  invention  also  consists  in  combining  with  the'  false  bottom  an  agitating 
device  arranged  to  stir  or  agitate  the  solid  matters  thereon. 

Subclass  7. — Feeders. 

55,699— November  le,  1861.    H.  P.  GENGEMBRE.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  dislilling  coal  oils. 

This  invention  consists  in  certain  means  of  feeding  the  still,  Viy  which  the  oil 
is  delivered  thereinto  at  a  high  temperature  as  fast  as  the  distillation  proceeds, 
so  that  the  quantity  in  the  still  is  always  nearly  the  same,  and  by  which  the 
boiling  over  of  the  atill  is  prevented. 

41,858~March  8,  I864.  ELIJAH  FREEMAN  PRENTISS  AND  ROBERT 
ADAM  ROBERTSON.  Improved  apparatus  for  distilling  rock  oil  and  other 
hydrocarbons. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  still  with  a  series  of  columns,  three  or  more:  each 
column  being  set  and  maintained  at  the  temperature  necessary  to  separate  the 
product  comiensable  at  such  temperature,  whereby  at  one  continuous  operati'-n 
the  crude  oil  is  separated  into  the  various  products  due  to  condensation  at  the 
different  temperatures  fixed  upon. 

41,858— March  8.  18^4:  reissue  ?, 516— July  17. 1866.  Dinsion  1.  ELIJAH  FREE- 
MAN PRENTISS  AND  ROBERT  ADAM  ROBERTSON.  Improved  proc- 
ess for  distilling  rock  oil  and  other  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  feeding  cnide  oil  into  the  stifl  through  one  or  more  condensers,  so  that 
the  crude  oil  serves  as  a  surface  condensing  bath  to  the  oil  vapor  coming  from  the 
still,  and  at  the  same  time  the  crude  oil  itself  undergoes  a  separate  partial  dis- 
tillation before  reaching  the  main  stifl. 

41,858— March  8, 1864;  reissue  e,3}7—July  17, 1866.  Ditision  2.  ELIJAH  FREE- 
MAN PRENTISS  AND  ROBERT  ADAM  ROBERTSON.  Improved  ap- 
paratus for  distilling  rock  oil  and  other  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  still  with  a  series  of  columns,  two  or  more,  each 
column  being  set  and  maintained  at  the  temperature  necessary  to  separate  the 
product  condensable  at  such  temperature,  whereby  at  one  continuous  operation 
the  crude  oil  is  sei)arated  into  the  various  products  due  to  condensation  at  the 
different  temperatures  fijted  upon. 

46.899— March  SI,  1865.    CHARLES  A.  HARDY.    Improved  still  for  oils.  etc. 

Claims  the  arrangement  and  combination  of  parts  in  a  diaphragm  still,  con- 
sisting of  float  valves  governing  the  inlets  to  the  upper  and  lower  compartments, 
respectively,  and  heads  communicating  with  the  separate  escape  pipes. 

64,358— May   1,   1866.    WILLIAM  G.W.JAEGER.    Improved  apparatus  for 

continuous  distillation. 

Claims  in  a  distilling  apparatus,  drawing  off  from  the  bottom  of  the  still  con- 
tinuously, or  as  often  as  required,  the  heavy  oils  and  residuous  matt^^rs  of  the 
charge,  and  at  the  same  time  feeding  the  still'as  the  charge  is  reduced  bvasupplv 
through  a  pipe  which  traverses  or  passes  through  that  portion  of  the  charge 
which  is  being  withdrawn. 

16^.700— September  1,   1874..    THOMSON  McGOWAN  AND  SAMUEL  VAN 

SYCKEL.    Improvement  in  feed  pipes  for  oil  stills. 

Claims  a  perforated  coil  pipe  arranged  within  a  still  and  connected  with  a  ferd 
pipe,  whereby  the  hydrocarbons  Introduced  are  vaporized  and  allowed  to  escape 
through  the  perforations  in  the  order  of  their  respective  gravities,  as  the  hydro- 
carbon traverses  the  pipe. 

544.516— August  15,  1895.    ODILON  PERRIER.    Method  of  and  apparatus  for 

continuous  distillation  of  crude  hydrocarbons,  etc. 

Claims  the  method  of  distilling  crude,  hquid  hvdrocarbong  In  a  continuous 
manner,  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  th'^  discnpapement  of  the  morv  volatile 
products  at  a  comparativelv  low  tem]>^rature.  which  consists  in  subjecting  an 
inclosed  current  of  the  liquid,  at  one  point  in  its  flow,  to  agitation  at  a  compara- 
tively low  temperature,  m  such  a  manner  as  to  expose  the  liquid  in  thin  films, 
thenexposingtheliquid.atafartherpointinitsflow  toheat  sudicient  to  vaporize 
it.  and  finaUy  leading  the  hot  vapors  so  generated  back  to  the  point  where  the 
agitation  is  proceeding. 


594 


MANUFACTURES. 


Subclass  8.— Films. 

44,JS7— September  6,  186^     WILLIAM  ARCHER.     Improvement  in  distilHng 
hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  continuously  and  fractionally  distilling  and  separating  the  various  parts 
of  hydrocarbon  oils  by  the  application  of  superheated  steam  or  heated  air. 

44.4SlSept€Tnber  g7,  1864.    WILLIAM  ARCHER.     Improvtment  in  refining 
hydrocarbon  oUs. 

Claims  the  arrangement  of  machinery  by  which  a  thin  sheet  or  film  of  hydro- 
carbon oil  is  by  centrifugal  action  continuously  made  to  flow  over,  aud  to  become 
thoroughly  permeated  and  cleansed  by  a  voluiiie  of  sulphuric  acid  or  other  puri- 
fying element. 

63,96^AprU  17, 1868.    L.  V.  FICHET.    Improied  apparatus  for  distilling  petro- 
leum. 

This  invention  relates  to  an  apparatus  composed  of  a  hollow  drum  and  steam 
coil,  which  are  heated  by  superheated  steam  and  surroimded  or  covered  by  a  suit- 
able jacket,  in  combination  with  a  helical  trough  commencing  on  the  top  of  the 
steam  drum  and  extendir^  down  to  its  bottom  in  such  a  manner  that  crude  pe- 
troleum or  other  liquids  let  into  the  top  end  of  the  helical  trough  are  gradually 
,  heated  and  partially  evaporated,  and  those  parts  of  said  liquids  which  reach  the 
bottom  end  of  the  troughs  in  a  liquid  state  drip  dowii  upon  the  highly  heated 
steam  coil,  where  they  constantly  hash  into  vapors,  and  the  distillation  of  petro- 
leum or  other  liquids  can  thus  be  conducted  without  interruption  and  without 
danger  of  an  explosion  or  conflagration. 

65.071— May  £9,  1866.     SILAS  R.  DIVINE  AND  CHARLES  A.  SEELY.    /tti- 

provemejU  in  apparatus  for  distilling. 

This  invention  consists  in  providing  the  Interior  of  the  body  or  shell  of  a  still 
w;th  a  pipe  leading  gradually  to  the  bottom  of  the  still,  said  pipe  acting  as  the 
heating  surface,  and  being  wholly  or  partly  surrounded  with  a  channel  along 
Wiiich  the  liquid  to  be  vaporized  shall  flow. 

68.81S— October  16, 1866.    C.  H.  HALL  AND  JOHN  ELLIS.    Improved  distilling 

apparatus. 

Claims  passing  the  vapors  through  a  closed  vessel  containing  a  pipe  or  pipes 
through  which  cold  water  passes,  said  vessel  being  provided  with  one  or  more  dis- 
cbarge pipes  to  draw  out  the  condensed  liquid  of  any  desired  gravity. 

€3,789— April  16, 1867.    JOHN  ELLIS  AND  EDWARD  C.  KATTEL.     Improved 

apparatus  for  distilling  and  refining  petroleum,  etc. 

Claims  the  using  of  steam  and  superheated  steam  for  the  purpose  of  separating 
and  removing  the  more  volatile  from  the  less  volatile  portions  of  petroleum,  kero- 
s*'ne,  benzine,  naphtha,  and  turpentine  while  these  fluids  are  in  a  state  of  spray  or 
drops. 

67,9S8—AugU8t  SO,  1807.    E.  G.  KELLEY.    Improved  petroleum  still. 

Claims  providing  a  still  for  petroleum  or  other  hydrocarbon  liquids  with  two 
pipes  for  carrying  off  and  separating  the  products  of  distillation. 

7e,tSo— December  10,  1867.     HERBERT  W.  C.  TWEDDLE.     Improvement  in 

apparatus  for  distilling  oils. 

Claims  a  trough  or  troughs  having  perforations  for  the  passage  of  the  oil  in 
small  quantities,  and  furn.shed  with  points  near  to  such  perforations,  so  as  to 
cause  the  oil  to  pass  therelro_n  in  drops  or  fine  streams,  or  thin  films  or  layers, 
over  heated  pipes  or  tul)ps  placed  thereunder,  when  used  withiJi  a  vacuum  still. 

72,126— December  10,  18G7.    HERBERT  W.  C.  TWEDDLE.    Improvement  in 

distilling  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  securing  a  continuous  and  complete  distillation  of  hydrocarbon  oils,  by 
causing  the  oil  to  flow  over  the  surfaces  of  a  succession  of  heated  pipes  In  difl'erent 
vacuu.ii  stills,  the  temperature  of  such  pipes  increasing  in  each  successive  still, 
so  as  to  drive  off  at  first  more  volatile  ingredients  and  then  those  less  so,  and  so 
on  till  only  the  residuum  remains. 

84,195— yotember  17,  1868.  EDWARD  G.  KELLEY.  Improved  petroleum  still. 
This  invention  consists  in  the  application  of  an  adjustable  gate  between  two 
vessels  for  tlie  purpose  of  regulating  Ihr  gravity  of  the  products  of  distilhtlion, 
and  the  application  of  a  self-recording  gauge,  which  will  indicate  the  height  of  the 
liquid  in  the  main  still. 

8S,8tO-^anuary  IS,  1869.    S.  GIBBONS.    Still  for  refining  and  distilling  oil. 

Claims  applying  the  steam,  for  vaporizing,  over  or  above  the  body  of  the  oil  so 
as  to  heat  it  without  agitation  and  prevent  carrj'iiig  over  the  unvaporized  par- 
ticles of  oil. 

$1477— June  16,  1869.    JAMES  J.  JOHNSTON.    Improved  apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling hydrocarbons. 
Claims  separating  the  lighter  part  of  hydrocarbon  oil  from  the  heavy  part,  by 

causing  it  to  [low  througli  a  series  of  layers  of  charcoal  placed  on  aaeriesof  inilined 

ways,  arranged  in  a  chamber,  provided  with  suitable  means  for  drawing  oil  the 

heavy  part  of  the  hydrocarbon  oil. 

9S,95S— August  S4,  1869.    H.  J.  BERG.    Improied  apparatus  for  removing  ben- 
zine from  hydrocarbons. 
Claims  the  method  for  removing  the  benzine  and  other  volatile  matters  from 

crude  petroh-ufii,  by  causing  the  crude  oil  to  flow  gradually  in  a  thin  stream  over 

a  heated  plate,  whereby  the  volatile  principles  will  all  be  evaporated  with  great 

certainty  apd  rapidity. 

105.5*5-  May  S/,,  1870.    HENRY  A.  STEARNS.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

distilling  hydro  car  tjons. 

Claims  the  Improved  distillery  apparatus  consisting  of  a  chamber  with  suitable 
Inlets  and  outlets,  and  provided  with  a  series  of  alternaling  hallow  flat  surfaced 
evaporators,  the  Interiors  of  which  are  connected  and  so  arranj^ed  that  a  current 
of  steam  rnay  be  forced  from  one  lo  the  other  throughout  the  series. 

tdOJ^iS—May  8.  JS77.    HERMAN   FKASCH,     Improvement  in  apparatus  and 

processes  for  the  aeftaration  and  treatment  of  oils. 

Claims  thi-  pr'M«*ss  for  the  separation  and  treatment  of  oils,  consisting  of  caus- 
ing them  to  pitH^  in  thin  films  over  heated  pipes  or  other  Hnrfa<'es  tn  e(»ntacl  with 
•n  air  draft  In  an  air  title,  and  passing  the  said  draft  and  separated  light  oils  afler- 
wards  through  suitable  condensers  and  receivers. 

§06,79t~July9. 187H.    HERMAN  FRASCU.    ImprovemerU  in  apparatus  for  di»- 
tUlation  of  oils. 

ClnlMifl  in  an  apparatu*  Inr  ^narnttng  from  oil  Its  more  volatile  tngrcdientn  and 
forrollM-tlng  the  <ll(T'  r  ■•  '  -  "■■  •  -  ,t  -'rcT.  feeding  nuMhanlRm  for  dellvor- 
InKthehqiiidlobeir-  or  other  diHHcnnnated  form  upon 

the  VttponzT,  said  '.  hd  from  any  r()ndi-n»lrig  surface 

ibAt  would  ')iror:t  an>   )'i->i  i<  c  .<i  •  "j><i>  n-xiiion  buck  Into  the  iKjiiid  that  has 


passed  over  the  vaporizer,  and  in  connection  therewith  a  condenser  suhst  antially 
parallel  with  and  in  such  close  proximity  to  the  vaporizer  that  the  vapors  set  free 
wil!  be  condensed  as  soon  as  they  are  given  off.  said  condenser  and  vaporizer  pro- 
vided with  separate  conduits  to  gather  the  respective  products. 

498,518— May  SO,  1S93.     ROBERT  II.  LAIRD.    Apparatus  for  vaporizing  oil. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  vaporizing  oil  the  combination  of  an  outer  shell,  a 
series  of  metaltie  distributing  plates  within  said  outer  shell,  each  of  said  distribu- 
ting plates  having  its  upper  surface  downwardly  inclined  from  the  middle  to  a 
point  near  the  periphery  and  upwardly  inclined  from  said  point  to  its  periphery, 
means  for  supplying  oil  to  said  apparatus,  means  for  supplying  heat  to  the  said 
distributing  plates  and  means  for  conducting  away  the  vapors  as  they  are  gen- 
erated. 

Subclass  9, — Furnaces  and  Flues. 

S5.55S— September  SO,  1S59.    MORRIS  L.  KEEN.    Improved  mode  Of  distilling 

liquids  from  coal  tar. 

Claims  the  application  of  additional  heat  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  coal  tar 
or  other  similar  hydrocarbon,  when  used  in  combination  with  pressure  in  the 
boiler,  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  tarry  foam  from  rising  and  overrunning 
the  still,  and  thus  endangering  the  operator'as  well  as  the  premises. 

33,905— December  JO,  1S61.     G.  T.  SAWYER,  W.  HOWLAND,  JR.,  AND  T.  C. 

HATCH.     Imirrovement  in  setting  stills. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  obtain  a  uniform  heat  under  all  parts  of  the 
bottom  of  a  still,  retort,  or  kettle;  and  the  invention  consists  in  the  arrangement 
near  the  outer  edge  of  the  bottom  of  the  still,  retort,  or  kettle  of  a  series  ot  diving 
flues  communicating  with  a  Hue  which  runs  all  round  the  setting  at,  below,  or 
near  the  level  of  the  lower  part  of  the  fire  chamber  and  connects  with  the  main 
flue  or  chimney. 

34,S16—April  1,  1862.    S.  G.  CLARK.    Improvement  in  stills  for  coal  oils. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  steam  retort  with  a  fire  heat  retort,  ananged  and 
operating  as  and  for  the  purpose  specified. 

45.363— December  6,  1864-    HERBERT  W.  C.  TWEDDLE.    Improved  mode  of 

utilizing  the  waste  gas  from  petroleum  distilleries. 

Claims  the  mode  of  heating  the  furnace  of  stills  for  distilling  petroleum  or  car- 
bon oil  by  means  of  the  permanent  gas  evolved  from  the  petroleum  in  the  stihs 
during  the  process  of  distillation. 

4S.265—June  W,  1865.    A.  DUBREUIL.    Improved  apparatus  for  distilling  pe- 
troleum. 
Claims  the  use  of  boiling  water  inside  the  retort  or  still  to  vaporize  the  material 

known  as  "petroleum  "  or  "rock  oil.'* 

48,S96^July  25,  1865.    JOHN  BIBBY  AND  ALLEN  LAPHAM.     ImpTOvement 

in  stills  for  distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  an  elevated  exit  chamber  In  combination  with  a  chiumey  or  Hue  which 
passes  through  the  center  of  the  stiil. 

49,740— September  6,  1865.     LEVI  S.  FALES.     Improved  method  of  setting  stills. 

Claims  the  coinlnnation  under  one  retort  of  two  furnaces,  two  parallel  purtitioii 
walls  which  partly  support  the  bottoni  of  the  retort,  and  a  central  orinlennediuto 
return  flue,  common  10  both  furnaces  and  forming  their  couuuunication  with  the 
chinmey,  the  whole  constructed  and  arranged  within  the  inclosing  walla  of  the 
still. 

67, 3 11— August  SI,  1866.  JAS.  B.  GRANT.  Improved  apparatus  for  distilling  oil. 
Claims  the  employment,  in  apparatus  or  machinery  for  distilling  and  refining 
petroleum  and  other  oils,  of  a  series  of  heating  pipes  set  in  the  form  of  two  cones, 
the  bases  of  which  meet  and  through  which  the  products  of  combustion  from  the 
furnace  pass. 

$8,197— September  S6, 1866.    SAMUEL  ANDREWS.    Improvement  in  distilling  oU, 

Claims  a  fire  chamber  and  a  reverberatorj'  chamber,  in  combination  with  throat 

C  and  an  opeinng  1,  in  the  maimer  and  for  the  purpose  substantially  as  set  forth. 

69,317— October  SO, 

leum. 

The  nature  of  said  invention  consists  in  an  arrangement  of  flues,  dampers,  and 
tubes  whereby  heat  is  applied  only  to  those  portions  of  the  still  thnl  aro  below 
the  level  of  the  petroleum  therein,  so  that  neither  the  still  nor  the  products  of  dis- 
tillation uTQ  injuriously  jiliccted,  and  the  heat  from  the  fire  is  turned  oil  from  the 
upper  flues  as  the  levei  of  the  liquid  descends. 

61 .098— January  8.  1867.     LYMAN  PRAY.     Improved  distilling  apparatus. 

Claims  the  arrangement  of  one  or  more  shelves  in  the  tire  chamber  of  a  still  to 
operate  in  combination  with  the  still,  Hues,  and  dampers. 

62.760- March  12,  1867.    JOHN  HUNTINGTON.    Improvement  in  the  construc- 
tion of  stills  for  oil. 

Cbiims  two  flues  iind  a  damper  or  their  equivalents  arranged  in  relation  to  an 
annular  flue  surrounding  the  l)ase  of  the  still,  and  oiieratiiig  conjointly  in  such  a 
nmnner  as  to  be  eumbined  with  a  singit^  or  double  I'urnaco  to  dilViiseu  uniform 
heat  without  injurj-  to  the  oil  or  burning  of  the  still,  and  also  to  induce  a  current 
of  cold  air  to  reduce  the  heated  oil  and  still. 

99,081— January  S6,  1870.    JOHN  GRACIE.    Improvement  in  stills  for  hydrocar- 
bons and  other  substances. 
Claims  a  main  still  or  evaporator,  in  combination  with  one  or  more  separate 

communicating  beaters,  the  latter  being  arranged  so  as  to  be  acted  on  externally 

by  the  heat,  and  the  former  being  jtrotectcd  therefrom. 

112,761— March  14,  1871.     WILLIAM  GKAV  WARDEN.    Improvement  in  appa- 
ratus for  dislilling  petroleum  and  other  liquids. 

Claims  a  still  or  boiler,  counIsI  ing  of  a  vessel,  having  an  internal  flucolosodat  the 
to]).  so  as  to  hiive  a  downwafl  draught ,  In  combination  with  a  continuous  annu- 
lar flue  surrounding  the  vesM-l  and  com  nnmicating  with  the  fireplace,  and  through 
tubes  with  the  said  internal  flue. 

114,803- May  16,  1871.    JOHN  GRACIE.     Improvement  in  stills  for  oil. 

(Malms  in  counter  distinction  to  a  vertical  still  for  hydrocarbon  oil,  a  horizontal 
still,  the  hoitom  of  which  in  free  from  the  direct  apiilicalion  of  distilling  or 
decompohing  heat,  combined  with  a  flue  or  flues,  and  eondensUig  ap])aratu8. 

117,406— July  26,  1871.     .lOlIN  GRACIE.     Improvements  in  still  a  for  oil. 
!       Claims  a  stilt  provided  with  a  scries  of  horizontal  rotum  flues,  communicating 
!     with  fire  chambers  and  a  smoke  flue  or  flues. 


ALLEN  LAPHAM.    Improvement  in  stills  for  petro- 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


595 


tl7,m~July  SS,  mi.    JOHN  OR  ACIE.     Trnprovement  in  stills  for  oil. 

Claims  a  stiil,  constructod  with  a  series  of  flues  arranpefl  horizontally,  or  nearly 
80,  a  little  above  the  bottom,  ami  converRiiip  to  a  common  center,  so  tliat  its  bot- 
tom shall  be  free  from  the  direct  application  of  a  distilling  or  decomposing  heat. 

m,50S~May  7,  me.    SAMUEL  VAN  SYCKEL.    Improvement  in  relieving  oil 

stills  of  gas,  etc. 

Claims  relieving  an  oil  still  of  its  gas  and  inflammable  products  by  means  of  a 
current  or  currents  of  steam  acting  uuvn  ihr  ^us  for  the  twofold  puri'"J^c  ot 
drawing  the  gas  from  the  reservoir  and  forcing  it  into  the  furnace  with  the  steam, 
to  be  bumed  and  utilized. 

16e,U0—June  SS,  1874.    SAMUEL  VAN  SYCKEL.    Improvement  in  the  distilla- 
tion of  hydrocarbon  oils. 
Claims  a  still,  provided  with  a  sories  of  pipes,  extending  downward  from  the 

bottom  plato  into  the  fire  box,  and  opening  into  a  conunon  refuse  pipe  at  a  point 

below  the  fire  level. 

168,042— Drcanbcr  !S,  1874.     CHRISTOPHER   CUNNINGHAM.     Improvement 

in  the  manufacture  of  oil  stills. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  still  chamber,  of  a  vertical  pipe  passing  through 
the  oil  chamber,  and  connected  at  its  lower  end  with  the  bottom,  and  provided  at 
its  upper  end  with  a  horizontal  or  cross  flue,  ojien  at  both  ends  and  communjcat- 
ing  with  the  surnuuiding  flue  for  bracing  the  bottom  of  the  still,  and  providing  an 
enlarged  heating  surface. 

191,203~'May  22,  1877.    SAMUEL  V'AN  SYCKEL.     Improvement  in  continuous 

distillation  and  apparatus  therefor. 

Claims  the  process  herein  described  for  distilling  hydrocarbon  oils,  which  con- 
sists in  heating  the  enntent-^  of  the  still  uniformly  throughout,  and  delivering  the 
oil  to  be  disiillnl  into  tlie  rh.iitiber  near  the  surface  of  the  contained  oil,  after  the 
incoming  oil  bus  actjuircd  tlie  temperature  of  the  body  of  oil  in  the  still,  whereby 
the  body  of  the  oil  m  the  still  remains  undisturbed,  and  the  distillation  may  be 
conducted  at  low  temperatures,  and  in  a  system  of  stills  arranged  for  continuous 
distillation,  the  combmation  of  two  or  more  stills  having  heating  flues  whicn  sur- 
round and  traverse  tlie  stills,  the  stills  being  connected  by  oil-supply  pipes  which 
pass  through  their  lower  parts  and  deliver  the  vapor  into  the  vapor  spaces  and 
the  oil  below  the  surface  of  the  oil  of  the  respective  stills. 

i91.S04—May  SS,  1877.     SAMUEL  VAN  SYCKEL.     Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  incombination  with  an  oil  or  similar  still,  having  surrounding  and  trav- 
ersing flues  wbicli  extend  In  the  height  of  the  oil  within  the  stiH,  a  sup])ly  pipe 
which  rises  within  the  still  from  a  point  at  or  near  the  bottom  of  the  stiJl  and 
delivers  just  below  the  liquid  level,  and  having  branch  pipes  for  the  escape  of  the 
vapor. 

£05.407— June  So,  1878.    GEORGE  MILES.     Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  a  horizontal  stUl,  combined  with  fireplaces  and  flues,  and  having  its 
bottom  semi  elliptical  in  transverse  setrtion.  its  ends  concavo-convex,  and  its 
crown  curved  transversely  and  sloped  from  its  ends  upward  to  its  middle. 

Z12,084~February  4.  t879.    CHARLES  M.  GEARING.    Improvement  in  stills 

for  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  tlie  combination  of  an  upright  still  with  inlet  and  outlet  pipes,  an  exte- 
rior casing  a  furnace  with  a  V-shaped  deflector,  and  a  dome  with  damper. 

tl4,199— April  8,  1879.    WATSON  RYDER.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for  the 

continuous  distillation  of  hydrocarbon  oils. 

This  invention  consists  in  a  furnace  having  a  curved  arch-shaped  roof,  so  located 
as  to  project  up  above  the  level  of  the  bottom  of  the  sides  of  the  stiU.  in  combina- 
tion witli  a  grate  placed  at  or  near  the  level  of  the  bottom  of  the  sides,  whereby 
the  desired  pockets  are  formed  for  the  collection  of  the  deposits  without  accumu- 
lating at  points  immediately  over  the  fire,  the  fonu  of  the  roof  of  the  furnace 
being  such  as  to  afford  the  greatest  strength  for  resisting  the  pressure  from  above 
and  best  adapted  to  allow  the  heat  to  be  absorbed  by  the  contents  of  the  still, 
which,  in  connection  with  the  location  of  the  grate  and  of  cold-air  flues  of  peculiar 
constniction.  prevent  the  top  and  curved  sides  of  the  fire  chamlier  from  being 
bumed,  warped,  or  otherwise  injured,  the  low  position  of  the  prate  admitting  of 
a  lai^e  area  lor  the  fire  chamber,  and  being  at  a  convenient  height  to  supily  fuel 
thereto — a  feature  of  importance  in  this  class  of  stills,  where  they  are  necessarily 
elevated,  in  order  to  locate  the  tar  condenser  or  drawing  off  apparatus  below  the 
still. 

S14M6— April  29,  1879.     HENRY  E.  PARSON.     Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

utilizing  waste  gases  of  distillation  in  reuning  petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination  of  an  oil  pipe  connecting  the  condensing  coil  and  receiv- 
ing tank,  and  of  an  injector  of  a  petroleum  still,  the  oil  pipe  having  one  or  two 
gas  chambers  or  receivers,  with  a  gas  returning  pipe  and  with  a  gas  escape  pipe, 
storing  and  distributing  tube,  and  exit  pipe  opening  into  the  atmosphere. 

£19,546— September  9,  1879.     ELIJAH  AVESTON.     Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  a  still  for  volatilizing  oils  by  heat,  provided  with  internal  partition 
plates  adjacent  to  the  heating  surfaces,  rfnd  forming  open  passages  for  a  free  cir- 
culation, whereby  the  oil  is  brought  in  direct  contact  \vith  the  heating  surfaces  in 
separated  quantities. 

240,914— May  S,  ISSl.     HIRAM  E.  LUTZ.     Petroleum  still. 

Claims  in  an  oil  still  for  continuous  distillation  of  petroleum  one  or  more 
pockets  or  auxiliary  receptacles  to  collect  the  separated  tar  from  every  part  of  the 
still  and  feed  it  In  one  or  more  points  forming  part  of  said  pockets,  said  recepta- 
cles or  pockets  being  wide  and  circular  or  curved  at  tlie  top.  where  they  open  into 
the  annular  space  of  the  still,  and  being  pointed,  or  nearly  pointed,  at  the  bottom. 

S51 ,770— January  S,  1882.    JOHN  B.  DUBLER.     Oil  still  and  attachment. 

This  invention  consists  of  a  still,  of  any  suitable  shape  or  size,  provided  \\ith  an 
adjustable  fire  i-heck.  so  that  the  heat  from  the  fires  will  always  be  upon  the  bot- 
tom of  the  stilJ  and  at  the  same  tiiue  be  on  a  line  with  the  top  of  tne  oil  in  the 
still. 

S69,S8&— December  19,  1883.    ASA  A.  BUSH.    Still  for  refining  petroleum. 

Claims  a  still  for  refining  petroleum,  consisting  of  the  body,  provided  with  an 
annular  depressed  ring,  said  depression  being  provided  with  two  or  more  sets  of 
direct  and  return  flues. 

S98,8S5—May  SO,  ISS4.     ROLLIN  C.  CLARK  AND  MURRAY  H.  WARREN. 

Petroleum  still. 

Claims  in  a  petroleum  still,  the  combination,  with  a  heating  chamber,  the  lower 
portion  of  which  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  bridge  wail,  a  flue  c<imnumiealing 
with  one  portion  of  said  chamber,  and  a  flue  or  opening  in  the  bottom  of  the  other 
portion  of  said  chamber,  of  a  vertical  still  svipported  on  standards  directly  over 
the  last  mentioned  opening  and  provided  with  vertical  flues. 


739, 757 —September  92,  190S.     WATSON  RYDER  AND  JOHN  A.  QUALEY 

Stilt  for  petroleum  oil  or  hydrocarbon  fluids. 

Claims  in  a  petroleum  still,  a  furnace  and  a  retort,  the  latter  having  a  flue  therein 
for  the  productRof  combustion,  the  same  being  conn('<;ted  with  the  crown  Bheet  of 
the  retort,  which  crown  sheet  is  adapted  to  yield  with  the  expansion  of  said  flue 
without  becoming  disconnected  therefrom  or  fracturing  said  flue,  and  air  ducts  at 
the  base  of  said  retort  connecting  with  spaces  at  the  rear  ol  the  retort  between  its 
rear  crown  elieet  and  the  adjacent  end  01  the  furnace. 

Subclass  zo.— Heads. 

12,85t—May  16,  1865.     FRANCIS  BOWMAN.     ImprovemtiU  in  rosin  8t{tU. 

Claims  the  arrangement  of  a  still  by  inserting  a  nietullic  tube  and  f-ection  of  a 
tube,  covered  witli  glass  inside  ami  outside,  or  a  similar  tube,  not  covered  with 
glass,  projecting  at  any  distance  from  the  inside  toward  the  center  of  the  upjier 
section  of  the  still;  also  the  suspension  of  the  inverted  bowl  covered  with  glass 
inside  and  outside. 

S0,5G3—June  15,  1858.    JOHN  HOWARTH.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for  dis- 

tilling  oils. 

Claims  in  combination  with  a  still,  a  reser\'oir,  placed  above  the  level  at  which 
the  oil  is  to  be  kept  in  the  still,  and  a  worm,  heated  as  described  or  fn  any  other 
manner,  whereby  heated  oil  under  i>ressu  re  is  fed  into  the  still  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  keep  the  oil  therein  always  at  one  and  the  same  level. 

52,151— January  2S.  1866.     LEVI  S.  FALES.    Improved  apparatus  for  the  dis- 
tillation of  tar  and  other  substances. 

Claims  in  connection  with  a  cooling  chamber  at  or  near  the  outlet  of  a  retort, 
between  it  and  the  ordinan,- cond«-n>^er.  for. the  separation  Of  the  hpa\ierfrom  the 
lighter  vajiors  i-liminated  in  the  rlistillalinn  of  tar  and  heavy  oils  and  substances, 
the  employment  of  means  of  regulating  tlie  supply  or  action  of  the  cooling  medium. 
whereby  a  uniform  density  of  light  oil  is  obtamed. 

69.334~Octohrr  30,  1866.    JOHN  F.  COLLINS.    Improved  apparatus  for  distiUing 

petroleum,  etc. 

Claims  so  constructing  the  mouth  of  a  still,  and  combining  it  with  a  goose  neck 
or  exit  pipe,  as  to  provide  for  the  admission  of  air  around  the  mouth  specified. 

335.281 -February  8, 1886.    HENRY  GOLDWATER.    Apparatus  for  vaporizing 
liquids. 

Claims  in  combination  with  a  still,  casings  and  means  for  arresting  the  current 
of  vapor  and  projecting  it  with  its  contents  downward,  pipes  leading  from  the  cas- 
ing above  the  retort,  and  communicating  with  the  upper  portion  of  the  chamber. 

340.4'^!^  Apr  a  SO,  1SS6.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for 

distilling  hydrocarbon  oil. 

Claims  an  oil  still  having  in  immediate  proximity  to  the  still  and  in  free  com- 
munication therewith  a  dome  of  the  proportions  and  filled  with  irregular  blocks 
or  pieces  of  about  the  size  stated,  and  having  also  the  vapor  escape  pipe  leading 
from  said  dome,  so  that  the  hydrocarbon  vapors  in  leaving  the  still  pass  bv  tor- 
tuous paths  without  appreciable  resistance  through  material  of  practically  the 
temperature  of  th<!  boiling  oil.  and  deposit  thereon  any  particles  of  liquid  held 
in  suspension  without  being  themselves  condensed  to  a  material  extent. 

353.362- November  SO,  1886.    GEORGE  H.  KLINE.    Process  of  distilling  petro- 
leum. 

Claims  in  the  process  of  distilling  crude  petroleum,  passing  the  light  vapors  of 
the  petroleum  through  a  thin  layer  of  di\ided  material  lorat<'d  upon  a  perforated 
diaphragm  above  the  surface  of  the  liquid  and  within  the  body  of  the  still,  and 
which  material  is  at  a  lower  degree  of  temperature  than  the  vapors  and  does 
not  substantially  act  chemically  upon  the  vapors,  whereby  the  heavier  vapors 
are  obstructed  and  caused  to  return  for  redistillation. 

366,487— July  IS,  1887.    J.  MORITZ  KRIESER.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for 

distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  in  the  process  of  distilling  petroleum,  the  improvement  consisting  in 
passing  a  current  of  a  cooling  medium  through  the  still  near  the  bottom  thereof 
mthout  coming  into  immediate  contact  with  the  oil.  whereby  the  tarry  matters 
and  hea\^  oils  are  kept  at  the  bottom  of  the  still. 

386.730— July  19,  18S7.     HENRY  GOLDWATER.    Apparatus  for  refining  illu- 

minating  and  lubricating  oils. 

Claims  in  a  distilling  apparatus,  the  combination  of  a  main  retort  with  subre- 
torts.  a  suitable  furnace  for  heating  the  same,  a  chamber  seated  thereon,  a  pipe 
connecting  the  bottom  of  the  chamber  with  the  snbretort.  and  pipes  for  leading 
oil  the  vapors  from  the  retort  and  snbretort. 

SS4.768—June   19,   1888.    J.   MORITZ    KRIESER.    Apparatus  for  vaporizing 

liquids. 

Claims  in  a  petroleum-distilling  apparatus,  the  combination  of  the  still,  the 
dome  or  discharge  pipe,  the  shallow  chamber  above  the  still,  the  vapor  chaml>er 
above  the  shallow  chamber,  the  pipes  leading  from  the  shallow  chamber  to  the 
top  of  the  vapor  chamber,  means,  such  as  an  arresting  cap  and  return  pipes  for 
arresting  and  returning  the  principal  portion  of  the  heavy  vapors  and  unevapo- 
rated  hquid.  the  series  of  vessels  having  concave  tops  and  level  rims,  fonnuig 
basins  or  traps,  arranged  one  above  the  other,  so  that  water  overflowing  the  top 
basin  will  trickle  down  the  .sides  of  the  vessel  and  the  intervening  pipe  to  the 
next  beneath,  a  pipe  for  flowing  cold  water  on  to  the  upper  trap,  and  a  pipe  for 
carrying  it  away  from  the  lower  one. 

433,535— July   SS,   1896.    HENRY    GOLDWATER.    Apparatus  for   purifying 

vapors. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  purifying  vapors,  a  retort  and  suitable  passages, 
in  combination  with  a  casing  and  a  series  of  removable  nans  arranged  so  that  a 
portion  of  an  annular  passage  is  provided  Ix-tween  sucn  series  and  the  casing, 
and  with  a  perforated  floor  and  movable  perforated  plate. 

443.338— December  SS.  1890.    THOMSON  McGOWAN.    Apparatus  for  distilling 

hydrocarbons. 

Claims  in  a  dist-lling  apnaratu.i.  the  combination,  with  a  still  and  a  trough  on 
the  inside  wall  or  waUs  of  the  still,  of  a  diaphragm  located  between  the  trough 
and  the  dome  of  the  still,  pipes  in  said  diaphragm  for  the  upward  passage  of 
vapor,  and  a  discharge  opening  or  pip4'  leading  from  the  trough  outside  of  the 
still  for  conducting  on  the  products  of  distiUation. 

454.O6I— June  16, 1891.    THOMSON  McGOWAN.    Apparatus  for  dijstaiing. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  still  and  a  diaphragm  for  dividing  the  still 
into  two  compartments,  of  a  cylinder  or  container  located  over  an  opening  in 
the  diaphragm  and  supported  by  the  latter,  said  cvUnder  or  container  having 
one  or  more  Screens  supported  thereby,  and  having  a  perforated  hood  with  bent 
tubes. 


596 


MANUFACTURES. 


MS £06— January  14, 1S96.    DAVID  CANTOR.    Distilling  apparvlus. 

Claims  in  a  distUliiig  apparatus,  the  combination  of  a  boiler  with  an  upright 
pipe  leading  therefrom,  a  pan  supported  thereon,  a  cover  therefor  carrying  a 
condensing  sheet  and  having  an  upright  pipe,  a  plurality  of  similar  pans  and 
covers  connected  ia  like  manner,  and  a  system  of  drain  pipes  leading  from  the 
bottom  of  each  pan  to  the  still. 

Subclass  zz. — Apparatus — Stills  and  Jackets, 

J,0?r—  yfay  t,  1S43.    JOHN"  THURSB Y.     Improvement  in  tarring  yam. 

Claims  the  compound  or  admi-xture  of  taUow  or  other  oleaginous  substances 
with  turpentine,  oU  of  tar,  gum  elastic,  spirits  of  turpentine,  and  tar. 

7, 12i— February  16.  1S50.    ANTHONY  M.  POISAT  AND  DAVID  C.  KNAB. 

Improvement  in  distilling  oleaginous  matter. 

Claims  facilitating  and  improving  the  distillation  of  fatty  and  oleaginous  sub- 
stances by  the  introduction  of  steam  at  or  near  the  bottom  of  the  boiler  con- 
taining such  substance,  in  combination  with  the  apphcation  of  external  heat. 

11.0S9—June  IS,  1854.    SAMUEL  CHILDS.     Improvement  in  stills  for  distilling 
fatty  bodies. 

Claims  the  use  of  a  stratum  of  steam  within  a  jacket  or  case  between  a  fire 
heat  and  a  vessel  containing  any  article  under  treatment,  whereby  the  heat 
applied  to  said  vessel  can  be  any  desired  amount,  and  the  same  can  be  regulated 
to  any  desired  point,  according  to  the  supply  and  dehvery  of  the  steam. 

t046o—June  1.  ISS8.    LEONARD  BELLINGRATH,  JR.    Apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling turpentine. 

Claims  the  arrangement  of  the  inclosed  air  space  between  the  alembic  and  outer 
jacket  or  case,  when  said  air  space  is  furnished  with  air  passages,  and  an  indicator 
of  heat,  so  that  the  inclosed  air  may  be  heated  by  conduction  instead  of  by  the 
direct  application  of  the  fire. 

Sl.951—July  SO.  mi.    JOSHUA  MERRILL.    Improvement  in  casings  of  stills. 

Claims  Incasing  a  still  so  as  to  surrotmd  the  sides  of  the  still  with  a  confined 
air  space  or  chamber. 

40,168— October  6. 1S6S.    CHARLES  .K.  HARDY.     Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  the  use  of  a  cylindrical  still  (tor  distilling  coal  oil  without  the  direct 
application  of  a  furnac-e),  such  still  having  an  inner  or  false  bottom,  forming  a 
hot-air  or  steam  space  on  the  under  side  of  the  still. 

41,871— March  8,  I864.    ALEXIS  THIRAULT.    Improvement  in  distilling  rock 
oil. 

Claims  subjecting  petrolemn  or  rock  oil  to  repeated  evaporations  by  condens- 
ing the  vaporous  products  in  one  and  returning  the  condensed  liquid  to  the  still 
through  another  pipe. 

46.089— January  St,  186S.    GEO.  H.  S.  DUFFUS.    Improvement  in  retorts  for 
distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  in  stills  for  rectifying  petroleum  and  other  oils  or  producing  illuminat- 
ing or  other  oils  or  gases  from  any  substances  capable  of  treatment  by  heat, 
covering  the  still  with  a  jacket  inclosing  or  composed  of  nonconducting  mate- 
rials. 

46.913     .Vnrchtl.  1865.    ADOLPH  MILLOCHAU.    Improved  apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling petroleum,  etc. 

Claims  the  distillation  of  heavy  and  light  oils  jointly  to  produce  a  burning  oil 
by  means  of  a  second  still  within  the  main  still  for  petroleum  and  similar  oils. 

S3,l67—.VaTch  IS,  1866.    ADOLPH  MILLOCHAU.    Improvement  in  distillation 
of  petroleum. 

Claims  the  method  of  preparing  crude  oil  for  distillation  by  evaporating  the 
benzine  and  other  volatile  substances  by  a  coil  of  pipe  containing  heated  vapors 
and  returning  the  condensed  benzine  into  the  crude  oil. 

etjei- February  16, 1867.    ALONZO  C.  R.\ND.     Improvement  in  stills. 

Claims  surrounding  and  enveloping  a  still  with  an  adjustable  covering  or 
Jacket,  filled  with  a  nonconducting  substance. 

ee,84l—July  16.  1867.    C.  Q.  HOWELL.     Improved  apparatus  for  distilling  and 
refining  petroleum. 

Claims  distilling,  reflning,  and  reducing  petroleum  and  other  liquids  by  the 
direct  action  of  heat  to  the  heating  vessel  and  by  the  action  of  steam  on  a  retort 
placed  in  a  steam  boiler. 

77fl04-Apnl  11,1868.    CHARLES  W.  REQUA.     Improvement  in  stilU  for  dis- 
tilling hydrocarbons. 

Claims  the  use  of  steam  in  the  distillation  of  liquid  hydrocarbons  in  stills 
heated  by  cxt-Tnal  lire,  when  the  steam  Is  introdmcd  Into  the  still  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  lowest  stratum  of  liquid  therein  will  bo  continually  removed 
from  contact  with  the  l»ottom  of  the  still  by  the  action  of  the  steam,  and  its 
place  supplied  with  fresh  liquid  from  above. 

91 ,908— December  14,  1809.  JOHN  WARREN.  Improvement  in  Mils  for  oil.  etc. 
This  con.ilsts  In  the  employtnent  of  a  pcrforat<'d  convex  arch  over  all  of  the 
Ores,  (or  the  purpose  of  distributing  the  heaterl  gases  mor«  (wenly  beneath  the 
still  bottom:  In  withdrawing  the  ln'ated  products  of  combustion  from  the  cir- 
rurnfcp-nce  of  the  combustion  chamber:  in  running  all  of  the  smoke  flues  from 
the  chfunber  of  combustion  into  one  common  chamlH'r  within  the  foundallon  of 
the  still,  at  Its  center,  radially,  and  from  thence  through  the  main  Hue  into  the 
cjilmncy:  In  the  emplovraont  of  a  hollow  central  pier,  so  arranged  that  thn 
upfjer  portion  th'rcof  shall  contuin  the  tnr  piiK',  and  the  lower  portion  of  said 
pier  -;,  ill  1. TV.-  for  the  central  r<'ceivinK  chamber  of  the  smoke  flues:  In  the  ein- 
pl"  ■  :tig*'d  or  removable  jiickct  nround  the.  ba.se  of  the  gno.se  neck:  in 

th'  •  nl  the  ventilating  pipes  within  the  sides  of  the  Jacket  or  casing, 

Mi'l.  '!"on  therewith,  in  the  arrangemr'nt  of  thn  traps  or  doors  upon 

and  witiiu.  tli.i  upper  side  of  said  casing;  and,  finally.  In  the  geni^ral  construction 
and  arrangement  of  the  heating  and  ventilating  devices  and  of  the  casing. 

in--     "  .'OT.    JOHNORACIE.     Improvement  in  stills  for  hydronirhons. 

•  iling  a  still  for  hydrocarbon  with  an  air  chamber  and  combining 

th*T  r  jfiiinp. 

tUjm-October  t7.  1874-    THOMSON  McOOWAN.     Improvement  in  oil  stills. 

Claims  a  still  for  distilling  hydrocarbons,  and  other  liquid  similar  sub.stancos, 
having  an  elongated  bottom,  eifndlng  through  and  hidow  the  (Ire  In  the  furnace, 
sB'I  communicating  with  a  pjoelvcr  or  pit,  (or  collecting  the  tor  and  n'slduuin. 

ft!'"      'f-r-',  16,  18m.    PIERRE  NICOI,AI      Apparatus  for  dlslilUnn  nil. 

'  ..or  provided  with  a  doulptecaNlngand  a  doiil>le.oased  projfwrtlon 

CO"  .    'Itn  each  other.  In  eo  nl.initlon  with  a  steam  coll,  In  communl- 

catli.r.  with  I  lie  cosing  of  the  sold  projwtlon. 


;SUSO— August  17.  tSSO.     GERARD  CRANE.     Oil  still. 

This  invention  consists  in  a  novel  arrangement  of  a  smaU  still  within  a  larger 
or  main  still  and  another  small  still  outside  of  said  main  still,  and  a  novel  combi- 
nation and  arrangement  of  devices  employed  in  connection  therewith,  whereby 
the  process  of  distilling  the  oil  is  facilitated  and  hastened  bv  enabling  the  oil  to 
give  off  the  more  volatile  products  of  distillation  at  the  same  time  that  the  heavier 
products  are  being  given  off,  and  by  means  of  the  same  fire  for  all  of  said  stills. 

SSI,4m— August  14,  ISSO.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Apparatus  for  fractionally  con- 
densing oil  vapor. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  fractionally  separating  oils  from  vapors  of  the  same, 
the  combination,  with  a  condenser,  of  a  bath  capable  of  sustaining  a  constant 
temperature  above  212°  Fahrenheit,  and  a  duct  for  drawing  oil  and  separately 
coUetting  the  product  condensed  by  the  temperature  of  said  bath. 

S7S.SS9— April  10,  ISSS.    ROLLIN  C.  CLARK  AND  WILLIAM  F.  BEECHER. 

Process  of  distilling  petroleum 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  still  located  in  a  closed  chamber  and  completely 
surrounded  by  air,  of  means  to  heat  the  air  of  said  chamber. 

S14,i90— March  24,  1885.    JOSHUA  THOMAS.    Apparatus  for  refining  oils. 

Claims  a  stationary  oil  still  surrounded  by  a  hollow  steam  jacket,  in  combina- 
tion with  a  steam  heating  coil  in  the  lower  part  of  .'^aid  still,  but  discharging 
externally  thereto,  said  still  being  closely  incased  in  masonry. 

StS.om—May  S6,  ISSo.    ROLLIN  C.  CLARK  AND  MURRAY  H.  WARREN 

Still  and  filter. 

Claims  in  an  oil  still,  the  combination,  with  a  heating  chamber  and  a  still  located 
therein,  of  a  heat  generator  located  within  an  air  chamber  and  communicating 
directly  with  said  heating  chamber,  a  hot-air  flue  leading  from  said  air  chamber, 
and  a  chimney  in  open  relation  with  the  heating  chamber. 

SS9,Si6— April  6,  1886.    JAMES  B.  GRANT  AND  ALLAN  MASON.    Appa- 
ratus for  refining  oil. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  refining  oils,  the  combination,  with  a  retort,  and  a 
connected  condenser  and  vacuum  pump,  of  an  oil  pipe  having  its  exit  end  ar- 
ranged within  the  retort,  and  an  acid  reservoir  having  an  acid  pipe  similarly  ar- 
ranged, and  having  its  exit  closely  adjacent  to  that  of  the  oil  pipe,  whereby  the 
stream  from  either  pipe  is  impinged  directly  upon  that  of  the  other. 

546.018— September  10,  1895.    KARL  LOFHJELM.    Apparatus  for  distilling  tar 

and  refining  turpentine. 

Claims  the  combination  of  tar  still,  turpentine  stiU  consisting  of  a  jacketed  tur- 
pentine holding  tank,  tar  receiver  connected  with  the  tar  still  by  a  pipe  descend- 
ing from  the  tar  still  thereto,  and  condenser  for  the  wood  gases. 'said  tar  still  and 
tar  receiver  connected  with  the  jacket  of  the  turpentine  still  for  conducting  the 
wood  gases  thereto,  and  said  condenser  connected  with  said  jacket  of  the  turpen- 
tine still  for  receiving  the  gases  therefrom. 

Subclass  12. — Rotary. 

t4,9ll— August  2.  1859.    WILLIAM  T.  BARNES.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  generating  coal  oil. 

Claims  the  arrangement  of  levers  and  rod,  whether  operated  by  a  cam  or  others 
wise,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  automatic  dust  clearer  to  coal  oil  retorts. 

Sr, Sir- February  SS,  I860     FRANKLIN  W.  WILLARD.    Improvement  in  ap- 
paratus for  distiUing  coal  oil. 
Claims  the  arrangement  of  a  series  of  valves  and  ports,  in  combination  with  a 

revolving  retort,  so  operating  as  to  always  leave  open  one  or  more  of  the  said 

ports  at  the  upper  portion  of  the  retort  and  keep  the  rtjmaining  ports  at  the 

lower  portion  thereof  closed. 

27 ,508— March  IS,  I860.    FRANKLIN  W.  WILLARD.    Improvement  in  appa- 
ratus for  distining. 

Claims  the  method  of  distilling  and  evaporating  liquids,  consisting  in  the  em- 
ployment of  a  revolving  still  provided  within  its  interior  with  a  series  of  buckets, 
wiiereby  wiiile  the  still  is  malnt:iint>il  at  a  unifonn  temperature  the  liquid  which  is 
to  be  mied  upon  is  kejit  in  motion,  and  portions  of  the  same  successively  sepa- 
rated, taken  up,  and  returned  to  the  mass  in  Ihiu  films. 

S7,7;iS— March  S,  1863.    J.  L.  ALBERGER.     Improvement  in  apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling coal  oils. 
Cleims  the  employment  simultaneously  within  an  od  distilling  retort  of  a  steam 

supplying  and  a  steam  heating  system  of  pipes. 

48,672— July  11,  1805.    CARLOS  F.  FREDERICI.     Improved  apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling. 

Claims  a  distilling  apparatus  composed  of  a  series  of  hollow  drums  (two  or 
more)  connected  by  oblique  pipes  and  provided  with  gudgeons  on  which  It  re- 
volves. 

9t,l,!,S— June  15,  1869.    JAMES  J  JOHNSTON.     Improved  apparatus  for  distiU- 
ing hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  distilling  hydrocarbon  oil  by  distributing  It,  through  the  medium  of  a 
pipe,  in  small  jets  or  streams,  against  the  inner  surface  of  a  revolving  still,  in 
wiiic'li  is  placed  a  revolving  shaft,  armed  witli  a  spiral  (langc  ,so  arranged  that,  it 
will  force  the  vapor  evolved  from  the  hydrocarlxm  from  the  still  lido  the  con- 
denser. 

148.806— March  21,,  1874.    WILLIAM  J.  BRUNDRED.    Improvement  in  oil  stills. 
Claims  o  double  revolving  still,  with  steam  chamber  In  combination  with  sta- 
tionary steam  pipes. 

65f,4iS—Deccmber  .11,  189S.    EDUARD  THEISEN.    Apparatus  for  evaporating 

or  distilling  liquids. 

Claims  In  apparatus  for  evaporating  or  distilling,  the  combination  with  a  drum 
and  means  for  supplying  material  to  the  interior  thereof  at  one  point,  of  n  me- 
chanical scoop  entering  tlie  drum  and  withdrawing  the  residual  licpiid  thei-efroin 
at  a  point  reiiuiveil  from  the  jioiiii  of  supply,  means  for  revolving  the  said  drum 
at  a  siKsed  sullli'irMt  In  eaii.se,  hy  icntrlfugal  force,  the  material  to  travel  over  lis 
inlorior  surfiu'e  in  a  thin  lllm,  from  tlie  point  of  delivery  to  the  iiolnt  of  discharge, 
and  an  external  means  of  heat  impinging  upon  the  surface  of  the  drum. 

652,450— Drrember  SI,  1895.    EDUARD  TUEISEN.    Apparatus  for  evaporating 

or  distilling  liquids. 

f:iaiins  In  apparatus  for  evaporating  or  distilling  liquids  the  combination  of 
two  or  mom  concentric  revolving  drums,  means  for  beating  the  outer  surface  of 
the  outer  drum,  means  for  supplying  liquid  to  the  Inivr  surfaces  of  all  the  drums 
HO  as  to  travel  In  a  thin  layer  over  the  said  surfaces  In  order  to  be  evaporated  bv 
the  heat  transmit le<l  through  tlii-m,  means  for  riMnovlng  the  rcslduiil  liquid  from 
one  or  more  of  said  drums  lifter  it  has  passed  over  the  surfiiccs  of  siiiil  dnniis,  anil 
means  (or  withdrawing  the  portion  of  the  liquid  sejiarat^d  by  evaporation  when 
coadonicd. 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


597 


eJ9,69S—Februari/  1/,,  1899.    FREDERICK  WILLIAM  MANN.    Apparnlus  for 

disfilHng  pttrolfum. 

Claims  a  pclrolrum  (listillin^  apparatus,  compnsirif^'  a  closod  vessel  having  a 
portion  thr-rcof  mlapted  to  ho  heated,  a  partition  within  the  vessi-l  lying  vlnse  to 
such  heated  siirlace,  means  Tor  introducing  a  pctrnleum  snray  into  the  Hpaci-  be- 
tween said  partition  and  the  heated  surface  ol  the  vessel,  and  means  lor  main- 
taining a  unilorm  pressure  in  said  vesseL 

Subclass  13. ^Series. 

rr MB— April  10, 1860.    D.  S.  STOMBS  AND  JULIUS  BRACE.    TmprovemerU  in 

duiiUation  of  coal  oil. 

Claims  the  apparatus  consists  of  three  retorts  heated  imlependently  of  each  ■ 
other,  in  order  to  bo  heated  respectively  to  various  degrees  of  temperature. 
Tubes  extending  down  near  to  the  bottom  of  the  retorts  in  which  they  are  re- 
spectively arranged,  are  closed  at  the  l>ottom  but  open  at  the  top,  and  serve  as 
thermometers,  by  means  of  which  the  temperature  in  each  of  the  retorts  is  indi- 
cated. The  first  retort  is  furnished  with  a  pipe  leading  into  the  upper  part 
through  which  the  crude  oil  is  to  be  supplied  to  the  apparatus.  At  the  opposite 
end  and  lowest  part  of  the  said  retort  is  connected  a  pipe,  the  other  end  of  which 
is  connected  to  the  next  retort,  at  a  point  somewhat  above  its  middle  line.  In 
like  manner  from  the  opposite  lower  extremity  of  this  retort  a  pipe  leads  to  the 
third  retort.  The  last  retort  is  provided  with  a  similarly  arranged  pipe,  leading 
irom  the  bottom  of  said  retort. 

6S,06S~Marck  6,  1SG6.    PETER  H.  VAN  DER  WEYDE,  M.  D.    Improvement 

in  stills  for  petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination  of  three,  four,  or  more  stills,  in  single  furnace  in  order 
to  obtain  with  a  single  fire,  and  one  single  operation  all  the  dilTerent  volatile  prod- 
ucts of  the  petroleum— namely,  lubricating  oil,  kerosene,  benzine,  naphtha,  or 
gasoline. 

6S,S69~ March  SO,  1866.    AUGUSTUS  H.  TAIT  AND  JOSEPH  W.  AVIS.     Im- 
provement in  distilling  apparatus. 
Claims  the  arrangement  of  a  scries  T)f  retorts,  set  horizontally  alongside  of  each 

other  over  and  across  the  fire  Hue,  with  the  breadth  of  the  fire  grate  nearly  equal 

to  the  length  of  the  retorts,  the  furnace  beii^  placed  at  one  and  the  chimney  at  the 

other  end  of  the  series. 

oS,S59— March  SO,  18GG:  reissue  4,366— May  S,  1871.  AUGUSTUS  H.  TAIT  AND 
JOSEPH  W.  AVIS-  Improvement  in  apparatus  and  processes  of  distilling 
petroleum  and  other  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  continuous  distillation  consisting  in  causing  the  oil  to 
flow  through  a  series  of  retorts  arranged  over  an  arch  or  Hue.  so  that  the  oil  en- 
ters at  the  coldest  portion  of  the  series  and  leaves  at  the  hottest  portion. 

68,512— October  S,  1866.    PETER  H.  VAN  DER  WEYDE.    Improved  double 

still  for  petroleum. 

The  smaller  still  is  placed  outside  of  the  first  on  the  flue,  thus  economizing  heat, 
and  giving  the  second  still  a  sufficient  amount,  but  always  a  little  less  than  that 
received  by  the  first  still.  It  is  placed  so  much  higher  than  the  first  that  its  bot- 
tom is  equal  with  the  surface  of  the  oil  in  the  first  still  when  filled,  connecting  them 
with  tube  and  stopcocks. 

The  condensers  are  placed  as  low  as  practicable— the  bottom  of  the  first  con- 
denser being  only  about  four  inches  above  the  surface  the  oil  has  to  reach  in  the 
second  still,  and  "the  bottom  of  the  second  condenser  about  four  inches  above  the 
level  of  the  surface  of  the  oil  in  the  first  still  when  filled. 

A  short,  wide  goose  neck  with  dome  attached,  well  protected  for  cooling  influ- 
ences by  a  felt  covering,  and  connected  by  means  of  a  slightly  descending  tube 
with  the  condensing  worm,  is  employed. 

6S.115— March  19,  1867.    A.  H.  TAIT  AND.JOSEPH  W.  AVIS.     Improvement  in 

apparatus  for  distilling  petroleum,  et-:. 

Claims  a  double  still  in  which  all  the  defects  and  objectiona  against  other  double 
stills  are  corrected  In  the  maimer  described. 

This  invention  relates  to  a  distiihng  apparatus  which  consists  m.iinly  of  a  still 
divided  by  one  or  more  partitions  into  two  or  more  compartments,  \\hich  com- 
municate with  ertch  other  at  the  top  by  suitr.blo  openings  for  the  vapors  and  at 
the  bottom  by  openings  for  the  liquid.  The  opening  or  openings  in  the  top  are 
orovided  with  gates  or  cocks  to  shut  ofl  the  communication  and  divide  the  hght 
from  the  heavy  v.npors,  so  as  to  pass  each  into  its  appropriate  condenser.  The 
crude  oil  is  admitted  to  that  compartment  farthest  from  the  fire,  and  the  com- 
partment orconipartments  next  to  the  fire  are  provided  with  valves  orgat^s,  so 
that  the  communication  between  the  same  and  the  preceding  compartment  or 
compartments  can  be  cut  ol7,  and  the  compartment  or  compartments  over  the 
fire  can  be  cleaned  without  being  compelled  to  empty  the  entire  still.  The  first 
find  last  compartments  of  the  still  are  connected  by  a  pipe  which  serves  to  equal- 
ize tho  gravity  of  the  liquid  contained  in  sMd  compartments  whenever  it  may 
be  desired.  The  last  compartment  of  the  still  connects  with  the  coking  retorts, 
in  which  the  refuse  or  heaviest  parts  of  the  oil  ara  subjected  to  a  final  distillation. 

71,156— November  19,  1867,    ANDRE  I'OUBERT.    Improvement  in  a'pj^aratus 

for  distilling. 

The  nature  of  my  said  invention  consists  in  such  an  arrangement  of  pipes  and 
cocks,  applied  in  connection  with  two  stills,  that  the  vapor  and  water  of  con- 
densation that  pass  off  from  one  shall  be  utilized  and  employed  in  warming  up 
the  mash  or  wineMn  the  other  still,  previous  to  commencing  the  distiUing  oper- 
ation, thereby  effecting  a  saving  both  of  time  and  heat,  as  the  fresh  charge,  sun- 
plied  alternately  to  the  stills,  is  brought  to  nearly  a  boiling  point  by  steam  that 
has  heretofore  been  wasted. 

18,878— June  16,  1868.  ARTHUR  KIRK.  Improvement  in  distilling  petroleum. 
Claims  eflecting  a  continuous  distillation  of  petroleum,  or  other  distiUahle  sub- 
stfinces,  by  causing  it  or  them  to  flow  through  a  succession  of  stills,  giving  off  in 
each  still  the  more  volatile  ingredients,  the  '^tills  being  connected  by  trap  pipes 
so  as  to  prevent  the  backward  flow  of  the  sul>stance  to  be  distilled. 

101  .?6Jt— March  £9,  1870.    SAMUEL  A.  HILL  AND  CHARI,ES  F.  THUMM. 

Improvement  in  stills  for  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  a  series  ot  stills  connected  together  by  pipes  which  connect  with  zigzag 
ways  or  channels  nuide  in  or  on  the  botmn;  of  eacl\  still,  each  still  of  the  series 
Ijeihg  provided  with  a  goose  neck  and  condenser. 

101, .'i65— March  £9,  1870.    SA\[UF.L  A.  HILL  AND  CHARLES  F.  THUMM. 

Improveinent  in  stills  for  hydrocarbovs. 

Cbtims  a  still  divided  into  a  .serifs  of  compartments,  the  bottom  of  each  com- 
partment being  provided  with  zig/ag  ways  or  ehamiels,  the  compartments  com- 
municating with  each  other,  and  provided  with  a  goose  neck  and  condenser. 


102.819-May  10,  1870.    SAMUEL  A.  HILL   AND  CHARLES    F.  THUMM. 

Improvement  in  apparatuK  fur  distilling  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Haime  the  combination  and  arrangement  of  a  series  of  stills,  bo  arranged  with 
relaiioM  to  each  other  that  the  flow  of  hylrwarbon  through  one  or  more  of  the 
siill*-  of  the  series  may  bo  out  oft  froni  the  other  Htilla  of  the  same  series,  and  eitch 
still  of  the  serie:^  being  furnished  with  separate  fire  chamlx'r,  so  as  10  apply  a 
dilTerent  degree  of  heat  to  each  still. 

136,673— February  11,  1873.     AUOUSTU.S  II.  TAIT  AND  JOSEPH  W,  AVIS. 

Improvement  in  sf  ills  for  jutrolt-.um  and  other  lUjuidif. 

Claims  the  arrangement  in  a  still  of  jiartitions  made  in  sections,  the  lower  sec- 
tions being  made  movable  by  n^eans  of  hinge  joints  or  slides,  or  otherwise. 

ISO f JOS— February  18,  1873.    EMIL  KCHALK.     Improvtmenl  in  oil  s'iUs. 

Claims  a  still  for  securing  the  distilled  products  of  petroleum,  conHJsting  of  a 
retort  having  a  large  passage  from  side  to  side,  a  lower  chnmU*r,  an  upfterchani- 
ber,  vertical chamliers,  and  vertical  tuix's,  all  arranged  af  h*'1  forth. 

136,008— Febrvnry  18^  1873:  reissue  6,988— July  £8,  1874-    EMIL  SCHALK.    Im- 
provement in  oil  stills. 
Cbiims  the  combination  with  an  oil  still  having  oil  inlet  at  the  bottom  and  gas 

outlet  at  the  tof)  of  a  heating  chamber,  placed  between  the  top  and  bottom  of 

still  and  having  spaces  around  the  same. 

154,772— September  8,  1874-    SAMUEL  VAN  SYCKEL.    Improvement  in  appo 

ratns  for  distilling  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  in  combination  with  a  primary  still  or  stills  and  the  final  still  or  stills, 
intenncdiate  still  or  stiUs,  having  transfer  and  vapor  connections  for  the  purjiose 
of  equahzing  the  temperature  of  the  liquid  between  the  primary  and  final  stiUs, 

173,131— January  11,  1876.    EDWARD  LANE.    Improvement  in  oil  distilling 

processes  and  apparatus. 

Claims  the  continuous  process  for  fractionaUy  distilling  or  refining  crude 
petroleum  by  direct  heat,  consisting  in  the  following  successive  steps:  first, 
heating  the  cnide  oil  and  at  once  withdrawing  the  free  water;  second,  distilUng 
off  the  light<;r  oils,  and  at  tlie  same  time  withdrawing  further  water;  and,  third, 
subjecting  the  remaining  oil  to  successive  heatings  alternated  with  evaporations 
and  condensations  at  successively  high  temperatures,  wherein  the  oil  is  prcfiared 
by  heat  for  each  evaporation. 

18£, 169— September  12,  1876.    JAMES  COLE,  Jb.    Improvement  in  apparalux  for 

the  separation  of  petroleum  products. 

Claims  the  conibination,  with  a  still  provided  with  a  vapor  outlet,  of  perfo- 
rated st4*am  pii>es  for  ajtpiying  heat  to  the  contained  liquid,  and  an  independent 
blast  pipe  for  introducing  within  the  still  a  current  of  air  or  steam. 

2£0,r.62—Cctober  38,   1879,    JAMES  COLE,  Je.     Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  primary  still,  primary  condenser,  secondary 
still,  and  pipe  which  passes  through  said  condenser  and  opens  into  the  secondary 
still,  of  an  independent  pipe,  connecting  the  secondary  still  with  the  primary 
stiU. 

31.',, SG8— March  S4,  1885,    RICHARD  DEAN.    Apparatus  for  the  distillation  of 

hydrocarbons. 

Claims  a  still  for  distilUng  hydrocarbon  oils,  and  provided  with  a  crown  sheet, 
and  inner  and  outer  plates  extending  below  the  body  of  the  still,  formiiig  hollow 
so-called  legs  that  extend  the  length  of  the  still,  and  one  or  more  fire  boxes  located 
between  tlie  legs  and  under  the  crown  sheet,  one  or  more  feed  pipes  leading  into 
the  leg  on  one  side,  and  a  discharge  pipe  connected  with  the  opposite  leg,  and  the 
parts  so  arranged  that  a  continuous  flow  of  oil  is  had  through  the  still  and  main- 
tained at  a  unifomi  depth  by  the  elevation  of  the  discharge  pipe. 

340,878— April  27, 1886.    NORMAN  M.  HENDERSON.    Apparatus  for  distiUino 

or  refining  mineral  oils. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  still  and  its  inlet  and  outlet  pipes,  having  the  usaal 
stopcocks  outside  the  still,  with  weighted  valves  applied  to  the  said  pipes  within 
the  still,  and  having  handles  extending  to  the  outside. 

342,500— May  S6,  IS86.    RICHARD  DEAN.    Apparatus  for  distilling  hydrocar- 
bon oils. 

Claims  for  the  fractional  distillation  of  hydrocarbon  oils,  a  senes  of  stills  form- 
ing a  plant,  each  of  .said  stiUs  consisting  of  a  steam-tight  cyfinder  having  therein 
an  oU-eduction  pipe  and  induction  oil  tul.es,  the  lower  ends  of  which  tubes  termi- 
nate in  an  oil  cliamber  in  the  lower  end  of  the  next  succeeding  cylinder,  and  the 
upper  ends  of  the  tubes  and  the  upper  end  of  said  oil-eduction  pipe  terminating  in 
a  vapor  chamber  in  the  upper  part  of  the  cylinder,  said  cbamljer  being  in  commu- 
nication with  a  deodorizing  chamber  provided  with  a  vapor-dischai^ng  pipe, 
oil-feed  pipe  terminating  in  the  lower  chami^er  of  the  cylinder,  w  ith  a  steani  j>ipe 
arranged  to  induct  steam  into  said  cylinder,  and  a  pipe  for  exhausting  steam 
therefrom. 

S74,S38—DecembeT  IS,  1887.    EDWARD  KF.LLS.    DistUling  apparatus. 

Claims  in  a  distilUng  apparatus,  the  combination,  with  primary  and  second.ary 
stiUs,  of  a  system  of  comiected  pipes  consisting,  essentiaUy,  of  an  escap/e  itipe 
leading  from  the  primary  still  through  a  separator,  substantially  as  indicated,  a 
pipe  leading  to  the  secondary  still  for  the  passage  of  heavier  distillates,  and  a  pipe 
connected  to  the  escape  pii>e  for  the  discharge  of  licrhter  distillates,  the  latter 
being  carried  to  a  considerable  elevation  above  the  said  return  pipe. 

444,203— January  6, 1891.    ALLAN  MASON.    Apparatus  for  distiUing  oU. 

Claims  the  combination,  in  a  still  for  continuous  fractional  dist'Ulation,  of  the 
continuous  pipe  retort,  comprising  a  series  of  successive  chambers,  each  having 
the  oil  inlet  and  a  steam  injector  at  the  receiving  end  impinging  the  steam  jet 
directly  on  the  entering  stream  of  oil,  so  as  to  instantly  atomize  it  in  one  body 
and  project  the  same  along  the  chamber  to  the  opposite  end,  and  each  section 
having  a  vapor  exit  and  an  oil  exit  thereat,  through  which  the  vapor  and  oU 
respectively  escap<%  the  one  to  the  condenser  and  the  other  to  the  next  section  of 
the  retort,  the  arrangement  being  such  that  aU  of  both  of  the  vapor  and  the  un- 
vapori/.ed  oil  have  li'-ce  exposure  as  to  he^t  and  time  in  the  respective  sections  of 
the  retort,  the  furnace  underneath  said  pipe  retort  m.i^.de  in  separate  sections, 
each  containing  a  section  of  the  retort,  the  flues  at  the  opposite  extremities  of  the 
ch'^uibcrs  and  the  passages  and  d;unpers  causing  the  regular  or  irregular  traverse 
of  the  heat  products  through  the  successive  sections  of  the  furnace. 

478,2Co— July  S,  1892.    HEINRICH  PROFFE.    Distilling  apparatus, 

Clain.s  in  an  apparatus  for  distiUing  tars  and  mineral  oils,  the  combination, 
with  a  train  of  stills,  the  adjacent  ones  of  which  ha\e  intercommunication  be- 
tween their  lower  parts,  of  a  furnace  at  one  end  of  the  train  and  a  flue  running 
therefrom  to  the  other  end  of  the  train,  a  feed  pipe  for  feeding  the  still  at  the  enil 
of  th«  train  farthest  from  the  furnace,  and  an  exit  pipe  communicating  onlj-  w  ith 
the  stiU  nearest  the  furnace  and  running  through  the  several  stiUs  01  the  train. 


598 


MANUFACTURES. 


SHf'^Oi^AHimsf  SI,  1894-  KOBERT  A.  CHESEBROUGH.  AppaTatus  for  con- 
tinuous diMdlfition. 

Claims  a  still  comprising  several  members  in  communication  with  each  other  at 
the  top,  p.tch  member  being  provided  with  oil-retarding  plates  find  the  member 
next  sucreedinj?  a  previous  member  being  pro\idod  with  a  depending  baflle  plate 
al  its  top  intermediate  of  the  inlet  and  outlet  passages,  an  oil-supply  pipe  and 
a  superheated  steam-supply  pipe  in  communicatioli  with  the  first  members, 
means  for  maintaining  a  reduced  degree  of  temperature  in  succeeding  members, 
suitable  dischai^  pipes  leading  independently  from  the  bottoms  of  the  several 
members,  acondenserand  a  pipe  leading  from  tne  final  member  into  the  condenser. 

S46,697Sept€jnber  9.',,  1S95.    PAUL  PVORKOVIIZ.    Apparatus  for  distilling 

li ;uid  hyarocnrhons. 

Claims  apparatus  for  the  double  distillation  of  liquid  hydrocarbon  consisting 
of  a  furnace,  three  superheaters  located  side  by  side  within  said  furnace,  a  steam 
generator  connected  with  the  intem'ediate  superheater,  a  crude-hydrocarbon 
reservoir  and  a  tar  reservoir  connected  re-^ppctlvoly  with  the  other  superheaters, 
two  retorts,  provided  with  means  for  heating  them,  a  spray  pipe  leading  from 
the  intenuediate  superheater  into  both  retorts,  a  spray  pii)e  leading  from  each 
of  1he  other  superheaters  to  its  corresponding  retort,  and  a  separate  condenser 
for  each  retort. 

B564iS— March    17,    1896.    CHARLES    F.    GRADY.    Apparatus   for    refining 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination  with  a  still,  of  an  oil  supply  pipe  leading  thereinto  and 
connected  with  perforated  longitudinally  disposed  pipes,  a  steam  supply  pipe 
entering  the  still  and  extended  to  a  point  near  the  bottom  thereof  and  commu- 
nicating with  longitudinally  disposed  perforated  pipes,  a  second  still,  a  discharge 
pipe  disposed  longitudinally  within  the  f  rst  still  and  having  perforations  upon 
Its  imder  side  and  leading  into  the  second  still  and  extended  above  the  point  of 
steam  supply  in  said  second  still,  and  perforated  longitudinally  disposed  pipes 
and  branch  pipes  supported  by  the  same. 

SerSoeSeptember    15,    1S96.    ADOLPHE    SEIGLE.    Apparatus  for   treating 

hydrocarbons. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  of  the  character  described,  a  series  of  vaporizing  cham- 
bers and  a  series  of  superheating  chambers  containing  inert  material,  an  inlet 
to  the  first  in  series  of  said  vaporizing  chambers  for  tlie  reception  of  the  hydro- 
carbon and  an  outlet  from  the  last  in  the  series  of  vaporizing  chambers  commu- 
nicating directly  with  each  superheating  chamber,  both  series  of  vaporizing 
and  superheating  chambers  being  immersed  in  a  bath  of  molten  metal,  all  ar- 
ranged so  that  the  hydrocarbons  are  successively  heated  In  the  vaporizing  cham- 
bers, and  the  vapor  "from  the  last  in  series  of  vaporizing  chambers  is  conducted 
to  each  separate  superheating  chamber  to  be  further  heated. 

7iS.S57~ifay  19,  1903.  MAX  LIVINGSTON.  Apparatus  for  continuously  dis- 
tilling petroleum. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  continuously  distillingTietroleum  the  combination 
with  a  series  of  distinct  and  independent  stills;  of  a  series  of  pipe  connections 
■which  unite  said  stills  in  a  continuous  series;  said  connections  each  comprising 
an  oil  outlet  from  one  still  and  an  oil  inlet  to  another  still:  said  outlet  having  a 
regulating  section  arranged  to  adjustably  determine  the  liquid  level  in  the  still 
associated  therewith. 

731.94.',— June  iS.  1903.    WILLIAM  D.  PERKINS.    Apparatus  for  continuous 

fractional  distillation  of  petrolrum. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  continuous  fractional  distillation  of  petroleum  and 
similar  hydrocarbons,  the  combination  of  the  vaporizer  and  a  receiver  for  the 
unvHporized  product,  of  con<iensers  connected  witn  said  vaporizer,  pipe  coils  or 
worms  m  the  several  condensers,  which  aic  connected  in  series,  receivers  for 
heavy  unvaporized  products  connected  with  the  several  worms,  a  steam  super- 
healer  and  a  pipe  connecting  it  with  two  condenser  appliances  for  the  latter  and 
the  vaporizer,  and  thermostatic  regulators  for  such  heaters. 

781,045— January  31,  1905.     BENJAMIN  F.  BROOKK-SEWELL.    Apparatus 

for  evaporating  and  distilling  liquids. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  evaporating  liquids  the  combination  of  two  or 
more  chambers  or  receptacles,  means  arranged  in  one  chamber  or  receptacle  for 
condensing  the  vapors  generated  therein  and  for  tnirisniitting  heat  developed 
during  condcn.sation  to  the  liciuid  contained  in  the  other  chamber,  means  for 
collecting  and  carrying  away  the  liquid  formed  by  condensation,  and  means  for 
removing  solid  matter  deposited  in  the  chambers  or  receptacles. 

Subclass  14. — Tubulars. 

SS.508-June  18,  1861.  EDWARD  G.  KELLEY  AND  AUGUSTUS  H.  TAIT. 
Improvement  in  processes  and  apparatus  for  distilling,  separating,  and  purify- 
ing petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  for  distilling  hydrocarbon  oils,  consisting  in  flowing  the  oil 
In  u  stream  through  a  series  nf  retorts  arranged  so  that  the  oil  enters  tiu;  retort 
In  the  collier  part  of  the  funuice  anil  is  subji'ctcd  to  an  increasing  temjjcrature 
aa  it  fUiWH,  no  that  vapors  of  diflenmt  densities  are  successively  removed,  and 

A  series  of  retorts  or  stills  arranged  in  a  furnace  and  (connected  together,  so 
that  oil  may  be  dlstillwl  continuously  by  being  fed  into  the  retort  or  still  in  the 
colder  part  of  the  furnace,  and  flowing  successively  through  the  ndorts  In  the 
hotter  portions  of  the  furnace,  and  thi-rehy  separating  IIh;  different  portions  of 
oH  according  to  the  temjierature  at  which  they  become  vapor. 

BiMO— February  12, 1867;antedated  January  30, 1807.     P.  H.  VANDEU  WEYDE, 
M.  D.    improvement  in  luhuUir  utillH  for  continuous  distillation. 
Claims  a  still,  consisting  of  a  series  of  tubes  situated  in  the  flue,  through  which 
tubivt  tht!  liquid  to  be  diHtilled  \n  iininterniptetlly  passed  in  a  small  sticam,  and 
In  it.H  downward  courHeMubiiiltted  toacontinual  increased  heat. 

€8,H'iO    September   17,    1807.    JOHN    ELLIS   AND    EDWAItD    C.    KATTELL. 

Improvement  in  apparatus  for  distilling,  evaporating,  and  refming  oils  and 

other  tiquidn. 

Claims  the  construction  of  u  retort,  or  a  part  of  a  retort,  of  a  pipe  or  plj)os,  so 
ftrnim"-'!  thnt  wh^n  nl»b*«r  !«tARm  or  superiieatorl  steam  and  oil  nr  other  liquids 
nn  '     -'    '      ...--.     f      r  them,  in  the  Hanieor  Inopposlte  directions,  tlie 

flu.  riorgravltv,  ropeut(wlly  pass  through  the  cur- 

f'M  I  '.mg  It  wllii  the  s  tea  in  In  a  comparatively  cnn- 

d'l'  Minciiiiii\    tiiid  vaporizing  II.  us  (wvnrn  in  the  tiibular 

p*''  Mis,  and  as  will  result  If  a  Hpiral  pipe  is  plaifd  In  a  imrl- 

zoi,  .  r<tiu.'hlng  that  position,  and  Ktruin  and  oil  piiH^<rd  throngl)  it. 

(n,SH.     ffl.nuiiy  &,',,   imt.    CIIAULES   A.  8EELY.    Improved  apparatus  for 

diatiUing  and  separttiing  oils,  fain,  and  the  like. 

Tf-  ' •  ■ L  ..  ..  .1 -'Mr,  thefonn  of  a  coil,  the  coll  termi- 
nal .  ,  upward,  serves  as  11  conduit  of 
vii;  il,  lit  its  lowe.Ml  prdnt,  with  a  tube 

lo4i';..., .^. . ,...,,  K--  ■  ■>. ,  J  i.,>u>  the  liipild  whien  II  Is  not  dcstre<I 

to  volatiilM. 


160 jS5~August  S,  1875.    THOMSON  McGOW AN.    Improvement  in  the  aistiUo- 
tion  of  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  combination,  in  an  oil  still  of  an  elongated  vessel,  having  a  series  of 
partitions,  a  steam  pipe  extending  throughout  the  length  of  the  vessel,  and 
vapor  pipes  projecting  from  the  elongated  vessel. 

182.775— October  S,  1876.    HENRY  C.  ROSE.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 
distilling  oil. 

This  invention  is  an  apparatus  for  distilling  hydrocarbon  oils,  and  it  consists 
of  a  system  of  pipes  arranged  in  a  serjientine  like  manner  over  a  furnace  either 
longitudinally  or  transversely  therewith.  In  connection  with  said  system  of 
pipes  is  arranged  above  them,  and  either  parallel  or  transversely  therewith,  a 
system  of  vapor  pipes,  terminating  in  condensing  coils  or  still" worms.  Said 
lower  pipes  are  provided  with  }  crforated  steam  jri^es. 

315,756— May  ^7,   1S79.    JOSEPH   L.  KIRK.    Improvement  in  processes  and 
apparatus  for  distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  distilling  crude  petroleum,  the  combination  of  a 
continuous  pipe  through  which  thei  etroloum  flows  ancl  in  which  it  is  evaporated, 
a  series  of  pi]  es  successively  arranged  for  taking  up  the  gases  as  evolved,  a  series 
of  lilters  for  puriiying  the  gases  of  different  density,  and  a  series  of  branch  pipes 
for  mingling  bleaching  gases  with  those  evolved  aiid  purified  gases  of  petroleum, 
and 

In  the  distiUation  of  petroleum  the  process  of  clarifying  and  bleaching  the 
same,  which  consists  in  vaporizing  the  petroleum  by  heat,  and  then  passing  the 
vapors  through  a  fdter.  and  sutisequently  niinglingthe  vapors  with  the  vapors 
of  sulphuric  acid  or  other  bleaching  vapors,  and  then  condensing  the  petroleiun 
vapors. 

S53, 990— February  SI,  1882.    ERNEST  F.  DIETERICHS.    Apparatus  for  frae- 
tional  distillation. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  distilling  oil  and  other  substances,  the  combination 
of  a  retort  located  in  a  suitable  furnace  and  a  distilling  coil  located  in  sai<l  retort 
with  the  steam  sui>itly  and  eduction  jtijtcs  leading  to  and  from  the  retort,  the 
said  pipes  tjcing  conncited  with  tlie  rrtort  and  a  suitable  oil  supply  pipe,  and 
provided  with  an  injector  for  forcing  the  oil  into  the  distilling  coil. 

S83,239— July  31,1883.    JOSHUA  THOMAS.    Oil  still. 

Claims  an  apparatus  for  distilling  or  reducing  petroleum  by  a  continuous  opera- 
tion, consisting  of  a  divided  evaporating  chamber,  having  low  partitions  and 
vapor  outlets,  a  series  of  coui)led  pipes,  arranged  lieneitth  said  chamber  and  in  an 
inclosed  heating  chamber  provided  with  thin  partitions,  arranged  to  convey  the 
heat  alternately  up  and  dowm  between  said  pipes,  a  jacketed  resen-oir.  coimected 
by  pipe  to  said  heating  chamber,  and  a  pipe  leading  to  chamber  whereby  the 
material  to  be  treated  is  conveyed  into  said  evaporating  chamber  and  through 
the  heated  pipes  in  one  direction,  while  the  heat  is  conveyed  in  the  opposite 
direction. 

300.SI1—June  24,  I884.    HENRY  C.  SMITH,    Apparatus  for  the  continuous  dis- 
tillation of  oil. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  continuous  distillation  of  oil,  pipes  arranged  in 
a  plane  inclined  to  the  horizon  at  about  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees— one  alwve 
the  other— and  provided  with  vapor  outlets  and  connected  at  alternate  ends 
with  connections,  and  inclosed  in  a  chamber,  whereby  said  pipes  operate  for  the 
distillation  of  the  several  gravities  of  oil  products. 

SOo.OSOSeptember  16,   I884.    RICHARD   DEAN.    Apparatus  for  distilling  or 

reducing  oils. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  distilling  or  reducing  oils,  the  combination,  with  a 
series  of  lower  stills,  consisting  of  two  or  more  horizontal  pipes,  and  a  series  of 
upper  stills,  consisting  (f  two  or  more  horiz(tntal  jupcs.  tlie  upjicr  stills  beinjj  con- 
noctcd  with  the  lower  stills  by  manifold  hranche.'^.  of  oil  conducting  pij  cs  con- 
necting each  upper  still  with  the  succeeduig  lower  still,  pipes  connecting  cMch 
upper  still  with  a  suitable  vapor  condenser,  and  steam  pipes  adapted  to  discharge 
free  steam  into  each  upper  still. 

SfH. 671— April  26,  1SS7.    DAVID  P.  BROWN  AND  JOHN  W.  NEELEY,    Ap- 
paratus for  distilling. 

Claims  in  a  retort  furnace  for  distilling  petroleum  oils,  adapted  to  supply  suit- 
able heat,  the  combination  of  a  retort  or  series  of  retorts,  suitably  connected 
together,  a  steam  pipe,  entering  each  retort,  extending  through  and  sealed  at 
one  end,  and  provided  with  numerous  small  perforations,  an  oil  pipe  likewise 
entering  each  retort,  extending  through  and  sealed  at  one  end.  and  ]>rovided 
with  numerous  small  periorations,  and  another  steam  pipe,  of  like  construction, 
extending  into  each  oil  pipe. 

439,745— November  4, 1890.  EVAN  A.  EDWARDS.  Apparatus  for  distilling  oils. 
Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  distilling  oil,  the  combination,  with  a  flue  boiler,  of 
a  series  of  vaporizers  arrangcil  in  the  nues  of  the  same,  a  steam  and  an  oil  supply 
pipe  connecting  tlicrewith  at  one  end,  and  a  series  of  condensing  traps  connected 
tl.crewith  at  the  opposite  end. 

547.332— Oiiober  I,  1895.    FRANK  W.  CLARK.    Distillation  and  breaking  up  of 

liquid  hydrocarbons,  and  apparatus  therefor. 

Claims  the  method  or  process  of  distilling  and  brealdng  up  liquid  hydrocar- 
bons or  similar  substances,  which  method  or  jirocess  consists  in  causing  the 
li((utd  to  (low  in  numerous  thin  or  shallow  sln-anis  in  one  direction  over  the 
opfralive  surfaces  of  an  ('Vajiorator  or  retort,  circulating  a  carrier  such  as  air 
first  in  contact  with  healing  surfaces  and  then  over  saitl  streams  of  liquid  in  Ihe 
rcversi'  direction,  and  conveying  the  vapor  thcrefnnn  by  means  of  said  carrier 
through  a  condenser  and  thcii  conducting  tlie  carrier,  together  with  any  uncon- 
dcnsed  vapor,  from  the  condenser  back  into  the  iva|inr.iIor  or  retort.  (lie  unvol- 
atltlM-d  liquid  in  the  cvaj»orator  or  retort  and  the  Inpiid  of  condensation  in  the 
condenser  being  drawn  off  as  required. 

567.751-  September    16,    189G.    ADOLPHE  SEIGLE.    Apparatus   for    trtnling 

liquids. 

Claims  In  an  apparatusa  series  of  doulih'  walled  scetlons,  the  Interiors  of  which 
form  a  continuou.s  combustion  Hue,  the  walls  of  the  sections  being  separated 
to  form  a  liipii*!  chamber  concenlrlc  with  the  Hue  and  closed  at  cither  end  of 
the  si-clion,  a  series  of  spiral  partitions  dividing  the  liquid  chamber  nilo  a  series 
of  .'icrpentint^  chaiun'ls,  a  seri(>s  of  jiiiies  i-ach  forming  a  means  o[  conunniiicat  ion 
between  thi)  ll(iuld  chambers  of  adjacent  sections,  and  means  for  forcing  oil 
Ihnaigh  8ucccf*Hive  sectlnns  in  a  direction  ojiposlte  to  that  lu  which  the  products 
of  combustion  pass  through  said  .sections. 

040,2112    January  2,  tfKX).    HANS  A.  FRA8CH.    Apparatus  for  continuous  frac- 
tional disiilUttion  of  ln/drn<iirhons. 

CliilniN  in  a  distilling  column,  consisting  of  a  scries  of  comnunitcating  shells, 
n  miinlfolil  conneiMed  with  altr-rnale  shells  in  n'celvc  the  vapor  from  every  Iwo 
shells,  and  means  for  conducting  away  lln'  separate  vapors  nt  severnl  di-siied 
points  to  Hi'parali'  condensers,  and  a  bottom  shell  having  an  o])nn  outlet  and  a 
vapor  Roal  at  the  base  of  the  column  of  sholU, 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  PETROLEUM  PvEFINING. 


599 


797,7Be~Septemhfr1,190S.    WILLIAM  MAYBURY.    Still. 

Claims  in  a  still,  a  furnace,  a  continuous  conduit  Ihorcin  formed  from  pipe 
•ections,  the  Piuls  of  said  sectiona  extending  tiirough  the  walls  of  the  furnacG 
and  provided  with  couplings,  connectors  between  said  couplings,  and  nioins 
In  u  portion  of  the  couphngs  for  creating  a  suction  through  the  respective 
pipe  sections,  and  for  forcing  the  vapor  or  volatilized  oil  in  said  respective  sec- 
tions through  said  outlets,  said  means  arranged  to  operate  upon  the  volatilized 
portions  only. 

7S4,68r  -March  16,  190^.    JAMES  M.  O'NEALL.    Apparatus  for  refining  crude 

petroleum. 

Claims  apparatus  for  refining  crude  oil  comprising  means  for  converting  th3 
Tolatile  oil  into  vapor  by  hrat,  a  receptacle  for  collecting  and  separating  the 
vapor  and  the  nonvolatile  matter,  a  condenser  for  converting  the  vapor  back 
to  oil,  and  means  for  forcing  the  vapor  into  a  (luid  in  tho  condenser. 

779,S98-Jantiary  5,  1905.    ALBERT  C.  CALKINS.    Oil  separator. 

Claims  a  separator  provided  with  a  series  of  pipes,  a  separate  coupling  con- 
necting successive  [senes  of  said  pipes  containmg  a  seal  or  trap  and  having 
independent  outlet  connections,  jackets  on  each  ot  said  pipes  and  means  for 
simultaneously  supplying  different  degrees  of  heal  within  said  jackets,  whereby 
different  vapors  are  Uberutcd  within  said  pipes  and  the  remaining  liquid  con- 
tinues its  course. 

Subclass  15. — Utilizing  Gases  and  Residue. 

459^123— September  8,  1891.    FREDERIC  LENNARD.    Apparatus  for  the  dis- 
tillation 0/  tar. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  distilling  tar  and  like  substances,  the  combination 
of  a  furnace  or  heater,  a  tank  containing  a  liquid  bath,  a  still  immersed  or  par- 
tially immersed  therein,  a  tower  or  seruliber,  means  for  conducting  the  material 
to  l)e  distilled  into  the  upper  part  of  the  scrubber,  a  connection  between  the 
lower  part  ot  Uw  scrubber  and  the  still,  a  steam  pipe  leading  into  the  lower  part 
of  the  scrubber,  and  conduits  which  lead  off  the  vaporous  products  rising  Into 
the  upper  part  of  the  scrubber. 

Subclass  16. ^Vacuum. 

S4^S4— February  4, 186S.    HERBERT  W.  C.  TWEDDLE.    Improved  apparatus 

for  distilling  coal  oil  and  other  substances. 

Claims  the  use  of  a  vactunn  apparatus  in  combination  with  a  steam  pipe  ar- 
ranged in  the  interior  of  the  still. 

S4,SU— February  4.  1862;  reissue  S,40 4— November  S7,  1866.    HERBERT  W.  C. 

TWEDDLE.     Improved  apparatus  for  distilling  coal  oil  and  other  substances. 

Claims  the  use  of  superheated  steam,  in  combination  with  the  employment 
of  a  vacuum  or  partial  vacuum,  for  the  distillation  of  petroleum  and  other  hydro- 
carbon oils  and  similar  substances. 

46,653— March  7,  1865.    EDWARD  BRAGGINS.    Improved  apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling petroleum,  etc. 
Claims  a  method  of  producing  a  vacuum  in  a  condenser  by  water. 

47,1S5— April   4>    1S65.    JAMES  PERKINS   AND    WILLIAM   H.    BURNET. 

Improved  apparatus  for  refining  and  distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination  of  two  receivers  with  an  agitator  and  a  sediment 
receiver;  and. 

The  use  of  two  exhaust  pumps  in  combination  with  a  distilling  and  condens- 
ing apparatus  described. 

48,S85—June  SO,  1865.    JAMES  J.  JOHNSTON.    Improved  apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling oil. 

Claims  distilling  oil  or  other  liquids  by  means  of  a  still,  condenser,  and  receiv- 
ing vessel,  from  which  oil  is  exhausted,  so  that  the  distilling  process  is  carried  on 
under  d  partial  vacuum. 

£0,671— Oaober  £4,1865.    HUOT  FLEURY.    Improvement  in  distilling  petroleum. 
This  invention  consists  in  the  distillation  of  petroleum  oil  by  a  vacuum  and 
Its  rectification  by  one  single  operation. 

£4,167— April  Si,  1868.    ABRAM  D.  HIGHAM.     Improvement  in  distilling  petro- 
leum. 
Claims  distilling  the  lighter  portions  of  the  charge  in  vacuo  and  the  heavier 

portions  under  pressure. 

£6,85S—July  SI,  1SG6.    M.  P.  EWINQ.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for  distilling 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  continuous  feed  and  a  jet  condenser  with  a  vacuum 
still  for  petroleum. 

£8,0Sa-September    11,    1866;  reissue    7,S2SSeptember    S6,   1876.    DiiHsion   B. 

VACUUM  OIL  COMPANY.     Improvement  in  material  for  lubricating. 

Claims  the  process  of  making  residual  heavy  hydrocarbon  oil  without  burn- 
ing by  distillation  of  the  light  oils  from  crude  petroleum  under  vacuum  with 
steam. 

£8,0S1  September  11, 1866.    M.  P.  EWING  AND  H.  B.  EVEREST.    Improved 

apparatus  for  distilling  petroleum,  etc. 

This  invention  consists  essentially  in  certain  improvements  to  prevent  over- 
flowing in  vacuum  stills  for  petroleum  by  introducing  jets  of  steam  into  and 
through  the  mass  of  oil  in  the  still,  and  by  the  arrangement  of  the  heating  pipes 
in  close  proximity,  so  as  to  lessen  the  amount  of  oil  in  the  retort  as  compared 
with  the  heating  surface,  and  the  employment  of  an  overflow  chamber,  and 
conducting  the  overflowing  material  to  a  receptacle,  thereby  preventing  its 
admixture  with  the  distilled  product;  also,  in  the  combination  of  a  surface  with 
&  jet  condenser  for  the  oil  vapor. 

'€2,739— March   IS,    1867,    EDWARD  DUXSCOMB.    Improvement  in   vacuum 
pumps,  pans,  etc. 
Claims  an  air  induction  pipe  with  its  stopcock  applied  to  an  air-tight  tank. 

e8,426—September  S,  1867.    HIRAM  B.  EVEREST.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination  of  two  or  more  vacuum  petroleum  stills,  so  arranged 
that  the  oil  is  fed  from  one  retort  into  the  other  as  it  increases  in  specific  gravity 
during  the  distillation,  and  economizing  the  use  of  steam  used  in  the  vaporiza- 
tion tn  the  oil  in  the  retorts,  by  passing  it  first  through  the  heating  pipes  in  the 
retort  containing  the  heavier  oils,  and  afterwards  conducting  it  through  the 
heating  pipes  in  the  retort  or  retorts  containing  the  oils  of  lighter  specific  gravity. 


77,070^Aprn  tf,   18^8.    JAMES  MILLER.    Improved  apparatus  for  distfUing 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination  of  two  or  more  vacuum  stiUe,  one  for  heating  the  oil, 
and  driving  off  its  more  volatile  Ingredients,  and  the  other  for  carrying  on  a 
continuous  distillation,  by  feeding  "therein  the  heated  oil  from  the  first  still 
through  a  coiled  or  zigzag  pipe  with  apertures. 

89,988— May   11,    1869.     HENRY  GROGAN  AND   GEORGE   T.  LAPE.     /m- 

provement  in  the  distillation  of  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  application  of  cold  hydrocarbon  oils  to  a  heated  still,  in  such  quan- 
tities that  the  heat  in  the  still  will  suddenly  evolve  their  available  products,  or 
so  much  of  them  as  may  be  desired,  before  admitting  a  subsequent  supply. 

son, 185— June  10, 1884.    HOMER  T.  YARYAN.    Apparatus  for  vacuum  distaUp- 

tion. 

Claims  in  a  vacuum  distillation  apparatus,  the  combination  of  a  cod  surrounded 
by  steam  or  other  heating  medium,  a  separating  chamber,  a  vacuum  pump  and 
pipe  connections. 

374,077— November  29,  1887.    JEAN  A.  MATHIEU.    Apparatus  for  Btparating 

substances  which  volatilize  at  different  temperatures. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  vacuum  pan  having  interior  beating  coils,  and 
with  atomizer  devices  for  spraying  liquia  material  into  the  vacuum  pan  above 
the  trays. 

Subclass  17. — Vapor  Outlets. 

16,255— December  18, 1856.    RICHARD  SHRODER.    ImprovemerU  in  apparatus 

for  coal  oil. 

Claims  constructing  the  retort  or  generator  with  openings  at  different  heights 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  oil  of  different  qualities. 

40,653— November  17.  ISCS.    CHARLES  LOCKHART  AND  JOHN  GRACIE. 

Improvement  in  stills  for  petroleum,  etc. 

This  invention  relates,  first,  to  a  means  for  taking  off  vapor  from  the  still  at 
the  same  height  from  thp  surface  of  the  oil  and  at  different  heights  during  the 
process  of  distillation:  second,  to  a  means  for  keeping  the  bottom  of  the  still 
clean  or  free  from  incrustation. 

40,632— November  17. 18GS;  reissue  5.002,  June  25, 1868.  CHARLES  LOCKHART 
AND  JOHN  GRACIE.  Improvement  in  stills  for  petroleum,  etc.  Diiision  A. 
Claims  providing  a  still  used  for  distilling  hydrocarbon  with  a  scraper  or 

scrapers,  combined    with   a   receiving   device,  said   scraper   or   scrapers  being 

rotated  during  the  process  of  distillation,  and  operating  with  relation  to  the 

bottom  of  the  still  and  said  receiving  device. 

40,632— November  17,  1863;  reissue  3.005,  June  23,1868.  CHARLES  LOCKHART 
AND  JOHN  GRACIE.  Improvement  in  stills  for  petroleum,  etc.  Division  B, 
Claims  a  still  provided  with  a  pipe  or  pipes  which  is  or  are  so  arranged  with 

relation  to  the  still  and  its  contents  that  the  vapor  evolved  from  the  contents 

of  the  still  can  be  conveyed  off  at  different  heights. 

105.683— July  26,  1870.    JOHN  HOFFERBERTH.    Improvement  in  oil  stm. 

The  nature  of  this  invention  consists  in  providing  an  oil  still  with  a  short 
worm,  for  the  purpose  of  allowing  gasoline  and  other  inflammable  products  of 
distillation  to  escape  without  conit>ining  with  the  refined  oil;  also,  in  ooimecting 
the  long  worm  at  a  point  below  the  top  of  the  still,  and  providing  a  means  for 
preventing  the  oil  from  ascending  higher  than  such  point  of  connection. 

113,811  — April    18,   1871.     JOHN    L.    STEWART    AND    JOHN  P.    LOGAN. 

Improvement  in  petroleum  stills. 

Claims  a  still  with  its  top  in  the  form  of  an  annular  corrugation,  in  combina- 
tion with  a  series  of  pipes  so  arranged  as  to  draw  off  the  vapor  from  the  still 
at  the  highest  part  of  the  said  corrugation. 

237.560— February  8, 1881.    MAX  LIVINGSTON.    Oti  still. 

Claims  an  oil  still  having  a  vapor-escape  passage  opening  into  and  extending 
above  the  top  of  the  still  chamber,  in  combination  with  a  succession  of  valve- 
governed  vapor-escape  passages,  leading  off  from  the  side  of  the  still  chamber 
at  different  points  in  its  height. 

243.080—June  21,  1881.    CHARLES  T.  PLACE.    Distillation  of  petroleum  and 

other  oils. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  still  and  goose  neck,  the  latter  of  which  is  pro- 
vided with  ascending  and  descending  pipes  or  branches,  the  descending  pipe  or 
pipes  passing  through  the  still  or  other  heating  chamber. 

266,990— November  7,  1882.    WILLIAM  C.  HALL.    Apparatus  for  separating 

petroleum  vapors. 

Claims  the  combination  of  a  still,  a  vertical  pipe,  secured  to  the  top  thereof, 
a  series  of  pipes  connected  at  different  heights  to  the  vertical  pipe  and  united 
together  again  at  a  distance  from  the  still,  with  a  steam  pipe  connected  with 
the  uppermost  pipe, cocks  and  traps  upon  the  lower  pipes,  leading  from  the  still. 

284,331— September  4,  1885.  DAVENPORT  ROGERS.  Self  heating  and  sepa- 
rating still. 

Claims  an  apparatus  for  distilling  petroleum,  consisting  of  a  heater,  a  coil  of 
pipe  arranged  within  said  heater  and  connected  with  the  source  of  supply  of 
the  petroleum  to  be  distilled,  a  still,  a  pipe  leading  from  the  coil  into  me  still 
to  supply  petroleum  to  said  still  and  maintain  a  shallow  body  of  oil  in  said 
still,  a  trap  between  the  heater  and  still  to  eliminate  the  water  irom  the  petro- 
leum before  the  petroleum  enters  the  still,  pipes  leading  from  the  still  back  into 
the  heater  to  convey  the  vapors  from  the  still  to  the  heater,  wherein  such  vapors 
servo  to  preheat  the  petroleum  in  the  coil,  graded  eduction  pipes  for  s^-parating 
the  vapors  in  the  heater  and  taking  off  such  vapors  according  to  their  gravity, 
and  a  pipe  leading  from  the  heater  to  the  still  furnace  to  en:me  the  utilization 
of  the  incondensable  gases  as  fuel,  ail  combined  and  artanged  to  operate, 
whereby  cold  crude  material  is  preheated  by  the  vapors  coming  from  the  still, 
and  such  vapors  separated  according  to  the  gravity  and  a  continuous  and  con- 
stant distillation  kept  up. 

Subclass  x8.— Supplementary  Heating. 

S0yt76— October  3,  1865.    JOHN  ROGERS.    Improvement  in  sttUs  for  distming 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  distilling  petroleum  or  other  hydrocarbon  liquids  by- 
passing the  crude  oil  through  heated  pipes  or  their  equivalents  in  the  interior 
of  the  still,  for  the  purpose  of  freeing  the  same  m)m  ^eir  most  volatiU 
constituents. 


45254— MFC.  1905—1^  4—08- 


-40 


600 


MAXUFACTURES. 


o^.SlS—April  S4..  1866.    H.  A.  SCHESCH,    ImpToremetit  in  apparatus  for  dtff- 

tilUng. 

Claims  exposing  the  upper  part  or  vapor  space  of  a  still  to  tlie  action  of  an 
additional  m^e  built  in  a  secondary  fireplace. 

61474~~January  2B,  1867,    JOHN  S.  SHAPTER.    Improvement  in  petroleum 

stills. 

Claims  the  arrangement  of  boiler,  superheater,  and  still,  by  which  the  heat 
from  the  boiler  is  made  to  pass  through  the  superheater,  and  then  through, 
under,  or  around  the  still. 

90.SS^May  IS,  1869.  JOSHUA  MERRILL.  Improved  manufacture  of  deodor- 
ized heavy  hydrocarbon  oils. 

This  invention  consists  in  producing  heavy  hydrocarbon  oils,  suitable  for 
lubricating  and  other  purposes  and  free  from  "the  characteristic  odors  of  heavy 
hydrocarbon  oils,  by  distilling  from  them  the  volatile  matters  from  which  the 
objectionable  odors  "arise,  and  at  the  same  time  preventing  new  formations  of 
such  matters  by  keeping  the  temperature  of  the  oil  in  the  still  below  that  at 
which  these  matters  form  by  decomposition  of  the  oil. 

90,£8i—May  IS,  1869;  reissue  ,7,733,  June  12,  1877.  JOSHUA  MERRILL.  Im- 
provement in  processes  and  apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of  deodorized  heavy 
hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claim?  the  mode  of  manufacture  of  deodorized  heavy  hydrocarbon  oils,  which, 
when  finished,  are  distillates  suitable  for  lubricating  aiid  other  purposes,  free 
from  thp  characteristic  odors  of  hydrocarbon  oils,  and  having  a  slight  smell 
like  fatty  oil,  by  distilling  from  them  the  volatile  matters  from  which  the  objec- 
tionable'odors  arise  and  preventing  the  formation  of  such  matters  by  keeping 
the  temperature  of  the  oil  in  the  still  below  that  at  which  these  matters  form 
by  decomposition  of  the  oil. 

90,281,— May  18,  1869;  reissue  7,826,  July  31,  1877.    JOSHUA  MERRILL,    Im- 
jtrovement  in  the  production  of  deodorized  heavy  hydrocarbon  oils. 
Claims  hea\T  hydrocarbon  oil,  suitable  for  lulmcatin^  and  other  purposes, 

free  from  the  characteristic  odors  of  hydrocarI)on  oils  ana  having  a  sUght  smell 

like  fatty  oil. 

9^409— August  31,  1869.    HENRY  GROGAN.    Improved  still. 

Claims  a  hot  water  condenser  in  combination  with  a  suspended  drum  pipe 
and  goose  neck  of  the  still,  whereby  the  water  in  said  condenser  is  heated  by 
means  of  the  steam  discharged  from  the  drum. 

J  10,806— January  3,  1871.  WILLIAM  G.  WARDEN.  Improvement  in  appara- 
tus and  processes  for  distilling  oil. 

Claims  the  process  of  distilling  oils,  etc..  by  subjecting  the  same  to  the  action 
of  heat  in  a  vessel  a  portion  of  which  extends  below  the  fire  and  in  which  a  con- 
stant upward  current  from  the  said  lower  portion  is  maintained. 

2 2.t. 7 41— February  13.  1872.    JOHN  STl'BER.  JACOB  STUBER,  AND  JOHN 

W.  MAGEK.     Improvement  in  distilhng  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  for  producing  continuous  distillation  of  petroleiun  by 
means  of  s}ii)ply  tanks,  the  contents  ni  which  arc  henlrd  before  they  are  injected 
into  the  still,  and  which  connect  with  a  double  acting  pump  by  which  a  con- 
tinuous supply  of  the  heated  liquid  from  the  supply  tanks  is  driven  into  the 
still,  while  tnt'  still  is  placed  over  a  furnace  for  the  "purpose  of  keeping  up  the 
temperature  of  the  liquid  contained  therein  and  injected  into  the  same  by  the 
action  of  the  immp. 

218,901—August  26,  1879.  JOSEPH  C.  ROBINSON.  Improvement  in  oil  stills. 
The  present  invention  has  relation  to  that  class  of  stills  used  for  the  purpose 
of  manufacturing  lubricating,  illuminating,  and  other  oils;  and  it  consists  in 
providing  the  feed  pipe  for  oil  with  jackets  near  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  still, 
mclosing  said  feed  pipe  and  steam  pipes  connecting  the  jackets,  the  steam  pipes 
also  having  connection  with  the  interior  of  the  still,  to  which  exit  pipes  for  the 
steam  are  attached,  the  still,  ^\ith  its  appurtenances,  being  also  subjected  to 
the  action  of  fire  heat,  whereby  u  rapid  and  continuous  distillation  is  effected, 
and  the  incoming  oil  warmed  by  exhaust  steam  before  entering  the  stUl. 

i8S471— August  St,  1883.    JOHN  B.  DUBLER.    Oil  still. 

Claims,  in  an  oil  still,  a  boiler  provided  with  the  supplemental  boilers  extended 
down  into  the  fire  ehamlwr  and  connected  to  the  mam  boiler,  and  with  a  dome 
or  domes,  provided  with  a  nipple  plate,  a  support  and  resistance  plates  arranged 
therein,  with  a  pipe  leading  from  said  boiler  and  dome. 

S42,5tjS— Afay  25,  1886.    GEORGE  L.  BENTON.    Apparatus  for  refining  crude 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination  with  a  furnace,  of  a  heating  chamber,  a  latent  vapor- 
izing pipe  connected  with  an  oil  supply  and  situated  within  the  furnace,  a  vapor 
chamlwrlocul^id  above  the  furnace  and  directly  heated  thereby,  and  a  condenser. 

49ff,5f'7—June  13,  1893.    FREDERIC   LENNARD.    Method  of  and  apparatus 

for  distilling  tar,  etc. 

(Claims  the  process  of  distilling  tar  or  the  like,  consisting  in  heating  it  while 
confined  In  coils  or  paBsa^fH,  to  a  degrffo  which  would  cause  its  required  con- 
Btltuenlfl  to  vHporiw  if  not  thus  confined,  and  canning  the  sai<l  tar  or  the  like 
so  healed  teenier  and  Its  naid  constituents  to  vaporlw  in  a  scrubl)er  into  which 
■team  or  other  dlmiHHOclatlng  agent  1b  ndmitleti. 

SUBCLASS   ig.—COAL  OIL  RETORTS. 

S6.eJiS~Septembrr  5.  1H66.    CUMNfl  VOS  ClIKKRY.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  di^ttUing  crude  oil  from  mineral  coal. 

('AainxH  providing  upright  retorts  for  the  mannfacturo  of  oil  from  bituminous 
coal  with  aclowd  top  and  an  opcming  at  their  bottoms  to  be  immersed  In  water. 

HMn—Dectmher  28.  1868.    LUTHER  ATWOOD.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  drMrurtite  dintillation. 

Claims  the  eomblnntlon  an'l  arrangement  of  a  distilling  tower  and  receiving 
veswl,  with  a  slenm  blast  or  Its  equivalent  In  the  combination,  for  the  purpose 
of  producing  an  Induced  current. 

te^73—Jftnuarv  11.  1861).  JAMES  O'lIARA.  Improvement  in  rrtorts  for  din- 
tilling  oiU  from  rfntt. 

Claims  the  enii»l'>ynient,  In  an  upright  retort  for  dlstllltng  coal,  of  a  revolving 
wp'W  of  n  '  trr  'iiTif-  r'Tif-r  iimaller  Ihnn  the  interior  of  the  retort,  so  applied  that 
while  *■,  f   produeen  a  contlnuouw  r-levallon  of  the  central  jior- 

tlon  "f  t  iH  find  eiinseH  a  contlnnouH  dewenf  of  (he  .-jurround- 

ing  pori.  ti,  and  thus  produced  u  positive  contliuious  and  uuln- 

ternipti"]  iipwar-i  nn'i  fj'twnward  circulation. 


25,798- February  1,  1869.    NATHANIEL  B.  HATCH.    Improvement  in  retorU 

for  distilling  coal  oil. 

Claims  the  application  and  use  in  retorts  used  in  distillation  of  coal  or  other 
substances  from  which  oil  or  gas  is  producible,  of  a  swtep  bar  or  arm  with  plates 
attached,  and  operated  so  as  to  push  or  spread  the  material  placed  within  over 
the  floor  or  bottom,  and  at  intervals  discharge  the  same  continuously  in  open- 
ings at  or  near  the  edge  of  the  retort. 

SS. 000— February  22,  1859.    LUTHER  ATWOOD.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  destructive  distillation. 

This  invention  consists  in  combining  a  vertical  combustion  tower  or  fireplace, 
open  at  the  top,  and  in  which  fuel  is  burned  with  a  downward  draft,  with  a  ver- 
tical distUling  tower  or  chamber,  in  which  the  substancf  acted  on  is  placed, 
and  with  a  continuous  strain  blast  or  other  controllable  means  of  proilucing 
a  draft  through  the  apparatus  in  such  nianner  that  the  products  of  combustion 
from  the  combustion  tower  enter  the  distilling  tower  at  the  bottom  and  pass 
up  through  it  and  the  mass  of  fragments  it  may  contain. 

2S.3S7— March  29,  1859.    LUTHER  ATWOOD.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

destructive  distillation. 

This  invention  consists  in  combining  a  vertical  distilling  tower,  or  chamber, 
arranged  so  as  to  receive  both  the  fuel  and  the  substance  operated  on,  with  a  con- 
denser and  a  means  of  controlling  or  regulating  the  draft,  by  which  the  products 
of  combustion  of  the  fuel  are  circulated  through  the  mass  acted  on,  so  that  the 
process  of  decomposition  can  be  carried  on  below  a  temperature  that  would  effect 
combustion  before  the  liquid  and  volatile  products  have  been  driven  off"  by  the 
heat,  the  whole  apparatus  being  so  arranged  and  combined  as  to  use  the  current 
of  products  iji  its  natural  or  upward  direction. 

24,211— May  31,   1859.    ROBERT  W.   HAZLETT  AND  JOHN  H.  HOBBS. 

Improvevient  in  retorts  for  distilling  coal  oil. 

( laims  constructing  a  horizontal  retort  with  a  pan  or  flat-shaped  base  and  in- 
clined upper  sides  or  top,  and  with  open  conduits  or  gutters  running  from  end  to 
end  of  the  retort,  and  arranged  on  the  inner  sides  thereof  and  set  inclining  and 
emptying  into  the  neck  of  the  retort. 

24,212— May  SI,  1859.    J.  E.  HOLMES.    Improvement  in  retorts  for  distilling  oil 

from  coal. 

Claims  the  employment,  in  a  retort  for  distilling  oil  from  coal,  of  a  central  per- 
forated tube  suspended  from  the  mouthpiece,  an  open  space  lieing  also  left  I.)elow 
the  bottom  of  the  tube  for  the  removal  of  the  coke  residuum  through  the  mouth. 

26,000— November  1,  1859.    H.  K.  SYMMES.    Improved  apparatus  for  distilling 

coal. 

Claims  an  oil  retort  in  combination  with  the  gas  retort  or  its  equivalent  for  the 
purpose  of  saving  the  gas  which  escapes  from  the  oil  retort  and  to  improve  Its 
quality. 

27.603— March  20,  1860.    C.  I.  VAN  WYCK.     Improvement  in  apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling oil  from  cool. 

Claims  the  construction  of  a  retort  with  a  grate  in  the  bottom,  and  an  inclim  d 
conductor  below  such  grate,  such  conductor  not  being  the  outlet  for  the  gaseous 
products  of  combustion  of  the  fire  by  which  the  retort  is  heated. 

32.373— May  21.  ISGt.    GEORGE  W.  KIRCHHOFFER.    Improvement  in  appa- 
ratus for'distilUng  coal  oil. 

Claims,  in  combination  with  an  upright  conical  retort,  a  grinder  arranged  to 
rotate  in  proximity  with  the  heated  surface  of  the  retort,  for  the  purpose  of  pul- 
verizing the  coal  and  securing  the  contact  of  the  same  in  a  minutely  divide<l  state 
with  the  heated  surface  of  retort. 

S4J95— January  21,  1862.    JOHN  BULLARD.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

di.fiilling  coat  oil. 

Claims  an  egg-shaped  retort,  arranged  with  draft  opening  at  its  lower  end,  so 
that  the  unburned  contents  of  the  retort  will  always  be  within  the  lines  of  the 
draft. 

42,77..'  -May  17,  I864.    JOHN  HOWARTH.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for  dis- 

tilling  off  gases  and  vapors. 

Claims  so  combining  devices  for  superheating  steam,  flues  for  the  passage  of 
products  of  combustion,  and  a  suitable  nlort  <»r  retorts  eon  taininge;irlK>naeeons 
materials  as  toeause  the  internal  heat,  or  Ihalpiudueed  liy  the  superhealed;sleani, 
to  always  predominate  over  the  external  heat  and  perform  the  work  of  extract  iiig 
the  liquid  ami  volatile  products  from  the  retort  or  retorts  without  producing 
destructive  distillation. 

453,386-  June  f,  1891.    GEORGE  POTERIE.    Apparatus  for  producing  coal  tar 

and  coke. 

Claims,  in  a  plant  forprodueing  coal  tar  and  coke,  theeombination  of  a  si'ries  of 
ovens,  the  retorts  arm  lifted  above  said  ovens  and  iida  pled  to  bo  healed  (hereby,  a 
receiving  vessel  ad.ipled  to  lie  partly  filled  with  wiiler  jtiul  arranged  l.elow  the 
ovens  and  eoiinret.d  individually  with  the  reti>rls,  the  pip(>  in  the  lop  of  .said  vi  s- 
ael.  and  a  boiler  mleniiediiit*-  of  said  ovens  and  the  receiving  vessel,  a  pipe  in  the 
boileradapled  to  diseharge  ^^te^^l  in  the  pijH's  lea-iing  from  the  retorts,  and  a  i^ipe 
leading  from  the  receiving  vessel  to  the  furnace  of  the  boiler  to  convey  gns  then  to. 

759,988— May  17,  WO4.    SNYDER  L.  HAGUE.    Retort. 

Claiins  an  apparatus  for  extracting  oil  from  shale  comprising  a  horl/.ontal 
retort,  a  furnjiee  beneath  one  end  of  said  retort,  a  series  of  coimected  Hues  extend- 
ing beneath  said  retort  from  the  furnace  to  a  smoke  vent,  air  valves  in  said  flin's.  a 
njvolving  conveyor  to  move  the  shale  from  the  eo<iler  to  the  hotter  end  of  said 
retort .  and  a  steam  Jet  to  drive  t  he  vapors  from  the  hotter  toward  and  out  through 
a  vent  In  the  cooler  end  of  the  n'tort. 

776,448— November  fS,  1904.    SNYDER  L.  HAGUE.    Retort. 

Clalms.ln  a  horizontal  retort  forest ractlng  oils  from  shale  and  heated  to  graded 
temiwratun-H  hv  a  suitable  furraiee.a  conveyor  to  turn  the  shale  over  and  in<)ve  It 
along  the  H'tori  from  Its  eooN-r  to  Its  hotter  end,  emss  partitions  in  said  retort 
above  and  partly  nrouud  said  conveyor,  and  Inlet  and  outlet  pipes  comiecUng 
with  the  apartments  formed  by  said  imrtltlons. 

SubclttflB  10.-  Coal  Oil  Retort,  Rotary. 

S0.026-~April  27.  isr,s.     DAVID  ALTKIt  AND  SAMUEL  A.  HILL.    Improve- 

mrnt  in  revolving  retorts  for  dintilling  voal,  rtc. 

Claims  the  use  of  retorts  «o  const  ructed  as  to  rcvolvo  continuously  on  tbolr  axei 
during  the  process  of  dlHllllatloD. 


DTCEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


601 


m,OSe— April  $7,  1868;  reissue  GGH- February  8.  1869.    D.  ALTER  AND  S.  A. 

HILL.     Improvement  indistillafion  of  oils  from  coal. 

Claims  thn  do.struclivc  disliUation  of  oiml  nr  other  bitiiniindUH  Hubstancos  for 
obttiinlng  lhi>  liqui<i  proihicts  thereof  in  the  fonn  of  wluil  is  known  as  "coal 
OiJa"  by  coint)iiuiiK  tin-  use  of  it.  low  lempernturi',  not  exceeding  a  low  red  heat, 
say  about  S.'H)'^  Fahrenheit,  with  the  use  of  retorts  so  conslriicted  as  to  have  a 
rotary  or  other  equivalent  motion  for  the  purjiose  of  agitating  their  contents. 

£0,687— June  16, 1858.    T.  D.  SARGENT.    Improvement  in  retorts  for  distilling  oil 

from  coal. 

Claims  the  use  of  a  cylinder  retort  made  of  clay,  and  so  arranged  as  to  revolve 
upon  its  axis  during  tlic  pnx-ess  of  distillation,  or  in  place  of  a  whole  revolution 
making  only  tlirce-fmirlhs  of  a  revolution  and  turning  back  again,  thus  produc- 
ing an  oscillating  motion  for  a  clay  retort. 

Sl,14S—AunuH  10, 1858.    J.  McCUE  AND  W.  B.  McCUE.    Improvement  in  retorts 

for  distilling  oils  from  coal. 

Claims  the  i-mploymcnt  of  a  connecting  pipe  lofjiii-d  in  a  retort  in  other  than  a 
central  position,  when-by  wcnreeniibl''il  tornndiut  oil' the  olcjigim  U' products  of 
the  coal  while  the  said  retort  partially  revolves  backward  and  forward  on  its  axis. 

SS,SGS—Afarch£!).  IS59.    JAMES  GILLESPIE.    Improvement  in  revolving  retorts 

for  distilling  coal  oil. 

Claims  securing  a  hoppor-like  cup  in  position  by  means  of  pins  or  their  equiva- 
lents, surrounding  the  exit  journal  of  oieh  retort,  a  square-headed  shaft  passing 
through  a  hollow  journal  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  retort,  and  an  external  plate. 

SS,AS7— March  29, 1859.    JOSEPH  E.  HOLMES.    Improvement  in  retorts  for  dis- 
tilling coal  oil. 
Claims  the  combinatioTi.wilh  fin  internal  vapor  pipe,  of  a  leg,  so  applied  as  to 

keep  the  mouth  of  tin '  sjiid  pip.-  in  the  upper  part  (tf  the  retort,  either  by  the  direct 

action  upon  it  of  the  force  of  gravitation  or  by  its  dragging  in  the  coal  or  other 

matter  in  the  lower  part  of  the  retort. 

£4,454.  'June  SI,  1859.    HENRY  P.  GENGEMBRE.    Improvement  in  retorts  for 

distilling  coal  oil. 

Claims  the  use  of  an  L-shaped  retort  combined  with  charging  boxes,  crusher, 
and  diseharging  tube  capable  of  being  subjected  to  a  degree  of  temperature  at  the 
end  of  the  horizontal  part,  at  which  the  residuum  of  the  substances  vmder  treat- 
ment is  diseharged,  higher  than  at  the  upright  part  at  which  the  coal  is  charged, 
the  whole  so  arranged  as  to  avoid  the  admission  of  atmospheric  air. 

£4,587— June  S8,  1859.    JOHN  L.  STEWART.     Improvement  in  retorts  for  dis- 
tillation of  coal. 

Claims  an  improved  revolving  web  retort  constructed  not  only  with  its  induc- 
tion and  eduction  openings  arranged  at  or  near  one  end  of  it,  but  with  an  endless 
or  other  proper  carrier  nuule  so  as  to  operate  to  receive  the  coal  or  matter  to  be 
distilled  from  or  near  one  end  of  the  retort  and  carry  or  foree  the  sann-  townrd  the 
opposite  end  thereof,  and  from  thence  back^vard  toward  the  front  end,  and  there 
discharge  the  same,  ciiusing  the  coal  or  matter  to  lie  distilled  to  pass  twice 
through  the  retort  or  carbonizing  chamber  in  such  mamicr,  and  for  securing 
advantages 

£5,109— August  16. 1859.    H.  P.  GENGEMBRE.    Improvement  in  manufacture  of 

coal  oils. 

Claims  the  continual,  progressive,  and  gradual  destructive  distillation  of  coal 
or  other  bitnminiferoiis  substance'  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  therefrom  the 
different  products  of  distillation. 

£6, 7S9— January  3,  1860.    FRANKLIN  W.  WILLARD.    Improvement  in  coal- 
oil  retorts. 

Claims  the  construction  of  coal-oil  retorts  with  internal  false  or  extra  heads  at 
either  end  of  the  retort,  and  held  at  proper  distance  from  the  heads  proper  by 
mefins  of  stays  or  studs,  the  intervening  space  between  each  of  the  false  heads  and 
the  end  of  the  retort  being  filled  with  clay  or  other  nonconducting  material. 

£7.542— March  30.  1860.    H.  P.  GENGEMBRE.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for 

distillation  of  coal. 

Claims  a  cylindricrtl  or  polygonal  retort  having  at  the  center  of  both  ends  a  hol- 
low journal  or  tube,  and  being  suseeptil>le  of  receiving  a  continual  or  occasionnl 
movement  of  rotation  or  oscillation  arovnid  its  own  axis,  for  the  purpose  specifie<i. 

SUBCLASS  21.— COAL  OIL  PROCESSES. 

1S.61$— March  S7,  1855.    ABRAHAM  GESNER.     Improvement  in  processes  for 

making  kerosene. 

Claims  the  process  forextracting  the  liquid  hydrocarbons,  which  I  have  denom- 
inated "kerosene."  from  asphaltum.  bitumen,  asphaltic,  and  bituminous  rocks 
and  shales,  petroleiun.  and  maltha  by  subjecting  any  of  these  substances  to  dry 
distillation,  rectifying  the  distillate  by  treating  it  with  acid  and  freshly  calcined 
lime,  and  then  submitting  it  to  redistillation. 

15,305— August  IB,  1856.    L.  ATWOOD  AND  W.  ATWOOD.    Improvement  in  the 

production  of  oil  from  cannel  coal. 

Claims  an  improved  oil  obtained  from  natural  bodies  which  alone  or  when 
mixed  afford  parafline  In  destructive  distillation,  and  which  oil  posesses  certain 
described  properties. 

16,606— August  le.  1856.     L.  ATWOOD  AND  W.  ATWOOD.     Improvement  in 

preparing  oil  from  bitumens. 

The  manufacture  and  use  of  lubricating  oils  from  bitumens,  such  as  "Trinidad 
pitch"  and  "Barbadoes  tar." 

£1,805— October  19.  1868.    L.  ATWOOD.    Improvement  in  extraction  of  volatile 

oils,  etc.,  from  coal. 

Claims  the  gradual  and  progressive  fonnation  at  a  comparatively  low  tempera- 
ture of  oleaginous  vapors  and  oil  fromcoal  or  other  substances  yielding  pyrogenic 
oils  by  the  gradual  and  progressive  action  of  the  heat  of  products  of  combustion 
upon  and  through  the  mass  operated  on. 

££.400— December  28,  1358.    L.  ATWOOD.    Improvement  in  manufacture  of  pyro- 
genic oils. 
Claims  forming  oleaginous  vapors  from  substances  yielding  pyrogenic  oils  by 

the  action  of  the  heat  of  a  properly  regulated  current  of  products  of  combustion 

passing  over  and  above  the  surface  of  the  mass  operated  on,  with  or  without  the 

aid  of  external  heat. 

£5.568— September  37,  1859;  reissue  1 .605— January  19.  1864.    JOHN  HOWARTH. 

Improved  method  of  distilling  coal,  etc. 

Claims  distilling  coal  or  other  carbonaceous  substances  for  the  production  of 
oils,  gases,  vapors,  etc.,  by  passing  through  the  material  to  be  acted  upon  a  cur- 


rent of  superheated  fltcfim  In  one  btjdy  in  a  vertical  plane,  or  ncarlv  so,  throagb 
an  upright  retort;  that  is,  so  that  a  body  of  superheated  steam  Bha-llcome  in  con- 
tact with  every  portion  of  the  said  material. 

62,583— March  5,  1867.    S.  LLOYD  WIEGAND.    Improvement  in  obtaining  oil 

from  paraffme,  etc. 

This  invention  consists  in  exposing  bituminous  substances  or  other  matter 
capable  of  yielding  hydrocarbon  oils  or  paralline,  in  acloKe  vessel  or  chamber,  at  a 
temperature  below  that  requisite  to  decompose  the  oily  or  hydrocarbon  vapors 
inU)  [jeriiiiiiient  gas  to  the  action  of  the  gaseous  products  resulting  from  the  de- 
composition of  steam  by  passing  it  throiigli  carbon  heated  to  Incandescence,  and 
sut)sequently  extracting  the  oil  and  paralline  therefrom,  either  bv  pressure  or  by 
displaeemenl.  by  which  means  1  am  enabled  to  senarate  the  oifs  and  paraffine 
from  the  crude  nialerial  at  a  lower  temperature  tnan  by  any  other  previously 
known  process,  and  to  obtain  both  a  better  quality  and  IJettor  yield  of  products. 

100,915— March  15,  1870;  reissue  7.096— May  3.  1870.    Division  li.    RUFUS  8. 

MERRILL.     Improvement  in  heavy  hydrocartjon  oil t  for  illumination. 

Claims  as  an  article  of  manufacture  an  illuminating  oil  derived  from  petroleum, 
coal,  shale,  and  schist,  emitting  no  inflaimnable  vapor  at  a  temperature  of  less 
than  200*^  Fahrenheit. 

100.915^  March  15.  1870;  reissue  8,7S8—May  S7,  1879.    RUFUS  S.  MERRILL. 

Improvement  in  heavy  hydrocarbon  oils  for  illumination. 

Claims  a  heavy  illumimiting  oil  derived  from  petroleum,  coal,  shale,  or  schist. 
possessing  an  ignitmg  point  of  about  300°  Fahrenheit  and  a  distilling  point  of 
about  600°  Fahrenheit. 

764.099— July  6,  1904.    OTTO  P.  AMEND.    Process  of  desulphurizing  oil  or  dis- 
tillate. 

Claims  the  process  of  desulphurizing  oil  or  distillate,  which  consists  in  remov- 
ing the  sulphureted  hydrogen  and  neutralizing  the  fattv  and  organic  acids  con- 
tained therein;  then  in  cxpf)sing  the  oil  or  distillate  with  its  sulphur  or  sulphur 
compounds  to  the  action  of  a  soluble  sail  of  cf)pper  in  the  presence  of  an  alkali; 
in  removing  the  excess  of  copper  and  copper  hydrosulphides  and  exposing  the 
oil  or  distillate  and  any  hydrosiilphide  of  copper  remaining  therein  to  the  oxi- 
dizing effect  of  one  or  more  oxidizing  agents;  in  removing  the  resultmg  copper 
sulphates  and  settling  the  oil. 

768.101— August  23.  1904.    FRANK  MACOMB  WHITALL.    Process  of  treating 

and  dissolving  wurtzilite. 

Claims  the  process  of  treating  wurtzilite,  which  consists  in  dissolving  it  \n 
dead,  oil  and  then  removing  the  solvent  until  the  mass  becomes  consistent. 

SUBCLASS  22.— COMPOSITIONS. 

126,552- May  7,  1872.    CHARLES  A.  JORDERY.    ImprovemcTU  in  solidifying 

oils. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  obviate  several  inconveniences  which  are  ex- 
perienced in  transporting  and  handling  petrrtleum.  oils  of  schist,  and  their  voLi- 
tile  essences,  as  well  as  oils  in  general.  These  pntducts.  by  reason  of  their  fluidity, 
are  diflicult  to  transport,  and  spread  over  ail  substances  or  bodies  with  which 
they  come  in  contact:  and,  as  regards  the  petroleum  and  other  volatile  oils,  de- 
velop inflammable  vapors,  which,  besides  being  dangerous,  constitute  quite  a 
serious  loss. 

To  remedy  these  dilliculties  the  inventor  solidifies  these  oils  so  as  to  obtain  a 
new  industrial  product  oi  a  greater  consisieney.  and  disengaging  or  giving  of  less 
vapor,  and  capable  of  being  transported  and'  handled  with  greater  facUity,  by 
mixing  them  with  a  small  quantity  of  decoction  of  soapwort  root. 

137,568— June  4.  1872.    ROBERT  A.  CHESEBROUGH.    Improvement  in  prod' 

uctsfrom  petroleum. 

Claims,  as  a  new  article  of  manufacture.vaseline,  a  thick,  oily,  pasty  substance 
semisolid  in  appearance,  unobjectionable  in  odor,  liecomes  flind  at  temperature 
varying  from  85°  to  110'=  Fahrenheit,  and  when  fluid  is  transparent.  It  will  not 
saponify,  does  not  crystallize,  and  does  not  contain  parafline.  and  in  this  respect 
essentially  difl'ers  from  the  heavy  products  of  petroleum  which  have  been  su>j- 
jected  to  "destructive  distillation  and  which  are  known  as  paralline  oils. 

189,401— April  10,  isrr.    HERBERT  W.  C.  TWEDDLE.    Improvement  in-pe- 

troleum  products,  and  methods  of  obtaining  the  same. 

Claims  the  process  for  obtaining  a  new  product  from  petroleum,  the  same  con- 
sisting in  washing  the  orange-colored,  resinous,  oily  product  obtained  toward 
the  close  of  the  distillation  of  tar  residuum,  and  subsequently  driving  off  the  sol- 
vent and  recovering  the  heavy  oil. 

237.484- February  8.  1881.    ROBERT  A.  CHESEBROUGH.    Process  of  refin- 
ing vaseline. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  vaseline,  petroleum  oil,  and  residuum  by  keeping 
them  just  at  the  point  of  vaporization  in  an  open  vessel  until  the  disagreeable 
smellirig  portions  are  driven  off,  and  afterwards  filtering  through  boneblack. 

$46.096- August  S3.  1881.    PETER  DITMAR.    Process  of  solidifying  crude  and 

refined  petroleum. 

Claims  the  mode  of  sohdifying  liquid  hydrocarbons,  such  as  crude  or  refined 
petroleuni.  naphtha  residues,  and  the  hke,  by  dissolving  2  to  3  per  cent  of  tallow 
soap  in  the  hydrocarbon  under  the  action  of  heat. 

454,777— June  23. 1891.    JOHN  HENRY  WILLIAMS  STRINGFELLOW.   Proc- 
ess of  solidifying  liquid  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  the  improvement  in  the  process  of  gelatinizing  or  solidifyine  liquid  hy- 
drocarbons, which  consists  in  first  mixing  with  the  liquid  hydxocarDons  a  pii- 
verized  vegetable  saponifier  and  afterwards  adding  to  and  intimately  mixing  witii 
the  first-named  mixture  a  quantity  of  water. 

641.962'-January  £5,  1900.    BERNHARD  HOFFMANN,    Process  of  solidifying 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  solidif3ring  petroleum  oil.  which  consists  in  mingling.  ai>- 
proximately.  nine  rv'-one  parts,  by  weight,  of  such  oil  with  seven  parts  of  curd  soap. 
and  two  parts  of  stearin,  heating  the  mixture  until  the  soap  and  stearin  are  melted 
and  thoroughly  mixed,  and  then  cooling  and  solidifying  the  same. 

658,988— October  £,  1900.    JOHN  A.  JUST.    Solidified  mineral  oil  and  method  of 

making  same. 

Claims  a  composition  of  matter,  consisting  of  a  mineral  oil  distillate,  thickened 
or  solidified  by  an  aqueous  solution  of  soap,  and  a  substance  insoluble  in  said 
distillate,  and  "forming  with  water  at  ordinary  temperatures  a  tenacious  or  viscid 
solution,  and. 

The  process  of  solidifying  mineral  oil  distillates,  which  consists  in  emulsifying 
such  distillates  by  shaking  a  quantity  thereof  with  a  suitable  quantity  of  a  solu- 
tion of  a  caseinate  and  soap  in  water,  and  in  then  gradually  adding  and  incorpo- 
rating more  of  such  distillates  by  agitation. 


602 


MANUFACTURES. 


7»1,9S9—June  7,  190i.    FRIEDKICH  BOLEG.    Process  of  making  watery  solu- 
tions of  mineral  and  rosin  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  manufacturing  clear  and  permanent  watery  solutions  of 
mineral  and  rosin  oils,  consisting  in  treating  a  mixture  of  a  mineral  oil  and  a 
crude  anhydrous  rosin  oil  with  steam,  boiling  the  mixture  and  adding  1\  ,  sepa- 
rating the  oil  from  the  soap  lye,  and  then  treating  said  oil  with  distilled  water  and 
compressed  air. 

SUBCLASS  23.— BURNING  FLUID. 

IriSS— December  SI,   tS39.    ISAIAH   JENNINGS.    Improved   composition  for 
burning  in  lamps. 

Claims  the  use  and  emplojrment  of  "oil  of  whisky"  with  spirits  of  turpentine, 
alcohol,  or  lamp  oil. 

7^67— September  iJ,,  ISSO.  EPURAIM  HOWE.  Improvement  in  burning  fluids. 
Claims  compounding  rosin  and  the  essential  oil  of  vegetables  or  grain  (when  the 
same  is  produced  by  distillation  of  whisky  or  alcoholic  liquors,  and  thereby  be- 
come a  refuse  article  1  for  the  purjiose  of  making  a  material  from  which  to  make  a 
gas;  also  for  a  burning  fluid. 

9,119— July  13,  ish.    HENRY  M.  PAINE.    Improvement  in  benzole  lights. 

Claims  the  mixture  of  alcohol,  benzole,  and  such  proportions  of  water  as  shall 
render  the  mixture  milky  in  appearance  and  passing  air  through  the  same. 

11,139— July  4,  im.    THOMAS  DRAYTON.    Improvement  in  purifying  oils. 

Purifies  rosin  oil  and  other  oils  by  alcohol. 
lt,eu— Aprils,  ISoS.    HENRY  W.  .\DAMS.     Improvement  infaetitMus  oils. 

Claims  the  use  of  crude  turpentine  in  a  mi.xtiire  made  with  it  and  fixed  oils. 
13,167- March  S,  1S50.    JONATHAN  ORIFIIN.    Improvement  in  burning  fluids. 

Claims  a  series  of  mixtures  of  crude  coal  naphtha,  conl  tar,  gum  turpentine, 
common  wood  tar,  refined  rosin  oil,  rosin  naphtha,  and  benzol. 

es,210— March  8.  1859.    WILLIAM  \\'1LBER.     Improvement  in  burning  fluids. 
Claims  a  fluid  compound  for  burning  in  lamps,  etc.,  made  of  coal  tar,  camphene, 
and  alcohol. 

15^2— September  6,  1859.    N.  A.  DYAR  AND  J.  V.  AUGUSTUS.    Improved 
compound  illuminating  fluid. 
Claims  a  mixture  of  resin  oil,  fusel  oil,  and  alcohol. 

Sl,457— February  19, 18B1.    BENJAMIN  F.HEIi.^RD.    Improvement  inhuming 

fluid  compositions. 

Claims  the  composition  of  fusel  oil,  kerosene,  and  spirits  of  turpentine  and  its 
combination  n1th  a  perfuming  essential  oil. 

S/,,77B— March  So,  1802.    C.  W.  PINKHAM.     Improved  burning  fluid. 

Claims  a  mixture  of  refined  petroietmi,  benzole,  naphtha  or  benzoin  gum  can:- 
phor,  and  essential  oil. 

35,517— June  !0.  ises.    SYLVESTER  LEWIS.    Improved  mode  of  treating  oils 
and  fats  for  rendering  them  more  useful  for  burning  in  lamps,  lubricating  ma- 
chinery, and  other  purposes. 
Claims  the  treatment  of  vegetable  and  animal  oils  and  fats  by  the  use  of  benzole 

or  naphtha  and  annotto  combined. 

38,015—  March  14,  186S.    CHARLES  N.   TYLER.    Improved   composition  for 
burning  fluids. 

Claims  the  compound  produced  by  the  combination  of  the  mineral  or  earthy 
oils  with  fusel  oil. 

43,158— June  14,  1864.    SYLVESTER  LEWIS.     Treating  oiU  and  fats  to  form 

compositions  for  illuminating  and  other  purposes 

Claims  the  treatment  of  oieine  expressed  from  fats  and  oils  with  benzine,  ben- 
zole, or  naphtha. 

46.987— March  !8,  1885.    THOM-^S  J.  BARRON.    Improved  mode  of  preparing 

inflammable  liquids  so  as  to  prevent  acndents. 

Claims  giving  to  explosive  and  inflammable  oiis  and  fluids  used  for  illiuninatlng 
and  other  purposes  a  bright  distinct  color  to  plainly  distinguish  them  from  other 
oils  and  fluids. 

53,574— February  13, 1868.    JOHN  J.\NN.     Improved  burning  fluid. 

Claims  the  combination  of  benzine,  8ww;t  and  linseed  oil. 
53,709— April  3.  1860.    AARON  C.  VAUGHAN.     Improoed  burning  fluid. 

Claims  a  b'lming  fluid  composed  of  benzine  treated  with  resin  and  mixed  with 
ordinary  iiluniinating  oil. 

54,'M'J— April  17,  1868.    WILLIAM  CORFIELD.     Improvement  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  burning  fluid. 

Claims  causing  the  alcoholic  vapors  from  a  still  to  pass  through  spirits  of  tur- 
pentine, or  to  unite  with  the  vapors  of  the  same. 

S4,0ei—Avril  17,  1866.    WILLIAM  CORFIELD.     Improvement  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  burning  fluid. 
Claims  mixing  spirits  of  turpentine  with  fermented  preparations  of  grain,  or 

Other  matiitlals  used  in  the  mnniifnrturo  of  alcohol,  and  distilling  the  mlxtum. 

S4,i95-Mau  8,  1806.     HORATIO   B.   BUACE   AND   WILLIA.M  T.  SWART. 

Improrrd  compound  burning  fluid  for  iltuminiition. 

Ciiilmii  burning  fluid  for  llluininatlne  purposes  composed  of  benzine,  naphtha, 
orgiisollne.cHrhonnteof  potassn,  sulphate  of  alumina,  muriate  of  soda,  guir.  ho.i- 
zoln,  gum  camphor,  spirits  of  niter. 

UM'-June  16,  18m.    DAVID  MANSFIELD.     In,proved  burning  fluid. 

Claims  ft  burning  fluid  for  Illiuninatlng  purposes  which  la  composed  o(  alcohol, 
naphtha,  while  oak  hark,  alkanet  root,  sllpimry  elm,  gum  camphor,  sultnctcr, 
and  rock  salt. 

C7.09.',-A  uguil  14,  1800.    J  A.M  F,8  P.  CROSS.     Improved  burning  fluid. 

Claims  the  comhinntlon  of  gasoline,  70«  or  71»  gravity;  gum  ollbanum,  oascarilltt 
bark  lichen. 

I7,3m-Auguiltl,  mo.    E.  D.  8FELV.    Improved  burning  fluiit. 

Claims  the  compound  conslitlng  of  naphtha  ot  about  C.'i»  gravity,  white  oak 
bark,  alkanot  wood,  cornmon  salt,  and  cyanide  of  potris!*lum. 

tT,7V-3eplembfr4,  1860.    JOHN  J  ANN.     Improved  burning  fluid. 
CUImi  tbo  combination  ot  benzine,  (west  oil,  and  oli  ot  vitriol. 


57,749— September 4, 1866.    G.  H.  MELLEN  AND  J.  C.  HAZELTON.     Improved 
burning  fluid. 

Claims  an  illuminating  oil  composed  of  naphtha  fG.".»; ,  carbonate  of  soda,  oil  of 
sassafras,  alum,  gum  camphor,  ground  slippery  elm,  hydrate  of  lime,  and  essence 
of  tar. 

58,180- September  IS,  1S06.    JOHN  B.  SCOTT.     Improved  burning  fluid. 

Claims  the  use  of  naphtha,  potatoes,  lime,  soda,  and  curcuma. 
58,905— October  16,  1806.    GEORGE  W.  SPANGLE.    Improved  burning  fluid. 

Claiiis  the  method  for  rendering  any  of  the  products  obtained  from  petroleum 
unexplosive  .and  safe  as  a  burning  fluid  by  the  use  of  sal  soda  and  cream  of  tartar. 

60,559— December  18, 1806.    WILI/IA.M  B.  ROGERS.     Improved  burning  fluid. 
Claims  a  burning  and  carbonizing  fluid  which  is  composed  of  crude  petroleum, 

fasoline,  benzine,  benzole  or  naphtha,  caustic  soda,  or  other  suitable  alkali,  alimi, 
De  salt,  and  manganese. 

63,C20—  March  26,  1867.    HENRY  C.  DE  WITT.     Improved  burning  oil. 

Claims  the  mixture  fonned  from  and  by  action  of  gasoline,  powdered  alum,  cut 
pot.itoes,  carbon  oil,  alcohol,  gum  camphor,  oil  of  sassafras,  acetic  pota.sh,  and 
sal  soda. 

63,777— ApHl  9, 18S7.    ISAAC  B.  WIOGIN.    Improved  burning  fluid. 

Claims  the  incorporation  of  microcosmic  salt  with  the  compound  of  naphtha, 
kerosene  oil,  gum  camphor,  gum  turpentine,  OH  lemons,  and  oil  cloves,  reference 
being  had  to  the  use  of  denser  materials  both  in  the  composition  of  the  hydrocar- 
bons and  the  microcosmic  salt,  so  as  to  make  a  fluid  that  can  be  burned  in  any 
kirid  of  lamp  without  smoke,  bad  odor,  or  danger  froni  explosion. 

66,S6i—July  t,  1867.    WILLIAM  R.  LOOMIS,  NELSON  WELLS,  HARMON 
HITCHCOCK,  AND  SAMUEL  G.  STRYKER.    Improved  burning  fluid. 
Claims  the  manufacture  of  a  burning  fluid  (crystalUzed  oil)  made  by  adding  to 

forty  gallons  of  naphtha,  two  pounds  of  alum,  two  pounds  of  common  salt,  one 

pound  potash,  and  four  ounces  camphor  gimi,  flnelv  pulverized, 'and  half  a  pint  of 

spirits  of  niter. 

74,7.^6- Februarij  25,  1868.    GEORGE  W.  FLOWERS,  JACOB  C.  IIAPPER- 
SETT,  AND  DANIEL  W.  H A  PPERSETT.    Improved  burning  fluid. 
Claims  the  fluid  prepared  of  gasoline,  chloride  of  sodium,  iodine,  and  quicklime. 
75,147— March  S,  1868.    D.4VID  W.  FOWLEK.     Improved  illuminating  oil. 

Claims  the  combination  of  naphtha,  cupri  sulphas,  zincl  oxidiun,  alununa  sul- 
phas et  potassium,  potassium  chloras,  camphora,  aqua  fortis. 

8S,151—September  15, 1808.    JOHN  E.  NOYES.    Improved  illuminating  oil. 

Claims  the  burning  fluid  composed  of  coal  oil.  oil  of  rhodium,  oil  of  origanum, 
salts  of  tartar.  Rock  Island  salt,  and  common  clay,  which  is  then  filtered. 

9S,SS8-Januarii  IS,  1870.    JOSEPH  PHIUPPS.     Improved  mode  of  producing 

light  by  the  combinntion  of  solid  and  liquid  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  the  incorporation  of  one  or  several  of  the  solid  products  of  the  distilla- 
tion of  wood  or  carlionifcrous  l^odies  belonging  to  the  coal  series  into  one  or  sev- 
eral of  the  liquid  products  of  the  same,  or  their  incorporation  into  naphtha, 
petroleum,  or  their  distillates,  so  as  to  have  highly  carbureted  compounds,  and 
the  comlinstion  of  these  compounds  bv  means  of  oxygen,  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
ducing light. 

110,054— December  13, 

benzine. 

Claims  the  process  for  purifying  Ijonzine  for  illuminating  purposes  by  the  use  ot 
hydratcd  sesquioxide  of  iron,  hydrate  of  Ume,  chloride  of  barium,  carbonate  of 
soda,  and  paraffine. 

146,778— January  27, 1874.    ALONZO  W.  PORTER.     Improvement  in  the  methods 
of  preparing  and  putting  up  illuminating  oils  so  as  to  mark  their  quality. 
Claims  as  new  articles  of  manufacture,  iliundnating  oils  so  colored  as  to  distin- 
guish and  mark  tbe  dillerent  grades  or  gravities  of  llio  safe  or  nonexplosive  oils. 

.138,867- March  15,  1881.    HENRY  V.  P.  DRAPER.     Petroleum  illuminating  oil. 

The  aim  and  effect  of  this  improvement  are  to  elevato  the  temperature  at  which 
petroleum  illuminating  oils  give  off  e.xplosive  vapors  and  to  raise  what  is  termed 
the  "  burning  point"  of  such  oiis;  and  tne  inventor  claims — 

The  herein  described  compound  consists  of  petroleum.  Illuminating  oU,  and 
chloroform. 

250,SS0-December  13,1881.    WILBER  R.  MEEDS.    Lantern  oa. 

Claims  a  lantern  oil  composed  of  one  gallon  lard  oil,  one  gallon  sperm  burning 
oil,  three  and  tlu-ee-fourth  pounds  strained  tallow,  and  one-half  pint  turpontUie. 

xe,8S9— October  31,1882.    WILUEK  R.  .MEEDS.    Lantern  oil. 

Claims  In  the  manufacture  of  lantern  or  signal  oils  tlio  compound  consisting  In 
the  ndnilxtiin%  with  a  compound  competed  of  conunercial  lard  oil,  commercial 
illuminating  oil  that  is,  a  mixture  of  lard  oil  and  kerosian'  nf  .jmo  fire  trst,  and 
turjientlnc.in  tin*  proportions  set  forth, of  a  quantity  of  n;linr.i  tallow  oil  equal  in 
bulk  or  volume  to  one-half  the  volume  of  the  coniniercial  lard  oil  (irrespective  of 
the  lard  oil  contained  in  the  commercial  illuminating  oil). 

t84,811— September  II,  1883.    HOW  ARD  R.  BURK.     Coloring  kerosene  oil. 

Claims  the  method  of  coloring  kerosene,  which  consists  In  coloring  a  substance 
soluble  In  or  capable  of  being  thoroughly  mixed  with  kerosene,  and  then  dissolving 
or  mixing  the  said  substance  or  vehicle"  in  the  kerosene. 

S0.i,390-Seplemher  2,  18.s;.    ROBERT  A.  WILLIAMS  AND  JOHN  BRAGG 

A  pparatus  for  coloring  oil. 

i:iiiiins  in  a  device  or  apparatus  forcolorlng  oil,  a  funnel  having  therein  acom- 
partmenl  or  chamber  provided  with  a  foraminous  bottom  and  pcrloratod  cover, 
and  oil  s|iaee  formed  bclM  wii  the  sides  of  the  funnel  and  the  partition  ot  the  cham- 
ber containing  the  coloring  iTiaterial. 

313,795-  March  10,  1886.    AIJOL'ST  F.  ZIMMERLINO.    Oas  fluid. 

Claims  a  gas  lltild  compound  of  fusel  oil, carbon  oil,  consisting  of  petroleum  dis- 
tillate at  a  gravity  of  about  710  Haunn^,  and  wood  naphtha. 

340,522— April  20   I8S<I.    JAMES  ROOTS.    Process  of  preparing  burning  oil  for 

tamps  anil  resulting  product. 

Claims  the  process  ot  Improving  the  illuminating  quality  ot  hydrocarbon  fliii  Is 
for  burning  In  the  ordinary  way  In  ordinary  lamps,  consisting  in  dissolving  in 
such  fluids  napbtlinlene  in  proportion  of  troni,  say  S  to  U)  percent,  according  Lo 
the  volatility  ot  the  fluid 


1870.    GEORGE  LUPTON.     Improvement  in  purifying 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


603 


$H,8H~JanuaTy  16,  1894-    ALONZO  NOTEMAN.    Fuel  oil. 

Claims  as  a  now  article  of  manufacttiro  a  hydrocarbon  oil  impregnated  with  an 
agoiit  rich  in  oxygon.  The  gas  employed  may  be  pure  oxygen,  nitrous  oxide, 
carbon  dioxide,  etc 

667,m— March  51, 1896.    ALBERT  JOANNES  TEMPERE.    Proceta  of  deodor- 
izing petroleum  and  products  thereof. 
Claims  tho  process  of  treating  petroleum  for  the  purpose  of  deodorizing  the  same, 

whicli  consists  in  adding  araylacctato  thereto. 

6 ic.SSS— December   S7,    1898.    EMIL    GUMPOLDT.    Burning    compound   and 

viethod  of  compouTuiivg  same. 

Claims  a  burning  compound  produced  by  the  addition  of  grain  soap  to  a  burning 
fluid  heated  to  or  about  the  boiling  point,  agitating  the  emulsion  thus  formed, 
and  adding  shellac  and  allowing  the  resulting  compound  to  cool  and  harden  to  a 
substantially  solid  form,  the  said  ingredients  bein^in  the  proportions  substan- 
tially as  set'forth. 

6S1,S38— March  SI,  1899.    HEINRICH  HEMPEL.    Process  ofjnoducing  carbon- 
aceous agents  for  enriching  spirits. 

Claims  a  process  for  producing  a  carbonaceous  agent  for  enriching  alcohol, 
which  consists  in  mixing  about  five  parts  by  weight  of  finely  powdered  naphtha- 
lene with  about  six  parts  by  weight  of  an  aqueous  solution  of  sulphuric  acid, 
gradually  heating  the  mixture  to  about  lilO°  Centigrade  and  retaining  it  at  this 
temperature  for  "about  ten  hours,  allowing  the  mixture  to  cool,  dissolving  the 
result  In  water,  distilling  at  1'2(P  to  IW  ('ciitigrade,  redistilling  the  products  of 
distillation  at  a  lower  tc:nporature.  as  Hpcfificd,  mixing  the  result  with  from  two 
to  six  parts  by  weight  of  a  volatile  oil  rich  in  carbon  of  the  kind  specified  and 
adding  the  mixture  to  alcohol. 

621,411— March  31, 1899.    HEINRICH  HEMPEL.    Process  of  producing  luminous 

spirits. 

Claims  a  process  for  producing  means  for  enriching  alcohol  with  carbon,  which 
consists  in  dissolving  one  part  by  wright  of  a  hydrocarbon  rich  in  carbon,  such 
as  naphthalene,  in  from  three  to  six  parts  by  wciglit  nf  oil  of  turpentine,  agitating 
the  mixture  and  distilling  at  the  tompprature  sppcified,  heating  the  product  to 
boiling  point  and  stirring  the  same  and  fuuiUy  adding  to  alcohol. 

666,010— January  15, 1901      HEINRICH  HELBING  AND  FRANCIS  WILLIAM 

PASSMORE.     Thickening  or  solidifying  mineral  oils. 

Claims  the  method  or  process  of  thickening  or  solidifying  a  petroleum  oil,  which 
consists  in  treating  the  same  with  sodium  salt  of  casuin  in  aqueous  solution  and 
then  hardening  by  means  of  formic  aldehyde. 

695,1SS— March  11,  1902.     GEORGE  EDWARD  JAMES  STREET.     Illuminat- 
ing compound. 
Claims  an  illuminating  compound  for  fairy  lamps,  bucliet  lamps,  or  lamps  for 

ornamental  illumination,  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  lard  oil,  neat's-foot  oil,  and 

camphor. 

718,318— January  IS,  190S.    AUGUST  H.  CRONEMEYER.    Process  of  solidify- 
ing volatile  hydrocarbons  and  alcohol  and  products  thereof. 
Claims  a  product  formed  of  one  part  sodium  hydrate,  one  and  one-half  parts 

water,  five  parts  alcohol,  five  par^s  stearin,  two'and  one-half  parts  colophony, 

and  fifty  parts  of  on  inflammable  hydrocarbon. 

SUBCLASS  24.— PARAFFIN. 

8,8SS— March  SS,   1S5?.     JAMES  YOUNG.     Improvements   in  the  treatment  of 
certain  bituminous  mineral  substances  and  in  obtaining  products  therefrom. 
Claims  the  obtaining  of  paraffine  oil  or  an  oil  containing  paraffine  and  paraffine 

from  bituminous  coals  by  the  distillation  of  the  bituminous  material  and  the 

treatment  of  the  distillates  by  sulphuric  acid  and  then  with  caustic  soda  and  the 

fractiohing  of  the  distillate  by  subsequent  distillation. 

6S,S8S— January  30,  1866.    H.  P.  GENGEMBRE      Improved  process  for  extract-' 

ingoils,  etc.,  from  minerals. 

Claims  extracting  oils,  paraflines,  or  bitumens  from  minerals  containing  the 
same  by  submitting  said  minerals  to  the  action  of  light  liquid  hydrocarbons  in  a 
liquid  state  or  in  vapor  for  the  purpose  of  dissolving  the  oils,  paraffine,  or  bitumen 
therein  contained. 

61,91,6- February  IS,  1867.    J.  B.  MERIAM.    Improved  apparatus  for  extracting 

paraffine,  etc.,  from  oil. 

Claims  a  special  form  of  refrigerator  and  press  by  which  to  express  the  oil  from 
the  mass  while  chiUed. 

e6,S76—May  S8,  1867.    JOHN  E.  RICHARDSON.     Improved  process  of  chilling 

oils  and  fats. 

Claims  the  method  of  chilling  oil.  so  that  the  ice  is  brought  in  direct  contact  with 
the  lard. 

93,739— August  17, 1869.   C.CHAUNCEY  PARSONS.    Improved  process  for  puH- 

fying  paraffine. 

Claims  melting  the  paraffine  with  naphtha  and  cooUng  the  same  while  continu- 
ally agitating  it. 

tOS,135—Aprill9,  1870.    FREDERICK  LAMBE.    Improvement  in  treating  par- 
affine and  obtaining  it  in  crystals. 

This  invention  relates  to  a  novel  mode  of  treating  and  purifying  paraffine  in  the 
condition  of  loose  erysltils,  the  object  being  to  expedite  and  economize  the  opera- 
tions of  separating  the  crystals  from  the  fluid  witli  which  they  may  be  naturally 
or  otherwise  associated  and  of  washing  and  drying  the  crystals. 

To  this  end  the  mixture  of  paraffine  and  oil  is  submitted  to  the  action  of  a 
centrifugal  apparatus  acting  on  the  principle  of  what  is  kno\vn  as  the  hydro- 
extractor,  by  which  means  the  solid  paraffim^  is  separated  from  the  oil,  the  paraf- 
fine being  retained  within  the  apparatus  and  1  tn'  liquid  or  oil  passing  away  through 
the  pervious  sides  of  the  same  m  obedience  to  the  centrifugal  law. 

i0£,135— April  19,  1870:  reissue  4,397— May  £S,  1871.    FREDERICK  LAMBE. 

Improvement  in  processes  and  apparatus  for  purifying  paraffine  and  other 

substances. 

Claims  in  combination  with  a  centrifugal  extractor  the  employment  of  a  close 
cistern  or  jacket  whereby  such  apparatus  is  adapted  for  use  in  washing  and 
drying  crystals  of  paraffine  or  other  substances  or  materials  which  have  been 
treated  with  hydrocarbon  or  volatile  solvents. 

IIS.S.^^— August  SS,  1S71.    RICHARD  GAQGIN.    Improvement  in  processes  for 

deodorizing  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  pure,  dry  chlorine  gas,  either  with  or  without  atmospheric  air,  as  a  deo- 
dorizer of  paraffine,  Icerosene,  and  other  like  oils. 


Improvement  in  separating 


lS9.463—July  16.  ms.  SAMUEL  H.  CROCKER.  Improvement  in  the  purifier 
tion  of  paraffine. 

Claims  in  the  process  of  purifying  paraffine,  subjecting  the  paraffine  to  the 
action  of  benzine  or  other  like  hydrr.carbon  at  a  temperature  carried  artificially 
above  the  melting  point  of  the  paraffine  f  say  80°  or  00"  Fahrenheit)  and  continu- 
ing them  in  solution  at  about  the  temperature  stated  till  the  benzine  has  taken 
up  all  the  Impurities  o'  which.lt  is  capable  and  then  prea-ing  the  paralfino  in  A 
warm  hath. 

13IJS7  — September  3,  mS.  HEINRICH  UJKELY  AND  CHRISTIAN 
BEURLE.  Improvement  in  treating  bituminous  materials  for  the  manufacture 
of  cerasine  or  wax. 

Claims  a  product  which  Is  termed  "  cerasine  "  and  which  is  obtained  by  treating 
ozocerite,  asphaltum,  mineral  pitch,  or  other  equivalent  materials. 

13S, 353— October  $B.  1872,    FRANCIS  X.  BYERLEY.    Improvement  in  purifying 

paraffine. 

Claims  the  improved  pror-ess  of  obtaining  or  separating  paraffine  wax  f-om  the 
oil  by  the  a^;tion  of  a  pump  connected  with  the  receiver  in  which  the  paraffine 
is  placed  at  a  point  below  the  perforated  false  bottom. 

!SS,Sfi3— October  SS.  me:  reissue7,659~ March  SO,  1877  FRANCIS  X.  BYERLEY. 
Improvement  in  processes  of  purifying  paraffine  wax. 

Claims  the  process  of  separating  paraffine  wax  from  the  oil,  which  consists  in 
removing  the  latter  from  a  chilled  mass  of  the  paraffinized  material  by  acontinu- 
ous  direct  exhaust  or  suction  action. 

133,04s— November  IS,  187S.    ROBERT  M.  LETCHFORD  AND  WILLIAM  B. 

N.\TION.    Improvement  in  the  treatment  and  purification  of  paraffine. 

Claims  the  treatment  of  paraffine  with  water  in  such  manner  as  to  wash  out  or 
remove  the  softer,  more  fusible,  and  impure  parts,  leaving  the  harder  and  purer 
paralhne  in  its  originaJ  solid  form. 

164,672— June  S2,  1875.    FRANCIS  X.  BYERLEY.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  purifying  paraffine,  etc. 

Claims  the  method  of  purifying  and  crystallizing  paraffine  and  the  like,  consist- 
ing in  crystallizing  the  substance  in  closed  cylinders  by  heat  or  cold  and  straining 
off  the  waste,  then  purifying  such  crystallized  substance  in  a  receiver  having  a 
filter  bottom,  with  the  proper  solvents. 

m,S47—May   16,   1876.    JOSEPH   B.   i^ERIAM. 

paraffine  from  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  separating  paraffine  from  hydrocarbon  oils,  the  same 
consisting  in  first  placing  a  mass  of  paraffine  scales  on  a  rigid  screen  secured  within 
a  proper  receptacle  and  then  forcing  chilled  hydrocarbon  oil  through  said  mass, 
the  strata  of  paraffine  scales  that  accumulates  on  said  mass  being  removed  from 
time  to  time. 

181.814— Sept  ember  0. 1876.    FRANK  Q.  BARSTOW.    Improvement  inapparatu$ 

for  purifying  paraffine. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  purifying  paraffine  wax  or  other  analogous  sub- 
stances, the  comoination  of  a  closed  receptacle  or  vessel  having  a  iwrforated 
bottom  for  supporting  the  substance  to  be  operated  upon,  with  a  pipe  for  admit- 
ting the  purifying  element  and  pipe  for  the  admission  of  compressed  air  to  the 
chamber  above  the  perforated  bottom. 

186,951— February  6,  1S77.    CARL  MARIA  PIELSTICKER.    Improvement  in 

processes  for  refining  crude  ozocerite. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  crude  ozocerite  by  melting  in  an  agitator,  then 
adding  sulphuric  acid,  agitating,  and,  when  a  drawn  sample,  freed  from  impuri- 
ties, presents  a  yellow  color,  drawing  off  the  impurities  and  washing  the  ozocerite 
repeatedly  with  hot  water,  allowing  it  again  to  settle,  and  then  agitating  with 
carbonate  of  baryta  and  caustic  soda;  when  sufficiently  agitated  drawing  oti  the 
spent  chemicals  and  adding  to  the  ozoc-erite  a  saponifiable  oQ  or  fat,  rosin,  tur- 
pentine, or  soap,  and  caustic  soda,  agitating,  allowing  to  settle,  drawing  off 
impurities,  washing  repeatedly  in  hot  water,  allowing  to  rest,  and,  when  the 
ozocerite  is  of  a  fight  yellow  color,  filtering  it  through  animal  charcoal,  so  as  to 
obtain  a  whitish  wax-like  material  suitable  for  simUar  purposes  for  which  bees- 
wax, paraffin,  and  stearin  are  now  in  use. 

SI l,76S— January  £8,  1879.    THOMAS  MARRIN.    Improvement  in  purification 

of  paraffine  oils. 

Claims  in  the  art  of  obtaining  paraffine  wax,  clarifying  the  paraffine  oil  before 
congelation  with  sludge  acid,  by  mixing  and  agitating  the  two,  decanting  the 
paraffine,  washing  it  with  warm  water,  and  neutralizing  any  residuary  acid  with 
alkali. 

£15,471— May   SO,    1879.    FRANCIS  MARION  McMILLAN.    Improvement   in 

processes  for  freezing  and  prcs.^ing  paraffine  oil. 

Claims  the  process  of  separnting  lubricating  oil  and  refined  paraffine  contained 
in  the  product  of  crude  paralilne  distillate  of  petroleum  in  one  continued  process, 
by  subjecting  .-iuid  produc^t  to  a  freezing  temperature,  and  while  in  this  state 
applying  a  sufficient  degree  of  pressure,  by  means  of  condensed  air  forced  into 
the  chamber  containing  the  material,  to  force  the  oil  from  the  paraffine  through 
a  filtering  diaphragm. 

SSS, 549— January  13,1880.  WILLIAM  M.SLOANE  AND  ROBERT  M.POT- 
TER. Process  and  apparatus  for  manufacturing  paraffine  wax. 
Claims  the  process  of  purifying,  cleaning,  and  refining  paraffine  wax  and  other 
wax  or  fatty  matters,  consisting  in  introducing  the  wax  or  fatty  matter  and 
naphtha  into  a  cylinder,  heating  the  same  by  means  which  do  not  allow  the  con- 
tact of  the  heating  agent  with  the  wax  or  fatty  matter  and  naphtha,  agitating 
the  said  wax  or  fatty  matter  and  naphtha  until  thoroughly  combined,  then  pass- 
ing the  compound  into  a  filter  without  allowing  it  to  cool,  keeping  it  heated  as 
it  passes  through  the  filter,  und  subsequently  separating  the  wax  or  fatty  matter 
from  the  remainder  of  the  compound. 

S35, 057— November  SO,  1880.    WILLIAM  M.  SLOANE  AND  WILLIAM  BELL. 

Process  of  refining  paraffine  wax. 

Claims  the  process  of  purif\-ing,  cleaning,  and  refining  paraffine  wax,  other 
waxes,  fatty  matters,  rosins,  and  gums,  consisting  in  forming  a  solution  thereof, 
with  naphtha  or  other  solvent,  through  he-at  and  agitation,  subsequently  cooling 
and  congealing  the  same,  next  subjecting  the  same  to  pressure  and  then  filtering, 
keeping  the  mass  heated  during  the  filtering. 

g4S,554-^June   7,   1881.    HERMAN  NEAHOUS.    Press  for   treating   paraffine 

oils. 

Claims  in  a  press  for  treating  paraffine  oils,  an  oil  receptacle  or  press  box  having 
suitable  discharge  pipes,  in  combination  with  a  stationary  wax  filter  attached 
to  and  forming  part  of  one  of  the  heads  of  the  press,  and  a  movable  wax  filter 
attached  to  and  forming  part  of  the  press  plunger. 


604 


MANUFACTURES. 


XU,4Sl~July  19,  ]88t.    FRANCIS  X.  BYERLEY.    Apparatus  for  and  process 

of  treating  paraffine. 

Claims  the  improved  process  of  treating  paraffine  by  one  continuous  operation, 
consisting  in  reducing  the  paraffinized  oil  to  a  frigid  mass  in  a  receiver,  and  then 
discharging  it  into  a  percolator,  and  while  therein  and  in  motion  subjecting  the 
mass  in  detail  to  the  action  of  a  solvent  for  the  separation  of  the  oil  from  the 
paraffine  duringits  passage  through  the  said  percolator,  assisted  in  its  separation 
by  the  action  of  a  pump  or  vacuum  for  drawing  off  the  free  oil  and  solvent. 

S4S. 7 35— October  S5,  1881.    DANIEL  T.  GRAY.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for 

purifying  wax,  fats,  or  resins. 

Claims  the  improvement  in'the  process  of  purifying  wax  or  equivalent  material, 
consisting  in  causing  a  stream  of  wax,  while  in  a  fluid  or  melted  state,  and  a 
stream  of  naphtha  or  other  solvent  to  flow  together,  and  thus  form  an  intimate 
mixture  or  solution,  and  thence  pass  through,  a  filter. 

io0,53i— December  6,  1881.    DANIEL  T.  GRAY.    Process  of  and  machinery  for 

refining  and  purifying  paraffine  and  other  waxy  materials. 

Claims  the  process  for  purifying  and  refining  paraffine  and  other  waxy  mat- 
ters, consisting,  essentially, in  subjecting  the  crude  wax  to  a  solvent  and  heated 
air, underpressure,  in  a  closed  vessel, passing  the  mixture  through  a  filter  pro- 
vided with  a  heating  jacket,  to  remove  theearthvmatters.  then  freezing  the  wax 
in  a  closed  chamber,  then  compressing  it  to  remove  the  solvent,  and  then  again 
melting  it  by  steam  or  hot  air  to  drive  off  all  traces  of  the  solvent. 

£66,929~October  51,  18S2.    HENRY  WARDEN.     FiUeHng  petroleum  distillates 
for  the  separation  of  paraffine. 

Claims  the  process  of  first  cooling  petroleum  distillate  and  then  maintaining 
it  in  a  cooled  condition  while  it  is  being  press  filtered. 

Se7, 7 52— November    SI,    1883.    SOLOMON  W.  KIRK.    Separating    wax   from 
paraffine  oil. 

Claims  the  improvement  in  the  art  of  separating  wax  from  paraffine  oil,  whicli 
consists  in  the  addition  of  paraffine  wax  to  the  crude  paraffine  distillate  of  petro- 
leum. 

iSlr^l—July  17,  188S.    DANIEL  T.  GRAY.     Filtering  apparatus  for  purifying 
paraffine,  etc. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  one  or  more  filter  boxes  constructed  to  admit 
air  at  the  top,  and  a  receiving  tank  for  the  filtrate,  of  a  pipe,  or  passage  for  the 
removal  of  air  and  vapor  from  the  tank,  and  aneducting  steam  jet  connected 
with  said  pipe  or  passage  and  discharging  outwardly  therein,  whereby  a  partial 
vacuum  may  be  maintained  in  the  receiving  tank. 

$84,437September  4,  1883.    EDWARD  D.  KENDALL.    Process  of  and  appa- 
ratus for  preparing  petroleum  jelly. 

Claims  the  method  of  producing  a  substance  from  petroleum  residues  resem- 
bling somewhat  the  material  known  as"petroleum  jelly,"  and  which  process 
consists  of  the  following  steps:  First,  heating  the  said  residues  to  nearly  the 
boiling  point  of  alcohol,  or  to  a  temperature  of  about  170  degrees,  if  the  alcohol 
has  a  specific  gravity  of  0.S16,  and  simultaneously  heating  a  larger  volume  of 
alcohol  to  substantially  the  same  temperature;  second,  thoroughly  commingling 
the  said  heated  residues  and  alcohol  by  mechanical  agitation:  third,  subjecting 
thesubstances  thus  combined  to  the  action  of  gra\-ity  and  dilTerenres  of  tempera- 
ture for  the  purpose  of  separating  the  insoluble  elements  from  the  hot  alcoholic 
solution;  and,  fourth,  drawing  off  the  alcoholic  solution  into  a  settling  and  cooUng 
tank,  where,  during  the  operation  of  cooling,  the  alcohol  ri'-es  to  the  surface  and 
is  drawn  ofl,  to  be  returned  to  the  original  circulation,  while  the  jelly  is  left  in 
the  cooling  and  settling  tanks. 

S97,766~-Apnl  S9,  I884.    JEAN  CHARLES  OCTAVE  CHEMIN.    Process  of 

preparing  ozocerite  and  other  solid  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  the  method  of  treating  or  preparing  ozocerite  and  other  similar  hydro- 
carbons, which  consists  in  first  removing  the  earthy  insoluble  impurities  by  the 
means  substantially  as  dc-^rit'cd,  then  heating  the' thus  purified  substance  in  a 
retort  in  connection  with  sulphur  in  about  the  proportion  specified,  and  sub- 
mitting the  same  to  the  action  of  superheated  steam  m  the  retort  until  it  distills 
over. 

SOe, ess— October  /;,  I884.    ROLLIN  H.  SMITH.    Process  of  extracting  paraffine 

from  oils  by  filter  press. 

Claims  extracting  paraffine  or  solid  substances  from  oils  or  other  Liquids  by  a 
series  of  filter  plates  so  arranged  in  a  frame  that  the  flexible  rims  of  such  plates, 
coming  together,  form  a  tight  joint  and  an  inner  receptacle  between  the  web  of 
the  plates  for  the  deposit  of  the  solid  substances. 

S47,SH8- August  10,  1886.    FRANCIS  X.  BYERLEY.    Purifying  paraffine  and 
extracting  oil  from  oleaginous  materials. 

Claims  the  method  o(  treating  materials  containing  bodies  of  different  fusibility 
by  forcing  through  the  same  gas  or  vapor  heated  to  or  uIjovo  the  melting  or 
liquefying  point  of  the  softer  port  ions,  ami  delow  that  of  the  harder  port lon.s,  and 
withdrawing  the  liquefied  from  the  solid  portions. 

Se9,002''September  IS,  1887.     GEORGE  AAB  AND  SANFORD  K.  CAM  I'BKLL. 

Method  of  extracting  paraffine  or  other  bodies  from  petroleum. 

Claims  the  method  of  extracting  paraffme  or  other  bodies  from  jwlroleum, 
which  coD.sIsts  in  forcing  the  petroleum  through  a  cloth  previously  coated  or 
Impregnated  with  paralllne,  whercbv  the  parulftnc  or  other  solids  contained 
within  the  oil  will  Ix;  Ecparuted  therefrom. 

SS7.S67-Auffust  7,  IHHH,     MOSES  S.  HIGBIE  AND  ALBERT  W.  DOUGH- 
ERTY.   Atphaltum  compound  and  process  of  making  the  same. 
Claims  the  pr'ness  of  rr-flning  af«i>hiiltum,  which  consists  in  adding  it  in  small 

qn)iiirl'i<-    fr..m  lime  to  time  to  a  Imth  of  melted  paralllnc  wax  and  mineral  oil 

tti  '  It  to  heat  sullk'lcut  to  melt  it  and  to  volatlliico  certain  impurities 

tti.  "I 

Sh  '-^S.    MOSES  S.  niGBlE  AND  ALBERT  W.   DOUOH- 

1  -'mpound  and  process  of  making  the  same. 

'  '  I  hjirdening  bitumen,  conslnting  in  melting  It  with  paraffine 

wax  .ifi  1    u  . /.  Hi,:  f  ho  Hume  to  heat  to  remove  the  volatile  imparl  tlo!4. 

400,0^— March  BC,  1880.    JOHN  E.  BICKNELL.    Process  of  purifying  paraffine 


en' 
h'-  ' 

ftlr 
p  r 
Of  t 


r  rcHnlnga  Hubstaniti.  having  portlonanfdilTcr- 
r  In  forclnr;  up  through  the  suliNliinii'  a  fluid 

' '     *  »';'■  Nofter  porllonN  of  thr  ■ubj*tancc, 

■  .  ttien  gnidijiilly  wlth'truwlng  a 
MltllrIl'(>||^«|y  (If)jillng  r)lT  11  p(»r(Jon 

ctrature,  iind  gniduiilly  int  rodudng 

iiiwn  and  fon-jiig  il  iigiiln  IhniiiKli  thi> 
'  1  lu  have  nconfttunt  circulation  through 


m,04S— March  96.  1889.    JOHN  E.  BICKNELL.    Process  of  purifying  paraffine 
wax. 

Claims  a  process  of  purifying  or  refining  a  substance— such  as  parathne  or  other 
like  substance  containiug  portions  respectively  of  different  points  of  fusibility— 
the  same  consisting  in  reducing  the  substance  to  a  finelv  divided  condition  and 
then  passing  through  said  substance  a  fiuid  having  a  temperature  substantially 
equal  to  or  above  the  liquefying  point  of  the  softer  portion  of  said  substance  and 
below  the  li<iucf>'ing  point  of  the  harder  portion  of  said  substance,  and  removing 
the  liquefied  portion  from  the  solid  portion  of  said  substance. 

490,199— January  17, 1893.    NORMAN  MACFARLANE  HENDERSON.     Treat- 
ing or  purifying  paraffine  wax  and  apparatus  therefor. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  treating  or  purifying  paraffine  wax,  the  combination 
of  a  chamber  having  longitudinal  and  transverse  heating  pipes,  metal  trays  car- 
ried by  the  transverse  pipes,  strainers  consisting  of  frames  carrying  longitudinal 
and  transverse  wires  and  fine  wire  gauze  on  the  wires  supported'at  a  small  height 
above  the  bottom  of  the  trays,  the  said  trays  provided  with  outlets  below  the 
said  strainers,  and  overflow  ducts  from  one  tray  to  the  next  lower  one,  \\ith 
swiveling  nozzles  communicating  with  the  said  outlets,  gearing  for  simultaneously 
turning  each  set  of  nozzles  and  hoppers  into  which  the  nozzles  discharge. 

558,358— April  I4,  1896.     WILLIAM  P.  COWAN.    Apparatus  for  treating  paraf- 
fine wax,  etc. 

Claims  the  method  of  treating  a  mass  of  material  of  the  nature  described,  to 
subject  it  progressively  to  different  temperatures  for  the  purpose  set  forth,  which 
consists  in  pouring  the  mass  in  a  melted  condition  into  a  receptacle  provided  with 
numerous  fluid  current  conveying  tubes,  wliich  are  thereby  embedded  in  the  mass, 
passing  through  the  tubes  a  cooling  fluid  and  thus  producing  an  approximate 
solidification  of  the  mass,  then  passing  through  the  tubes  heating  fiuid  currents 
of  progressively  higher  temperature,  and  withdrawing  from  the  mass  and  collect- 
ing the  material  as  it  melts. 

653,335— July  10,  1900.  ALANSON  McD.  GRAY,  Apparatus  for  molding  wax. 
Claims  a  flat  open-sided  mold  pennanently  closed  at  its  bottom  and  ends  and 
having  ^n  opening  at  the  top  for  the  introduction  of  the  material,  in  combination 
with  independent  removalue  hollow  chilling  plates  forming  the  closing  sides 
thereof,  a  supjiurt  iii)on  which  the  mold  and  plates  are  mounted  and  upon  which 
they  are  indt'i'L'ndcntly  movable  laterally  or  flatwise,  and  means,  for  circulating 
acoolingmediitiii  through  the  plates,  whereby  the  mold  and  plates  may  be  pressed 
together,  thus  closing  the  mold  at  its  sides  and  separated  after  the' material  in 
the  mold  is  cliilled  or  soUdffied  to  permit  the  removal  of  the  cake  laterally  from 
the  mold. 

689,381— December  £4, 1901.    EDGAR  VON  BOYEN.    Process  of  jnanufacturing 

mineral  wax. 

Claims  a  process  for  producing,  from  bitu-ninous  brown  coal,  a  wax-like  sub- 
stance, consisting  of  an  acid  and  an  unsaturated  hydrocarbon,  according  to 
which  an  extract  is  first  obtained  from  the  coal  by  means  of  suitable  solvents 
such  as  benzoin,  lienzene.  and  the  like,  which  extract  is  converted  into  the  min- 
eral wax  by  distillation  with  superheated  steam,  under  rarefaction. 

690.693— January  7,  1903.     EDGAR  VON  BOYEN.    Process  of  manufacturing 

mineral  ivax  from  bituminous  brown  coal. 

Claims  the  process  for  producing  mineral  wax,  which  consists  in  distilling  bitu- 
minous brown  coal,  in  a  dry  condition  in  the  presence  of  superheated  steam  and 
then  distilling  the  ex-tract  thus  obtained,  in  presence  of  superheated  steam  and 
under  rarefaction. 

781,854— February  7,  1905.     RICHARD  THOMAS.     Cooler. 

Claims  a  cooler  comprising,  in  combination,  a  series  of  closed  cooling  compart. 
ments  the  top  and  bottom  of  which  are  composed  of  cooling  plates,  an  injector 
operating  in  each  compartment  between  said  cooling  plates  and  passages  whereby 
said  compartments  are  connected  through  said  cooling  plates,  Ine  passage  in  each 
plate  being  at  a  different  angle  from  the  passage  in  the  other  plates  to  form  a 
progressive  series  of  passages  around  the  center  of  the  cooler,  said  cooling  pljites 
being  hollow  and  provided  witii  connections  for  the  circuhition  of  a  cooling  fluid 
through  the  series. 

SUBCLASS  25.— PROCESSES. 

56, 6SS— October  7,  1868.    A.  H.  PERKINS.    Improved  process  of  treating  coal  tar 

to  manufacture  roofing  cement. 

This  process  consists  in  igniting  the  bulk  of  coal  tar  itself  about  Its  surface,  and 
at  the  same  time  subjecting  it  to  an  agitation,  thus  feeding  the  flame  and  con- 
suming and  evaporatinj2;theportionsnecessaryto  be  disposed  of  before  theproper 
consistency  can  be  attained. 

155,879— February    18,    187S.    PETER  BARTHEL.    Improvement   in    treating 
asphalt. 

Claims  the  arrangement  of  a  sieve  in  a  kettle  above  the  material  to  be  dissolved. 

169,656— February/  9, 1876.   HENRY  H.  EDGERTON.    Improvement  in  processes 

of  treating  hydrocarbons  for  making  gas. 

Claims  for  use  in  the  process  of  mainifaeturing  illuminating  gas  from  gas  pro- 
ducing hydrocarbons  by  presenting  hydrocarl)ons  of  the  same  constilnli(m  in 
the  retort  at  the  same  time,  the  method  of  nreparing  said  hydroenrbons.  by  ,-epa- 
roting  the  .>jnme  into  liquid  sul>divisiuns  whose  respective  constituents  hiive  sub- 
stantiallv  ideiiliciil  diinniposing  points,  as  set  f<)rtb.  wliereby  any  one  of  snid 
subdivisions  is  availahlo  in  liquid  form  lor  gas  making  puri>uses,  indopeiuienlly 
of  the  olhers. 

163,394— April  30,  1876.    ARCHIBALD  K.  LEE.    Improvement  in  processes  0/ 
reducing  asphaltum  to  a  liquid. 
Claims  the  process  of  reducing  asphaltum  to  a  liquid,  and  holding  the  fame  In  a 

fluid  condition  without  bent  or  tlie  use  of  dead  oils,  but  through  the  action  alouo 

oin  product  ohtuined  by  the  redistillation  of  the  si)irits  of  turpentine,  and  in  then 

separating  from  the  same  the  water,  acids,  and  all  resinous  substances,  and  in 

then  com  en!  rating  and  rnlifyinp  the  same. 

l63,SU4—April  SO,  1876:  reissue  8, 9ii I— October  7,  1879.     ARCHIBALD  K.  LEE. 
Improvement  in  processes  of  reducing  asphaltum  to  a  liquid. 
ClalniH  MN  n  new  article  of  commerce,  fluid  asphaltum.  the  same  having  been 

riMliicetl  to  II  ll'iuld  (hrongh  the  action  of  n  solvent  and  without  heat,  for  paving, 

roofing,  and  otlier  jiurposcH. 

178,88!)    Junr'^i.  is:".    .loHN  .?.  THOMAS.     Improvement  in  apparatus  for  sepa- 
rating itmmonincnl  li'fuor  from  gos  tar. 
rinlniH  the  cnml'tmitlon.  In  an  ap)>aratus  for  separating  coituntngled  liquids 

having  dlllen-nl  siie^'lllc  gravities,  of  a  tank  or  chest,  an  iidet  nlj'e,  a  series  of 

vortical  dividing  pinlos,  u  lower  transvorso  dam,  and  upper  and  lower  delivery 

pipes. 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  KELATINr,  TO  PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


605 


ess, 996— January  S5, 188 1    EDWARD  J.  DE  SMEDT.     Bituminous  cement. 

Claims  the  improvement  in  the  art  ot  prcpuring  coal  tur  products  for  use  in 
bituminous  cements  or  compositions  for  puvinp  and  other  purposes,  which  con- 
sists in  sulijectin^'  said  products,  while  maintuined  in  a  heated  condition,  to  the 
action  of  an  oxidizing  agent. 

£S7,60'3— February  8,  1881.     EDWARD  J.  DE  SMEDT.     Bituminous  cement. 

Claims  the  improvement  in  the  art  of  preparing  heavy  petroleum  oil  for  use  in 
bituminous  cements  and  compositions  for  paving  ami  other  i)uri>oseH  which  con- 
sists in  subjec^ting  said  products,  while  in  heated  condition,  to  the  action  of  an 
oxidizing  agent. 

£39,260— March  £S,  1881.    JULIUS  I.  LIVINGSTON.     Flaf^tica  from  petroleum. 
Claims  the  process  of  making  petroleum  asphaltum  by  eliminating  from  the 
heavy  residual  product  the  coke  or  coke  producing  elements  by  precipitation, 
followed  by  distilling. 

£48,074— October  U,  1881,    CYRUS  M.  WAUKEN.    Roofing,  paving,  and  varnish 

material. 

Claims  as  a  new  manufacture,  the  bituminous  residuum  obtained  by  exposing 
wax  tailings  to  a  distilling  process. 

£68,778— May    SO,     188S.     JAMES  LIVESEY  AND  JAMES  KIDD.    Mode    of 

manufacturing  naphthalene  into  a  iorm  for  carhurfling. 

Claims  the  process  of  obtain in^'  refined  nnphtluilene,  consisting  in  first  heating 
the  crude  napnthalenein  acl<'se<l  iM.iler,  tlien  piisstuf,' a  current  of  a jr  over  its  sur- 

Xiii'e  for  cdllecling  the  iiaphlliiili'iic,  I  hm  eoiidtict  iii^-  I  he  air  iinprej^nated  with  the 
nai»hlhjilciif  into  a  coudcusin;^  rhainlii-r,  whi're  \hv  imphtlialeiie  is  freed  from  the 
air,  then  retieating  the  colleeleU  nax^hthalenu,  and  luially  molding  the  same  in 
refrigerated  molds. 

S76,S89— January  10,   1888.    HEINRICH  BUSSE.    Process  of  making  artificial 

or  elastic  bitumen  for  paving. 

Claims  the  process  of  manufacturing  artificial  elaterite  from  naphtha  or  liquid 
bitumens,  consisting  in  subjecting  the  materials  to  a  proper  degree  of  heat,  cooling 
and  mixing  them  with  vegetable  oils,  fatty  or  sebacic  acids,  treating  the  mixture 
with  nitrous  acid  and  compressed  atmospheric  air,  and  subjecting  the  entire 
mixture  to  a  proper  degree  of  heat. 

S87,S57— August  7, 1888.  MOSES  S.HIGBIE  AND  ALBERT  W.DOUGHERTY. 

Asphaltum  compound  and  process  of  making  the  same. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  asithaltimi,  which  consists  in  adding  it  in  small 
quantities  from  time  to  time  to  a  bath  of  melted  paraffine  wax  and  mineral  oil  and 
subjecting  it  to  heat  sufficient  to  melt  it  and  to  volatilize  certain  impurities 
therein  contained. 

S99,07S— March  S,  1889.    GEORGE  H.  PERKINS.    Process  of  distilling  petro- 
leum. 

Claims  the  process  of  distilling  a  petroleum  product  and  separating  its  distil- 
lates, which  consists,  in  treating  said  product  with  heat  in  a  still,  in  passing  the 
resulting  vapors  through  a  suitable  condenser,  in  conveying,  by  suitable  conduits, 
tne  lighter  distillates  to  a  proper  receiving  vessel,  and  in  conveying  the  heavier 
distillates,  which  have  not  neon  trapped  back  into  the  original  still,  to  a  supple- 
mentary vessel  or  still  in  which  they  may.  without  other  heat  than  that  origi- 
nally derived  from  the  original  still,  further  separate  into  heavier  and  lighter 
jjroducts. 

481,391— August  £S,  189£.    JACOB  P.  ENGLE.    Recovering  waste  products  of 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  separating  waste  petroleum  products  in  which  *.he  water 
globules  are  covered  with  petroleum  oil,  consisting  in  mixing  and  agitating  with 
auch  combined  products  a  dry  material  which  breaks  up  the  globules  by  absorb- 
ing the  lighter  oil  and  spirit,  then  discharging  the  heavy  oil  or  residue  and  water 
into  a  lank  to  enable  the  said  heavy  oil  or  residue  to  settle,  and  finally  separating 
the  water  from  the  heavy  oil  or  residue. 

488,767— December  £7,  189£.    JOHN  LAING.    Destructive  distillation  of  mineral 

oils. 

Claims  an  improved  process  for  treating  heavy  mineral  oils  to  obtain  hghter 
oils,  the  said  process  consisting  in  distilling  the  oU  from  a  series  of  compartments 
or  vessels,  the  Uquid  in  all  of  which  is  in  communication,  and  passing  the  vola- 
tilized matters  through  condensers  from  each  compartment  or  vessel  to  the  next 
in  order  and  from  the  last  to  ordinary  condensers,  the  condensed  products  from 
each  condenser  but  the  last  being  led  to  the  body  of  oil  under  treatment  in  the 
successive  compartments. 

60O.£5S—June  £7, 1893.  HERMAN  FRASCH.  Composition  for  purifying  Cana- 
dian or  similar  petroleum  and  process  of  making  such  composition. 
Claims  the  new  composition  for  removing  sulphur  compounds  from  Canadian 
and  siimlar  "skunk"  bearing  oil,  consisting  of  one  or  more  metalhc  oxides  soluble 
in  such  oil  (as  the  oxides  of  lead  and  copperj  in  a  finely  divided  form  on  or  in  parti- 
cles of  a  conmiinuted  refractory  carrier  or  vehicle,  said  composition  being  charac- 
terized by  practical  homogeneity,  in  consequence  of  the  presence  together  of  the 
said  metallic  oxide  and  the  said  carrier  or  vehicle  in  the  individual  tine  grains  or 
granules  of  the  composition,  and  also  by  the  velvety  fineness  and  penncabUity 
of  the  said  metalhc  oxide. 

605,416— September  19,  1S9S.    ARTHUR  F.  L.  BELL.    Process  of  extracting  and 

refining  asphaltum,  etc. 

Claims  the  improvement  in  the  process  of  extracting  end  refining  asphaltum, 
mineral  pitch,  bitumen.  Trinidad  lake  pitch,  petroleum,  petroleum  oils,  paralfine. 
paratline  oils, .and  kindred  substances,  which  consists,first.  in  heating  in  water  and 
keeping  in  motion  the  material  with  its  carrying  sand,  or  vehicle,  whereby  the 
former  separates  from  the  sand,  or  vehicles,  and  rises  and  floats  on  the  surface  of 
the  water,  and  then  in  discharging  the  carrying  sand,  or  vehicle,  and  subjecting 
the  material  to  be  refined  to  centrifugal  fon  e,  whereby  it  is  separated  from  the 
water  with  which  it  became  Impregnated  in  the  process  of  separation  from  the 
sand,  or  vehicle. 

61  £, 348— January  9,   1894.    "WALTER  8.  WILKINSON.    Process   of  refining 

asjihalt. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  natural  asphalt,  which  consists  in  subjecting  it 
In  an  open  tank  or  vessel,  in  its  crude  state  and  imder  agitation,  to  the  action  of 
steam  heat  disseminated  throughout  it. 

SIS.494— January  9,  1S94.  RICHARD  D.  U PH  AM.  Process  of  refining  asphalt. 
Claims  the  process  of  refining  natural  aspluilT.  which  consists  in  subjecting  it  in 
an  open  tank  or  vessel,  in  its  crude  state. and  while  under  subjection  to  the  action 
either  of  steam  or  of  fire  heat,  to  the  heating  and  agitiVting  influence  of  steam 
disseminated  throughout  it  by  direct  injection. 


649,399- November  S,  1898.  HARVEY  LEE  SELLERS  AND  HUGH 
RONALD.  Method  of  and  apparatus  for  treating  mineral  jritch. 
Claims  the  method  for  tn-ating  mineral  pitch,  consisting  in  subjecting  the  mate- 
rial to  the  action  of  heat  while  submerged  in  hot  water,  to  disintegrate  the  mate- 
rial, to  separate  the  asphalt  and  asphalt  oil  from  the  impurities,  and  to  permit  the 
asphalt  and  oil  to  rise  in  Ihf  water  to  the  surface  thereof,  discharging  the  sand 
and  other  impurities  by  gravity,  conin-cling  the  sand  discharge  or  outlet  with  & 
body  of  water,  and  nutintaining  a  current  through  said  bodv  of  water,  whereby 
the  sand  and  debris  falling  therein  may  be  continuously  discharged. 

651.£94— December  10, 1896.    CLIFFORD  RICHARDSON.    Process  of  dehydrat- 
ing crude  asphalt. 

Claims  the  proces.s  of  dehydrating  crude  asphalt,  which  consists  in  successively 
and  alternately  grinding  or  pulverizing  the  same  and  drying  it  in  order  to  reduce 
it  from  its  natural  state  of  emulsion  to  a  dry  powder. 

680.69£— April  IS.  1897.    ARTHUR  F.  L.  BELL.    Apparatus  for  refining  asphal- 
tum. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  refining  a.splialtum,  a  rotatable  closed  dnim  for 
receiving  the  charge  of  material,  means  for  admitting  air  or  steam  to  the  Interior 
of  the  drum,  and  nieuns  for  p^-nriitting  the  escajx;  of  the  gases  therefrom,  consist- 
ing of  the  hollow  axle  of  Iht;  drum  provided  with  optrnings  into  the  drum  and  a 
conical  shi4.'ld  surrounding  the  axle  and  protecting  said  oi)enings. 

581.451— April  27, 1897.    ARTHUR  F.  L.  BELL.    Apparatus  for  refining  asphal- 
tum. 

Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  refining  asphaltum  the  combination  of  a  stationary 
casing  or  shell  and  an  interior  revoiuble  drum  or  cylinder  having  end  openings 
and  sei)arated  from  said  slwll  to  form  a  circumscribing  space,  with  whir  h  it  corn- 
munieates.  said  drum  or  cylinder  having  its  inner  face  provided  with  nivalis  rigid 
therewith  for  advani  ing  the  material,  means  for  supplying  the  material  l<»  ^aid 
drum,  means  forcirccting  the  flow  of  a  solvent  through  the  drum  in  opposition  to 
the  path  of  movement  of  the  material  therein,  and  means  whereby  the  vaporized 
solvent  may  be  recovered. 

581 .546— A  pril  S7, 1897.    HANS  A.  FRASCH.     Method  of  and  apparatus  for  refin- 
ing asphalt. 

Claims  the  method  of  extracting  bitumen  from  bituminous  rock,  which  consists 
in  exposing  the  rock  in  a  series  of  closed  and  heated  vessels  to  the  action  of  a  sol- 
vent ,  at  a  temperature  less  than  the  boiling  point  of  bitumen  and  at  or  above  the 
boiling  point  of  the  solvent,  flowing  the  solution  through  the  series  of  rock  fiUed 
vessels  from  one  end  of  the  series  to  the  other,  condensing  the  vaporized  solvent 
and  returning  it  to  either  of  the  vessels,  whereby  a  continuous  circulation  of  the 
solvent  is  produced  simultaneously  with  the  onflow  of  the  solution,  and  the 
solution  finally  coneentraled  in  the  last  of  the  series  of  vessels. 

597,892— January  25,  1898.    WALTER   S.  WILKINSON.    Process  of  treating 

asphalt. 

Claims  the  process  of  desalifying  and  removing  nonbituminous  organic  matter 
from  asphalt,  which  consists,  first,  in  comminuting  it,  and,  second,  in  agitating 
the  comminuted  product  in  water. 

611.620— October 4,  1898.    CHAUNCEY  B.  FORWARD  AND  JOHN  M.DAVID- 
SON.    Method  of  obtaining  asphalt  from  crude  petroleum  and  pelroUum  tar. 
Claims  the  process  of  making  asphalt  from  crude  petroleum  by  treating  the 

crude  petroleum  with  acid  to  sei>arate  the  carbonaceous  matter  from  the  oils. 

washing  the  carljonaceous  matter  to  free  it  from  the  acid,  then  mixing  it  with 

hea\-y  hydrocarbon  oil  and  subjecting  it  to  a  high  degree  of  heat  for  a  considerable 

period. 

617,226— January  3.  1899.     AUGI'STUS  STEIGER  COOPER.     Method  of  and 

apparatus  for  extracting  bitumen  from  sand. 

Claims  the  method  for  separating  bitumen  from  sand,  consisting  In  subjecting 
the  material  to  the  action  of  crude  petroleum  oil  to  soften  and  dissolve  the  bitu- 
men contained  in  the  sand,  and  then  subjecting  the  mass  to  the  action  of  a  Ijenzine 
solvent  for  the  bitumen,  mechanically  agitating  the  mass,  separating  the  solution 
from  the  sand,  evaporating  the  solvent  from  the  asphalt,  and  returning  the  sol- 
vent in  vaporized  form  to  ircsh  portions  of  the  oiled  sands. 

617,712— January  17.  1899.    ARTHUR  F.  L.  BELL.    Machine  and  apparatus  for 

extracting  and  refining  asphalt. 

Claims  in  an  asphaltum  extracting  and  refijiing  apparatus, revoiuble  mixing  ves- 
sel or  cy Under  provided  on  its  interior  with  a  heUcalvane  to  move  the  material 
longitudinally,  longitudinal  vanes  set  between  the  convolutions  of  the  helical 
vane  to  raise  and  agitato  the  asphaltic  material,  a  sealed  steam-jacketod  feed- 
way  to  introduce  the  asphaltic  material  and  means  for  introducing  a  Uquid  sol- 
vent to  be  incorporated  tnerewith. 

620,082—  February  £1, 1899.    CHARLES  E.  ANTHONY.     Wurt^ilite  product  and 

apparatus. 

Claims  a  soluble  and  fusible  wurtzilite  product  possessing  the  characteristics  of 
the  crude  material  in  form,  elasticity,  hardness,  color,  and  electric  properties. 

629,059— July  18.  1899.    FREELING  W.  ARVINE.    Method  of  separating  emul- 
sions. 
Claims  the  method  of  treating  water-gas  tar,  which  consists  in  adding  a  coagu- 

lent.  filtering  underpressure,  and  then  heating. 

630,496— August  8.  JS99.    HERMAN  FRASCH.     Cleansing  purifying  agent  evk- 

ployed  in  purifying  petroleum. 

Claims  as  a  step  in  the  prwess  of  removing  the  sulphur  compounds  known  as 
"skunk;"  from  skunk  bearing  petroleums,  by  the  subjection  of  such  oil  or  its 
vapors  of  distillation  in  a  heated  ve.<.-el  to  a  metaUic  purifying  agent  or  purifi- 
catorinafragmentarycondition,  whereby  the  particles  of  such  metaUic  purificator 
become  surfacecoated  with  its  sulphide,  the  removal  or  separation  of  sucn  sulphide 
coating  from  the  purificator  when  so  coated,  by  subjecting  it  to  the  action  of  a 
solvent,  either  of  the  sulphide  or  of  the  metallic  substance  coated  therewith, 
whereby  the  sulphide  coating  is  loosened  and  detached  from  its  surface,  either 
by  l)eing  itself  dissolved  in  the  solvent  or  separated  by  the  action  of  the  solvent 
on  the  surface  of  the  purificator. 

6S5.4$9— October  24.  1S$9.    GEORGE  F.  CULMER  AND  GEORGE  C.  K.  CUL- 

MER.    Process  of  making  asphaltic  fluxes. 

Claims  the  method  of  pri^paring  asphaltic  fluxes,  which  consists  in  dehvdrating 
petroleum  residuum,  holding  the  mass  in  heated  state  suflicient  to  drive  off  water 
but  below  the  pitch  forming  temperature,  e.  g..  below  550°  Fahrerflieit.  and  simul- 
taneously blasting  the  charge  with  air  so  as  toprofoundly  modify  the  dianuteria- 
tics  thereof,  thus  markedly  lessening  the  petroiene  content  and  markedlv  increas- 
ing the  asphaltene  content  without  material  loss  through  destructive  distillation, 
while  the  volume  and  specific  gravity  of  the  finished  batch  remain  essentially  the 
same  as  tn  the  dehydrated  rcsiduuni. 


606 


MANUFACTURES. 


eSS^SO— October  H.  2899.    GEORGE  F.  CULMER  AND  GEORGE  C.  K.  CUL- 

MER.    Asphaitic  fiux. 

Claims  a  black,  semisolid  asphaltic  flux  devoid  of  pitch,  the  same  consisting  of 
dehvdrated  and  oxidized  petroleum  residuum  nearly  ahke  in  volume  and  specific 
gravity,  with  the  original  residuum  but  markedly  higher  in  its  content  of  asphal- 
tene  and  lower  in  its  petrolene  than  the  re.^iduum  from  which  it  was  derived  and 
possessing  the  characteristics  of  a  product  obtained  by  prolougcd  exposure  of 
petroleum  residuum  to  a  heat  below  pitch  forming  temperature,  e.  g..  below  550° 
Fahrenheit,  imder  copious  injection  of  air  to  transform  the  mass  without  mate- 
rial distillation. 
646,639— April  S,  1900.    JESSE  A.  DUBBS.    DistiUing  petroleum. 

Claims  as  an  improvement  in  the  art  of  vaporizing  oil  the  method  which  con- 
sists in  producing  an  initial  vaporization  of  the  oil  by  heating  the  same,  then 
forcing  air  through  the  oil  in  such  regulated  quantities  that  the  volume  of  air 
thus  introduced  will  not  at  anv  time  be  greater  than  lour  times  tbe  volume  of 
vapor  given  oiT  by  the  oil  and  maintaining  the  oil  at  a  vaporizing  temi>erature 
during  the  introduction  of  air. 
eS4.£58—Jvly  S4.  1900.    JOHN  P.  IHART.    Process  of  separating  tcater  from 

emulsions,  etc. 

Claims  the  process  of  separating  water  from  mixtures,  emulsions,  and  com- 
pounds of  oil  or  tar  and  water  consisting  in  gradually  passing  the  mixture,  emul- 
sion, or  compound  to  be  t  reatcd  into  a  mass  of  the  dehydrated  oU  or  tar  previously 
heated  to  a  degree  of  heat  in  excess  of  that  which  would  cause  the  separation  of 
water,  as  steam  from  a  mass  of  hydrated  oil  or  tar,  whereby  the  water  is  driven 
off  from  the  inflowing  stream  of  hydrated  oil  or  tar  immediately  on  its  becoming 
mixed  with  the  heated  dehydrated  miiterial. 
6o5.4SO~ August  7,  1900.    ARTHUR  F.  L.  BELL.    Apparatus  for  extracting  and 

refining  asphalt ic  material. 

Claims  in  an  asphaltum  extracting  and  refining  apparatus,  a  stationary  casing, 
a  revoluble  main  cylinder  therein,  with  means  for  ncating  the  exterior  of  said 
cylinder,  a  central  concentric  hollow  core  or  drum  fixed  within  said  cylinder  and 
revohing  therewith,  with  means  for  heating  said  dnun.  and  means  for  introduc- 
ing and  removing  the  material  to  be  treated  within  the  annular  t  hamber  included 
between  said  cylinder  and  drum. 
659,076— October  S,  1900.    FREDERIC  LENNARD.    Process  of  separating  free 

carbon  from  tar. 

Claims  the  process  of  distilling  tar  to  separate  the  free  carbon  therefrom,  con- 
usting  in  diluting  the  tar  with  an  oil  or  spirit,  which  will,  in  combination  with 
the  said  tar.  produce  a  mixture  having  an  appreciably  lower  vaporizing  point 
than  the  tar  alom-  has.  and  subjecting  the  mixture  to  the  action  of  h(  at  and  of 
steam,  and  thereby  effecting  simultaneously  the  volatilization  of  the  hquid  por- 
tion and  the  deposit  of  the  free  carbon. 

e^UCriS— April  S.  lifOl.    JOHN  T.  DAVIS.    Vistillation  of  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  producing  a  residuum  suitable  for  use  as  a  binder  for  arti- 
ficial fuel,  which  consists  in  distilling  crude  petroleum  in  the  presence  of  an  oxi- 
dizing agent,  and  to  a  temperature  approximating  to  but  below  (.60°  Fahrenheit. 
and  continuing  the  distillation  at  such  temperature  until  the  residuum  has 
reached  the  condition  desired. 
6S8.07S— December  S,  1901.    ALLAN  WADE  DOW.     Manufacture  of  a^phaltic 

cement. 

Claims  the  herein  described  artificial  paving  asphalt,  consisting  of  the  product 
obtained  from  oils  having  asphaltic  bases  by  prolonged  distillation  thereof  at 
temperatures  sulficientlv  high  to  produce  severe  cracking,  said  product  being 
substantially  insoluble  in  petroleum  naphtha,  combined  with  a  smtable  flux. 

rte.SOO— March  to,  190S.    JAMES  S.  DOWNARD  AND  BYRON  A.  ROLSON. 

Apparatus  for  treating  roih  asphalt. 

Claims  an  apparatus  lor  treating  rock  asphalt,  comprising  a  separator  lia\T.ng 
a  tank,  a  feed  trough  ■with  orifices  therein,  means  for  feeding  material  to  the 
trough,  and  slide  plates  adjustahly  mounted  on  the  feed  trough  to  control  the 
orifices  tbereol. 

7S448e—July  £1,  190S.    SAMUEL  RUCKER  WHITALL.    Process  of  treating 

wurtzilite  for  paints,  varnishes,  etc. 

Claims  the  process  of  dissolving  wurtzilite  by  subjecting  it  to  the  solvent  action 
of  petroleum  or  its  distillates. 

765,509— Marches.  1904-    ALEXANDER  NIKIFOROFF.     Manufacture  of  the 

benzols  and  their  homologues. 

Claims  the  process  of  treating  raw  materials,  substantially  as  sot  forth,  for  the 
production  of  an  aromatic  distillate  capable  of  yielding  benzol,  which  consists  in 
decomposing  the  raw  material  under  the  elTert  of  heat,  in  condensin};  the  volatile 
distillate  hftvlDg  a  boiling  point  of  200°  centigrade  or  imder,  and  m  subjecting 
Nuch  distillate  to  the  effect  of  a  temperature  of  about  750*  centigrade  under  a 
pressure  above  that  of  the  atmosphere,  in  collecting  the  distillate  of  the  second 
dccompoiiition  whose  boiling  point  is  approximately  200"  centigrade  or  over,  and 
la  separately  collecting  the  aromatic  distillate  of  the  second  decomposition  whose 
boiling  point  is  200"  centigrade  or  under. 

768. 796— August. W,  1904.    LOUIS  GATHMANN.    Process  of  distilling  or  refining 

hydrocarbon  oils  and  spirits. 

Claims  the  prof;ess  of  distilling  or  refining  hydrocarbon  oils  or  spirits,  which 
conHiHts  in  causing  a  circulation  of  a  gas<'ous' fluid  under  diminished  atmospheric 
pn-j^-^urf-  through  suid  lit|uid  to  be  distilled  or  refined,  causing  a  fractional  con- 
densation of  the  distilled  or  refined  i»roduct  and  returning  said  gaseous  fluid 
through  said  liquid  under  treatment. 

781  ,f 40— January  St,  1005.    ERIC  A.  STARKE.    Method  of  rendering  caphaUic 

oUs  more  liquid. 

Claiin.H  the  procosH  of  rendering  heavy  mineral  oils  more  liquid,  wlUch  consists 
In  ^ut.j'-cting  the  oil  to  a  partial  distillation  at  a  temperature  ranging  from  600* 
tob-'f't''  Fahrenheit  and  reuniting  the  distillate  and  residuum  and  mixing  the  mass 
thoroughly. 

805.116— Soy  ember  tl,  1905.    Serial  No.  170,St3,  August  £0,  1903.    QEORQE  H. 

iSHADFOItD.     PrncfHM  of  dintillotion. 

Clnitri'*  thn  vacutmi  pr<»ces9  of  distilling,  which  consists  In  drawing  the  vapors 
of  '  '  "  *  -  To  u  hei^'ht  gnraterthan  the  height  to  which  the  llqiud  being  dis- 
til 1  a  vacuum,  and  then  delivering  such  vapors  to  a  condenser. 

SO  '-er  19,  1906.    JAMES   PHILII'  WINTZ.    Process  for  treating 

I  consists  also  In  cleaning  and  purifying  tho  asphAltum  by  waah- 

In.  If,,         ,.),,!(,. I,      ,.nr!    fl„.    .,,,..,, tor— 

1  !i'-paratlng  asphaltum  from  crude 
;  ijurlc  acid,  treating  tho  M^paratcd 
.  f.uda,  and  thcu  passing  the  nspbol- 


^%--    -  .-■--■ -. 

turn  so  Ireitluu  Ihruuf^anevapurutor. 


SUBCLASS  26.— CHEMICAL. 

U.SOS-June  £7,  1854.    ABRAHAM  GESNER.    Improvement  in  'kerosene  huva- 

ing  fluids. 

Claims  the  distillate  having  a  boiling  point  of  150°  F.  and  specific  gravity  0.750, 
obtained  from  petroleum,  maltha,  bitumen,  and  the  like  bv  dry  distillation,  treat- 
ment with  sulphuric  acid  and  lime,  and  subsequent  distillation. 

11,204— June  S7,  1854-    ABRAHAM  GESNER.     C  kerosene. 

Claims  as  a  new  composition  of  matter  the  fraction  obtained  in  the  distillation 
of  petroleimi,  maltha,  or  soft  mineral  pitch,  asphaltum,  or  bitumen,  by  dry  dis- 
tillation and  subsequent  treatment  with  po\\erful  reagents  or  redistillation, 
which  has  a  specific  gravity  of  0.8  and  a  boiling  point  of  350"  F. 

11.205— June  £7,  IS54.    ABRAHAM  GESNER.    Improvement  in  kerosene  burn- 
ing fiuids. 

Claims  the  distillate  having  a  boiling  point  of  250*"  F.  and  specific  gravity  0.775 
obtained  from  petroleum,  maltha,  bitumen,  and  the  like  by  dry  distillation,  treat- 
ment with  sulphuric  acid  and  lime,  and  subsequent  distillation. 

lS.35S—JvJy  31, 1856.    S.  MEREDITH.    Improvement  in  the  distillation  of  cannel 

or  other  bittnninous  coals. 

Claims  the  production  of  naphtha,  benzole,  and  other  hydrocarbon  liquids  by 
the  distillation  of  cannel  or  other  bituminous  coal  in  an  atmosphere  of  heated 
hydrogen  gas  or  in  a  retort  to  which  a  stream  of  heated  hydrogen  gas  is  admitted 
during  the  distilling  process. 

£S, 7 £7— January  £6, 1859.    E.  N.  HORNER.    Improvement  for  process  of  extract^ 

ing  oil  from  coal,  shale,  and  other  minerals. 

Claims  the  use  of  a  mixture  of  cream  of  tartar,  common  salt,  and  slaked  lime 
for  the  purpose  of  condensing  the  oleaginous  vapor  produced  by  the  dry  distilla- 
tion of  coal,  shale,  or  other  bituminous  minerals,  extracting  the  oil  from  the  gas 
and  depriving  the  gas  of  its  inflanunable  quality,  and  throwing  off  the  sulphurous 
vapor. 

S1.9S3— April  9,  1861.    JAMES  J.  JOHNSTON.    Improvement  in  the  distUlaiion 

of  hydrocarbon  oUs. 

Claims  the  process  and  method  of  purifying,  decolorizing,  and  deodorizing  rock 
or  petroleimi  oil  by  distilling  it  with  common  wood  charcoal. 

S6419—September9. 18G£.  ANTONIO  MEUCCI.  Improvement  in  treating  petro- 
leum and  other  oils  to  produce  a  vehicle  for  paints  and  tarnishes. 
Claims  the  employment  or  use  of  hyponitric  acid  in  treating  petroleum,  kero- 
sene, or  other  oils,  and  the  mixing  petroleum  or  other  oils  after  they  have  been 
exposed  to  a  current  of  hyponitric  acid  with  linseed  or  with  Unseed  cakes  and 
fish  oU. 

40,068— September  £2   1863.    R.  N-  WARFIELD.    Improvement  in  deodorizing 

petroleum,  naphtha,  etc. 

States  that  "The  process  of  deodorization  now  in  general  use  is  to  Introduce 
10  percent  of  sulphuric  acid  into  the  distilled  oil  and  agitate  the  mass.  When 
settled,  the  acid  is  drawn  off.  The  result  is  to  only  change  the  odor,  not  to  reduce 
the  volatility,  and  to  destroy  an  equal  amount  of  oil  to  that  of  the  acid  intro- 
duced. To  destroy  the  floating  particles  of  acid,  a  strong  solution  of  caustic 
soda  is  introduced,  which  neutralizes  the  acid  and  changes  a  portion  of  the  oil  to 
soap,  and  is  passed  off  at  the  additional  expense  of  the  destruction  of  a  portion 
of  the  oil." 

And  he  claims  in  lieu  of  this,  deodorizing  petroleum,  naphtha,  etc.,  by  the  intro- 
duction of  a  volume  of  steam  into  the  liquid  beneath  its  surface  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  steam  is  distributed  throughout  the  contents,  and  removes  the  gas  by  its 
passage  through  the  oil,  and  passing  the  steam  through  a  box,  or  its  equivalent 
containing  chloride  of  lime,  muriate  of  anmionia,  and  stone  lime,  so  that  the 
steam  becomes  impregnated  with  the  principles  of  those  elements  jjrior  to  enter- 
ing the  oil. 

4^.671— May  10,   I864.    SYLVESTER   LEWIS.    Improvement  in  deodorizing 

petroleum,  etc. 

Claims  the  use  and  application  of  ashes  and  charcoal  for  the  purpose  of  deodor- 
izing petroleum  and  kerosene  oils,  naphtha,  benzole,  and  benzene,  and  the  process 
of  filtering  the  same  through  theabove  ingredients, without  reference  to  the  exact 
proportions  of  such  ingredients,  which  vary  somewhat,  depending  upon  the  state 
of  the  oil  to  be  deodorized. 

43, ^£5— June  S8,  I864.    JOSHUA  MERRILL.    Improved  mode  of  purifying  hydro- 
carbon oils. 

Claims  in  the  process  of  purifying  hydrocarbon  oils,  treating  them  with  sul- 
phate of  soda,  in  combination  with  the  use  of  caustic  or  carbonate  alkalies. 

4S, 007— November  15,  I864.    WILLIAM  ADAMSON.    Improved  apparatus  for 

■jmrifying  mineral  oils. 

Claims  the  mode  of  purifying  mineral  oils  by  mixing  the  oil  with  acids  or  alka- 
lies and  washing  the  mixture  with  water  In  a  tank  or  reservoir  by  means  of  a 
paddle  wheel. 

48,367— June  £7,  1866.    ROBERT  A.  CHESEBROUGH.    Improved  process  for 

distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination  of  bone  dust,  pulverized  oyster  shells,  and  cotton  cloth 
for  purifying,  filtering,  and  deodorizing  petroleum,  naphtha,  and  heavy  ofl. 

49,60£— August  SS,  1866.    ROBERT  A.  CHESEBROUGH.    Improved  process  for 
purifying  coal  oil,  etc. 
Claims  tiie  uso  of  boneblack  for  purifying  petroleum  or  coal  oils  by  filtration. 

61,557— December  19,  1865.    ROBERT  A.  CHESEBROUGH.    Improvement  in 

refining  petroleum  by  filtration. 

Claims  tho  use  of  neal  charcoal,  either  by  Itself  or  In  combination  with  other 
substances,  lor  purliylng  or  refining  iK-troleum  by  filtration. 

61,658— December  19,  1865.    ROBERT  A.  CUESIOBROUGH.    Improvement  in 

refining  petroleum  by  filtration. 

Claims  tho  use  of  alumina  and  of  substances  containing  alumina,  cither  by  itself 
or  In  combination  with  other  substances,  for  purifying  or  refining  petroleimi  by 
filtration.  ^ 

6£, 897 —February  £7.  1806.    HENRY  T.  SLEMMER.    Improvement  in  the  manu* 

facture  of  lubrimtivg  oil. 

The  naturti  of  thin  jtrocess  consists  in  returning  to  the  still  tho  heavy  products 
of  the  dlt»HllatlfHi  of  peircleum,  denominated  " naphthalene"  and  "parafline," 
odding  thi'reto  a  strong  Holution  of  cauHtic  alkalies,  either  potash,  soda,  or  any 
other  alkali,  and  nMllslilling.  stt'am  heing  introduced  when  at  or  near  the  boiling 

f)olnt.    Tho  first  produits  of  the  distillation— naphtha— and  tho  lighter  naphtha- 
enc  oil  or  distlllato  being  removed,  the  remaining  distillate  Is  received  In  the 


DK'.EST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  PETl^OLET^M  REFINING. 


607 


receiver.  This  Is  then  paseed  Into  a  washer  or  npltator  nnd  thnrouphly  washed 
with  a  hot  solution  of  alkalies,  the  iilktili  f^iilii^idinp  iiud  Iji-ing  drawn  oG.  It  18 
then  washed  with  hot  water  to  remove  Ih.;  alkali.  The  object  of  the  alkali  is  to 
remove  the  free  aeid  produced  by  tlic'  distilijition.  It  is  tlnii  iillowcd  to  subside, 
the  oily  product  being  drawn  off  into  another  receiver.  Ttiis  is  then  frozen  to 
crystallizG  thtinupbthaiencand  paruMine.  The  oil  is  then  strained  from  thecr>'s- 
tallized  products  at  a  tenipcntturt!  ofjc"  to  40"  Kahretilicit.  This  produces  an  oil 
of  30"  to  o3°  Uaum^'s  hydrometer,  of  pn-a  tlubrieatiiig  properties,  free  from  gum 
or  acid,  and  adapted  equally  well  for  light  or  heavy  bearings. 

And  he  claims  the  production  of  an  oil  (if  the  gravity  as  herein  set  forth  and  the 
rejecting  of  the  first  products  of  the  distillate  until  it  aj'proxiinates  38°  Baum6's 
hydrometer,  and  subsequent  washing  and  treatment,  and  as  a  new  manufacture, 
the  lubricating  oil  prepared  substantially  as  described. 

£S,G66— April  S,  18G6.    ROBERT  NEWAI.L,    Improved  method  of  deodorizing 

petroleum. 

Claims  deodorizing  petroleum  and  other  hydrocarbons  by  treating  and  wash- 
ing them  with  a  solution  or  lyo  containing  cliloride  of  lime,  soda  ash,  and  common 
lime,  or  their  several  equivalents,  in  the  proportions  stated. 

64.19?~,Avril  £4, 1S66.    LEANDER  M.  MOTT.    Improvement  in  the  manufacture 

of  luhricating  oil. 

1'hn  nalurc  of  this  invention  consi.'^ts  in,  first,  reducing  the  oil  by  evaporation 
cau.'^ed  by  apjilying  steam  or  heat  directly  to  the  boiler  containing  the  oil  and 
heating  tho  same  until  the  desired  gravity  "is  obtained,  aftt^r  which  to  each  gallon 
of  oil  to  be  tn-ated  is  adiU^d  b  ounces  of  common  salt,  5  ounces  of  unslaked  Unie, 
li  ounces  of  saltpeter,  thi-ee-fourths  of  an  ounce  of  potash,  and  the  whole  boiled 
together  until  a  proper  consistency  Is  obtained  and  the  oil  is  thoroughly  deodor- 
ized. 

£4,S67— April  S4, 18GG.    JOHNFORDRED.    Improved  method  of  purifying  hydro- 
carbon oils. 

This  invention  has  for  its  object  the  substitution  of  an  alkaline  preliminary 
tmatment  in  lieu  of  the  acid  process,  it  being  foim<i  that  when  the  crude  or  dis- 
tilled oils  or  products  arc  suliniitted  to  the  i)re\ious  action  of  a  caustic  alkali  a 
very  large  proportion  of  the  coloring  matter  and  other  constituents  are  separated 
therefrom,  and  that,  when  such  partially  purifie-i  oils  are  suljsequently  treated 
according  to  the  ordinary  or  any  well  known  method  of  purification,  not  only  is 
the  subsequent  purification  facilitated,  but  the  proportions  of  acid  and  alkali 
are  materially  lessened,  and  the  products  obtained  are  of  superior  quality. 

After  the  oils  have  been  suljjecte<l  to  any  of  the  foregoing  processes  of  purifica- 
tion or  refining,  or  when  such  oils  have  "been  refined  by  any  other  process,  the 
Inventor  found  that  a  turbidity  which  is  pos.scssed  by  some  of  these  oils  may  be 
removed,  and  that  they  may  be  made  bright  l»y  filtration  through  a  bed  or  filter 
composed  of  what  is  knowri  as  "  Fuller's  earth,"  or  that  the  I''uller's  earth  may 
be  mixed  with  the  oil  and  then  allowed  to  sul)sido.  The  oil  will  then  be  found 
to  bemuch  brighter  and  quite  freed  from  the  dull  or  opaque  appearance  it  origi- 
nally possessed. 

£4.978— May  SS,  1866.    H.  K.  TAYLOR  AND  D.  M.  GRAHAM.    Improvement 

in  treating  oils. 

Claims  the  treatment  of  petroleums  and  other  similar  hydrocarbons  by  meana 
of  nascent  hydrochloric  acids,  chlorine,  fluorine,  or  other  equivalent  chemical  re- 
agent, so  as  to  change  the  constitution  of  the  oil  and  purify  it;  and  the  use  of 
sulphuric  aeid,  nitric  aeid,  or  salts,  containing  these  or  either  of  them,  when 
used  in  combination  with  other  materials,  for  the  purpose  of  treating  petroleum 
or  other  hydrocarbons. 

£4.984— May  S2,   1866.    P.  WEISENBERGER.    Improved  process  of  refining 

h>jdrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  purifying  distilled  petroleum  to  other  liquid  hydrocar- 
bons, without  the  aid  of  any  alkalies,  by  means  and  with  the  use  of  water  at  212*' 
F.,  or  approximate  degree  of  temperature. 

£5,426— June  6,  1866.    C.  L.  MOREHOUSE.    Improved  process  for  preparing 

stuffing  for  currying. 

Claims  the  mode  or  process  of  clarifying  paraihne  oil  by  the  use  of  a  blast  of  air 
In  jets,  for  agitating  the  oil  while  treating  the  same  with  a  large  proportion  of 
sulphuric  acid,  thus  cheeking  the  excess  of  chemical  heat:  the  use  of  hot  water  in 
washing  the  oil;  and  the  use  of  a  blast  of  air  from  an  ice  chamber  for  crystaUizing 
the  parafline. 

£6,S76~July  JO.  1866.    WM.  H.  SANGSTER  AND  THEO.  C.  SPENCER.    Im- 

jyrovement  in  distilling  petroleum. 

The  invention  consists  in  dispensing  with  the  condensing  worm  or  its  equiva- 
lent now  in  common  use  for  condensing  the  vapor  of  petroleum  during  the  process 
of  distilling,  and  soconstructing  and  arranging  the  still  that  the  vapor  is  brought 
directly  in  contact  with  a  moving  body  of  cold  water,  through  which  it  rises  to 
the  top  of  the  tank  made  to  receive  it. 

69,751— November  50,  1866.    H.  K.  TAYLOR  AND  D.  M.  GRAHAM.     Improve- 
ment in  treating  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims,  first,  the  disposing  aflTmity  of  sulphuric  acid,  causing  a  chemical  com- 
bination of  the  gases  used  with  the  oil. 

Second.  The  disposing  affinity  of  sulphuric  aeid  in  the  treatment  of  hydrocar- 
bons, that  its  use  in  connection  with  other  substances,  solid,  gaseous,  or  fluid, 
by  means  of  which  the  energy  combination  of  these  substances  or  parts  of  them 
with  the  hydrocarbons  is  very  much  increased. 
Third.  Treating  oil  by  means  of  air  and  acid  gases. 

eo.eoa—December  4,  1866.    HENRY  C.  VAN  TINE.    Improvement  in  refining 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  refining  of  petroleum  or  carbon  oil  without  the  nid  of  artificial  heat, 
by  means  of  the  series  of  operations  consisting  substantially  of  the  use  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  sulphate  of  zinc,  sugar  of  lead,  and  bichromate  of  potash,  or  their 
equivalents,  for  separating  the  heavy  carbons  and  impurities,  the  neutralizing 
of  the  acid  and  wasliing  with  water,  combined  with  the  subsequent  exposure  of 
the  oil  thus  heated  in  shallow  pans  to  the  action  of  the  atmosphere. 

€0.757— January  1, 1867.    ORAZIO  LUGO.    Improvement  in  deodorizing  petro- 
leum. 
Claims  the  use  of  chromic  acid  and  hypochlorite  of  soda,  or  their  equivalents, 

for  the  purpose  of  deodorizing  offensive  smelling  kinds  of  petroleimi. 

65,749— April  9,  18e7.    THOMAS  RESTIEAUX.    Improvement  in  deodorizing 
petroleum. 

The  nature  of  this  invention  consists  in  the  application  of  quicksilver  in  con- 
nection with  nitric  acid,  muriatic  acid,  or  a  mixture  of  nitric  acid  and  muriatic 
acid,  or  in  any  other  way,  to  petroleimi  or  any  of  the  products  of  petroleum. 


66.137—  May  S8,  1867.    DEXTER  SYMONDS.    Improved  mode  of  purifying  and 

deodorizing  oils. 

In  the  operation  the  crude  oil  is  placed  in  a  still,  and  to,  say,  30  gallons  is  added 
about  10  gallons  of  strong  lime  water,  in  about  the  proportion  of  I  peck  of  lime 
toSgalionsof  water,  according  to  the  Btrcngth  of  the  lime,  and  sometimes  chloride 
of  lime.  Heat  is  ai)plied  and  is  continued  until  the  oil  and  lime  water  have  bi-en 
aulliciently  agitated,  liy  lioiling.  to  bring  all  the  particles  of  oil  into  contact  with 
the  lime  water,  which  acts  ah  a  disinfectant  or  neutralizing  agent,  to  neutralize 
or  expel.thc  unpleasant  o»inrs  from  the  oil.  Before  the  oil  and  lime  water  in  the 
still  have  reached  a  boiling  point,  the  lighter  portion  of  such  oil  beginHtopuss  olf, 
and  continues  to  pass  otf  during  the  ))Oiling  ojieration.  This  light  oil,  in  its  pas- 
sage from  the  still  to  the  condenser,  in  a  state  of  vapor,  passes  through  wat*T 
strongly  iinr)rcgnated  with  lime  or  chloride  of  lime,  by  which  it  is  sulliciently 
deprived  of  its  un]»|easant  odor;  but  the  heavy  oil  is  sulliciently  deodorized  in 
the  still,  as  it  does  not  pass  off  in  vapor,  but  remains  in  the  still  long  enough  to 
be  acted  upon  by  the  lune  water  therein. 

G5,SlS-Ma.y  S8, 1867.    WILLIAM  VAN  WYCK.    Improved  composiiion for  fiUer- 

ing  petroleum,  sirups,  and  other  liquids. 

Claims  tho  application  of  the  compound  of  soluble  animal  matter,  chalk,  and 
wood  charcoal,  for  the  piu-iflcation  of  petroleum  and  other  oils,  sugars,  sirups, 
and  molasses,  and  spirituous  liquors,  by  filtering  these  substances  through  the 
above-mentioned  compound,  or  by  any  mode  equivalent  to  filtration. 

65.099~June  25.  1867.     A.  M.  BURKE  AND  STEPHEN  WRIGHT.     Improved 

mode  of  treating  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  consecutively  treating  oils  first  by  alkali  in  the  still  and 
subsetpicntly  by  the  use  of  acids  in  the  agitator  as  a  continuation  of  the  said 
process. 

81,071— August  18.  1868.    FRANCOIS  LOUIS  DE  GERBETH.    Improvement 

in  the  manufacture  of  compound  oils. 

Claims  the  production  of  an  oil  resembling  linseed  oil,  and  applicable  to  painting 
and  vaniish  making,  from  a  mixture  of  jietroleum  or  coal  oil,  or  such  like  hydro- 
carbon and  rosin  oil,  such  oils  being  treated  with  oxidizing  agents,  ozonised  air, 
galvanic  electricity,  and  driers; 

The  treating  petroleum,  coal  oil,  or  similar  hydrocarbon  oil  with  oxidizing 
agents,  and  galvanic  electricity,  so  as  to  improve'  the  color: 

The  production  of  a  spirit  similar  to  turpentine,  from  a  mixture  of  light  petro- 
leimi or  coal  oil.  or  other  sin  ilar  light  hydrocarbon  oil  or  spirit,  and  light  rosin 
oil  or  spirit,  such  oils  or  spirits  being  treated  with  oxidizing  agents,  ozonized 
air,  and  galvanic  electricity;  and. 

The  apparatus  for  the  treatment  of  oils  and  spirits  by  means  of  ozonized  air, 

88.97S— April  IS,  1869,    CHARLES  C.  PARSONS.     Improved  process  of  jnirify^ 

ing  petroleum. 

The  invention  consists  in  passing  the  vapors  of  the  petroleum  or  other  hydro- 
carbon, while  the  atmospheric  pressure  is  removed,  through  a  suitable  vessel 
containing  either  carbonaceous  matter  or  metallic  oxides,  or  both  combined. 

By  exhausting  the  vapors  liy  an  air  pump  or  suitable  means,  so  placed  that 
the  vessel  containing  th<'  purifying  materi^il  shall  he  between  it  and  the  still, 
the  vapors  are  drawn  through  the  purifying  material  without  any  increase  of 

gressure,  thus  at  a  low  temperature,  and  without  the  injury  resulting  from  over- 
eating. 

For  a  purifying  material,  for  ordinary  petroleum,  either  wood  or  animal  char- 
coal, in  as  fine  a  state  of  division  as  will  permit  the  free  passage  of  the  vapors,  is 
preferred.  When  the  hydrocarbons  contain  sulphur  or  other  specially  deleterious 
substances,  oxide  of  iron,  calcium,  or  other  metals  may  be  used,  either  by  them- 
selves or  in  combination  with  the  charcoal. 

91,654— June  £B.  1869.    THOMAS  E.  MERRICK.    Improved  lubricating  oil  from 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  first  removing  by  distillation  the  lighter  products  of 
crude  petroleum  oil  until  the  gravity  is  reduced  to  any  gravity  between  thirty- 
five  (35)  and  twenty-five  (25)  Baum^,  and  then  treating  it  with  sulphuric  acid, 
hot  water,  alkali  of  caustic  soda,  or  soda  ash,  and  water  in  the  prescribed  pro- 
portions. 

99.728— February  8,  1870.    JOSEPH  A.  TATRO.    Improved  process  of  treating 

petroleum. 

Having  distilled  the  crude  oil.  driving  over  everything  that  will  go  over  in  the 
worm  of  the  still,  and  having,  say,  100  gallons  of  "product,  take  from  one-fourth 
per  cent  to  2  per  cent  of  sulphuric  acid  and  pour  it  into  the  whole  product  and 
mix  thoroughly.  When  thoroughly  mixed,  then  add  lime,  partiahy  or  wholly 
slaked,  in  almost  a  dry  state,  sprinkling  it  over  the  oil  and  allowing  it  to  subside 
into  the  oil  and  act  upon  it.  The  quantity  of  lime  added  is  about  3  per  centum. 
Gases  will  now  rise  through  tho  oil,  the  mass  meanwhile  being  stirred.  When 
the  gas  ceases  to  rise,  add  3  percentum  more  of  lime,  in  all  about  6  per  centum. 
The  lime  and  the  gas  evolved  therefrom  combine  with  those  ingredients  of  the  oil 
which  render  it  dangerously  inHaimual>le  and  raise  the  fire  point  to  a  perfectly 
safe  degree,  from  HO*^  to  160°  Fahrenheit,  according  to  the  duration  and  strength 
of  the  chemical  action, 

101.284— March  29,  1870.    OSCAR  LOEW.    Improved  method  of  bleaching  and 
refining  oils. 

Claims  a  cold  process  for  bleaching  and  refining  animal,  vegetable,  and  mineral 
oils. 

106, S3S— August  9,  1870.    JOSEPH  A.  TATRO.    Improvement  in  refining  petro- 
leum. 
Claims  the  process  described  of  applying  in  about  the  proportion  specified  to 

the  whole  product  arising  from  the  distillation  of  crude  petroleum,  sulphuric 

acid,  and  chloride  of  lime. 

110,054— December  15^  1S70.    GEORGE  LXJPTON.    Improvement  in  purifying 

benzine. 

Claims  the  following  process: 

To  forty  (40)  gallons  of  benzine  add  ten  (10)  poimds  of  hydrated  sesquioxlde 
of  iron  aiid  ten  (10>  pounds  of  hydrate  of  lime.  This  mixture  should  be  thor- 
oughly agitated  and  allowed  to  stand  twenty-four  hours.  The  fluid  should  then 
be  drawn  off  and  eight  (S)  ounces  of  chloride"  of  barium  added  to  it,  and  the  mix- 
ture again  agitated  and  allowed  to  settle.  After  that  one  (1 1  poimd  of  carbonate 
of  soda  is  thrown  in  and  well  mixed  with  the  fluid.  Ten  (10)  potmds  of  refined 
paraflme  is  next  dissolved  in  the  fluid,  which  should  stand  four  or  fi,ve  days  before 
being  used. 

115.7SS— April  18,  1871.    ROBERT  G.  LOFTUS.    Improvement  in  the  puHfica- 

tions  of  oils  and  fats  by  acids. 

This  relates  to  the  treatment  of  rosin  oil.  and  claims: 

The  employment  of  naphtha  or  a  solvent  in  the  process  of  treating  oil  with  acid 
and  alkali,  and  subsequently  subjecting  the  treated  oil  to  the  action  of  steam  in 
a  still,  or  to  distillation,  all  substantially  as  and  for  the  purpose  of  separating 
the  solvent  from  the  oiL 


608 


MANUFACTURES. 


n6,S5S—Julu  11,  1871.    CHARLES  C.  MEXGEL  AND  ALOIS  POHR  VON 
POHRXHOFF.     Improvement  in  converting  the  residuum  of  petroleum  into  oil. 
Claims  the  conversion  of  the  tarry  residuum  of  petroleum  distillation  into  illu- 
minating oils  by  dropping  into  it  water  in  a  liquid  state,  or  liquids  containing 
water,  while  it  is  subjected  to  a  high  degree  of  heat  in  a  stiU. 

125,067— March  S6,  1S72.  CHARLES  C.  MENGEL  AND  ALOIS  P.  VON 
POHRXHOFF.  Improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  illuminating  oils. 
Claims  the  manufacture  of  illuminating  oil  from  crude  oil  without  having  re- 
course to  lead  and  sulphur  to  etfect  its  deodorization,  by  introducing  water  in  a 
liquid  state,  or  liquids  containing  water,  drop  by  dropi  onto  the  surface  of  the 
heated  oil  in  the  still  and  afterwards  condensing  the  vapors  thus  eliminated  and 
passed  off  from  the  still. 

iS744^—Jun€  4, 1S72.  JAMES  YOUNG.  Improvement  in  treating  petroleum  and 
other  hydrocarbon  ails. 

Claims  the  treatment  of  petroleums  and  paraffine  oil  with  muriatic  or  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

139.009— May  SO,  1873.    JOHN  JAY  LOOXEY.     Improvement  in  treating  heavy 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  treatment  of  crude  or  hea\T  petroleum,  previous  to  distillation, 
with  a  compound  or  mixture  of  benzine  and  sulphuric  acid. 

146,40s— January  13,  1S74.  EMIL  SCHALK.  Improvement  in  refining  petro- 
leum and  other  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  distilled  petroleum  by  sulphurous  acid  and  am- 
monia gas. 

161,072~Apni  6,  1875.  HENRY  DUBBS.  Improvement  in  compounds  for  de- 
colorizing petroleum. 

Claims  the  improved  compound  for  decolorizing  petroleum  or  other  oils,  con- 
sisting of  lime  and  sawdust  combined. 

164,S94—Jun^  £2,  1876.    AUGUSTUS  T.  SCHMIDT.    Improvement  in  refining 

oils. 

Claims  in  refining  oils  the  process  of  subjecting  the  oils  to  distillation  in  the 
presence  of  a  sulphite  or  hyposulphite,  and  in  treating  oils,  the  process  of  wash- 
ing the  distillate  in  a  bath  "of  water  holding  a  hyposulphite  or  hypophosphite  in 
solution. 

£16,518— June^7, 1879.  HENRY  F.  HOWELL.  Improvement  in  processes  of  con- 
verting  crude  petroleum,  without  -practically  changing  its  volume,  into  a  uniform, 
purified,  and  deodorized  oil,  which  may  be  distilled  without  the  coming  over  of 
naphtha,  etc. 

Claims  the  process  of  converting  crude  petroleum  and  analogous  oils  into  a  sub- 
stantially uniform  fluid  of  the  same  homologous  series,  practiciiily  without  chang- 
ing its  volume,  which  consists  in  subjecting  the  crude  oil  to  the  action  of  chlorine 
gas.  whereby  a  cert;ain  proportion  of  the  hydrogen  element  is  replaced  by  an 
equivalent  of  the  gas. 

£40,093— April  12, 1881,  MARTIN  CONNELLY.  Process  of  deodorizing  and  re- 
fining petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  deodorizing  crude  petroleum,  consisting  in  heating  the 
petroleum  in  an  open  vessel,  and  in  suspending  the  deodorizing  materials  in  a 
solid  state  in  the  oil,  and  heating  together  the  oil  and  said  susjiended  materials, 
and  afterwards  withdrawing  the  said  deodorizing  materials  in  a  body  from  the 
oil. 

£40,094— April  IS,  1881.  MARTIN  CONNELLY.  Petroleum  products  and  proc- 
ess of  obtaining  and  deodorizing  the  same. 

Claims  the  process  of  treating  crude  petroleum  for  the  obtaining  therefrom  of 
an  odorless  anhydrous  oil.  consisting  in  first  heating  the  petroleum  in  its  natural 
state  until  it  is  free<i  of  water,  and  afterwards  introtlucing  anhydrous  or  unslaked 
lime  (calcium  oxide  in  proportions  substuiitinlly  such  as  specified,  und  he.iling 
said  lime  and  oil  together  while  entirely  isolated  Iroi-i  other  materials,  and  finally 
separating  the  lime  from  the  oil,  whereby  the  oil  is  left  without  any  foreign  ma- 
terial.s  therein. 

$57,961  — May  16,  1S8S.    THOMSON  McGOWAN.    Process  of  and  mechanism  for 

distilling  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  the  process  for  the  removal  of  sulphur  from  petroleum  consisting  in 
lntrodu<'lng  oxygen  and  an  alkali  simultaneously  into  the  body  of  the  petroleum 
during  distiUiition  and  when  the  temijcrature  thereof  is  ^JOO**  !■'.  or  above. 

£75,665— April  10,  1883.  HANS  BUACKEBUSCH.  Process  of  deodorizing  so- 
lutions of  colophony  in  heavy  hydrocarbon.^. 

Claims  the  process  of  deodorizing  and  refining  solutions  of  colophony  in  heavy 
hydrocarbons,  which  consists  in  treating  the  same  with  nitric  acid  and  neutral- 
izing the  nltro  combinations  resulting  from  the  reaction  by  means  of  sulphuric 
acid  and  iron  filings,  substantially  as  and  for  the  purposes  sjHJcified,  and  in  or 
about  in  ihc  proportions  set  forih. 

t89,78H—Df<  ember  4,  1683.    HFJNRICII  UJHELY.    Process  of  decolorizing  and 

deodorizing  heavy  mineral  oils. 

Cbilms  the  process  of  decolorizing  and  deodorizing  heavy  mineral  oils,  which 
conslfitH  in  dissolving  them  in  light  hydrocarbon  oils,  adding  to  the  solution  the 
liifu>lut>lc  residuum  obtained  in  the  manufacture  of  ferrocyanide  of  potassium, 
lyjUing  the  mixture,  filtering  the  same,  and  finally  di.<jtiiling  from  the  filtrate  the 
hydrocarbon  solvent. 

£09.167— May  S7,  I884.    JOHN  ROWSELL.    Process  of  bleaching,  deodorizing, 

and  sweetening  benzine. 

Pj  *..  .1,  .  ....  ';f  deodorizing,  etc.,  potroloimi  ]>cnzlno  wherein  a  given  mass 
of  I  '<''!  to  an  application  of  sulphuric  ficid,  then  loa-snlutlonof 

(I  '  ■■  1  I'-tly  to  a  solution  of  saltiKJlcr  and  sulphuric  acid,  n  wash- 

inK  "'■"  v.;.-.  1  I  .i.i^;  I. rcferably  resorted  to  after  and  Ixjlweon  eiuji  of  the  afore- 
nald  anpllcnilons,  salu  chemicals  being  used  in  the  proportions  and  In  the  manner 
«I(ei'lned. 

mK3Sf,     Sfny  n.  \HH!,.     UlCnAUD  BAYNES  AND  JOHN  FEARENSIDE,  Jn. 

Vroernn  of  purifying  or  refining  petroleum  and  other  dittillahle  oils. 

fi.i ...  t..  ..r, ...  ,f  i  I,.,.,  i.i,,,-  ,,,,.|  j.Mrifvlng  dark-colored  dlstlllable  oils. 
wl.  I  ilry  coke  or  chiircojil  Inipregnaloa 

wH  lit  the  consistency  of  mud,  suh- 

JINli.^  ....  i.ic. e;  I  ho  distillate. 

BOS.im  -Srptf.w  IIALVORQALVOKSON.    Method  of  dividing  and 

diMtilHng  crwh 

CliilniH  Ilie  pr  If-nm  Into  two  parts,  dctignalod 

"primary"  iiii!  1  In  in  mining  together  cru'lo  |»o- 

trolcum  and  ItMi.  ,    ,     ..        ...  me,  whereby  it  la  cau£od  to  carry 

over  with  it  the  priiuaxy  uU,  luuviiig  Ltiu  oucoudury  pii  behind. 


312.605- February  24,  1885.    LEON  BLFMENTHAL.    Eliminating  the  smell  of 

coal  oil. 

Claims  the  process  of  eliminating  the  odorous  impurities  from  refined  kerosene, 
which  consists  in.  first,  subjecting  the  liquid  to  the  action  of  induced  air  currents; 
second,  adding  about  1  dram  of  suljih  uric  ether  to  each  gaUon  of  the  product;  and, 
third,  continuing  the  action  of  the  air  currents. 

$21465— July  7, 1885.    JULIUS  H.  TIEM ANN.    Process  0/  refining  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  removing  sulphuric  acid  from  petroleum  distifiates  and 
producing  a  finished  merchantable  product,  which  consists  in  adding  directly  to 
such  <iistillates— that  is.  next  after  the  acid  treatment— an  anhydrous  alk;ili,  or 
alkaline  earih  or  composition  thereof,  or  an  anhydrous  compound  of  the  metals, 
whereby  any  washing  is  avoided. 

330,637— November  17,  1885.    JULIUS  H.  TIEMANN.    Process  of  purifying  pe- 
troleum. 

Claims  in  refining  petroleum  the  method  of  effecting  more  immediate  and  inti- 
mate contact  of  the  acid,  which  consists  in  diffusing  or  spreading  the  acid  by  mix- 
ing with  the  petroleum  and  acid  a  powdered  siliceous  or  other  inorganic  substance 
of  greater  specific  gravity  than  the  oil,  and  which  is  insoluble  in  or  unaffected 
chemically  by  the  acid. 

336,941- March  2,  1SS6.    JAMES  W.  NORTON  AND  FRANKLIN  H.  ROUSE. 

Process  of  and  apparatus  for  distilling  oil. 

Claims  the  oil  stiff  provided  with  a  closed  top  having  an  opening,  in  combina- 
tion with  the  condensing  chamber  arranged  iongitutiinally  above  the  still  and 
connecting  directly  with  the  opening  in  which  the  hot  air.  gases,  and  vapors  arc 
received,  and  a  reduced  portion  combined  and  communicating  with  the  outlet 
end  of  the  body  portion  and  connecting  with  an  exhaust  jiowor  to  withdraw  the 
water,  gas,  and  air,  and  pipes  arranged  in  the  enlarged  portion,  and  adapted,  re- 
spectively, to  spray  water  and  liquid  chemicals  on  the  hot  air  and  gases,  with  re- 
ceptacles for  supply  water  and  liquid  chemicals  thereto,  and 

The  method  of  distilling  petroleum  oil,  consisting  of  heating  the  oil  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  still,  forcing  hot  air  downward  through  the  body  of  oil  to  give  thereto 
a  lateral  motion,  causing  chemicals  to  be  precipitated  or  mixed  thoroughly  with 
the  oil  by  this  action  of  the  hot  air,  subjecting  the  gates,  etc.,  arising  from  the 
body  of  oil  to  the  combined  action  of  chemicals  and  water  spray  in  a  condensing 
chamber,  the  water  and  chemicals  thus  mingling  with  the  gases,  and  conveying 
the  same  into  a  receiving  tank. 

340,411— April  20,  1886.    CHARLES  LEOPOLD  BAILLARD.    Process  of  treat- 
ing mineral  oils. 
Claims  the  process  of  oxidating  mineral  oils  by  treating  the  same  with  oleic 

acid  of  distillation  or  saponification,  or  with  rancid  oil  or  fat. 

342,564- May  25, 1886.    GEORGE  L.  BENTON.    Process  of  refining  crude  petro- 
leum oil. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  crude  petroleum,  which  consists  in  heating  the 
oil  to  a  temperature  ranging  trom  about  700°  to  1.0(X)°  Fahrenheit,  and  under  a 
pressure  of  about  500  pounds  or  more  to  the  square  inch,  then  i.'au>ing  the  heated 
oil  to  expand  into  a  chamber  of  approximately  the  same  temperature,  and  finally 
conducting  it  into  an  ordinary  apparatus  wherein  it  is  condensed. 

370,950— October  4,  1SS7.    DANIEL  MACDUGALD  KENNEDY,    Desulphuriz- 
ing and  purifying  petroleum  oils. 
Claims  t!iex>rocess  of  combining  the  sulphur  in  the  oil  with  the  metallic  matter 

contained  in  a  solution  of  about  equal  quantities  of  sulphate  of  copper  (blue 

vitriol),  caustic  soda,  and  chloride  oi'sodiu'm  (.common  saltj,  and  then  separating 

such  con.bined  mctalhc  matter  and  sulphur  from  the  oil. 

378,246— February  £1,  18S8.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Refining  Canadian  and  simi- 
lar petroleum  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  purifying  Canadian  and  slmihr  petroleum  oils  which  con- 
tain sulphur  compounds  whose  presence  gives  to  said  oil  the  pror>erty  of  dissolv- 
ing lead  oxide  by  distilling  the  same  with  the  oxidating  oxid<  s.  especially  (he 
roasted  anl  o.\idaled  residues  of  previous  operations,  mixed  with  or  dissolved 
in  the  oil  under  treatment. 

$79,492-- March  13,  ISSS.  WILLIAM  H.  I'lTT.  Process  of  distilling  petroleum. 
Claiu'B  the  process  of  distilling  petroleum  h-iving  suipbnrous  or  other  otTcnsive 
odors,  consisting  csseiitiaU>  of  vapori/iiii^  such  Ijiiuid  pelroli'iiui,  ilicu  passing 
the  vapors  so  lorn'cd  through  a  recept.icle  healed  ai  it,e  same  or  a  hii'lier  temper- 
ature than  the  vapors  coming  from  the  still,  said  receptacle  being  filled  with  a 
niet;d  or  nu-tals— such  as  iron  or  metallic  compounds— having  an  air.nity  lor  the 
sulphurous  vapors  and  other  objeclionahlo  compounds,  whereby  they'aro  held 
and  retained  by  euch  substance,  and  conducting  away  and  condensing  the  balmice 
of  the  vapors. 

400,633— April  .*,  1889.    FRANCIS  M.  F.  CAZIN.    Method  of  refining  and  deo- 
dorizing coal  oil  or  petroleum. 

Clain.s  the  process  of  deodorizing  oU,  consisting  in  first  passing  the  same  in  a 
finely  divided  state  through  ^^■atcr;  seco7iii,i)assii)g  the  same  l.*iroiigh  an  alkaline 
solution;  third,  passing  the  same  through  a  .'Solution  of  a  salt  of  i-  heavy  iiietal; 
fourth,  pcAsing  llio  same  IhroUKh  a  solution  of  sulphtiric  acid:  fifth,  passing  the 
same  through  an  alkaline  solution,  and  ultimately  washing  the  san.e. 

407,182— July  16, 1SS9.    J  ESSE  A.  DUBBS.    Process  of  refining  nils. 

Claims  as  an  imjirovement  in  the  art  of  refining  oils  containing  sulphur,  the 
hen'in  described  n.ethod,  which  consists  in  adding  arsenium  or  its  salts  to  tlie 
oil,  sulijccllng  the  con. pound  to  a  volatilizing  heat,  and  tlien  condensing  the 
vapors  so  produced,  substa7itially  as  set  forth, 

407.274—Jt'lv  16,  1SS9.    HENRY  R.  ANGUS.    Process  of  purifying  and  devoUt- 

tilizing  petroleum  distillates. 

Claims  the  process  of  obtaining  purified  .and  graded  oils  nnd  naphthas  from 
jwitrolRum  di.stillMte,  consisting  in  rei>eatndly  subjecting  the  distillate  to  Ihoactlcm 
of  healed  w^iltT  in  '*losed  tanks  nt  Increasing  timijieratures  by  passing  t!io  distil- 
late, unwardly  throuKh  the  heated  watiT  in  sairl  lanUs,  .sopafnteiy  removing  iJui 
volalillzed  produi-t  of  each  tiink  as  the  process  advances,  and  condensing  at^d 
di!)Cti'irglng  said  products  separated  from  each  other  and  from  the  distillalo. 

408,i7B—Aumst  6,  1689.    JOHN   KIN(iSFORD   FIELD.    Process  of  refining 

mineral  oil. 

(iHiins  the  method  of  refining  ndnernl  nil,  which  con.slstft  In  acidifvlng  the  oil 
with  fuming  milphuric  ^tcld,  tlien  subjecting  It  to  agitation  in  connection  with 
hleachlng  nmU'riHl,  then  ajia'n  iicidlfylng  with  sifiphuric  add,  and  again  subji>ot- 
Ing  to  ngltatlon  In  cunnecllon  with  bleaching  material. 

413.187- October  31,  tS8lt.    EDWARD  D.  KENDALL.    Process  of  freeing  malo* 

(loronn  hydrtnnrhnnM  froto  oflt  naive  odor. 

i*lfilmB  the  procesH  of  fre*'ing  nmlodorous  hydrocarbons  from  ofienslve  odor, 
which  consist*  Id  subjecting  Mio  same  to  the  action  of  chloride  of  sulphur. 


DTr.EST  OF  PATENTS  PEL  ATT  Xr;  TO  I'ETKOLEUM  REFINING. 


609 


%iI,fi01—'SovembeT  5,   t889.    LEVI  STEVENS.    Process  of  distiUing  oils  and 

oleaginous  substances. 

Claims  tlif  proei-MS  ol  distilling  oils,  which  consists  in  admixing:  the  same  with 
flteam,  nnssinK  thr  compound  ihrau^,'h  a  molten  nmss  of  mi'.U'rial,  which  will 
liquefy  but  not  voiatihzo  at  a  t^jnipcruLiin;  sufljcient  to  break  uj)  nnd  volatilize 
the  heavier  products  of  the  oil.  nnd  finally  condensing  the  n-sult'int  vapor. 

'I'he  process  of  distilling  oils  and  oleaginous  coiniioimds,  wliich  consists  In 
admixing  tfio  ajjmc  with  sti  am,  vaporizinfj  th.  con'poiind,  conducting  the  result- 
ing vapor  through  a  .se^i<'^^  of  eondensers,  in  each  of  which  in  sueecssion  it  is  nuI)- 
jected  to  a  lower  tcniiicrature,  and  drawing  oil'  the  product  of  cond^-nsatiou  from 
each  condenser  into  a  still  or  vessel  ln'ated  to  a  temperature  at  which  said  prod- 
uct shall  bo  redistilled  to  expel  therefrom  the  Ughter  i>roducts,  which  may  have 
been  carried  with  it  from  the  condenser. 

419,347— January  1/,,  1S90.    HOnKRT  MILTON  PERRINE.    Process  of  puri- 
fying and  deodorizing  crude  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  deodorizing  and  purifying  cmdo  petroleum  oils,  which 
consists  in  first  agitating  or  stirring  the  same  with  cliloride  of  lime  for  a  period 
of  five  hours,  more  or  less,  and  then  adding  siUphuric  iicid  to  complete  the  elimi- 
nation of  chlorine  gas  and  to  neutralize  and  preciiiitatc  the  alkaline  matters  and 
other  impurities,  and  finally  drawing  off  or  removing  the  purified  and  deodor- 
ized oil. 

4f5,905— April  15,  1890.    CHARLES  RAVE.    Process  of  utilizing  acid  tar  rexid- 

uuins. 

Claims  the  process  of  manufacturing  bitumen  and  other  products  from  crude 
oils,  tars,  pitches,  and  other  hydrocarl'onaeeous  matters,  which  consists  in  treat- 
ing the  crude  hydrocarbons  with  sidphuric  »cid  at  a  suitable  temperature,  thus 
forming  clear  oil  or  grease  and  an  ncid  tar,  maeerating  Iho  ncid  tar  with  water 
and  granaljir  metal,  such  as  described,  out  of  contact  with  air,  till  the  sulphuric 
aci<i  and  metal  have  combined,  disciUinc  the  bjtiirnen  liy  fractional  distillation, 
ohtaiuing  then:by  various  naphthas  and  oils  till  the  residue  is  su€iciently  hard 
for  the  purpose  required. 

440,830— November  18,  1890.  ANSON  L.  MUNSON.  Process  of  treating  coal  tar. 
Claims  the  process  ol  treating  coal  tar,  which  consists  in  subjecting  the  coal 
tar  to  a  heat  of  110°  Fahrenheit,  maintaining  that  heat  without  driving  ort'  the 
lighter  volatiles  until  the  soliils  are  melted  to  a  degree  sull-cient  to  be  acted  upon 
by  the  »olvents,  adding  a  saturated  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc  in  the  propmtion 
of  2^  pounds  to  every  50  gallons  of  tar,  and  agitating  the  mass,  then  adding  oil  of 
turi>eQtine  during  the  agitation  in  the  proportion  of  5  gahons  to  e\ery  ')0  gallons 
of  tar,  and  continuing  the  agitation  until  the  turpentine  is  thoroughly  incor- 
porated. 

442,802— December  16,  1890.     JO  TIN  GARDNER  AND  JAMES  F,  HARRIS. 

Process  of  refining  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  oils,  which  consists  in  injecting  a  ferruginated 
liquid  into  a  vaporizing  chamber,  intimately  conmiingling  a  spray  of  oil  there- 
with and  vaporizing  the  same,  condensing  the  vapors,  and  separating  the  sulphur 
compounds. 

448,480— March  17,  1891.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for 

refining  and  purifying  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  removing  from  petroleiun  the  sulphur  compound  known 
as  "skunk,"  consisting  in  vaporizing  the  petroleum  and  passing  the  vapors 
through  a  vessel  containing  an  oily  liquid  holding  in  solution,  or  solution  and  sus- 
pension, a  substance  soluble  in  such  petroleum  and  having  an  afllnity  for  the 
skunk  conipound,  and  raising  the  solution  into  contact  with  the  vapors  above 
the  liquid  by  causing  a  de\ice  to  enter  repeatedly  into  and  agitate  the  liquid 
and  raise  upon  the  surface  of  the  device  a  portion  of  the  liquid  into  the  space 
occupied  by  the  vapors. 

45tfi60—May  5,  1891.    EDWARD  DWIGHT  KENDALL.    Process  of  refining 

hydrocarbons. 

Claims  the  process  of  purifying  miueral  hydrocarbon  oils  containing  sulphur 
compounds,  which  consists  in  mixing  the  oil  with  iriercuric  chloride  in  solution 
and  in  subsequeutl}'  removing  the  absorbed  mercuric  body  from  the  oil  by  sub- 
jecting the  oil  to  the  action  oi  a  suitable  sulphide. 

45J,7U—May  5,  1891.    THOMAS  J.  GORDON.    Process  of  purifying  petroleum 

distillates. 

Claims  the  process  of  purifying  petroleum  distillates,  which  consists,  first,  in 
subjecting  the  s:ime  to  the  action  of  a  chemical  having  an  affinity  for  sulphur 
products,  such  as  litharge,  then  admixing  with  thedistiUate  thus  treated  sulphate 
of  rangnesium.  to  precipitate  the  sulphur  products  and  hlharge,  then  adding  an 
acid  to  precipitate  the.  remaining  sulphur  and  lead  products,  then  adding  an 
alkaline  solution  to  neutralize  the  acid,  and  finally  washing  the  distillate  to 
remove  the  alkali. 

46rj. 70S- December  22,  1891.     CHARLES  C  MEN  GEL,  Se.     Process  of  reHmng 

petrnhuvi  ami  analogous  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  petroleum  and  analogous  oils,  consisting  in  vapor- 
izing the  oils,  introducing  into  the  vapor  previously  washed  carbonic  acid  gas 
underpressure  and  in  a  heated  state,  conducting  the  mixture  into  extended  i-iiies, 
Bui^jecting  the  same  to  additional  heat,  and  discharging  the  mixture  into  a  con- 
denser. 

480,^11— August  9,  189S.    OTTO  P.  AMEND  AND  JOSIAH  H.  MACY.    Process 

of  desulphurizing  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  destilphurizing  oil,  which  consists  in  vaporizing  the  oil 
containing  the  sulphur  and  heating  the  oil  vapor  to  a  degree  of  heat  at  or  above 
the  boiling  point  of  sulphur,  exposing  the  oil  vapor  so  heated  to  the  action  of  one 
or  more  chemical  reagents  that  will  combine  with  siiinhur  or  sulphur  comnounds, 
and  then  condensing  the  oil  vapor. 

480,312- August  9,  1S9S.    OTTO  F.  AMEND,    Process  of  desulphurizing  oUs. 

Claims  the  process  of  desulphurizing  oil,  which  consists  in  vaporizing  the  oil 
containing  sulphur  or  sulphur  con;}.ounds  and  heating  the  vaponzed  oil  to  a 
degree  of  heat  at  or  above  tlie  l»oiMng  point  of  sulphur  and  then  exposing  the 
vaporized  oil  so  heated  to  the  action  of  one  or  more  alkalies  and  then  conde.nsiue 
the  oil. 

487,119— Xovember  29,  1892.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Refining  Canadian  or  simi- 
lar petroleum  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  removing  the  sulphur  compound  termed  '"sKoink"  from 
Canadian  and  similar  pctroleimi,  which  consists  in  vaporizing  the  oil  and  sub- 
jecting the  vapors  after  they  are  given  off  fro.n  the  body  of  the  od  to  the  action 
of  on  oily  or  resinous  Uquid  holding  in  solution  or  solution  and  susi>ensiononeor 
niore  metallic  oxides  soluble  in  said  oil,  including  the  decomposable  compounds 
of  such  oxides,  and  condensing  such  purified  vapors. 


487,216— November  Sfi,  1892.    HERMAN  FliARCH.    Pvrifying  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  nurifying  i>etroleuin  of  the  Canadian  and  Lima  clasF  of 
distlUing  the  haid  skunk  o'-ariu^'  pctroleun:  and  subj*-cting  the  same  to  the  action 
within  the  oil  nndergtunt'  distiiiaiifpn  of  the  falts  of  thow-  nictals  which  are  pre- 
cipitable  by  hydrogen  sul]>hide  in  acid  solution,  as  the  manganates,  chromAtea, 
borates,  sulphates,  carbonates,  and  the  like. 

501,988— July  25,  189S,    FRANCIS  J.  CARMAN.    Process  of  refining  sulphuroui 

petroleum. 

Claiiris  the  process  for  desulphurizing  oils,  which  conMsts  in  passing  the  oil  va- 
pors through  a  receptacle  containing  a  mass  of  melted  metal,  which  will  reduce 
th*!  sulphurous  vapors  to  a  common  form  of  combination,  and  then  combine  with 
the  sulphur. 

603,028— August  8,  1893.    CEORCE  ARCHBOLD.     Method  of  and  means  for 

extracting  hydrocarbons  fro  jn  bituminous  rockf. 

Claims  the  methou  of  separating  earthy  matters  from  the  hydrocarbons  in 
bituuiinous  rock,  consisting  In  suljjecting  a  mass  of  haid  rock  to  the  action  of 
sulphurous  acid. 

507, 441 —October  24,  1893.    HERMANN  KOEHLER.    Process  of  refining  petro- 
leum. 

Claims  the  process  of  treating  hydrocarbon  oils  which  are  impregnated  with 
sulphim  or  suli>hur  comj)ounds,  for  the  luirjtose  of  pre[taring  tin-  oil  ff»r  the  re- 
moval of  the  sulphur  by  subsetjuent  treatment,  consisting  in  the  following  stei  s: 
First,  vaporizing  the  oil  by  subjecting  it  to  heat  in  a  still;  sec-ond,  passing  the 
vapors  thus  produced  through  hme  healed  to  such  a  temperattjre  tnat  wliiti^li 
visible  vapors  are  evolved;  and,  third,  condensing  the  vapor  after  its  passage 
through  the  heated  lime. 

608,479— November  14,  1893.    ADOLF  KAVSER.    Method  of  deodorizing  hydro- 
carbon oils. 

Claims  the  method  of  deodorizing  hydrocarbon  oils  which  consists  m  subject- 
ing their  vapors  to  the  action  of  unliydrous  nitric  acid,  either  alone  or  in  con- 
nection with  hypochlorous  acid. 

522.028— June  26,  1894,    WALTER  B.  PRICE.    Process  of  purifying  illuminat- 
ing oils. 
Claims  a  new  process  of  pimifying  oils  containing  sulphur,  which  consists  in 

treating  the  oil  with  nitric  acid, nitrous  acid,  or  nitric  peroxide,  and  distilUng 

the  oil  so  treated  with  sulphiu-ic  acid. 

623,716— July  31, 1894.    ADOLPH  SOMMER.    Process  of  desulphurizing  mineral 

oils. 

Claims  the  improvement  in  the  process  of  desulphurizing  mineral  oils  con- 
sisting in  volatilizing  the  same  and  passing  their  vapors  through  a  body  of  anhy- 
drous sulphate  of  copper,  heated  to  a  temperature  about  or  above  130?  centi- 
grade. 

525,811— SepUmber  11,  1894.    HANS  A.  FRASCH.    Process  of  refining  petro* 

leum. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  petrolemn  or  Its  distillates,  which  consists  in 
transforming  the  sulphim  and  basic  bodies  contained  therein  mto  oxidized  ard 
chloric  products  by  treatment  with  a  substance  containing  freechlorine  or  chloric 
oxide,  removing  the  soluble  compounds  by  washing  with  water,  taking  up  tie 
compounds  soluble  in  acid  by  treatment  with  sulphuric  acid,  converting  tl  e 
remaining  chloric  bodies  into  a  double  salt,  which  is  insoluble  in  the  soil,  tjy 
treatment  with  a  basic  metallic  salt,  and  finally  removing  such  double  salt  by 
decantation  or  otherwise. 

526,969— September  11,  1894.    ADOLPH  SOMMER.    Process  of  desulphurizing 
mineral  oils. 

Claims  the  herem  described  improvement  m  the  process  of  desulphurizing 
mineral  oils,  consisting  in  digesting  them  with  dry  sulphate  of  copper. 

5S4, 295— February  19, 1895.    JULIUS  J.  SUCKERT.    Process  of  purifying  hydro- 
carbon oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  hydrocarbon  oil,  consisting  in  adding  to  the 
same  a  body  described  capable  of  combining  with  sulphur  in  the  oil,  subjecting 
the  mixture  to  heat  and  pressure,  subsequently  reUeving  said  pressure  and  con- 
densing any  vapors  arising  from  the  heated  oil, 

637,121— April  9,  1895.    CLEMENS  LOSSEN.    Deodorizing  mineral  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  deodorizing  mineral  oils,  which  consists  in  mixing  the 
ods  with  cuprous  oxide  and  then  subjectmg  the  mixture  to  heat  until  the  acety- 
lenes contained  therein  are  destroyed. 

54S,849—July  16,  1895.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Process  of  refinina  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  purifying  petroleum  of  the  Canadian  or  Lima  class  from 
sulphur  compounds  consisting  in  subjecting  such  sulphur  bearing  petroleum 
to  the  action  of  nitrous  acid  fumes  at  the  temperature  and  during  the  process  of 
distillation. 

54S,61^-July  SO,  1895.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Hcfining   Canadian  or  similar 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  removing  the  sulphur  compound  termed  "skimk"  from 
Canadian  and/similar  petroleum,  which  consists  in  vaporizing  the  oil  and  subject- 
ing the  skunk  bearing  vapors  given  off  from  the  body  of  oil  to  the  action  in  an 
undissolved  condition  of  one  or  more  of  the  oxides  or 'oxygen  salts  of  the  metals 
of  that  class  which  are  precipitated  by  hydrogen  sulphide  in  acid  solution  and 
which  form  oxides  soluble  in  slnmk:  bearing  oil. 

548, 391—0 ctober  £2,  1895.    WALTER  B.   PRICE.    Method  of  purification  of 

mineral  oils. 

Claims  the  Improvement  in  the  process  of  purifjTng  California  illuminating 
oils,  which  consists  in  treating  the  oil  to  be  purified  with  strong  sulphuric  acid, 
at  a  temperatiu-e  above  the  boiling  point  of  water. 

551,941— December  24, 1895.    OTTO  P.  AMEND  AND  JOSIAH  H.  MACY.    Proc- 
ess of  dcsulphuring  petroleum  distillates. 

Claims  the  process  of  eliminating  sulphur  or  organic  sulphur  compoimds  from 
petroleum  oil  or  distUlate,  which  consists  in  subjecting  the  oil  or  distillate  con- 
taining sulphur  or  organic  sulphm'  eonijxMinds  to  the  action  of  an  oxide  or  hy- 
drate of  an  alkali  or  alkaline  eiirlh  or  to  a  combination  of  both  oxide  and  hydrate 
by  bringing  the  same  in  contact  each  with  the  other  and  agitating  them  or  one 
of  them;  in  heating  the  od  or  distiliale  and  the  eontents  thereof;  in  effcctinc  the 
dehydration  of  the  oil  or  distillate  by  introducing  therem  and  agitating  there- 
witii  one  or  more  dehyilrating  agents,  as  terra  alba  Toxide  of  alumiiia). calcium 
oxide  or  other  dehydrating  agenl,andprrt'ii  ilatirgihe  new  sulphur  compounds, 
which  are  formed  by  the  action  of  the  alkah  or  alkaiire  earth  ujon  the  sulphur 
or  organic  sulphur  compounds  in  the  oiliand  then  separating  the  oil  or  distii- 
late  from  the  precipitate. 


610 


MANUFACTURES. 


SS8.7iT—Apriltl.!f9e.    CAELOS  A.SMITH.    Process  of  reiivimg  oil. 

Claims  in  the  process  of  refiDijig  sujpbur  petroleums  the  improvement  con- 
Bisting  in  exposing  the  crude  distillate  of  such  sulphur  petroleum  to  the  influ- 
ence of  au  active  plate  or  element,  such  as  lead,  and  an  inactive  plate  or  element, 
such  as  carbon  and  then  treating  with  an  acid  in  the  usual  way. 

ceo,iBS~May  19,  lS9e.    FBIEDRICH  BERG.    Refining  ■petroleum  or  hydro- 
carbon oils. 

Claims  in  refining  crude  Ohio  petroleum  or  other  like  sulphurous  hydrocarbon 
oils,  the  process  consisting  in  treating  the  crude  oil  prior  to  tlie  distillation  of  the 
Illuminating  oil  productSjIirst,  with  a  suitable  acid,  and,  secondly, with  a  suitable 
alkali  or  base,  aJl  at  a  temperature  of  at  least  110°  Fahrenheit. 

l8t,tie—Junei,lS96.    HERMAN  FKASCH.    Distillation  of  petroleum. 

Claims  the  improvement  in  the  distillation  of  petroleum,  consistmg  in  taking 
the  distillate  obtained  by  cracking  lieavier  oils,  and  after  the  so  obtained  distil- 
late has  beea  treated  with  sulphuric  acid  redistilling  tlie  same  with  diffusion  of 
alkaline  material,  such  as  lime,  through  the  said  distillate,  the  diffusion  of  the 
said  material  being  effected  through  the  whole  body  of  the  oil  whUe  this  is  suit- 
ablv  Ijclow  the  boiling  point  of  water  and  continued  through  the  subsequent 
rise  of  temperature  to  the  boiling  point  of  oil  and  the  consequent  evaporation  of 
the  said  oil,  so  that  said  material  is  exhibited  to  the  compounds  which  resulted 
from  the  action  of  the  sulphuric  acid  upon  the  cracked  oil  as  the  same  are  decom- 
posing from  the  commencement  throughout  the  progress  of  the  decomposition. 

Bei,9St-Julyi8,lS96.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Art  of  purifying  petroleum. 

Claims  in  the  purification  of  petroleum,  the  improvement  consisting  in  heat- 
ing through  hot  gases  of  combustion  a  number  of  independent  charges  of  small 
diameter  of  a  purifying  agent  to  an  elevated  desulphurizing  temperature  which 
is  the  same  for  tlie  different  charges,  equalizing  such  temperature  through  the 
absorption  and  giving  off  of  heat  by  a  regulator  between  the  charges  of  purifying 
material  and  the  fire,  dividing  the  vapors  given  off  together  from  the  same  body 
of  petroleum  in  distillation  into  a  ntmiber  of  streams,  subjecting  these  several 
streams  separately  each  to  the  action  of  tlie  purifying  agent  in  one  of  said  charges, 
and  making  such  action  alike  on  the  dillerent  streams  by  forming  a  partial 
vacuum  between  the  purifying  agent  and  the  condenser  and  thereby  counter- 
acting difierences  in  the  resistance  of  the  several  charges. 

I6i,9es-July  18,  1896.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Process  «/  and  apparatus  for 

refining  Lima  or  similar  petroleum. 

Claims  the  continuous  process  of  removing  sktinlc  from  Lima  or  similar  petro- 
leum, consisting  in  exposing  a  comminuted  oxide  or  salt  of  copper  or  hke  metal 
to  the  vapors  of  such  oil  and  (when  the  said  substance  is  charged  with  sulphury 
to  air  so  as  to  revivify  the  same  by  oxidation  of  the  metal  and  sulphur,  all  under 
the  conditions  of  a  noncaking  temperature  and  an  absence  of  compacting  pressure. 
and  then  repeating  the  described  operations  imder  said  conditions  of  heat  and 
pressure,  without  removal  of  the  said  substance  from  the  apparatus  in  which 
the  process  is  carried  on  by  the  passage  of  skunk  bearing  vapors  to  dec-ompose 
the  skunk  and  of  air  to  revivify  the  skunk  decomposing  substance. 

t8i,9!S — Tuty  S8, 1896.    HERMAN  FR.\SCH.    Process  of  refining  Lima  or  simi- 
lar petroleum. 

Claims  the  continuous  process  of  removing  skunk  from  Lima  or  similar  petro- 
leum, consisting  in  exposing  a  purificator  composed  of  a  refractory  fibrous  mate- 
rial like  woollv  asbestos  and  a  comminuted  oxide  of  salt  of  copper  or  like  metal 
adherent  to  tl'ie  fibers  of  such  material  to  the  vapors  of  such  oil  and  (when  the 
substance  is  charged  with  sulphur)  to  air  so  as  to  revivify  the  sub.stance  by 
oxidation  of  the  metal  and  sulphur,  all  under  the  conditions  of  a  noncaking  tem- 
perature and  an  absence  of  compacting  pressure  so  as  to  induce  or  retain  a  swelled 
or  expanded  state  of  extreme  subdivision  in  the  sulistance  whicii  adheres  to  the 
refractory  fibers,  and  repeating  the  described  operations  under  said  conditions  of 
heal  and  pressure,  without  removal  of  said  purificator  from  tlic  npparatus  in 
which  the  process  is  carried  on  by  tlic  oaasape  of  skunk  liearing  vapors  to  decom- 
pose the  skunk  and  of  air  to  revivify  tlie  skunk  decomposing  substance. 

IHfiHr-July  S8,  1896.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for 

refining  Lima  or  similar  petroleum. 

Claims  the  Improvement  In  refining  I^lma  or  similar  petroleum,  consisting  in 
burning  the  spent  skunk  decomposing  substance  for  the  purpose  of  revivifica- 
tion, keeping  the  degree  of  heat  below  a  caking  temnerature  by  conducting  away 
the  excess  of  heat  as  generated  by  means  of  the  oil  in  distillation,  and  conveying 
away  and  condensing  the  so  generated  vitnors:  and. 

The  combination  with  a  still  and  a  distilling  chamber  of  a  purifier  box  adapted 
to  serve  also  as  a  revivifving  furnace  arranped  In  said  chamber,  a  vapor  pipe  be- 
tween the  said  box  and  the  vapor  spac  e  o!  said  still  Iwhelhcr  said  pipe  be  or  be 
not  also  In  communication  with  the  vapor  space  of  said  chamber),  one  or  more 
air  Inlet  pipes  for  said  box,  means  tor  opening  and  closing  said  pipes,  a  con- 
denser, a  condenser  connection  for  the  said  box,  and  a  sepanile  condenser  con- 
nection tor  the  said  chamber  (the  last-mentioned  connection  being  preferably  by 
way  of  a  companion  purifier  box). 

teS,OSI>— August  4,  1896.    OEOROE  M.  8AYB0LT.    Process  of  refining  hydro- 
carbon oils. 

Claims  the  method  of  purifying  petroleum  distillate,  which  consists  In  treating 
It,  after  final  dlsllliation,  with  nonfumlng  suliihuric  acid,  and  then  removing 
the  impurilies  remaining  after  the  acid  treatment  by  bringing  llie  distillate  Into 
intimate  contact  with  a  finely  divided,  substantially  nonalkniine  substance 
without  Intermediate  treatment  of  the  distillate  with  water  or  alkali. 

e06,0M>—A<innst  i,  1899.    OEOROE  M.  SAYBOLT.    Process  of  refining  petro- 
leum Hiflitlntes. 

Clnlms  the  method  of  purifying  petroleum  distillate,  which  consists  In  treat- 
im;  tli<  burniiiL'  oil  distillate  of  pelrolcnni  of  less  than  O.WO  specific  gravity,  after 
it.'  '  ' '  ion,  with  nonfuming  sulphurie  acid,  and  removing  the  imjiuritlefl 

rei:  the  licid  treatment  by  agitutiriK  such  diatlllatc  with  water  and 

th.  It  with  finely  divldwl  noualkallno  solid  material,  and  tliercby 

removing  ihu  sulpbonlc  salts  produced  by  reaction  of  the  sul|>liurlc  aild  with 
the  oil. 

t1:-  irr  8,1806.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Treatment  of  pctrok urn  for 

T'  'iur  romjtounil.i. 

(  .    '  '.f  ir<:,tLnc  oil  of  the  Lima  class,  for  removal  of  the  skunk, 

bv  ;l  fluring  a  rilstlllatlon  thereof  to  a  j)Ulverulent 

pii'  ■■  linving  a  busis  of  Iron  and  copper  in  tin*  Intl- 

ma'      '  t'.L'i-tlier  of  their  compounds  and  iMlmixturo 

In  tic-  rii..lUHi  slut.-  ,.  istcd  iinil  pulverized  copiier  nnilte,  the 


purlfvliig  material  b< 
ftontftft  with  llio  vap 


Iv  of  oil  In  dl!<llIlation  or  brougiit  Into 
been  given  off  from  said  body. 


SSO.SSS— April  IS,  1897.    MAX  SCHILLER.     3ff(fto<f  of  refining  and  purifying 

hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  removing  sulphur  compounds  from  hydrocarbon  oili, 
which  consists  In  mixing  the  crude  oil  with  zinc  dust  and  substantially  dry 
alkaline  hydrate  for  the'prodiiction  of  hydrogen  to  combine  with  the  sulphur 
of  said  sulphur  compounds,  the  proportion  of  zinc  dust  and  alkaline  hydrate 
I  eiiig  in  e-xcess  of  that  required  for  the  separation  of  hydrogen  to  combine  with 
the  sulphur  compounds,  and  subjecting  the  same  to  the  distilling  operation. 

5SS,779—June   I,   IS97.     JAMES  R.  WHITING  AND  WILLIAM  A.  LAW- 
RENCE.   Process  of  and  apparatus  for  deodorizing  oils. 
Claims  a  process  of  deodorizing  oil,  consisting  m  first  reducing  the  oil  to  a 
vapor,  tlien  passing  said  vapor  through  charcoal,  then  thi'ough  limewater,  and 
then  condensing  said  vapor. 

An  apparatus  for  deodorizing  the  lighter  products  of  coal  or  petroleum,  com- 
prising a  heating  cylinder,  in  which  the  material  under  treatment  is  to  be  vapo- 
rized, a  container  for  charcoal  having  communication  with  said  cylinder,  a  lime- 
water  cylinder  communicating  with  the  container,  and  a  condenser  communi- 
cating with  said  limewater  cylinder. 

586,520— July  IS,  1897.  GEORGE  H.  MOORE.  Process  of  refining  petroleum 
Claims  the  process  of  purifying  Lima  and  Canadian  petroleum  oils,  and  petro- 
leums of  that  class,  by  removing  the  nitrogenous  compotmds  and  traces  of  the 
phenyhc  and  naphthalene  series  by  means  of  a  porous  compound  of  sodlc  hydrate, 
calcic  hydrate,  and  sulphate  of  soda  applied  to  vapor  of  the  oil  previous  to  the 
removal  of  the  sulphur. 

595.788— December  SI,  1897.    HENRY  J.  SMALL  AND  HOWARD  STILLMAN. 

Apparatus  for  manufacturing  benzene. 

The  object  of  this  invention  Is  to  effect  the  utilization  of  the  liquid  benzol 
which  Is  oi,talned  as  a  by-product  In  the  operation  of  the  "Pintsch  gas"  plant 
by  the  manufacture  therefrom  of  benzene  In  a  simple  and  Inexpensive  manner: 
aild  the  Ir.ventor  claims — 

In  an  apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of  benzene,  the  combination  of  an  agita- 
tor, a  compressed  air  supply  pipe,  a  steam  stUl,  a  condenser,  and  valvcd  coimec- 
tions  from  the  agitator  to  the  stlU,  from  the  agitator  to  a  point  of  discbarge, 
and  from  a  source  of  compressed  air  to  the  agitator. 

596,1,87— December  18,  1897.  WILLIAM  A.  SMITH.  Process  of  refining  oil. 
Claims  in  a  process  of  refining  refractory  oils  the  following  steps:  Introducing 
terpene  Into  the  oil  or  distillate  to  be  refined,  subjecting  the  mixture  to  heat 
and  removing  terpene,  whereby  the  oil  or  dlstlUate  is  rendered  amenable  to 
further  treatment. 

597 .920— January  25, 1898.    ERIC  A.  STARKE.    Process  of  purifying  and  refining 

California  petroleum  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  treating,  purifying,  and  refining  "California"  petroleum 
oils,  so  as  to  produce  from  them  Illuminating  oils,  which  process  consists,  essen- 
tially. In  first  removing  the  less  refractory  sul  stances  by  treating  said  oils  with 
a  solvent  or  menstruum  and  then  treating  the  resulting  product  with  sulphurio 
anhydrid  to  remove  the  more  refractory  substances. 

60I.S3I— March  29,  1898.    OTTO  P.  AMEND.    Process  of  desulphurizing  refrac- 
tory oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  desulphurizing  and  treatmg  petroleum  oil  or  distillate 
containing  refractory  sulphur  compounds,  as  Lima  or  Canadian  oil  or  distillate, 
which  consists  In  treating  the  oil  or  dlstlUate  with  sulpluiric  acid  having  a 
higher  percentage  of  IlsSOi  than  Is  found  In  ordinary  commercial  66°  Baumfi 
acid  and  containing  SO3  or  anhydrous  sulphuric  add;  In  repeating  the  application 
of  such  aclduutll  asphttlngupof  the  sulphur  compounds  In  the  oil  or  dlstillale 
Is  effected:  then  removing  the  acid  sludge  and  exposing  the  split  up  sulphur 
compounds  to  the  action  of  an  agent  or  reagent  having  an  affinity  for  sulphur; 
and  m  effecting  the  dehydration  of  the  distillate. 

604,280— May  17,1898.    HERMAN  WOLF.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for  refining 

crude  petroleum,  etc. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  petroleum  and  analogous  oils,  which  consists  In 
Injecting  a  stream  of  sulphuric  acid  between  two  streams  (one  of  which  is  oil) 
moving  at  different  velocities;  and, 

A  refining  apparatus  comprising  a  cylindrical  casing  provided  with  concentric 
Inlet  or  Injection  nozzles  and  having  a  constricted  jmition  atiovo  the  nozzle 
mouths  and  1, clow  the  upper  extremity  of  the  casing,  said  iii.-;ing  having  Its  upper 
portion  provided  with  a  lid  and  its  lower  portion  provided  with  lateral  Inlets. 

60l,,6t5—May  H,  1898.    JOIIN  BRAGG.    Process  of  deodorizing  and  purifying 

petroleum  oil. 

Claims  the  process  of  deodorizing  and  purifying  petroleum  oil,  which  consists 
In  first  dissolving  in  the  oil  a  metallic  compound  soluble  In  the  oil  and  whose 
metallic  conslituent  is  comblnnMe  with  the  sulphur  element  of  I  hi'  oil,  such,  for 
Instance,  as  an  olculeor  eolopboniite,  sulisc<iuenlly  bniikiiig  up  Ilie  conipmind 
or  emulsion  Ihus  fnrineii  by  the  iiddil  ion  thereto  of  a  sulml  iincc  en  pubic  of  react  iiig 
with  the  metallic  .■Inm  iH  of  the  compound  added,  whereby  llie  nielidlic  constit- 
uents of  the  mtis.s  mi'  rmisiil  to  sepanile  from  the  oil,  and  liniilh'  removing  from 
the  oil  the  scpanitid  iiniiurltics  and  precipilates,  without  dislilhition. 

607 ,0t7—July   12,   1898.    THEODORE  F.  COLIN.    Process  of  desulphurizing 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  purifying  Ohio  and  similar  petroleum  oils,  which  consists 
In  distilling  the  crude  oil  ordislillale  with  a  jieroxid,  from  which  the  oxygen 
Is  liberated  In  the  presence  of  the  hydrocarbons  at  the  normal  temiicralure  of 
dial  Illation. 

618,S07— January  2/,,   1899.    AUGUST   WENDTLAND.    Process   of  removing 

green  color  from  paraffin. 

Claims  a  process  lor  removing  the  prcon  color  from  petroleum  residues  which 
have  been  ticaled  with  sulidiurlc  acid,  which  consists  in  treating  the  same  with 
a  soap  compomd  of  tally  acid  and  an  alkaline  sohilion,  allowing  the  soapy  and 
ollv  miillers  to  sepanile,  Ireating  the  oilv  portion  with  barium  chlorld  Bolutlon, 
and  filtering  such  oily  jiortion  through  boiioblack  which  has  been  impregnated 
with  alcohol. 

620,882— March  H,  181)0.  ARTnilR  J.  BOOTE  AND  HENRY  (I.  W.  KITT- 
KlClKil';.  I'roccss  of  trrnting  hydrocarbon  oils  for  rrmoHng  sulphur  compounds. 
Claims  In  the  tiealment  ot  oils  lor  I  lie  removal  of  sulphur  compounds  con- 
tained therein,  the  melliod  of  first  trcallng  the  oil  with  an  alkaline  solution  of 
ail  oxid  of  lead,  and  I  bin  furl  her  treating  it  with  a  liy.i)Ochlorlt6  of  calcium,  and 
then  removing  the  prccipllaie. 


DIGEST  OF  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  PETROLEUM  REFINING. 


611 


8tS.7!)n~April  11,  1899.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for 

purifying  petroleum. 

Claims  as  an  improvement  In  the  art  of  rmrifyinR  pdrolcums  of  tlio  Canadian 
or  Lima  class,  for  the  removal  of  tlm  offensive  sulphur  compound  conluii.etl 
therein,  passing  the  vapors  of  distillation  through  a  column  or  vessel  containing 
metallic  purifying  material  In  dividc<l  particles,  such  vessel  being  revolved  or 
agitated  constantly  or  intermittently  during  the  passage  of  the  vapor  there- 
through for  the  purpose  of  removing  from  their  surfaces,  by  the  abrasion  on 
each  other  of  the  particles  of  the  purificator,  the  metalhc  sulphide  which  is  formed 
thereon;  and, 

The  coral>ination  with  a  petroleum  still  and  a  condenser  of  an  apitatory  or 
rotatory  vessel  for  containing  and  cleansing  a  purificator  interposed  in  the  path 
of  the  vapors  between  the  said  still  and  condenser,  and  nutms  for  heating  said 
vessel. 

623, 066- ApHl  11,  1899.  FREIDRICH  BERG.  Process  of  refining  petroleum. 
Claims  the  petroleum  refining  process  comprising,  first,  a  treatment  of  the 
crude  oil  with  an  alkali  at  a  comparatively  higii  temperature,  maintaining  this 
mixture  at  said  lemiHTaluro  for  several  lnuirs  aiiri  Htirhng  or  agitating  the  mix- 
ture at  intervals  during  this  time;  then  removing  or  seiiaraling  the  alkali  and 
foreign  matter  that  has  lieen  precipilated  or  settled  durinj:  ^i|lid  alkali  treatment 
and  permitting  Iho  alkah  still  contained  in  the  oil  to  si  and  for  several  days  at  a 
moderate  temperature  and  conlinue  its  work  of  destioying  sulphurous  com- 
pounds and  impurities  still  remaining  in  the  oil;  then  distilling  the  oil,  and, 
linaUy,  treating  the  distillate  with  sulphuric  aeid  for  the  purpose  of  removing 
the  water  contained  in  the  distillate. 

€40,918— January  9,  1900.    ADOLPH  KAYSER.     Method  of  refining  petroleum 

and  petroleum  derivatii:es. 

Claims  in  the  method  of  refining  ill  smelling  or  sulphur  bearing  petroleum,  or 
petroleum  dt«-ivatives,  the  step  which  consists  in  distilling  the  same  by  the 
ttT»pUcation  of  heat  to  the  still,  mixing  cari)on  with  the  oil  vapor,  and  heating 
the  mixture  of  oil  vapor  and  carbon  monoxid  to  the  temperature  necessary  for 
causing  the  carbon  monoxid  to  react  upon  the  objectionable  compounds  in  the 
oil  vapor. 

649,047— May  8,  1900.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    AH  of  purifying  petroleum  and 

products  therefrom. 

Claims  the  process  of  making  from  Lima  or  Cmmdian  petroleums,  which  con- 
tain the  sulphur  compounds  termed  "skunk,"  fair  smelling  reduced  oil  products 
for  lubricating  purposes,  consisting  in  reducing  the  skunk  bearing  crude  petro- 
leum to  a  gravity  of  about  29°  Bauine  bv  evaporating  the  burning  oil  and  other 
lighterportionsat  such  temperatures  and  under  such  other  conditions  as  to  avoid 
the  liberation  of  microseopic  particles  of  carljon  or  other  decomposition  which 
would  exclude  the  said  residual  product  from  the  reduced  oil  class,  and  in  sub- 
jecting the  uudistilled  heavier  portions  of  said  skunk  Ijearing  petroleum  in  their 
natural  state  to  oxidants  which  are  without  eUect  upon  the  hydrocarbons  where- 
in the  skunk  is  dissolved,  so  as  to  convert  the  skunk  therem  into  inodorous 
oxidized  eompoimds  while  preserving  the  lubricating  quality  of  the  said  undis- 
tiUed  heavier  portions  of  the  crude  petroleum,  the  addition  of  oxidant  being 
before  or  after  the  evaporation  of  the  said  lighter  portions. 

649,048— May  8,  1900.    HERMAN  FRASCH.    Art  of  purifying  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  deodorizing  oil  of  the  Canadian  or  Lima  class  by  the 
prolonged  subjection  of  the  skunk  Ijearing  oil  to  the  action  of  an  oxidating  agent 
or  agents  in  a  closed  vessel  at  a  temperature  above  the  distilling  point  of  the 
said  oil  under  atmospheric  pressure  and  under  a  pressure  of  vapor  in  said  vessel 
above  the  vapor  tension  of  ihe  oil  at  said  lemperuture,  so  that  tlieoil  is  retained 
in  the  liquid  state  during  such  subjecting,  vaporization  thereof  being  prevented 
by  the  excess  of  said  pressure  over  the  vapor  lension  of  the  said  liquid  oil. 

665,500— August  7,  1900.    THOMAS  MACALPINE.    Process  of  refining  mineral 

oils . 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  petroleum  and  mineral  oils,  which  consists  in 
subjecting  them  to  the  action  of  a  compound  of  acetylene  and  manganese. 

658,8^7— October  S,  1900.    THOMSON  McGOWAN.    Process  of  desulphurizing 

petroleum  oil. 

Claims  the  process  of  desulphurizing  crude  Lima  or  like  sulphurized  petroleum 
oil,  which  consists  in  distilling  a  mixture  of  sulphuric  acid  wiih  said  sulphiu-ized 
oil  which  has  not  been  previously  treated  so  as  to  change  the  chemical  character 
of  the  sulphur  compounds  therein. 

666,446— January  SB,  1901.    JOHN  W.  WARREN.     Clarifying  sulphurous  hydro* 

carbon  oils. 

Claims  the  method  of  clarifying  sulphurous  hydrocarbon  oils,  which  consists 
In  mixing  with  the  oil  disintegrated  Wyoming  rock  clay,  allowing  the  same  to 
settle,  and  finally  pouring  off  the  oil. 

683,554— September  H,  1901.     FELIX  C.  THIELE.    Process  of  refining  crude 

mineral  oils  and  their  distill/ites. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  crude  mineral  oils  of  the  Lima  type  consisting 
in  the  addition  of  nitric  acid  thereto  until  sulphurous  gases  cease  to  be  evolved; 
the  conversion  of  the  nitro  and  nitroso  compounds  into  basic  compounds  by  the 
addition  of  a  nascent  hydrogen  producing  substance  until  in  a  tested  portion 
nitrous  gases  cease  to  be  evolved  in  the  presence  of  sulphuric  acid,  and  the  removal 
of  the  newly  formed  products  by  a  subsequent  acid  treatment. 

686,907— November  6, 1901.    THEODORE  F.  COLLN.    Process  of  desulphurizing 

petroleum  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  desulphurizing  petroleum  of  the  Ohio  class,  which  con- 
sists in  mixing  with  the  distillate  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  and  some  form  of 
a  metal,  in  a  drv  condition,  which  has  a  strong  affinity  for  sulphur,  and  of  which 
the  sulphide  is  insoluble  in  the  acid,  so  that  the  distillate  will  be  subjected  to  the 
simultaneous  action  of  the  acid  and  said  agent. 

686,663- November  IS.  1901.    THOMAS  MACALPINE.    Process  of  preparing  an 

acetylene  prfjxiration  of  manganese. 

This  invention  consists  In  an  improved  process  for  preparing  a  special  man- 
ganese compound  which  can  be  advantageously  used  in  the  purification  of  min- 
eral oils;  and. 

Claims  the  process  of  preparing  a  manganese  compound  which  consists  in  sub- 
jecting a  solution  or  emulsion  of  compounds  of  the  alkalies  or  alkaline  earths  to 
the  action  of  acetylene  gas  and  adding  to  the  resulting  product  a  solution  con- 
taining manganese. 

694,6SS— March  4,  190B.    JESSE  A.  DUBBS.    Distilling  oil. 

Claims  as  an  improvement  in  the  art  of  distilling  oil,  the  method  which  con- 
sists in  effecting  vaporization  of  the  oil  by  the  combined  action  of  heat  and  air 
forced  through  the  oil.  and  in  subjecting  the  vapor  to  a  temperature  higher  than 
the  vaporizing  temperature  of  the  oil. 


705.W8-JulySS,190S.    JOHN  W.  WARREN.    Proce$8  of  purifying  hydrocarbon 

oils. 

Claims  the  method  of  clarifying  hydrocarbon  oils,  which  consists  in  treating 
the  same  with  a  solution  of  sugar  of  lead;  absorbing  the  water  and  any  foreign 
eubstances  resulting  from  such  latter  operation  by  an  addition  of  clay  of  Wyo- 
ming rock  clay  constitution,  drawing  off  the  distillate;  treating  it  with  sulphuric 
a^^id.  neutralizing  the  same  by  an  addition  of  said  clay;  drawing  off  the  distUUte; 
treating  it  with  caustic  potash;  allowing  it  to  stand;  re-treating  the  distillate 
with  said  clay,  and,  finally,  when  clear,  drawing  off  the  distillate. 

713,476- November  11,   ms.    JOHN  CARWILE   MIMS.    Process  of  refining 

asphaltic  inineral  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  removing  asphaltum  from  mineral  oils  containing  a  high 
percentage  of  asphaltum  which  consbsts  in  adding  to  the  oil  a  mixture  of  about 

5  parts,  bv  weight,  of  pota.isium  biehromate  toii.5  parts  of  sulphuric  acid  in  quan- 
tity equal  to  1  to  10  jx'r  cent  of  the  oil,  allowing  the  asphaltum  and  associated 
impurities  to  settle,  and  then  washirg  the  oil  with  an  aqueous  solution  contain- 
ing about  5  percent  of  sodium  hydroxide  and  5  percent  of  sodium  carbonate  and 
then  separating  the  purified  oil  from  th(?  sedimentary  matter. 

716.15S^Decemberld,190S.  JOHN  STEWART  STEWART-WALLACE  AND 
WILLIAM  BLACKWELL  COWELL.  Method  of  Ireaiing  mineral  oils  or  th4 
distillates  or  residuals  thereof. 

Claims  a  method  of  treating  mineral  oils  consisting  in  placing  them  in  a  suitable 
vessel,  supplying  thereto  caustic  soda  and  permanganate  of  potash,  heating  and 
agitating  the  mixture,  collecting  and  condensing  any  desired  light  oils  that  may 
be  present  in  the  mixture  and  driven  off  during  such  he^iting.  allowing  said  mix- 
ture to  settle  In  order  that  the  impurities  mav  separate  therefrom,  supplying  the 
remaining  mixture  to  the  still  and  collecting'the  distillates. 

7S3.S68— March  S4,  1903.  THEODORE  F.  COLIN  AND  OTTO  P.  AMEND. 
Process  of  purifying  and  desulphurizing  crude  petroleum  and  petroleum  distil' 
latcs. 

Claims  the  process  of  desulphurizing  petroleum  and  its  distillates  which  con- 
sists in  the  oxidation  of  the  sulphur  contained  therein  (without  precipitation  of 
the  sulphur)  by  means  of  a  hypochlorite  in  alkaline  solution  in  the  presence  of 
an  oxygen  carrier  or  catalytic  agent  at  ordinary  or  sUghtly  elevated  tempera- 
tures. 

732,937- July  7, 1905.    CHARLES  BOOTHROY  GRAHABi.    Process  of  refining 

oil. 

Claims  the  process  of  purifying  oil,  consisting  In  passing  the  same  through  a 
compound  of  hme  water,  pyrogallic  acid,  and  caustic  potash. 

736.479— August  18,  1903.  FRIEDRICH  BERG.  Process  of  deodorizing  or  puri- 
fying petroleum. 

Claims  an  improvement  in  purifying  or  deodorizing  petroleum,  comprising  the 
treatment  of  the  oil  with  an  alkali  for  several  hours  at  a  temperature  consider- 
ably above  212°  Fahrenheit  in  a  closed  chamber  having  an  air  outlet  at  the  top, 
and  condensing,  within  the  upper  end  of  said  chamber  next  over  the  body  of  oil 
undergoing  treatment,  approximately  all  of  the  condensable  vapors  arising  from 
the  oil  body  and  alkali  during  the  said  treatment  and  repeatedly  converting  the 
oil  from  a  liquid  to  a  vaporous  or  gaseous  state  and  vice  versa  during  the  said 
treatment  within  the  said  upper  end  of  the  said  chamber. 

736,480— August  18.  1903.  FRIEDRICH  BERG.  Apparatus  for  deodorizing  or 
purifying  petroleum. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  a  tank  forming  a  vaporizing  chamber  having  a 
top,  a  pipe  extending  upwardly  from  said  top  and  communicating  with  the  vapor 
space  lonuing  upper  portion  of  the  said  chamber,  and  means  for  heating  the  said 
chamber,  of  two  manifolds  arranged  within  opposite  sides  of  the  said  upper  por- 
tion of  the  said  chamber  and  extending  circumferentially  of  the  chamber  near  the 
aforesaid  top,  parallel  pipe  sections  extending  and  establishing  communication 
between  the  said  nminlolds  and  arranged  a  short  distance  apart  laterally,  means 
for  conducting  water  into  one  of  the  said  manifolds  centrally  between  the  ends 
of  the  respective  manifold,  means  for  conducting  water  from  the  other  manifold 
centrally  between  the  ends  of  the  last-mentioned  manifold,  and  means  for  sup- 
porting the  said  manifolds  and  the  aforesaid  pipe  sections  from  the  tank. 

738. 656  Sept  ember  8,   1903.    ARTHUR   W.    BURWELL   AND   LAYTON   O. 

SHERMAN.     Process  of  desulphurizing  crude  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  desulphurizing  crude  petroleum,  which  consists  in  di.still- 
ing  the  petroleum,  and  passing  the  oil  vapors  in  contact  with  oxides  of  iron  and 
an  alkaline  earth  metal,  both  of  said  oxides  being  entirely  free  from  water. 

744.720— November  S4, 1903.    THEODORE  F.  COLIN.    Process  of  desulphurizing 

sulphur-bearing  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  desulphurizing  petroleum  and  its  distillates  which  con- 
sists in  treating  them  with  an  aqueous  solution  of  iron  sulphate,  sodium  chloride, 
and  copper  sulphate. 

747,S47—D€cember  £S,  1903.    OTTO  P.  AMEND.    Process  of  desulphurizing  oiU 

or  distillates. 

Claims  the  process  of  desulphurizing  oil  or  distillate  which  consists  m  elimi- 
nating the  sulphureted  hydrogen  contamed  therein;  in  neutralizing  fatty  and 
organic  acids  contained  therein  by  subjecting  them  to  the  action  of  an  alkali  and 
then  drawing  off  or  removing  the  "excess  or  settled  alkali;  in  exposing  the  sulphur 
and  sulphur  compounds  in  the  oil  or  distillate  to  the  action  of  a  soluble  salt  of 
copper  in  the  presence  of  an  alkali,  but  with  the  copper  solution  In  excess  of  the 
alkali,  thereby  producing  a  hydrated  copper  in  a  neutral  saline  solution:  in  remov- 
ing the  excess  of  copper,  the"eopi)er  hydrosulphides,  and  residuum,  and  exposing 
the  remaining  copper  and  copper  sulphides  to  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid,  and 
in  removing  the  acid  and  sludge. 

747,348— December  SS,  1903.    OTTO  P.  AMEND.    Process  of  desulphurizing  oilt 

or  distillates. 

Claims  the  process  of  desulphurizing  oil  or  distillate  which  consists  in  elimi- 
nating sulphureted  hydrogen  therefrom  by  washing,  blowing  with  steam  or  air 
or  by  both  steam  and'  air;  in  removing  fatty  and  organic  acids  contained  therein 
by  subjecting  them  to  the  action  of  an  alkali,  in  removing  the  alkah  after  agita- 
tion; In  agitating  the  oil  or  distillate  with  a  soluble  salt  of  copper  in  the  presence 
of  a  soluble  carbonate:  In  removing  the  excess  of  copper  salts  and  copper  hydro- 
sulphides  thus  formed  and  subjecting  the  oil  or  distillate  to  the  action  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  then  removing  the  acid  sludge. 

769.68t—September  6.  1904.    ALBERT  C.  CALKINS.    Process  of  treating  oflt. 

Claims  the  process  or  method  of  treating  oQ  or  other  fluids  which  consists  In 
confining  the  oil  within  a  closed  treating  receptacle  or  tank,  subjecting  the  oil  to 
the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  to  precipitate  tarrv  matters  within  the  oil.  with- 
drawing the  sulpnurous  acid  gas  generated  within  the  tank,  and  returning  th« 
same  to  and  through  the  contents  of  the  tank  to  bleach  and  agitate  the  oiL 


612 


MAXUFACTURES. 


783. 9ie— February  i8,  1905.    GEORG  VON  WIRKNER.    Process  of  manvfac- 

luring  pitch. 

Claims  the  process  for  obtaining  pitch  from  tar  oils  and  similar  materials  which 
consists  in  heating  the  same  with  a  suitable  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  to  a  tem- 
perature of  about  \S-0°  centigrade  at  least,  until  the  s'ulphuric  acid  is  decomposed 
and  a  sufficient  quantity  of  the  volatile  bodies  has  been  distilled  off  to  leave  a  pitch 
of  the  desired  consistency. 

793,026— June  30.  1905.    HENRY  SPENCER  BLACKMORE.     Process  of  sepa- 
rating sulphur  from  the  suiphur  containing  constituents  of  petroleum  and  mahing 
hydrogen  carbid. 
Claims  the  process  of  removing  sxilphur  from  petroleum  containing  the  same, 

which  consists  in  exposing  sulphur  containing  petroleum  to  the  action  of  an 

alkali  earth  metal  carbid. 

SUBCLASS  37.— INJECTING  GASES. 

10,055— September  S7,  1853.    WILLIAM  BROWN.    Improvement  in  preparing 

paratfine  oil. 

Claims  the  use  of  superheated  steam  in  a  special  manner  in  the  distillation  of 
coal  and  other  bituminous  substances. 

25,575— September  27,  1859.    GEORGE  M.  MOWBRAY.    Improvement  in  proc- 
esses of  distilling  oils  from  coal. 

Claims  in  the  manufacture  of  coal  oil  and  other  pyrogenous  oils  by  exposing 
the  coal  or  other  materials  to  the  products  of  combustion  generated  in'a  separate 
furnace,  igniting  said  products  of  combustion,  pre\-ious  to  admitting  the  same 
into  the  distilling  kiln,  by  admixture  of  a  sufficient  proportion  of  air  to  bum  the 
oxide  of  carbon  into  carbonic  acid. 

27,767— April  10,  1860.    LUTHER  ATWOOD.    Improvement  in  the  distillation  of 

hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  use  of  steam  in  preparing  a  hot  still  for  the  safe  admission  of  a 
charge  of  oil. 

eSMS—May  29,  1860.    LUTHER  ATWOOD.    Improvement  in  the  manufacture 

of  oils  obtained  from  coal. 

Claims  the  production  of  thin  oils  suitable  to  be  manufactured  into  illumi- 
nating oils  from  the  hea  vier  parts  of  the  crude  and  fi,xed  oils  and  other  substances 
within  mentioned  by  treating  them  in  manner  substantially  as  hereinbefore 
described  during  one  or  several  continuous  distillations. 

S.^, 607— August  18, 1863.    S.  LLOYD  WIEGAND.    Improvement  m  distilling  oils 

and  para  ffine  from  peat  and  other  substnnrefi. 

Claims  the  use  of  the  products  of  the  decomposition  of  steam  by  means  of 
incandescent  carbon  in  the  separation  of  hydrocarbon  oils  and  paraffino  from 
peat  or  coal  or  other  bituminous  substances,  whether  used  by  themselves  or 
in  combination  with  superheated  steam. 

49,757— September  5,  1865.    LEVI  S.   FALES.    Improved  process  of  distilling 

petroleu  m. 

Claims  the  distillation  of  crude  petroleum  or  other  oils  by  heat  applied  above 
the  surface  through  the  medium  of  a  current  or  currents  of  air  circulating  through 
the  upper  i)art  of  the  still. 

60.935— November  14,  1865:  reissue  8,374— August  IS,  1878.    Division  B.    JAMES 
J.  JOHNSTON.     JmprovcmeTU  in  processes  for  evaporating  liquids. 
Claims  the  process  of  obtaining  a  useful  produc^t  from  air,  steam,  and  the  vapor 

of  hydrocarbon  liquids,  namely,  by  uniting  tht-m  in  a  highly  heated  condition. 


5 1. 843— January  2,  1866, 
and  other  substances. 


ORAZIO  LUGO.    Improvement  in  distilling  petroleum 


This  invention  consists  of  an  improvement  in  distillation  by  forcing  into  or 
through  a  still  or  stills  a  current  of  air  or  other  suitable  gaseous  substance. 

66,30-July  17,  186G.    JAMES  ADAIR  AND  H.  W.  C.  TWEDDLE.     Imj}rove- 

ment  in  evaporating  and  distilling  liquids. 

Claims  the  mode  of  distilling  or  evaporating  petroleum  or  other  liquids  by 
passing  through  or  over  the  liquid  to  be  distilled  or  evaimrated  heated  carbonic 
oxide  or  carbonic  acid. 

S8,ltSSeptember  18, 1866.    ORAZIO  LUGO.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for  dis- 
tilling petroleum,  etc 
Claims  the  admission  of  air  or  gas  into  the  goose  neck  or  exit  pipe  of  a  still. 

60,076— November  27,  1866.    H.  L.  SMITH.     Improvement  in  treating  oils,  etc. 
Claims  the  process  oX  treating  crude  petroleum,  or  its  distillate,  In  a  closed 

retort,  by  the  introduction  of  steam. 

60,396— December  //.  1866.    ORAZIO  LUGO  AND  T.  O,  L,  SCHRADER.    Im- 
proved process  of  distilling  petroleum  oils  ami  other  substances. 
Claims  the  admission  of  air  or  gas  into  a  still  at  a  temiM-rature  equal  to  or 

greater  than  that  or  the  oil  or  substance  undergoing  the  distilling  process. 

86,635— February  2.   1869,    CHARLES  H.   HALL.    Improvement  in  distilling 
hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  distilling  hydrocarbon  oils  and  other  distillablo  liquids  by  steam,  under 
pressure. 

87^85- March  t.  1869.    SAMUEL  GIBBONS.    Improvement  in  the  manufacture 

of  lubricating  oils  from  petroleum. 

Claims  the  preparing  of  petroleum  or  hydrocarbon  oils  for  lubricating  pur- 
poses, by  n'ducing  the  gravity  of  the  same  by  the  direct  action  of  sti-am  or  sujMr- 
ncated  st^-um  upon  tho  crude  petroleum  while  In  a  still,  tank,  or  n-torl. 

fn.85H-.\farrh  u.  r869.    SAMITEL  GIBBONS.     Improved  process  of  preparing 
■jtrtroleum  to  be  used  in  lubrimting  wool. 
Claims  an  oil,  or  grease,  made  of  pj^troleum,  for  the  piirpoHe  of  greaalng  wool. 

90,975  -Frbrwtry  15,  J870.    HEftHEKT  W.  C.  TWEDDLE.     Improvement  in 

the  m'tnufarturr  of  jtnrnffine  ami  paraffinr  oils. 

Claims  the  prfKi-s'*  of  nrodii-ing  paralllri"  by  an  exhaustive  distillation  of  the 
heavy  oil  ut  a  compuratlvely  low  temiMtruturti  by  tho  use  of  BUuim  In  a  vacuum 
Atlll.  with  or  without  a  Are  beat,  ao  us  to  drivo  over  the  parafllno  vapors  uode- 
c'ompojwd. 

EDWARDS. 


Improvement  in  stills  for 


100,874  -March  15.  1870.    JOSETII  B. 

distilling  hydromrhons. 

Claimi  th<i  us-  -.f  M.;.rr.  in  t)u-  li^filliitlon  of  liquid  hvdrocnrltonH.  In  stills 
healrd  \,y  >'xUr  i<t  Introdij -^d  Into  the  .mill  In  mich  a 

raanm-r  th.it  th'  -I  thenin  will  be  eontlnuullv  rnniovpd 

from  ront(i/t  wir-  i  U  |,y  tho  action  of  the  Ndj.in,  aiid  its 

plaos  lupplted  with  f  Pah  liquid  lium  ubuvc. 


1S0J49— October  24,  1871.    HERBERT  W.  C.  TWEDDLE.     TmprovemerU  *» 

refining  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claijns  the  introduction  of  carbonic  acid  gas  or  other  nonintlammablc  gi.,h 
into  tanks  or  vessels  containing  petroleum,  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the 
formation  of  explosive  mixtures  of  hydrocarbon  vapor  and  oxygen. 

145.707— December  16,  1873.    ASA  W.  WILKINSON.    Improvement  in  disHUing 

petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  distilling  petroleum,  by  injecting  into  and  through  the 
liquid  mass  contained  in  the  still  a  gas  or  vapor  which  will  not  produce  com- 
bustion, and  will  not  enter  into  a  deleterious  combination  with  the  product  of 
distillation. 

159.SS7— February  16,  1875.    VICTOR  G.  BLOEDE. 
oils. 


Improvement  in  treaUng 


Claims  the  process  for  reducing,  distilling,  or  concentrating  crude  oils  consist- 
ing of  heating  the  oil  from  212°  to  500°  Fahrenheit  temp'rature,  thoroughly 
agitating  the  same  at  such  tempsrature.  and  injecting  air  or  dry  steam  over  the 
surface  of  the  oil. 

183.401— October  17.  1876.    DANIEL  M.  LAMB.    Improvement  in  processes  for 

refining  petroleum  and  other  oils. 

Claims  in  the  art  of  treating  oils  by  the  agency  of  gas  generated  by  the  admix- 
ture of  sodiiun  chloride  and  sulphuric  acid,  the  first  step  toward  bleaching  and 
deodorizing,  which  consists  in  generating  the  gas  beneath  the  oil,  and  wliUe  the 
same  is  at  rest,  thus  permitting  the  gas  to  permeate  the  oil  and  act  upon  the 
entire  body. 

194.275— Aiigust  14.  1877.    REUBEN  D.  TURNER.    Improvement  in  processes 

and  apparatus  for  cleaning  and  purifying  oil.  grease,  etc. 

Claims  the  process  for  refining,  purifying,  and  deodorizing  oil,  grease,  or  fatty 
matter  by  mingling  the  same  with  water,  and  violently  agitating  the  liquid  mass 
in  a  close  vessel,  a  current  or  currents  of  air  being  forced  into  and  through  the 
liquids  at  the  same  time,  and  heat  being  applied  during  the  first  part  of  the  opera- 
tion. 

212.914- March  4.  1879.    HIRaM  B.  EVEREST.     Improvement  in  the  distillation 
of  oils. 

Claims  the  mode  of  preventing  the  scorching  or  burning  of  residual  heavy  oils 
in  stills,  which  consists  in  injecting  steam  into  the  still  after  the  distilling  opera- 
tion has  been  discontinued,  and  after  the  fires  have  been  drawn,  thereby  cooling 
and  agitating  the  residual  oil  by  the  steam  simultaneously  with  tho  cooling  of 
the  surface  of  the  still. 

222. 4O8— December  9,  1879.    EDWARD  C.  KATTEL.    ImproveTnent  in  refining 
petroleum  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  deodorizing  an  oleaginous  substance,  which  consists  in 
subjecting  it  to  the  action  of  superheated  steam  and  atmospheric  air  introduced 
below  the  surface  of  the  mass,  the  oleaginous  substance  being  maintaLucd  at  a 
temperature  between  212°  Fahrenheit  and  its  point  of  vaporizing  to  prevent 
condensation  of  steam. 

S40,95G—May  3.  ISSl.    WILLIAM  G.  WARDEN.    Apparatus  for  and  process  of 

cooling  and  refining  oil. 

Cl.aims  the  process  of  cooling  and  refining  oil,  which  consists  in  agitating  it 
with  a  hlast  of  air,  which  air  has  been  previously  cooled  and  dried  by  being 
passed  successively,  first,  in  contact  with  a  cooled  surface;  second,  through  a 
bath  of  sulphuric  acid:  and,  third,  in  contact  with  a  cooled  surface. 

S65.m— October  3.   1882.     CHARLES    J.    TAGLIABUE.    Apparat^is   for  and 

process  of  distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  distilling  petroleum,  which  consists,  first,  in  heating  the 
oil.  then  l)rcak-ing  up  the  same  by  successive  operations  of  a  steam  atomizer, 
and  of  a  jet  or  jets  of  hydrogen  gas  or  hot  air,  mingling  it  with  vapor  which  has 
not  been  submitted  to  the  process  of  atomization,  and  condensmg  the  mixed 
vapors. 

306,965— October  21, 1884-    MARVIN  J.  SEYMOUR.     Mcthodof  heating  petroleum 
oil. 

Claims  tho  method  of  precipitating  water  and  other  impurities  in  petroleum 
oil  consisting,  essentially,  in  hejilin^'  n.itural  gas  by  connecting  one  or  more 
gas  jets  or  burners  with  the  gas  sii|iply  pipe  and  arranging  said  burners  in  close 
proximity  to  said  supply  pipe,  whereby  the  gas  is  heated,  and  then  discharging 
the  heated  gas  into  the  cold  oil. 

31 1.543- February  3.  1SS5.     EBENEZER  W.  STRAIN.    Process  of  refining,  re- 
ducing, and  separating  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  metliod  of  refining,  n'ducing.  and  separating  oil  bv  a  continuous 
proirss,  consisting,  first,  in  subjecting  it  to  the  action  of  heat  under  pressure 
and  while  in  a  state  of  transit,  whereby  it  is  raised  to  such  a  sulhcient  dega'a 
of  tomperaturt!  as  in  cause  the  separation  of  the  volatile  gases  from  the  heavier 
oils  on  removal  of  tlie  i)ressure:  second,  In  spraying  the  liealed  oil  in  an  expan- 
sion chamber,  and,  third,  in  trajiping  the  oil  which  is  condense. I  in  the  expan- 
sion chamber:  and  conveying  the  uncondensed  vapors  through  surface  condensers, 
where  the  vapors  of  diiferent  degnvs  of  gravity  are,  at  the  points  of  condensa- 
tion, trapped,  and  thereby  separated. 

339,545 -April  6.  1886.    JAMES  B.  GRANT.     Process  of  refining  petroleum. 

Claims  the  proi-ess  of  refining  petroleum  and  analogous  oils,  which  consists 
in  introducing  the  oil  and  steam  together  in  an  atomized  condition  into  a  heated 
chamber.  an<l  n-inoving  by  means  of  a  vacuum  nunip  substantlallv  the  whole 
of  the  mixed  vaiK)r  nf  oil  and  steam,  without  sensible  condensation  in  the  retort, 
into  a  condcmsing  chamber. 

372,672 -Nnvewhrr  8.  1887.     THURSTON  GORDON  HALL.    Proce.^s  of  refin- 
ing hydrocarbon  oil. 

ClalniH  the  process  of  manufacturing  hvdrocarbon  oil,  which  consists  In  sub- 
jecting the  iiifnglerl  vapors  of  a  hydrocarbon  oil  and  steam  to  largo  converting 
surfaces  of  gninlle  or  equivalent  iiiiiterial  heated  to  a  temperature  above  «2()^ 
Fahrenheit  by  passing  snld  vapors  through  and  In  contact  with  tho  converting 
material,  and  In  subseriuontly  condensing  the  same. 

379,m>  -March  6,  tsSH.     KOBEHT  J.  WILSON.    Process  of  refining  oil. 

VUi\\r\n  the  procejis  nf  refining  criido  oil  iind  utilizing  the  waste  products,  which 
rnnHlsts  In  f4Ubj('etlng  snld  tA\  to  the  aelbm  of  inlenselv  benle.i  tilr  itdniiltod 
directly  tn  the  burly  of  tlieoil,  thereby  voliitllizing  the  hitler,  then  sepn  rati  rig  the 
greater  pnrllon  of  the  volutillzod  oil  from  tho  air.  and  llnally  eondiicllng  olf  the 
air  and  uncondonsod  gusos  to  l)0  utilized  for  hoiUlng  orlllumliiating  purposes. 


Dir.EST  OF  PATENTS  HKI.ATTXC    TO  IMTIiOLEUM  REFINING. 


613 


ilSJSt—Janu.iry  St.  imi).    JAMES  DEWAR  AND  BOVERTON  REDWOOD. 

Process  oj  dlstjUtng  mineral  oils  tmd  like  products. 

Claims  the  mi'thoil  of  distillint;  mineral  oils  and  like  products,  which  consists 
In  both  vaporiy.iiit;  lliom  and  condensing  the  generated  vapor  under  a  regulated 
pressure  of  air  or  gas. 

IIB.ISS— August  SB,  1S90.    ROBERT  ALEXANDER.    Proceit  0/ refining  crude 
asphnltum. 

Claims  the  process  ot  ri'dning  crude  asphaltum  and  olitaining  an  Improved 
product  therefrom,  which  consists  in  dcsiccjitiuf^  the  crude  aspluiiliim  at  a  low 
temperature,  rc<'ovcring  the  condensable  oils  given  oil  during  desiccation,  and 
subsequently  returning  said  oils  to  the  desiccated  material. 

m,20S—Januarii  6,  1S91.    ALLAN  MASON.    Process  of  distUHng  oil. 

Claim.s  the  process  of  continuous  fractional  distillation  of  petroleum  and  other 
analogous  oils  in  rcj>eated  steps  of  continuous  succession  and  increaseti  heat  in 
which  the  previously  uiiviiporized  oii  is  successively  trcitcd,  whicll  consists  of 
introducing  the  oil  and  steam  tngelher  mid  causing  the  instantaneous  junction 
of  the  same  cnllecti\cly  in  an  atoniized  enndilion  in  the  several  heated  chambers 
succGssivelv,  itistiirilnrienusly  separating  in  the  several  chambers  the  portions 
vaporablo  by  the  rcspeeti\f  ti'inperatures,  accelerating  the  movement  of  both 
the  vaporized  and  nnvapuri/ed  oil  along  the  retort  chambers  to  their  respective 
exit  passages  by  the  impulse  o(  the  steam  jets,  exposing  the  vaporized  portions 
all  alike  to  the  same  conditions  of  time  and  lieat  in  the  respective  chambers, 
similarly  exposing  all  the  unvaporized  portions  therein,  and  likewise  and  instan- 
taneously remo\Tng  both  the  vaporized  and  unvaporized  portions  to  the  con- 
densers and  successive  .sections  of  the  retort,  respectively,  so  that  all  portions  of 
each  have  like  exposure  to  the  heat  and  steam  in  the  resjiective  chambers. 

iiS,S7S—Mn;/    19,     IS9I.    CHARLES  C.  MENGEL,  Sr.    Process    of    refining 

crude  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  refining  I^ima  petroleum,  which  consists  in  introducing 
into  the  vapors  arising  from  the  still  during  the  process  of  <listi!lation  natural 
gas  in  a  heated  condilion  cfjual  to  the  teoLperature  of  the  oil  vapors,  passing  the 
tnixture  through  pipes,  bo.Kcs.  or  other  suitable  conduits  of  sufhcient  lengths, 
and  superheated  to  prtn-ent  (K»ndensation,  and  allowing  the  necessary  chemical 
action  to  take  place,  and  finally  conducting  them  into  the  condensers. 

4Sl,7ei—May  19,  IS9t.    FREDERICK  SALATITE.     Hydrocarhon  product. 

Claims  as  a  new  manufacture,  the  hydrocarbon  product,  member  of  the  CioHis 
series,  the  same  being  a  solid  materitil,  with  a  specific  gravity  of  about  1.02.S, 
tough  and  of  a  glossy  jet  black  color,  flexible  and  somewhat  pljtstic  at  ordinary' 
temperature,  soluble  in  naphtha,  turx)entine,  and  other  soKcnts  before  named, 
capable  of  withstanding  a  temperature  of  Ii00°  Fahrenheit,  resisting  acids  and 
alkaUes.  excepting  concentrated  nitric  and  concentrated  sulphuric  acids,  and 
amalgamating  with  rubber. 

i70,911— March  15,  1892.    JESSE  A.  DUBBS.    Desulphurizing  oU. 

Claims  the  process  of  desulphurizing  crude  Lima  and  other  mineral  oils  con- 
taining a  la  r'-Tc  percentage  of  sulphur,  which  consists  in  forcing  through  the  same 
before  dis.ii.,ition  a  gas  rich  in  hydrogen,  whereby  the  sulphur  m  the  oil  will  unite 
with  the  hydrogen  01  the  gas  passing  oil  in  the  form  of  Incoiidensat'le  sulphureted 
hydrogen  and  preventing  the  formation  of  indestructible  and  deleterious  carbon 
sulphides. 

471.9r.3-MarchiO,l^''li.     TnOMAS  DRAKE.     Process  of  refining  oils. 

Claims  the  method  ot  treating  liquid  mineral  hydrocarbon,  such  as  petroleiun, 
which  consists  in  first  concentrating  the  oil.  then  forcing  chlorine  gas  through 
it  until  its  specific  gravity  has  increased  to  between  0.000**  and  1.05°,  and  finally 
correcting  the  acidity  of  the  product. 

iSe.iOS— November  15.  1893.  JOHN  B.  HUSTON.  Process  of  removing  sul- 
phurous compound  from  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  removing  sulphurous  compounds  from  oil,  consisting  of, 
first,  vaporizing  the  oil:  second,  superheating  the  oil  vapors  conjointly  with 
steam,  free  from  the  presence  of  oil  or  other  liquid,  to  the  temperature  at  which 
the  suiphurous  compounds  are  decomposed  from  the  remaining  portion  of  the 
oil  vap.^rs,  so  as  to  chemically  unite  with  the  hydrogen  of  the  steam;  third,  sepa- 
rating the  resultant  vapors.  ' 

i9S.SSS^MayS0.189!l.    CHARLES  TOPP AN.     Treating  oils. 

Claims  mineral  or  vegetable  oils  combined  with  the  gases  evolved  from  the 
admixture  of  chloride  of  sodium,  metallic  zinc.  an<l  sulphuric  acid. 

510,672— December  11, 1S9S.  EDWARD  G.  BROWN,  OSWALD  N.  CAMMANN, 
AND  OLIVER  WILLCOX.  Process  of  obtaining  sueel  residual  petroleum 
products. 

Claims  the  continuous  process  of  obtaining  a  refined  and  sweetened  residual 
product  of  petroleu:n,  consisting  in.  first,  subjecting  petroleum  to  distiUaticm  by 
the  agency  of  heat  externally  applied;  next,  while  still  so  heated  causing  the  pas- 
sage through  it  of  saturated  steam,  and,  finally,  while  still  heated  causing  the  pas- 
sage through  it  of  air. 

Bti.lSO— August  7.   1894.    FRANCIS  X.  BYERLEY.     Manufacture  of  asphalt, 

etc..  from  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  making  asphaltic  products,  by  prolonged  exposure  of 
petroleum  tar  to  a  pitch  forming  noncoldng  temperature  in  a  still,  w  ith  agitation 
of  said  tar,  and  exposure  of  the  same  to  air. 

547, Se9— October  t,  18S5.    FRANCIS  X.  BYERLEY.    Process  of  refining  Lima 

oil. 

Claims  the  process  of  obtaining  purified  distillates  from  Ohio  or  Lima  oii,  or,  in 
other  words,  from  oil  containing  the  impurities  which  are  characteristic  of  the 
petroleum  from  the  vicinity  of  Lima.  Ohio,  and  which  resist  removal  by  the 
sulphuric  acid  and  alkali,  of  so-called  Pennsylvania  treatment,  the  said  process 
consisting  in  distilling  such  oil  at  a  low  temperature  with  the  aid  of  an  exhaustion 
of  the  vapors,  and  during  such  distillation  sultjccting  the  said  impurities  to  the 
action  of  air  in  volume  suilicient  to  elTect  a  substantial  conversion  thereof,  as 
indicated  by  the  loss  of  the  characteristic  malodor  of  the  aforesaid  oil. 

S6i,Sil— July  tl,  1896.    FREDERICK  SALATHE.     Hydrocarbon  product. 

Claims  the  new  composition  of  matter  set  forth,  consisting  of  a  conjugated  oxy 
compound  of  bitumen  and  oxygen,  having  a  melting  point  lying  between  200° 
and  .100°  Fahrenheit,  which  has  a  higher  specific  granty  and"  a  higher  melting 
point  and  is  less  soluble  in  aniylic  alcohol  and  petroleum  naphtha  sand  whit  b.  when 
melted,  is  more  penetrating  for  saturating  woody  fiber  than  the  bitumen  from 
which  it  is  formed  and  also  than  the  corresponding  sutphurizeci  product,  when 
in  like  condition  and  which  under  oxidation  by  concentrated  nitric  acid  produces 
nitre  products  together  with  an  organic  acid  identified  with  styphnic  acid. 


679,K0— March   13,~1897.    FRANK  L.  DYER.     Process   of  disiniing   tolatOe 
liquids. 

Claims  In  the  art  of  distilling  volatile  liquids,  the  iniijrovcinent  which  eonsi/^ts 
in  maintaining  the  liquid  to  \k  distilled  at  a  high  vacuum,  in  injecting  expanded 
and  reheated  steam  into  the  liquid,  whcrcbv  active  distillation  is  cUect<'d  and 
in  maintaining  the  vacuum  by  toe  removal  o)  the  vaporized  distillates  as  last  aa 
formed. 

eOi.SIS-Dcccmher    is,    1900.    THOMAS  MACALPINE.     Proceit   of  dittiUina 

and  refining  oils. 

Claims  the  process  of  treating  oils,  which  consists  in  heating  said  oils  in  a  closed 
vessel,  maintaining  a  partial  vacuum  in  said  vessel,  and  Introducing  Into  said 
vessel  steam  below  212°  in  temperature. 

694,021— March  i,  1902.    JESSE  A.  DUBBS.    Distilling  oil. 

Claims  as  an  improvement  in  the  art  of  treating  oils  the  method  which  conslstt 
in  forcing  air  through  the  oil  while  the  latter  is  maintained  at  a  vaporizing  tem- 
perature and  then  subjecting  ihr-  rli>tillate  while  healed  to  the  action  of  air. 

SUBCLASS  28.- RESIDUUM. 

14.952— August  S,  1859.    HENRY  PEMBERTON.    Improvement  in  retinino  coal 

oils.  "^  ^ 

Claims  recovering  the  sulphuric  acid  used  from  the  residuum  resulting  from  the 
process  of  the  imrilication  of  coal  oils  with  sulphuric  acid  bv  treating  the  residuum 
with  water  heated  or  caused  to  boil  by  steam  or  otherwise. 

Si.ros-July  2,  1861.    JOSHUA  MERRILL.    Improvement  in  the  manufacture 
of  hydrofarbon  oils. 

Claims  the  improvement  in  the  process  of  purifying  hydrocarbon  oils  by  treat- 
ing the  first  distillate  with  aeid  residues. 

S7.»lS~Marrh  17.  ISOS.    ADOLPH  MILLOCHAU.     Improvement  in  preparing 

a  paint  oil  from  the  petroleum  residuum. 

Claims  the  process  of  manufacturing  oil  adapted  to  mixing  with  paints  and 
colors  from  the  acid  residuum  in  the  refining  01  petroleum  or  coal  oils. 

38.641— May  19. 188!.    ADOLPII  MILLOCHAU.    Improved  process  of  preparing 

oil  as  a  substitute  for  linseed  oil. 

This  invention  consists  in  combining  the  process  of  further  distillaticn  of  the 
paint  oil,  either  with  or  without  the  removal  of  the  odor  thereof,  accompanied 
by  the  provision  for  allowing  the  liquid  to  settle  propeilv  with  the  washing  the 
acid  residuum  and  then  treating  it  with  alkali  and  permitting  the  product  to 
settle  after  each  of  these  operations. 

41 .085— January  5.  lS6i.    ADOLPH  MILLOCHAU.    Improvement  in  obtaining 

useful  produas  from  the  tarry  residuum  of  petroleum. 

Claims  producing  an  oil  grease  from  petroleum  or  coal  oil  tarrv  residuum  bv 
the  process  consisting  in  treating  said  residuum  first  with  benzine  or  light  til, 
and  then  with  an  acid,  and  in  removing  the  acid  by  means  of  an  alkali  and  water. 

69.5S1— November  6.  1866.    MICHAEL  BARRETT.     Improved  process  for  the 
recovery  and  purification  of  sulphuric  acid  used  in  refining  petroleum,  etc. 
Claims  the  recovery,  purification,  and  revivification  of  the  sulphuric  acid 

spent  and  deteriorated  in  the  process  of  refining  jjctrr  leum.  coal,  and  shale  oils 

by  means  of  oxygen  gas  in  the  nascent  state,  by  whatever  means  developed  or 

obtained. 

96.097— October  26.  1869.    ALONZO  FARRAR.    Improved  process  of  obtaining 
useful  oil  from  the  acid  residuum  of  petroleum. 

This  consists  in  treating  the  residuum  with  caustic  soda,  lime,  and  water  sno- 

cessively. 

lOO.Sre-Mareh  15,  1870.    ALONZO  FARRAR.    Improved  process  of  treating 
acid  residuum  from  oil  refineries. 

This  process  involves  a  distillation  of  the  Ughter  oils  bv  heat,  an  incorporation 
of  chlorine  or  chloride  of  lime  with  the  residuum,  and  a'subsequent  heating  and 
agitating  of  it  until  the  desired  eflect  results. 

106.91S—August  SO.  1870.    GERVAIS  CHEVRIER.     Improvement  in  treating 

acid  tars  from  coal. 

Claims  the  treatment  of  acid  tars  and  oils  with  chloride  of  sodiimi  or  chloride 
of  ammonium,  whereliy  the  residuum  from  distillation  of  coal  oils  may  be  purifit  d 
and  the  acids  utilized. 

107.734— September  27.  1S70.   WILLIAM  SPEARS.    Improvement  in  the  manu- 
facture  of  hydrocarbon  oils. 

Claims  an  illuminating  oil  manufactured  by  distilling  a  chemical  combination 

formed  of  benzine  jind  tar. 

110.S64—Decemt>er  20.  1870.    CHRISTOPHER  HOULKER.    Improvement  m 
purifying  oils  which  have  been  used  in  lubricating  machinery. 
Claims  the  process  for  purifying  or  cleaning  refuse  petroleum  labricatlng  oil 

that  has  been  used  for  oiling  shafting  or  other  machincn,-. 

178,061— May  30.  1876.    WALTER  P.  JEXXEY.     Improvement  in  obtaining  a 

resinous  substance  from  purified  sludge  oil. 

Claims  the  process  for  producing  from  sludge  oil  a  substance  or  manufacture 
possessing  the  properties  or  qualities  by  combining  the  oxvgen  of  the  air  with  the 
sludge  oil  with  the  aid  and  assistance  of  a  moderate  degree  of  heat. 

178.154— May  30.  1S76.    WALTER  P.  JENNEY. 
stances. 


Improvement  in  retinmu  «i^ 


Claims  the  new  manufacture  or  substance  derived  from  sludge  oil  by  a  process 
of  oxygenation,  and  possessing  the  substantial  properties,  amrng  which  are  that 
it  is  a  solid  substance  of  greater  or  less  consistencv  or  hardness,  has  a  resinous 
appearance,  and  is  not  acted  upon  by  the  specified'  alkalies. 

1S9.402— April  W.  1877.    HERBERT  W.C.  TWEDDLE.    Improvement  in  petro- 
leum products  and  methods  of  obtaining  the  same. 

Claims  the  process  for  obtaining  a  new  product  from  petroleum  consisting  in 
lixiviating  the  orange  colored  resmous  oilv  product  obtained  toward  the  close 
of  the  distillation  of  tar  residuum,  and  recovering  the  precipitate. 

190.762-May  15.  1877.    WALTER  P.  JENNEY.    Improvement  in  processes  0/ 
treating  sludge  and  sludge  oil. 

Claims  the  process  of  manufacture  for  producing  from  sludge  or  sludge  oil  the 
substance  possessing  the  properties  or  qualities  described,  by  oxidizing  the 
sludge  oil  by  sulphuric  acid. 


614 


MANUFACTURES. 


iSO.lTt^Julp  so.  ]SSO.    HENHY  BOWER.    Process  of  and  apparatus  for  treating 

residuum  from  petroleum  refineries. 

Claims  the  process  of  recovering  sulpliuric  acid,  oily  ingredients  suitable  for 
redistillation,  and  solid  carbon  from  the  sludge  acid  residuum  of  petroleum  re- 
flneries,  which  consists  in  subject'mg  the  constituents  of  sludge  acid  to  the  succes- 
sive operations  of  washing,  mechanical  separation,  concentration,  and  distilla- 
tion, and  simultaneously  condensing  the  waste  vapors  and  discharging  the 
products  of  condensation  beneath  the  surface  of  running  water. 

488,628— Decejnber  £7,  1892.    HANS  A.  FRASCH.    Method  or  process  of  treating 

sludge. 

Claims  the  process  of  recovering  and  concentrating  the  sulphuric  acid  of  sludge, 
which  consists  in  leaching  the  sludge  with  water,  the  temperature  of  which  is 
below  the  melting  point  of  hea\-y  sludge  and  the  volatLUziiig  point  of  hght  sludge, 
and  then  passing  the  watery  product  from  one  tank  through  the  sludge  of  a  series 
of  tanks  m  succession,  the  accumulating  solution  being  carried  from  tank  to 
tank  until  the  desired  concentration  or  density  of  acid  is  obtained. 

618,507— January  S^,   1S99.    AUGUST  WENDTLAND.    Process    of  removing 

green  color  from  parafUne. 

Claims  a  process  for  removing  the  green  color  from  petroleum  residues  which 
have  been  treated  with  sulphuric  acid,  which  consists  m  treating  the  same  with 
a  soap  composed  of  fatty  acid  and  an  alkaline  solution,  allowing  the  soapy  and 
oily  matters  to  separate,  treating  the  oily  portion  ^\'ith  barium  chloride  solution. 
and  filtering  such  oily  portion  through  "boneblack  which  has  been  impregnated 
with  alcohol. 

779,197— J anunry  S,   1905.    HORACE  W.  ASH.    Distillation  and  treatment  of 

crude  bituminous  material. 

Claims  the  method  of  distilling  and  inspissating  crude  bituminous  material 
coniprtsLng  the  subjection  of  the  said  material  in  a  still  to  a  distUling  heat  and 
depositing  in  the  distilling  material  an  impalpable  powder. 

779.108— January  S,  1905.    HORACE  W.  ASH.    Method  of  distilling  crude  bitu- 
minous material. 

Claims  the  method  of  distilling  and  treating  crude  bituminous  material  con- 
sisting in  subjecting  the  material  in  a  still  to  the  action  of  exterior  heat  upon  the 
still  and  at  the  same  time  introducing  into  the  still,  under  pressure,  the  products 
of  combustion  which  have  passed  the  exterior  of  the  still. 

SUBCLASS  ag.— WASHING  AND  FILTERING. 

S6. 488— September   16.   ISGi.    JOHN    TAGLIABUE.    Improved  apparatus  for 

testing  the  explosiveness  of  coal  oils  or  petroleum. 

Claims  the  employment  of  holes  in  a  water  bath  in  connection  with  a  mark 
for  adjusting  the  height  of  the  oil  in  the  oil  cup  used  for  testing  the  flashing  point. 

S6.826— October  S8.   1862.     G.    TAGLIABUE.     Improvements  in  apparatus  for 

testing  the  flashing  and  ignition  point  of  oils. 

The  claims  cover  a  number  of  minor  details  which  serve  to  increase  the  facility 
and  accuracy  in  making  the  tests. 

U.519-~October  4.  I864.    WILLIAM  PORTER  DOWNER.    Refining   petroleum 

and  other  oils. 

Claims  the  use  of  a  rotary  hermetically-closed  vessel  for  mixing  petroleum  and 
other  oils  with  acids. 

49.777— September  5,  1865.    ADOLPH  MILLOCHAU.    Improved  instrument  for 

testing  petroleum. 

Claims  an  oil  receptacle  containing  a  wick  tube  or  burner  to  heat  and  inflame 
the  petroleum  or  other  oil  in  combination  with  a  thermometer  introduced  into 
such  receptacle. 

S44U—Afay  U  1866.   WILLIAM  H.  SANGSTER.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  refining  petroleum. 

This  inventifm  consists  in  placing  a  partition  within  the  tank  or  vessel  for 
holding  the  chtMiiicals,  whim  is  so  arranged  as  to  separate  it  into  two  parts  and 
leave  an  opening  near  the  bottom,  through  which  ttie  oil  is  made  to  flow  in  its 
passage  through  the  chemical  solution  from  one  division  to  the  other,  during 
the  process  of  refining  or  washing;  also.  In  combination  therewith,  of  a  perforated 
plate  or  its  euuivaleiit,  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  distance  of  the  How  of 
oil  through  the  chemical  solution. 

67.?H6—Augu.H  St.  1866.    D.  H.  BURKET  AND  J.  C.  GRAY.    Improved  appa- 
ratus for  treating  petroleum. 

The  object  of  thl.s  invention  is  to  produce  lubricating  oil  from  petroleum  in  a 
erude  state  bynnans  of  simple  mechanical  combinations  to  agitate  the  oU, 
assisted  by  the  introduction  of^steam  or  heated  liquid  into  the  oil  while  it  Is  being 
agitated.  By  these  meiins  the  gravity  of  the  crude  petroleum  la  reduced,  which 
accompliahes  the  desired  result. 

90.686— December  18,  1866.    HAMILTON  L.  SMITH.    Improvement  in  refining 
hydrocarbon. 
Claims  a  charcoal  filter  in  combination  with  a  receiver  fan,  heater,  and  coiled 

pifH'. 

91  ,n5— January  8,  1887.    P.  FT.  VANDER  WEYDE,  M.  D.    Improvement  in  re- 

fining  petrolmm  and  lubritating  oils. 

Claims  the  heating  of  the  heavy  i>etrolcum  in  a  steam  «oil,  thus  preparing  it 
for  the  Qlter.  and  In  the  Name  time  suvinf^  and  condensing  tho  vapors  arising, 
namely,  gasoline,  naphtha,  and  benzine. 

9t,1UH  -March  IS.  1807.    W.  H.  YPUNG.     Improvement  in  preparing  petroleum 
for  lubricating. 

Clalm.^  the  clennning  of  oil  by  means  of  an  underlying  body  of  heated  water. 

93.0'H— March  19.  1867.    FLEURY  HUOT  AND  JOHN  ROGERS.     Improve- 

mriU  in  refining  prtrolrum.  etc. 

Claims  wpardtlng  the  bf.neblark  and  IniiniritJe.H  from  tho  oil  by  flltorlng  the 
same  through  a  (ciitrifngiil  filter. 

9S.05t-~  March  10.  /M7;  reinme  S.146— October  8,  1868.    FLEURY  IIUOT.    Im- 

provrmrnt  in  refining  petroleum. 

CInlmA  the  prrK-ess  «et.  forth  of  purifying  petroleum  and  other  ll<|uid»  by  mixing 
with  theniiuie  bonrt.ltiek  or  othercnrbonacootiiiniaterlnl,  and  Ihen  Heparatlng  the 
•aid  liquid  ffiui  the  fNiriM.naeeou-i  lubHtaneeo  by  a  centrifugal  fljler. 

9B.660-Septfmher  10.  1807.    FOKDYCE  SYLVESTER.    Improvement  in  refin- 
ing petroleum. 

Clauni  refining  and  purifying  petroleum  oil  by  passing  It  through  hot  water. 


90.59S—May  25.   1869.    LUCIEN  M.  RICE   AND  SIDNEY  E.  ADAMS.     Im^ 

proved  apparatus  for  treating  hydrocarbon  oils. 

This  invention  consists  in  aerating  and  refining  the  fiuid  operated  upon  by 
projecting  it  upward  in  fine  jets,  and  allowing  it  to  fall  in  drops  into  a  proper 
receptacle,  by  means  of  which  the  more  volatile  portion  is  separated,  and  passes 
off  into  the  atmosphere,  and  a  higher  "fire  test'*  is  given  to  the  cU  and  the  ma- 
chinery by  which  this  is  effected. 

104.798— June  S8,  1870,    PETER  H.  VANDER  WEYDE,    Improved  instrument 

for  testing  oils. 

Claims  the  vaporizing  of  hydrocarbon  oil  or  fluids  in  a  transparent  closed 
chamber,  having  its  only  vent  sealed  by  water,  in  such  manner  that  the  vapors  of 
such  fluids  will  be  isolated,  and  the  temperature  of  "flashing  point"  shown. 

109,772— November  29,  1870.    WILLIAM  M.  SLOANE.    Improvement  in  purify- 
ing and  refining  oils. 
Claims  the  method  of  purifying  oils  by  agitating  with  any  deodorizing  agent  in 

a  close  vessel,  under  the  action  and  pressure  of  steam. 

110,638— January  S,  1871,    RICHARD  EATON.    Improvement  in  refining  petrO' 

leum. 

Claims  the  art  of  removing  earthy  particles  and  other  impurities  from  crude 
petroleimi  oil  by  the  wasliing  action  of  water. 

lS3,598—December  S,  1872.    EMIL  SCHALK.    Improvement  in  treating  petroleum. 
Claims  a  continuous  process  of  treating  and  washing  distilled  petroleum. 

154.4^0— August  25,  1874.    REUBEN  D.  TURNER.    Improvement  in  apparatus 

for  refining  petroleum. 

This  invention  consists  in  the  combination  of  a  perforated  steam  coil  with 
steam  and  oil  atomisers  arranged  within  a  refining  chamber,  and  connected  with 
an  outside  oil  heating  vessel  or  tube,  whereby  all  the  obnoxious  odors  and  explo- 
sive or  "flashing"  principles  of  the  oil  are  absorbed  and  the  oil  generally  im- 
proved for  illuminating  and  other  purposes. 

174.921— March  31,  1876.    CHARLES  L.  MOREHOUSE.     Improvement  in  proc- 
esses and  apparatus  for  manufacturing  illuminating  oils. 
Claims  the  process  for  refining  hydrocarbon  oils,  consisting  in  treating  them 

with  steam,  so  as  to  renio\  e  the  lighter  portions,  washing  with  caustic  alkalies, 

and  filtering  with  a  warm  flltar. 

S97.603— April  29,  I884.    JOHN  B.  HUSTON.    Apparatus  for  improving  the  fire 

test  of  petroleum  and  for  bleaching  other  oils. 

This  apparatus  consists  of  a  cylinder  or  vessel  having  a  series  of  chambers,  one 
above  the  other,  the  fioors  of  which  are  perforated,  with  the  exception  of  the  low- 
est one.  By  the  side  of  said  vessel  is  placed  a  large  air  pipe  having  commumca- 
tions  with  the  upper  part  of  the  said  chambers.  Within  said  pipe  a  steam  pipe 
and  an  oil  pipe  are  placed,  the  steam  pipe  having  connections  with  the  lower  part 
of  said  chamljers,  while  the  oil  pipe  leads  up  to  and  communicates  with  a  low 
chamber  in  the  top  of  the  aforesaid  chambered  vessel.  The  steam  pipe  warms  the 
air  in  the  air  pipe  and  this  wanns  the  oil  before  they  enter  the  said  vessel.  The 
branches  of  the  steam  pipe  are  provided  with  stopcocks.  Outlet  pipes  are  pro- 
vided to  each  chamber,  opposite  to  the  steam  and  air  pipes,  for  the  escape  of  the 
vapors.  This  comprises  the  arrangement  for  treatment  of  petroleimi  products. 
For  the  bleaching  purpose  a  box  for  containing  the  bleaching  material  is  placed 
near  the  base  of  the  said  air  pipe,  to  which  it  is  connected  by  a  short  pipe-  On 
opposite  side  of  said  box  is  placed  an  air  blower  for  tho  purpose  of  forcing  the 
fumes  or  gases  from  the  said  doi  into  the  aforesaid  chambered  vessel.  From  the 
top  of  the  said  vessel  a  pipe  leads  back  to  said  blower.  This  is  for  returning  the 
said  bleaching  gases  to  the  blower  and  using  them  repeatedly. 

299.611— June  S,  I884.    LESLIE  A.  BAKER.    Process  of  refining  petroleum. 

Claims  a  process  of  separating  crude  petroleum  into  its  light  and  heavy  constit- 
uents, consisting  m  mixing  with  the  crude  petroleum  a  cold  medium,  and  thereby 
reducing  its  temperature,  and  then  filtering  the  same. 

$13,514- March  10.  18S5.    JAMES  W.  NORTON  AND  FRANKLIN  H.  ROUSE. 

Apparatus  for  removing  paraMne  from  oil  tanks. 

Claims  the  method  of  removing  paraffine,  sedimentary,  or  B.  S.  oil  from  the 
bottom  of  oil  tanks,  consi.stiiig,  first,  in  forcing  stfam,  hot  air,  or  hot  water 
through  j)ipea  to  the  bott<ini  of  the  tank  and  benejif  h  the  oil  in  the  same  to  liquefy 
the  sediniciitarv  deposits,  and  linn  II  v  causing  the  withdrawal  of  the  liquefied  solu- 
tion up  through  the  said  pipes  ajid  out  from  the  lank  to  a  suitable  receptacle 
without  removing  the  oil. 

S59.357— March  15.  1887.    EDWARD  D.  KENDALL.    Process  of  and  apparatus 

for  refining  hydrocarbon. 

Claims  the  process  of  treating  distillate  with  sulphuric  acid,  which  consists  in 
forcing  togellier  n-giilalt  d  quantities  of  the  arid  unit  the  distillate,  ami  causing 
them  to  ]>aHs  li'K'''l'"'r  und'T  itnssiue  through  a  i»ipe  or  lul>e  pro\  ideil  with  sta- 
tionary obstructions,  whereby  they  are  thoroughly  mingled  by  the  force  of  the 
liquid  Itself. 

363.432-  May  24.  1887.    LEVI  STEVENS.    Process  of  distilling  petroleum. 

Claims  the  process  of  vaporizing  piaroleum  by  injecting  it  Into  hot  watcrheated 
above  '2V2°  hahrenheit  under  pressure  in  a  closed  vussol,  and  conducting  the 
vapors  therefrom. 

40(>.H34—Apra  S,  1889.    FRANCIS  M.  F.  CAZIN.    Apparatus  for  refining  petro- 
leum. 

Claims  the  combination,  with  an  upright  vessel  having  a  water  supply  pipe  and 
an  nil  supply  pipe  leading  to  its  lower  part,  of  a  water  overflow  pipe  li-aduig  fmni 
a  prijnt  between  the  ends  of  the  vesnel,  first  downward  and  thence  upward  In  a 
point  iieiir  tho  top  of  the  vessi-l.  thus  formuig  a  loop  to  permit  tho  oil  enteritis  the 
Iiil>e  Willi  tho  water  to  ivscapo  back  to  the  vessel  l)y  roasi>n  of  Its  lighter  NpieiHc 
gravity,  oil  dlHtriliiilers  nrninged  in  tho  lower  pa  it  of  the  vessel,  whereby  the 
entering  oil  is  finely  divided  or  (lillused  prior  to  risliiK  tliruugh  the  water,  and  an 
oil  overflow  p\\w  at  about  tho  level  of  the  water  overllow. 

406.047-June  11. 1889.  THOMAS  JEFFERSON  NKWSOME.  Fluid  separator, 
('lainiHa  fluid  si-paratornonsi-sting  of  a  vessel  or  tank  provided  with  a  horizon- 
tal diaphragm  forming  iin  upixT  iiiir]  lower  chamber,  a  eenfral  (ulie  cnnununl- 
ciiting  at  llH  upper  end  with  I  Ik-  iippcrrhaniher,  ita  lower  end  I'xIeiMJcd  wilhiri  (he 
lower  chamber  m-ar  1  in-  boi  loni  tlwreof,  a  (lischarge  nipeeonTH'ctrd  with  the  louer 
clmnibor  above  ihe  lowrr  imhI  ()f  rlu-  rentral  tube,  a  (lischarKti  jtipe  eonnee|<rd  wllh 
(hf  loworportlori  of  ihe  upinrclianilier,  and  a  funnel  or  tube  (Mlapd'.l  toenler  the 
upper  oud  oX  the  central  lube  and  projected  thoruiii  to  a,  point  below  the  OLa- 
plintgm. 


DIGEST  OF  PATF.XTS  RKLATINC  TO  Pl'7nK)IJ':UM  REFININf;. 


615 


eiS.rSH—Novemher  8.  1898.    MARTIN  SHIVELY.     Metfiod  of  and  apparatus  for 

purifffing  crude  oilt. 

Claims  tho  method  of  purifying  crudo  potrol'^iim  and  othnr  oils  in  bulk,  comiist- 
In^  of  dQlivering  jots  of  hut  water  tangnntlally  upon  the  surface  of  the  oil  con- 
taiuod  in  a  taiik  or  rMcnptaclo  to  cause  the  oil  tu  rotatn,  then  allowing  the  hot 
water  to  pass  down  through  the  rotating  body  of  oil  to  Hinudtaneously  heat  it 
and  absorb  and  precipitate  the  impurities  partly  separated  by  the  rotary  move- 
ment of  the  oil. 

67S,88S—ApTU  SO,  1901.    CAL  M.  AUKERMAN.    Purifying  system  for  crude 

petroleum. 

Claims  in  an  oil  purifying  systom,  the  combination  with  a  receiving  tank  of  a 
heating  coil  connected  at  one  end  to  the  lower  portion  of  the  tank  by  branch 

glpes,  one  branch  tapping  the  tank  below  tho  nonnal  water  level,  and  another 
ranch  above  the  normal  sediment  level,  the  opposite  end  of  tho  coU  being:  con- 
nected with  the  top  portion  of  the  tank  by  a  pipe  having  its  opening  within  the 
tank  below  the  normal  oil  level. 

681,170— August  SO,  1901.    CHARLES  R.  HUDSON.     Clarifying  apparatus. 

Claims  In  an  apparatus  for  clarifying  oil,  an  oil  tank,  a  heater,  a  pipe  extended 
from  said  heater  over  the  oil  tank,  a  column  nozzle  connecting  with  said  pipe,  a 
spray  nozzle  connecting  with  said  pipe,  and  a  pipe  leading  from  the  lower  portion 
of  the  tank  to  the  heater. 

741,617— October  IS,  1903.    THOMAS  MACALPINE.    Refining  mineral  oils. 

Claims  in  the  process  of  refining  mineral  oil.  whether  crude  oil  or  distillates 
thereof,  the  step  which  consists  in  subjecting  said  oil  for  a  considerable  time  to  tho 
action  of  a  solution  composed  of  salt  and  carbonate  of  soda,  said  oil  being  kept  in  a 
state  of  subdivision  during  said  time. 

CLASS  73.— MEASURING  INSTRUMENTS. 

SUBCLASS  50.— FLUIDS. 

35,184— May  S,  ISSg.    HORACE  J.  SMITH  AND  WOODRUFF  JONES.    Im- 
provement in  apparatus  for  testing  coal  oils  and  other  mixed  liquids. 
Claims  determining  the  amount  of  volatile  inflammable  matter  in  compound 

liquids,  by  means  of  a  thermometer  and  a  flame,  the  thermometer  being  applied 

to  the  liquid  while  the  heat  is  imparted  to  the  latter,  and  the  vapor  generated  by 

the  heat  oelng  directed  to  the  flame. 

S8.4S7—May  5,   186S.    GIUSEPPE   TAOLIABUE.    Improved  instrument  for 

ascertaining  the  amount  of  water,  etc.,  in  barrels  of  oil.  etc. 

Claims  a  tube  constructed  of  metal  and  glass  with  valves  at  top  and  bottom 
acted  on  by  one  rod,  and  opening  and  closing  together,  and  a  graduated  scale  on 
the  glass  sides  of  the  tube. 

66,107— July  S,  1866.    GEORGE  E.  SHAW.    Improved  carbon  oil  fire  tester. 

Claims  the  water  bath  with  a  double  casing  and  a  pipe  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing heat  from  the  bottom  only. 

€1,57S— January  29,  1867.    GEORGE  E.  SHAW.    Improved  fire  test  torch. 

Claims  the  torch  or  lamp  pivoted,  suspended,  or  hinged  to  a  clamp,  or  to  a  piece 
of  a  Are  tester  for  carbon  oU,  so  that  it  can  be  made  to  occupy  either  the  vertical 
position  or  the  horizontal  position  represented  or  any  other  position  between  the 
same. 

91,843— June  29,  1869.    HENRY  M.  HARTSHORN.    Improved  instrument  for 

testing  the  inflammability  of  illuminating  oils. 

Claims  a  tight  vessel,  filled  with  water  or  other  fluid,  with  a  cavity  or  depres- 
sion, holding  the  oil.  forming  the  top  of  the  vessel,  and. 

Ttie  combination  of  the  stem  of  the  thermometer  with  the  tube,  for  the  purpose 
of  forming  the  handle. 

127.259— May  28,  1872.    PETHUEL  MILLSPAUGH.     Improvement  in  testing 

burning  fluids. 

Claims  in  combination  with  an  instrument  for  testing  oils  or  burning  fluids  a 
transparent  cylinder  or  its  equivalent  for  containing  the  fluid  to  be  tested,  and 
in  which  the  thermometer  la  submerged. 

lS9,65i—June  10,  1873.    JOHN  B.  BLAIR.    Improvement  in  apparatus  for  test- 
ing hydrocarbon  oils. 
Claims  a  testing  apparatus,  consisting  of  a  bottle  with  closed  tube  and  a  bottle 

with  open  tube  In  connection  with  a  graduated  support,  all  arranged,  adapted, 

and  operating  as  set  forth. 

152.855— July  7,    1871     STEPHEN   S.    MANN  AND  CHARLES   B.   MANN. 

Improvement  in  devices  for  illustrating  lamp  explosions. 

Claims  a  device  for  illustrating  lamp  explosions,  consisting  of  a  cup  or  holder 
for  attachment  to  the  lamp  bowl,  and  a  detachable  part  that  is  held  in  the  cup 
by  means  of  frictlonal  contact. 


inr,.nt2^July  is,  ms.    JOHN  ponton,    improvement  in  atUomatic  vapor  tetU 

for  hydrocarbons. 

Claims  tho  nmthod  or  process  of  determining  the  relative  temperatures  at  which 
hydrocarbons  will  vaporize,  by  conducting  the  vaporized  hydrocarbon  to  the 
flaino  of  a  lump,  by  which  they  aro  exploded,  and  Indicating  the  temperature  at 
the  time  of  the  explosion  by  a  registering  device. 

197,197— November  13,  1877.  FEAROUS  B.  SQUIRE.  ImprovemerU  in  appa- 
ratus for  testing  the  igniting  temperature  of  hydrocarbon  fluids. 
Claims  in  an  apparatus  for  ascertaining  the  igniting  temperature  of  hvdro* 
carbon  fluid,  the  combination  of  a  fluid  holding  reservoir,  a  verticallv  adjust- 
iiblr  flame  hoMiriK  device,  and  a  thermomctf;r  graduatcl  from  the  iipjx-r  part  ot 
tlif  l.ulb  into '■qiiiil  spaces,  independently  of  the  thcrinonn-trical  seal*',  to  indicate 
thi'  'I'-pth  of  its  immersion  in  the  said  fluid,  and  for  the  purpose  of  adjusting  tb0 
igniting  flame  to  a  required  distance  above  the  surface  of  the  same, 

204.-iS5~May  28,  1878.    STEPHEN  S.  MANN.    Improvement  in  devices  for  test' 

ing  iUumin/xting  fluids. 

Claims  In  an  oil  testing  apparatus,  the  combination,  with  an  oil  receiver,  pro- 
vided withalul>eanda  valve  to  be  closed  bv  pressure  from  within,  of  a  projectile, 
made  ol  any  suitable  material  admitting  of  slight  compression. 

218.066— July  29,  1879.    GEORGE  M,  8AYB0LT.    ImprovemerU  in  electric  oil 

testers. 

Claims  In  combination  with  the  cup  and  reservoir  of  an  oil  Are  tester,  an  elec- 
trical apparatus  so  arranged  that  an  electrical  spark  from  the  apparatua  flAahea 
the  vapor  of  the  oil,  whereby  the  fire  test  of  the  latter  Is  determined. 

221,431— November  11,  1879.    THOMAS  DE  WITT  PINCKNEY.    Improvement 
in  kerosene  oil  testers. 

Claims  a  thermometrlcal  device  for  ascertaining  the  flashing  pointof  keros^-ne 
oil,  which  consists  of  a  transparent  graduated  tube,  provided  with  a  bulb,  having 
a  cavity  or  recess  in  its  upper  part. 

226,187— April  6,  1880.    FRANCIS  S.  PEASE.    Apparatus  for  testing  oU  by  eleo 

tricity. 

Claims  one  or  more  electrical  poles,  having  switches  arranged  on  a  movable 
and  adjustable  bridge.  In  combination  with  an  oil  bath  of  an  oil  testing  apparatus. 

240.365— Apra  19, 188U    ALEX  BERNSTEIN.    Apparatus  for  testing  Uluminat* 

ing  fluids. 

Claims  In  an  apparatus  for  testing  the  inflammability  of  oils,  the  combination, 
with  an  oil  receptacle  or  vessel,  provided  with  a  fixed  torch,  a  wick  pipe  beneaih 
it.  and  a  thermometer,  of  a  hydrostatic  tube,  whereby  the  induced  vapors  ar« 
ejected  at  an  ascertained  temperature  and  ignited  by  the  fijed  torch  and  the 
ignition  communicated  to  the  wick. 

245.568— August  9, 188L    GEORGE  M.  SAYBOLT.    Apparatus  for  testing  hydro^ 

carbon  fluids. 

Claims  an  apparatus  for  testing  hydrocarbon  fluids  or  for  finding  their  inflam- 
mable degree  of  temfwrature,  consisting  of  a  suitable  bath,  an  oil  vessel  or  cup, 
and  a  cap  or  cover  for  mechanically  compressing  the  generated  vapor  at  a  certam 
point  to  eject  It  to  an  igniting  torch. 

S09,7 18— December  £3,  1884*    CHARLES  S.  BIGGINS.    Apparatus  for  Usttng 

tallow,  etc,    . 

Claims  ha  an  apparatus  for  testing  tallow,  the  combination  of  the  vessel  having 
double  walls  and  a  space  between  them  filled  with  nonconducting  material,  and 
provided  with  an  Inspection  opening,  and  the  double-walled  cover,  also  filled 
with  nonconducting  material,  with  the  glass  receptacle  for  the  tallow,  placed 
Inside  the  double-walled  vessel. 

431.795— July  8,  1890.     FREELING  W.  ARVINE.    Apparatus  for  testing  the 

burning  qualities  of  oil. 

Claims  the  combination,  in  an  instrument  for  testing  the  burning  quality  of 
oil,  of  a  lamp-poising  support,  a  marking  point  carried  by  said  support,  and  a 
movable  card  holder. 

774.341— November  8,  1904.    FRANK  N.  SPELLER.    Recording  calorimeter  for 

gas. 

Claims  in  a  device  for  measuring  the  heating  value  of  gases,  the  combination 
of  a  combustion  chamber,  gas  and  air  inlets  thereto,  means  for  maintaining 
constant  pressure  in  said  combustion  chamber  at  all  temperatures  therein^  and 
means  for  measuring  the  temperature  In  said  chamber. 

788.250— April  25,  1905.    FERNAND  A.  COURTOIS.     Flash  tester. 

Claims  a  flash  tester  comprising  a  support,  a  heater  arranged  underneath  the 
support,  a  flue  on  the  support,  a  test  cup  removably  placed  in  the  flue  and  having 
a  trough  around  its  upi>er  portion,  a  burner  tip  for  extending  over  the  test  cup, 
and  a  thermometer  support. 


45254— MFG  1905— PT  4—08- 


-41 


i 


POWER   EMPLOYED 
IN  MANUFACTURES 


(617) 


POWER    EMPLOYED    IN    MANUFACTURES; 


By  Thomas  Commerford  Martin,  Expert  Special  Agent. 


The  total  horsepower  reported  at  the  census  of  1005 
showed  an  increase  of  more  than  40  per  cent  over  that 
reported  in  1900.  The  number  of  establishments 
reporting  this  power  was  less  than  1  per  cent  greater 
than  the  number  in  1900.  This  small  increase  is  not 
wholly  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  average 
horsepower  per  establishment  has  increased,  but  in 
part  by  the  impossibility  of  eliminating  from  the  sta- 
tistics for  1900  all  the  power  reported  by  the  hand 
trades  and  neighborhood  industries.  The  census  of 
1905  was  one  of  factory  industries  only;  that  of  1 900  was 


for  factory  industries  and  hand  trades  and  neighbor- 
hood industries  as  well.  It  has  not  been  practicable 
to  separat(^  from  these  latter  industries  an\'  power 
except  that  of  custom  gristmills,  custom  sawmills, 
and  cotton  ginneries.  But  as  a  comparatively  small 
amount  of  power  is  used  in  the  other  hand  trades  and 
neighborhood  industries,  the  inclusion  has  little  effect 
except  upon  the  mmilier  of  estaljlishments  reporting. 

A  comparative  summary  by  kind  and  amount  of 
power,  for  the  censuses  from  1870  to  1905,  with  per- 
centajres  is  as  follows : 


T.\BLE  1.— COMP.VRATIVE  SUMMARY,  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1870  TO  190-5. 

[For  1000  tho  number  of  ostahUshmcnts  reporting  power  and  the  horsepower  include  the  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries,  except  custom  gristmills, 
custom  sawmills,  and  cotton  ginning.  Prior  to  1900  the  total  number  of  establishments,  the  number  Reporting  power,  and  the  horsepower  include  all  hand 
trades  and  neighborhood  industries.] 


Number  of  estabhshments 

Number  of  establishments  reporting  power 

Total  horsepower 

Average  horsepower  per  establishment 

Owned— 

Engines- 
steam — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Per  cent  of  total  horsepower. 
Gas  and  gasoline — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Per  cent  of  total  horsepower. 
Water  wheels  * — 

Number 

Horsepower 

Per  cent  of  total  horsepower 

Electric  motors — 

Nimiber 

Horsepower 

Per  cent  of  total  horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 

Per  cent  of  total  horsepower 

Rented,  total 

Per  cent  of  total  horsepower 

Electric  horsepower 

Other  kind,  horsepower 


'  Decrease. 

'  Not  reported. 


1905 


216,262 
134,544 

1,641,544 
108.8 


1S90 


207,562 
133,456  I 
10,409.62"; 
78.0 


355, 415 

100,735 

5.954,655 

59.1 


1880 


PER  CENT  OF  UiCREASE. 


1870 


1900 

1890 

1880 

1870 

to 

to 

to 

to 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1880 

127,425 

130, 754 

91,410 

828,  HI 

8,140,533 

4,  ,581, 595 

73.9 

78.2 

76.9 

21,525 

14,334 

m 

289,514 

134,742 

8.930 

2.0 

1.3 

0.1 

20,996 

23, 104 

39,008 

647,969 

1,4,14,229 

1,255,206 

11.3 

14.0 

21.1 

73,120 

16,902 

(=) 

150,891 

310,661 

13,569 

7.9 

3.0 

0.3 

92, 154 

49,985 

4.784 

0.6 

0.5 

0.1 

632,905 

319,475 

88,571 

4.3 

.3.0 

1.5 

441.592 

182,562 

(') 

191,313 

136,913 

88,571 

253,852 

85,923 

3,410,837 

39.7 


56,483 

2, 185, 458 

64.1 


55,404 

1,225,379 

35.9 

(=> 


252,148 
(') 
2,346,142 
'9.3 


(») 
1,215,711 
51.8 


(') 
1,130,431 
4a2 

(') 


4.2 

0.8 
40.7 
39.5 


12.5 
33.0 


•41.6 
32.5 
74.8 
32.0 


43.0 

77.7 


50.2 
114.9 


>9.1 
13.3 


>40.8 
15.9 


332.6  ' 
270. 5 


■(if 


(•) 


84.4 
98.' i' 


1.895.4 
'  9448 


40.0 
17.2 
74.6 
.48.9 


61.8 
109.6 


'29.6 
2.4 


141.9   . 
39.7  1. 


'  .\verage  for  all  establishments  enumerated,  whether  reporting  or  not  reporting  power. 
*  Includes  1,398  water  motors  with  5,934  horsepower  for  1905. 


0.7 


45.4 
326.9 


79.8 


S.4 


The  actual  increase  in  the  average  liorsepower  per 
establislunent  was  largest  between  1900  and  1905.  The 
1870  average  is  not  comparable  with  any  other,  as  it 
is  an  average  for  all  establishments  whether  reporting 
or  not  reporting  power.     Electric  horsepower,  although 


showing  the  largest  percentage  of  increase,  with  gas 
and  gasoline  following,  yields  to  steam  in  absolute 
increase.  As  at  the  censuses  of  1890  and  1900.  steam- 
power  forms  approximately  three-fourths,  of  the  horse- 
power of  all  kinds  reported,  although  electricity  and 


'  Reforence  should  be  made  to  Tables  2,  12.  13,  and  14  in  Manufactures,  Part  I,  190.5.  for  the  detailed  and  comparative  statistics 
concerning  motive  power,  by  states  and  territories,  and  by  specitied  industries  and  groups  of  industries,  and  for  industries  showing 
50,000  liorsepower,  and  over,  by  states  and  territories  and  to  various  tables  and  the  text  relating  thereto  in  Chapter  X  of  the  same  volume. 

(619) 


620 


MANUFACTURES. 


gas  and  gasoline  are  continually  reducing  the  propor- 
tion. Waterpower,  while  increasing  absolutely,  is 
diminishing  in  comparison  with  other  kinds  of  power. 
When  electric  power  is  generated  by  the  manufacturer 
the  horsepower  of  the  motors  is  a  duplication,  and 
allowance  should  be  made  for  tliis  fact  in  accepting 
the  statistics. 

In  Table  1  the  statistics  of  power  for  1 1 ,474  establish- 
ments that  were  engaged  in  industries  excluded  from 
the  census  of  1905  are  included  for  the  census  of  1900. 
These  establishments  used  a  total  of  157,125  horse- 
power. Exclusive  of  rented  power  the  steam  horse- 
power reported  in  1900,  according  to  these  revised 
figures,  was  8,026,022;  the  water  horsepower,  1,449,- 
460;  and  the  electric  horsepower,  308,4.39 — the  increase 
in  these  particulars,  as  shown  at  the  census  for  1905, 
being  34.9,  13.7,  and  273.1  per  cent,  respectively. 

Consideration  must  also  be  given  to  the  power  re- 
ported by  idle  establishments.  Table  2  compares  the 
kind  and  amount  of  power  in  such  establisliments  for 
the  censuses  of  1900  and  1905.  In  this  table  the 
totals  for  1900  have  been  reduced  by  the  exclusion, 
so  far  as  possible,  of  the  figures  for  establishments  of 
the  character  omitted  from  the  census  of  1905. 

Table  2. — Power  in  idle  establishments:   1905  and  1900. 


Number  of  establishments 

Number  of  establishments  reporting  power. 

Total  horsepower 

Owned: 

Engines- 
steam— 

Number 

Horsepower 

Gas  and  gasoline- 
Number  

Horsepower 

Water  wheels- 
Number 

IIor^M■powe^ 

Water  motors— 

Numtwr 

Hors^'power 

Eleotric  motors — 

Numlxrr 

Horsepower 

Other  power,  horsepower 


1905 


2,330 

1,675 

344,671 


2,550 
310,572 

84 
1,941 


17,093 

5 
39 

419 

8,776 

250 


1900  > 


3,143 

1,990 

203,774 


2,162 
169,322 


524 
.■SO,  495 


3,957 


'Exclusive  of  the  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries,  omit  ti'»i  from  the 
census  of  190.'>. 

•  Not  reported  separately. 

Combining  the  power  reported  by  idle  estal)lisli- 
mcnts  with  that  r)f  active  establishments  shown  in 
Tabic-  1  gives  an  aggregate  of  14,9S(),215  availahic 
horsepower  fcjr  1905,  compared  with  10,013,399  horse- 
power for  1900,  or  an  increase  of  41.2  per  cent. 

The  totals  given  in  Table  2  an-  imt  included  in  iiiiy 
tables  of  tlii.'j  report. 


POWEK    IN    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES. 

The  power  reported  at  the  last  four  censu.ses  for  1 1 
selected  industries  and  for  all  industries  combined  is 
shown  in  Table  3,  which  also  gives  the  percentage  that 
the  different  kinds  of  power  form  of  the  total  employed 
in  each  of  the  several  industries.  These  industries  are 
not  those  reporting  the  largest  amount  of  horsepower, 
but  were  selected  as  being  typical  of  the  factory 
method  of  manufacture. 

It  will  be  observed  from  Table  3  that  the  1 1  selected 
industries  absorbed  slightly  more  than  one-half  of  the 
total  amount  of  horsepower  reported  for  all  industries 
at  the  census  of  1905,  namely,  7,795,780  horsepower, 
leaving  6,845,764  horsepower  for  the  other  industries 
of  the  country.  In  power  consmnption  the  manufac- 
ture of  iron  and  steel  is  by  far  the  most  important  of 
American  industries,  requiring  not  less  than  2,722,508 
horsepower,  which,  it  may  be  incidentally  noted,  was 
very  largely  obtained  from  steam.  All  other  sources 
of  energy  resorted  to  in  this  field  are  jjractically  negli- 
gible, forming  only  12.8  per  cent  of  the  total.  These 
conditions  are  paralleled  in  the  lumber  and  timber 
industry,  which  is  next  in  importance  as  to  power  re- 
quired, taking  1,504,693  horsepower,  of  which  over  90 
per  cent  is  in  steam. 

The  manufacture  of  paper  and  wood  j>ul]>  is  third  in 
importance,  requirmg  1,122,564  liorsepower,  closely 
approached  by  cotton  goods,  employing  1,039,648 
horsepower.  The  next  largest  branch  of  industry, 
when  viewed  with  reference  to  power,  is  that  which 
deals  with  flour  and  grist  mill  products,  for  which  a 
total  was  returned  of  780,042  horsepower. 

No  other  of  the  industries  shown  in  Table  3  reached 
anything  like  the  same  importance,  although  some  of 
them  have  made  remarkable  strides  in  the  last  twenty- 
five  years.  Thus,  for  example,  the  total  horsejiower 
required  for  worsted  goods  in  1880  was  only  16,437. 
At  the  census  of  1905  it  had  become  130,620,  an  in- 
crease of  almost  sevenfold.  In  like  manner  (he  j)ower 
required  for  hosiery  and  knit  goods  rose  from  11,561 
li(H'se|)(iw(>r  in  ISSO  to  S3,S14  horsejiower  at  the  census 
of  190."),  this  being  an  increase  of  over  sixfold.  These 
ai'c  industries  in  which  tiie  amount  and  value  of 
|)r()(lii(ts  ll!t.v(^  increased  gi'eatly;  and  a  furtlier  analy- 
sis establisliing  the  relationshij)  of  the  horsepower  they 
consume  to  the  kind  and  quantity  of  their  i)roducts 
would  be  of  interest  as  Indicntive  of  (lie  greii(er  refine- 
nieii(  and  increasing  variety' of  American  iiianufac(ures. 


POWER  EMPI/)YI<]D  IN  MANUFACTURES. 


621 


Tami.h  .-5.— POWKR.   1!V  Kr^n.  IX    SELEGTRI)    I  XDlJSTarRS.  WITH    PICK    f;iO.N"r    IJISTRIBUTIOX   OF    TOTAL  HORSE- 
POWER: 1880  T(J  l!«)o.' 

(For  I'.WU  llio  horscpowiT  inilmliH  i  lio  liiiml  tnidos  and  neighborhood  industries,  except  custom  gristmills,  custom  sawmllis,  nwi  ir)tlon  ginning.     Prior  to  1900  the 

horsepower  includes  all  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  Industries.] 


1905 


■I'otal 
horse- 
power. 


Steam. 


Horse- 
power. 


All  Industries 

Agricultural  implements 

Boots  and  shoes 

Cotton  goods  2 

Flour  and  grist  mill  prod- 
ucts   

Hosiery  and  knit  good.s 

Iron  and  steel  (blast  fur- 
naces, and  steel  worlds  and 
rolling  mills) 

Lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts   

Paper  and  wood  pulp 

Silk  and  silk  goods 

Woolen  goods 

Worsted  goods 

All  other  industries 


106,623 

62,587 

1.039,648 

780.042 

8.1, 814 


1,. 504, 693 
1,122,564 

78,888 

163, 793 

130.620 

6,845,764 


10,828,111 


75,018 

40,228 

707, C07 

473,689 

r>7.  460 

2,  .372, 994 

1, 377, 722 
370,852 

56,362 

9(5,940 

95,111 

5, 104, 128 


Per 

cent  ot 
total 
horse- 
power. 


7a  9 


70.4 
64.3 

68.1 

TO.  7 
68  6 

87.2 
91.6 

3ao 

71.5 
m.2 
72.8 
74.6 


Water. 


Horse- 
power. 


1,647,969 


6,300 

1,612 

252,923 

2.';8,352 

13,532 

5,475 

103, 677 
717,989 

6.974 

.w.gsi 

16, 834 
208, 370 


Per 
cent  ol 

total 
horse- 
power. 


All  other. 


Horse- 
power. 


11.3   2,165,464 


.5.9 
2.6 
24.3 

3.3.1 

16.  1 

0.2 

6.9 
64.0 

8.8 
.14.1 
12.9 

ao 


25,305 
20,747 
79,118 

48,001 

12,822 

344.0.39 

23,294 
33,723 

15,552 

10,922 

18, 675 

1,633.266 


Per 

cent  of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


2a  7 
3ai 
7.6 

6.2 

15.3 


1.5 

ao 

19.7 

6.7 

14.3 

22.4 


Total 
horse- 
power. 


10,409,625 


77, 189 
50,623 
811,347 

672,084 

58,087 

1,670,-547 

1,. 383, 002 
764,847 

61,395 

139,645 

97,383 

4,623.476 


Steam. 


Horse- 
"power. 


8,140,533        7a  2 


Per 
cent  of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


61, 147 

.14,666 

531,611 

407,475 

39,693 

1,581,695 

1,226,091 
255,854 

45,959 

82,933 

73,180 

.1,800,229 


79.2 
6a5 
65.5 


68.3 


8&7  I 

3a4 


Water. 


Horse- 
power. 


1,454,229 


Per 
cent  of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


All  other. 


Horse- 
power. 


14.0     814,863 


Per 
cent  of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


7.8 


6,758 

2,240 

2.55,875 

242,821 

14,824 


146,500 
504, 762 


as  ;      9,284  IZO 

4.4       1.1,717  27.1 

3L5       23,861  ao 


74.8  ,  6,666 

.59.  4  52, 358 

75.  2  20, 491 

82.2!  192,285 


36.1 
25.5 


10.6 
66.0 


21,788  ! 
3,570  ' 

80,203 

10,411 
4,231 


10.9        8,770 

37.5         4.  .154 

21.0  !      3,712 

4.2     630.962 


as 

U.2 

4.8 
0.7 

a6 

14.3 

ai 
as 
lao 


All  industries. 


Agricultural  implements 

Boots  and  shoes 

Cotton  goods 

Flour  and  grist  mill  products. 


Hosiery  and  knit  poods 

Iron  and  steel  (blast  furnaces, and  steel 

works  and  rolling  mills) 

Lumber  and  timber  products 

Paper  and  wood  pulp 


Silk  and  silk  goods. . 

Woolen  goods 

Worsted  goods 

All  other  mdustries. 


1890 


Total 
horse- 
power. 


5,954,655 


.50,395 
30,686 
464,881 
752,365 

34.538 

745,824 
961,316 
297, 724 

29,638 

122,501 

57,111 

2,407.676 


Steam. 


Horse- 
power. 


4,662,029 


40, 673 

27,885 
265,509 
366,587 

22,005 

737, 771 
759,078 
9a  659 

24,427 

67,195 

44,458 

2,212,782 


Per 

cent  of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


78  3 


80.7 
90.9 
57.1 
487 

6a  7 

98  9 
78  9 
31.4 

82.4 
54.9 
77.8 
91.9 


Water. 


Horse- 
power. 


1,263,343 


Per 

cent  of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


9,667 

1,874 

198, 982 

383,872 

12,  .160  i 

8,053 
201,651 
203, 896 

4,864 

55,030 

12, 437 

170,657 


21.2 

19.2 

6.1 

42.8 

51.0 

35.8 

1.1 

21.0 
6a  5 

16.4 
449 
21.8 
7.1 


All  other. 


Horse- 
power. 


29,283 

927 

390 

1.90<> 

173 


587 
169 


Per 
cent  of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


0.1 

ao 

0.1 
0.3 

0.5 


1880 


Steam. 


Total 
horse- 
power. 


3,410,837 


0.1 
0.1 


.147  1.  2  ; 

276  0.  2  ; 

216  0.  4  1 

24,237  1.0 


44,731 

11,574 
275.504 
771.201  t 

11,561  I 

397,247  ' 

821.928 
123.912 

8.810 
106,507 
16,437  , 
821,425  I 


Horse- 
power. 


2, 185, 458 


Per 
cent  of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


Water. 


Horse- 
power. 


64.1 


32,086 

11,164 

126. 7.50 

:«1.214 

6,069 

380.741 

543,242 

36.301 

7.248 

.52.897 

10.135 

677,611 


II 


71.7 
96.5 
46.0 
39.1 

52.5 

95.8 
66.1 
29.3 

82.3 
49.7 
6L7 
82.5 


Per 
cent  of 

total 
!  horse 
!  power. 


1,225,379 


35.9 


2a3 
as 

54. 0> 


12,645  , 

410 
148,754 
469.987  ' 

5.492 


16.506  4.2 

278,686  i      say 

87.611  I        7a  7 


1.562 

53,610 

6,302 

143,814 


17.7 
50.3 
3a  3 
17.5 


^  For  1890  steam  and  water  power  represent  owned  and  rented  power, 
totals  therefore  represent  owned  power  only. 
2  Includes  cotton  small  wares. 


.\t  subsequent  censuses  rented  power  was  not  segregated  as  to  steam  and  water:  the 


The  relative  increase  in  power  employed  in  the  se- 
lected industries  just  referred  to  is  brought  out  more 
clearly  and  fully  in  Table  4,  which  shows  the  power 
used  in  them  from  1S70  to  190.5,  with  the  amount  and 


per  cent  of  increase.  This  table  shows  also  the  kind 
of  power  used  in  each  industry  and  its  per  cent  of  in- 
crease at  each  period. 


622 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  4.— POWER.  BY  KIXD.  IN  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES.  WITH   AMOUNT  AND  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  1870 

TO  1906.' 

[For  1900  the  horsepower  includes  the  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries,  e.xcept  custom  gristmills,  custom  sawmills,  and  cotton  ginning.     I'rior  to  1900  tho 

horsepower  includes  all  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries.] 


IXDUSTRY. 


All  industries 14,641,544 


TOTAL  HORSEPOWEK. 


1905 


Agricultural  implements 

Boots  and  shoes 

Cotton  goods  - 

Flour  and  grist  mill  products. 


106, 623 

62,587 

1,039,648 

780,042 

83,814 


1900 


1890 


1880 


10,409,625  I  5,954,655  i  3,410,837 


2, 722, 508 


Hosiery  and  knit  goods 

Iron  and  steel  (blast  furnaces,  and 
steel  works  and  rolhng  mills) .. . 

Lumber  and  timlier  products !  1, 504, 093 

Paper  and  wood  pulp I  1,122,564 

Silkand  silkgoods i  78,888 

Woolen  goods 163,793 

Worsted  goods 130, 620 

All  other  industries 6,845,764 


77, 189 

50,623 

811,347 

672,084 

58,087 

1,670,547 

1,383,002 

764,847 

61,395 

139, 645 

97,383 

4, 623, 470 


50,395 
30,686 
464, 881 
752,365 

34,538 

745,824 
961,316 
297,724 

29,638 

122,501 

57,111 

2, 407, 676 


44, 731 

11,574 

275, 504 

771,201 

11,561 

397,247 
821,928 
123,912 

8,810 

106, 507 

16. 437 

821,425 


1870 


2,346,142 


26,082 

3,055 

146,040 

576,686 

6,498 

170,675 
641,665 
54,287 

1,911 

85,101 

8,016 

626, 126 


1900  to  1905 


Amoimt. 


4,231,919 


29,434 

11.964 

228. 301 

107,958 

25,727 

1.051.961 
121,691 
357,717 

17. 493 

24, 148 

33.237 

2,222,288 


Per 
cent. 


40.7 


38.1 
23.6 
28.1 
16.1 

44.3 

63.0 

8.8 
46.8 

28.5 
17.3 
34.1 
48.1 


1890  to  1900 


1880  to  1890 


4,454,970 


26,794 

19,937 

346, 466 

> 80, 281 

23,549 

924,723 
421,686 
467, 123 

31.757 

17,144 

40,272 

2,215,800 


Per 

cent. 


74  8  1   2,543,818 


53.2 

65.0 

74.5 

»10.7 

68.2 

124.0 
43.9 
156.9 

107.1 
14.0 
70.5 
92.0 


5,664 

19, 112 

189,377 

»  18,836 

22,977 

348,577 
139,388 
173.812 

20,828 

15.994 

40. 674 

1,586.251 


Per 
cent. 


74.6 


12.7 
165.1 

68.7 
5  2.4 

198.8 

87.7 
17.0 
140.3 

236.4 

15.0 

247.5 

193.1 


1870  to  1880 


1,064,695 


Per 
cent. 


45.4 


18, 649 

8,519 

129, 464 

194,513 

5,063 

226,572 
180,263 
69,625 

6,899 

21,406 

8,421 

195, 299 


71.5 

278.9 

88.6 

33.7 

77.9 

132.8 
28.1 
128.3 

361.0 

25.2 
105.1 
31.2 


190.-1 


1890 


All  industries 10,828,111 


Agricultural  implements 

Boots  and  shoes 

Cotton  goods 

Flour  and  grist  mill  products. . 


8,140,533 


75.018 

61.147 

40.228 

34. 666 

707,  («7 

531,611 

473,689 

407,475 

Hosierj*  and  knit  goods 

Iron  and  steel  (blast  furnaces,  and 
steel  works  and  roiling  mills)... 

Lumber  and  timber  products 

Paper  and  wood  pulp 


Silk  and  silk  goods 

Woolt-n  goods 

Worsted  goods 


2,372,994 

1,377,722 

370,852 

56,362 
96,940 
95, 111 


All  other  inilustrie's'. '.!!!!!!!!!!!!!     5, 104^  128 


1,581,695 

1,226,091 

255,854 

45,959 

82,933 

73, 180 

3, £00, 229 


4,662,029 


40, 673 
27,885 
265,509 
366, 587 

22.005 

737,771 
759,078 
93,659 

24,427 

67, 195 

44,458 

2,212,782 


1880 


2, 185, 458 


32,086 

11,164 

126,750 

301.214 

6,069 

380,741 
543,242 
36,301 

7,248 

52,897 

10, 133 

677,611 


1870 


1,215,711 


15,873 

2,892 

46,967 

168, 736 


INCKEASE. 


1900  to  1905 


2,687,578 


2,223 

154,091 

314,884 

11,574 

1,122 

32,195 

3,382 

461,772 

13.871 

5. 562 

175.996 

66.214 

17,767 

791.299 
151,631 
114,998 

10, 403 

14,007 

21,931 

1,303,899 


Per 


33.0 


22.7 
16.0 
33.1 
16.2 

44.8 

50.0 
12.4 

44.9 

22.6 
16.9 
30.0 
34.3 


1890  to  1900 


1880  to  1890 


Per 
cent. 


3,478,504 


74.6 


20. 474 

6.781 

266, 102 

40,888 

17,688 

843,924 
467,013 
162, 195 

21,332 

13,738 

28,722 

1,587,447 


50.3 
24.3 
100.2 
11.2 

80.4 

114.4 
61.5 
173.2 

88.1 
23.4 
64.6 
71.7 


Amount. 


2,476,571 


8,587 

16,721 

138,759 

65,373 

15,936 

357,030 

215,836 

57,358 

17,179 

14,298 

34. 323 

1,533.171 


Per 
cent. 


113.3 


26.8 
149.8 
109.5 

21.7 

262.6 

93.8 
39.7 
158.0 

237.0 

27.0 

3.38.7 

226.6 


1870  to  1880 


Amount. 


9,747 


Per 

cent. 


79.8 


16.213 

8,272 

79, 783 

132, 478 

3,846 

226,650 
228,358 

24, 727 

6, 126 

20,  702 

6.  7.'i3 

215,839 


102.1 

286.  0 

169.  9 

78.5 

173.0 

147.1 

72.5 
213.6 

546.0 
64.  3 

199.7 
46.7 


INDUSTRY. 


1905 


.Ml  Industrie.H 

Agricultural  implements 

Bofits  and  shoes 

Cotton  goods 

Flour  and  grist  mill  products 

Hosier}'  and  knit  goods 

Iron  and  steel  (blast  furnaces,  and 
steel  works  and  rolling  mills) . . . 

Lurril>f;r  and  tlnilHT  products 

Paper  and  wood  pulp 

Silk  anil  sllkgootls , 

Woolen  goods 

Wor»te<l  goods 

All  other  indufltrleji 


1,647,969 


6,300 

1,012 

252,023 

238,362 

13,532 

6,475 
103, 677 
717,980 

6,974 

56,081 

16,834 

206,370 


1900 


1890 


1,454,229 


6,758 

2,240 

255,875 

242,821 

14,824 

8,649 
146,500 
604,762 

«,0«6 
62,  .3.58 
20,  491 
192,285 


1,263,343 


9,667 

1,874 

198,982 

383,872 

12,3t« 

8,053 
201,651 
203,896 

4,864 
55,0.tO 
12,437 
170,657 


18S0 


1870 


1,226,379     1,130,431 


■    12,645 

410 

148,754 

469,987 

5,402 

16,306 

278,686 

87,611 

1,562 

63, 610 

6,, 102 

143,814 


10.209 

163 

«'.073 

407,950 

4,276 

16.684 

320,781 

42,713 

789 

62,fl0« 

4,6,14 

164,364 


1900  to  1905 


193,740 


•628 
»  2, 952 
15,631 

"  1.292 

'3,174 
•42.823 
213,227 

308 

3,673 

•3, 667 

16,085 


Per 
cent. 


13.3 


•6.8 

'28.0 

•1.2 

6.4 

»8.7 

'.16.7 

•29.2 

42.2 

4.6 

6.8 

•17.8 

8.4 


1890  to  1900 


Amount. 


190,886 


"2,909 

366 

66,893 

•141.061 

2, 464 

596 
•66,161 
300,866 

1.802 

•2,672 

8.0,M 

21,628 


Per 
cent. 


15.1 


«30. 1 
19.5 
28.6 

"36.7 

19.9 

7.4 
"27.3 
147.6 

.37.0 
'  4.9 
64.8 
12.7 


1880  to  1890 


Amount. 


37,964 


•2,978 

1.464 

60.228 

•86.113 

6,868 

•8,463 
"77,035 
110.286 

3,302 

1,420 

6, 135 

26.843 


Per 
cent. 


3.1 


>  23.  6 

357.1 

33.8 

'18.3 

125.1 

•51.2 
•27.6 
132.7 

211.4 
2.6 
97.4 
18.7 


1870  to  1880 


94,948 


2. 436 

247 

4fl,l»l 

62,0!!7 

1,217 

•78 

•48.093 

44,898 

773 

704 

1,668 

•  20. 540 


Per 
cent. 


8.4 


23.9 

151. 5 

50.1 

15.2 

28.5 

•0.5 
M4.7 
105.1 

98.0 

1.3 

36.  0 

»  12.  5 


'  For  1800  atenm  nnd  water  power  rcprcucnt  owned  and  rented  power.    At  subsequent  censuses  rented  power  wus  not  segregated  as  to  stoam  and  water;  I  ho 
tntnls  therefore  represent  owned  power  only. 

'  liK'liide't  cotton  small  wares.  , 

'  Decrease. 


pc)Wp:r  i<:mpl()yed  in  manufactures. 


623 


Table  4.— POWER,  liY   KIND,  IN  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES,  WITH  AMOUNT  AND  PKR  rF:NT  OF  INCREASE:    1870 

TO  1905— Contiiiuwl. 

[Kor  1900  thi-  horsepower  liicluUvs  tlie  hand  truden  and  nclghborliood  industries,  except  custom  gristmills,  custom  sawmiUs,  and  cotton  ginning.    Prior  to  1900  the 

horsepower  Includes  all  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  Industries.) 


INDUSTRY. 


AU  industries 

Agricultural  implements : 

Boots  and  shoes 

Cotton  goods 

Flour  and  grist  mill  products 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods 

Iron  and  steel  (lilast  furnaces,  and  steel  works  and  rolling  mills) 

Lumber  and  tinit)er  products 

Paper  and  wood  pulp 

Silk  and  silk  goods 

Woolen  goods 

Worsted  goods 

All  other  industries 


ALL  OTHEB. 


1905 


2, 165, 464 


25,305 
20,747 
79,118 
48,001 

12, 822 

344,039 

23,294 

33, 723 

15,552 

10,922 

18, 675 

1,533,266 


1900 


1890 


814,863 


9,284 
13,717 
23,861 
21,788 

3,570 
80,203 
10,411 

4,231 

8,770 

4,354 

3,712 

630,962 


29,283 


55 
927 
390 

1,906 

173 


587 


347 

276 

216 

24,237 


1900  to  1905 


IH90  to  liKIO 


Amount.    Percent.     Amount.     Percent 


1,350,601 


16,021 
7,030 
55,257 
26,213 

9,252 

263,836 

12,883 

29,492 

6,782 

6,568 

14,963 

902,304 


165.7 


172.6 

51.3 

231.6 

120.3 

259.2 
329.0 
123.7 
697.0 

77.3 
150.8 
403.1 
143.0 


785,580 


2,082.7 


9,229 
12,790 
23,471 
19,882 

3,397 

80,203 

9,824 

4,062 

8.423 

4,078 

3,496 

606,725 


16,780.0 
1,379.7 
6,018.2 
1,043.1 

1,963.6 


1,073.6 
2, 403.  6 

2, 427.  4 
1,477.5 
1,618.5 
2,503.3 


It  will  be  observed  that  since  1870  the  relative  posi- 
tion of  the  selected  industries  has  varied  in  rather  a 
remarkable  manner.  For  example,  in  1870  the  iron 
and  steel  industry  was  third  on  the  list,  ■with  only 
170,675  horsepower,  being  exceeded  by  the  lumber  and 
the  flour  and  grist  mill  industries,  each  of  which  em- 
ployed considerably  over  half  a  million  horsepower. 
It  held  the  same  rank  in  1880  and  in  1890,  although 
by  that  time  it  had  risen  almost  to  an  equality  with 
flour  and  grist  mills.  The  next  decade,  however,  wit- 
nessed enormous  strides,  and  saw  it  rise  to  the  first 
rank..  At  the  census  of  1905  its  preeminence  was  so 
marked  that  its  horsepower  was  actually  larger  than 
that  of  the  flour  and  grist  and  lumber  and  timber  in- 
dustries combined,  being  2,722,508  horsepower,  as 
compared  with  2,284,735  of  the  two  industries.  This 
is  perhaps  the  most  striking  change  observable  in  the 
whole  group  of  selected  industries. 

A  further  instance  of  remarkable  growth,  but  of  a 
more  steady  character,  is  seen  in  the  cotton  industry, 
in  which  in  1870  oiity  146,040  horsepower  was  em- 
ployed. This  increased  in  the  decade  1870  to  1880  by 
129,464,  or  88.6  per  cent,  and  in  the  next  ten  years 
68.7  per  cent.  In  1900  the  per  cent  of  increase  was 
74.5  and  the  total  horsepower  reported  was  811,347. 
"VNliile  this  rate  has  not  been  maintained,  which  could 
hardly  have  been  expected,  the  amount  reported  for 
the  census  period  ending  with  1905  was  not  less  than 
1,039, 648 ihorsepower,  placing  the  production  of  cotton 
goods  in  the  fourth  rank  as  to  power  plant. 

The  greatest  decline  in  percentages  of  increase, 
although  the  amount  of  power  consumed  is  not  large, 


are  tho.se  exhibited  by  silk  and  silk  goods,  in  which 
industry  the  amount  of  power  rctjuired  rose  from  1,911 
horsepower  in  1870  to  78,888  hor.sepower  at  the  census 
of  1905.  While  the  absolute  increase  in  power  re- 
quired in  the  industry  is  notable,  the  per  cent  of 
increase  has  naturally  fallen  ofi". 

Some  very  singular  changes  are  brought  to  notice  by 
the  figures  relating  to  the  increase  in  the  kind  of  power, 
but  statements  and  inferences  -with  regard  to  them 
must  be  presented  vnth.  caution,  chiefly  becau.se  of  the 
introduction  of  electric  power  into  every  branch  of 
manufacture.  This  form  of  energj"  is  not  in  itself  a 
prime  mover,  but  is  a  means  of  transmission  and  dis- 
tribution, standing  between  the  original  steam,  water, 
or  even  gas  power,  and  the  consumption  apparatus  to 
which  the  transformed  and  transmitted  energy  is  de- 
livered. Hence,  as  will  be  seen,  the  percentages  of 
increase  for  ''all  other  power,"  in  which  electric  power 
is  included,  are  far  in  excess  of  those  reported  for  steam 
and  water.  The  increase  for  "all  other  power"  in  the 
period  1900  to  1905  was  165.7  per  cent,  although  this 
is  small  compared  with  the  extraordinary  increase  of 
nearly  twenty-seven  fold  in  the  census  period  1890  to 
1900.  In  some  of  the  selected  industries,  also,  the 
increased  use  of  "all  other  power"  between  1900  and 
1905  was  striking,  being  697  per  cent  in  the  paper  and 
wood  pulp  industry.  This  is  wholly  attributable  to  the 
increased  use  of  electric  power. 

Table  5  shows  the  total  horsepower  employed  in  the 
11  selected  industries,  with  the  percentage  of  increa.se, 
the  power  installed  per  wage-earner,  and  the  power  per 
S1,000  of  products,  from  1870  to  1905. 


624 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  5.— POWER  IN  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES.  WITH  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE:  HORSEPOWER  PER  WAGE-EARNER; 

AND  HORSEPOWER  PER  $1,000  OF  PRODUCTS:  1870  TO  1905. 


Cen- 
sus. 


Horse- 
power. 


Per  cent 

of  in- 
crease in 
horse- 
power. 


Average 
number 
of  wage- 
earners. 


Horse- 
power 

per 
wage- 
earner. 


Value  of 
products. 


Horse- 
power 
per 
$1,000 

of 
prod- 
ucts. 


Agricultural  implements . 


Boots  and  shoes. 


Cotton  goods  2. 


Flour  and  grist  mill  products. 


Hosiery  and  laiit  goods. 


Iron  and  steel  (blast  furnaces,  and  steel  works  and  rolling  mills)  . 


Lumber  and  timber  products. 


Paper  and  wood  pulp. 


Silk  and  silk  goods. 


Woolen  goods. 


Worsted  goods . 


1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1S70 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 

1905 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 


106,623 
77, 189 
50,395 
44,731 
26,082 

62.587 
50,623 
30,686 
11,574 
3,055 

1,039.648 
811,347 
404,881 
275, 504 
146,040 

3  780,042 
672,084 
752,365 
771,201 
576,686 

83,814 
58.087 
34.538 
11,561 
6,498 

2,722,508 

1.670,647 

745, 824 

397,247 

170, 675 

n,  504, 693 

1,383,002 

961,316 

821,928 

041,665 

1,122,504 

764, 847 

297,724 

6  123.912 

54,287 

78,888 
61,395 
29, 038 
8,810 
1,911 

lli3,793 
139.045 
122, 501 
100,507 
85,101 

1.30, 620 
97,383 
57,111 
16, 437 
8,016 


38.1 
63.2 
12.7 
71.5 


23.0 

65.0 

165.1 

278.9 


28.1 
74.5 
68.7 
88.6 


16.1 

no.  7 

<2.4 
33.7 


44.3 
08.2 


63.0 
124  0 


132.8 


8.S 
43.9 
17.0 
28.1 


46.8 
156.9 
140.3 
128.3 


28.5 
107.1 
230.  4 
301.0 


17.3 
14.0 
15.0 
25.2 


34.1 
70.5 
247.6 
105.1 


47,  •'94 
46,582 
38  827 
39.580 
25,249 

149,024 
141,830 
133.690 
111,152 
91,702 

315,8-4 
302.801 
218, 870 
185, 4''2 
135,619 

39,110 
32,226 
47,403 
58,407 
68,448 

103,  ns 

83.  .387 
59.588 
28,885 
14,788 

242, 640 
222, 490 
148,715 
140,978 
77,555 

404,626 
413, 335 
311,904 
147,966 
149,197 

65,964 
49, 640 
31,050 
25,631 
18,021 

79,601 
65,410 
49,382 
31.337 
0.699 

72,747 
68,893 
76,915 
80, 504 
77,870 

69,251 
57,008 
42.978 
18,803 
12,920 


2.2 
1.7 
1.3 
1.1 
1.0 

0.4 
0.4 
0.2 
0.1 

(') 

3.3 
2.7 
2.1 
1.5 
1.1 

19.9 
20.9 
15.9 
13.2 
9.9 

0.8 
0.7 

n.o 

0.4 
0.4 

11.2 

7.5 
5.0 
2.8 
2.2 

3.7 
3.3 
.3.1 
5.0 
4.3 

17.0 
15.4 
9.0 
4.8 
3.0 

1.0 
0.9 
0.0 
0.3 
0.3 

2.3 
2.0 

1.6 
1.2 
1.1 

1.9 
1.7 
1.3 
0.9 
0.0 


8112,007,344 
101,20^,428 
81,2^1,061 
08, 640,  48<i 
62,0o6,875 

320. 107,  458 
258,909  580 
220. 649. 358 
166,050.  .■S54 
146,704,055 

450,407,704 
339,200,320 
26'',  981, 724 
210,950  .383 
177,489,739 

713,033.395 
501,396,304 
513.9-1,474 
505.185,712 
444,985,143 

136,558.139 
95,  482. 500 
67,241,013 
29.167,227 
18,411,504 

905,787,733 
803,908,273 
478,087,519 
290,557.686 
307, 208, 096 

580.022,690 
555.197,271 
4.37,957,382 
233, 268. 729 
210,159,327 

188,715,189 
127, 326, 162 
78,937,184 
55,109,914 
50,842,445 

133.288,072 
107,2,')«.2.W 
87,208,454 
41,033,045 
12.210.602 

142,  IWi.HW 
118,  4.W,1.\8 
133,  .W7, 977 
100,606,721 
155,405,358 

165.745.052 
120,314.344 
79, 194, 052 
33,549.942 
22,090,331 


'  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  horsepower. 
•Includes  cotton  small  wares. 
'  Exclusive  of  custom  mills. 


*  Decrease. 

'  Horsepower  exclusive  of  "wood  pulp,"  for  which  figures  were  not  accessible. 


1.0 
0.8 
0.6 
0.7 
0.6 

2.0 
0.2 
0.1 
0.1 


0) 


2.3 
2.4 
1.7 
1.3 
0.8 

1. 1 
1.3 
1.5 
1.5 
1.3 

0.6 
0.6 
0.5 
0.4 
0.4 

3.0 
2.1 
1.6 
1.3 
0.0 

2.6 
2.5 
2.2 
3.5 
3.1 

5.9 
6.0 
3.8 
2.2 
1.1 

0.6 
0.6 
0.3 
0.2 
0.2 

1.2 
1.2 
0.9 
0.7 
0.6 

0.8 
0.8 
0.7 
0.6 
0.4 


Tlicso  fijjures  as  a  wliolo  may  bo  taken  to  ropresont 
tho  further  transition  from  liand  labor  to  ])ow('r  driven 
machinery,  as  there  ha.s  been  a  steady  ri.se  in  all  but  2 
of  tlie  1 1  industries  in  the  average  amount  of  j)ower  util- 
ized j)er  wage-earner.  It  will  be  seen  from  this  table 
that  the  amount  of  horsepower  |)er  wage-ciirner  in  the 
production  of  agricultural  implements  lias  risen  in  tlie 
thirty-five  years  from  1  horsepower  to  2.2.  In  like 
nuinner  the  value  of  products  and  llic  horsepower  per 
81,0(10  of  [)rodilcls  have  doiibleil.  Bui  the  [lower  per 
wuge-carner  in  the  lumber  and  timbei'  industry  has 
fallen  off.  In  1H70  tlie  average  power  per  wage-earner 
wa.M  4..'{,  but  at   the  census  of  HIO.")  it   was  onlv  .'i.7,  and 


the  horsepower  per  .f1,000  of  products,  wliich  in  bS70 
was  ;M  ,  had  declined  to  2.6.  In  the  paper  and  wood 
pul])  industry,  to  some  extent  allieil  to  that  of  lumber 
and  timber,  the  jiower  per  wage-earner  in  1S70  was  .1, 
but  it  was  17  at  tlie  census  of  1 !)(),'),  almost  a  livefoi<l 
increase.  The  horsepower  per  .f I, ()()()  of  products  bad 
ri.sen  from  1.1  to  5.9.  The  iron  and  steel  industry  sinc(^ 
1S7()  shows  an  increase  in  horsepow(>r  per  wage-earner 
from  2.2  to  11.2,  while  the  horsepower  per  .f  1,000  of 
products  liad  risen  from  si.\-t(Mitlis  of  1  to  8.  During 
tliis  period  tlic  boot  and  sbo(>  industry  underwent  a 
remarkable  process  of  development  and  transition 
from  baiidicinfl    to  machine  |)roduction.      In  l.SSO  the 


POWER  EMPLOYED  IN  MANUFACTURES. 


625 


average  horsepower  per  wage-earner  was  onc-tcntli  of 
1,  but  it  had  risen  liy  I'M)^-,  to  foiir-tentlis  of  I.  During 
the  same  period  the  horsepower  |)er  $1, ()()()  of  products 
had  increased  from  one-tenth  of  1  to  2.  No  statistics 
are  avaihil)le  to  sliow  tlie  iictual  ])i'o(hiction  of  slioes  in 
the  (U)untry  by  handpower,  but  these  figures  contain 
an  indication  of  the  extent  to  wliich  the  power-made 
shoe  lias  sup|)lant(Ml  that  whicli  was  made  in  the  old 
hand  shop  where  every  customer  hail  an  individual 
last. 

A  very  remarkable  incnnise  is  exhibited  in  the  in- 
dustry of  silk  and  silk  goods.  The  power  per  wage- 
earner  increased  from  three-tenths  of  1  in  IS 70  to  1  at 
the  cen.sus  of  lOO.'S,  and  the  horsepower  [)er  .1?  1,000  of 
products  from  two-tenths  of  1  to  six-tenths  of  1,  a  two- 
fold increase.  During  the  same  period  the  products 
increased  approximately  from  .S12,000,000  to  over 
$133,000,000,  or  about  tenfold. 

Between  the  industries  of  silk  and  silk  goods  and 
paper  and  wood  pidp  there  is  an  extraordinary  con- 
trast at  the  census  of  HlO.'i.  The  average  per  wage- 
earner  in  the  pajier  and  wood  pulp  industry,  17  horse- 


power, compares  wilb  I  horsepower  in  the  silk  industry 
and  5,(1  horsepower  j)er  $1,000  of  products  compares 
with  six-tenths  of  1.  The  total  value  of  the  paper 
and  wood  i)ulj)  j)roducts  is  $188,715,189,  as  com- 
pared willi  $I33,2SK,072  of  silk  and  silk  goods.  Such 
a  result  naturally  arises  from  the  great  difference  in  the 
character  of  the  materials,  and  is  also  due  to  the  fact 
that  labor  has  been  supphintcd  largely  by  machinery 
in  the  jiroduction  of  wideh'  different  products. 

This  condition  is  signally  exemplified  also  by  the 
products  of  worsted  goods.  It  is  somewhat  surprising 
to  find  that  for  lOO.'S  these  fall  only  .?20,000,000  short 
in  value  of  the  paper  and  wood  pulp  industry.  The 
power  capacity  per  wage-earner  in  the  worstetl  indus- 
try' is  only  1.0,  and  the  horsepower  per  SI, 000  of  prod- 
ucts is  onl}'  eight-tenths  of  1 . 

GEOGRAPHIC    DISTKIIilTIOX    OP"    I'OWER. 

In  Table  G  is  given  the  total  horsepower  and  per- 
centage of  steam,  water,  and  other  power,  distributi'd 
by  geographic  divisions,  from  1.S70  to  19().'5. 


Table    6.— POWER,    UY    IvIND,    WITH  PER    CENT    DISTRIBUTION    OF    TOTAL    HORSEPOWER,    BY    GEOGRAPHIC 

DIVISIONS:  1870  TO  1905.' 

[For  1900  the  horsepower  includes  the  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries,  except  custom  gristmills,  custom  sawmills,  and  cotton  ginning.    Prior  to  1900  the 

horsepower  includes  all  hand  trades  and  neigliborhood  industries.] 


United  States.. 

New  England  states. 

Middle  states 

Southern  states 

Central  states 

Western  states 

Pacific  states 

Outlying  districts 


1905 


Total 
horse- 
power. 


14,641,544 


2,254,264 

5.000,367 

2, 3S6, 330 

4,077.298 

445,937 

474,397 

2,951 


Steam. 


Horse- 
power. 


10,828,111 


1,335,547 

3, 520. 680 

2,085,160 

3, 185, 875 

339,084 

359,002 

2,763 


Per 
cent 
ot  total 
horse- 
power. 


73.9 


50.3 
70.4 
87.4 
78,1 
76.0 
75.7 
93.6 


Water. 


Horse- 
power. 


1,647,! 


659,071 
531 , 718 
147,  680 
243,374 
33, 475 
32,562 


Per 
cent 
of  total 
horse- 
power. 


11.3 


29.2 
10.6 
6.2 
6  0 
7.5 
6  9 
3.0 


All  other. 


Horse- 
power. 


2, 165, 464 


259.646 
947,969 
153,490 
648,049 
73, 378 
82,833 
99 


Per 
cent 
of  total 
horse- 
power. 


14.8 


11.5 
19.0 

6.4 
15.9 
16.5 
17.4 

3.4 


1900 


Total, 
horse- 
power. 


10, 409, 625 


Steam. 


Water. 


Horse- 
power. 


8, 140, 533 


1,826,680 

3, 453, 468 

1,601,184 

2,984.781 

260, 435 

281,719 

1,358 


1.093,431 

2,685,832 

1.410,966 

2,528.911 

199, 524 

220, 925 

954 


Per 
cent 
of  total 
horse- 
power. 


78.2 


59.9 

77.8 
88.1 
84.7 
76.6 
78.4 
70.3 


Horse- 
power. 


Per 
cent 
of  total 
horse- 
power. 


1,454,229         14.0     814 


I    Per 

Hor»p-  '    <*°* 

PO--°h'o'r 
j  power. 


619,209 

33.9 

114,040 

426,356 

12.3 

341,280 

136,514 

8.5 

53,714 

206,437 

6.9 

249,433 

34,800 

114 

26,111 

30.796 

10.9 

29,998 

117 

8.6 

287 

6.2 
9.9 

a4 

8.4 
10.0 
10.7 
21.1 


United  States... 

New  England  states.. 

Middle  states 

Southern  states 

Central  states 

Western  states 

Pacific  states 

Outljnng  districts 


1890 


Total 
horse- 
power. 


5,954,655 


1.159,971 

2,055,645 

99, 404 

1,667,434! 

123.2391 

148,511! 

451 


Steam. 


Horse- 
power. 


4,662,029 


654,039 
1,690,144 

632.652 
1,457,045 

100,027 

127,832 
290 


Per 
cent 
of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


Water. 


Horse- 
power. 


Per 
cent 
of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


1,263,343       21.2 


56.4 

82.2 
79.  l! 
87.  4', 
81.2) 
86  1 
64.3 


501,629 
355, 088 
163.803^ 
200,941! 
22, 279 
19,442: 
161 


43. 

17.3 

20.5 

12.0 

18.1 

13.1 

35.7 


AU  other. 


Horse- 
power. 


29,283 


Per 
cent 
of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


0.5 


4.303 
10,413 
2.9491 
9,448: 
933! 
1,237 


1880 


Total, 
horse- 
power. 


3,410,837  2,185.458 


Steam. 


Horse- 
power. 


Per 
cent 

of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


0.  4  743, 106 
0.5: 1,136,239 
0.4|i  434,876, 
996,883,! 
48,828 
50,905 


0.6 
0.7! 
0.81; 


320,2011 
755.841 
265,  572 
782,022 
26.207 
33,615 


43.1 

66.5! 

61.1 

78.41 

53. 

70.0 


Water. 


Per 
cent 
Horse-       of 
power.  !  total 
'  horse- 
power. 


64.11,225,379 


1870 


Steam. 


Water. 


Total 
horse-  ' 

power.   I  Horse- 
power. 


Per 
cent 

of       Horse- 
total  .  power. 
horse- 1 
power. 


35.9  2,346,14211,215,711 


422,905, 

380.398! 

169,304! 

214,861 
22,62ll 
15,2il0{ 


51.81,130,431 


29.7 
50.0 
50.2 
71.5 
63.0 
61.3 


362,026 
399,851 
160,083 
183,773 
10.603 
14,0951 


Per 
cent 
of 
total 
horse- 
power. 


48.2 


70.3 
50.0 
49.8 
28.5 
37.0 
38.7 


1  For  1890  steam  and  water  power  represent  owned  and  rented  power, 
totals  therefore  represent  owned  power  only. 


,\t  subsequent  censuses  rented  power  was  not  segregated  as  to  steam  and  water;  the 


Table  6  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  in  this  report, 
exhibiting,  as  it  does,  the  development  of  manufac- 
tures in  sections  of  the  country  which  had  previously 
played  a  iiiuior  part  in  strictly  industrial  development. 


Of  the  total  (14,641,544)  horsepower,  by  far  the  larger 
part,  no  less  than  n, 077, 665  horsepower,  is  shown  to  be 
in  use  in  the  Miildle  and  Central  states.  Another 
significant  fact  is  that  for  the  first  time  in  the  history 


626 


MANUFACTURES. 


of  the  countn-  the  horsepower  employed  in  iiianufac- 
tures  in  the  Southern  states  exceeds  that  reported  for 
the  New  England  states.  At  the  census  of  1870  the 
Southern  states  reported  .321,498  horsepower,  and  the 
Xew  England  states,  514,730  horsepower.  At  the 
census  of  1905  the  Southern  states  reported  2,386,330 
horsepower,  exceeding  that  reported  for  New  England 
by  132,066  horsepower.  In  this  connection  it  is  also 
interesting  to  note  that  the  development  in  the  South- 
em  states  has  been  largely  due  to  the  utilization  of 
steampower,  this  being  87.4  per  cent  of  the  total  at  the 
census  of  1905,  and  the  waterpower  being  only  6.2  per 
cent,  whereas  in  New  England  the  percentage  of  water- 
power  was  29.2  and  of  steampower  59.3. 

As  far  back  as  1870  both  the  Middle  and  Central 
stat'e  groups  had  horsepower  in  manufactures  in 
excess  of  New  England.  At  the  census  of  1905  the 
Southern  states  reported  40,188  horsepower  in  excess 
of  the  total  horsepower  employed  in  manufactures  in 
the  whole  comitry  thirty-five  years  earlier.  Curiously 
enough,  however,  the  proportion  of  power  developed 
in  the  Southern  states  has  remained  roughly  about 
one-seventh  of  the  whole  tlu-oughout  the  entire  period. 

In  1870  there  was  very  little  manufacturing  develop- 
ment in  any  of  the  Pacific  or  far  Western  states,  so  that 
in  that  year  the  total  for  these  two  geographic  divisions 
was  only  65,092  horsepower.  It  will  be  understood, 
however,  that  these  figures  do  not  include  mining 
operations,  in  which  even  at  that  period  the  develop- 
ment west  of  the  Missouri  was  very  large.  The  actual 
increase  in  the  next  decade  was  comparatively  small, 
but  since  1890  the  growth  has  been  rapid,  so  that,  as 
will  be  seen,  at  the  census  of  1905  the  Pacific  states 
reported  474,397  horsepower  and  the  Western  states 
445,937  horsepower.  To  a  striking  extent  also,  as 
will  be  noted,  steampower  has  preponderated  tlu-ough- 
out  the  entire  period.  At  the  last  census  period  the 
percentage  of  steampower  in  these  .sections  was,  for 
the  Pacific  states,  75.7,  and  for  the  Western,  76;  while 
waterpow'er  had  fallen  from  38.7  and  37  per  cent, 
respectively,  in  1870  to  as  low  as  6.9  and  7.5  per  cent 
at  the  census  of  1905,  subject  to  the  corrections  for 
"all  other  power"  due  to  the  influence  of  electrical 
transiiii.ssioa. 

STEAMPOWKll. 

Table  7  presents  the  statistics  as  to  the  amount  of 
steampower  used  in  the  states  and  (crritories  at  the 
censii.ses  of  1870  to  1905,  inclusive,  wilh  (he  ninoimt 
and  per  cent  (f  increa.se. 

Tlie  fact  has  already  been  l)roiight  out  tliat  througli- 
out  the  entire  period  steam  has  been  the  doniiiianl 
jiriinarj'  power,  and  the  census  returns  ,sh(i\\  tlinl  it 
has  rajjidly  risen  in  relative  importance  from  51.8 
per  cent  of  the  whole  in  1S70  to  7:^.9  per  cent  for  1905. 
In  other  words,  out  of  a  Idlnl  of  I  I  ,(i  1 1 ,.")  1 1  Ikusc- 
jjowcr  reported  for  1905,  steam  cuntrihnted  10,828,1  1  I 
hor.Hi^powjT.  American  industry  as  it  develops  tends 
more  and  more  to  the  application  of  power  to  |irn(hic1s 


of  smaller  bulk  and  a  liigher  value  of  finished  article. 
At  the  same  time,  with  the  increasing  amount  of 
steam  used,  the  cost  of  steampower  becomes  less, 
I  owing  to  the  great  increase  in  the  size  of  the  units 
;  employed.  In  tliis  connection  it  is  noticeable  that 
there  were  actually  fewer  steam  engines  in  use  as 
reported  at  the  census  of  1905  than  in  1900,  but,  on 
the  other  hand,  the  average  size  of  the  units  had 
risen  from  39  horsepower  in  1880  to  50  horsepower  in 
1890,  62  in  1900,  and  85  at  the  census  of  1905.  .\s  a 
matter  of  fact,  however,  these  statistics  are  confused 
or  vitiated  bj-  the  fact  that  while  the  average  steam 
engine  to-day  in  a  new  mill  or  factory  is  of  several 
hundred  horsepower,  steam  has  been  increasingly 
used  as  a  means  of  operating  the  auxiliary  apparatus, 
such  as  pumps,  stokers,  blowers,  conveyers,  etc., 
although  here  also  the  electric  motor  has  found 
increasing  use. 

The  effect  of  a  "heavy"  industry  on  the  utilization 
of  steampower  is  strikingly  illustrated  in  Table  7, 
from  which  it  ■will  be  seen  that  Pennsylvania,  the 
prmcipal  center  of  the  iron  and  steel  industry,  is 
credited  with  2,088,773  steam  horsepower,  or  almost 
20  per  cent  of  the  total  for  the  whole  country.  In 
like  manner,  the  large  amount  of  1,028,665  horse- 
power is  reported  for  Oliio,  so  that  these  two  states 
have  nearly  30  per  cent  of  the  entire  steampower 
employed  in  all  manufactures,  as  the  result  largely  of 
the  use  of  motive  power  in  the  metal  industries.  In 
point  of  importance  New  York  comes  third  with 
850,497  horsepower,  followed  by  Massachusetts,  with 
690,467  hor.sepower,  and  Illinois,  with  651,578. 

The  percentage  of  increase  in  these  states  from 
1900  to  1905  was  31.6  for  Pennsylvania,  40.5  for 
Ohio,  28.9  for  New  York,  19.8  for  Ma.ssachusetts, 
and  28.4  for  Illinois.  As  might  be  expected,  the 
largest  percentage  of  increase  was  shown  in  some  of 
the  Western  states  and  territories,  such  as  Alaska, 
with  189.6  per  cent;  Arizona,  146  per  cent;  Colorado, 
198.3  per  cent;  Idaho,  277.7  per  cent;  Indian  Terri- 
tory, 139.5  per  cent;  Oklahoma,  155.7  per  cent;  and 
Washington,  93.3  per  cent. 

The  Southern  states,  however,  were  conspicuous 
for  large  increases.  In  Alabama  the  increase  was 
fidni  1()2,453  horsepower  to  280,470,  a  i)ercentage  of 
increase  in  the  five  years  of  72.6.  In  (leorgia  the 
hor.sepower  rose  from  110,972  to  183,369,  an  increase 
of  65.2  per  cent.  In  Mississip|)i  I  lie  gain  was  from 
64,731  horsepower  to  109,-1  IS,  an  increase*  in  the 
census  j)eriod  of  69  per  cent.  In  North  Carolin.i  ilie 
|)('rcentage  of  increase  was  49.2,  namely,  from  r_'2,778 
horsepower  to  183,166.  Snutli  (^iirolinii,  liowever, 
c.xcci'drd  in  gains  all  otlicr  Sonllicrn  states,  nearly 
doubling  its  horsepower,  iianiely,  from  SII,'.)I3  to 
157,1:!'-'  liofsc|)ower,  nn  increase  of  not  less  than  9l.() 
per  icmI.  .\s  will  lie  ol)S(>rv<'d  from  the  table,  these 
increases  in  the  Soutli  ai'c  in  line  \\  il  li  I  liose  w  liicli  were 
shown  during  llic  jK'riod  from  IS'.KI  to  I'.llll),  nllhougli 
liiese  slates  do  not    imiinliiin   the   \-erv   large   projior- 


POWER  EMPLOYED  IN  MANUFACTURES. 


627 


tionate  gains  which  were  shown  prior  to  1890,  when  the 
amounts  doalt  with  were  so  small  that  an  insiijjnificant 
gain  involved  a  relativaily  large  percentage  of  increase. 
It  is  to  be  observed  with  regard  to  the  Southern  states 
that  the  gains  were  well  distributed,  although  occur- 
ring chiefly  in  the  regions  enjoying  the  most  rapid 
development  of  textile  industries,  mineral,  and 
timber  resources  for  maiuifacturing  ])urj)oses. 

In  a  preceding  paragraph  reference  lias  been  made 
to  the  average  size  of  all  engines  employed,  as  well  as 
the  general  effect  of  a  "heavy"  industry  on  the 
utilization  of  steampower.  Data  as  to  both  conditions 
and  their  relationship,  which  are  interesting  in  this 
connection,  are  to  be  found  in  ThIjIc  14  of  the  Report 


on  Manufactures,  Part  I,  showing  the  motive  power 
for  industries  employing  .50,000  horsepower  and  over 
at  the  census  of  190.5.  Thus  in  the  iron  and  steel 
))last  furnaces  the  total  for  the  United  States  was 
1,555  engines  of  762,.3S2  horsepower,  giving  an  average 
of  4i)()  horsepower  per  engine.  In  Pennsylvania, 
with  582  engines  and  298,567  horsepower,  the  average 
j>er  engine  was  51.3  horsepower.  Both  Ohio  and 
Alabama  showed  a  higher  average  than  Pennsylvania, 
the  280  blast  furnace  engines  in  Ohio  having  an 
average  of  599  horsepower,  while  the  163  engines 
employed  in  Alabama  had  an  average  of  615  horse- 
power per  engine. 


Table  7.— STEAMPOWER,  WITH  AMOUNT  AND  PER  (^ENT  OF  INCREASE.  HY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES: 

1870  TO  1905. 


[For  1900  the  horsepower  includes  the  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries,  except  custom  gristmills,  custom  sawmills,  and  cotton  ginning. 

horsepower  includes  all  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries.] 


Prior  to  lUOO  the 


IIORSEPOWEB.i 


STATE   OR  TERRITORY. 


I»U5 


1880 


1870 


United  States. 


Alabama. . 

Alaska 

Arizona. . . 
Arkansas.. 
California . 


Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia. 


10,828,111 


8,140,333 


Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indian  Territory . 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 


280, 470 

2,763 

18,828 

107,699 

153, 178 

117,539 
218,688  , 

42,031 
10,513 

41,975 
183, 369 

15,145 
651,578 

12, 104 

336,932 
100,418 
83, 039 
162,829 
245,743 

126,818 
142,096 
690, 467 
376,090 
167, 103 

109, 418 

221,215 

32,356 

34,012 

1,092 

102, 439 
386,  770 
5,097 
850,497 
183, 166 


North  Dakota 8,619 

Ohio 1, 028, 665 

Oklahoma 15,593 

Oregon 55,512 

Pennsylvania 2, 088, 773 


Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 


Mississippi. 

Missouri 

Montana . . . 
Nebraska . . . 
Nevada 


New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina.. 


Rhode  Island . . 
.Soutli  Carolina. 
South  Dakota. . 
Tennessee 


Texas 

Utah.... 
Vermont. 
Virginia.. 


Washington... 
West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


140, 322 

157,432 

8,483 

161,919 

155, 312 
12, 162 
56, 833 

143,917 

150, 312 

124.212 

303,874 

2,712 


162, 453 

954 

7, 6.53 

78,016 

105, 190 

39,400 
177,819 

^,898 
8,630 

35,044 
110,972 

4,010 
507,471 

5,053 

296,926 
01,182 
55,518 
136,  -.22 
187, 492 

89,257 
115,590 
,576, 525 
318,835 
146, 578 

64, 731 
173,271 
32,008 
31,048 
628 

89,905 

281,306 

3,283 

659, 702 

122, 778 

5,930 

732,006 

6,098 

37,986 

1,587,706 

115,735 

80,913 

9,256 

116,715 

110,943 

7,60fi 

44, 190 

109,392 

77,749 

84,234 

262,642 

3,184 


4,662,029 


91,805 

290 

497 

36, 525 

67,426 

30,900 

98,038 

<') 

21,660 

10,473 

15, 492 

55,529 

972 

268,486 

349 

174,060 
64,860 
34,882 
75,836 
29,446 

4.3, 748 

57, 524 

355,226 

216,536 

84,925 

32,551 

139, 189 

2,122 

17, 196 

318 

47,652 

162, 178 

1,502 

537, 447 

41,253 

3,012 

387,840 

161 

22,731 

900,862 

85,327 

29,117 

4,456 

68,728 

65,515 
2,562 
24,048 
45,590 

37,675 

44,755 

121, 149 

1,608 


2, 185, 458 


1,215,711 


370 
13,709 
28,071 

3,953 
57,027 

1,421 
10,643 

2,263 

6,208 

21, 102 

546 

126,843 


109,960 
33,858 
13,468 
45,917 
11,256 

20,759 
33,216 
171,397 
130,352 
25, 191 

15,001 

72,587 

544 

2,999 


18,595 

72,792 

427 

234, 796 

15,025 

(<) 
222,502 


4,334 
402,132 

41,335 
11,995 
■■) 


^l 


28,026 

1,154 

11,088 

19,710 

3,210 

28,456 

60,729 

717 


7,740 


76,851 
25,298 
6,360 
31,928 
24,924 

9,465 
13,961 
78,502 
70,956 

7,085 

10,019 

48,418 

822 

1,865 

6,007 

8,787 

32,307 

252 

126, 107 

6,941 

(') 
129,577 


2,471 
221,936 

23,  .546 
4,537 

(•) 
18,467 

11,214 

331 

6, 425 

8,410 

1,411 

17, 136 

30,609 

310 


INCREASE. 


1900tol90S 


Amount. 


2, 687, 578 


6,101 
18,493 

1,433 
25,979 

248 
4,313 

789 

3,172  ! 
10, 826 
311 
73,091 


118,017 
1,809 
11,175 
29, 683 
47,988 

78, 139 
40,849 


1890  to  1»00 


iSt.      Amount. 


33.0 


3,478,604 


9,133 
1,883 

6,931 

72,397 

11,135 

144, 107 

7,051 

40,006 
9,236 
27, 521 
26, 707 
58,253 

37,561 
26,506 
113,942 
57, 2.55 

20. 525 

44,687 
47,944 

348 
2,964 

464 

12,534 

105, 464 

1,814 

190, 795 

60,388 

2,689 

296,6,59 

9,495 

17. 526 
501,067 

24,587 

76,519 

'773 

4.5,204 

44,369 

4,556 

12. 643 

34,525  j 

72,  .563  I 

39,978  , 

41,232  I 

>472 


72.6 
189.6 
146.0 
38.0 
45.6 

198.3 
23.0 


27.8 
21.8 

19.8 
65.2 

277.7 
28.4 

139.5 

13.5 
10.1 
49.6 
19.6 
31.1 

42.1 
22.9 
19.8 
18.0 
14.0 

69.0 
27.7 
1.1 
9.5 
73.9 

13.9 
37.5 
55.3 
28.9 
49.2 

45.3 
40.5 
155.7 
46.1 
31.6 

21.2 
94.6 
»a4 
38.7 

40.0 
59.9 
28.6 
31.6 

93.3 

47.5 

15.7 

•14.8 


70,648 

664 

7,156 

41,491 

37,764 

8,500 
79,781 


11,238 
'1,843 

19,552 
55,443 

3,038 
238,985 

4,704 

122,866 
26,  322 
20,636 
60,286 

158,046 

4.5,509 
58,066 
221,299 
102,299 
61,653 

32,180 
34,082 
29,886 
13,852 
310  I 

42,253 

119, 128 

1,781 

122,255 

81,525  I 


Per 
cent. 


74.6 


1880  to  1890 


^°™'-  '  «nt.     Amount.    ^«J 


1870  to  1880 


2,476,571       113.3  ;    969,747 


77.0 

229.0 

1,439.8  1 

113.6 

56.0 

27.5 
81.4 


51.9 
'17.6 

126.2 
99.8 
312.6 
89.0 
1,347.9 

70.6 
40.6 
59.2 
79.5 
536.7 

104.0 
100.9 
62.3 
47.2 
72.6 

98.9 
24.5 
1,408.4 
80.8 
97.5 

88.7 
73.5 

118.6 
22.7 

197.6 


2,918  I      96.9 

344,166  88.7 

5,937  3,687.6 

15,255  67.1 

686,844  I      76.2 

30, 408  35. 6 

51,796  177.9 

4,800  107.7 

47,987  I      69.8 

45,428  I      69.3 

.5,044  !     196.9 

20,142  83.8 

63,802  139.9 


40,074 

39,479 

141, 493 

1,576 


106.4 
88.2 

116.8 
98.0 


78,026 

290 

127 

22, 816 

39,355 

26,947 
41,011 

8,047 
11,017 

8,210 

9,284 

34,427 

428 

141,643 

349 

64,100 
31,002 
21,414 
29,919 
18,190 

22,989 
24,  .308 
183,829 
86,184 
59,734 

17,550 
66,602 

1,.578 
14, 197 

'290 

29,057 

89,386 

1.075 

302,652 

26,228 


481.8 


34.3  j 

168.4 
140.2 

681.7 
71.9 
423.5 
103.  5 
362.8 

149.5 
163.1 
78.0 
111.7 


290 
7,608 
9,578 

2,520 
31,048 
1,173 
6,330 
1,474 

3,036 

10,276 

235 

53,752 


58.3 
91.6 

159.0 
65.2 

161.6 

110.7 
73.2 

107.3 
66.1 

237.1 

117.0 
91.8 
290.1 
473.4 

•47.7 

156.3 
122.8 
251.8 
128.9 
174.6 


33,109 
8,560 
7,108 

13,989 
•13,668 

11,294 
19,255 
92,895 
59,396 
18,106  I 

4,982  ! 

24, 169 
•278 
1,134 

•5,399 

9,808 
40,485 

175  1 
108,688 
8,084 


165,338        74.3        92,925 

161  , I , 

18,397       424.5 
498, 730       124. 0 


1,863 
180,196  ! 


43,992 
17,122 


106.4 
142.7 


35,340       105.8 


37.489 

1,408 

12,960 

23,880 


133.8 
122.0 
116.9 
131.3 


34,465  1,073.7 

16,299  57.3 

60,420  99.5 

891  124.3 


17,789 
7,458 


16,812 

823 

4,663 

11,300 

1,799 

11,330 

30,220 

407 


79.8 


8,039       103.9 


362.5 
124.7 
.51.8 


119.5 
473.0 
146.8 
186.8 

95.7 
94.9 
75.6 
73.5 


43.1 
33.8 

111.8 
43.8 

•54.8 

119.3 
137.9 
118.3 
83.7 
255.6 

49.7 
49.9 

•33.8 
60.8 

•89.9 

111.6 
125.3 
69.4 
86.2 
116.5 


75.4 
81.2 


75.5 
164.4 


14,921         80.8 


149.9 

248.6 

72.6 

134.4 

127.5 
66.1 
99.1 

131.3 


^  For  1890  the  horsepower  represents  owned  and  rented  power, 
sent  owned  power  only. 

'  See  North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota. 


At  subsequent  censuses  rented  power  was  not  segregated  as  to  steam;  the  totals  therefore  repre- 
'  Decrease.  *  See  Dakota. 


628 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  of  the  countn",  as 
compared  with  the  blast  furnaces,  employed  steam 
units  of  a  lower  capacity,  but  such  engines  were  far 
beyond  the  average  size  of  units  employed  in  all  manu- 
factures. There  were  5,746  engines  in  steel  works  and 
rolling  mills,  with  a  total  of  1,610, 612  horsepower,  or  an 
average  of  280  horsepower  per  unit.  This  is  slightly 
above  the  average  size  in  Pennsylvania,  where  3,323 
engines  had  a  capacity  of  799,323  horsepower,  or  241 
horsepower  per  unit,  but  in  Illinois  and  Ohio  the  size 
was  405  horsepower,  while  in  Alabama  the  average  for 
129  engines  was  not  less  than  440  horsepower.  It  is 
to  be  observed,  moreover,  that  the  size  of  the  average 
steam  unit  for  all  blast  furnaces  and  steel  works  and 
rolUng  mills  has  increased  rapidly,  having  been  171 
horsepower  for  1890,  235  horsepower  for  1900,  and  325 
horsepower  for  1905. 

The  nature  of  an  industr\'  is  fairly  well  indicated  by 
the  size  of  the  steam  imits  applied  to  it,  although  there 
are  incidental  factors  to  be  taken  into  consideration 
that  dictate  in  some  industries  the  division  of  motive 
power  into  a  number  of  imits  rather  than  its  concen- 
tration into  one  or  two  generators  of  given  capacity. 
At  the  census  of  1905  the  average  size  of  steam  engines 
in  the  cotton  goods  industrA'  was  351  horsepower,  while 
the  average  for  blast  furnaces  was  490  horsepower. 
The  average  steam  unit  in  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 
was  280  horsepower.  The  average  in  the  worsted 
industry-  was  195  horsepower,  but  in  the  allied  woolen 
industrA'  it  was  only  117  horsepower.  The  average 
size  of  the  unit  in  the  smelting  and  refining  of  copper 
was  192;  in  the  paper  and  wood  pulp  industry,  149; 
in  flour  and  grist  mills,  72;  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
lumber  and  timber  products,  5S  horsepower. 

In  an  era  of  l)uil(ling,  which  has  witnessed  the  rapid 
development  of  construction  by  means  of  reinforced 
concrete,  the  great  importance  of  the  cement  industry 
is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  the  average  capacity  of 
steam  units  was  215  horsepower  in  the  manufacture  of 
cement,  thus  placing  it  next  to  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills  in  average  size  of  engines  required.  At  (he  other 
end  of  the  scale  in  tin-  group  of  industries  employing 
50,000  horsepower  and  over  is  to  b(^  found  the  ]iriiiting 
and  pubhsliing  industr}-,  the  Ijook  and  jol)  biamh  of 
which  employed  engines  whose  average  capacity  was 
only  3S  horsepower,  while  in  tluif  branch  of  tlici  busi- 
ness iii('iii(Iiiig  newsjjajxTs  and  |)crio(li(nls  the  average 
fell  to  26  horsepower.  The  induence  of  clcclrical  dis- 
1  riliiit ion,  however,  is  to  \>c  noticed  here,  in  llu^  fai't 
thai  in  ihe  book  and  job  bniiicli  the  electric  motors  are 
more  than  tlircr'  titiies  a.s  numerous  as  the  steam 
engines,  while  tli((  renti'd  eh-ctric  power  is  nJinosf  twice 
a.s  great  as  the  rapacity  of  steam  engines  insi  ailed  on 
the  j)remi.seH.  It  isobvious,  i  iicrcfori',  thai  Iml  fnillir 
intervention  of  the  electric  niolctr  (lie  steam  engines 
would  necessarily  be  of  imich  greater  (;a|)ni'ity,  and  it 
i.s  particularly  in  connection  with  such  indnslries  re- 
quiring minute  and  siibdividcfl  powerllml   I  lie  elect  ric 


motor  has  made  greatest  headway  in  comparison  with 
steam. 

Another  aspect  under  which  the  use  of  steampower 
in  manufactures  may  be  regarded  is  that  dealing  with 
the  average  amount  of  power  per  establishment.  In 
Table  1  it  is  shown  that  the  total  nvmiber  of  establish- 
ments reporting  the  use  of  power  is  134,544,  with  a 
total  of  14,641,544  horsepower.  This  gives  an  average 
of  108.8  horsepower  per  establishment.  The  iron  and 
steel  industry  depends  almost  entirely  upon  steam  for 
its  power,  and  according  to  Table  14  of  the  Report 
on  Manufactures,  Part  I,  189  blast  furnaces  reported 
a  total  of  825,749  horsepower  at  the  census  of  1905. 
This  gives  the  high  average  of  4,369  horsepower  per 
establislmient.  In  like  manner  413  steel  works  and 
rolling  mills  reported  a  total  capacity  of  1,896,759 
horsepower,  or  4,593  horsepower  per  establishment. 
Paper  and  wood  pulp  and  cotton  mills,  on  the  other 
hand,  are  large  users  of  waterpower.  The  761  paper 
and  wood  pulp  mills  reported  a  total  of  1,122,564 
horsepower,  which  gives  an  average  of  1,475  horse- 
power per  establishment,  while  1,073  mills  devoted  to 
cotton  goods  had  a  total  of  1,031,843  horsepower,  or 
962  horsepower  per  establishment. 

The  Report  on  Power  Employed  in  ^lanufactures, 
at  the  census  of  1900,  was  accompanied  by  consider- 
able data  with  regard  to  steam  engines  and  steam  tur- 
bmes,  emphasizing  the  marked  tendency  toward  the 
adoption  of  larger  units,  and  dwelling  with  special 
stress  upon  the  important  advances  being  realized  in 
the  perfecting  of  the  modern  steam  turbine.  At  that 
time  two  principal  types  of  turbines  were  in  use  in  the 
manufacturing  field  in  the  United  States,  namely,  the 
De  Laval  and  the  Parsons,  both  of  foreign  origin.  The 
general  principle  of  the  turbine  designed  by  the  Swede, 
De  Laval,  is  that  of  a  single  disk  with  several  steam 
jets  or  nozzles  applied  to  it,  the  nozzle  having  a  di- 
vergent apertiu'c  in  which  the  expansion  of  steam  takes 
place.  A  .single  turbine  disk  revolves  at  a  speed  of 
several  thousand  revolutions  per  minute,  tliis  speed 
being  reduced  to  that  recjuired  for  the  main  .shaft  by 
spiral  gears.  Turbines  of  this  t3rpe  have  been  applied 
in  the  nianufnct  ui'ing  industries  u])  to  a  capacity  of  350 
horsepower.  M  this  ]>oint  the  Englishiiian,  Parsons, 
stepped  in  with  a  type  of  tui'hine  in  which  n  .series  of 
disks  mounted  upon  a  common  shaft  alternate  with  par- 
allel ])lates  (ixe<l  within  the  easing  of  the  shaft.  The 
steam,  admitted  through  a  set,  of  stationary  vanes  or 
l)U<kets,  impinges  at  an  angle  u])on  the  first  rotating 
disk  and  im|)ai'ls  motion  in  ex|)an(ling,  as  it  advances 
progress! \i'ly,  tlirougli  the  entire  series  of  iixed  and 
rotating  Imckets  until  its  energy  has  been  gixcn  up  and 
it  emerges  into  (he  exhaust.  Witli  hoi-i/.ontai  (uil)ines 
(if  liiis  type  tile  ca|)Mcily  of  liie  imit  lias  i)een  eai'ried 
up  (o  seveiai  thousand  liorsepower-,  so  that  in  (his 
coun(rv  one  enm|)any  building  tui'bines  of  (his  (ypo 
liiis  int  induced  m!i<-liines  of  a  capacity  as  great  as 
I  (1,(1(1(1  hiirsepow  er  (11-  nioi'c.      Intended  (o  <lrive  electric 


POWER  EMPLOYED  IN  MANUFACTURES. 


629 


generators,  tliose  turbines  occupy  a  floor  space  of  only 
27  feet  27  iiiclics  hy  13  feet  ]  I  inehes,  while  tlie  dinien- 
sions  are  only  47  feet  3  inclics  ]>y  13  feet  1  \  inches  for 
the  complete  turbo-generator  unit.  Up  to  tlie  begin- 
ning of  1904  a  total  production  of  not  less  than  700,000 
horsepower  of  Parsons  turl)ines  had  been  recorded, 
including  single  installations  of  10,000  horsepower, 
many  of  whicli  were  for  manufacturing  industries,  and 
while  these  statistics  have  been  in  process  of  compila- 
tion, this  total  has  been  at  least  doubled.  In  the  mean- 
time a  large  number  of  other  steam  turbine  manufac- 
turers have  also  entered  this  promising  field,  both  in 
Europe  and  in  the  United  States,  so  that  the  turbine 
has  ceased  to  be  in  any  sense  a  novelty,  and  is  now 
being  closely  watched  and  tested  as  to  its  durability 
and  economic  performance,  both  on  land  and  on  sea. 
In  the  United  States  the  most  typical  development 
is  that  which  has  been  made  with  the  Curtis  turbine, 
which  also  makes  use  of  the  velocity  of  steam  relieved 
of  its  pressure  in  the  expansion  nozzles  at  successive 
stages.  Aside  from  the  internal  construction  of  sta- 
tionary and  revolving  parts,  a  notable  feature  of  the 
Curtis  turbine  has  been  the  adoption  of  a  vertical  shaft, 
although  in  some  smaller  sizes  the  turbine  is  operated 
horizontally.  The  larger  sizes  are  more  particularly 
those  furnished  for  the  operation  of  dynamos,  with  the 
electrical  generating  portion  carried  vertically  above 
the  turbine.  These  have  a  capacity  of  12,000  to  15,000 
horsepower.  One  company  which  manufactures  the 
turbines  of  this  type,  in  its  annual  report  for  the  year 
1904,  listed  contracts  for  1.54  steam  turbines  for  86  cor- 
porations and  individuals,  while  a  year  later  it  was 
stated  that  orders  had  been  received  for  no  fewer  than 
535.  As  a  great  manj-  of  these  have  a  capacity  in  ex- 
cess of  1,000  horsepower  and  in  the  case  of  some  in- 
dustrial manufacturing  and  electrical  establishments 
have  reached  a  capacity  of  5,000  horsepower  and  up- 
ward, the  extent  of  the  revolution  in  the  utilization  of 
steam  caused  by  the  introduction  of  the  turbine  can 
readily  be  imagined.  It  will,  however,  be  some  little 
time  before  all  the  economy  claimed  for  the  turbine  in 
the  matter  of  steam  consumption,  wear  and  tear,  labor, 
attendance,  and  space  occupied  can  be  fully  and  accu- 
rately determined  or  established. 

W.\TERPOWER. 

Table  8  presents  statistics  of  waterpower  used  in  the 
states  and  territories  as  returned  at  each  census  from 
1870  to  1905,  with  the  amount  and  percentage  of 
increase. 

The  total  for  1905  was  1,647,969  horsepower,  as  com- 
pared with  1,454,229  horsepower  in  1900,  showing  an 
increase  of  193,740  horsepower  and  a  percentage  of 
increase  of  13.3.  The  amount  of  gain  was  almost  the 
same  as  that  during  the  ten  years  from  1890  to  1900, 
when  the  percentage  of  increase  was   15.1.     Water- 


power  has  not  held  its  own  but  has  steadily  declined 
in  relative  importance  since  1870,  when  it  was  48.2 
per  cent  of  the  whole,  whereas  for  1 905  it  was  only  1 1 .3 
per  cent.  The  warning  previously  given,  must  be 
borne  in  mind,  that  the  statistics,  while  accurate,  can 
hardly  be  accepted  as  revealing  the  actual  state  of 
affairs,  owing  to  the  fact  that  an  increa.sing  quantity 
of  energy  developed  by  waterpower  is  transmitted  and 
utilized  electrically,  so  that  it  is  reported  as  electric 
power  by  manufacturing  establishments. 

The  largest  amount  of  waterpower  used  in  manu- 
factures at  the  census  of  1905  was  reported  by  the 
state  of  New  York.  The  capacity  in  that  state  had 
increased  from  335,411  horsepower  for  1900  to  446,1:14 
horsepower  for  1 905,  a  gain  of  con.siderabiy  over  100,000 
horsepower,  and  giving  the  state  27.1  per  cent  of  the 
total  for  the  whole  country'.  The  continued  prepon- 
derance of  New  York  in  the  use  of  waterpower  is  due 
largely  to  the  utilization  of,  and  the  increase  in,  this 
kind  of  power  in  the  paper  and  wood  pulp  industrv', 
wliich  increased  from  191,117  horsepower  in  1900  to 
325,472  horsepower  at  the  census  of  1905.  At  both 
censuses  waterpower  fonned  over  80  per  cent  of  the 
total  power  reported  by  this  industry-  in  the  state.  Of 
the  total  waterpower  reported  by  New  York  in  1900 
paper  and  wood  pulp  manufacturers  used  57  per  cent ; 
at  the  census  of  1905  the  ratio  had  increased  to  73  per 
cent. 

The  next  largest  utilization  of  waterpower  in  manu- 
factures was  reported  b}-  the  state  of  Maine  with 
203,094  horsepower,  followed  closely  by  Massachu- 
setts with  183,427  horsepower.  The  former  state  re- 
flects the  development  of  the  utilization  in  the  paper 
and  wood  pulp  and  cotton  industries,  and  it  is  signifi- 
cant that,  although  the  lumber  industry  is  a  large  con- 
sumer of  waterpower  in  Maine,  the  amount  reported 
for  1905  was  a  decrease  of  19.3  per  cent  since  1900. 
Massachusetts,  as  is  well  known,  largely  consumed  this 
class  of  energy  in  the  manufacture  of  paper  and  textile 
products,  the  latter  chiefly  cotton  and  wool.  The  fourth 
largest  utilization  on  the  list  is  that  reported  from 
Wisconsin,  with  112,665  horsepower.  Here  again  the 
paper  and  wood  pulp  industry  accounted  for  a  large 
proportion  of  the  total  amount,  with  flour  and  grist 
mills  as  the  next  largest  con.sumer.  In  Wisconsin,  as 
in  Maine  and  in  New  York,  the  paper  and  wood  pulp 
industry  is  the  hirgcst  factor  in  waterpower  emplov- 
ment,  while  in  Massachusetts  the  cotton  and  wool 
industries  are  the  largest. 

The  4  states  mentioned  above  accounted  for  945.320 
horsepower,  or  considerably  more  than  one-half  (57.4 
per  cent)  of  the  total  for  the  country.  Other  leading 
states  were  Vermont,  with  76,237  horsepower:  Con- 
necticut, 66,808;  Pennsylvania,  50.620;  Micliigan, 
39,342;  and  Minnesota,  38,245.  It  is  to  be  noted  that 
California  returned  the  small  figure  of  7.260  horsepower, 


630 


MANUFACTURES. 


placing  it  far  down  the  list,  whereas,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
that  state  has  witnessed  perhaps  more  than  any  other 
of  recent  years  the  development  of  the  waterpower  of 
its  sierras  and  rivers  for  long  distance  transmission, 
the  hydrauhc  energ}"  thus  utilized  serving  mills  and 
mines  and  factories  all  over  the  state. 

As  might  be  expected,  in  some  of  the  states  and  ter- 
ritories where  the  aggregate  of  waterpower  is  least,  the 
percentage  of  increase  has  been  greatest,  as  the  addi- 
tion of  a  few  hundred  horsepower  has  been  enough  to 
double  the  capacity,  but  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  the 


increase  in  New  York  from  1900  to  1905  was  33  per 
cent;  in  Maine,  27.9  per  cent;  and  in  Wisconsin,  21 
per  cent.  The  development  in  Massachusetts  was 
virtually  at  a  standstill,  and  the  same  was  true  of  Con- 
necticut and  Vermont,  there  being  visible  a  tendency 
toward  retrogression  in  certain  parts  of  the  New  Eng- 
land region.  It  would  indeed  be  an  interesting  study 
to  determine  how  far  the  greater  use  of  steam  in  some 
of  the  industries  of  the  Northern  states  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  waterpowers  have  possibly  been  already 
developed  to  their  full  capacity. 


T.\BLE  8.— WATERPOWER,  WITH  AMOUNT  AND  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES: 

1870  TO  1905. 

[For  1900  the  horsepower  includes  the  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries,  except  custom  gristmills,  custom  sawmills,  and  cotton  ginning.     Prior  to  1900  the 

horsepower  includes  all  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries.] 


STATE  OR  TEBBITOBV. 


United  States. 


Alabama . . 

Alaska 

Arizona... 
Arkansas.. 
Calilomia. 


Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

Diatrict  of  Columbia.. 


Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indian  Territory. 


Indiana... 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky. 
Louisiana. 


Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 


Mississippi. 

Missouri 

Montana. .. 
Noliraflka... 
Nevada 


New  Ilampstilre. 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina.. 


North  Dakota. . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania... 

Rhwie  Island . . . 
Boulh  ('arollnu. 
8nulh  iMkotn.. 
Tenncisw? 


Texoa 

irtnh 

Vermont. 

Virginia.. 


WftHhlnifton . . . 
Weflt  Virginia. 

\Vlwon«in 

Wyoming 


HORSEFOWEE.  • 


INCREASE. 


1905 


1,647,969 


1900 


1890 


1,454,229       1,263.343 


1880 


1,225,379 


9,51$ 

9,421 

10.443 

89 

117 

161 

267 

400 

329 

584 

734 

1,778 

7,260 

•    4,680 

5,122 

2,094 

1,493 

1,740 

66,808 

67,211 

64,655 

(") 

(>) 

(') 

5,280 

5,399 

4,671 

710 

369 

810 

118 

116 

490 

28,304 

22,729 

28,390 

1,078 

1,605 

1,024 

15.030 

11,614 

16,124 

59 

155 

75 

9,685 

11,964 

16,305 

6,531 

7,315 

12, 645 

6,544 

7,521 

7,764 

4,603 

4.247 

6,272 

266 

313 

66 

203,094 
10,777 

183,427 
39,342 
38,245 

77 

3,727 

10,315 

7,221 

782 

100,274 

18, 197 

149 

446, 134 
28,382 

322 

18, 149 

60 

20,800 

50,620 

29,231 
31,097 

i.im 

9.905 

2,277 

3,252 

70, 2.17 

25, 946 

4,642 

6,404 

112,065 


11,797 


158,788 
10,415 

181,907 
30,529 
24.932 

361 
3,113 
9,717  1 
7,513 


105,711 

20,161 

153 

335,411 
29,241 

50« 
17,848 

19,263 
54,601 

28.171 

27,586 

1,099 

11,078 

1,5.57 

3,.'<66 

77,421  I 

23,550  I 

0,853  ! 

5, 425 

ai, 122  I 

5.14 


106,520 
15,633 

159,787 
39, 181 
27,404 

2,752 

4, 7.58 

068 

6,127 

6 

69,033 

17. 645 

323 

233,795 

31,817 

540 
27,083 


9,489 
82,634 

27,268 

18.  .399 

l.O.W 

15,477 

2,  (WW 

2,402 

74,376 

36,603 

4,861 

10,642 

58,841 

216 


160 
2,024 
4,850 

1,849 

61,205 

803 

4,785 


939 

30,067 

1,136 

17,445 


21,810 

20,363 

7,611 

9,012 

90 

79,717 
18,043 
138.362 
34, 395 
28.689 

3,449 
8,102 

954 
5,495 

108 

69,155 

27,086 

932 

219,348 

.30,063 

('I 
38,641 


9,255 
110,276 

22,240 
13,873 
(<) 
18,564 

2,508 
3,635 
62,220 
37,464 

1,185 

9,454 

46,368 

38 


I       1900  to  1905 


1870 


1,130,431 


11,011 


10 
1,545 
6,877 

792 

54,395 

76 

4,220 

1,100 

528 
27,417 

295 
12,953 


23,518 

14,249 

1,789 

7,640 

142 

70,108 
18,461 
105,854 
34,895 
13,054 

2,453 
6,644 
795 
1,446 
2,538 

68,291 

25,832 

659 

208,256 

26,211 

w 

44,746 


5,806 
141,982 

18,481 
10,396 
(*) 
19,514 

1,830 
2,169 
44,807 
41,202 

1,412 

10, 106 

33,714 

34 


Amount. 


193, 740 


2  28 
2  133 
2  150 
2,580 

601 
=  403 


Per 
cent. 


13.3 


■'  119 
341 

2 

5,575 

2  527 

3,416 

2  96 

2  2.279 


356 
2  47 

44,306 

362 

1,520 

2,813 

13,313 

2  284 

614 

598 

2  292 

2111 

2  6,  437 

2  1.064 

2  4 

110,723 

2  859 

2  184 

•mi 

49 

l,;i07 

2  3,981 

1,0<!0 

3.511 

2. 10 

2  1.083 

720 

2  114 

> 1,184 

2,396 

22,211 

979 

10, 643 

<162 


1.0 

2  23.9 

233.3 

2  20.4 

55.1 

40.3 
2  0.6 


2  2.2 
92.4 

1.7 
24.5 

232.8 
29.4 

2  61.9 

2  19.0 
2  10.7 
2  13.0 
8  4 
2  15.0 

27.9 
3.5 
0.8 
7.7 

53.4 

2  78. 7 

19.7 

6.2 

23.9 

2  12.4 

251 
29.7 
'.6 


1890  to  1900 


Amount. 


Per 


190,886 


2  1,022 
244 

2  1,044 
2442 

2  247 
2,556 


.13  0 
2  2.9 

230.4 

1.7 

4,900.0 

7.3 

27.3 

3.8 

12.7 
2  2.7 
'9.8 

40.2 
2  3.  4 
'1.6 
10.2 

'32.3 
18  0 
21.0 

>28.6 

728 
2441 

2380 

'5,661 

581 

24,510 


24,341 

'5,330 

'243 

'2,025 

247 

52,268 
25,218 

22,120 
2  2, 652 
'  2, 472 

'2,301 

'1,645 

0,051 

1,386 

887 

38, 678 

2,  .51 8 

'  170 

101,818 

»  2, 576 

234 
'0,815 

0,794 
'27,933 


913 

11,187 

47 

'4,300 


'1,076 

874 

3,045 

'13,113 

2,002 

•6,117 

36,281 

313 


15.1 


'9.8 
'27.3 

21.6 
'58.7 

'8.6 

'14.2 
4.0 


15.6 
'54.4 

2  70.  0 
2  19  9 
56.7 
'28  0 
106.7 

2  26.6 
'42,2 
23.1 
232.3 
374.2 

49.1 
233.4 
13.8 
'  8. 8 
'9.0 

'86.9 

2  34.  6 

1,3.59.0 

22.6 

14,783.3 

53.1 
14.3 
252.0 
43.6 
2  8.1 

2  6.3 
'35  6 


103.4 
■33.8 

3.3 

68,2 

4.5 

'28.4 


'40.0 

.15. 1 

4.1 

'3,0.8 

41.3 
'48  5 

6,1.8 
147.2 


1880  to  1890 


Amount. 


37,064 


'1,354 

161 

169 

'246 

272 

'109 

3,450 

780 

2  114 

270 

2443 
2  1,677 

2  112 

2  1.321 

75 

2  5,505 
27,718 

15;) 
2  2,740 

2  24 

26,803 
2  2,410 
21,425 
4,  7S8 
2  1,285 

2  697 

2  3, 404 

2  288 

832 

'102 

2  122 
'9,421 

'tm 

14,447 
1,7.54 


'10,058 


214 
'  27, 742 


6,018 
2,528 


'3,087 

125 

'1.043 

22, 150 

2  801 

3,86(1 

l,(l,>« 

11,485 

178 


Per 
cent. 


105.6 

'12.2 

5.6 

'5.9 
5.6 
98  3 
2  2.4 
2  8.0 

247.2 
25.6 
29.9 
27.6 


2  25.2 
237.9 
2.0 
230.4 
2  26  7 

33.6 
2  13.4 
15.5 
13.9 
'4.5 

2  20.2 
2  41.7 
230.2 
11.5 
'94.4 

'0.2 

'  34.  8 

2  65.3 

(1,8 

5.8 


lS70tol880 


Amount. 


94,948 


150 

479 

'2,027 

1,057 

6.810 

727 

565 

2  220 

411 
2,650 

841 
4,492 


2  1,708 

6,114 

5.822 

1,372 

252 

9.809 
2  418 

32.508 
2. WO 

15.6.15 


1, 


2.3 
'  25.  2 


22.8 
18  2 


'16.6 

5.0 

'29.6 

42.4 

'2.1 

309.  4 
11.5 
25.  3 

468.4 


996 

,.518 

159 

4,040 

'  2,  430 

864 
1,234 

273 
11,002 
3,852 


'  8. 106 


3,449 
'31,700 


3,750 
3,478 


'050 

678 

l,38<i 

7,320 

'3,738 

J  227 

'741 

11,642 

4 


Per 
cent. 


&4 


1,500.0 

31.0 

'20.5 

133.5 
12.5 

956.6 
13.4 

2  20. 0 

77.8 

9.7 

285.1 

317 


2  7.3 
42.9 

325.4 
18  0 

'36.6 

13.7 
'2.3 
30.7 
'1.4 
119.8 

40.6 

22.9 

20.0 

280.0 

2  05.7 

1.3 
4.8 

41.4 
5.3 

14.7 


'13.0 


60.4 
'  22.  3 


20.3 
33.6 


'4.9 

37.1 
(1.1. 0 
18,3 
'  0.  1 

'  1(1.  1 
'7.3 
34.6 
11.8 


'  Frir  1890  till'  liorvpriwrT  n'pn^aents  owned  and  rented  imwi^r.     At  subsequent  censuses  rented  pnwiT  wan  not  segrceatcd  as  to  waterpower;  tho  totiils  tlipro- 
forii  rnpreiietit  owned  power  only. 
'  l>e«'r»'a*e 

'»rt}  North  Dakota  and  .''outh  Dakota. 
<  .Sep  Dakota. 


POWER  PJMPI.OYKD  IN  MANUFACTURES. 


631 


The  chief  iiulustrics  reporting  the  use  of  water- 
power  at  the  census  of  1905  are  those  of  cotton  goods, 
with  1,21S  wal(>r  wliocls  of  a  capacity  of  251  ,SS4  horse- 
power; Hour  and  grist  mills,  7,21)1  water  wheels,  with 
258,111  horsepower;  lumher  and  timber  products, 
2,496  wheels,  with  10:5,657  horsepower;  and  paper  and 
wood  pulp,  3,149  wheels,  with  717,979  horsepower. 
Worthy  of  note  is  the  fact  that  the  last-named  indus- 
try alone  accounts  for  nearly  one-half  of  the  water- 
power  used  in  the  manufactures  of  the  country.  An- 
other relatively  large  field  of  utilization  is  that  of  the 
woolen  goods  industry,  in  which  765  wheels  are  re- 
ported, with  a  capacity  of  55,931  horsepower.  In 
these  industries,  as  with  steam  utilization,  the  size  of 
water  wheel  de])en(ls  largely  u]>on  the  nature  of  the 
product.  For  example,  in  the  flour  and  grist  mill 
industry  the  average  size  of  wheel  was  36  horsepower. 
In  the  luml)er  industry  the  average  was  42  horsepower. 
In  the  industry  of  cotton  goods  it  rose  to  207  horse- 
power per  wheel,  and  in  paper  and  wood  pulp  it  at- 
tained a  size  of  228  horsepower.  Even  these  figures 
are  exceeded  in  several  instances.  For  example,  in 
the  paper'  and  wood  pulp  industry  the  7  wheels  em- 
ployed in  California  are  reported  as  having  a  capacity 
of  3,000  horsepower,  or  429  horsepower  each,  while  in 
West  Virginia  the  3  wheels  reported  had  a  capacity  of 
1,310  horsepower,  or  437  horsepower  each. 

It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  capacity  of  indi- 
vidual units  will  far  exceed  the  average  in  any  indus- 
try or  for  the  country  as  a  whole,  but  it  is  again  to  the 
electrical  transmission  field  that  one  must  look  for 
the  striking  examples.  For  instance,  the  Seattle- 
Tacoma  Power  Company  at  its  Snocpialmie  Falls  plant 
has  installed  a  "single  wheel"  turbine  of  10,000  horse- 
power capacity,  which  is  the  largest  turbine  of  its 
type  ever  built.  Arounil  Niagara  Falls  will  be  found 
the  12,500  horsepower  vertical  turbines  of  the  Elec- 
trical Development  Company,  the  10,000  horsepower 
horizontal  turbines  of  the  Ontario  Power  Company,  and 
the  10,000  horsepower  vertical  turbines  of  the  Canadian 
Niagara  Falls  Power  Company.  All  of  these  are  double 
wheels,  as  each  unit  has  two  runners  and  a  single 
shaft,  ilriving  a  single  generator.  The  single  wheel 
turbine  at  Snoqualmie  is  of  a  horizontal  shaft  type, 
with  radial  inward  flow  and  central  axial  discharge. 
The  wheel  is  of  66  inches  outside  diameter  by  9V  inches 
wide  through  the  vanes.  It  has  34  vanes,  which  con- 
tinue a  short  distance  inward  l)eyond  the  end  plate  of 
the  wheel  on  the  discharge  side,  thus  giving  a  slight 
axial  effect  and  making  it  a  turbine  of  the  mixed  flow 
type  rather  than  a  pure  radial  flow  turbine.  The 
guide  vanes  are  32  in  numl)cr,  of  the  swivel  type,  con- 
nected by  means  of  arms  projecting  radially  inward 
to  a  rotatory  ring  ct)ncentric  with  the  turbine  shaft. 
The  housing  of  the  turbine  is  l)uilt  up  of  cast  iron 
segments.  The  turbine  wheel  or  runner  is  an  annular 
steel  casting  whose  radial  depth  is  only  enough  to  con- 
tain the  vanes.  This  single  wheel,  at  260  feet  head, 
45254— .MFG  1905— PT  4—08 12 


is  emjjloyed  t(j  develop  as  much  energy  as  the  entire 
former  installation  consisting  of  10  impulse  wheels, 
and  under  test  at  84  i>er  cent  efficiency  has  shown  an 
output  of  10,000  horsepower.  The  machine  weighs 
about  190,000  pounds,  exclusive  of  the  steel  supply 
pipe  and  the  draft  tube. 

Under  the  same  general  head  of  utilization  of 
waterpower,  water  motors  might  be  separately  con- 
sidered, but  these  are  insignificant  in  number  and  size, 
and  such  information  as  is  valuable  or  ])ertineut  in 
regard  to  them  can  be  obtained  readily  from  Tables 
12,  13,  and  14  of  the  Report  on  Manufactures,  Part  I, 
census  of  1905. 

No  sej)arate  statistics  are  given  as  to  overshot  or 
undershot  water  wheels.  The  discussion  of  generators 
has  been  tn;ated  entirely  from  the  stundjxjint  of  tur- 
bines, as  that  type  of  hydraulic  machinery  has  com- 
pletely superseded  all  other  classes  except  impact 
wheels.  The  latter  still  have  an  exten.sive  field  of  use, 
particularly  in  the  far  western  region  and  on  the  Pa- 
cific coast,  where,  under  heads  of  several  hundred  feet 
and  at  high  speeds  of  revolution,  they  are  increasingly 
numerous  and  find  extensive  emploj'ment.  At  Mani- 
tou,  near  the  Garden  of  the  Gods,  Colo.,  the  Pikes 
Peak  Hydro-Electric  Company  has  three  wheels  op- 
erating under  a  static  head  of  2,417  feet.  The  plant 
utilizes  water  belonging  to  a  city  waterworks  plant,  a 
supply  which  was  previously  wasted.  This  plant 
utilizes  about  2,200  feet  effective  head  of  total  fall 
between  the  mountain  intakes  and  the  reservoirs,  the 
remainder  being  lost  in  pipe  friction.  Another  in- 
stance that  may  be  cited  is  that  at  Bishop,  Cal.,  of  the 
Nevada  Mining  and  Milling  Company,  where  two 
wheels  operating  under  a  static  head  of  1,065  feet, 
and  each  of  a  capacity  of  1,000  horsepower  at  450  rev- 
olutions per  minute,  are  generating  and  transmitting 
electrical  energy  to  the  Goldfield  and  Tonapah  mining 
districts  of  Nevada. 

ELECTRIC    POWER. 

Table  9  shows,  by  states,  the  electric  horsepower, 
with  the  amount  and  per  cent  of  increase,  reported  at 
the  censuses  of  1890,  1900,  and  1905. 

As  previously  noted,  the  census  statistics  of  power 
contain  an  element  of  duplication,  especially  of  electric 
power.  When  electric  power  is  generated  by  a  manu- 
facturer, the  horsepower  of  the  motors  reported  is  a 
duplication  of  the  primary  generators.  Allowance 
should  be  made  for  this  fact  in  considering  the  statistics 
of  total  power. 

No  electric  power  was  reported  until  the  census  of 
1890,  when  the  returns  included  15,569  horsepower. 
At  the  census  of  1900  the  capacity  of  owned  electric 
power  had  risen  to  310,661  horsepower,  showing  an 
increase  for  the  period  of  nearly  nineteenfold.  At  the 
census  of  1905  the  amount  of  owned  electric  power  had 
risen  to  1,150,891  horsepower,  being  270.5  per  cent 
increase  for  the  five  years.     This  service  was  furnished 


632 


MAXUFACTITRES. 


through  73,120  motors.  The  full  story  of  electrical 
development  is  brought  out,  however,  more  clearlv  by 
the  subdivision  of  rented  power.  From  this  it  would 
appear  that  while  the  •other  kind"  of  rented  power, 
winch  is  chiefly  steam  and  water,  increased  from 
136,913  horsepower  in  1900  to  191,313  at  the  census  of 
1905,  rented  electric  horsepower  rose  from  182,562  to 
441,592  horsepower.  This  service  was  furnished 
tlirough  61,590  motors.  If,  therefore,  the  rented 
electric  power  be  added  to  that  owTied  by  the  manu- 
facturing establishments,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  total 
capacity  of  the  134,710  electric  stationary  motors  was 


1,592,483  horsepower,  approximating  the  total  re- 
turned for  waterpower.  The  average  capacity  of 
electric  motors  owned  was  16  horsepower,  while  that  of 
motors  driven  by  rented  electric  energy  was  only  7 
horsepower. 

These  statistics  bring  out  in  a  striking  manner  the 
notable  development  of  the  utilization  of  electrical 
energy  in  manufacturing,  and  Table  9  indicates  the 
concentration  of. this  motive  power  in  the  states  and 
territories.  The  table  includes  both  the  owned  and 
rented  power. 


Table  9.— ELECTRIC  POWER,  WITH  AMOUNT  AND  PER  GENT  OF  INCREASE,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1890 

TO  1905. 

(For  1900  tho  horsepower  includes  the  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries,  except  custom  gristmills,  custom  sawmills,  and  cotton  ginning.     Prior  to  190D  the 

horsepower  includes  all  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries.] 


ST.\TE  OR   TERRITORY. 


United  States. 


Alabama.. 

Alaska 

Arizona... 

Arlcansas . . 
California . 


Colorado 

Comiecticut 

Delaware 

District  ot  Columbia. 
Florida 


Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indian  Territor>'. 
Indiana 


Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky . 
Louisiana. 
Maine 


Maryland 

MasHiichusctts. 

Michigan 

.Minni'sota 

Mis.Hissjppi 


Missouri ■ 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire. 


New  Jersey . . 
New  Mexico. 
New  York. 


North  Carotliia. 
North  IJakotii.. 


Ohio... 
Uklahoniii 

Oregon 

I'ennnylvanltt. .. 

Rhode  Inland.., 
Houth  Canillna. 
Houth  I)ak<it>i.  . 
Tennesfle*- 

Texan . . 

Utah .  . 

Verinnrit 

Virginia 

Wttshlnglnn . . 
West  Vlriflnlii 
WlnrnnnlTi 
\\  ynmlfiK 


HORSEPOWER.! 


1905 


1,592,483 


190U  IS90 


493,223         15,569 


1900  to  1905 


1890  to  1900 


Amount.      Percent.     Amount.    Percent 


1,099,260 


10,114 
g 

3,421 

287 

534 

480 

15,762 

51 

4,821 
2,191 
49,575 

31 
393 

15,730 

34,579 

5,764 

1,761 

2,960 

1,896 
12,925 

1,870 
34S 
302 

58 
205 
104 

70 
3 

15,556 

1,702 

165.265 

i.'e 

2,698 

.6 

49,235 

157 

2 

939 

33,582 

7,903 

323 

8,663 
10,326 
10,690 

fi,  7,52 
26,587 

6,222 
3,426 
3,415 
2,009 
9,650 

194 
110 
100 
454 
191 

18,823 
91,012 
39,970 
14,427 
l,3(i7 

4,174 
32,828 
12,088 

6.300 
590 

212 
■2,327 

577 

280 

3 

37,671 

7,979 

8, 126 

5,W 

12,725 
3,184 

2,  .398 

1 

3,  471 

618 
43 
49 

12,301 

42 

llfl,  ,101 
2a3 

15,857 

8 

77,598 

2,733 

171 

487 

222,111 
5,6.53 

477 

2,447 
44 
2 

144,467 

778 

42,157 

12 

2,690 

107,746 

■      1,706 

6,223 
.146,797 

37 
2,162 

15,477 

:i2.iii2 
.■c«i 

6.  ,Vib 

4,895 

(1.061 

2,34 

2, 193 

295 
8 
3 

100 

10,290 
4,272 
7,2.'W 

12,687 

3,217 
2,829 
2, 173 
5,617 

160 
84 

:i4 

105 

LI.  2110 

5, 1110 

48.K78 

1.H 

3.  i;)7 

4.M 

13,137 

87 

63 

5 

296 

6 

6,693 
»279 
4,287 
1,711 
33,813 

13,834 

21,654 

3,894 

1,413 

2,658 

12,858 

1,696 

116,030 

132 

25, 679 

2, 441 
6,900 
7,275 
4.683 
10, 928 

14,649 

68,184 

27,882 

8,127 

777 

24,946 

4,795 

5, 728 

549 

8.  s;«i 

.U.  444 

225 

144,513 

2,820 

:«h 

102,310 

766 

2,5;« 

239,051 

10,  .W2 

26, 101 

105 

4,393 

7,082 
1,443 
6,065 
7,070 

12,  I5;t 

4.745 

:)6,741 

45 


477,654 


3,068.0 


195.6 
297.2 
802.8 
356.5 
214.5 

729.6 
167.5 
208.2 
406.0 
880.1 

476.6 

28,266.7 

235.7 


324.9 

39.2 
201.4 
213.0 
226.3 
175.3 

351.0 
177.2 
230.7 
129.0 
131.7 

196.0 
150.6 
238.9 
,54,900.0 
2.54.4 

337. 0 
2,812.5 
186.  2 
103.  2 
178.9 

242.7 

6,383.3 

94.2 

221.9 

216.2 

4:«.  6 

44.9 

200.  3 

220.  I 

51.0 

23,1.  1 

12.5.  0 

;«I7.  4 

1,045.2 

272.1 

,51.7 


3,370 

287 

534 

449 

15,369 

1,838 
12,720 

1,766 
278 
299 

2,541 

4 

48,296 


6, 607. 8 


7,580 

6,028 
,3,316 
3,315 
1,615 
9,468 

3,962 
30,601 
11,511 

6.020 

687 

12,107 
3,141 
2,349 
1 
3,429 

15,370 

8 

75,1.51 

2,(W) 

40,452 

12 

2,053 

105,584 

4,600 

(i,0,53 

231 

2,087 

3,061 
2,765 

2,  i:i0 

.5,  612 

3,074 

449 

12,842 

.S2 


1,448,4 
3,910.7 

3, 169.  0 
6,204.9 
1,698.1 
397.1 
9,966.7 

1,618.5 

200.0 

5, 143.  3 


2,346.7 

3.107.2 
3.014.5 
3,315.0 
35,5.  7 
4,957.1 

I,, SOS.  9 
1,310.7 
1,995.0 
2,150.0 
19,  rM.  7 

1,959.1 
7,:i04.  7 
4, 793. 9 


8,164.3 


3,071.1 
6,111.4 
8.  4.5(1. 0 

2,372.6 


7.170.3 
4,883.6 

1 ,  ,559.  3 

75. 662.  5 

7,700.0 

1.968.9 

i,.s;«.o 

4,  ;120.  3 
6,291.2 
,5,249.5 

4,879.4 
8,980.0 
4.,15;i.2 
1 .  640. 0 


'  Kor  1906 and  190U  the  huri(e|ioWfr  n<pn-sentn  owiiimI  aixl  n-titi'il  power;  (or  1890,  owned  power  only. 


•  l>r.('rc|iH('. 


POWER  EMPLOYED  IN  MANUFACTURl^S. 


(hili 


There  was  an  extraordinary  development  from  1900 
to  1905  in  the  states  distin<iuished  chiefly  for  heavy 
manufacturinjj  on  a  lar<;e  scale.  In  Pennsylvania  the 
capacity  rose  rnim  107,746  to  346,797  horsepower,  or 
221.9  per  cent.  In  the  state  of  New  York  there  was  an 
increase  in  capacity  from  77,598  to  222,1 11  ]i(jrscj)ower, 
or  186.2  per  cent.  In  Illinois  the  capacity  rose  from 
49,235  to  165,265  liorsepovver,  or  235.7  per  cent.  In 
Ohio  it  rose  from  42,157  to  144,467  horsepower,  or  242.7 
per  cent.  In  Massachu.setts  the  capacity  rose  from 
32,828  to  91,012  horsepower,  or  177.2  per  cent.  The 
n<;ures  for  New  Jersey  are  equally  striking,  the  capacity 
increasini;  from  15,857  to  69,301  horsepower,  or  337 
per  cent. 

In  California  I  lie  effect  of  electric  energy  transmission 
is  Seen  especially  in  the  fact  that  while  "other  kind  "  of 
rented  horsepower  actiuilly  fell  ofl'  in  the  period  from 
1900  to  1905,  rented  electric  horsepower  increased 
from  9,624  to  39,363,  the  latter  comprising;  almost  80 
per  cent  of  all  electric  j)ower  reported  by  the  state.  In 
Iowa  the  rented  horsepower  other  than  electric  fell  off 
from  642  horsepower  to  523,  hut  rented  electric  power 
increased  from  2,613  to  5,107  horsepower.  The  same 
tendency  was  manifested  in  other  states,  as  for  instance 
in  Maryland,  where  the  other  rented  power  declined 
from  1,650  to  1,359  horsepower,  while  rented  electric 
power  increased  from  733  to  3,309  horsepower.  South 
Carolina  presents  an  extraordinary  example  of  this 
encroachment  of  the  newer  motive  power  resulting  in 
an  entire  reversal  of  the  figures.  Thus  in  1900  rented 
electric  power  was  only  185  and  other  rented  power 
3,320  horsepower.  At  the  cen.sus  of  1905  rented 
electric  power  in  that  state  had  increased  to  8,451 
horsepower  and  other  rented  ])ower  had  declined  to 
the  insignificant  total  of  80  horsepower.  A  more  ex- 
treme revolution  it  would  probably  be  hard  to  find 
in  industrial  history. 

Of  late  years  the  electric  motor  has  come  toheaverj- 
important  factor  in  iron  and  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills.  At  the  cen.sus  of  1905,  12,183  motors  were  em- 
ployed in  such  mills,  with  a  capacity  of  247,460  horse- 
power, supplemented  b}^  6,798  rented  electric  horse- 
power. In  blast  furnaces  1 ,370  motors  were  employed, 
with  a  total  capacity  of  52,471  horsepower,  associated 
with  6,320  rented  electric  horsepower.  In  the  manu- 
facture of  structural  ironwork  2,324  motors  were 
employed  of  27,247  horsepower,  supplemented  by  7,327 
rented  electric  horsepower,  and  9,834  motors  of  109,294 
horsepower  were  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  foundr}^ 
and  machine  shop  products,  and  in  addition  44,983 
rented  electric  horsepower  was  used.  It  will  be  seen 
that  these  four  allied  iron  and  steel  industries  emjiloyed 
directly  electric  motors  of  a  capacity  of  436,472  horse- 
power and  rented  power  to  the  extent  of  ()."), 428  horse- 
power, a  total  of  501,900  horsepower,  or  almost  one- 
third  of  the  total  for  all  industries. 

A  large  aggregate  capacity  was  also  employed  for 
the  construction   ami   repair   of  cars,    etc.,   by   steam 


railroads,  namely,  3,028  motors  of  46,561  horsepower 
and  6,074  rented  horsepower,  and  there  should  be 
added  717  motors  of  14,189  hor.sep(jwer,  supplemented 
by  316  rented  horsepower,  employed  specifically  for 
the  construction  of  steam  cars  by  other  than  railroad 
companies.  The  industry  of  cotton  goods  emjjlo^ed 
767  motors  of  52,734  horsepower,  supplemented  by 
13,565  rented  horsepower.  For  the  production  of 
electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies,  6,141 
motors  were  employed  of  40,440  horsepower,  supple- 
mented by  21,313  rented  horsepower.  In  several 
instances  the  rented  power  exceeded  that  owned  or 
generated  ])y  the  numufacturers,  and  .sometimes  to  a 
considerable  extent.  For  example,  for  flour  and  grist 
mills  232  motors  were  returned  of  4,724  horsepower, 
while  the  rented  electric  power  amounted  to  15,584 
horsepower.  In  planing  mills  332  motors  of  4,489 
horsepower  were  owned,  but  the  rented  electric  horse- 
power was  more  than  twice  as  great.  This  feature  was, 
however,  most  nuirked  in  the  printing  and  publishing 
industries.  In  the  book  and  job  printing  offices  1,386 
motors  were  employed  of  4,848  horsepower,  but  the 
rented  electric  power  was  not  less  than  '30,095  hor.se- 
power.  In  like  mamier  in  newspaper  and  periodical 
plants  1,531  motors  were  employed  of  9,558  horse- 
power, but  39,771  horsepower  was  reported  as  rented. 
The  printing  arts  lend  themselves  peculiarly  to  the 
subdivision  of  power  and  to  the  utilization  of  electric 
motors,  and  the  business  is  also  carried  on  to  a  great 
extent  in  populous  centers,  so  that  central  station 
sources  of  supply  can  be  drawn  upon.  The  result  is 
that  even  in  great  cities,  such  as  New  York,  the  largest 
newspapers  have  transmitted  to  them  from  distant 
power  houses  electrical  energj-  for  the  propulsion  of 
their  presses  and  the  operation  of  other  machiner}- 
necessary  to  the  pul)lishing  of  their  daily  issues. 

As  already  noted  in  connection  with  other  indus- 
tries, the  nature  of  the  raw  material  or  the  class  of 
product  is  a  factor  in  determining  the  .size  of  the 
motors.  The  largest  owned  electric  motors,  on  the  av- 
erage, at  the  census  of  1905  are  to  be  found  in  the  cotton 
goods  industry,  with  a  capacity  of  69  horsepower: 
in  the  paper  and  wood  pulp  industry,  of  54  horse- 
power; in  woolen  goods,  of  46  horsepower;  and  in 
worsted  goods,  of  41  horsepower.  Those  in  blast  fur- 
naces had  an  average  capacity  of  38  horsepower  and 
in  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  of  20  horsepower;  from 
this  the  size  dwindles  dowTi  to  those  employed  in  book 
and  job  printing  offices,  with  an  average  of  shghtly 
less  than  3V  horsepower.  It  should  not  be  understood, 
however,  that  these  are  other  than  average  figures,  as 
motors  of  very  large  capacity,  far  in  excess  of  those 
usually  employed  in  the  cotton  industry,  are  being 
applied  to  rolhng  mill  and  blast  furnace  purposes. 
For  example,  motors  of  1,500  horsepower  capacity  at 
a  speed  of  100  revolutions  per  minute,  and  capable  of 
being  driven  far  beyond  this  point,  have  been  installed 
in  a  large  rolling  mill:  and  motors  of  1,200  horse- 
]>ower  have  l)eon  installed  for  reversing  rolls,  wliile 


634 


MANUFACTrRES. 


1,500  horsepower  motors   have   also   been  appHed  to 
blooming  mills. 

The  use  of  electric  motors  is  now  so  general  that  it 
is  difficult  to  name  any  industry,  manufacturing  or 
otherwise,  to  which  this  modern  mechanism  has  not 
been  applied.  The  figures  cited  above  are  a  sufficient 
indication  of  the  remarkably  rapid  adoption  of  electric 
power  that  is  going  on,  but  the  economies  due  to  the 
change  from  long  and  short  lines  of  belt  shafting  to 
the  application  of  power  directly  at  the  point  of  utili- 
zation by  the  motor  have  not  yet  been  fully  worked 
out  or  realized  in  practice.  There  is  hardlj-  a  class  of 
machine  tools  which  is  not  to-day  in  a  transitional  stage, 
owing  to  the  efforts  that  are  being  made  not  only 
to  abandon  the  line  shafting  but  to  build  the  electric 
motors  directly  into  the  tool  or  appliance  itself.  In 
fact,  this  principle  of  direct  application  or  minute  sub- 
division of  applied  power  has  gone  so  far  that  several 
motors  are  now  being  fitted  or  applied  directly  to  the 
one  tool  or  piece  of  apparatus,  each  motor  being  lim- 
ited to  its  own  specific  function  in  raising  or  lowering, 
turning  or  reversing,  etc.  It  may  be  safely  asserted 
that  practically  all  the  newer  factories  and  shops  in 
the  United  States  of  any  .size,  constructed  within  the 
past  five  years,  have  an  electrical  drive  either  exclu- 
sively or  for  most  purposes.     In  some  instances  the 


motors  have  been  applied  directly  to  the  tools,  and  in 
others  one  motor  drives  a  constant  speed  countershaft 
from  which  the  separate  machines  receive  their  power 
through  leather  belts  or  special  forms  of  link  belt 
drives.  As  between  direct  connected  and  belted  mo- 
tors, it  is  a  question  of  the  interbalancing  of  advan- 
tages— the  capital  outlaj'  being  less  where  the  large 
shaft-driving  motors  are  employed,  while  the  energy 
consumption  is  also  reduced  by  their  higher  efficiency. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  incorporation  of  the  motor 
directly  into  the  machine  drive  through  gears  or  short 
link  belts  witliout  intermediate  shaft  belting  is  found 
to  offer  many  advantages,  and  there  is  a  constant 
effort  in  this  direction  of  simplicity  of  drive  on  the 
part  of  both  machine  builders  and  the  numufacturers 
of  motors.  The  general  advantages  duo  to  the  adop- 
tion of  electric  power  are  common  to  both  methods 
and  are  those  comiected  mtli  economy,  the  greater 
flexibility  and  handiness,  the  lessening  of  risk  of  total 
breakdown,  and  the  generally  greater  refinement  of 
speed  or  delicacy  of  operation. 

Reference  has  been  made  to  the  subject  of  electric 
energy  transmission,  and  a  tabular  statement  is  ]->re- 
sented  giving  a  list  of  some  of  the  most  important 
and  interesting  electrical  transmission  plants  on  the 
.4-merican  continent. 


Klectrical  transmission  plants. 


T-ocation. 


Edison  Eloctric  Company,  Kern  River  Station . 

.\merican  Rivpr  Elretric  Company 

Northern  California  l*o\ver  Company 

California  Cas  and  Elpctric  Company 

Sisltiyou  Elpctric  I'owpr  Company 


Los  Angf  Ifis,  Cal . . . 

Placerville,  Cal 

Rpdding,  Cal 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Yreka.Cal 


Electric  Development  Company Colorado 

Animaa  Canal  itediiction  Water  Power  and  Development  Company Durango,  Colo 

.\tlnnta  Water  and  Eli'Ctric  Power  Company '  Morgan  Kails,  Oa 

Great  Northern  Power  Company DuUil  h,  Minn 

('nliimliia  Improvement  Company Taylors  Falls,  Minn . . 

Joplin,  Mo 

Canyon  Ferry,  Mont. 

lli'lena,  Mont 

Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.. 
Ni.^gara  Falls,'  N.  Y. . 


Spring  River  I'ower  Company 

Missouri  Itivhr  Power  Company 

Mi.^Monri  Kiver  I'owrT  Company 

Catanuri  I'ower  and  Condtnt  Company. 
Ontario  I'ower  Company 


Whitney  Uediietion  Company 

Condor  Water  an<l  I'ower  ('ompany. 
Jimlala  llydro-EUKtrlc Company. . . 
Helton  Power  Company 


Tellnridif  Power  'I'ransmisflion  Companj*. 

rtsh  Sugar  Company 

Noolcsack  Falls  flower  Company 

Washington  Water  Power  Company 


Salislmry,  N.  C. 

Tolo,  Oreg 

Huntingdon,  Pa. 
South  ("ivrolina.. 


Provo,  I'tah 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 
Myrtle  Falls,  "Wash. . 
Post  Falls,  Wash  .   . . 


Columi'us  Improvement  Company Seattle,  Wash 

I'uget  Soim'I  Power  Company .Seattle,  Wash 

Si'jittli-'i'aeoma  Power  ('onipnny .Snoqualmle,  Wash . 

Mn'Iiifiii  Hi\.r  I'ower  Company -   Wisconsin 


Forrign. 

Mexiean  Light  an'l  Power  Company <'ity  of  Mexico 

Ilamiltoi)  Catiiraei  I'ower  and  Light  Company Hamilton,  Ontario... 

.ShawiniL'.iri  '.\  jiti-r  and  I'fiwer  Company Mont  real,  ('ana<la. . . . 

.Hh'i  ■  'riVimpany Montrejil,  Canada 

Can  ■  '  L  Falls  Power  <'ompany Niagara  Falls 

NI»K  '        '        ,  ■•'•t,  and  Ontario  Company Niagara  Falls,  N.  V.. 

Wlnni|Kg  (xiiiural  Power  Company I  WlnnljH'g,  Manitolia. 


Maximum 
transmit- 
ting volt- 
age. 

Total  ca- 
pacity, 
horse- 
power. 

Frequen- 
cy of 
cycles. 

Length  of 

liia^" 

(iniles). 

75,000 

26,000 

50 

139 

fiO,000 

4,000 

60 

90 

22,000 

7,000 

(10 

(10 

70,000 

(10,000 

60 

100  to  -200 

22,  .'iOO 

22,  ,100 

liO 

!l 

1)0,000 

37,000 

2.1 

m 

.lO.tXX) 

21,000 

(10 

,1,1 

22. 000 

14,000 

25 

8 

W.  000 

(10,000 

25 

14 

.lO,  000 

13,.'»00 

60 

38 

.■)3,000 

1,000 

(K) 

28 

.W,000 

10.000 

60 

65 

M.OflO 

.1, 0(»1 

60 

00 

22,000 

.10.  (KK) 

25 

25 

110,000 

70,  (KH) 

2.1 

lai 

00,000 

,3.1,  (MKI 

(iO 

7.1 

22,000 

1,0(K) 

(ill 

1(X) 

1.5, 0(X) 

7,  .100 

(10 

30 

22,.')00 

5,  (XX) 

(10 

14 

40,000 

12,  (XK) 

f»l 

,15 

23,000 

3,  (XXI 

(iO 

9 

;«,ooo 

2,0(X1 

(ill 

40 

(10,000 

24,000 

lUI 

no 

.w.ooo 

28, 700 

(H) 

17 

.K.OOO 

35,000 

(10 

47 

3.3,000 

14,700 

(10 

4 

80,000 

24,000 

(10 

110 

00,000 

40,000 

.10 

173 

4.'.,  000 

30,100 

6(1 

36 

50,000 

•20,000 

30 

80 

5(1,000 

I5,0(K) 

25 

8.1 

00,000 

70,000 

25 

90 

00,000 

10,000 

25 

168 

00,000 

25,000 

i«) 

07 

Ah  will  be  seen  from  this  statement,  several  of  these 
lines  are  over  IOO  miles  in  length,  iiiid  in  one  instance, 
in   California,   the    total    lenuth   oi   line   is    now   200 


miles.  Il  will  jilsd  be  observed  (hill  t  lie  lodil  capacity 
of  these  |)liiiils  ranges  ii|)\Mir(l  in  many  instances  to 
50,000,    00,000,    and    70.000    horsepower.     The    line 


POWER  EMPLOYED  IN  MANTn^'A('TT^Pl-:S. 


635 


voltage  which  not  long  ago  electrical  engineers  were 
reluctant  to  carry  above  10,000  volts  now  reaches,  as 
is  .shown  hy  tho  table,  40,000,  (;0,000,  and  .S0,000  volts, 
and  jiressures  are  under  discussion  which  range  even 
higher  than  this.  It  is  from  such  plants  as  these  that 
a  large  amount  of  the  rented  electric  power  referr(>d  to 
above  is  derived,  as  well  as  from  the  central  station 
power  plants  in  cities  and  towns.  All  the  plants 
enumerated  in  the  above  statement  are  based  uj)on  the 
utilization  and  conversion  of  hydraulic  energy  and  its 
transmission  and  distribution  in  the  shape  of  electrical 
energy.  At  the  same  time  it  will  be  observed  that 
but  for  the  adoption  of  electrical  methods  it  would 
have  been  found  impo.ssible  to  develop  advantageously 
many  of  these  waterpowers  hitherto  rinining  to  waste. 
Electricity  has  conferred  a  double  benefit  not  only  in 
saving  that  which  was  hitherto  lost,  but  in  enabling 
manufacturers  and  miners  to  locate  at  points  where 
their  processes  can  be  carried  on  with  greatest  economy 
and  profit  and  to  employ  there  power  which  would 
otherwise  have  been  beyond  their  reach  or  beyond 
their  resources.  The  effect  of  this  electrical  revolution 
can  not  yet  be  fully  apprehended,  as  it  is  in  its  earlier 
stages;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  profound 
impression  that  it  is  making  upon  every  branch  of 
industry,  including  all  the  departments  of  manufacture. 
The  utilization  of  waterpower  tlu'ough  long  distance 
transmission  lines  and  with  the  aid  of  electric  motors 
for  manufacturing  and  kindred  purposes  is  intimately 
associated  with  the  question  of  coal  output  and  the 
general  exhaustion  of  the  fuel  supplies.  This  exhaus- 
tion, while  not  imminent,  has  already' made  its  possible 
ultimate  effects  felt  in  the  gradual  increase  in  the  cost 
of  natural  gas  and  petroleum  and  in  the  steady  increase 
in  the  cost  of  coal,  wliich  necessaril}'  becomes  more 
expensive  as  it  is  more  difhcult  to  mine  at  lower  depths. 
The  resort,  therefore,  to  remote  waterpowers  and  to  the 
intervention  of  electric  motors  was  in  a  sense  inevitable 
and  explains  the  eagerness  with  wliich  water  privileges, 
falls,  and  river  courses  are  being  acquired  and  devel- 
oped tlu'oughout  the  coimtry  for  the  pm-poses  of  elec- 
trical transmission.  iVnother  aspect  of  the  case  is  the 
strictly  economic  one.  It  is  undoubtedly  a  fact  that 
the  use  of  waterpower  in  this  manner  has  greatly 
lessened  power  costs  in  manufactiu-ing.  Taking  the 
electrical  utilization  of  Niagara  as  a  basis,  although 
the  power  development  there  is  neither  the  dearest  nor 
the  cheapest,  it  is  found  that  the  industries  at  that 
point  are  paying  not  to  exceed  $2.5  per  horsepower  for 
a  continuous  year's  service  of  8,760  houi-s.  The 
anxiety  to  seize  upon  the  resom'ces  of  Niagara,  esti- 
mated at  a  total  power  of  4.000.000  horsepower,  may 
therefore  be  understood.  The  utilization  of  one-half 
of  tills  power,  namety,  2,000.000  horsepower,  would 
effect  an  annual  saving  of  12,000.000  tons  of  coal. 
Upon  the  basis  of  3,000  hours  per  annum,  taking  the 


vulno  of  this  fuel  at  .S2..50  per  ton,  the  saving  effected 
would  amount  to  .'$:50,000,000.  Considei-ing  this  to 
represent  40  per  cent  of  th<!  cost  oi  development  an- 
nually of  2,000,000  horsepower  by  steam,  the  total 
expense  is  found  to  be  .?7.5, 000,000.'  Such  figures  as 
these,  applied  in  a  general  way  to  the  entire  hydro- 
electrfcal  development  now  so  actively  in  progress 
throughout  the  country,  give  a  rough  ideu  of  the 
rewards  to  capital  and  the  eccjnomies  to  manufacturers 
involved  in  this  industrial  and  engineering  change  of 
methods. 

(JA.S    ENGINE    POWER. 

The  increase  in  the  number,  size,  and  total  capacity 
of  gas  and  gasoline  engines  has  been  another  marked 
feature  of  industrial  and  engineering  development  in 
connection  with  manufactures.  Table  10  j)resents 
the  statistics  of  this  form  of  power,  by  states,  from  1890 
to  190.5. 

The  number  of  gas  and  gasoline  engines  increased 
from  14,3.34  in  1900  to  21,525  at  the  census  of  1905, 
their  capacity  from  134,742  horsepower  to  289,514, 
and  their  percentage  of  the  total  hor.sepower  employed 
in  manufacturing  establishments  rose  from  1.3  to  2. 
Wlien  it  is  recalled  that  at  the  census  of  1890  the 
capacity  of  gas  engines  in  manufacturing  cstabli.sh- 
ments  was  only  8,930  horsepower  and  is  now  over 
thirty  times  greater,  it  will  be  seen  that  a  really 
remarkable  change  has  taken  place.  The  percentage 
of  gain  in  horsepower  from  1900  to  1905  was  114.9, 
and  tliis  was  exceeded  oidy  by  the  percentage  of  gain 
in  electric  j^ower. 

The  internal  combustion  engine  has  evidently  not 
only  retained  its  popularity  for  reasons  of  convenience, 
economy,  and  efficiency,  but  has  gained  ground,  and 
is  to-day  taken  very  seriously  as  a  source  of  motive 
power  on  a  large  scale.  The  average  size  of  gas  engines 
in  1900  was  9.4  horsepower,  whereas  at  the  census  of 
1905  it  had  increased  to  nearty  13.5  horsepower.  This 
gain  in  size,  however,  should  not  be  taken  to  mean 
that  the  number  of  small  gas  engines  is  less  than  it 
was,  as  it  is  in  the  verv  small  sizes  that  this  appHance 
still  experiences  its  greatest  demand.  The  statistics  are 
influenced  very^  considerably  by  the  utilization  on  a 
large  scale  of  producer  gas  in  connection  with  the  iron 
and  steel  industries.  In  such  industries,  however,  as 
printing  and  publisliing,  gas  engines  of  an  extremel)' 
small  capacity  are  u.sed.  In  the  book  and  job  branch 
there  were  1,001  engines  of  a  capacity  of  6,136  horse- 
power reported  at  the  census  of  1905,  or  an  average 
of  6  horsepower  per  engine.  In  the  newspaper  and 
periodical  department  the  average  was  even  less,  as 
the  5,147  gas  engines  used  had  a  capacity  of  only 

'  These  figures  appeared  in  a  statement  made  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Clark 
tn  tlie  Hon.  T.  E.  Burton,  chairman  of  the  House  Committee  on 
Rivers  and  Harbors,  during  a  discussion  of  the  Niagara  power  bill 
in  1906. 


636 


MANUFACTURES. 


18,137  horsepower,  or  less  than  4  horsepower  per 
unit.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  it  is  in  the  gas  and  gasohne 
engines  that  one  finds  to-day  perhaps  the  widest 
range  in  size  among  motive  power  apphances,  unless 
the  electric  dynamo  and  the  electric  motor  be  con- 
sidered as  generically  and  essentially  the  same. 

The  use  of  gas  and  gasoline  power  is  very  general 
throughout  the  coimtn,-,  as  it  is  found  in  every  state 
and  territory.  Pennsylvania  was  the  most  conspic- 
uous state  in  tliis  respect  at  the  census  of  190.5,  with 
68,209  horsepower  capacity.  In  New  York  there  was 
a  capacity  of  44,288  horsepower;  in  Oliio,  of  35,101 
horsepiiwer;  in  Indiana,  of  21,171  horsepower;  in 
Illinois,  of  12,319  horsepow^er;  in  Wisconsin,  of  11,356 
horsepower;  and  in  Michigan,  of  10,534  horsepower. 

The  gasoline  engine  is  necessarily  more  widely  used 


than  the  gas  engine,  gasoline  being  obtainable  every- 
where, while  the  gas  engine  usually  depends  upon  its 
supplj-  of  fuel  from  city  gas  works.  Hence  by  far  the 
larger  number  of  gas  engines,  and  those  small  ones, 
are  to  be  fountl  in  the  denser  centers  of  population, 
where  the  engine  can  be  employed  for  the  countless 
minor  or  finer  branches  of  industry.  Unlike  the  steam 
engine,  it  can  be  installed  practically  on  any  floor  of  a 
building  when  surrounded  by  appropriate  safeguards 
against  fire.  It  is  in  this  respect,  however,  that  of 
recent  years  the  smaller  gas  engine  has  encountered  the 
sharp  competition  of  the  electric  motor.  The  latter, 
in  many  of  the  essentials  of  convenience,  economy, 
adaptability,  and  freedom  from  danger,  comes  into 
competition  with  the  gas  engine  as  does  that  appliance 
with  the  steam  engine. 


Table  10.— GAS  AND  GASOLINE    POWER,  WITH  .^.MOUNT  AND  PER  CENT   OF   INCREASE,  BY   STATES   AND   TER- 
RITORIES: 1890  TO  1905. 

[  For  moo  the  horsepower  includes  the  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries,  except  custom  gristmills,  custom  sawmills,  and  cotton  ginning.     I*rior  to  1500  the 

horsepower  includes  all  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries.] 


STATE  OR  TERRITORY. 


United  States. 


Alabama.. 

Alaska 

Arizona... 
Arkansas. 
California. 


Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia. 
Florida 


Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indian  Territory. 
Indiana 


Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky . 
Louisiana. 
Maine 


Mar>'lflnd 

MiiNHachusetts. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 


Missouri 

Montana 

Nel>riiflka 

Nevada 

New  Ifampshlrv. 


New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota.. 


Ohi" 
Ok  I 
Or.. 
I'ei,,, 


Rhode  Iflland. . 
Bouth  Cnr'dinii . 
8onth  Dnk'itn . . 
Tenness*.e 


Texas.. . 

Utah 

Vermont. 
Virginia.. 


Washington... 
West  \lrglnl». 

Wlnr'fMlHin 

Wyoming 


HORSEPOWER.' 


190ii 


472 

91 

1,392 

482 
6,292 

317 
3,393 
412 
311 
320 

632 
127 

12,319 
283 

21.171 

4,  486 
6.923 
1,938 
961 
3,0()3 

4,377 
7,487 
10,  .134 
4.710 
220 

4, 960 

74 

■2.03F, 

12.5 

1.395 

9.070 

114 

44,288 

2, 102 

»4& 

3li,  101 

70(1 

,17l 

68,209 

1,247 

239 

1.397 

1.084 

1,8711 

m 

1,483 
1,718 

493 

B,m 

U,3M 

H8 


1900 


134,742 


371 

326 

3.244 

519 
1,608 
315 
338 
173 

365 

28 

8,758 

45 

12,295 

4,524 
2.5m 
1,096 
462 
2,178 

3,139 
4,074 
5,  Ii03 
3, 624 
144 

3,279 
85 

1.919 
39 
571 

3,284 

64 

16,221 

388 

759 

14,2.10 
155 
195 

20,246 

427 

323 

1,270 

,W3 

968 

89 

1,120 

748 

189 

1,045 

4,358 

42 


1890 


8,930 


361 


36 
215 


223 

213 

10 

175 
289 
237 
126 


17 

m 

48 
3 

135 


1,990 
42 
12 

1,183 


2 
919 

18 
97 
32 
54 

1.'.7 
10 
10 
78 

3 

33 

274 


INCREASE. 


1900  to  1906 


1890  to  1900 


Amount.!  Percent.  Amount.  Percent. 


114.9 


91 

1,021 

156 

3,048 

2  202 

1,785 

97 

J  27 

147 

267 

99 

3,561 

238 
8,876 

«38 
4,393 
842 
499 
885 

1.238 
3, 413 

4.931 

1,086 

76 

1,681 

>  11 

116 

86 

824 

S.  786 

50 

28,067 

1,714 

■'  114 

20,871 
.551 
176 

41,963 

820 
:84 
127 
491 

f08 
>30 
363 
967 

304 

S.S24 

6,998 

4« 


275,2 
47.9 
94.0 

5  38.9 
111.0 
30.8 
!&0 
85.0 

73.2 
353.6 

40.7 
52a  9 

72.2 

>0.8 
173.6 

7(i.8 
108  0 

40.6 

39.4 
S3.  8 
88.0 
30.0 


,51.  3 

•'12.  9 

6.  0 

220.  5 

144,3 

176.  2 
7.8.1 
17,3. 0 
441.  S 
'  15.0 

14(1.  7 
3.55.6 
90.3 
159.9 

192.0 

'  26.  0 

10.0 

82.8 

9,3.  8 
« ,33.  7 

,12.  4 
129.  3 

160.8 
628.6 
160.  (I 
100.6 


125,812  I      l,40a9 


362 


371 
319 

2,883 

483 
1.393 
235 
247 
110 

246 

28 

8,050 

45 

12,119 

4,454 

2,453 

873 

249 

2,168 

2,964 
3.785 
5, 3li6 
3.  498 
1,16 


(IS 

1,861 

■'9 

.568 

,i.l49 

64 

14.231 

346 

747 

13,047 
155 
193 

25,327 

409 

226 

1,2,18 

539 

811 

79 

1,110 

670 

186 

1,012 

4.084 

42 


2,585.7 


4,557,1 
79a  6 

1,341.7 
047.9 
293.8 
271.4 
174.6 

20Ul7 


1,137.0 


6,885.8 

6,302.9 

3,185.7 

391.5 

116.9 

21,li80.0 

1,693.7 
1,309.7 
2,264.  1 
2,776.2 
1,700.0 

617.  5 

400.0 

3,208.6 

'  las 

18,933,3 
2,332.0 


715.1 

823.  8 

6,22.5.0 

1,102.9 


9,6,50.0 
2,7.56.9 

2, 272.  2 
233. 0 

3,  SIM.  8 
99S.  1 

516,  6 

790,0 

11,100.0 

.859. 0 

6,200.0 
3,066.7 
1,4110.5 


'■presents  owni'il  power  only. 


'  Decrease. 


powi':u  1':mpl()yp:d  in  manufactures. 


6.37 


The  size  uf  j^iis  engine  units  depends,  as  witli  other 
motive  powers,  to  some  extent  upon  the  nature  of  the 
industry  to  which  its  power  is  furnished.  The  size  of 
the  unit  in  the  printing  and  pul)iishing  industries  shows 
a  capacity  of  from  4  to  6  horsepower.  Tn  the  manu- 
facture of  cement,  however,  while  only  25  engines  were 
reported  at  the  census  of  1905,  their  average  capacity 
was  over  122  horsepower.  In  blast  furnaces  only  27 
were  reported,  but  their  capacity  reached  nearly  139 
horsepower  each,  while  in  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 
53  were  installed,  with  a  capacity  of  1 1,S()6  horsepower, 
or  an  average  of  not  less  than  223  horsepower  per  unit. 
In  reality,  however,  the  gas  engine  with  which  the 
public  is  still  most  familiar  in  connection  with  motive 
power  purposes  is  the  small  type  connected  to  city  gas 
mains.  One  interesting  feature  of  the  consolidation 
of  gas  and  electric  lighting  supply  companies  has 
been  the  change  in  method  of  utilization.  The  very 
small  gas  engines  may  have  been  displaced  in  many 
instances  by  the  electric  motor,  but  the  productive  gas 
capacity  thus  set  free  has  in  turn  been  utilized  again  at 
the  central  plant  to  drive  large  gas  engines  attached  to 
the  dynamos.  The  latter  furnish  current  to  the 
small  electric  motors,  thus  accomplishing  the  same 
work  that  the  small  gas  engines  did  previously.  In 
some  of  these  systems,  natural  fuel  gas  is  also  employed, 
an  interesting  example  of  which  is  seen  in  the  gas 
engine  plant  of  a  street  railway  system  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. With  a  capacity  of  1,000  horsepower  this  plant 
utilizes,  at  a  pressure  of  125  pounds,  gas  which  is 
furnished  by  32  wells  lying  in  the  famous  Bradford 
sand  strata  of  Elk  county.  In  view  of  its  apparent 
tentlency,  however,  to  diminish  in  volume  and  pressure, 
the  natural  gas  supply  can  not  be  regarded  as  a  per- 
manent basis  for  the  development  of  larger  types  of 
gas  engines  for  manufacturing  and  other  purposes. 
Thus  a  great  deal  of  activity  and  a  large  amount  of 
inventive  ability  are  being  applied  to  the  development 
and  perfection  of  gas  ''producer"  plants.  It  is  stated 
that  antliracite  protlucers  for  the  supply  of  gas  to  such 
engines  have  already  reached  a  high  degree  of  per- 
fection, are  reasonable  in  price,  simple  to  operate,  and 
show  an  efficiency  75  to  80  per  cent  above  that  of  the 
best  steam  boiler  and  furnace.  The  bituminous  pro- 
ducer has  not  yet  been  completely  worked  out.  In 
this  type  the  volatiles  are  completely  converted  into 
fixed  gases  without  serious  loss  and  without  com- 
plication of  the  operating  system.  A  number  of 
excellent  appliances  are  already  on  the  market  for 
reducing  bituminous  coal,  but  when  the  gas  is  to  be 
employed  in  engines  of  tiiis  character  they  are  asso- 
ciated with  special  and  often  complex  cleaning  ap- 
paratus, scrubbers,  and  the  like,  for  the  purpose  of 
purification  before  the  gas  is  atlmitted  to  the  com- 
bustion chamber.  Generally  the  bituminous  pro- 
ducers are  of  lower  efficiency  than  the  anthracite,  but 
even  existing  types  are  reported  to  reach  or  even  ex- 


ceed 70  per  cent  efficiency,  equaling  that  of  the  best 
steam  boiler  and  furnace. 

One  of  the  most  notable  developments  of  the  last  few 
years  in  connection  with  the  f)erfecting  of  the  large  gas 
engines  has  been  the  utilization  of  blast  furnace  gas 
engines.  Greater  economy  is  thus  attained  through 
the  utilization  of  a  by-product  of  which  hitherto  a  verj^ 
large  percentage  had  gone  to  waste.  A  notewijrthy 
instance  of  work  in  this  direction  is  an  equipment  at 
Pittsburg,  Pa.  This  plant  was  the  first  large  gas  power 
installation  in  America  to  use  blast  furnace  gas  i)as.sed 
through  double-acting,  four-cycle  engines  of  great  capac- 
ity. Support  had  previously  been  given  to  the  in- 
ternal combustion  type  of  i)rime  movers.  But  during 
the  period  of  this  report  further  interest  in  the  subject 
was  evidenced  when  the  largest  single  operator  under- 
took the  utilization  of  waste  gas  by  the  purchase  of 
12,()()0  horsepower  in  gas  driven  blowing  engines  and 
2,500  horsepower  in  a  gas  driven  electrical  generating 
unit.  A  new  plant  at  Gar\',  Ind.,  comprises  about 
25,000  horsepower  of  blast  furnace  gas  engines.  A 
Pittsburg  plant  will  comprise,  when  complete,  no  fewer 
than  12  large  units  for  ])lower  purposes  of  3,000  horse- 
power each.  In  design  these  engines  follow  the  general 
line  of  smaller  units  and  are  of  the  twin  tandem  double 
acting  style  with  center  hung  fly  wheel.  Although  an 
uninterrupted  supply  of  air  is  furnished  for  blowing 
purposes,  the  duty  imposed  is  by  no  means  uniform. 
Owing  to  changes  in  the  compactness  of  furnaces  the 
air  pressure  must  vary  in  proportion.  The  usual  range 
is  14  to  20  pounds  per  square  inch,  except  when  the 
furnaces  are  tapped.  At  such  times  the  pressure  is 
reduced  to  5  pounds,  but  when  the  furnaces  are  closely 
packed  it  may  rise  to  20  pounds.  These  variations 
have  to  be  provided  for  by  sensitive  centrifugal  regu- 
lators. Ordinarily  compressed  air  is  used  for  starting, 
one  minute  usually  being  sufficient,  but  it  is  worthy  of 
note  that  these  large  units  can  be  started  and  placed 
under  full  load  in  53  seconds  from  the  time  of  turning 
on  the  air.  Since  the  starting  is  entirely  automatic 
when  the  engine  goes  into  operation,  only  the  gas  and 
air  valv^es  require  the  attention  of  the  operator. 

■  An  explanation  of  the  increasing  favor  for  large  gas 
engines  in  metallurgical  works  is  furnished  by  Mr. 
R.  E.  ^lathot,  in  a  discussion  of  the  sul)ject  before  the 
American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers.  An  ordi- 
narj*  blast  furnace  of  a  daily  24-hour  output  of  100 
tons  of  iron  liberates  about  315,000  cidiic  feet  of  gas, 
wliich  is  available  for  motive  power  and  has  an  average 
value  of  110  British  thermal  units.  This  volume  of 
gas  generates  in  steam  plants  about  2.500  horse- 
power, while  in  modern  and  improved  gas  engine 
plants  it  gives  4,200  horsepower.  It  is  a  difference 
of  1,700  horsepower,  or  about  70  per  cent,  in  favor  of 
the  gas  engine.  The  same  authority  asserts  that 
among  50  smelting  works  in  the  iron  and  steel  industny- 
in  Germany,  42  are  already  using  or  have  ordered  large 


638 


MANUFACTURES. 


engines  for  dealing  with  the  gas  generated  in  the  blast 
furnaces,  smelting,  or  coke  ovens.  These  works  rep- 
resent 350  units,  with  an  aggregate  output  of  about 
400,000  horsepower.  The  largest  of  the  plants  is  of 
35,000  horsepower,  while  there  are  15  works  with 
plants  of  from  10,000  to  12,000  horsepower. 

OTHER    POWER. 

Under  the  heading  "other  power,"  as  distinguished 
from  steam,  water,  gas,  and  electric  power,  Table  1 
of  this  report  includes  an  item  of  92,154  horsepower 
owned.  This  compares  with  49,985  in  1900.  A  large 
part  of  the  power  included  in  this  group  is  pneumatic, 
although  probably  some  hot  air  engines  also  are 
included.  The  general  introduction  of  pneimiatic 
tools  is  well  known,  and  large  pneumatic  plants  have 
been  installed  in  various  shops  and  factories  for  the 
purpose  ot  supplying  the  compressed  air  delivered  to 
these  tools  as  their  motive  power.  It  will,  of  course, 
be  understood  that  such  compression  plants  involve 
a  duplication  in  so  far  as  they  reqture  association  with 
steam  or  water  power,  or  even  electrical  plants,  in 
order  to  compress  the  air  or  insure  its  storage. 

Aside  from  the  use  of  compressed  air  in  drilling, 
excavating,  building  operations,  mining,  etc.,  a  large 
capacity  of  such  apparatus  is  now  employed  directly 
for  manufacturing  purpo.ses.  As  has  been  pointed  out 
by  Mr.  Iliscox,  in  his  well-known  treatise  on  the  sub- 
ject, the  use  of  compressed  air  machinery  for  quarr}-- 
ing,  mining,  and  drilling,  and  the  means  of  compress- 
ing air  economically,  have  been  greatly  extended  by 
the  inventive  genius  of  Americans,  among  them  Rand, 
Ingersoll,  Sergeant,  Clayton,  and  others.  Their  appa- 
ratus has  contributed  materially  to  the  success  of  the 
vast  system  of  railway  tunnels  all  over  the  country, 
as  well  as  to  the  sinking  and  drifting  in  all  classes  of 
mineral  excavation  during  the  past  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury. But  the  use  of  compressed  air  has  recently 
invaded  the  field  of  manufactures,  and  tools  of  this 
t^rpe  are  to  be  found  in  work.shops  and  factories  of 
wdely  dissimilar  character,  their  portable  nature  ren- 
dering them  extremely  convenient  and  economical. 
The  air  hammer  as  a  riveter  and  drill  in  shipbuilding 
is  of  universal  application  in  the  United  States,  and 
its  unceasing  use  throughout  the  day  produces  one 
of  the  characteristic  noi.se.s  of  American  sliipbuilding 
yard.s.  In  fact,  thanks  to  the  same  appliance,  it 
might  bi'  cliiimed  that  the  modern  steel  hiiildiiig  is 
e.s.sentiall3'  '^  nuinufaclured  article.  The  pnciiinatic 
hammer  is  also  widely  in  use  in  niJplienlioii  (o  nil 
cla.s.seH  t)f  work  in  tlie  niacliine  .shops.  A  line  of  air 
pipe  is  carried  along  the  ceiling  over  the  vice;  i)enclies 
with  the  air  hose  attached  to  a  hammer,  while  a  drill 
stnnrls  ii|)(in  the  bencli  ready  for  instant  u.se.  .Viiotlier 
application  is  the  jjneumutic  fret  .saw,  directly  Hlliiclicd 
to  the  pi.ston  of  a  pneumatic  hammer,  an<l  making 
from  1,000  to  1,W)0  .strokes  per  minute,  fii  iiddition 
to  the  Use  of  iliis  tool  in  udotl  working  cstal>lishiiients 


it  may  be  noted  that  it  is  employed  in  Chicago  packing 
houses  for  sawing  ham  bones.  Its  application  to  the 
manufacture  of  fine  furniture,  also,  is  as  easy  and 
natural  as  the  use  of  the  pneumatic  hammer  in  the 
manufacture  of  sculpture.  Pneumatic  hoists  are  an 
important  class  of  apparatus,  used  either  alone  or 
associated  with  cranes  and  travelers.  The  applica- 
tion of  compressed  air  in  the  manufacture  of  ice 
might  be  instanced,  but,  like  other  interesting  work, 
it  lies  somewhat  beyond  the  scope  of  this  report,  as 
does  the  appliance  employed  for  dusting  purposes  in 
machine  shops  and  railway  coaches. 

RENTED    POWER. 

Table  11  presents  the  statistics  with  regard  to 
rented  power  for  each  census  from  1890  to  1905,  to 
which  incidental  reference  has  already  been  made  in 
discussion  of  various  motive  powers. 

T.\BLE  11. — Rented  poxoer,  by  states  and  territories:  1S90  to  1905. 

[For  1900  the  horsepower  includes  the  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries, 
except  custom  gristmills,  custom  sawmills,  and  cotton  ginning.    Prior  to  1900 


the  horsepower  includes  all  hand  trades  and  neighborhood  industries.] 

HORSEPOWER. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

United  States. .                                   .   . 

032,905 

319,475 

88,571 

Alabama 

1,542 

3 

415 

585 

41,885 

3,830 

14,280 

1,250 

1,004 

1,Q00 

7,702 

721 

283 

38 

250 

12,230 

1,539 

9,242 

1,622 

771 

162 

1.940 

40 

Arkansas 

160 

2,593 
276 

Colorado,    .,                          .   .                     .   . 

3.098 

Delaware 

104 

51 

13 

Georgia 

457 

(i37                   6 

Illinois .                     

63,519 

106 

11,049 

6.0,30 

2,, '(40 

4,305 

2,851 

10,182 

4,008 

52,0;i8 

14,810 

9,804 

,633 

I6,2<)6 

3,900 

2,491 

835 

13,746 

18,912 

208 

170,895 

2,925 

287 

28,902 

0.52 

4,805 

59,007 

9,457 

8,531 

191 

2,0.57 

4,473 

2,941 

6,871 

4,785 

12,409 

S70 

10,424 

40 

27,096 

0,753 

ln<iiana : 

4,444 

3,255 

1,,583 

2,440 

1,593 

8,789 

2,383 

31,994 

0,385 

4,742 

502 

8,923 

1,259 

1,217 

1 

4,420 

10,102 

8 

82,539 

1,510 

154 

10,014 

65 

2,501 

.38,209 

0,091 

3,505 

112 

1,894 

2,002 

1,603 

3,128 

1,791 

2,7.38 

285 

3,8.38 

7 

1,678 

190 

•223 

Kentucky...                                         

324 

7 

Maine ....         

2,870 

979 

Massachusetts 

15,307 
1,983 

Michigan   . 

1,481 

Mississippi .                                

212 

1,597 

Montana 

17 

179 

New  Hampshire 

956 

3,502 

10 

New  Mexico . 

25,723 

N^irth  Ciirnliiia 

87 

North  Dakota 

27 

(Ihin 

5,880 

Okhihoma 

O  ri'K"" 

490 

i'l'riiiHvlvnnla 

6,927 

1,911 

74 

South  Dakotu 

217 

IVx/iH 

124 

I'tah 

32 

N'rilrinnt 

844 

\ir(;hiln 

193 

10 

Wi'.-^t  \' iFKl nla 

75 

549 

Heiiled  power  increased  from  319,475  horsepower 
in  I'.IOO  to  (V.V'.Wr)  li<irse|)(iwcr  for  190.'),  or  9.S.1  per 
cent.  'IMie  tolnl  rented  power  was  1.3  pec  eenl  of  I  lie 
power  of  ail  kinds.  .Vccording  to  the  subdivided  sta- 
tistics  tliis   rented    power   for    190.')   was   very   largely 


POWER  EMPLOYED  IN  MANUFACTURES. 


639 


electrical,  namely  441,502  horsepower,  other  rented 
power  amounting  to  only  191,;ii;5  liorsepower.  In 
other  words,  electric  power  was  slightly  more  than 
two-thirds  of  tlu^  total  rented  horsepower. 

The  rented  ])ower  was  concentrated  in  the  states  of 
dense  population  and  industrial  centers,  where  motive 
power  is  reciiiired  in  small  <|uantities  for  a  wide  range 
of  minor  industries.  This  fact  in  itself  would  explain 
the  rapid  increase  from  88,571  horsepower  in  1890  to  a 
capacity  more  than  seven  times  as  great  for  1905. 
The  introduction  of  electric  power  also  contributed 
largely  to  this  increase.  In  tlie  large  cities  even  the 
more  extensive  manufacturing  establishments  find  it 
economical  to  abandon  the  use  of  steam  for  the  pur- 
poses of  motive  power,  and  in  the  shape  of  electrical 
energy  to  rent  power  from  the  local  electric  light  and 
power  central  stations,  retaining  their  steam  systems 
merely  for  operation  at  low  pressure  for  heating  pur- 
poses. 

The  effect  of  the  use  of  electricity  in  retluciug  the 
amount  of  other  kinds  of  rented  power  has  already 
been  pointed  out.  The  various  central  station  com- 
panies throughout  the  country  have  found  in  the  de- 
velopment of  this  class  of  business  a  large  and  profit- 
able source  of  income,  giving  them  a  load  for  their 
generating  apparatus  in  the  daytime  and  thus  keeping 
their  plant  busy  to  very  nearly  its  full  capacity  at  all 
hours  of  the  day  and  night.  In  the  special  report  of 
the  Bureau  of  the  Census  on  Central  Electric  Light 
and  Power  Stations,  in  1902,  statistics  were  given 
showing  that  the  3,620  plants  from  which  figures  were 
collected,  derived  .114,048,458,  or  16.4  per  cent  of 
their  total  income  ($85,700,605)  from  electric  service 
other  than  arc  or  incandescent  lighting.  This  serv- 
ice was  almost  entirely  of  the  rented  electric  power 
character  in  this  report.  Hence  central  station  and 
power  transmission  companies  during  the  past  few 
years  have  devoted  special  attention  to  this  class 
of  business,  encouraging  it  by  low  rates,  liberal  dis- 
counts, etc.  The  contract  drawn  up  by  the  electric 
companies  with  their  industrial  customers  often  in- 
cludes clauses  to  the  eft'ect  that  for  a  period  of  years 
from  date  the  lessor  agrees  to  furnish  and  the  lessee  to 
receive  and  pay  for  within  the  time  and  on  the  terms 
set  forth,  all  the  electrical  energy  that  may  be  required 
to  drive  and  to  light  liis  plant  properly.     The  amount 


of  the  bill  is  rhMerminc^d  by  meter  readings  at  such 
raters  as  the  following:  1 ,800  to  2,1 60  kilowatt  hours,  at 
S13.50  per  kilowatt  hour  i)er  ammm;  more  than  2,160 
kilowatl  iiours  und  not  exceeding  2,520,  at  the  rate  of 
•130  i)er  kilowatt  liour  per  annum;  more  than  2,520 
kilowatt  hours  and  not  exceeding  2,700,  at  the  rate  of 
$28.50  per  kilowatt  hour  [)('r  annum;  all  in  excess  of 
2,700  kilowatt  Iiours,  at  llie  rat<'  of  .?27.50.  The  above 
rates  are  based  on  an  "annum"  of  .{.OOO  hours. 

It  is  stated  that  central  station  managers  do  not 
have  much  difliculty  in  obtaining  industrial  power 
customers  up  to  a  capacity  of  10  or  15  horsepower,  as 
the  cost  of  nmning  motors  of  this  size  is  generallv 
below  the  cost  of  running  a  small  steam  engine  f)r 
other  prime  mover,  when  all  the  items  that  go  to  make 
up  the  operating  cost  are  taken  into  consideration. 

An  interesting  feature  in  the  develoj)nient  of  such 
work  has  been  the  study  of  the  average  load  of  elec- 
trical energA'  consumed  as  related  to  the  capacity  of 
motor  plant  installed,  and  reports  on  the  .subject  of 
purchased  electric  power  in  factories  in  this  respect 
have  been  presented  to  the  National  Electric  Light 
Association.  For  example,  in  boiler  shops  through- 
out the  countr}'  with  individual  motor  drive  and  with 
a  connected  motor  capacity  of  161  horsepower  the 
percentage  of  average  load  was  20.7.  In  foundries 
with  a  connected  load  of  445.5  horsepower  the  per- 
centage of  average  load  to  connected  load  was  43.7. 
In  a  large  number  of  general  manufacturing  establish- 
ments usually  with  group-driving  of  machinery,  in 
some  plants  emploj'ing  as  many  as  40  and  50  motors, 
the  total  connected  motor  load  was  12,231.5  horse- 
power. The  percentage  of  average  load  to  connected 
motor  load  was  33.9.  In  ice  machinerv  and  refrigera- 
tion  the  percentage  ran  up  to  53.4.  Aside  from  the 
question  involved  as  to  the  relative  econom}'  between 
individual  and  group-motor  drive,  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  plant  at  the  central  station  during  the  daytime 
could  have  connected  to  its  circuits  a  capacity  of 
motors  far  beyond  its  actual  ability  to  supply,  for  the 
reason  that  the  actual  denuind  at  any  moment  is  so 
far  below  the  consumption  of  which  the  motors  are 
capable.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  to  the  advantage  of 
central  station  companies  to  secure  as  a  customer  a 
busy  machine  shop  rather  than  a  dull  factory,  and  to 
have  at  all  times  as  large  a  demand  as  possible  for  its 
output  of  electrical  energy. 


f 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS 


(Ml) 


f 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS. 


Scope  of  the  inquiry. — The  cliliiculty  attending  all 
comprehensive  anal3'ses  of  wages,  such  as  are  given  in 
Census  reports,  is  to  present  statistics  which  will  show, 
for  a  representative  portion  of  tlu'  wage-earners,  the 
rates  of  pay  or  the  actual  earnings. 

The  census  of  manufactures  gives,  for  each  estab- 
lishment, a  statement  of  the  total  amount  paid  in 
wages  during  the  year,  and  also  an  estimate  of  the 
average  number  of  wage-earners  during  the  year;  and 
it  has  been  the  practice  to  compute  the  average  annual 
wages  from  these  data.  But  so  great  are  the  uncer- 
tainties attending  the  computation  of  the  average 
number  of  wage-earners  that  an  average  wage  per 
wage-earner  computed  on  this  basis  is  misleading.^ 
Hence  it  is  deemed  advisable  to  embody  in  the  reports 
on  manufactures  some  statistics  of  actual  weekly 
earnings,  in  the  hope  that  they  will  be  utilized  as  a 
source  of  information  on  this  subject,  thus  tending  to 
check  the  use  of  the  general  average. 

Moreover,  not  only  do  these  statistics  furnish  a  reli- 
able basis  for  averages  but  they  are  valuable  in  them- 
selves. While  the  true  average  brings  together  all  of 
the  various  factors  in  the  multitude  of  industries  and 
occupations  in  the  different  sections  of  the  countrv, 
antl  gives  due  weight  to  the  relative  numbers  receiving 
different  amounts,  it  does  not  convey  any  idea  of  the 
actual  number  receiving  each  amount — information 
which  is  essential  to  a  proper  understanding  of  the  sta- 
tistics. For  scientific  purposes  the  value  of  a  presen- 
tation would  be  enhanced  by  an  increase  in  the  num- 
ber of  groups,  and  also  by  giving  separate  tables  for 
the  different  industries  and  occupations.^ 

A  complete  and  satisfactory  report  on  this  subject 
for  the  census  of  1905  should  give,  for  each  of  the 
7,017,138  wage-earners  reported  as  the  greatest  num- 
ber employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  census  year,' 
the  occupation,  time  employed,  actual  earnings,  rates 
of  pay  or  possible  earnings,  and  conditions  of  employ- 
ment; and  the  data  should  be  summarized  so  as  to 
show  the  true  average,  maximum,  minimum,  and 
predominating  rates.  But  manifestly  the  time  that 
can  be  devoted  to  the  census  of  manufactures,  and 
the  appropriation  available  for  the  work,  will  not 
permit  of   the  preparation  of  so  elaborate  a  report. 

'  Census  of  Manufactures.  1905,  Part  I.  page  Ixxxix;  Twelfth.  Cen- 
sus, Employees  and  Wages,  page  xiii. 

^  Twelftli  Census,  Employees  and  Wages,  pages  xxiv  and  xxv. 
'Census  of  Manufactures,  1905,  Part  I,  page  Ixxix. 


The  difficulties  attending  the  collection  and  compila- 
tion of  data  giving  the  actual  daily  or  weekly  rates 
of  pay  or  earnings  in  the  different  occupations  for 
even  half  of  the  wage-earners  were  so  great  that  it  was 
decided  to  abandon  the  system  inaugurated  at  the  cen- 
sus of  1900,  which  shows  the  actual  hourly  and  weekly 
rates  for  diflVrcnt  occupations,^  and  to  confine  the  pres- 
entation to  a  classification  of  wage-earners  according 
to  their  weekly  earnings  for  the  busiest  week  or  a  rep- 
resentative week  of  the  census  year,  without  regard  to 
occupation.  Wliile  this  method  does  not  permit  of  the 
exactness  of  statement  that  is  possible  when  the  actual 
earnings  of  each  wage-earner  are  ascertained,  the  group- 
ing, when  based  on  the  pay  roll,  is  a  true  presentation 
of  the  numbers  receiving  the  different  amounts,  and 
thus  shows  one  of  the  most  important  facts  connected 
with  wage  statistics.  Further,  the  assignment  of  a 
number  of  wage-earners  to  each  group  makes  possible 
the  preparation  of  convenient  .summaries  that  cover 
the  entire  field  of  employment  with  a  considerable 
degree  of  accuracy. 

Statistics  of  wage-earners  and  wages  are  an  impor- 
tant feature  of  the  work  of  the  state  bureaus  of  labor 
statistics  and  other  state  offices,  and  the  desire  of  these 
offices  for  information  of  the  character  contained  in 
this  report  was  another  reason  for  the  adoption  of  the 
classified  earnings  method  of  presentation. 

Form  of  the  inquiry. — The  following  instructions 
were  given  for  the  preparation  of  the  answers  to  the 
inquiries  from  wliich  these  statistics  were  compiled: 

Inquiry  11. — Classified  earnings  of  wage-earners,  incliding 
pieceworkers,  for  the  week  during  which  the  largest 
number  of  persons  was  employed. 

117.  This  information  is  required  for  the  three  classes  of  em- 
ployees— men  16  years  and  over,  women  16  years  and  over,  and 
children  under  16  years  of  age — and  is  merely  a  transcript  of  the 
pay  roll  for  the  week  in  which  the  largest  number  was  employed 
during  the  year,  arranged  so  as  to  show  the  number  of  men,  women, 
and  children,  respectively,  at  the  specified  earnings  for  the  week. 
I  The  distribution  of  the  employees  must  be  made  according  to 
I  actual  earnings,  not  rates  of  pay.  For  instance,  if  an  employee  is 
'  rated  at  $G  per  week  and  works  only  three  days  during  the  week 
selected,  he  should  be  included  in  the  group  of  "$3  and  over,  but 
under  $4."  By  consulting  the  pay  roll  for  the  week  selected  the 
number  receiving  each  amount  can  be  taUied  in  the  schedule  so  as 
to  obtain  the  desired  result.  In  some  instances  it  may  be  neces- 
sary to  supplement  the  information  on  the  pay  roll  by  inquiry 
concerning  the  number  of  women  and  children,  respectively,  em- 
ployed, but  any  person  familiar  with  the  personnel  of  the  employees 

*  Twelfth  Census,  Employees  and  Wages. 

(643) 


644 


MANUFACTURES. 


can  supply  the  number  for  each  group.  The  answer  to  the  inquiry 
must  be  for  the  period  of  one  week.  If  the  pay  roll  is  for  any  other 
period,  it  must  be  reduced  to  a  weekly  basis  before  the  figures  are 
entered.  If  the  establishment  has  no  pay  roll,  secure  and  enter  an 
estimate  of  the  number  at  each  weekly  group.  Give  also  the  total 
amount  paid  as  wages  to  men,  women,  and  children  separately  for 
the  week  selected.  The  total  wages  for  the  week  should  not  be 
less  than  the  minimum  or  greater  than  the  maximum  as  computed 
from  the  weekly  earnings.  It  is  essential  that  the  segregation  of 
the  employees  be  made  from  a  pay  roll.  In  order  that  the  Office 
may  be  fully  ad\'ised  as  to  the  source  of  the  information  the  agent 
must,  in  every  instance,  write  on  the  margin  of  the  schedule,  oppo- 
site this  inquiry,  "Obtained  from  a  pay  roll,"  or,  if  the  answer  is 
estimated,  the  word  "Estimated." 

This  inquiry  formed  a  part  of  the  regular  Census 
schedule,  and  was  submitted  to  every  establishment  that 
was  in  operation  during  any  portion  of  the  calendar 
year  1904.  The  reports  were  prepared  from  an  actual 
record  of  payments,  or  from  information  furnished  by 
the  proprietor  or  by  some  one  in  authority  who  was 
familiar  with  the  actual  earnings.  Verbal  statements 
were  accepted  only  when  there  were  less  than  10  wage- 
earners  reported  by  the  establishment;  it  is  beheved 
that  where  there  are  so  few  wage-earners  the  personal 
knowledge  of  the  proprietor  concerning  the  actual 
amount  paid  to  each  wage-earner  for  a  selected  week 
is  reliable. 

Naturally  the  reports  for  the  different  establish- 
ments were  not  all  for  the  same  week,  becau.se  the 
busiest  season  varies  according  to  the  industry  and  the 
location;  and  the  statistics  are  a  compilation  of  the 
reports  for  the  different  weeks  selected  for  the  indi- 
vidual establishments.  For  some  establishments  it 
was  diflicult  to  obtain  a  report  for  the  week  during 
which  the  largest  number  of  wage-earners  was  em- 
ployed, and  the  report  was  prepared  for  a  representa- 
tive week. 

Representative  character  of  data. — There  were  216,262 
establishments  reported  at  the  census  of  manufactures 
of  190.5,  and  of  this  number,  19,679  reporte<l  that  no 
wage-earners  were  employed;  therefore  tliere  were 
196,583  establishments  to  be  considered  in  connection 
with  the  preparation  of  the  report  on  weekly  earn- 
ings. But  for  72,8.S0  establishments  the  returns  were 
so  defective  or  unsatisfactory  that  they  could  not  be 
used;  deducting  these,  there  remain  123,703  e.stab- 
lishments,  or  62.9  per  cent  of  tlie  whole  number  re- 
porting wage-earners,  for  wliicli  statistics  of  classified 
earnings  arc  presented. 

'I'lie  degree  to  wliicli  tlic  stalistics  of  weekly  ciirnings 
reflect  existing  conditions  for  niannrniluring  indiislries 
as  a  whr)le,  can  best  bo  measured  b\  a  cnnipnrisiin  of  tlie 
number  of  wage-earners  rejiorted  fcir  I  lie  week  covered 
by  these  statistics  (3,297,819)  with  tlie  greatest  num- 
J)er  of  wage-earners  re|)orted  by  tlie  census  of  manu- 
factures as  employed  i[i  all  eslaifiisbiiients  al  any  one 
time  ilnring  liie.  year  (7,017,138).  On  this  l)asis  the 
statistics  present  llie  fads  for  17  [)er  <'ent ,  i.r  nearly 
one-lialf,  of  all  wage-earners. 


But  as  the  report  on  manufactures  does  not  show 
separately  the  numbers  of  men,  women,  and  children 
included  in  tlie  "greatest  number"  referred  to  above, 
the  tlegree  to  wliich  the  statistics  of  weekly  earnings 
represent  existing  conditions  for  men,  women,  and 
cliildren  separately  can  be  measured  only  by  a  com- 
parison of  the  average  number  of  wage-earners  em- 
ployed during  the  year  by  the  establishments  included 
in  these  statistics,  or  of  the  number  of  wage-earners 
reported  for  the  selected  week,  with  the  average  num- 
ber of  wage-earners  employed  during  the  year  by  all 
estal)lishments. 

Table  1. — Ai'erage  number  of  wage-earners  employed  during  the  year 
by  establishments  included  in  statistics  ofweeHy  earnings,  and  num- 
ber of  •uage-earners  reported  for  the  rveel;  covered  by  these  statistics, 
compared  with  the  average  number  employed  during  the  year  by  all 
establishments:  1905. 


Wage- 
earners  in 
all  estab- 
lishments, 
average 
number. 

■WAGE-EARNERS    IN    ESTABLISHMENTS    IN- 
CLUDED    IN      STATISTICS      OF      "WEEKLY 
EARNINGS. 

CLASS    OF  WAGE- 

Average. 

For  speoifled  week. 

EAKNERa. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  aver- 
age num- 
ber, aU 
establish- 
ments. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  aver- 
age num- 
ber, all 
establish- 
ments. 

Total 

5,470,321 

2,686,750- 

49.1 

3,297,819 

60.3 

Men  16  years  and  over 

Women    16    years    and 
over. .          

4,244,538 

1,065,884 
159,899 

2,124,069 

488,832 
73,855 

50.0 

45.9 
46.2 

2,619,053             61.7 
588, 599              •'W.  2 

Children  under  16  years. . 

90,167 

56.4 

For  the  total  average  number  of  wage-earners 
Table  1  assigns  to  the  statistics  of  weekly  earnings 
even  greater  significance  than  does  the  text  compari- 
son presented  for  the  greatest  numl>or  employed  at  any 
one  time.  It  also  indicates  that  the  statistics  for  men 
are  representative  to  a  greater  degree  than  are  those 
for  women  and  children. 

When  measured  by  the  average  number  of  wage- 
earners  employed  during  the  year  in  all  establish- 
ments, the  jiroportion  of  the  whole  number  of  wage- 
earners  reported  for  tiie  week  covered  by  the  statistics 
of  weekly  earnings  is  unduly  magnified;  when  mea.s- 
iired  by  tiie  great(>st  numi)er  em|)l(iy('d  at  any  one 
time  during  the  year,  this  proportion  shows  a  tendency 
in  the  o|)posite  direction.  The  actual  proportion  of 
all  wage-earners  re])reseiil  cd  hy  the  statistics  of 
weekly  earnings  is  somcnvheic  bet  ween  liiesc  two 
extremes,  or  l)etween  60.3  pel'  cent  aiul  47  per  cenl, 
and  it  may  safely  be  assiiinrd  that  it  is  about  oiic-liaH'. 

This  proportion  does  not,  how<'\  er,  prevail  uniformly 
in  all  slates  or  in  all  industries.  The  ])ercentage  that 
the  number  repoi-te<l  for  the  week  by  the  establish- 
ments included  in  the  statistics  of  weekly  earnings 
forms  of  tlie  greatest  number  em])loy(>d  in  all  estab- 
iisiimeiils  at   any  one  time  during  the  .year,  falls  as  low 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


645 


as  10. .'5  per  (('111  ill  Ijouisiaiia  and  rises  to  86.6  per  cent 
in  Wyoming.  The  percentage  that  the  .same  number 
forms  of  the  average  niimlier  employed  in  all  estab- 
lishments during  the  year,  is  lowest  (30.5  per  cent)  in 
Louisiana  and  highest  (118.6  per  cent)  in  Wyoming. 
Among  the  25  selected  industries  shown  in  Table  72 
there  is  also  a  marked  \arinti()n  in  the  proportion. 
The  number  reported  for  the  week  by  the  establish- 
ments included  in  the  statistics  of  weekly  earnings 
forms  only  27.1  per  cent  of  the  greatest  number  for  all 
establishments  in  the  manufacture  of  "clothing, 
women's,"  but  ri.ses  as  high  as  5S.S  per  cent  in  "leather, 
tanned,  curried,  and  finished. "  The  comparison  with 
the  average  number  employed  in  all  establishments 
during  the  year  shows  the  lowest  proportion  (34.5  per 

Table  2.— UNITED  STATES— SUMMARY  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS,  AND  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN,  BY  CLASSIFIED 
WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  WITH  PERCENTAGE  AT  EACH  AMOUNT:  1905. 


cent)  in  "clothing,  men's,"  and  ilie  highest  (70.7  per 
cent)  in  "foundry  and  machine  shop  products." 

fleneral.  re.s'wZ/.s.  -Table  2  summarizes  the  results  of 
the  investigation  for  all  })ranchesof  nuinufacturesin  the 
United  States.  The  inrjuiry  called  for  the  segregation 
of  wage-earners  according  to  groups  of  actual  earnings, 
and  not  rates  of  pay;  therefore  the  distribution  gives 
the  actual  numl)ers  that  earned  the  specified  amounts 
during  the  week  covered  by  the  report.  The  terms 
"wages"  and  "earnings"  are  frequently  u.sed  sa'd- 
onymously.  Earnings,  and  not  rates  of  wages,  either 
actual  or  other,  are  given  in  this  report.  The  totals 
include  pieceworkers,  and  cover  all  branches  of  em- 
jiloyment  in  the  manufacturing  industries  of  the 
country,  exclusive  of  the  office  force. 


ALL  WAGE-EARNERS. 

MEN  16  TEARS  AND 
OYER. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS 
AND  OVER. 

CHILDREN  UNDER 
16  YEARS. 

WEEKLY   EASNINGS. 

Number. 

Percent- 
age' in  the 
group. 

Cumula- 
tive per- 
centage. 

Number. 

Percent- 
age in  the 
group. 

Cumula- 
tive prT- 
ceutage. 

Number. 

Percent-    Cumula- 

age  in  thi'  livepcr- 

group.      centage. 

Number. 

Percent- 
age in  the 
group. 

Cumula- 
tive p  r- 
c  nlflg". 

Total 

3,297,819 

100.0 

2,619,053 

lOO.O 

588,599 

100.0 

90,167 

100.0 

Less  than  $3     

132,064 
150,403 
194,301 
206,163 
262,531 
266,012 
255,458 
378,009 
4:i9,208 
464,875 
390,367 
106,700 
51,728 

4.0 
4.6 
5.9 
6  2 
8.0 
8.1 
7.7 
11.5 

i:i.3 

14.1 
11.8 
3.2 
1.6 

100.0 
96.0 
91.4 

85.5 
79.3  ' 
71.3  1 
63.2 
55.5 
44.0 
30.7 
16.6 
4.8 
1.6 

56,346 

57,597 

87,739 

103,429 

161,940 

196,981 

207,954 

343,812 

409,483 

450,568 

385,647 

106,046 

61,611 

2.2 
2.2 
3.4 
4.0 
6.2 
7.5 
7.9 
13.1 
15.6 
17.2 
14.7 
4.0 
2.0 

lOO.O 
97.8 
95.6 
92.2 
88.2 
82.0 
74.5 
66.6 
53.5 
37.9 
20.7 
6.0 
2.0 

43,858 

64,170 

88,657 

95,674 

97,311 

68,192 

47,170 

34,050 

29,633 

14,294 

4,719 

654 

217 

7.5          100.0 
10.9           92.5 
15.1            81.6 

31,860 

28,636 

17,905 

7,060 

3,2S0 

839 

3.34 

147 

92 

'I 

35.3 
31.8 
19.9  ' 
7.8, 
.3.6 
0.9  ! 
0.4  1 
0.2  ! 
O.l  ' 

<■)        , 

100.0 

S3  to   S4 

64.7 

$4  to    J5   

.12.9 

$5  to    $6 

16.3 

16.5 

11.6 

8.0 

5.8 

5.0 

2.4 

0.8 

0.1 

(') 

66.5 
50.2 
33.7 
22.1 
14.1 
8.3 
3.3 
0.9 
0.1 
(') 

13.0 

J6  to    $7 

.5.2 

t7  to    $8 

1.6 

$8  to    $9 

0.7 

$9  to  $10.                     .    . 

0.3 

$10toS12      

0.1 

$12  to  $15 

(') 

$15  to  $20 

(') 

$■'0  to  S*26 

i 

I 

Earnings  lor  the   specified 
week: 
Total                   

$3 

3,185,791 

$29,240,287 

$3,633,481 

$312,023 
$3.<6 

A  verageper  wage-earner. 

$10.06 

$11.16 

$6.17 

1  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


Of  the  3,297,819  wage-earners  covered  by  the  in- 
vestigation, 2,619,053,  or  79.4  per  cent,  were  men; 
588,599,  or  17.9  per  cent,  were  women;  and  90,167,  or 
2.7  per  cent,  were  children. 

The  pay  rolls  of  the  123,703  establishments  for  the 
week  covered  amounted  to  $33,185,791,  and  of  this, 
men  received  $29,240,287,  or  88.1  per  cent;  women, 
$3,633,481,  or  11  per  cent;  and  cliildren,  $312,023, 
or  nine-tenths  of  1  per  cent. 

As  each  establishment  was  requested  to  report  the 
actual  number  employed  during  the  week  and  the 
actual  amount  paid  that  number,  it  should  be  safe  to 
use  the  above  totals  to  compute  the  average  earnings 
for  the  week.  They  give  $10.06  as  the  average  weekly 
earnings  for  all  classes  of  wage-earners  during  the 
selected  week,  and  $11.16,  $6.17,  and  $3.46  as  the 
averages  for  men,  women,  and  children,  respectively. 

The  classification  shows  the  concentration  of  men 
at  the  higher  and  of  women  and  children  at  the  lower 
weekly  earnings.  ^lore  than  one-half  (55.5  per  cent) 
of  all  the  wage-earners  received  $9  and  over  per  week. 
Two-thirds  (66.6  per  cent)  of  the  men  received  $9  and 
'over  for.  the  week,  while  only  one-seventh  (14.1  per 


cent)  of  the  women  were  paid  at  this  rate.  The  children 
receiving  $9  and  over  were  so  few  that  they  are 
included  in  the  general  tabulations  with  those  recei^-ing 
$8  and  over,  although  in  this  table  they  are  shown 
separately. 

Among  the  13  groups  of  earnings,  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  men  is  reported  for  the  group  of  812  to  S15  per 
week,  and  of  women  for  the  group  of  .56  to  S7  per 
w'eek.  Tlie  greatest  number  of  children  is  reported 
for  the  group  receiving  less  than  $3  per  week. 

In  Table  2  the  number  and  proportion  of  women 
and  children  are  given  for  all  of  the  groups  of  weekly 
earnings  for  which  men  were  reported.  This  detail  as 
to  the  liigher  groupings  is  not  preserved  in  the  other 
tables  of  the  report,  because  there  are  comparatively 
few  women  and  children  reported  for  the  liigher  rates, 
and  to  give  the  number  at  each  rate  in  all  of  the  de- 
tailed tables  would  lead  to  an  extended  presentation,  in 
which  there  would  be  numerous  blank  spaces  and  but 
few  figures.  It  is  important,  however,  to  know  the 
states  in  which  women  and  children  were  reported  for 
the  liigher  earnings,  and  such  information  is  given  in 
Table  3. 


646  MANUFACTURES. 

Table  3.-W0MEX  AND  CHILDREX  IN  GROUPS  OF  HIGHEST  WEEKLY  EARNINGS.  BY  STATES:  1905. 


WOMEN 

16  TEAES   AND   OVEE. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

ST.ITE  <1R  TEEEITOEY. 

Total 
receiv- 
ing $15 
and  over. 

$15  to 
$20. 

$20  to 
$25. 

$25  and 
over. 

Total 
receiv- 
ing $8 
and  over. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

$12  to 

$15. 

$15  to 
$20. 

United  States 

5,590 

4,719 

654 

217 

587 

334 

147 

92 

13 

1 

1 
2 
1 
2 

417 

19  ' 
76 

2 
78 

6 

3 
394 
39 
15 
11 

11 

1 

155 

32 

1,471 

47 
59 



1 

2 

1 

1 

i' 

343 

19 
62 

1 

1 

52 

1 

1 

22 

89 

41 
19 

41 

14 

12 

34 

4 
3 

11 

22 
4 

3 

1 

13 

1 

1 

1 

i" 

75              3 

1 

1 

4 

7 
44 
8 
9 

2 

16 

37 

4 

120 

7 

1 

4" 

21 
2 
5 

•       2 
16 
19 
2 

87 

6 

1 

4 

2 
12 
2 
2 

3 
315 

57 

22 

1 

ii' 

4 

1 

1 

31              7 

14               1 
10              1 

i 

Kent  uck>' 

11 

1 

130 

21 

1,317 

41 

46 

23 

8 

137 

3 

11 

2 
3 

17 

3 
2 

14 
2 
24 

1 

4 



Maryland 

9 

Minnesota 

1 
9 
23 

8 

1 
6 
4 

4 

1 

11 

1 

44 

209 

65 
3 

11 

44" 

194 

8 
2 

5 

4 

3 
2 

3 

13 

4 

1 

Nebraska 

1 

13 

2 

19 

1 

17 

1 
9 
1 
5 

58 
1 
1 
1 

13 

15 

1 
6 

1 

39 

i" 

,        1 

6 

1 

2 

1,895 

1,518 

271 

106 

123 
2 
5 

183 

135 

2 

5 

2 

7 
3 
3 
3 

17 
6 
4 

1 

103 
2 
4 

151 

131 

2 

5 

2 

7 
1 
3 
3 

15 
6 
3 

1 

1 

13 

7 

1 

2 

1 

20 
3 

1 

3 

9 

1 

2 

7 

2 

1 

1 
1 
5 

1 
2' 

2 

1 
2 

1 

1 

1 

6 
2 
6 

1 
2 

5 

1 

1 

1 

. 

i 

1 

In  all  other  tables  Imt  Table  2  where  women  and 
children  are  shown  fur  100."),  the  r-),r-,9()  women  given 
above  are  reported  as  of  the  <;roii[)  of  $15  and  over, 
and  the  587  children  as  of  the  grouj)  of  $8  and  over. 

The  following  diagram  shows  the  importance  of  (he 
men,  women,  and  cliijdren  reported  at  the  diU'erent 
weekly  earnings.  This  diagram  is  based  on  the  entire 
number  of  wage-earners  reported  for  the  week  covered 
by  the  i!K|uiry. 


DiAcRA.M  1. — Classified  weehly  earnings— number  of  all  wayr-eantrrs. 
by  i/roiips  of  earnings:  1905. 


UNDER '3 


, 

1 

1     U^MtN 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


647 


Tlio  1UG,.583  estal)li.sliiiicnts  tluU  rc'ixtrtcd  llie  em- 
plovinent  of  wage-earners  at  tlie  eensu.s  of  [\)0.'y  re- 
turned .S2, 611, 5-10, .'joJ  as  the  amount  paid  in  wages 
during  the  year,  but,  (lie  annual  amount  paid  by  the 
123,70.3  establishuients  included  iu  the  statistics  of 
weekly  earnings  treated  in  this  report  was  not  tabu- 
lated separately-  The  amount  of  wages  paid  annually 
by  these  establishments  can  not  ho  estimated  by  multi- 
plying the  amount  reported  for  the  selected  week  b}'  52 
because:  (1)  In  most  instances  the  week  is  that  during 
wliich  the  largest  number  of  wage-earners  was  em- 
ployed, and  is  not  necessarily  a  representative  week; 
(2)  a  number  of  establishments  were  in  operation  dur- 
ing only  a  part  of  the  year;  (3)  the  time  lost  by  wage- 
earners  by  reason  of  sickness  and  other  causes  is  not 
the  same  for  all  seasons,  and  hence  the  wages  paid  dur- 
ing the  week  when  the  largest  number  was  employed 
may  be  in  excess  of,  or  less  than,  the  pay  roll  of  weeks 
in  which  a  smaller  number  was  employed.  The  num- 
ber of  men,  women,  and  children  reported  for  the  week 
and.  the  total  amount  of  their  weekly  earnings  should 
be  considered  in  connection  with  their  average  earn- 
ings, and  therefore  these  figures  are  given  in  the  tables 
presenting  the  statistics  by  industries  and  states. 


Table  67  gives  the  number  and  Table  6S  the  average 
weekly  earnings,  with  the  per  cent  distribution  of 
men,  women,  and  children  at  each  amount  of  classified 
weekly  earnings  in  each  industry  for  the  United  States; 
Talile  71  includes  the  average  weekly  earnings  and  per 
cent  distribution  by  earnings  for  25  ])rominent  indus- 
tries, by  states  and  territories.  Tables  69  and  70 
present  the  total  number  and  per  cent  distribution  by 
earnings  of  men,  women,  and  children  in  each  state 
and  territory,  while  Table  72  includes  like  details,  and 
average  weeklj'  earnings,  for  selected  industries  in  25 
leading  states. 

A  study  of  these  tables  assists  in  an  understanding  of 
the  subject  of  weekly  earnings  in  all  branches  of  manu- 
factures and  in  leading  industries  in  different  sections 
of  the  country. 

While  the  statistics  of  classificHJ  earnings  for  the 
3,297,819  wage-earners  shown  in  Table  2  are  represen- 
tative of  the  earnings  of  all  emploj'ed  in  manufactures, 
and  are  suflFicient  to  convey  a  correct  idea  of  the  pro- 
portions at  each  classified  amount,  it  is  desirable  for 
some  purposes  to  make  a  distribution  of  this  character 
of  the  entire  number  employed  in  alh  establishments ; 
this  is  done  in  Table  4. 


Table  4.— ESTIMATED  DISTRIBUTION  BY  WEEKLY  EARNINGS  OF  AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS, 

AND  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN:  1905. 


ALL  WAGE-EARNEES. 

MEN   16 

YEARS  AND  OVER. 

WOMEN   16 

YEARS  AND  OVER.. 

CinLDEES 

UXDER   16  YEARS. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Percent- 
age in  the 
group. 

Cumula- 
tive per- 
centage. 

Number. 

Percent- 
age in  the 
group. 

Cumula^ 

tive  per- 
centage. 

Number. 

Percent^  ■  Cumula^ 

age  in  the  tive  per- 

group.     centage. 

Number. 

Percent-  '  Cumula- 

age  in  the  tive  per- 

group.    ,  centage. 

Total 

5,470,321 

100.0 

4,244,538 

100.0 

1 

1,065,884 

100  0 

159,899 

100.0 

Less  than  S3 

225,793 
264, 626 
340,113 
303,693 
454,285 

453,203 
423,  (i89 
619, 465 
708,858 

741,036 
618,314 
171,844 
85, 402 

4.1 
4.8 
6.2 
6.7 
8.3 

8.3 
7.8 
11.3 
13.0 

13.5 

11.3 

3.1 

1.6 

100.0 
95.9 
91.1 
84.9 
78.2 

69.9 
61.6 
53.8 
42.5 

29.5 

16.0 

4.7 

1.6 

92,535 
96,569 
149,531 
177.550 
272, 288 

327,726 
336, 669 
557,046 
654,435 

714,816 
609.  797 
170,571 
85,005 

2.2 
2.3 
3.5 

4.2 
6.4 

7.7 
7.9 
13.1 
15.4 

16.9 
14.4 
4.0 
2.0 

100.0 
97.8 
95.5 
92.0 

87.8 

81.4 
73.7 
65.8 
52.7 

37.3 

20.4 

6.0 

2.0 

77,826 
115,741 
158,926 
173,713 
176,224 

124,061 
86,467 
62,193 
54,340 

26,207 

8,510 

1,273 

397 

7.3 
10.9 
14.9 
10.3 
10.5 

11.7 
8.1 
5.8 
5.1 

2.5 
0.8 
0.1 
(') 

100.0 
92.7 
81.8 
66.9 
50.  C 

34.1 
22.4 
14.3 
S.S 

3.4 
0.9 
0.1 
(•) 

55,4.32 
52,316 
31,656 
12,430 
5,773 

1,416 
553 
226 
83 

13 
1 

34.7 
32.7 
19.8 
7.8 
3.6 

0.9 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 

(') 
C>) 

100  0 

$3  to   $4 _ 

j4to   $5 

$5  to   S6 

(i5.3 
32.6 

J6  to   S7     

o  0 

$7  to    $8 

1  4 

S8  to    $9 

S9  to  SIO  .            ... 

0  "^ 

JIO  toS12 

0.1 

$12toS15 

[1^ 

$15  to  $20 

820  to  S25 

$25  and  over 

'  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


Table  4  was  constructed  by  applying  the  percentage 
of  men,  women,  and  children,  respectively,  reported  in 
each  group  of  earnings  for  each  industry  in  Table  69  to 
the  average  number  for  all  establishments  in  each  m- 
dustry  as  given  in  the  general  report  for  manufactures, 
census  of  1905.  The  average  number  employed  dur- 
ing the  year  is  used  as  the  basis  of  the  calculation, 
because  the  greatest  nmnber  employed  at  any  one 
time  is  not  sho^\^l  for  men,  women,  and  children 
separatel}-,  and  also  because  the  average  nmnber  is 
the  number  required  to  conduct  the  business  of  the 
year;  its  distribution  by  weekly  earnmgs  shows  nor- 
mal conditions  for  the  entire  period.  The  greatest 
niunber  was  employed  diu-ing  a  coniparativel3-  short 
period,  and  its  distribution  by  weekly  earnings  would 
452.=i-l— MFG  1SI05— PT  4— OS 43 


give  an  excessive  number  at  the  dilTerent  rates.  In 
order  to  give  proper  weight  to  the  numbers  reported 
at  the  difTerent  earnmgs,  the  calculation  was  made  for 
each  imlustry  and  the  totals  combined  to  give  the  ag- 
gregate for  the  United  States.  The  differences  between 
the  percentages  in  the  two  tables  are  not  large,  and  the 
residts  are  accurate  enough  for  the  purpose.  To  be  exact 
the  computation  should  have  been  made  separately  for 
each  industry  m  each  state  and  territory;  the  results 
should  then  have  been  combined  toiiroduce  the  total  for 
each  industry  in  the  United  States,  and  finally  for  all 
industries.  It  is  probable  the  result  of  such  a  process 
would  differ  but  slighily,  if  at  all,  from  the  figures  given 
in  Table  4,  and  therefore  the  shorter  method  was  used. 
The  table  derives  its  value  from  the  fact  that  it  covers 


648 


:\IAXrFACTURES. 


the  entire  number  of  wage-earners  required  in  the 
operation  of  all  the  factories  in  the  country,  and  it  is 
perhaps  the  most  concrete  method  of  showing  the 
wages  or  possible  earnings  of  such  a  large  body  of 
employees. 

In  some  instances  there  would  be  considerable  differ- 
ence between  the  actual  wages  and  the  possible  earn- 
ings during  the  same  period  calculated  at  a  giyen  rate 
per  hour  or  day.  The  use  of  either  earnings  or  rates  as 
the  basis  for  the  construction  of  a  table  of  this  char- 
acter necessarily  giyes  results  which  differ  in  some 
particulars  from  actual  conditions.  If  it  were  possible 
to  obtain  the  classified  earnings  of  all  employees  in 
all  establishments  during  each  week  of  the  census  year, 
it  is  probable  there  would  be  no  week  for  wliich  the 
number  at  each  group  would  agree  with  the  figures 
here  presented.  Xeyertheless  it  is  believed  that  the 
table  shows  a  close  estimate  of  the  numbers  at  the  dif- 
ferent earnings  during  a  representative  week.  Other 
than  the  average  annual  earnings  obtained  by  di^dd- 
ing  the  average  number  into  the  total  wages  paid  dur- 
ing the  year,  this  is  the  onlj^  presentation  ever  made 
in  a  Federal  Census  report  which  gives  a  comprehen- 
sive idea  of  earnings  for  all  wage-earners  employed 
in  manufactures. 


Some  of  the  causes  jvhich  affect  earnings  are  pointed 
out  in  this  report,  in  the  attempt  to  account  for  dif- 
ferences between  earnings  in  the  same  industries  in 
different  states  or  sections.  But  a  complete  discussion 
of  wages  involves  a  deeper  analysis;  of  which,  how- 
ever, the  present  report  does  not  take  cognizance. 
Among  the  influences  to  be  considered  in  such  an 
analysis  are:  Supply  of  labor,  including  women  or 
chiklren  able  to  tlisplace  men  as  operatives;  trades 
unions ;  organizations  of  employers ;  industrial  combi- 
nations; standard  and  cost  of  li^^ng:  industrial  diver- 
sity; character  of  manufactures;  degree  of  skill  of  the 
operative:  conditions  of  business,  whether  prosperous 
or  otherwise;  number  of  hours  and  days  worked;  laws 
regulating  the  employment  of  women  and  children; 
differences  in  methods  and  processes,  and  in  the  extent 
to  which  machinery  can  be  used;  character  of  ma- 
chinery, whether  demanding  in  its  operation  more  or  less 
of  skilled  labor  than  is  required  in  hand  processes ;  and 
urban  or  rural  location  of  factories.  An  intimate 
acquaintance  with  the  conditions  surrovmding  each 
industry  is  required  for  the  complete  understanding 
and  accurate  discussion  of  the  more  important  phases 
of  the  subject. 


INDUSTRIES. 


A  combination  of  the  statistics  of  weekly  earnings 
in  various  industries  tends  to  an  equalization  of  the 
proportions  at  the  different  amounts;  tliat  is,  the 
rclatiyely  large  number  at  the  higher  earnings  in 
some  industries  is  counterbalanced  by  the  number 
reported  at  the  lower  earnings  in  other  industries. 
For  example,  the  combination  of  the  statistics  for  a 
glass  factory  in  which  some  of  the  blowers  received 
$1.17  per  hour  with  those  for  a  cotton  niill  in  which 
the  highest  pay  for  spinners  was  9  cents  per  hour, 
tends  to  equalize  in  the  total  the  proportions  of  wage- 
earners  at  the  various  amounts  of  earnings. 

A  knowledge  of  the  earnings  in  the  different  indus- 
tries and  occupations  is  important ;  but  as  no  statistics 
of  occupations  were  collected,  tlie  detailed  presentation 
of  earnings  is  confined  to  states  and  industries. 

Willie  the  degree  of  concentration  at  eacii  amount  of 
earnings  is  measured  accurately  by  the  percentage  dis- 
tribution, the  median  and  the  average  furnisii  more 
convenient  means  of  comparing  the  dKrcrciil  industries. 
Table  .5  shows,  for  men,  women,  and  cliildren,  lli(>  7 
industries  with  the  liighest  averages  and  the  7  willi 
the  lowest. 

The  r54  diffen^it  industries  given  in  Table  .5  showing 
exceptionally  high  or  low  averages  can  not  be  con- 
.sidered  as  representative  of  the  earnings  jirevailing 
in  any  group  of  manufactures  or  in  any  section  of  the  j 


country.  Wliile  machinery  is  used  to  some  extent  in 
each,  but  few  are  considered  as  forming  a  part  of  the 
factory  system.  In  most  of  them  the  rates  of  pay 
are  controlled  by  conditions  wliich  are  peculiar  to  the 
industry  and  which  have  very  little  effect  on  the  rates 
in  other  industries — even  those  conducted  in  the  imme- 
diate neighborhood. 

Of  tlie  iiuhistries  shown  as  having  the  iiigiiest  earn- 
ings, the  numufacture  of  watches  and  of  gold  pens  are 
given  for  both  men  and  women,  and  wool  scouring  and 
the  manufacture  of  beet  sugar  for  both  women  and 
children.  Of  the  industries  shown  as  having  the  low- 
est weekly  earnings,  the  manufacture  of  oil,  cottonseed 
and  cake,  is  given  for  men,  women,  and  children,  and 
the  turj)entine  and  rosin  industry  luid  the  grailing, 
roasting,  cleaning,  and  shelling  of  peanuts  are  included 
in  the  groups  for  men  and  women.  There  are  no 
other  du[)iications  among  the  inihistries  included  in 
Table  5. 

Some  of  these  industries  gave  employnuMit  to  large 
numl)ers  of  wage-earners,  as  returned  at  (lu>  census  of 
1005,  l)Ul  fcir  I  111'  innjority  of  them  I  lie  niiinlicrs  in- 
cluded in  liic  statistics  of  classilicd  earnings  ar(>  so 
snuiil  as  to  detract  from  tlie  signilicance  of  the  (igures. 
Wage-earners  in  excess  of  10, 000  are  re|)()ile<i  only  for 
gas,  iihimimiling  and  heating;  oil,  collouseed  and  cake; 
anil  tobacco,  chewing  and  smoking,  and  snuff. 


EARNINGS  OF  WACIvlvMlNin^S. 


649 


Tabm:  5.     INDUSTRIES  REPORTING  TIIK  ilKlIIEST  /vND  THE  LOWEST  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS  FOR  MEN, 

WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN:   I!t05. 


AT  HIGHEST  EARNINGS. 

AT  LOWEST  EARNINGS. 

INDUSTRY. 

Numlwr 
of  wage- 
earners. 

Median 
group. 

Average 

weekly 

caruings. 

INDDSTEY. 

< 

1 

NumlxT         »f„,i|„n         Average 
of  wage-         »^;,'^l«"           weekly 
earners,  j        eroup.         eurnlngs. 

MEN  IG  YEARS  AND  OVER. 


Lapidary  work 

Corsets 

I'hotolithograpliing  and  pliotoongravlng. 

Wood  carpet 

Statuary  an<i  art  goods 

Watches 

Pons,  gold 


187 
r>23 

2,085 
.•)2.5 
9«4 

2,740 
73 


$20  to  $25 

S21.08 

12  to    15 

1(1. 9<) 

15  to    20 

10.08 

15  to    20 

10.01 

15  to    20 

10.  45 

15  to    20 

10. 10 

15  to    20 

10.05 

Turpentine  and  rosin 

Flfl.\  and  iienip,  dressed 

Canning  and  pre.'^erving,  oysters 

Oil,  cottonsc'd  anfl  CHkt* 

'I'nhacco,  chewing  and  smoking,  and  srnilT  . ,. 
PeaiiutH, grading,  roasting.cleaning.and  shell- 
ing  

Rice,  cleaning  and  polishing ] 


7,097 

110 

213 

12,144 

8,70.i 

07 
241 


$5  to  to 

5  to  6 
5to  0 
etc    7 

6  to    7 


6  to 
Cto 


$.0.23 
5. 81 
0.27 
C.K4 
li.lSI> 

7.12 
7.21 


WOMEN  10  YEARS  AND  OVER. 


Scales  and  balances. 
Beet  sugar 

Pens,  gold 


Smelting  and  refining,  lead- 
Watches 

Oil,  not  elsewhere  specified. 
Wool  scouring 


14     $12  to  115        $11.07      Roofing  materials 


10 

2,474 

24 

30 


,  f  12  to    151 
t    7  to      8/ 


f  12to 

7  to 
'  12  to 

9  to 
9  to 

8  to 
7  to 

9  to 


10.75 

10.50 
10.30 
8.93 
8.67 
8.63 


Peanuts,  grading,  roasting,  cleaning,  and  shell- 
ing  

Oil,  cottonseed  and  cake 

Hones  and  whetstones 

Oakum , 


Engraving,  wood 

Turpentine  and  rosin. 


5 

Less  than  $3 

$2.00 

.392 

Less  than  $3 

2.26 

12 

Less  than  $3 

2.50 

3 

Less  than  $3 

2.07 

18 

,/        »3  to  $4 1 

2.78 

(Less  than  $3) 

1 

$3  to  $4 

3.00 

1 

3  to    4 

3.00 

CHILDREN  UNDER   Itl   YEARS. 


Beet  sugar 

Smelting  and  refining,  copper. . 

Wool  pulling 

Tin  ancl  toriip  plate 

Wool  scouring 

Galvanizing 

Chocolate  and  cocoa  products. 


$8  and  over 

19.22 

$7  to  $8 

7.09 

7  to    8 

7.00 

Oto    7 

0.00 

6  to    7 

0.00 

5  to    0 

5.91 

5  to    0 

5.90 

Pickles,  preserves,  and  sauces. 

Oil,  cottonseed  and  cake 

Wheelliarrows 

Rules,  ivory  and  wood 

Shoddy 


Wood  preserving 

Gas,  illuminating  and  heating. 


105 
1 
1 
4 


Less  than  $3 
l.,ess  than  $3 
l>ess  than  $3 
Less  than  $3 

,/  $3  to  $41 
1  Less  than  $31 

J  $3  to  $41 
I  Less  than  $3J 
Less  than  $3 


$1.84 
2.00 
2.00 
2.25 

2.25 

2.25 
2.29 


'  Each  group  includes  50  per  cent. 


As  a  rule  the  niimbors  of  wagp-oarners  reported  at 
the  exceptionally  high  or  low  earnin<;.s  were  much 
larger  in  the  case  of  men  than  for  cither  women  or 
children.  In  only  2  industries — the  manufacture  of 
gold  pens  and  the  grading,  roasting,  cleaning,  and  shell- 
ing of  peanuts — does  the  number  of  men  fall  below  100. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  number  of  women  is  in  excess  of 
100  only  for  the  manufacture  of  watches  and  the  grad- 
ing, roasting,  cleaning,  and  shelling  of  peanuts,  and  the 
number  of  children  exceeds  100  only  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  pickles,  preserves,  and  sauces.  Hence  the  ex- 
ceptional earnings  shown  for  women  and  children 
should  not  be  considered  as  typical  cases. 

The  averages  in  Table  5  are  interesting  as  repre- 
senting the  extremes  of  the  earnings  of  men,  women, 
and  children  covered  ])y  the  report.  The  highest  aver- 
age for  men  was  more  than  four  times,  antl  for  women 
and  children  more  than  five  times,  the  lowest  aver- 
age for  each  of  these  classes.  The  general  average 
for  men  employed  in  all  industries  in  the  I'nited 
States,  $11.16,  was  S.5.93  above  the  ininiiiuim  and 
$10.52  below  the  maximum;  the  general  average  for 
women,  $6.17,  was  $4.17  above  the  minimum  and 
$4.!)()  hi'low  the  maximum:  and  tlie  general  overage 
for  cliildren,  -So. 46,  was  $1.62  above  the  minimum 
and  $.").76  below  the  maximuin. 

The  liighest  weekly  earnings  for  men  are  reported 
for  the  lapidary  industry — the  average  for  men  ex- 


ceeding by  nearly  $-5  the  average  second  in  rank.  The 
principal  occupations  in  this  industry' — those  which 
control  the  rates — are  connected  with  the  cutting,  pol- 
ishing, and  setting  of  diamonds  ami  other  i)recious 
stones.  Even  when  assisted  by  the  use  of  power- 
driven  machinery,  occupations  of  tliis  character  re- 
quire exceptional  skill,  and  the  responsibility  incident 
to  the  possible  errors  in  judgment  when  iiianiiMilating 
the  material  tends  to  increase  the  compensation.  Sim- 
ilar conditions  are  found  in  most  of  the  controlling 
occupations  for  each  of  the  other  industries  showing 
the  highest  earnings  for  men.  For  exam[)le,  the  aver- 
age earnings 'of  the  men  employed  in  the  manufacture 
of  corsets  were  controlled  by  S  establishments  reported 
for  Massachusetts,  where  men  were  apparently  em- 
ploA^ed  in  a  few  occupations  that  commanded  the  high- 
est pay.  The  average  for  all  wage-earners  employed 
in  this  industry  was  far  less  than  that  for  men,  because 
over  seven-eighths  of  the  whole  number  were  women. 
The  average  for  men  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
wood  carpets  was  controlled  by  establishments  in 
New  York  city:  they  were  engaged  princi|)ally  in 
manufacturing  and  laying  parquet  llooring.  for  which 
more  than  ordinary-  skill  is  required. 

The  7  industries  showing  the  lowest  earnings  for 
men  are  concentrated  largely  in  the  Southern  states, 
where  the  low"est  earnings  prevail;  in  the  majority  of 
them  the  occu))ations  are  simple,  and  under  the  most 


650 


MANUFACTURES. 


favorable  conditions  could  not  command  high  wages. 
Most  of  the  men  reported  for  the  turpentine  and  rosin 
indiistrv",  for  example,  were  engaged  in  the  gathering 
of  the  crude  gum.  which  is  in  some  respects  the  low- 
est order  of  employment  reported  in  connection  with 
the  census  of  manufactures.  In  the  cottonseed-oil 
industry  large  numbers  were  engaged  in  handling  the 
raw  material  and  the  finished  product,  comparatively 
few  being  employed  in  comiection  with  the  operation 
of  the  machinery  or  in  the  actual  production. 

Of  the  industries  reporting  the  highest  earnings  for 
women,  the  manufacture  of  watches  is  the  only  one 
for  wliicli  considerable  numbers  are  included  in  the 
statistic's  of  classified  earnings.  In  the  watch  indus- 
try, and  in  the  manufacture  of  scales  and  balances 
and  of  gold  pens,  women  are  employed  in  occupations 
in  which  a  high  grade  of  skill  and  deftness  is  required. 
In  the  other  industries  for  which  high  earnings  are 
shown  for  women,  the  rates  should  be  considered 
as  exceptions  rather  than  as  indicating  prevailing 
conditions. 

The  grading,  roasting,  cleaning,  and  shelling  of 
peanuts  is  the  only  one  of  the  7  industries  reporting 
the  lowest  earnings  for  women  in  which  a  representa- 
tive number  was  employed — 392  out  of  the  4.59 
wage-earners  included  in  the  statistics  of  weekl}' 
earnings  being  women.  This  industry  also  shows  bj' 
far  the  lowest  average  f(jr  all  wage-earners — .|2.97; 
for  no  other  industry  is  the  corresponding  average 
less  than  So.  The  occupations  are  simple,  and  as  a 
rule  the  industry  is  conduclctl  under  conditions  that 
make  the  Inwest  wages  possible. 

■  Of  the  H  industries  representing  the  extremes  in 
the  earnings  of  children,  the  manufacture  of  pickles, 
preserves,  and  sauces  is  the  only  one  in  which  more  than 
100  children  were  employed.  The  beet  sugar  factories 
and  smelting  i)lants,  in  which  (he  highest  earnings  were 
reported  for  children,  are  located  in  Colorado  and  other 
Western  states,  where  high  earnings  prevail. 

Table  C— TWENTY-KIVE  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES— PER 
AND  flllLDREX  FORM  OF  XrMP.F.U  AND  RARXIXOS 
EARNI.XfiS:   100.5. 


i  Of  the  331  industries  sho^vTl  separately  for  the  United 
States  in  Table  6S,  147  reported  averages  for  men 
wliich  were  in  excess  of  the  general  average  for  all 
industries — $11.16.  For24S  industries,  or  about  three- 
fourths  of  the  total  number,  the  averages  for  men  fell 
between  S9  and  .$13;  the  one-dollar  group  including 
the  largest  number  of  industries  was  $10  to  $11 — 91 
industries  having  averages  within  those  limits. 

Of  the  298  industries  for  which  women  were  reported, 
102  showed  averages  for  women  which  were  greater 
than  the  general  average  for  all  industries — $0.17. 
For  240  imlustries,  or  more  than  four-fifths  of  the 
total  number,  the  averages  for  women  were  between 
$4  and  $7;  the  one-dollar  group  including  the  largest 
number  was  $.5  to  $6 — 113  industries  having  averages 
within  those  limits. 

Of  the  289  industries  reporting  children,  190  showed 
averages  for  children  which  exceeded  the  general 
average  for  all  industries — $3.46.  For  223  industries, 
or  practically  four-fifths  of  the  total  number,  the  aver- 
ages for  children  were  between  $3  and  $5;  the  one- 
dollar  group  including  the  largest  number  was  $3  to 
S4 — 156  industries  having  averages  within  those 
limits. 

Although  the  numbers  of  wage-earners  receiving 
extremely  high  or  low  earnings  indicate  the  range  of 
possibility  in  manufacturing  industries,  the  numbers 
at  the  intervening  rates  are  of  greater  significance. 
Table  71  gives,  for  each  of  25  selected  industries,  by 
states,  the  average  earnings  of  men,  women,  and 
children,  and  the  percentage  distrilnition  of  their 
total  numbers  by  groups  of  classified  earnings.  In 
but  few  instances  do  the  averages  fnr  any  of  these 
industries  fall  outside  the  limits  within  wliich,  as  shown 
above,  the  earnings  for  at  least  tlnHv-fourtlis  of  all 
industries  are  included. 

The  controlling  influence  of  these  25  indusiiics  upon 
the  statistics  of  weekly  earnings  is  indicated  by 
Table  6. 

CENT  WHICH  NUMBER  AND  EARNINGS  OF  MEN,  WOMEN, 
IX  AT.L  TXPrSTKlKS  INCUUDED  IX  CLASSIFIKD  WFFKLY 


CLA88  {'Y  WAGK-E.tnXEKS. 


All  wage-fnnt'- 
.Nfnn  I'i  vnam  nnrl  ('•.  > 

\K  ..I, l>.    II.:.,  .,:... 


NUMIIKlt. 

EAKMNfiS. 

I..lul. 

.'.   ■"17,>'I<I 

"11.  I'.7 

1 11  2.')  nolected 
iiuluslrjes. 

Total. 

]  11  iir>  siilooted 
industries. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

.'\niount. 

IVr  cent 
of  total. 

1,(W»,764 

l,2.s:'.r,!i2 
.■Mr.,(;.ii 

61.2 

«3, 185,701 

$10,472,022 

4U.6 

4n.o 
&S.7 
1.7.0 

211,240,287 

3,033,481 

312,023 

2,178.4«6 
205,130 

4K.2 

i:o.o 

1)5.7 

Wliili- information  <'oncerniiig  the  actiiid  niiiiilici's  <pf  statistics    nic    Idd    cxiciisixc    to    Ix'    incliidi'd    in    lliis 

men,  woiiieii,  aii<l   children   reported   iil    the   ilill'erent  report.      It    is   Kclicvcil   thiil    llic   pcrccnlage  distrihii- 

amounts  of  cliis>i(ie(|  earnings  for  each  industry  ill  cacli  linns  inriinli'd   in  TiiMc  72  nic  siillicicnl   to  illustrate 

state  would   be  of  interest,  the  tables  ])resenting  thr  I  he  iim' of  I  Ik  il;it  n. 


EARNINfiS  OF  WA(;E-EARNER.S. 


651 


Talilc  7  ulVoi-cIs  11  cuiiiiniiison  ol' tl nriiinj^s  of  men,   I  statistics  iiuiy  ]>v  considered  as  representative  of  the 

women,  and  <  liildrcii  in  (lie  25  selected  industries,  and       entire  industry, 
also  fui-nislies  a.  nieasnn^  of  the  deerree  to  which  these; 


Taule  7.— MEDIAN  (JUoliPS  AND  AVEKAfiE  WEEKLY  EAXt.MNUS,  ALL  WAGE-EAHXEKS   ANIJ    MEX,   WOMEX,  AXD 

CiriLDREX  IX  TVVEXTY-FIVE  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES:  1905. 

[At  least  one-half  of  all  the  wage-earners,  or  of  men,  women,  or  children,  received  earnings  as  great  as,  or  greater  than,  the  lowest  earnings  of  the  median  group.] 


INDUSTRY. 


All  industries 

Twpnty-I5ve  selected  industries 

.Agricultural  implements 

Boots  and  shoos 

Carriages  and  wagons 

Clothing,  men's 

Clothing,  women's 

Cotton  goods 

Electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  sup- 
plies   

Foundry  and  machine  shop  products 

Furniture - 

Glass  

Hosiery  and  knit"  goods 

Iron  and   steel,  blast  furnaces 

Iron  and  steel. steel  works  and  rolling  mills. 

Leather,  tanned,  curried,  and  finished 

Lumber  and  timiier  products 

Lumber,  planing  mill  products,  including 

sash,  doors,  and  blinds 

Paper  and  wood  pulp 

Pottery,  terra  cotta.andfireclay  products. 

Printing  and  publishing,  book  and  job 

Printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and 
periodicals 

Shirts 

Silk  and  silk  goods 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes 

Woolen  goods 

Worsted  goods 


WAGE-EARNERS. 


Greatest 
number 
employed 
at  anyone 
time  dur- 
ing the 
year  in  all 
establish- 
ments. 


7,017,138 


3,757,740 


«2.979 
17-t,(l.')0 

74, 1198 
15S, 437 
148, 503 

351,415 

78,360 
420,148 
128,549 

87,686 

116.869 
47. 361 

256, 135 
68,464 

640, 369 


121,421 
75,634 
63,066 

100,675 

111,480 

43, 157 
90,717 
163,982 
82,241 
78, 244 


Number  in  spccifled 
week,  selected  es- 
tablishments. 


Number. 


3,297.819 


1,688,754 


31,016 
92.002 
41,978 
47,. 344 
40,312 

202,211 

36,875 

246,177 

56,918 

36,368 

45,347 
23,839 

119,069 
40,259 

177, 022 


50,787 
38,294 
24,242 
52,916 

64,551 

16,765 
30,486 
84,292 
43,881 
45,803 


Per  cent  of 
greatest 
number  in 
all  estab- 
lishments. 


44.9 


49.2 
52.7 
50.2 
29.9 
27.1 

57.5 

47.1 
57.8 
44.3 
41.5 

38.8 
50.3 
46.5 
58.8 
27.6 


41.8 
50.6 
38.1 
49.6 

57.9 

38.8 
33.6 
51.4 
53.4 
58.5 


MEDIAN  GROUPS  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 


All  wage-earners. 


Median 
group  of 
earnings. 


$9  to  SIO 


9  to  ID 


10  to  12 
9  to  10 

10  to  12 
7  to  8 
7  to    8 

6  to    7 

9  to  10 
10  to  12 

9  to  10 
10  to  12 

6  to  7 
10  to  12 
10  to  12 
9  to  10 
9  to  10 


10  to  12 
9  to  iO 
9  to  10 

10  to  12 

10  to  12 


5  to 

6  to 

7  to 
7  to 
7  to 


Average 
weekly 
earnings. 


$10.06 


9.75 


10.90 
10. 24 
10.69 
8.  .50 
9.01 

6.47 

9.88 
11.79 

9.86 
12.82 

6.48 
11.70 
12. 45 
9.67 
9.21 


11.05 
9.  .SI 
10.  .32 
11.21 

11.39 

0.33 
7.28 
8.72 
8.23 
7.91 


Men  16  years  and 
over. 


Median 
group  of 
earnings. 


$10  to  $12 


10  to  12 


10  to  12 
10  to  12 
10  to  12 
10  to  12 
12  to  15 

7  to  8 

10  to  12 
10  to  12 
9  to  10 
10  to  12 

8  to  9 
10  to  12 
10  to  12 

9  to  10 
9  to  10 


10  to  12 
9  to  10 
9  to  10 

12  to  15 

12  to  15 

9  to  10 
10  to  12 
10  to  12 
9  to  10 
9  to  10 


Average 

weekly 
earnings. 


$11.16 


10.98 


10.97 
11.88 
10.83 
12.23 
13.52 

7.71 

10.85 
11.88 
10.16 
14.10 

8.90 
11.71 
12.  .56 
9.90 
9.25 


11.15 
10.  64 
10.87 
12.94 

13.13 

10.20 
10.57 
11.14 
9.29 
9.83 


Women  16  years 
and  over. 


Median 
group  of 
earnings. 


$6  to  $7 


6  to  7 


5  to  6 
7  to  8 

5  to  6 

6  to  7 
6  to  7 

6  to  7 

6  to  7 
5  to  0 

5  to  6 

4  to  5 

6  to  7 

5  to  6 
5  to  6 
5  to  6 
5  to  6 


Average 
weekly 
earnings. 


$6.17 


6.30 


5  to  6 

6  to  7 

5  to  0  , 

6  to  7 

5  to  6 

5  to  6 
5to6  ' 

5  to  6 

6  to  7 
6  to  7 


5. 75 
7.00 
5.85 
6.07 
6.85 

6.03 

6.37 
5.83 
5.53 
.5.08 

6.01 
5.00 
5.a5 
5.68 
3.22 


5.  IS 
5.a5 
5.60 
6.54 

5.93 

5.69 
6.11 
3.97 
6.91 
6.78 


Children  under  16 
years. 


Median  Average 
group  of  I  weekly 
earnings.    ,  earnings. 


$3  to  $4 


3  to  4 


3  to  4 

3  to  4 

3  to  4 

Less  than  $3 

$3  to  $4 

3  to  4 

3  to  4 
3  to  4 

3  to  4 

4  to  5 

3  to  4 

3  to  G 

4  to  5 
4  to  5 
3  to  4 


3  to  4 

4  to  5 

4  to  5  I 
3  to  4 

3  to  4 

Less  than  S3 
$3  to  $4 

Less  than  $3 

$3  to  S4 

3  to  4 


$3.46 


3.40 


3.12 
3.56 
3.53 
2.98 
3.49 

3.21 

3.67 
4.01 
3.55 
4.22 

3.19 
5.33 

4.58 
4.08 
3.59 


3.  la 
4.86 
4.02 
3.54 

2.87 

2.31 
3.13 
3.00 
3.83 
3.82 


Of  the  3,757,740  wage-earners  included, at  the  census 
of  1905,  as  the  greatest  number  employed  at  any  one 
time  during  the  year  in  these  25  industries,  the  wage- 
earners  included  in  the  statistics  of  classified  earnings 
form  44.9  per  cent.  Among  the  different  industries 
this  percentage  varies  from  27.1  in  clothing,  women's, 
to  58.8  in  leather,  tanned,  curried,  and  finished.  For 
1 1  of  the  industries  the  proportion  is  over  one-half,  and 
for  only  4  it  is  less  than  three-eighths.  The  degree  to 
which  the  men,  w'omen,  and  children  includeil  in  the 
totals  represent  the  numbers  of  each  reported  by  all 
establishments  can  be  approximated  onlj'  by  a  com- 
parison with  the  average  numbers  employed  during  the 
entire  year,  and,  as  explained  under  the  side  caption 
''representative  character  of  data,"  such  a  compari- 
son gives  undue  weight  to  the  statistics  of  weekly 
earnings. 

Of  the  25  selected  industries,  glass  led  in  average 
earnings  of  men,  and  cotton  goods  was  last;  men  pre- 
dominated in  the  former,  which  is  an  industry  using 
comparatively  little  machinery,  and  women  and  chil- 


dren in  the  latter,  which  is  a  manufacture  wholly 
dependent  upon  machinery. 

The  average  for  women  was  highest  in  the  highly 
organized  factory  industry  of  boots  and  shoes.  It  w*as 
lowest  in  iron  and  steel,  blast  furnaces;  but  among  in- 
dustries employing  women  to  any  considerable  extent, 
the  manufacture  of  glass  was  the  lowest  in  rank. 

Iron  and  steel,  blast  furnaces,  is  the  industry-  for 
which  the  highest  average  earnings  were  reported  for 
children;  among  the  industries  emploj-ing  consider- 
able numbers  the  highest  average  is  shown  for  the 
manufacture  of  glass.  The  average  earnings  of  children 
were  lowest  in  the  manufacture  of  shirts,  an  industry 
which  gives  employment  to  large  numbers  of  children. 

The  liighest  median  group  for  men,  812  to  S15.  was 
not  exceeded  bj^  the  corresponding  averages  for 
women's  clothing,  and  the  two  printing  and  pubhshing 
classifications  for  which  it  is  shown.  In  glass,  how- 
ever, the  average  of  S14.10  greatlj'  exceeded  the 
median  of  $10  to  S12,  because  of  the  large  numbers 
reported  at  the  highest  earnings.     The  lowest  median 


652 


MANUFACTURES. 


group  for  men  was  S7  to  S8,  for  cotton  goods,  w  hich 
also  sliovrs  the  lowest  average. 

For  women  the  highest  median  was  S7  to  $S,  in  boots 
and  shoes,  and  the  lowest  was  S4  to  85,  in  glass.  Ex- 
cept in  glass,  paper  and  wood  pulp,  and  silk  and  silk 
goods,  the  results  obtained  from  the  median  and  the 
average  agree. 

Children's  earnings,  as  determined  by  the  median, 
were  highest,  85  to  86,  in  blast  furnaces;  and  lowest, 
less  than  S3,  for  shirts,  men's  clothing,  and  tobacco, 
cigars  and  cigarettes.  The  manufacture  of  shirts  ap- 
pears to  rank  lowest  according  to  the  mechan — 86.5  per 
cent  of  all  children  employed  in  the  industry  being 
included  in  the  lowest  earnings  group — and  the  re- 
sults obtained  from  the  median  and  the  average  agree. 

Proportional  numbers  and  earnings. — In  11  of  the  25 
selected  industries  the  men  formed  more  than  85  per 
cent  of  the  total  number  of  wage-earners,  and  received 
more  than  90  per  cent  of  the  total  earnings.  The.se  11 
include  both  iron  and  steel  industries,  and  the  manu- 
facture of  foundry"  and  machine  shop  products;  both 
lumber  industries,  and  the  manufacture  of  furniture; 
the  glass  and  pottery  industries;  and  the  manufacture 
of  agricultural  implements,  carriages  and  wagons,  and 
leather,  tanned,  curried,  and  finislied.  The  highest 
proportions  were  shown  for  blast  furnaces. 

In  7  of  the  industries  the  men  formed  between  15 
and  50  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  wage-earners 
and  received  between  25  and  60  per  cent  of  the  total 
earnings.  These  include  all  the  textile  industries 
except  the  manufacture  of  woolen  goods,  and  all  the 
clothing  industries. 

The  industries  in  the  intermediate  group  are  the 
remaining  textile  industry — woolen  goods;  the  manu- 
facture of  boots  and  shoes,  which  belongs  in  the  same 
industrial  group  vnth  the  leather  industry,  already  men- 
tioned :  the  two  printing  and  publishing  industries;  paper 
and  wood  pulp;  electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and 
supplies;  and  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes. 

In  tiie  industries  showing  the  highest  ])roportions  for 
men,  the  women  formed  less  than  8  per  cent  of  the  total 
number  and  received  less  than  5  per  cent  of  tiic  (<it:il 
earnings;  in  the  intermediate  group  the  women  formed 
between  15  and  about  40  ]wr  cent  of  the  total  number 
antl  received  between  0  and  30  per  cent  of  the  total 
earnings;  in    the    industries   showing   the   lowest    |)ro- 


portions  for  men,  the  women  formed  between  40  and 
80  per  cent  of  the  total  number  and  received  between 
35  and  about  70  per  cent  of  the  total  earnings.  The 
highest  proportions  were  shown  for  the  manufacture 
of  shirts. 

Table  S. — Proportional  numbers  and  earnings,  men,  women,  and 
children,  in  twentii-fivc  selected  industries:  1905. 

\  PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL. 


Men 
llj  years 
and"  over. 


Num- 
ber. 


All  industries 79.4 

Twenty-five  selected  industries. 


Agricultural  implements 

lionls  and  shoes 

Carriages  and  wagons 

Clothing,  men's 

Clothiug,  women's 

Cotton  goods '. . 

Electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  sup- 
plies   

Foundry  and  machine  shop  products 

I'^irnitiire 

Glass 


Hosiery  and  knit  goods 

Iron  and  steel,  blast  furnaces 

Iron  and  steel,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 

Leather,  tanned,  curried,  and  finished 

I,innber  and  tiinl)er  products 

Lumber,  planing  mill  products,  including 

sash,  doors,  and  blinds 

Paper  and  woo(l  pulp ; . . 

I'ottery,  terracotta,  and  fireclay  products. 
I'rinting  and  publishing,  book  and  job . . . 
Printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and 

periodicals 

Shirts 

Silk  and  silk  goods 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes 

Woolen  goods 

Worsted  goods 


75.9 

98.9 
64.3 
97.  0 
40.3 
32.8 
47.'0 


79.3 
B8.7 
94.4 
Sfi.  7 
25.5 
99.8 
98.6 
0.i.l 
99.2 


98.  C 
82.9 
90,1 
74.3 


Earn- 
ings, 


88.1 


85.; 


70.9 
17.1 
32.5 
55.4 
62.0 
40.4 


99.6 
74.6 
98.9 
58.0 
49.2 
56.0 

87.1 
99.4 
97.3 
95.3 
35.0 
99.9 
99.4 
97.4 
99.7 

99.5 
89.8 
94.8 
85.8 

88.7 
27.7 
47.1 
70.8 
69.9 
57.0 


Women        Children 
16  years  under 

and  over.   ;    16  years. 


Num- 
ber. 


Earn- Num-^Eam- 
ings.    ber.    ings. 


20.5 


0.5 
32.8 

1.5 
58.1 
00.3 
40.5 

19.3 
0.8 
3.3 
4.7 

65.1 
(') 
0.8 
3.3 
0.2 

0.5 
10. 6 

7.9 
22.7 

20.3 

78.8 

-<s.-i 

40.8 
33.1 
44.0 


11.0 


13.2 


0.2 
24.4 

0.8 
41.4 
50.5 
37.8 

12.4 
0.4 
1.9 
1.9 

60.3 
(') 
0.4 
■1.9 
0.1 

0.2 
9.9 
4.4 
13.2 

10.6 
70.8 
48.9 
27.9 
27.8 
37.7 


2.7 


0.9 


3.6        L3 


0.6 
2.9 
0.9 
1.6 
0.9 
12.5 

1.4 
0.5 
2.3 
8.6 
9.4 
0.2 
0.6 
1.6 
0.0 

0.9 
0.5 
2.0 
3.0 

2.8 
4.1 
9.3 
3.8 
4.9 
9.0 


0.2 
1.0 
0.3 
0.6 
0.3 
6.2 

0.5 
0.2 
0.8 
2.8 
4.7 
0.1 
0.2 
0.7 
0.2 

0.3 
0.3 
0.8 
1.0 

0.7 
1.5 
4.0 
1.3 
2.3 
4.7 


'  Less  than- one-tenth  ot  1  per  cent. 

The  only  industries  employing  considerable  numbers 
of  children  wci-c  the  five  textile  industries;  also  glass, 
shirts,  and  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes.  Of  these 
the  most  important  was  cotton  goods,  children  form- 
ing 12.5  ])er  cent  of  the  number  and  receiving  6.2  per 
cent  of  (lie  ciirnings. 

Diagram  2  siiows  the  deviation  of  the  average  earn- 
ings of  all  wage-earners  and  of  men,  women,  am!  chil- 
dren in  eacli  of  tlie  25  industries  from  the  average 
earnings  in  all  industries.  The  (-.\c<>.ss  is  shown  I)y  the 
Hues  to  \\\r  left;  the  niiiius  (pianlity  by  the  lines  to  the 
ri<rht. 


Diagram  2.— CLASSIFIKI)  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  TWENTY-FIVE  SELECTED  IXDESTRIES— PER  CENT  THAT  AVERAGE 
EARNINCiSOF  ALL  WAGE-KARNERS,  AND  OF  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN  ARE  ABOVE  Ol;  I'.KLOW  AVERAGE 
FOR  UNITED  STATES:  1905. 


INDUSTRY 

AGRICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS 
BOOTS    AND    SHOES 
CARRIAGES     AND    WAGONS 
CLOTHING    MEN  S 
CLOTHING    WOMEN  S 

COTTON    GOODS 

ELECTRICAL   MACHINERY 
APPARATUS  AND  SUPPLIES 

FOUNDRY  AND  MACHINE 
SHOP  PRODUCTS 

FURNITURE 

GLASS 

HOSIERY  AND  KNIT    GOODS 

IRON  AND  STEEL   BLAST   FURNACES 


IRON  AND  STEEL  STEEL  WORKS 
AND  ROLLING  MILLS 

LEATHER.  TANNED  CURRIED 
AND  FINISHED 


LUMBER  AND  TIMBER  PRODUCTS 


LUMBER  PLANING  MILL  PRODUCTS 
INCLUDING  SASH  DOORS  AND  BLINDS 


PAPER  AND  WOOD  PULP 


POTTERY  TERRA  COTTA  AND 
FIRECLAY  PRODUCTS 


PRINTING  AND  PUBLISHING 
BOOK  AND   JOB 


PRINTING  AND  PUBLISHING 
NEWSPAPERS  AND  PERIODICALS 


SHIRTS 

SILK  AND  SILK  GOODS 

TOBACCO   CIGARS  AND   CIGARETTES 

WOOLEN   GOODS 

WORSTED  GOODS 


ABOVE 
60         40         30         20 


■•KBXiaxi 


=  1 

10  II 


••.•2 


zr.—:. 


BELOW 
20         30        40         50 


»T»»»"«"X 


n 


•%m  i«x  ^Xm  XB 


TOTAL - 


MEN— WOMEN  — CHILDREN ->^-»-»- 


654 


MAXUFACTURE8. 


ANALYSIS  OF  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES. 


The  use  of  the  statistics  for  the  25  selected  indus- 
tries can  best  be  Uhistrated  by  a  brief  analysis  of  the 
total  for  a  few  of  the  important  ones,  and  the  manu- 
facture of  boots  and  shoes,  cotton  goods,  glass,  pig 
iron  (iron  and  steel,  blast  furnaces),  and  tobacco, 
cigars  and  cigarettes,  have  been  selected  for  this 
piu-pose. 

BOOTS    AND    SHOES. 

During  the  last  twenty-five  years  the  utilization  of 
machinery-  in  the  production  of  boots  and  shoes  has 
greatly  altered  the  number  and  character  of  the  occu- 
pations in  the  industry'.  The  introduction  of  labor 
saving  devices  has  reduced  the  cost  of  the  labor  neces- 
sarA"  for  the  manufacture  of  such  products,  and  the 
use  of  easDy  operated  machinery  has  made  it  possible 
to  substitute  women  for  men,  and  in  some  cases  chil- 
dren for  women,  ilachinery  is  now  applied  to  prac- 
tically every  process  in  the  production  of  boots  and 
shoes,  and  in  some  factories  as  many  as  100  well- 
defined  operations  are  distinguished  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  the  completed  product  from  the  first  materials. 
The  occupations  followed  in  the  production  of  the  same 
grade  of  goods  must  be  practically  the  same  in  the 
various  factories  that  conduct  all  the  operations. 
Specialization  in  the  industrv' is,  however,  far  advanced, 
and  establishments  manufacturing  only  cut  stock — 
uppers  and  heels,  etc. — are  numerous.  Such  establish- 
ments are  not  included  among  those  selected  for  the 
presentation  of  the  statistics  of  classified  earnings. 

The  production  of  boots  and  shoes  was  practically 
confined  to  the  North  Atlantic  and  the  North  Cen- 
tral divisions,  although  establishments  manufacturing 
these  products  were  located  in  .3.3  states  and  territories. 
The  greatest  number  of  wage-earners  employcil  at  any 
one  time  during  the  year  in  all  the  factories  of  the  two 
divisions  named  formed  96.4  per  cent  of  the  greatest 
number  engaged  in  tiie  industry,  as  reported  at  the 
census  of  1905. 

At  the  census  of  190.")  no  wage-earners  were  em- 
ployed in  27  of  tlie  establisiuiients  reported.  In  some 
of  these  all  nf  tlic  liilmr  was  pori'niiiicil  hy  the  proprie- 
tors, and  in  others,  convicts  were  employed  exclusively. 
The  convicts  were  not  reported  as  wage-earners,  but 
the  amount  paid  for  their  labor  was  included  as  a  part 
of  the  expenses  of  contract  work.  When  these  27 
estaidisliments  arc  omitted,  1,289  factories  remain  for 
consideration  in  cf)nnection  witli  the  stud\  n\'  ilic 
statistics  of  classified  weekly  earnings.  Of  tliis  num- 
ber, over  one-bnif  furnished  satisfactory  reports,  the 
propnrlinii  of  wage-earners  represented  being  also 
grciiter  llian  50  |)cr  cent. 

In  the  earnings  of  women  this  industry  outranked 
every  otln-r  of  25  Hclected  industries  for  whicli  statis- 
tics of  cinssified  cfiniings  arc  j)rcsented  by  stiites  and 
geographic  clivisions  in  Table  71.     Tlw  cniriings  were 


high  in  the  Western  and  the  North  Atlantic  di^-isions 
and  low  in  the  two  Southern  divisions.  A  comparison 
of  the  two  principal  divisions  shows  that  earnings  of 
men,  women,  and  chikh'en  were  higher  in  the  North 
Atlantic  than  in  the  North  Central  division.  The 
average  weekly  earnings  of  the  men  were  $12.17  for  the 
former  division  and  $10.61  for  the  latter,  the  excess 
amounting  to  $1.56. 

Of  the  states,  Washington  was  foremost  in  total 
average  earnings,  but  this  liigh  average  has  little 
effect  upon  the  general  average,  for  only  a  very  small 
proportion  of  the  wage-earners  was  employed  there. 
The  entire  number,  24,  were  men,  and  consequently 
the  average  earnings  for  the  state  were  greater  than 
they  would  have  been  had  women  and  children  been 
employed. 

T.\BLE  9. — Boots  and  shoes — all  establishments  and  greatest  number 
of  wage-earners,  compared  with  number  of  establishments  and  wage- 
earners  selected  for  classified  earnings,  by  states,  territories,  and 
geographic  dinsions:  1905. 


STATE   OR  TERRITORY. 


United  States 

North  Atlantic  division. 


ESTABLISH- 
MENTS. 


Total 
num- 
ber. 


1,316 


969 


Maine 

New  Hampshire. 
Massachusclls... 

Coimeeticiil 

New  Vorli 

New  v'ersey 

I'ennsvlvania  — 


Sonth  Atlaiitie  division  . 


Maryland 

North  Carolina. 


North  Central  division. 


Ohio 

liiiliiiiia 

lihiiois 

Mirhijian.. 
Wiseonain. 
Minneaotft. 

lowii 

Miasourl... 


South  Central  division. 


T.oulsiana. 
lexan 


WcNiern  ilivisio 


\\  HshinKt<»n. 
California.... 


All  other  ntiitiw  and  terrltnrlea.. 


SO 
50 

502 
9 

188 
51 

119 

21 


242 


26 


'43 


Num- 
ber se- 
lected 

tor 
classi- 
fied 
earn- 
ings. 


745 


24 
401 
,1 
71 
21 
51 


Greatest 
number 
employed 
at  any 
one  time 
during 
the  year, 
all  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


■14 


WAGE-EASNEKS. 


174,650 


127, 534 


7,001 
12, 220 
74, 191 
579 
19,086 
4.483 
9,968 

842 


735 
107 


40,845 


15,  .374 

296 

4.891 

2.000 

3,<«1 

1,930 

550 

11,903 

520 


474 
46 


956 


137 

819 


3,053 


Number  in  speci- 
fied week,  se- 
lected estab- 
lishments. 


Total. 


92,002 


73,971 


1,911 

4.956 

,55, 573 

73 

7,064 

929 

3,465 

350 


341 
9 


16,228 


9, 046 
201 
9(i7 
,')47 
547 
990 
178 

3,692 

48 


460 


24 
4;i6 


045 


Per  cent 
of  great- 
est num- 
ber in 
all  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


52.7 


.58.0 


27.3 
40.5 
74.9 
12.6 
37.0 
20.7 
34.8 

41.6 


46.4 

8.4 


.39.7 


58.8 
88.2 
19.8 
27.4 
14.  U 
51.3 
32.4 
31.0 

9.2 


f).3 
.50.0 


48.1 


17.5 
5.3.2 


23.0 


1  IneludeN  Colorado,  1;  Iielaware,  1:  fleorKia.  7;  Indlnn  Territory,  1;  Ken- 
tucky, 9;  NebriiHkn.  3;  On'Ron,  3;  Rhode  l.slaml.  1;  TiMUiessi'e,  4;  I'lah,  4;  Ver- 
inoni,  3;  Virginia,  n. 

»  IncludcH  I)elaWHre,  1;  (ieorgla.  2;  Iiiriian  'I'erriiory.  I:  Kentucky,  2; 
Ni'liraska,   1;  On'gon,  2;  Khodi'   Islanil,   I;  I'tah,  \;  \c>rnii)nl.  I;  Virginia!  2. 


EARxNINOS  OF  WA(;i:-I-:AHNEPvS. 


655 


Massachusetts,  with  00.4  per  cent  of  the  wage- 
earners  in  the  selected  cstahUshments,  reported  66 
per  cent  of  the  total  earnings.  It  is  not  surprising, 
therefore,  to  find  this  state  ranking  high  for  the 
average  earnings  of  each  class  of  workers.  In  Cali- 
fornia and  Missouri,  also,  the  average  earnings  for  each 
class  were  above  the  averages  for  the  industry  as  a 
whole.  The  wages  of  the  women  in  Massachusetts, 
California,  Maine,  New  Hanipsliire,  New  York,  Con- 
necticut, and  Louisiana  were  relatively  higher  than 


those  of  the  men.  The  earnings  of  children  were 
relatively  higlicr  than  those  of  women  or  those  of  men 
in  New  Hampshire,  California,  Ma.ssachusetts,  Wis- 
consin, Missouri,  Michigan,  New  Jersej',  Ohio,  Iowa, 
and  Penn.sylvania. 

There  was  a  decided  concentration  of  men  at  the 
higher  earnings,  59.5  per  cent  receiving  $10  or  more 
for  the  representative  week,  but  exclusive  of  Massa- 
chusetts there  were  only  48.1  per  cent  with  these 
earnings. 


Table  lO.— BOOTS  AND  SHOES— NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  WAGE-EARNERS,  FOR  THE  UNITED 
STATES,  AND  FOR  MASSACHUSETTS;  AND  OF  WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN— BY  CLASSIFIED 
WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS:  1905. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

UNITED  STATES    EXCLUSIVE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

All  wage-earners. 

Men  16  years  and 
over. 

Women  16  years 
and  over. 

Children  under  16 
years. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

The  industry 

92,002 

100.  n 

55,573 

100.0 

36,429 

100.0 

22,452 

100.0 

12  247 

inn  n 

1  730 

inn  A 

Less  tha  n  S3 

3,235 
4,321 
.'),553 
C,310 
7,353 

7.060 

7,251 

8,314 

12,181 

13,959 
11,699 
3,046 
1,120 

3.5 
4.7 
6.0 
6.9 
8.0 

8.3 

7.9 

9.0 

13.3 

15.2 
12.7 
3.3 

1.2 

1,125 
1,498 
2,357 
3,036 
4,036 

4,. 358 
4,278 
5,345 
7,952 

9,678 

8,726 

2,290 

894 

2.0 
2.7 
4.2 
5.5 
7.3 

7.9 
7.7 
9.6 
14.3 

17.4 
15.7 
4.1 
1.6 

2,110 
2,823 
3,196 
3,274 
3,317 

3,302 
2,973 
2,969 
4,229 

4.281 

2,973 

756 

226 

5.8 
7.7 
8.8 
9.0 
9.1 

9.1 

8.2 
8.1 
11.6 

11.7 
8.2 
2.1 
0.6 

595 

923 

1,219 

1,432 

1,704 

1,858 
1.823 
2,096 
3,244 

3,735 

2,841 

756 

226 

2.7 
4.1 
5.4 
6.4 
7.6 

8.3 
8.1 
9.3 
14.4 

10.6 
12.7 
3.4 
1.0 

823 
1,363 
1.604 
1,760 
1,575 

1,440 

1.146 

873 

985 

546 
"132 

6.7 
U.l 
13.1 

14.4 
12.9 

11.8 
9.3 
7.1 
8.0 

4.5 

1.1 

692               ^'^  n 

$3to    84 

537 

373 

82 

38 

4 
M 

31.1 
21.6 

S4to    $5 

85  to    S6 

$6  to    S7 

2  2 

$7  to    $8 

0.2 
0.2 

$8  to    $9 

$9  to  $10 

S10toS12 



$12toS15 

$15  to  $20 

$20  to  $25 

$25  and  over 

Earnings  in  the  specified  week; 
Total 

$941,674 
$10.24 

$621 
SI 

,169 
l.!8 

$320,505 
$8.80 

$233,512 
$10.40 

$81,249 
$6.63 

1  !8  and  ov 

er. 

>$15 

and  over. 

The  total  number  of  wage-earners,  55,573,  reported 
for  Massachusetts  was  60.4  per  cent  of  that  shown  for 
the  inchistry  in  the  entire  country,  and  has  such  a 
marked  effect  on  tlie  proportion  at  the  different 
amounts  that  it  has  been  deemed  advisable  to  show 
the  proportions  not  only  for  the  United  States  as  a 
whole  but  for  the  United  States  exclusive  of  that 
state.  The  totals  for  Massachusetts  omitted,  there 
remain  36,429  wage-earners,  of  whom  22,452  are  men, 
12,247  women,  and  1,730  chikhcn.  The  average 
weekly  earnings  for  men,  women,  and  children  are  con- 
siderably less  than  the  averages  based  on  totals  which 
include  Massachusetts  and  there  is  not  such  a  pro- 
nounced concentration  of  the  wage-earners  at  the 
higher  amounts. 

For  all  M- age-earners  and  for  each  class  the  propor- 
tion of  employees  receiving  the  higher  earnings  was 
least,  and  the  proportion  at  the  lower,  greatest  in  that 
portion  of  the  country  outside  of  ^lassachusetts.  The 
distribution  in  the  whole  industry  follows  more  closely 
that  for  the  state  of  Massachusetts  than  that  for  the 
remaining  portion  of  the  country.  The  degree  in  -which 
the  statistics  are  representative,  however,  varies  for 
the  different  sections  of  the  countr}-,  being  greatest  for 


the  North  Atlantic  di^^sion  and  least  for  the  South 
Central. 

Di.vGR.\M  .3. —  Classified  weeMy  earnings,  boots  and  shoes — per  cent 
that  average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and 
ehihlren  are  above  or  below  average  for  the  United  States,  by  geo- 
graphic dimsio7is:  1905. 


t- 
o 

t- 

PER  CENT   ABOVE     -3 
40  30  20  10  I 


NORTH     ATLANTIC 


SOUTH    ATLANTIC 


NORTH      CENTRAL 


SOUTH      CENTRAL 


WESTERN 


.L 


PER   CENT  BELOW 
10  20  30         40 


-TT 

*— Xp 

•TOTAL    ••••*  MEN  *•*  WOMEN    •x.v*  CHILDREN 


656 


:\IAXUFACTURES. 


The  proportion  of  men  was  considerably  smaOer 
and  the  proportion  of  women  relatively  greater  than 
the  correspontUng  proportions  for  all  manufacturing 
industries  in  the  United  States.  Over  three-fourths  of 
all  wage-earners  in  all  industries  were  men  and  about 
one-sixth  were  women,  while  less  than  two-thirds  of 
those  in  the  boot  and  shoe  industrj-  were  men  and 
about  one-third  were  women. 

Table    11. — Soots  and  shoes — per  cent  distribution  of  men,  women, 
and  children,  by  states,  territories,  and  geographic  divisions:  1905. 


STATE  OE   TERRITORY. 


United  States 

North  Atlantic  di\ision 

Maine 

New  Hampshire 

Massachusetts 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  di\ision 

Marjland 

North  Carolina , 

North  Central  division 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois . ; 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

South  Central  division 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Western  division 

Washincton 

California 

AH  other  states  and  territories 


Menl6 

years  and 

over. 


65.8 


70.9 
64.7 
06.0 
78.1 
06.3 
68.0 
61.2 

37.4 


56.6 
88.9 


57.8 


56.7 
66.7 
58.5 
63.4 
64.9 
65.8 
60.1 
55.3 

91.7 


Women  16 

years  and 

over. 


32.3 


28.9 
33.6 
32.3 
21.9 
31.7 
37.8 
31.9 

36.9 


37.8' 


35.5 


92.0 
91.3 


76.1 


100.0 

74.8 


38.1 
29.1 
35.1 
33.3 
28.5 
33.0 
37.6 
31.8 

2.1 


Chdldren 

under  16 

vears. 


2.9 


1.9 


0.2 
1.7 
1.7 


2.0 
4.2 
6.9 


5.6 
11.1 


6.7 


5.2 
4.2 
6.4 
3.3 
6.6 
1.2 
2.3 
1.2.9 

0.2 


4.0 


23.5 


4.0 
8.7 


0.4 


24.8 
33.0 


0.4 
12.1 


The  South  Atlantic  divi-sion  had  the  largest  i)ropor- 
tion  of  women.  The  North  Central  division  ranked 
second  in  this  respect  and  first  in  the  relative  number 
of  children.  Over  nine-tenths  of  all  the  wage-earners 
in  the  vSouth  Central  division  and  over  three-fourths  of 
those  in  the  Western  division  were  men. 

The  states  leading  in  the  i)roportion  of  women  were 
Ohio,  New  Jerse^y,  Maryland,  Iowa,  and  Illinois.  Mis- 
souri is  prominent  for  a  large  proportion  of  children  and 
a  small  proportion  of  men. 

The  i)resence  (jf  a  large  proportion  of  women  has  a 
tendency  to  reduce  the  average  for  the  weekly  earnings 
of  ail  wage-earners.  In  spite  of  this  t«'ndency  the 
average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners  engaged  in  the 
production  of  boots  and  shoes,  as  well  as  tlio.se  of  each 
cla.s.s  of  workers — men,  women,  and  children — were 
gr.  ater  tlian  the  corresponding  averages  for  all  in- 
dustries. 

In  tiie  Western  division  tln'  largest  number  of  men 
received  from  .Sl.i  to  S20  U>r  the  week's  work.  In  the 
tw<i  Northern  divi.sions  the  largest  numbers  weri'  paid 
from  $12  to  $15,  but  almost  as  many  were  paid  fiDin 


$15  to  S20.     In  the  Southern  divisions  comparatively 
few  received  over  $15. 

COTTON    GOODS. 

Of  the  plants  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton 
goods,  those  of  medium  or  large  size  furnished  the  most 
reliable  returns  concerning  classified  earnings,  as  these 
establishments  keep  the  most  accurate  pay  rolls.  The 
statistics  that  follow  are  based  upon  the  data  presented 
in  these  selected  schedules,  and  therefore  for  the  most 
part  deal  with  the  most  nearly  representative  establish- 
ments engaged  in  the  industry  in  the  various  sections 
of  the  country.  This  fact  renders  the  comparisons  of 
far  greater  A'alue  than  would  be  the  case  if  numerous 
small  establishments  were  included,  since  such  estab- 
lishments are  often  conducted  under  conditions  not 
at  all  typical  of  the  entire  industry  in  the  section  of 
the  country  in  which  they  are  located. 

Table  12. — Cotton  goods — all  establishments  and  greatest  number  of 
wage-earners,  compared  with  number  of  establishments  and  wage- 
earners,  selected  for  classified  earnings,  by  states  and  geographic 
diiisions:  1905. 


ESTABLISHMENTS. 

•WAGE-EARNERS. 

STATE. 

Total 
number. 

Number 
selected 
for  clas- 
sified 
earnings. 

Greatest 
number 
employed 
at  any  one 
time  during 
the  year, 
all  estab- 
lishments. 

Number  in   speci- 
fied week,  select- 
ed establish- 
ments. 

Total. 

Per  cent 
of  great- 
est num- 
ber in  all 
establish- 
ments. 

United  states 

1,07? 

525 

351,415 

202,211 

57.5 

North  .\tlantic  division,... 

4<,I5 

262 

204,423 

133,361 

65.2 

15 
25 

142 
73 
49 
30 
17 

144 

454 

7 
5 
109 
42 
20 
9 
10 
60 

215 

13,539 
21,281 
100,982 
2;),  712 
13,947 
9,707 
5,764 
15,491 

116,805 

4,666 
10,117 

S5,:«i 

13,S54 
7,499 

i,:oo 

3,154 
7,:«« 

56,494 

34.5 

New  Iliinip.shire 

47.5 
84.5 

Rhode  Lsland 

58  4 

53.8 

New  York 

13.7 

54.7 

Pennsylvania 

47.7 

South  Atlantic  division 

48.4 

Maryland 

12 
212 
127 
103 

5 

4 
106 
62 
43 

4 

4,254 
42,142 
42,950 
27,459 

1,696 

2,7» 
20,830 

20,'.i:« 
ll,9:f.> 

1,062 

65  8 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

49.4 
48.7 

North  Contnil  divisioji 

65.9 

Indiaiiii 

5 
76 

4 

30 

1,596 
l.S,0.S9 

1,0.52 
S,669 

65  9 

South  Central  division 

47.3 

Tennessee 

10 
40 
14 

M7 

6 
19 
S 

M4 

2,816 
12,834 

2,4:» 

10,502 

1,657 
6,995 
1,007 

2,745 

65  3 

46.7 

MIssJH.slppi 

41.3 

A II  other  sta  tea 

20  1 

■  Inchides  ArkaiLsa.*,  2;  Callfoniia.  1;  Delaware,  1;  Illinois.  2;  Kentucky,  4; 
lyoulslana,  3;  Ml.ssourl,  !■  Ohio,  3;  Texas,  13;  Vermont,  4;  Virginia,  10;  Wis- 
consin, 3. 

■Includes  Arkansas.  1;  Illinois,  I;  Kentucky,  2;  Louisiana,  1;  Ohio,  1; 
Textis,  2:  \'i'rmon1,2:  \'lrKtuia,  2;  Wisconsin,  2. 

Of  the  total  number  of  establishments  in  the  I'nited 
States  manufacturing  cotton  goods  at  the  census  of 
1005,  almost  one-half  were  selected  for  the  tabulation 
of  chi-isified  weekly  i-iirnings.  The  nuiiiber  of  \\age- 
eaineis  eiii|)|(ived    in    these  establishmeiil.s   loiiiprised 


EARNINGS  OF  Wy\f  ;E-KA]L\1':RS. 


657 


57.5  per  cent  of  tlie  greatest  number  employed  at 
any  one  time  in  all  cstablislunents  in  this  industry. 
The  North  Atlantic  and  the  North  Central  divisions  are 
represented  by  nearly  two-thirds  of  their  wage-earners, 
a  proportion  larger  than  that  of  any  other  division.  Of 
individual  states  in  the  North  Atlantic  division, Massa- 
chusetts leads  witii  over  four-fifths,  and  Rhode  Island, 
New  Jersey,  and  Connecticut  follow  with  little  more 
than  one-half.  The  proportion  shown  for  the  other 
important  cotton  nninufacturing  states  except  Maine, 
North  and  South,  approaches  50  per  cent.  The  only 
state  for  which  the  statistics  can  not  be  said  to  be 
representative  is  New  York;  not  one-seventh  of  its 
operatives  are  included. 

As  a  ride  cotton  goods  are  produced  on  a  much  larger 
scale  in  the  average  mill  in  the  North  than  in  the  aver- 
age mill  in  the  South.  The  numerous  small  yarn  fac- 
tories scattered  through  North  Carolina,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  Georgia  are  largely  responsible  for  the  wide 
ditVerence.  Many  of  these  factories  employ  less  than 
100  operatives,  and  the  wage-earners  are  for  the  most 
part  women  and  children.  In  the  North,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  manufacture  of  cotton  yarns  is  concentrated 
in  a  comparative!}'  few  mills,  ami  some  of  these  are  of 
the  largest  size.  For  each  geograpiiic  division  of  the 
country,  however,  the  establishments  that  were  se- 
lected for  the  study  of  classified  earnings  are  represent- 
ative of  all  the  plants  within  the  area,  so  far  as  the 
conditions  that  govern  the  earnings  of  operatives  are 
concerned,  and  figures  for  the  establishments  within 
the  limits  of  each  section  are  comparable. 

Table  71  shows  that  during  the  representative  week 
of  the  establishments  selected,  the  average  earnings 
for  all  classes  of  operatives  engaged  in  the  production 
of  cotton  goods  in  the  United  States  were  .S6.47.  For 
the  men,  the  average  was  .17.71;  for  the  women,  .S6.03; 
antl  for  the  cliildren,  .$.3.21.  In  the  case  of  both  the' 
men  and  the  women  the  greatest  number  earned  be- 
tween S6  and  $7.  While  the  proportion  of  women  in 
this  group  was  greater  than  the  proportion  of  the 
men,  17.4  per  cent  of  the  men  and  only  4.1  per  cent 
of  the  women  were  reported  as  earning  from  $10  to  $15. 
Three-fourths  of  the  children  earned  less  than  $4,  and 
nearly  one-half  (45.2  per  cent)  earned  less  than  $3  per 
week. 

In  the  tabulation  of  the  classified  earnings  of  each 
class  of  wage-earners,  8  of  the  states  in  the  North 
Atlantic  di\asion  are  shown  to  have  employed  67.9 
per  cent  of  the  men,  73.4  per  cent  of  the  women,  and 
34.8  per  cent  of  the  children  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  cotton  goods.  The  division  next  in  importance 
in  number  of  wage-earners  was  the  South  Atlantic, 
which  is  shown  as  comprising  4  states,  of  which  3  are 
the  states  leading  in  the  industry  in  the  South.  The 
children  employed  in  the  cotton  mills  of  tliis  division 
formed  over  one-half  of  all  the  children  in  the  indus- 
try. The.  contrast  between  the  cotton  mills  in  these 
two  divisions  iu  the  j)ropi)rlions  that  the  men.  women. 


and  children  formeil  of  the  total  nundjer  of  wage- 
earners  employed  in  each  ilivi.sion  and  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  each  group  of  wage-earners  according  to 
amounts  of  earnings  is  most  marked.  In  the  estab- 
lishments in  the  North  Atlantic  division  48.3  per  cent 
of  the  operatives  were  men,  45.1  per  cent  were  women, 
and  6.6  per  cent  were  children;  whereas  in  the  South 
Atlantic  division  45.1  per  cent  of  the  operatives  were 
men,  30.5  per  cent  were  women,  and  24.4  per  cent 
were  children.  In  the  North  Atlantic  division  77.7 
percent  of  the  men  received  from  .%  to  .?15;  and  tlieir 
distribution  among  the  six  classes  of  earnings  inchuh-il 
within  this  range  of  rates  was  fairly  unifonn.  Jn  con- 
trast to  this  is  the  earning  capacity  of  the  men  in  the 
cotton  mills  of  the  South  Atlantic  division,  only  35.2 
per  cent  of  whom  earned  these  amounts.  A  similar 
wide  disparity  is  noticeable  in  the  earnings  of  the 
women  in  the  two  sections  of  the  country.  Of  the 
total  number  of  women  employed  in  the  North  Atlan- 
tic division,  70.5  per  cent  earned  from  .'55  to  -SO,  whereas 
in  the  South  Atlantic  ch^dsion  only  22.9  per  cent 
received  the  like  amounts.  Of  the  large  number  of 
children  employed  in  the  latter  division,  60.7  per  cent 
earned  less  than  $3,  while  in  the  former  ilivision  onh* 
15.2  per  cent  were  returned  in  tliis  group. 

Diagram  4. — Classified  weekly  earnings,  cotton  goods — per  cent  that 
average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren are  above  or  belovj  average  for  the  United  States,  by  geographic 
divisions:  1905. 


PER  CENT   ABOVE 
30  go  1 0 


NORTH     ATLANTIC 


SOUTH    ATLANTIC 


NORTH     CENTRAL 


SOUTH      CENTRAL 


PER   CENT  BELOW 
10  20         30         40 


^»—  TOTAL    -.••.•MEN     —■•«  WOMEN    -K-X-CHILDREN 

In  the  case  of  the  5  Xew  England  states  shown 
separatel}-  in  Table  71  there  are  no  remarkable  varia- 
tions in  the  distribution  of  the  men  and  the  women 
among  the  diflerent  amounts  of  earnings.  These 
states  include  the  greatest  centers  for  the  manufacture 
of  cotton  goods,  and  the  conditions  regulating  wages 
\\"ithin  their  borders  are  fairly  uniform.  In  the  case 
of  children  there  are  some  wider  variations,  due  in 
large  part  to  differences  m  the  laws  and  usages  con- 
cerning the  employment  of  cliild  labor. 

When,  however.  New  York,  Penn.sylvania,  and 
New   Jersev   are    coniiiared    with   the    New  Engrland 


658 


MANUFACTURES. 


states  some  wide  differences  are  observable.  For  in- 
stance, the  average  earnings  of  the  men  were  consid- 
erably higher  for  New  Jersey  than  for  any  of  the  New 
England  states.  Tliis  is  due  to  the  inclusion  in  the 
selected  establishments  for  Xew  Jersey  of  several 
large  tliread  factories  which  spin  the  finest  counts  of 
vam,  and  hence  require  a  highly  skilled  class  of  wage- 
earners  in  nearly  every  department.  In  like  manner 
differences  in  the  kinds  of  products  manufactured 
accoimt  for  a  number  of  variations  observable  in  the 
distribution  by  classes  of  earnings  of  the  men  and  the 
women  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  and  those  in 
the  Xew  England  states. 

Specialization  m  the  manufacture  of  the  various 
products  of  the  cotton  fiber  is  marked.  Some  fac- 
tories confine  themselves  to  the  production  of  cotton 
yams;  others  make  only  plain  cotton  cloths  for  print- 
ing and  converting;  others  produce  twills  and  sateens 
and  fancy  woven  fabrics  that  require  the  finer  counts 
of  3'am;  while  others  manufacture  other  varieties  of 
the  products  of  the  industry.  It  is  evident  that  mills 
that  produce  fine  woven  goods  must  employ  a  higher 
grade  of  skill  than  those  that  spin  coarse  counts  of 
yam.  The  finer  grade  of  goods  forms  a  much  larger 
proportion  of  the  total  product  of  the  cotton  industry 
in  the  North  than  in  the  South,  and  it  follows  that  the 
percentage  of  skilled  labor  in  the  former  section  of 
the  coimtry  is  necessarily  greater  than  that  in  the 
latter.  Thus,  while  Table  71  shows  that  the  earnings 
of  all  the  cotton  mill  operatives  in  the  New  England 
states  were  much  higher  than  those  of  the  wage-earn- 
ers in  the  cotton  mills  of  the  South,  it  does  not  furnish 
data  for  a  comparative  study  of  the  earnings  of  oper- 
atives employed  in  the  production  of  the  same  grade 
of  goods  in  these  two  sections.  Such  a  comparison  is 
presented  in  Table  13,  which  shows  the  earnings  of 
the  men,  women,  and  fliildron  employed  as  wage- 
earners  in  .selected  establishments  engaged  in  the  pro- 
duction of  cotton  yams,  or  in  the  manufacture  of 
plain  clotlis  for  printing  and  converting. 

The  average  weekly  earnings  of  the  men  in  the  11 
establishments  selected  to  represent  the  production  of 
cotton  yams  in  New  England  amounted  to  .?,S.2'2,  or 
$3.10  more  than  the  average  f(jr  the  men  employed  in 
the  45  selected  establishments  manufacturing  the 
same  products  in  the  Southern  states.  In  the  case  of 
women  the  average  weekly  earnings  in  the  same  es- 
tablishments in  New  England  were  .?.5.88,  or  .$2.12 
more  than  the  average  for  operatives  of  this  class  in 
tlie  selected  mills  of  the  South.  The  children  employed 
in  the  northern  mills  earned  on  an  average  $4.60 
a  week,  which  was  .?2.()ri  more  than  the  average  earn- 
ings of  till'  children  in  \]\c  suutlicrn  mills  shown  in  llic 
table. 

In  tlie  \ii  southern  mills  producing  cotton  yarn, 
nearly  one-third  ('.',]  .7  per  cent)  of  the  total  number 
of  men  employed  eiiTMcd  from  $4  to  $5  during  the  rep- 


resentative week  reported,  and  over  one-half  (.57.1  per 
cent)  earned  less  than  $5.  In  the  northern  mills,  on 
the  other  hand,  the  marked  concentration  began  in 
the  group  of  wages  ranging  from  .$6  to  $7  and  contin- 
ued through  the  two  succeeding  groups;  these  three 
groups,  covering  the  operatives  earning  from  $6  to  $9, 
contained  44.9  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  men 
employed. 

T.\BLE  13. — Comparisoti  of  classified  camimjs  in  selected  establish- 
ments manufacturing  cotton  yarns  and  plai7i  cloths  for  printing  and 
converting ,  in  New  England  and  the  Southern  states:  1905. 


COTTON 

YARNS. 

PLAIN    CLOTHS     FOB 
PRINTING   AND 
CONVERTING. 

New 
England 
states. 

Southern 

states. 

New 
England 
states. 

Southern 
states. 

Number  of  establishments 

11 

$6.93 
$8.22 
$5.88 
$4.60 

6,949 
$48, 178 

3,456 
$28,  403 

6.6 

2.7 

6.2 

8.6 

19.4 

15.3 

10.2 

7.0 

6.6 

7.6 

8.1 

1.2 

0.5 

2.sni 

$17,007 

7.3 

6.3 

10.2 

15.8 

25.1 

18.5 

10.6 

4.2 

2.0 

(') 

45 

S3. 95 
$5.12 
$3.76 
$2.54 

6,606 
$26,087 

2,644 
$13,546 

8.1 

17.3 

31.7 

16.4 

12.7 

4.6 

2.9 

2.5 

1.2 

1.6 

0.8 

(') 
0.2 

2,029 
$7,623 

16.2 
40.5 
29.9 
8.7 
3.6 
1.0 
0.1 

.     17 

$7.62 
$8.52 
$7.23 
$4.45 

16,775 
$127,787 

8, 157 
$69,477 

0.9 

2.1 

4.2 

8.5 

16.0 

13.8 

13.3 

12.5 

16.5 

9.2 

2.7 

1.2 

0.1 

7,81S 
$56,547 

1.5 
5.4 
9.3 
14.9 
15.1 
17.4 
15.4 
12.2 
8.7 
0.1 
(') 

800 
$:i,563 

15.4 
31.9 
23.6 
11.6 
11.7 
3.S 
2.0 

u 

-Average  weekly  earnings: 

All  wage-earners 

S4.16 
$5.14 

Women  16  years  and  over 

$3.77 

Children  imder  16  years 

82.73 

Wage-earners  and  earnings  for  selected 
week: 

6.508 

Total  earnings 

$27,047 

Men  16  years  and  over — 

3,102 

Earnings 

$15,930 

Per  cent  distribution- 
Less  than  S3 

14.5 

$3  to    $4 

14.3 

$4  to   $.5. 

18.4 

$5  to    86 

20. » 

$6  to    S7. 

11.3 

$7  to    $8 

7.5 

SSto    $9 

5.4 

$9  to  SIO 

4.2 

$10  to  $12 

1.3 

$12  to  $15.     . 

0.7 

S15  to  S20 

0.8 

S20toS25 

0.6 

$25  and  over 

0.1 

Women  Ki  years  and  over- 
Number 

1,805 

$6, 813 

-    Per  cent  distribution — 

26.6 

S:!  to   $4. 

22.4 

$4  to   $5 

23.6 

S5  to   .$6.. 

19.7 

$6  to    $7 

5.1 

S7to    $8 

1.9 

$8  to    $9 

0.6 

■$0  to  $10. 

$10  to  812 

$12  to  $15 

0. 1 

Children  imder  16  years- 
Number 

602 
$2,768 

12.1 
2.'-).  7 
27.9 
15. 1 
14.0 
4.2 
1.0 

1,9.33 
$4,91S 

06.9 

26.1 

5.9 

1.1 

1,601 

Earnings 

$4,376 

Per  cent  distribution— 

.18.8 

S3  to  $4 

25.0 

$4  to  $5 

14.0 

J5  to  $6 

1.8 

$fito$7 

0.3 

$7  to  $8 

0.1 

$8  and  over 

'  Less  than  one-lenlti  of  1  perccnl 

The  conipMnitively  large  proportion  of  men  in  the 
wage  groii|)s  from  Si)  U])ward  in  the  New  England 
spinning  mills  M'a,s  dm'  in  large  part  to  the  size  of  the 
mills.  The  large  nuiiiber  of  wage-earners  employetl 
in  the  northern  mills  mad(>  necessar}'  a  numerous  su- 
|)ervisorv  force  of  boss  si)inners,  assistant  foremen^ 
and  overseers,  whose  remnneration  was  considerably 
liiglicr  lliiin  lliiil  (if  llic  (irdinarv  o])eralive;  wliereas 
in  (he  soiillicrn  mills,  llic  supervisory  force  was  small 
and  often  consisted  of  the  owners,  who  were  not  re- 
ported as  wage-earners. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


659 


Of  the  womon  {Miiploycd  in  tlu'  southern  spinning 
mills,  50. 7  per  cent  oarnod  less  lliun  $i  during  the 
week  reported  for  the  soloctod  estaljlishiucnts,  wliilc 
in  th(>  nortiicrn  mills  over  one-fourth  of  the  total 
number  earned  from  $C)  to  .??,  and  4.3.6  per  cent 
earned  from  S()  to  S;s. 

Children  formed  a  much  larger  proportion  of  the 
total  number  of  wage-earners  in  the  southern  spin- 
ning mills  than  in  the  northern.  Out  of  6,606 
operatives  reported  hy  the  4')  southern  mills,  1,933,' 
or  29.3  i)er  cent,  were  children,  while  of  the  total 
number  employed  in  the  New  England  mills,  only 
602,  or  S.7  per  cent,  were  under  16  years  of  age. 
Of  the  large  proportion  of  children  employed  in  the 
southern  mills,  over  two-thirds  (66.9  per  cent)  earned 
less  than  $3  per  week  and  93.1  per  cent  received  less 
than  $4.  In  the  New  England  mills,  on  the  other 
hand,  53.7  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  children 
earned  from  .$3  to  .$5,  over  one-half  of  the  number  re- 
ceiving these  rates  of  earnings  being  paid  from  $i  to 
$5,  while  34.2  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  children 
employed  earned  .$5  or  more. 

In  the  spinning  mills  of  New  England  the  average 
W'eekly  earnings  of  an  average  wage-earning  unit,  em- 
bodying all  grades  of  skill,  both  sexes,  and  all  ages, 
were  .$6.93,  whereas  in  the  Southern  states  the  average 
for  such  an  imaginary  imit  was  .13.95,  or  $2.98  less 
than  the  amount  paid  in  New  England. 

For  the  manufacture  of  plain  cloths  for  printing  and 
converting  only  those  mills  were  sclecteil  that  per- 
formed all  the  processes  from  the  first  treatment  of  the 
raw  cotton  to  the  completion  of  the  finished  product. 
It  was  possible  therefore  to  obtain  data  relative  to 
conditions  of  manufacture  that,  so  far  as  the  proc- 
esses and  kind  of  machinery  employed  were  con- 
cerned, were  necessarily  similar  for  the  two  sections 
of  the  country  shown.  A  comparison  of  the  weekly 
earnings  of  each  class  of  wage-earners  employed  in  the 
North  and  the  South  in  the  production  of  this  grade  of 
cotton  goods  is,  therefore,  liighly  significant,  indica- 
ting as  it  does  the  difference  between  the  two  sections 
in  the  cost  of  the  labor  required  for  the  production  of 
the  same  class  of  cotton  goods. 

In  New  England  the  average  w'eekly  earnings  of 
the  wage-earners  in  the  17  factories  shown  in-Table  13 
were  $8.52  for  men,  $7.23  for  women,  and  $4.45  for 
children.  These  averages  present  marked  contrasts  to 
those  for  the  1 1  mills  in  the  South,  in  which  men  earned 
an  average  of  only  $5.14  w^eekly;  w'omen,  only  $3.77; 
and  chilcben,  only  $2.73.  "VYhen  the  average  earn- 
ings for  a  composite  wage-earner  representing  all 
grades  of  skill,  chfferent  ages,  and  both  sexes,  are 
computed  for  the  two  sections,  the  difference  between 
the  labor  cost  in  the  prochiction  of  the  class  of  goods 
under  consideration  is  still  further  accentuated.  In 
the  mills  in  the  North  the  average  weekly  earnings 
were  $7.62,  or  $3.46  more  than  the  average  for  the 
mills  in  the  South.     A  leading  cause  for  this  disparity 


lies  in  the  fact  that  in  the  11  southern  mills  children 
formed  nearly  one-f(jurth  (24.6  per  cent)  of  the  total 
number  of  operatives  employed,  while  in  the  17 
northern  mills  they  formed  not  (juite  one-twentieth 
(4.8  per  cent)  of  the  total  number. 

For  the  southern  mills  the  concentration  of  men  is 
showTi  to  have  been  in  the  lowest  four  groups  of 
earnings,  and  only  31.9  per  cent  received  S6  and  over, 
whereas  in  the  northern  mills  84.3  per  cent  received  $6 
and  over.  In  the  earnings  of  women  an  even  wider 
disparity  appears,  for  while  68.9  per  cent  of  the  num- 
ber em])loyed  in  the  northern  mills  received  $6  or  over, 
only  7.7  per  cent  of  those  in  the  southern  mills  were 
ecpially  fortunate.  In  this  connection  it  is  noteworthy 
that  over  one  fourth  (27.6  per  cent)  of  the  total  num- 
ber of  women  in  the  northern  mills  earned  from  88  to 
$10,  while  only  six-tenths  of  1  per  cent  of  women  in 
the  southern  mills  earned  from  $8  to  $9. 

The  earnings  of  children  in  the  southern  mills  evi- 
dently were  extremely  low,  since  58.8  per  cent  of 
the  number  shown  in  the  table  received  less  than  S3. 
In  the  case  of  the  northern  mills  the  principal  con- 
centration occurred  in  the  two  groups  of  earnings 
from  $3  to  $5,  for  which  55.5  per  cent  of  the  total  num- 
ber of  children  were  I'ejxirted. 

GL.\SS. 

There  is  a  great  difference  in  the  number  of  wage- 
earners  engaged  in  the  manufactiu'e  of  glass  at  dif- 
ferent seasons  of  the  year.  In  1905  the  average  num- 
ber employed  during  April  was  74,316  and  the  average 
for  Juh-  was  28,246.  The  greatest  number  employed 
at  any  one  time  during  the  year  was  87,586. 

The  average  number  of  wage-earners  employed  in 
all  establishments  during  the  entire  year  was  63,969, 
and  of  this  total  the  number  reported  for  the  specified 
w'eek  by  the  establishments  for  which  statistics  of 
classified  earnings  are  presented  forms  56.9  per  cent. 
It  is  probable  that  in  the  majority  of  cases,  the  week 
for  wdiich  the  detailed  statement  of  earnings  was 
furnished  was  a  week  diuing  the  bus}'  season  of  the 
year,  and  therefore  in  Table  14  a  comparison  is  made 
between  the  greatest  number  of  wage-earners  employed 
at  any  one  time  in  all  estabhshments  and  the  number 
employed  in  the  factories  included  for  the  specified 
week. 

While  glass  factories  were  in  operation  in  a  number 
of  the  states,  the  industry  was  largely  centered  in  New- 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois. 
The  greatest  number  of  wage-earners  emploj-ed  in 
the  factories  in  these  states  at  any  one  time  during 
the  year  was  70,126,  or  80.1  per  cent  of  the  greatest 
number  employed  in  all  states.  In  the  statistics  of 
classified  earnings,  however,  the  state  of  Illinois  is 
not  given  proper  weight  m  determining  the  general 
average  earnings  for  the  United  States,  since  only  a 
small  proportion  of  the  number  employed  in  the  state 
is  included. 


660 


IMAXUFACTrRES. 


Table  14. — Glass — all  establishments  atul  greatest  number  of  wage- 
earners,  compared  with  number  of  establishments  and  wage-earners, 
selected  far  classified  earnings,  by  states  and  geographic  divisions:. 
1905. 


ESTABL'SHMENTS. 

WAGE-EARNERS. 

Total 
num- 
ber. 

Number 
selected 
for  clas- 
sified 
earnings. 

Greatest 
number 
employed 
at  any  one 
time  d'uring 
the  year, 
all  estab- 
lishments. 

1 
1 

Number  in  specified 
week,  selected  es- 
tablishments. 

STATE. 

Total. 

Per  cent 

of 
greatest 
number 

in  all 
establish- 
ments. 

399 

171 

87,586 

36,368 

41.5 

North  Atlantic  division 

176 

79 

40,341 

19, 467 

48.3 

Massachusetts 

New  York 

4                  3 

28                12 
22                 5 
122                 59 

45  1              22 

998 

4,142 

7.358 

27,843 

6,104 

978 

2,348 

1,655 

14,486 

2,735 

98.0 
56  7 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

South  -Vtlantic  division 

22.5 
52.0 

44.8 

6                   3 
39                19 

161  1             66 

995 
5,109 

37,978 

634 
2,101 

13,700 

West  Virginia 

41  1 

North  Central  division 

36.1 

Ohio     . 

37 

12 

11,130 

17,029 

6,766 

1,886 

1,167 

3.163 

3,393 

7,531 

886 

986 

904 

466 

30  5 

TpHiflnfi 

96 
13 
6 
9 

117 

42 
3 
3 
6 

>4 

\i.2 

nUnois  

13  1 

Missouri   

52  3 

Kansas 

77  5 

All  other  states 

T.\BLE   15. — Glass — per  cent  distribution  of  men.  women,  and  chil- 
dren, by  states  and  geographic  divisions:  1905. 


1  Includes  California,  4;  Colorado.  1;  Delaware,  1;  Georgia,!:  Indian    Terri- 
tory,!; Michigan,  2;  South  Carolina,  1;  Tennessee,!;  Virginia,  4;  Wisconsin,!. 
•  Includes  California,  1;  Michigan,  !;  Tennessee,  1;  Virginia,  1. 

Most  of  the  occup.ations  in  the  industry  are  well- 
defined  and  frequently  the  rates  of  wages  are  estab- 
lished by  agreement.  The  practice  of  paying  by 
the  piece  prevails  largch',  especially  in  the  case  of 
skilled  workmen.  The  degree  of  skill  and  the  amount 
of  physical  endurance  required  of  the  operatives,  and 
consequently  their  earnings,  depend  to  a  great  extent 
on  the  cla.ss  of  products  made.  In  some  branches 
of  the  industry  machinery  is  used  extensively.  Natu- 
rally relative  efficiency,  application,  lost  time,  and 
other  factors  that  affect  the  earnings  in  all  industries 
should  be  taken  into  con.sidcration  in  a  study  of  the 
statistics. 

The  manipulation  of  tlic  "metal"  is  jM'il'unued 
almost  exclusively  by  men.  In  some  branches  of  the 
industry,  especially  in  the  jiroduction  of  .small  ware, 
women  and  cliildrcn  are  eiiqiloyed  as  helpers  and  in 
decorating,  a.ssorting,  selecting,  and  packing  the  fin- 
islic(l  products. 

The  ])rop()rtions  oS  men  and  cliilihcii  (■iiipioyi'd  in 
the  glft.ss  factories  were  large  and  the  projioitioii  of 
women  was  small  in  comparison  wilh  (he  corres|)ond- 
ing  proportions  for  the  wage-earners  in  all  manufac- 
turing eslabli.shments  in  the  United  States.  The 
percentages  for  all  industries  were  77.(1  for  men,  10. .5 
for  woiiieii,  and 'J.!i  foi'  cliilflri'ii;  llir)sc  for  gliis.s  are 
shown  in  Table  l.'i. 


ST.ATE. 

Men 
16  years 
and  over. 

Women 
16  years 
and  over. 

Children 

under 
16  years. 

United  States                        

86.7 

4.7 

8  6 

North  \tlantic  division 

86.7 

4.3 

0  0 

Massachusetts     

86.8 
90.8 
86.5 
86.0 

83.1 

10.5 
4.0 
2.0 
4.3 

7.3 

2  7 

5.2 

New  Jersey       .* 

11.5 

9  7 

South  \tlantic  division 

9  6 

Maryland                  

85.2 
82.4 

87.5 

1.9 

8.9 

4.7 

12  9 

8.7 

7.8 

Ohio 

79.5 
90.5 
77.4 
95.6 
94.1 

80.2 

8.3 
3.6 
3.2 
1.0 

5.7 

6.9 

12  2 

Indiana 

5  9 

19  4 

Missouri 

3  4 

0  2 

-\U  other  states 

I''  9 

The  proportion  of  men  among  the  wage-earners  was 
largest  in  ^lissouri  and  smallest  in  the  neighboring 
state  of  Illinois.  This  difference  is  explained  in  part 
by  the  fact  that  window  glass  and  similar  products,  in 
the  manufacture  of  which  men  are  employed  almost 
exclusively,  were  made  in  Missouri,  while  Illinois  is 
represented  in  the  industry  onlj'  by  establishments 
producing  the  smaller  wares  and  emplojong  women 
and  children  to  a  greater  extent. 

In  the  latter  state  almost  one-fifth  of  all  the  wage- 
earners  in  the  glass  factories  were  children.  This  cla.ss 
formed  over  one-eighth  of  all  the  glassworkers  in  Mary- 
land, a  state  with  establishments  manufacturing  bot- 
tles and  jars,  in  the  production  of  which  the  proportion 
of  children  employed  is  large.  New  Jersey  also,  mak- 
ing such  products  exclusively,  had  a  large  proportion  of 
children. 

The  largest  [)roportion  of  women  is  shown  for  Massa- 
chusetts, in  which  state  2  out  of  the  3  establishments 
made  tableware,  thus  furnishing  a  considerable  amount 
of  work  that  is  suitable  for  women. 

The  ilistribution  of  the  women  and  children  in  the 
various  glass  producing  states  difl'ers  c<insi(]crably  from 
that  of  the  total  number  of  glassworkers.  Both  cla.s.ses 
were  relatively  numerous  in  Ohio  and  relatively  small 
in  Indiana,  while  in  Pennsylvania  the  projioition  of 
children  was  large  and  that  of  women  small. 

It  is  interestmg  to  note  tiiat  the  states  with  a  large 
proportiiiu  of  women  were  the  states  with  the  greatest 
iimiilxT  (if  wage-earners  in  tlie  lirancli  of  the  industry 
manufacl  iiriiig  tableware  and  similar  iiroducts,  and  the 
states  with  a  small  iirojiortioii  either  had  no  establish- 
ment making  tableware  or  liad  comparatively  few 
wage-earners  in  this  lnnmli  nf  I  lie  industry. 

Of  the  '2!y  .selected  industries  for  wliicli  statistics  arc 
given  by  states,  territories,  ami  gi'ograpliic  divisions, 
in  Talile  71,  glass  was  first  in  average  earnings  of  the 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EAHN^:l^S. 


661 


men  cmployctl  (liirin<j;  (he  specified  week  and  fourth  in 
the  earnings  of  the  chiMreii.  In  the  amount  paid  to 
women  only  1  imkistry,  that  of  iron  and  steel,  blast 
furnaces,  was  lower. 

The  average  earnings  of  tlie  wage-earners  employed 
in  the  selected  establishments  during  the  specilietl 
week  were  highest  in  Kansas,  with  Illinois  and  West 
Virginia  following  in  rank.  Massachusetts,  Missouri, 
Indiana,  and  New  York  were  the  only  states  with 
earnings  less  than  the  incrage  for  all  of  the  selected 
establishments. 

Till'  dilference  in  the  earnings  in  Kansas  and  Massa- 
chusetts is  explained  in  part  by  the  difference  in  the 
class  of  products  manufactured.  The  establishments 
in  the  former  state  made  a  specialty  of  window  and 
blown  glass  ware,  products  for  which  the  highest 
earnings  were  reported ;  while  those  in  the  latter  state 
manufactured  principally  tableware,  lamps,  etc., 
products  for  which  the  lowest  wages  prevailed.  An- 
other partial  explanation  may  be  found  in  the  larger 
proportion  of  men  employed  in  Kansas. 

Since  men  predominated  in  the  industry  and  their 
earnings  were  much  greater  than  the  earnings  of  women 
and  children,  it  is  not  surprising  to  find  that  the  groups 
of  states  at  the  extremes  in  rank  were  the  same  for 
men  as  for  all  wage-earners.  The  order  of  the  states 
of  high  rank,  however,  differs  in  that  Illinois  held  first 
place,  with  West  Virginia  and  Kansas  following. 

Pennsylvania,  Massachusetts,  and  New  York,  states 
of  the  North  Atlantic  division,  led  in  the  average  earn- 
ings of  the  women  employed,  while  Illinois,  Indiana, 
and  Missouri,  of  the  North  Central  division,  led  in  the 
averages  for  children. 

In  the  South  Atlantic  division  the  earnings  were 
relatively  high  for  men  and  low  for  women  and  children ; 
in  the  North  Atlantic  division  they  were  a  little  above 
the  average  for  men  and  children  and  high  for  women: 
and  in  the  North  Central  division  they  were  below  the 
average  for  men,  low  for  women,  antl  high  for  children. 

The  glass  industry  was  foremost  among  the  25 
selected  industries  in  the  concentration  of  men  at  the 
highest  amount  of  earnings. 

Of  the  3  geographic  divisions  shown,  the  South 
Atlantic  is  credited  with  the  greatest  proportion  of 
men  at  the  highest  amounts  of  earnings.  Tliis  fact 
is  not  so  significant  as  might  be  supposed,  however, 
for  only  2  states  and  a  comparatively  small  number  of 
wage-earners  are  included.  The  least  concentration 
at  the  higher  amounts  is  shown  for  the  North  Atlantic 
division,  in  wliich  over  one-half  of  the  men  in  the 
industry  were  employed.  The  average  earnings  for 
this  division,  however,  were  exceeded  only  by  those 
for  the  South  Atlantic  states. 

While  for  each  division  the  median  group  of  earn- 
ings for  men  was  $10  to  $12.  the  median  for  women 
varied,  being  $5  to  $6  for  the  North  Atlantic  division, 
$4  to  $5  for  the  North  Central,  and  $3  to  $4  for  the 
South  Atlantic. 


DiAiirtAM  5. — Classijierl  vierkly  rurninga ,  (jlius — per  cent  thai  avrrnt;e 
earnings  of  all  ivagc-earners ,  and  of  men,  women,  and  chilaren  are 
above  or  below  average  for  t)te  United  Slates,  by  geographic  divigioru:. 

v.iii.;. 


PER  CENT  ABOVE  3 
30         20  10  I 


PER  CENT  BELOW 
10         20         30 


DIVISION 


NORTH     ATLANTIC 


SOUTH      ATLANTIC 


NORTH     CENTRAL 


TOTAL  —.—  MEN 

•—  —  —.WOMEN  -x-x-x— CHILDREN 

For  children  the  meilian  was  .$3  to  .S4  for  the  South 
Atlantic  division,  and  .$4  to  -SS  for  the  other  divisions. 
The  medians  for  cliildren  in  the  North  Central  and 
the  North  Atlantic  divisions  were  greater  than  the 
medians  for  women  in  the  North  Central  and  the 
South  Atlantic  divisions. 

The  largest  proportion  of  men  at  the  highest  amount 
was  reported  for  Illinois.  Kansas,  another  of  the 
North  Central  states,  ranked  next,  while  Missouri,  a 
third  state  in  the  division,  was  lowest  in  rank  in  tliis 
respect,  although  its  median  was  higher  than  that  of 
Illinois.  These  facts  may  be  explained  in  part  by  the 
absence  in  Missouri  of  establishments  making  bottles 
and  jars,  in  wliich  branch  of  the  industry  the  propor- 
tion of  high  earnings  is  large,  and  the  absence  in  Illi- 
nois of  factories  making  ^^^ndow  and  other  plate  glass, 
products  commanding  higher  average  earnings  but 
with  comparatively  few  wage-earners  at  the  highest 
amount.  West  Virginia  was  the  only  state  with  a 
median  of  earnings  of  at  least  .$12. 

Many  kinds  of  glass  are  produced,  and  naturally 
the  requirements  and  the  earnings  of  the  operators  in 
the  various  factories  depend  to  a  great  extent  upon 
the  class  of  products  manufactured.  Since  tliis  is  the 
case,  statistics  for  the  establislmients  are  presented  in 
3  groups,  the  classification  of  the  factories  being  as 
follows:  (1)  Those  engaged  primarily  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  window,  plate,  and  other  varieties  of  cast  and 
rolled  sheet  glass;  (2)  those  that  manufacture  bottles 
and  jars;  (3)  those  that  make  a  specialty  of  table- 
ware, lamps,  chinuieys,  lantern  globes,  eler-trir  and 
opal  ware,  and  cut  glass. 

The  bottle  and  jar  branch  of  the  industry  was  the 
most  widespread.  All  except  2  of  the  states  were  re- 
ported as  engaged  in  manufacturing  bottles  and  jars, 
and    in    .5    states — New    Jersey,    Maryland.    Virginia, 


662 


MANUFACTURES. 


Tennessee,  and  California — all  the  glass  factories  were 
producing  an  output  of  this  class.  Tableware  glass 
and  similar  products  were  reported  as  the  specialty  of 
the  establishment  in  Michigan.  Both  tableware  and 
bottle  glass  were  made  in  Massachusetts  and  Illinois, 
while  tableware  and  window  glass  were  producetl  in 
Missouri.  All  three  classes  of  products  were  reported 
for  6  states — New  York,  Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia, 
Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Kansas. 

Table  16. — Glass — average  weekly  earnings  and  per  cent  distribution 
of  wage-earners — men,  women,  and  children — by  classified  weekly 
earnings,  and  by  class  of  products:  190o. 


Total. 


Number  of  establishments 171 

Average  weekfy  earnings: 

All  wage-earners S12.  S2 

Men  U)  years  and  over $14. 10 

Women  Hi  years  and  over So.  08 

Children  under  ir.  years $4.22 

Wage-earners  and  earnings  for  se- 
lected week: 

Total  number 36. 368 

Total  earnings ]  t460,343 

Men  16  vears  and  over—       i 

Number !  31,510 

Earnings '  $444,361 

Per  cent  distribution — 

Less  than  $3 1.8 

$3to   $4 2.5 

$4to  $5 4.7 

$5to   $6 5.3 

$6to   S7 5.4 

S7to    $8 5.8 

SSto    $9 6.2 

$9to$10 10.0 

$10to$12 12.8 

$I2toS1.5 11.5 

$13  to  $20 10.9 

$20to$2.i 7.5 

S2.5andover 15.0 

Women  16  years  and  over- 
Number 1,721 

Earnings $8,738 

Per  cent  distribution — 

l-essthan$3 9.9 

$3to   «4 21.7 

$4  to   $.5 25.0 

$5  to   $t5 14.7 

$6to   $7 11.7 

$7  to   $8 6.7 

$8  to    $9 3.5 

«9to$10 2.9 

$IOto$12 1.7 

$12to$l.-. 1.4 

$15andover 0.8 

Children  under  10  years- 
Number 3,137 

Earnings $13,244 

Percent  distribution- 
Less  than  $3 13.0 

$.tto$4 30.4 

$4to« t.  30.1 

$.Jto$tl 14.8 

$6to$7 9.0 

$7  to  $8 1.2 

SSand  over  1.5 


Window, 

plate,  and 

Bottles 

and  rolled 

sheet  glass. 

'61 

'64 

$14. 94 

$13. 14 

$13.02 

$14.80 

$6.07 

$4.81 

$5.83 

$4.31 

12,209 

11,903 

$182,349 

$156,428 

12,099 

10,011 

$181,701 

$148,152 

0.2 

2.4 

0.3 

4.8 

0.4 

7.0 

0.3 

8.6 

1.3 

8.7 

4.4 

7.9 

7.6 

6.0 

14.8 

9.0 

21.4 

5.5 

15.9 

4.7 

12.8 

5.1 

7.6 

4.7 

13.0 

25.6 

27 

258 

$164 

$1,241 

9.3 
20.9 

3.7 

14.8 

28.7 

11.1 

26.7 

59.3 

7.4 

1.9 
1.2 

11.1 

0.4 
1.6 
1.2 
0.8 

1,634 

83 

$484 

$7,035 

2  4 

9.6 

12.1 

30.5 

4.8 

3«.0 

22.9 

13.1 

51.8 

6.7 

2.4 

2.1 

3.6 

2.0 

Tableware, 

lamps. 

chimneys, 

globes,  opal 

ware,  and 

cut  glass. 


3  46 

$10. 41 
$12. 18 

$0.11 
$4.03 


12,256 
$127,566 

9.400 
$114,508 

3.2 
2.7 
7.7 
8.1 
7.1 
5.4 
4.7 
7.1 
9.4 
13.1 
14.8 
10.5 
6.2 

1,436 
$7,333 

10.2 

22.2 

24.6 

12.6 

11.6 

7.7 

3.8 

3.3 

1.7 

1.5 

0.8 

1,420 
$5,725 

17.5 
31.4 
24.7 
16.2 
9.3 
0.1 
0.8 


'  Includes  Indiana,  12;  Kansas,;!;  .Missouri,?;  New  York,  4;  Ohio,  2;  Penn- 
Bylvnnia,  ."i;  WphI  Vir^'inla.  \t. 

'  Ijh  1  i  I.  .(■:ili'..riiia.  I;  Illinois,?:  Indiana. 20;  Kansas,  I;  Mar>'land,3;  Mas- 
f '  lersey,  3;    New  York,  3;   Ohio,  4;    Pennsylvonia,  13;   'len- 

!■■  1 ,  West  Virginia,  5. 

I..  1;  Inrliana,  10;  Kansas,  2;  Massachusetts,  2;  Mi<-lilgan.  I; 
Miis'juri,  1,  .New  Vork,  3;  Ohio,  0;  I'eniuylvania.  13;  West  Virginia,  5. 

Tlif  niiml)<'r  of  wage-earners  is  fjiiitc  evenly  dis- 
Iribiitfd  iiinoiig  tlie  three  gr()iij)s,  the  percent  ages  being 
'.i'.i.l  for  till'  factories  producing  tableware  glass,  33. G 
for  llio.se  iiiiimifacturing  window  ami  |)l«le  glass,  and 
32.7  for  tli<».se  making  bottles  and  jars.  Tlie  cor- 
re^spoiuling  percentages  for  the  earnings  for  tlic  week 
arc  27.4,  .30.1,  un<l  33. .5.     It  ia  seen,   tliinfoic,   llml 


the  variation  in  proportional  earnings  was  considera- 
ble. Although  the  group  of  establishments  produc- 
ing tableware  glass  employed  the  greatest  number  of 
wage-earners,  they  paid  the  smallest  amount  in  earn- 
ings. 

Men  formetl  over  three-fourths  of  the  wage-earners 
in  each  of  the  three  groups  of  establishments.  The 
excess  of  men  was  most  pronounced  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  window  ami  sheet  glass,  in  which  branch  of  the 
industry  the  women  and  children  formed  less  than  1 
per  cent. 

The  greatest  number  of  women — more  than  four- 
fifths  of  all  the  women  glassworkers — were  employed 
in  factories  making  tableware  glass  and  similar  prod- 
ucts. The  number  of  children  in  these  establish- 
ments was  almost  as  great  as  the  number  of  women. 
The  largest  number  of  children  was  reported  for  the 
production  of  bottles  and  jars.  The  children  in  this 
branch  of  the  industiy  formed  over  one-half  of  all  the 
children  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  glass 
products. 

Since  the  average  earnings  for  men  are  so  much 
greater  than  the  averages  for  \vomen  and  cliildren,  it 
is  not  surprising  that  the  order  of  the  three  branches 
of  the  industrj'  for  average  earnings  should  follow 
that  for  the  proportion  of  men  employed. 

The  median  for  men  was  between  $10  and  .|12  for 
the  entire  industry  and  for  each  branch  except  that 
producing  bottles  and  jars.  Although  the  establish- 
ments manufacturing  such  products  reported  the  larg- 
est proportion  of  men  at  the  liighest  rate  of  earnings, 
the  median  was  low,  being  between  $9  and  $10.  In 
this  branch  of  the  industry  blowers  and  gatherers  were 
pieceworkers  and  were  paid  high  rates,  but  the 
number  of  wage-earners  receiving  lower  earnings  was 
larger  jiroportionately  than  the  number  of  such 
employees  in  the  other  branches  of  glassmaking. 

In  the  case  of  women  and  children  the  median  was 
highest  for  the  wage-earners  making  window  and 
other  sheet  gla.ss.  There  were  only  27  women  reported 
as  engaged  in  this  branch  of  glassmaking,  but  none  re- 
ceived over  $9  for  the  week,  although  in  each  of  the 
other  brniiclies  a   few  wdiiicii  recei\("d  ,¥1,')  and  over. 

IRON    A.NI)    STKKL,  BLAST    FURNACES. 

Under  the  classilic'iliun  inm  niul  steel,  blnst  fur- 
naces, 190  establishments  were  rej)orled  as  in  opera- 
tion ill  the  Tniled  .States  at  the  census  of  190.^).  The 
returns  of  s-_'  ,A'  these,  or  •l.'?.2  per  cent  of  the  total 
niiiiiber,  furiiished,  in  satisfactory  form,  data  rehiting 
to  the  weekly  eiirnings  of  the  wage-earners  eiii|)loyed. 
The  ilisliihiitioii  of  Ihese  82  esliiliiishineiits  by  states 
and  geogriii>hie  divisions,  iind  the  ii'hitiNc  eom|)lele- 
ne.ss  with  which  they  ty[)ify  or  re|ircseiil  conditions 
obliiining  in  the  190  estabiishineiil^  eiigiigeil  in  j)ig 
iron   iiiiiliiifiict  lire,  iire  indieiilcd   in  Tjilile   17. 


EAKMXCS  OF  W  AGE-EARXERS. 


663 


Table  17. — Iron  and  sicel.  hl/ist  fitrnnrcs — all  rslahlishrnents  (md 
grealest  number  of  uage-earners,  coiirpurcd  tiith  number  of  tslab- 
lishmmts  atul  wacjc-curncrs,  selected  /or  classijicd  eurjiings,  by  slnli  s 
and  geographic  divisions:  1905. 


ESTABLISHMENTS. 

WAGE-EARNERS. 

STATE. 

Total 
number. 

Number 
selected 
for  clas- 
sified 
earnings. 

Greatest 

number 

emploved 

Numljer  in  speci- 
fied   week,   se- 
lected    estab- 
lishments. 

at  any  one 

time  during 

the  year, 

all  estal)- 

lishments. 

Total. 

Per  cent 
of  great- 
est num- 
ber in  all 
establish- 
ments. 

United  States 

190              82 

47,361 

23,839 

30.3 

North  Atlantic  division 

New  York 

74               33 

20,265 

11,657 

57.3 

9                6 

2,127 
18,138 

1,384 

1,114 
10,543 

748 

52.4 

Pennsvlvania . 

63 
10 

29 
3 

58.1 

South  Atlantic  divi.sion 

54.0 

Virginia. 

10 
4S 

3 
23 

1,384 

748 

54.0 

North  Central  division 

10,013       6,013 

60.1 

Ohio  . 

33 
11 
4 

32 

17 
3 
3 

7 

7,817  1     4.984 

63.8 

Michigan 

1,317 
679 

8,698 

508 
521 

2,104 

33.3 

76.7 

South  Central  division 

24.2 

13 

19 

3 

2.103          490 

23.3 

\labaina 

4                 6.593 

1,614 
3,317 

24.5 

All  other  states 

'26  '            no                7.001 

47.4 

'Includes  Colorado,!;  Connecticut,  2;  Georgia,  4;  Illinois,  4;  Kentucky,!; 
Maryland,  2;  Massachusetts,!;  Minnesota,!;  Missouri, 2;  New  Jersey,  5;  West 
Virginia,  3. 

*  Includes  Connecticut,  1;  Illinois,  2;  Maryland, 2;  Missouri,!:  New  Jersey,  1; 
West  Virginia,  3. 

When  it  is  considered  tliat  more  than  one-half  of  the 
greatest  number  of  wage-earners  engaged  in  the  entire 
industrj'  at  any  one  tune  are  covered  by  the  selected 
return.s  summarized  in  the  table,  the  representative 
character  of  the  statistics  presented  becomes  apparent. 
In  fact,  an  even  smaller  proportion  of  the  total  number 
of  returns,  if  judiciously  distributed,  w'ould  afford  a 
sufficiently  broad  basis  for  the  intelligent  analysis  of 
the  weekly  earnings  m  this  industry,  for  the  reason 
that  the  diversification  in  the  products  of  blast  fur- 
naces is  very  slight,  and  consequently  the  returns  for  a 
relatively  small  number  of  establishments  represent 
all  the  manufacturing  processes  peculiar  to  the  in- 
dustry and  all  the  grades  of  skill  recpiired  b}^  them. 

Local  influences  aft'ecting  weekly  earnings  that  are 
peculiar  to  certain  states  or  geographic  divisions  are 
amply  covered  in  the  distribution.  In  each  of  the 
leading  iron  producing  states,  with  the  exception  of 
Alabama,  more  than  one-half  of  the  total  number  of 
wage-earners  in  the  industry  are  included. 

In  the  two  leading  states  in  pig  iron  manufacture, 
namely,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  whose  combined  out- 
put was  valued  at  64  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  such 
products  at  the  census  of  1905,  the  proportion  of 
wage-earners  carried  on  the  selected  returns  comprises 
nearly  two-thirds  of  the  total  number  employed  in  the 
selected  establishments. 

The  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel,  represented  by 
the  two  classifications,  '"blast  furnaces"  and  ""steel 
4525-1— MFC.  1905— PT  4— OS 14 


works  and  rolling  mills,"  has  become  one  of  tlic  most 
localized  of  tiie  lending  branches  of  manufacture,  and 
in  -ertain  neighborhoods  it  has  been  <listinctly  spe- 
cialized. An  important  factor  in  bringing  about  the.se 
conditions  in  the  production  of  pig  iron  is  the 
increasctl  u.se  of  coke  as  a  fuel  in  blast  furnaces.  This 
employment  of  coke,  wliich  has  practically  supplanted 
the  use  of  charcoal  and  anthracite  as  furnace  fuel,  has 
been  followed  logically  by  a  concentration  of  the  pig 
iron  industry  in  the  vicinity  of  the  principal  bitumi- 
nous coal  fields  of  the  country. 

Tliis  marked  localization  and  specialization  in  the 
industry  would  seemingly  tend  toward  similaritj'  in 
(?onditions,  methods,  and  practices,  and  promote  such 
general  harmony  in  the  clas.sification  and  pay  of  wage- 
earners  as  would  make  their  average  weekly  earnings,  at 
least  in  the  same  general  locality,  approximate  a  "com- 
mon level.  iVn  inspection  of  the  statistics  shows, 
however,  a  considerable  range  in  the  earnings,  not 
onh^  for  the  several  geographic  groups,  but  also  for 
states  in  the  same  group.  Numerous  causes  con- 
tribute in  different  degrees  to  this  variation,  one  of  the 
most  important  of  which  is  the  difference  in  the 
length  of  the  w'orkmg  period.  In  manj'  establish- 
ments the  day  is  divided  into  two  shifts  of  twelve 
hours  each,  while  in  others  the  di^^sion  is  into  three 
periods,  the  turn  or  working  day  of  the  wage-earner 
being  eight  hours  in  length.  Such  a  decided  variation 
in  the  length  of  the  working  day  in  different  plants 
naturally  results  in  a  substantial  disparity  between 
the  earnings.  Since  the  inquiry  relating  to  earnings 
did  not,  in  the  returns  from  many  blast  furnaces, 
elicit  definite  information  concerning  the  duration  of  a 
shift  or  turn,  it  was  not  practicable  to  make  such 
eliminations  as  would  render  the  estabhshments 
selected  for  consideration  homogeneous  in  tliis  respect. 

Another  factor  that  appreciably  affects  the  earnings 
arises  fi'om  the  difference  in  the  methods  of  disposing  of 
the  molten  iron  product  after  it  has  been  drawn  from 
the  stack.  Formerly  the  common  practice  was  to  cast 
on  a  sand  bed.  During  recent  years,  however,  many  of 
the  larger  establishments  have  installed  casting  ma- 
chines, which  receive  the  molten  metal  from  the  fur- 
nace and  automatically  deliver  it  in  the  form  of  pig  iron, 
thus  eliminating  much  of  the  manual  labor  involved  in 
the  sand  casting  method.  A  further  saving  in  the  same 
class  of  labor  is  effected  in  many  establishments  by  the 
delivery  of  the  metal  in  a  molten  state  to  steel  plants 
for  use  in  Bessemer  converters,  open  hearth  furnaces, 
etc.,  thus  eliminating  entirely  the  process  of  casting. 
The  number  of  men  formerly  required  to  operate  a 
tj-pical  blast  furnace  has  been  still  further  reduced  in 
many  establishments  by  the  use  of  ore  handling  ma- 
clunery  and  mechanical  charging  devices,  wliich  render 
unnecessary  the  presence  of  operatives  at  the  top  of 
the  stack. 

The  economy  in  manual  labor  effected  through  the 
introduction  of  each  of  these  improved  methods  and 


664 


MAXrFACTrRES. 


devices  has  been  confined  to  that  class  of  -svage-earners 
receiving  the  lower  rates  of  pay.  so  that  the  du"ect 
tendency  has  been  to  raise  the  average  earnings  of  the 
wage-earners  who  are  employed. 

The  adoption,  however,  of  these  and  other  improve- 
ments has  not  as  yet  become  universal,  so  that  a  large 
percentage  of  the  plants,  and  especially  the  smaller 
and  the  older  ones,  still  employ  the  methods  that 
require  the  services  of  a  relatively  large  proportion  of 
the  wage-earners  who  receive  the  lower  rates  of  pay. 

The  presence  of  these  modifying  and  mutually 
counteracting  influences,  which  are  peculiar  to  the 
pig  iron  industry,  should  therefore  be  kept  in  mind 
when  comparisons  between  the  various  states  and 
geographic  groups  are  made. 

The  wage-earners  employed  in  blast  furnaces  were 
almost  exclusively  men.  In  the  selected  establish- 
ments there  were  onh"  42  children  and  1  woman  among 
the  23,839  wage-earners  employed  during  the  speci- 
fied week.  It  may  be  assumed,  therefore,  that  the 
services  performed  by  women  and  chililren  were  inci- 
dental and  relatively  of  so  little  importance  as  to 
warrant  their  elimination  from  a  consideration  of 
average  weekly  earnings  in  the  industry. 

While  the  greatest  number,  31  per  cent,  of  the  men 
employed  in  the  blast  furnaces  of  the  United  States 
received  -SIO  to  $\2  for  the  representative  week,  72.7 
per  cent,  or  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  total  num- 
ber, earned  at  least  SIO  for  the  week.  More  than  two- 
fifths,  therefore,  received  earnings  of  812  per  week  or 
over,  and  the  relativel}^  large  percentages  at  the 
higher  rates  of  pay  are  reflected  in  the  average  weekly 
earnings,  namely,  -SI  1.71,  an  amoiuit  only  slightly  less 
than  the  maximum  limit  of  the  grou])  in  which  the 
greatest  concentration  occurs.  Xatiu'aliy  the  per- 
centages at  the  lower  amounts  are  small,  and  it  is 
worthy  of  note  in  this  connection  tluit  only  about  one- 
sixth  of  all  the  men  employed  in  tin'  industry  received 
earnings  of  le.ss  than  SO  per  \ve<'k. 

The  variations  in  the  percentage  distriljution  of  men 
in  Talde  71  for  certain  of  the  geograj)liic  divisions  as 
compared  with  that  for  the  country  as  a  whole,  were 
slight,  wliili'  in  others  tliey  were  pronounced.  For 
example,  the  maxinuim  concentration  in  the  North 
Atlantic  (hvision  \\  as  in  tiie  same  group  as  that  in 
whicli  it  occurred  for  tlie  I'niteil  States,  while  for  I  lie 
North  Central  division  it  was  in  the  group  next 
above,  and  in  both  the  South  Atlantic  and  the  .South 
Central  divisions  in  the  third  group  Ixlow .  The  fuel 
that  the  weekly  earnings  in  the  I'nited  States  closely 
approximate  those  for  the  North  .Vtlaiitie  iind  the 
North  Central  divisions  results  froin  the  large  propor 
tion  of  men  contributed  l)v  these  di\i>ion.s. 


DiAGR.\M  O. — Classified  loeelcly  earnings,  iron  and  steel,  blast  fur- 
naces— per  cent  that  average  earnings  of  all  uage-earners,  and  of 
men.  women,  and  children  arc  above  or  below  the  average  for  the 
United  States,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905. 


DIVISION 


40 


PER   CENT  ABOVE     3 
30  20  1 0_ 


PFn  CENT  BELOW 
I O 20  30         40 


NORTH     ATLANTIC 


SOUTH     ATLANTIC 


NORTH     CENTRAL 


SOUTH      CENTRAL 


r::— 


i^^— •  TOTAL         -.-.—-•MEN         •X-X-I-CHILOREN 

In  the  North  Atlantic  and. the  North  Central  divi- 
sions the  average  weekly  earnings  were  substantially 
larger  than  those  in  the  South  Atlantic  and  the  South 
Central  tlivisions,  and  the  concentration  of  men  in  the 
group  within  which  the  average  earnings  fell  was  more 
pronounced.  For  the  North  Atlantic  division  the 
greatest  percentage  of  men  in  any  wage  group  repre- 
sents nearly  one-third  of  the  total  number  of  men  em- 
ploA'ed  in  the  diAasion,  and  for  the  North  Central  divi- 
sion it  slightly  exceeds  this  proportion;  wliile  for  the 
South  Atlantic  division  it  covers  but  a  little  more  than 
one-fourth,  and  for  the  South  Central  division  less  than 
one-lifth.  The  greater  unifornutyof  the  distribution  of 
men  among  several  groups  of  weekly  earnings,  and  espe- 
cially the  relatively  heavy  proportions  in  the  groups 
below  that  in  which  the  maximum  concentration 
occurs,  which  characterize  the  South  Atlantic  antl  the 
South  Central  divisions,  are  noteworthy.  This  con- 
dition indicates  either  that  for  a  large  majority  of  the 
men  eni])loyed  the  range  in  the  lates  of  wages  was  far 
mon^  limited  in  the  North  Atlantic  and  the  North 
Central  divisions  than  in  the  South  Atlantic  and  the 
South  Central  divisions,  or  that  the  wage-earners  in 
the  former  divisions  worked  with  greater  st(>a(liness 
and  regularity,  so  that  their  actual  weekly  earnings 
more  nearly  apiiroxiiunted  their  weekly  I'ates  of  wages. 
In  view  of  the  fact  that  negro  labor  w  as  employed  to  a 
large  extent  in  th(>  South  .Mlantic  and  th(>  ."^outh  Cen- 
tral divisions,  it  is  jjiolndile  tlud  the  propoil  ion  of  the 
fracliomd  time  put  in  hy  the  average  w  age-ciirner  was 
relati\'ely  mu<-h  larger  in  thes(>  dixisions  Ihiui  in  the 
other  ili\isions.  This  wdiild  result  directly  not  only 
in  reducing  the  average  earnings  hirt  also  in   rendering 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARXERS. 


665 


tlio  i)('r  cent  (listril)Uti()ii  of  men  l)y  classified  earnings 
less  indicative  of  the  range  in  rates  of  wages. 

Aside  from  the  fact  that  the  level  of  wage  rates  in 
the  South  Atlantic  and  the  South  Central  divisions  is 
substantially  lower  than  that  in  the  other  divisions  in 
practically  all  branches  of  manufacture,  another  factor 
that,  accounts  measurai)!}'  for  the  large  difference  in 
the  average  weekly  earnings  of  men  employed  in  the 
blast  furnaces  of  the  two  sections  lies  in  the  more 
extensive  introduction,  in  the  North  Atlantic  and  the 
North  Central  divisions  as  a  whole,  of  labor  saving 
appliances.  Of  the  total  pig  iron  production  of  the 
South  Atlantic  group  of  states  at  the  census  of  1905, 
47  per  cent  was  sand  cast,  and  in  the  South  Central 
division  practicality  the  entire  output  was  handled  in 
this  manner.  Of  the  total  production  of  the  North 
Atlantic  division,  30  per  cent  was  cast  by  machinery 
and  43  per  cent  was  delivered  in  a  molten  condition 
to  associated  steel  works  or  rolling  mills,  the  process 
of  casting  being  eliminated  entirely  for  this  propor- 
tion of  the  product.  For  the  North  Central  division 
the  corresponding  percentages  were  25  and  34.  As 
previously  pointed  out,  it  is  the  relatively  low-priced 
labor  that  is  displaced  through  the  introduction  of 
these  methods,  and  the  direct  result  is  to  raise  the 
average  earnings  per  employee  in  the  industry. 

The  showing  for  Michigan,  in  the  North  Central  divi- 
sion, is  worthy  of  note.  The  concentration  of  38.4 
per  cent  of  men  in  one  group  of  earnings  indicates  ex- 
ceptional miiformity  in  the  weekly  rates  of  wages 
among  the  several  establislunents  in  the  state.  The 
position  of  Michigan  in  the  pig  iron  industry  of  the 
country  is  unique.  Its  product  at  the  census  of  1905 
consisted  almost  entirely  of  charcoal  pig  iron,  and  the 
furnaces  of  the  state  contributetl  nearly  60  per  cent 
of  the  total  product  of  this  kind  of  iron  in. the  United 
States.  The  marked  localization  of  this  branch  of  pig 
iron  manufacture  in  the  state,  resulting  in  the  use  of 
practically  identical  methods  in  the  several  plants, 
naturally  conduces  to  uniformity  in  rates  of  wages  as 
well  as  in  weekly  earnings. 

The  difference  between  the  average  weeklv  earnings 
of  men  in  Alabania  and  Tennessee  shown  in  Table  71 
is  striking,  because  it  occurs  in  adjoining  states  of  the 
sauK!  geographic  division.  The  average  for  men  in  Ala- 
bama is  nearly  one-third  greater  than  the  correspond- 
ing average  for  Tennessee,  although  the  median  group  of 
earnings  is  only  one  group  higher.  But  the  proportion 
of  wage-earners  shown,  of  the  total  of  the  industry  in 
these  states,  is  less  than  one-fourth. 

Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  the  two  states  leading  in  the 
manufacture  of  pig  iron,  had  a  combined  output  valued 
at  64  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  such  products  at 
the  census  of  1905.  Nearly  two-thinls  of  all  wage- 
earners  employed  in  the  selected  establishments  were 
reported  for  these  states.  The  largest  numberof  men  in 
Pennsylvania  received  as  weekly  earnings  from  SIO  to 


$12,  while  in  Ohio  the  greatest  number  received  frmn 
$12  to  $15.  Of  the  total  number  of  men  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, 76.5  per  cent  received  weekly  earnings  of  -SIO  or 
over,  while  in  Ohio  the  proportion  earning  equal 
amounts  was  86.5  per  cent.  The  proportion  of  men 
earning  less  than  $7  per  week  was  small  in  both  states, 
namely,  3.4  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania  and  3.S  per  cent 
in  Ohio;  these  low  earnings  were  probably  due  more  to 
fractional  service  than  to  weekh'  wage  rates  approxi- 
mating the  earnings  represented  by  these  groups.  No- 
table differences  in  the  per  cent  distribution  of  men  in 
the  two  states,  however,  occur  in  the  proportions  of 
those  earning  from  $7  to  810.  More  than  one-lifth, 
20.1  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  employed  in  Penn- 
syh^ania  received  such  amounts,  while  the  earnings 
of  less  than  one-tenth,  9.7  per  cent,  of  the  total  num- 
ber in  Ohio  fell  within  these  limits.  The  wider 
range  in  weekly  amounts  of  earnings  in  Penn.sylvania, 
which  results  in  the  average  weekly  earnings  per 
man  being  lower  than  those  in  Ohio,  aside  from 
numerous  local  variations  in  conditions  which 
affect  the  averages  not  only  for  different  states  but 
also  for  different  sections  of  the  same  state,  is  due 
chiefly  to  the  larger  proportion  of  small  plants  in  the 
former  state.  This  fact  does  not  appear  from  the 
statistics  presented,  wliich  indicate,  on  the  contrary, 
larger  plants  for  Pennsylvania,  the  average  number  of 
men  employed  per  establishment  being  302  in  that 
state  while  in  Ohio  it  was  only  293.  This  showing  re- 
sults, however,  from  a  preponderance  of  ver\-  large 
establishments  in  the  former  state.  The  29  selected 
plants  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  17  in  Ohio  are  typical, 
not  only  with  respect  to  wage  conditions  but  also  with 
respect  to  .size,  of  all  the  establishments  in  the  two 
states;  and  an  examination  of  the  returns  for  these 
plants  discloses  a  much  wider  range  in  point  of  size 
among  the  plants  of  Pennsylvania  than  among  tiiose 
of  Ohio.  For  example,  69  per  cent  of  the  selected  es- 
tablishments in  Pennsylvania  employed  less  than  300 
men,  the  proportion  in  Ohio  was  64  per  cent,  w'hile  the 
number  employing  less  than  100  men  was  three  times 
as  great  in  the  former  state  as  in  the  latter.  On  the 
other  hand  there  were  3  establishments  in  Penn.syl- 
vania in  which  the  number  of  men  employed  ranged 
between  700  and  2.200,  wliile  in  Ohio  there  was  only 
1  establishment  of  similar  size. 

The  level  of  weekly  earnings  throughout  the  iron 
district  comprising  western  Pennsylvania  and  eastern 
Ohio,  shows  little  variation  among  the  individual  plants 
that  were  similarly  equipped  and  in  wliicli  the  length 
of  the  working  day  and  other  conditions  were  sub- 
stantialh'  the  same.  Furthermore,  while  it  is  true 
that  the  average  weekly  earnings  were  generally  lower 
in  the  numerous  small  plants  in  Pennsylvania  oxit- 
side  of  the  Pittsburg  district,  the  converse  proposi- 
tion, namely,  that  the  highest  wages  were  paid  in  the 
very  largest  plants  in  the  state,  does  not  hold,  there 


666 


MANUFACTURES. 


being  little  variation  in  the  average  weekly  earnings 
of  the  men  employed  in  plants  of  medium  or  average 
size  and  those  engaged  in  the  largest  establishments. 
Hence,  while  the  preponderance  of  small  plants  in 
Pemisylvania  tends  to  reduce  the  average  weekly 
earnings  in  the  state  below  the  average  in  Ohio,  no 
corresponding  and  counteracting  influence  arises  from 
the  similar  preponderance  of  large  plants  in  the  state 
to  raise  it,  and  the  slightly  lower  average  weekly  earn- 
ings in  Pennsylvania  follow. 

TOBACCO,    CIGARS    AND    CIGARETTES. 

Of  the  16,395  establishments,  shown  in  Table  18,  re- 
ported at  the  census  of  1905  as  engaged  in  this  industry, 
4,268  had  no  wage-earners.  The  number  of  establish- 
ments from  wliich  statements  of  earnings  might  be  se- 
cured was  therefore  12,127,  and  statistics  for  74.5  per 
cent  of  these  establishments  are  included  in  the  report 
on  classified  weekly  earnings.  The  wage-earners  em- 
ployed in  the  selected  establishments  during  the  speci- 
fied week  formed  more  than  one-half  of  the  greatest 
number  employed  in  all  establishments  at  any  one  time 
during  the  year  and  62.2  per  cent  of  the  average 
number  employed  during  the  year.-  The  industry' 
is  most  widely  distributed,  and  the  data  presented 
represent  wage-earners  in  every  state  and  territorj'. 

The  greatest  proportion  of  wage-earners  included 
in  the  statistics  of  cla.ssified  earnings  is  shown  for  the 
South  Central  division,  and  the  smallest  proportion 
for  the  Western  division.  Among  the  states  promi- 
nent in  the  industry  the  highest  proportion,  over  nine- 
tenths,  is  for  Massachusetts.  Several  states  are  rep- 
resented by  two-thirds  or  three-fourths  and  others 
by  one-half  of  the  greatest  number  employed. 

Cumulative  percentages  for  the  United  States  show 
the  earnings  of  the  median  group  to  have  been  $10  to 
S12  for  men;  S5  to  -Se f or  women;  and  less  than $.3  for  . 
children. 

A  remarkable  showing  is  that  the  average  weekly 
earnings  for  men  and  children  were  iiigher  in  the  South 
Atlantic  division  tlian  in  the  North  Atlantic.  This 
was  doubtless  due  in  pail  In  tlic  liigli  averages  for 
hand  work  in  Floriihi  and  In  I  he  l.ugc  ciiriiings  in 
West  Virginia.  The  Western  division.  Iniwever, 
siiowcd  the  highest  earnings  of  all. 

In  the  manufacture  of  cigarettes  niiicliinci y  is  u.sed, 
and  the  processes  are  in  the  main  accomi)lislicd  by  ilie 
agency  of  women  and  children.  The  earnings  in  many 
of  tlie  .states  are  largely  inlhicnced  by  the  niamifacture 
of  these  products. 

Cicncrally  Mtal<'s  where  machinery  was  used  can  be 
identifii'd  l)y  the  preponderance  of  women  among  the 
wage-onrners;  in  the  slate  of  New  York,  however, 
the  women,  althongii  cf)nstiluliiig  a  large  proportion, 
were  not  in  (he  majority. 


T.\BLE  18. —  Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarclUs — all  cslablishiicnts  and 
greatest  number  of  wagc-carjiers,  compared  with  nmnbcr  of  estab- 
lishments and  vjagc-carncrs,  selected  for  classijicd  earnings,  by  stales, 
territories,  and  geographic  divisions:  1905. 


ST.\TE  OR  TEERITOKY. 


United  States. 


North  Atlantic  division. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire. 

Vermont 

Massachusetts... 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 


South  Atlantic  division. 


Delaware 

Maryland 

District  of  Colunilii 

Virginia 

West  N'irginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 


North  Central  division . 


Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

^Visconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

North  Dakota . 
South  Dakota. 

Nebraska 

Kansas 


youth  Central  division . . 


Kentucky 

Tennessee.: 

Alabama 

Louisiana 

.\rkansa3 

Indian  Territory. 

Oklahoma 

Texas 


Western  division. 


Montana 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

New  Mexico. 

.'Vriznna 

Utah 

Nevada 

Idaho 

A\'ashington. 

Ongon 

Californiu 


ESTABLISHMENTS. 


Total 
number. 


16,395 


7,53T 


64 

45 

23 

34S 

38 

226 

3,475 

544 

2,774 

826 


19 

340 

25 

95 

79 

16 

7 

37 

208 

6,824 


1,311 
536 

1,788 
69« 
757 
349 
440 
544 
27 
47 
157 
172 

432 


184 
40 
32 

126 
20 
8 
39 
83 

>776 


44 

12 

117 

7 

11 

27 

5 

17 

>W) 

54 

379 


Number 
selected 
for  clas- 
sified 
earnings. 


WAGE-E.IBNEES. 


4,014 


35 

29 

16 

250 

24 

137 

1,709 

276 

1,538 

461 


14 
207 
11 
53 
48 
8 
6 
23 
91 

3,868 


732 

317 

1,001 

.394 

418 

210 

258 

306 

13 

28 

82 

109 

244 


102 
22 

m 

16 
3 
IS 
49 

•446 


Greatest 
number 
employed 
at  any  one 
time  dur- 
ing the 
yea  r.  all 
establish- 
ments. 


163,982 


87,731 


319 

396 

94 

4.190 

24S 

1,402 

38, 102 

7,002 

35,918 

25,966 


263 

3,630 

84 

5, 224 

1,311 

1.100 

515 

352 

13,487 

42. 116 


12,755 

3, 125 

8,292 

6,639 

2.970 

2,145 

2,588 

2,024 

44 

205 

616 

713 

4,338 


1,  645 
291 
211 
1,087 
67 
12 
85 
440 

3,831 


122 
34 

666 
29 
90 

190 
2:1 
61 

326 

191 
1,199 


Number  in  spec- 
ified week,  se- 
lected estab- 
lishments. 


Total. 


84,292 


43,860 


165 

77 

52 

3,886 

194 

623 

18,369 

4.695 

15, 799 

13,088 


235 

1,709 

48 

2, 510 

803 

981 

223 

314 

6.265 

22, 717 


6,714 
1,861 
4,790 
2,933 
1,686 
1.047 
1,  167 
1.455 
26 

io:i 

349 
580 

2,782 


911 
119 
i:i6 
1,236 
65 
10 
46 
259 

1,845 


112 
23 

398 
13 
70 
52 
23 
52 

189 
(>7 

846 


Per  cent 
of  great- 
est num- 
ber in  all 
establish- 
ments. 


50.0 


51.7 
19.4 
55.3 
92.7 
78.2 
44.4 
48.2 
66.5 
44.0 

60.4 


89.4 
47.1 
57.1 
48.0 
61.3 
89.2 
43.3 
89.2 
46.5 

53.9 


52.6 
59.6 
f.7.8 
44.2 
56.8 
4,S.8 
45.1 
71.9 
55.1 
60.2 
56.7 
82.2 

64.1 


59.0 
40.9 
64.5 
7.3.3 
97.0 
83.3 
64.1 
58.9 

48.2 


91.8 
67.6 
70.3 
44.8 
77.8 
27.4 
100.0 
85.2 
68.0 
36.1 
38.5 


'  Includes  MlRslsslppI,  4.       '  Includes  Mississippi,  I.       >  Includes  Alaska.  I. 

Ill  M  roiiipiii'isoii  of  ciirnings  l)y  sditcs  iiccdiinl  must 
be  I II  ken  of  I  he  \\  cll-Uiiow  ii  fuel  1 1  lilt  wages  of  all  kinds 
are  ii.suiilly  grcnicr  in  certain  sections  of  the  country, 
as  in  tiie  Western  states,  because  ol'  a  Iiigher  cost  of 
living,  diU'erent  social  nnd  I  rude  eoiidilions,  <'te. 

The  varinlinii  in  (he  pio])orl  ions  of  wiige-earners 
earning  like  iimoiint.^  in  I  he  various  slates  and  terri- 


EARNINGS  OF  WA(iE-i:AliXEllS. 


667 


torics  is  due,  tlicrcforo,  to  the  ahsonco  or  j)r('sonce  of 
inacliincry,  to  tlic  (lidVrcnco  in  tlic  lujurs  of  lul)()r,  to 
the  viiriation  in  the  grade.s  and  styles  of  cigars  and 
cigarette's  manufactured,  to  the  basis  of  payment — 
whether  by  tlie  iiour,  week,  or  {)iece — and  to  social, 
commercial,  and  trades  union  conditions  and  restric- 
tions. 

Table  1!). —  Tobacco,  cUjiim  and  cirjarctles — per  cent  dislribiilion  of 
wage-earners — men,  women,  and  children — by  geographic  di vis-ions: 
1W5. 


Table  30. —  Tobacco,  i-itjars  aiul  rigareltes — per  cent  dintribulion  by 
class,  of  number  awl  carninys  of  wage-earners  in  each  geographic 
division:  1905. 


NtlMBER. 

EARNINGS. 

DIVISION. 

Men  16 
yen  rs 
and 
over. 

Women 

16  years 

and 

over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Menie 
years 
and 
over. 

Women 

16  years 

and 

over. 

Chil- 
dren 

untler 
16 

years. 

United  State.i 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

North  .\tlantic 

46.9 
16.7 

ao.y 

2.2 
3.3 

60.5 
13.6 
21.0 
4.3 
0.6 

36.2 
19.2 
33.8 
8.8 
2.0 

44.8 
17.9 
31.1 
2.0 
4.2 

62.6 
12.2 
21.1 
3.4 
0.7 

33.0 

22.1 

North  Central 

32.6 

9.7 

^  estern 

2.6 

The  greatest  proportion  of  each  class  of  wage-earners 
engaged  in  the  production  of  cigars  and  cigarettes  in 
the  selectetl  establishments  was  reported  for  the  North 
Atlantic  division.  Nearly  one-half  of  the  men,  almost 
two-thirds  of  the  women,  and  over  one-third  of  the 
children  were  employed  in  the  states  of  this  division. 
The  North  Central  division  was  second  in  its  propor- 
tions of  the  totals.  The  Western  was  last  in  the  num- 
bers of  women  and  cliildren  and  the  South  Central  last 
in  the  number  of  men. 

The  North  Atlantic  division  was  predominant  so  far 
as  influence  upon  the  statistics  for  the  United  States 
is  concerned,  the  North  Central  ranking  next.  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey  were  the  leading 
states  in  the  North  Atlantic  division,  and  Ohio,  Illinois, 
Michigan,  and  Indiana  in  the  North  Central. 


NUMBEB. 

EAR.NINGS. 

DIVISION. 

Men  16  Women 
years  1 10  years 
and    1     and 
over.  .    over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
1« 

years. 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Women 

16  years 

and 

over. 

ChU- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

United  States 

55.4 

40.8 

3.8 

70.8 

27.9 

1.3 

Niirth  Atlantic 

49.9  1        47  4 

2.7 
4.8 
4.8 
10.2 
3.5 

63.9 
77.4 
77.7 
57.3 
92.5 

35.2 
20.8 
20.8 
37.6 
6.4 

0.9 

1.8 
1.6 

South  Atlantic 

.W.6 
63.4 
36.9 
84.4 

35.  B 
31.8 
52.9 
12.1 

North  Central 

South  Central 

Western 

1  1 

The  industry  gives  employment  to  a  large  number 
of  women.  Of  the  total  number  of  wage-earners  en- 
gaged in  the  production  of  cigars  and  cigarettes  in  the 
I'nited  vStates,  only  slightlv  more  than  one-lialf  were 
men,  over  40  per  cent  were  women,  and  nearly  4  per 
cent  were  children.  This  proporticm  of  women  wage- 
earners  is  double  that  of  the  total  for  factories  of  all 
kinds  in  the  United  States.  The  Western  di^•ision 
had  the  greatest  proportion  of  men  and  the  smallest 
proportion  of  women;  the  South  Central,  the  smallest 
proportion  of  men  and  the  greatest  proportion  of 
women  and  children.  Most  of  the  states  for  which  a 
large  proportion  of  women  is  .shown  are  on  tlie  Atlantic 
seaboard,  although  Oiiio  and  Michigan  are  quite  prom- 
inent in  this  respect. 

At  the  census  of  1880  the  average  number  of  women 
returned  was  22.7  j)er  cent  of  the  number  of  men;  in 
1890  it  had  increased  to  40.7  percent;  in  1900,  to  60.8 
per  cent;  and  in  1905,  to  78.4  per  cent.  The  increas- 
ing emploA'ment  of  women  as  wage-earners  in  this 
industry  is  due  to  the  rapid  extension  of  the  use  of 
machinery.  The  extent  to  which  the  emplo^nnent  of 
women  has  increased  renders  of  interest  a  statistical 
presentation  of  the  states  in  which  the}-  are  in  excess 
of  men. 


Table  21.— TOBACCO,  CIGARS  AND  CIGARETTES— NUMBER  AND  EARNINGS   OF  MEN  AND  WOMEN  EMPLOYED  AS 
WAGE-EARNERS,  IN  SELECTED  ESTABLISHMENTS,  FOR  ST.\TES  IN  ^VHICH  WOMEN  ARE  IN  EXCESS  OP  MEN:  1905. 


Total. 


Delaware 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Louisiana  and  Mississippi . 
New  .Tersey 


Allwage-    "«^^'Sj 
earners,   S'^^.^,?"'^ 


33,618 


235 
314 

911 
1,230 
4,69.5 

North  and  South  Carolina 1,204 

Ohio 6,714 

Pennsylyania ]  15,799 

Virginia 2,510 


13,311 


91 
112 
323 
193 
1,414 

304 
2,778 
7,370 

726 


Women  16  years  and  over. 


Total. 


18,393 


139 
ISO 
493 
911 
3,025 

670 
3,723 
7,745 
1,507 


Per  cent    Per  cent 
of  total    ine.xcess 
numl)er  \  of  num- 
of  wage-  I    ber  of 
earners.       men. 


54.7 


38.2 


59.1 
57.3 
54.1 
73.7 
G4.4 

55.6 
55.5 
49.0 
60.0 


52.7 
60.7 
52.6 
372.0 
113.9 

120.4 

34.0 

5.1 

107.6 


VII  wage- 
earners. 


Men  16 

years  and 

over. 


$219,656 


1,818 
2,062 
5,731 
6,141 
30,6;3 

3,271 
50,997 
104,316 
12,647 


Women  16  years  and  over. 


S119,0S2      S94,869 


Per  cent    Pe^^"* 
of  earn-      ^^l°\ 
Amount,  ings  of  ail    ^^}" 

^«S«-  'ea^ngs 
"'""'"■lOtmef 


876 
1,210 
3,039 
1,518 
13,730 

1,818 
28,462 
G3,436 

4,993 


931 

791 

2,420 

4,116 

16,267 

2,719 
21,922 
39,142 

G,561 


43.2 


20.3- 


51.2 
38.4 
42.2 
67.0 
53.0 

51.6 
43.0 
37.5 
51.9 


6.3+ 
34.6- 
20.4- 
171.1  + 
18.5+ 

49.6+ 
230- 
38.3- 
31.4+ 


668 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  statistics  for  classified  weekly  earnings  <;ive  11 
states  vath  more  women  than  men  employed  during 
the  week  for  which  earnings  were  returned;  of  these 
states,  7  are  sho\m  in  the  general  statistics  as  having 
a  greater  average  number  of  women  employed  during 
the  year.  In  2  of  the  remaining  states  shown  in  Table 
21,  the  average  number  of  women  employed  during  the 
vear  was  nearly  that  of  men.  Pennsylvania  had  an 
average  of  14,336  women  and  14,387  men,  and  Dela- 
ware, 50  women  and  .56  men.  The  numbers  for  the 
two  sexes  are  so  nearly  the  same  that  it  is  not  strange 
that  the  establishments  selected  for  statistics  of  earn- 
ings happen  to  include  more  women  than  men.  Ken- 
tucky, which  is  included  among  the  states  with  an  ex- 
cess of  women,  had,  according  to  the  general  report,  an 
average  of  491  women  and  645  men.  Michigan,  how- 
ever, which  had  332  more  women  than  men  in  the 
average  number  as  shown  in  the  general  report,  is  not 
among  the  states  having  an  excess  as  shown  in  the 
special  report. 

The  excess  of  women  over  men  among  the  wage- 
earners  in  the  states  shown  in  Table  21  ranged  from 
5.1  percent  in  Pennsylvania  to  372  per  cent  in  Louis- 
iana and  Mississippi.  The  total  excess  was  38.2  per 
cent,  but  the  earnings  of  the  women  were  20.3  per  cent 
less  than  the  earnings  of  men. 

The  states  in  which  the  percentage  of  difference  in 
earnings  was  least  marked  are  Delaware,  New  Jersey, 
Kentucky,  and  Ohio.  The  states  in  which  the  greatest 
disproportion  occurred  are  Louisiana  and  Mississippi, 
North  and  South  Carolina.  Pennsylvania,  Georgia, 
and  Virginia. 

Table  22. —  Tobacco,   cigars    and  cigarettes — earnings  nf  men  and 

women  in  stales  grouped  according  to  llh'  proportion  of  women  lo 

men:   I'JOo. 

[Only  establishments  in  which  10  womeji  or  more  were  employed  as  wage-earners 
arc  included.] 


Number 
ol  states 
and  ter- 
ritories. 

UEN  16  YEARS  AND 
OVER. 

1    WOMEN   16  YEARS 
AND  OVER. 

1 

Median     |  Average 
group  of   :   weekly 
earnings,  [earnings. 

, 

Median 
group  of 
Cfirnings. 

A  veragc 
wee  lily 
caniings. 

Total 

'31 

tlO  to  S12 

111.09 

sstose 

$5.97 

Women  in  excess  ot  men  . . 
Women   at   least   40  per 

10 
6 
15 

9  to  10 

io  to  12 

i       12  to  13 

8.95 
10.70 
12.99 

4  to  5             5. 16 

Bto7              6.98 

Wonif-n  IcMS  than  40  per 

6  to  7               0. 73 

men  were  employed.  The  largest  earnings  for  men 
were  in  establishments  where  the  number  of  women 
was  less  than  40  per  cent  of  the  number  of  men. 

Whether  the  employment  of  women  in  cigar  and 
cigarette  factories  lessens  the  earnings  of  men  may  be 
too  intricate  a  problem  to  be  completely  solved  bj^  an 
analysis  of  general  figures,  but  such  an  analysis  is  of 
some  value.  The  large  numbers  for  New  York  have 
great  effect  on  the  totals  for  the  group  of  esta])lish- 
ments  in  which  women  were  less  than  40  per  cent  of  the 
men,  for  in  this  state  the  women  numbered  i)3.1  per 
cent  of  the  men. 

Tablk  23. —  Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes — median  groujis  and 
average  earnings  of  wagc-carticrs — men,  women,  and  children — in 
states  in  vikich  tvomen  are  in  excess  of  men:  1905. 


MEN  16  YEARS 
AND  OVER. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS 
AND   OVER. 

CHILDREN  UNDER   16 
YEARS. 

STATE. 

Median 
group  of 
earnings. 

Aver- 
age 
weekly 
earn- 
ings. 

Median 
group  of 
earnings. 

Aver- 
age 
weekly 
earn- 
ings. 

Median  group 
of  earnings. 

.\ver- 

age 
weekly 
com- 
ings. 

Delaware 

Oeorgia 

S9  to  SIO 
10  to    12 
9  to   10 

7  to     8. 
9  to    10 

Sto     6 
10  to    12 
Sto     9 
Sto     6 

S9.63 
10.80 
9.41 

7.87 
9.71 

6.98 
10.25 
8.61 
6.88 

S6to$7 
4  to    5 
4  to    5 

4  to    5 
4  to   5 

4  to    5 
Sto   6 
4  to   5 
4  to   5 

$6.70 
4.39 
4.91 

4.52 
5.38 

4.06 
5.89 
5.05 
4.35 

Less  than  $3 
Less  than  S3 
Less  than  S3 

S3  to  $4 
■  Less  than  S3 

S3  to  S4 

S3  to  S4 

Less  than  S3 

S3  to  $4 

$2.20 
2.77 

Kentucky 

Louisiana    and 

Mississippi 

New  Jersey 

North  and  South 

Carolina 

Ohio 

2.86 

3.84 
2.64 

3.19 
2.88 

Pennsylvania 

2.54 
3.95 

'  FIftjwn  statc.1  and  territories  had  less  than  10  women  wngc-oamers;   4 
reported  none. 

It  is  evident  that  the  earnings  of  Ijotii   men  and 
women  were  lowest  in  states  where  more  women  than 


Of  the  individual  states  having  more  women  than 
men  among  the  wage-earners,  Georgia  is  shown  with 
the  greatest  average  earnings  for  men,  and  Ohio,  with 
the  next  greatest,  while  the  largest  proj^ortion  of  men 
in  the  higher  groups  of  earnings  was  for  Ohio.  The 
men  of  North  and  South  Carolina  earned  the  least,  as 
shown  both  by  the  average  earnings  ami  by  the  dis- 
tribution of  earnings  liy  groups.  Of  the  women, 
those  in  Delaware  earned  the  most,  and  those  in  Ohio 
were  second  in  rank,  although  their  average  earnings 
for  the  week  were  less  by  81  cents.  North  and 
South  Carolina  showed  the  least  earnings  for  women 
and  Georgia  the  greatest  proportion  of  women  wage- 
earners  at  the  lowest  amount.  (Sec  Tiil)l(>  71.) 
The  average  earnings  of  diildrcn  were  greatest 
in  Virginia,  although  liie  average  for  jjouisiana 
and  Mississip])i  was  almost  as  large.  The  least 
avenige  weekly  earnings  are  shown  for  Delaware, 
each  of  the  5  chiidrcn  in  that  state  being  i)aid  less 
than  $3. 


EARNINGS  OF  WACiE-EAHNERS. 


Goy 


Diagram  7. — Classified  u'cehhj  earnings,  tobacco,  cigars  and  ciga- 
relles — per  cent  that  average  earnings  of  all  wagc-earnen,  and  of  men, 
women,  and  children  arc  above  or  below  average  for  the  United 
Stales,  by  geographic  dirisions:  1905. 


PER  CENT  ABOVE 
60   40    30   80    10    0 


NORTH  ATLANTIC 


SOUTH  ATLANTIC 


NORTH  CENTRAL 


SOUTH  CENTRAL 


■XBNBIMK 


t 


PER    CENT  BELOW 
1 0        20        30        40        60' 


,~.7. 


•  TOTAL      •.—••«£«      —  —  —  WOMEN      •I«»)l»CHILOHeN 


Since  1880  there  has  been  a  decrease  in  the  average 
number  of  children  employed  in  the  production  of 
cigars    and    cigarettes.     In    that    year    the    children 


formed  7.7  per  (-ent  of  all  wage-earners;  at  the  census 
of  1890  the  percentage  was  .'^.8,  while;  at  the  census  of 
1900  it  was  3.4,  and  at  the  census  of  1905,  3.9.  While 
the  decrease  in  j)roportion  since  1880  is  large,  there  was 
a  slight  retrogrcssi(jn  at  the  cen.sus  of  1905. 

The  greatest  absolute  number  of  children  employed 
in  the  selected  estal)lishments  is  .shown  for  the  North 
Atlantic  division;  l)Mt  the  greatest  proportion  of  chil- 
dren among  all  wage-earners  in  the  industry  was  re- 
ported for  tlie  South  Central  division,  the  percentage 
being  10.2,  wliich  is  more  than  double  that  of  any  other 
division.  Tiiis  percentage  was  due  to  the  conditions 
in  the  states  of  Kentucky  and  Jjouisiana.  Of  the  more 
prominent  states.  North  and  South  Carolina  had  the 
greatest  proportion,  19.1  percent;  Virginia  was  second 
with  11  percent.  The  percentage  for  I^ouisiana  was 
10.7  and  that  for  Kentucky  10.4. 

The  Western  division  had  the  smallest  number  of 
children,  although  relatively  the  number  was  greater 
than  that  for  the  North  Atlantic  division.  Among 
the  leading  states  with  relatively  few  children  were 
New  York,  with  1  per  cent;  New  Jersey,  with  5.5 
per  cent;  and  Pennsylvania,  with  4.3  per  cent. 


STATES,  TERRITORIES,  AND  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS. 


Classijied  weeMy  earnings. — Table  24  gives  the  pro- 
portion of  wage-earners  included  in  the  statistics,  to- 
gether with  the  median  group  of  earnings  and  the 
average  weekly  earnings  for  all  wage-earners  and 
for  men,  women,  anil  children,,  by  states,  territories, 
and  geographic  divisions. 

The  ranking  of  states  and  territories  by  average 
earnings  has  the  defect  of  giving  undue  weight  to.  the 
numbers  reported  in  the  extreme  groups  of  earnings, 
as  "the  average  disregards  the  significance  of  the 
parts  and  aims  to  give  expression  to  the  whole  in  a 
single  term."'  Another  method  of  ranking  is  by 
median  groups;  and,  when,  as  frequently  happens, 
several  states  or  territories  have  the  same  median, 
by  the  greatest  percentage  above  50  accumulated 
within  such  group.  This  method  shows  rank  accord- 
ing to  earnings  of  at  least  one-half  of  the  wage-earn- 
ers. "It  is  far  more  important  to  know  that  one-half 
of  the  laboring  class  receive  wages  between  $1.25  and 
$1.75  per  day,  than  to  know  that  the  average  of  the 
totalis  $1.50."' 

Two  other  methods  might  be  utihzed:    (1)   Calcula- 

'  Twelfth  Census,  Employees  and  Wages,  page  XXV. 


tion  of  the  median  so  that  an  assumption  could  be 
made  that  it  was  at  a  definite  point  within  tlie  group; 
or  (2)  accumulation  of  the  percentage  of  wage-earners 
nearest  50  per  cent. 

Both  of  these  methods  are  unsatisfactory.  Accord- 
ing to  the  first  the  rather  doubtful  assumption  must  be 
made  that  the  wage-earners  are  distributed  uniformlj- 
throughout  the  group;  the  second  has  some  of  the  dis- 
advantages inherent  in  a  showing  by  median  groups. 
An  example  of  the  calculation  of  the  median  is  as  fol- 
lows: Of  the  total  number  of  men  employed  in  the 
United  States,  37.9  per  cent  received  $12  or  more,  and 
53.5per  cent  received  $10  or  more;  hence,  in  order  to 
accumidate  50  per  cent,  to  the  37.9  per  cent  receiving 
$12  or  more  must  be  added  12.1  per  cent  out  of  the  15.6 
per  cent  included  in  the  median  group  of  $10  to  $12; 
the  remaining  3.5  per  cent,  forming  a  little  over  one- 
fifth  (22.4  per  cent)  of  the  total  in  the  group,  falls  be- 
low the  median,  which  is  therefore  equal  to  $10  (the 
minimum  for  the  group)  plus  22.4  per  cent  of  $2  (the 
amount  covered  by  the  group),  or  $10.45.  It  is  very 
doubtfvd  whether  the  result  obtainable  bj-  this  method 
woidd  justify  the  labor  involved  m  the  computation. 


670 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  2J:.— MEDIAN  GROUPS  AXD  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND 

CHILDREN,  BY  STATES,  TERRITORIES,  AND  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:  1905. 
[At  least  one-haU  of  all  the  wage-earners,  or  of  men,  women,  or  children,  received  earnings  as  great  as,  or  greater  than,  the  lowest  earnings  of  the  median  group.] 


Per  cent  which 
number  of  all 
wage-earners  I 
included  in 
statistics  of 
weekly  earn- 
ings forms  of 
greatest  num- 
ber, all  estab- 
lishments. 

MEDIAN  GRODPS  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

STATE   OR  TERRITORY. 

-Ml  wage-earners. 

Men  16  years  and 
over. 

Women  16  years  and 
over. 

Children  under  16 
years. 

Median 
group  of 
earnings. 

$9  to  $10 

Average 

weekly 

earnings. 

Median 
group  of 
earnings. 

Average 

weekly 
earnings. 

Median 
group  of 
earnings. 

Average 

weekly 

earnings. 

Median 
group  of 
earnings. 

Average 
weekly 
earnings. 

47.0 

S10.06 

{10  to  $12 

Sll.  16 

$6  to  $7 

$6.17 

$3  to  $4 

$3.46 

50.0 

9  to    10 

10.11 

10  to    12 

U.41 

6  to  7 

6.56 

Sto    4 

3.81 

66.3 

9  to    10 

9.67 

10  to    12 

11.03 

6  to    7 

6.87 

4  to   5 

4.10 

38.6 
37.8 
47.1 
84.2 
61.5 
48.7 

42.1 

9  to    10 

8  to     9 

9  to    10 
9  to    10 

8  to     9 

9  to    10 

9  to    10 

9.39 
9.04 
9.24 
9.68 
9.19 
10.34 

10.45 

9  to    10 
9  to    10 
9  to    10 
10  to    12 
10  to    12 
10  to    12 

10  to    12 

10.23 
10.03 

9.89 
11.15 
10.73 
11.  .57 

11.67 

6  to    7 
6  to    7 
6  to    7 
6  to    7 
6  to    7 
6  to    7 

5  to    6 

6.84 
6.99 
6.19 
6.91 
6.66 
6.81 

6.23 

4  to   5 
4  to    5 
Sto    4 
4  to    5 

3  to    4 

4  to    5 

Sto    4 

4.20 

3  45 

4.20 

3.65 

4.14 

Southern  North  Atlantic  .                

3.51 

New  York 

40.0 
43.  o 
43.9 

41.1 

9  to    10 
9  to    10 
9  to    10 

6  to      7 

10.40 
10.41 
10.51 

7.31 

10  to    12 
10  to    12 
10  to    12 

7  to     8 

11.79 
11.75 
11.53 

8.39 

6  to    7 
5  to    6 
5  to    6 

4  to    5 

6.54 
6.03 
5.68 

4.42 

Sto    4 
Sto    4 
Sto    4 

Less  than  $3 

3.64 

3.55 

Pennsylvania 

3.46 

2.74 

42.5 

8  to      9 

8.90 

9  to    10 

10.02 

4  to    5 

4.82 

Less  than  $3 

3.05 

53.7 
47.4 
60.4 
30.4 
46.0 

39.8 

8  to     9 
7  to     8 

10  to    12 
6  to      7 

9  to    10 

5  to     6 

9.27 
8.60 

11.16 
7.69 

10.52 

5.69 

9  to    10 
9  to    10 
10  to    12 
7  to     8 
9  to    10 

5  to     6 

10.00 
10.27 
11.87 
8.47 
11.00 

6.57 

5  to    6 

4  to    5 

5  to    6 

3  to    4 

4  to    5 

3  to    4 

5.13 
4.99 
5.12 
3.95 

5.12 

3.99 

$3  to  $4 
Less  than $3 

$3  to  $4 
Sto    4 
Sto    4 

Less  than  S3 

3.67 

Maryland                                             

2.87 

Distrir-t  nf  Pnliimhip 

3.56 

Virginia. .                                                

3.05 

West  Virginia..-..                 

3.67 

Southern  South  Atlantic ■- 

2.65 

45.7 
42.7 
38.7 
26.9 

48.1 

4  to     5 

4  to     5 

5  to      6 
7  to      8 

10  to    12 

4.96 
4.68 
6.10 
9.04 

10.62 

5  to     6 

5  to     6 

6  to     7 

7  to      8 

10  to    12 

5.92 
5.47 
6.70 
9.37 

11.44 

3  to    4 

3  to    4 

4  to    5 

5  to    6 

5  to    6 

3.60 
3.84 
4.24 
6.55 

5.64 

Less  than  $3 
Less  than  S3 
Less  than  S3 
Less  than  S3 

S3  to  $4 

2.58 

South  Carolina. ...                   

2.79 

2.59 

Florida 

2.66 

North  Central  division...  .          

3.62 

Eastern  North  Central 

49.4 

9  to    10 

10.66 

10  to    12 

11.47 

5  to    6 

5.60 

Sto    4 

3.62 

Ohio 

53.8 
60.7 
47.0 
49.8 
33.6 

43.0 

9  to    10 
9  to    10 
10  to    12 
.      9  to    10 
9  to    10 

10  to    12 

10.  63 
10.10 

n.5r> 

9.92 
10.12 

10.47 

10  to    12 
9  to    10 
10  to    12 
10  to    12 
10  to    12 

10  to    12 

11.49 
10.88 
12.37 
10.78 
10.75 

U.32 

5  to    6 

4  to    5 

6  to    7 

5  to    6 
5  to    6 

5  to    6 

5.43 
4.83 
6.64 
5.17 
5.12 

5.79 

Sto    4 
Sto    4 
Sto    4 
Sto    4 
Sto    4 

Sto    4 

3.61 
3.75 

Illinois 

3.58 

3.66 

Wisconsin.       .   .                

3.51 

Western  North  Central 

3.61 

Minnesota 

33.2 
42.8 
43.5 
39.0 
50.5 
61.3 
51.4 

33.7 

10  to    12 
9  to    10 
9  to    10 
12  to    15 
10  to    12 
10  to    12 
10  to    12 

7  to     8 

11.01 
9.67 
10.  ,39 
11.81 
11.69 
10.89 
10.58 

a  33 

10  to    12 
10  to    12 
10  to    12 
12  to    15 
12  to    15 
10  to    12 
10  to    13 

8  to     9 

11.75 
10.  4S 
1I.3.S 
12.  74 
12.  26 
11.66 
11.22 

8.91 

6  to    7 

4  to    5 
6  to    7 
6  to    7 
6  to    7 

5  to    6 
4  to    5 

4  to   5 

6.27 
4.95 
6.02 
6.77 
6.82 
5.60 
S.Ol 

4.69 

Sto    4 
Sto    4 
Sto    4 
Sto    4 
4  to    5 
4  to    5 
3  to    4 

Less  than  $3 

3.39 

Iowa . .      .                          

3.  44 

Missouri 

3.55 

Nfirth  Dakota                     .  .  -■ 

3  00 

3.77 

Ncliraska                               

4.20 

3.70 

South  Central  division                           

2  86 

35.6 

7  to     8 

7.86 

7  to     8 

8.53 

4  to   5 

4.67 

Less  than  $3 

2.88 

43.2 
39.6 
.•il.4 
23.8 

31.0 

7  to     8 
6  to     7 

6  to     7 

7  to     8 

8  to     9 

a38 

7.51 
7.65 
7.79 

9.07 

8  to     9 
7  to     8 
7  to     8 
7  to     8 

9  to    10 

9.20 

8.17 
8.30 
8.15 

9.46 

4  to    5 
4  to    5 
4  to    5 
4  to    5 

4  to    5 

4.94 
4.:i7 
4.  46 
4. 79 

4.73 

Loss  than  S3 
Less  Hum  $3 
Li'ss  than  S3 
Less  than  $3 

$3  to  $4 

2.81 

Tennessee 

2  73 

Alatiama                              .             .... 

2  85 

Mississippi 

2  78 

3.12 

19.3 
3.'i.2 
6«.l 
48.  R 
40.2 

42.7 

8  to     9 
7  to     8 

9  to    10 
10  to    12 

9  to    10 

12  to    IS 

9.16 
7.95 
10.82 
10.30 
9.51 

13.65 

9  to    10 
7  to      8 
10  to    12 
10  to    13 
9  to    10 

12  to    15 

9.93 
8.11 
11.  11 
10.  K2 
9.  84 

14.62 

4  to    5 
3  to    4 

6  to    6 

5  to    6 
5  to    6 

7  to   8 

4.52 

4.  13 

5.  33 
5.81 
5.03 

7.17 

3  to    4 
Sto    4 
Sto    4 

Sto    4 
3tn    4 

4  to    5 

3.23 

Arkansas 

2  88 

*'>kIahoma 

3  64 

Texas 

4.36 

43.1 

12  to    15 

14.96 

15  to    20 

15.48 

7  to   8 

7.33 

4  to    5 

5.56 

40.0 
28.3 

86.6 

■1.-,.  K 
34.3 

15  to   20 
12  to    15 

l.lto   20 
IJtc,    15 
10  to    12 

12  to    16 

18.19 
14.81 
15.  75 
14.14 
12.18 

14.71 

15  to    20 
12  to    15 
15  to    20 
12  to    15 
10  to    12 

15  to    20 

18.60 
1,'j.  30 

15.  93 
14.78 
12.  42 

16.  46 

7  to    8 
Oto    7 
«to    7 
6  to    7 
Oto    7 

5  to    6 

8.60 
7.62 
7.18 
7.14 

S.65 

7  to    8 

5  to    6 

IjOss  than  $3 

$5  In  $6 

3  to    4 

sto    4 

7  09 

W  vomlng '. 

,3.40 

New  Mexico 

li  49 

3.87 

flfl.4 
20.8 
57.8 

•111  :i 

;vj.  1) 
:i7.  r. 

49.  2 

:i«.H 

15  to   20 
10  to    12 
15  to   20 

12  tn    15 

10.  IS 
11.93 
17.70 

13.29 

15  to    20 
12  to    15 
15  to    20 

12  to    15 

16.27 
13.:I6 
18.05 

14.35 

Oto    7 
Sto    6 
8  to   9 

7  to   8 

7.60 
6.  34 
8.29 

7.20 

6  to    6 
Sto    4 
Oto    7 

4  to    6 

I  >    1, 

li.::::;:::::::::::::::::;:::;:::::::;:::;::::: 

4.  .'>0 

riirlllc 

4.16 

Wiuihlnift*')!  ■ 

Orotton 

fiillfnrnln. . 

Alu^kii. 

12  til    15 
12  tn    IS 
12  to    IS 

12  to    IS 

13.84 
12.88 
13.24 

13.83 

12  to    16 
12  to    16 
12  tn    16 

12  to    15 

14.13 
13.  21 
14.60 

itr, 

Oto    7 
nto    7 
7  to    8 

s  t.^    9 

0.69 
7.02 
7.24 

'1.  07 

3  to    4 

4  to    6 
4  to    6 

Sto    4 

4.26 
4.  54 
4.12 

3.02 

EARNINGS  OF  WA(JE-EAUNEKS. 


671 


DiAouAM  8. — Classified  iveekly  earnings — per  cent  distrihution  of 
nurnbtr  of  men  hy  (jro)ips  of  earninr/s  in  geographic  divisions:  1905. 


-  NORTH     ATLANTIC- 


-   UNITED    STATES 
DIVISIONS 
•  •■•  SOUTH      ATLANTIC 


•  WESTERN 


_.. NORTH     CENTRAL  -x-x- SOUTH     CENTflAL  -^-v-ALASKA 

Diagram  0. — Classified  iveekly  earnings— per  cent  distribution  of 
number  of  women  by  groups  of  earnings  in  geographic  divisions: 
1905. 

PER  CENT 
10 20 30 40 60 60 70  60 60 


•••^ 

.. 

^♦'^ 

L--,/ 

,^',' 

•-•iV-^^ 

--i.--^ 

:;^^^^ 

i>" 

,. 

•  •;iVJ«' 

v-i-"- 

v^^ 

,''''*!■ 

;-.V- 

__^^- 

..-••'_ 

>-°'°x- 

-'' 

,v=-'*'* 

.-^■^"^Ci 

''^l"' 

'' 

.•''*' 

1-^ 

'-^ 

:^-°^ 

--'' 

,-,---■ 

.>I->i-' 

■; 

^^■ 

r^ 

^_7-1-' 

-"'"'" 

t 

frt-u-'! 

r^'V'^ 

„.,-«- 

1 1 

1 

—   UNITED      STATES 
DIVISIONS 


-  NORTH       ATLANTIC 

-  NORTH       CENTRAL 


SOUTH      ATLANTIC 

x—x-SOUTH       CENTRAL 


WESTERN 

-V— 7- ALASKA 


The  Western  division,  according;  to  Table  24,  shows 
the  highest  medians  and  averages  for  men,  women, 


and  cliilchcii.  The  average  for  women  as  compared 
with  tlie  averages  for  men  and  children  is  relatively 
lower  in  this  division  than  in  the  country  as  a  whole. 

The  medians  and  averages  for  the  two  Northern 
divisions  are  very  similar  to  those  for  the  United 
States  as  a  whole.  In  the  Xortii  Atlantic  division  the 
medians  for  men,  women,  and  ciiildren  are  identical 
with  those  for  the  country  as  a  wlude,  while  the  aver- 
ages are  a  little  higher.  In  the  North  Central  division 
the  median  and  average  for  women  are  both  lower 
than  the  corresponding  figures  for  the  L^nited  States; 
but  the  figures  for  men  and  children  are  high  enough 
to  more  than  oflset  this,  so  that  the  median  and  the 
average  for  all  wage-earners  in  this  division  are  higher 
than  the  corresponding  figures  for  the  North  Atlantic 
division. 

Diagram  10. — Classified  weekly  earnings — per  cent  distribution  of 
number  of  ciiildren  by  groups  of  earnings  in  geographic  divisions: 
1906. 


"               "              50             30    .           40              60              ao             70              80              00             intf 

..— -vs^n 

^■^'"\^"Z<:^f^'     I 

,^.^j.j 

.—J    ^ 

.^^..-^i-^ 

.•'^^m' 

^,^.««^ 

^*-->*-* 

S^Ifl^*?^^*'^*''^ 

..t> 

Ur-^^ 

■ 

f  J^ 

1^"^^ 

^ 

-"' 

V 

^- 

'" 

' 

t 

' 

/ 

1 
1 
1 

1 

UNITED       STATES 


_0— o-   NORTH      ATLANTIC 
..._..-    NORTH       CENTRAL 


DIVISIONS 

SOUTH       ATLANTIC 

_)l_X- SOUTH         CENTRAL 


WESTERN 

-7-V-   ALASKA 


The  medians  and  averages  for  the  two  Southern 
divisions  are  lower  than  those  for  the  United  States. 
The  South  Atlantic  shows  the  lowest  averages  of  all 
the  divisions.  In  the  case  of  men  the  average  for  the 
South  Atlantic  is  so  much  lower  than  that  for  the 
South  Central  as  to  bring  the  median  for  men,  and 
even  that  for  all  wage-earners,  into  the  next  lower 
group. 

The  minor  divisions  follow,  in  general,  the  same 
order.  But  the  advantage  of  the  South  Central  divi- 
sion over  the  South  Atlantic  is  found  to  be  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  averages  for  the  Eastern  South  Central 


672 


MANUFACTURES. 


are  higher  than  those  for  the  Southern  South  Atlantic; 
between  the  Northern  South  Atlantic  and  the  Western 
South  Central  there  is  very  little  difl'erence. 

EanTc  by  average  weeMij  earnings. — The  defects  of 
averages  have  been  frequently  discussed/  but  their 
iise  seems  necessary  to  a  ranking  of  the  states  and  ter- 
ritories bv  earnings,  as  in  Table  25,  for  all  wage-earners 
and  for  men,  women,  and  chikhen,  the  states  and  ter- 
ritories bemg  arranged  in  the  order  of  their  rank  for 
all  wage-earners.  Several  states  have  equal  averages 
in  Table  24,  but  when  these  are  extended  to  another 
decimal  point  a  difl'erence  between  them  is  found,  and 
this  difference  is  observed  in  Table  25. 

Table  2.5, — Rank  of  geographic  diiisiom.  states,  and  territories  uith 
respect  to  average  weekly  earnings:  1905. 


KANK     -WITH     RESPECT     TO    AVERAGE 
WEEKLY  EARNINGS   OF— 


GEOGRAPIIIC  DIVISION  AND  STATE   OR 
TERRITORY. 


Main  divisions: 

Western 

North  Central 

North  .\tlantic 

South  Central 

South  Atlantic 

States  and  territories: 

Montana 

Nevada 

Arizona 

Wyoming 

Idaho — 

Colorado 

Washington 

Alaska 

Califontia 

Oregon 

New  Mexico 

Utah 

North  Dakota 

South  DakotA 

Illinois 

District  of  Columbia. 

Minnesota 

Nel>raska  

Indian  Territory 

Ohio 

Kansas 

West  Virginia 

Pennsylvania 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Missouri 

Connecticut 

Oklahoma 

Wisconsin , 

Indiana 

Michigan 

Massachusetts 

Iowa 

Texas 

Maine 

DeUiwaro 

\'Rrmont 

Khode  Island 

Louisiana 

Florida 

New  llampslilre 

Maryland 

Kentucky 

Arkansas 

MiSMiSHll)[ll 

Virginia 

Al.i'Mmi,    


All  wage- 
earners. 


Men 
16  years 
and  over. 


3 
4 

5  ; 
1 

2 
3 
4 

0 

6 

7 

,S 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
IS 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 

2a 

30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 


Women 
16  years 
and  over. 


Children 

under 
16  years. 


1 
3 
2 
4 

5 

1 
6 
4 
36 
3 
2 
7 
24 
12 
5 
31 
10 
41 
14 
26 
27 
37 
9 
32 
25 
17 
19 
33 
29 
22 
28 
11 
23 
30 
15 
20 
8 
35 
39 
10 
18 
34 
21 
38 
49 
13 
43 
45 
42 
47 
40 
44 
48 
50 
61 
46 


One  of  tlic  most  striking  tilings  icvciilcil  l.y  Tal)ic 
25  is  the  fact  tbat,  willi  respect  to  llic  averages  for 
till  wage-earners,  tlie  11  Western  states  fonii  a  .series, 
broken  only  by  Alaska,  from  Munliiiia   Idl'dili.     The 


Western  states  are  followed  by  the  North  Central 
states  from  North  Dakota  to  Kansas,  together  ^nth 
the  District  of  Columbia  and  Indian  Territory.  Then 
comes  West  Virginia,  highest  in  rank  among  the  South 
Atlantic  states,  followed  by  the  Southern  North 
Atlantic  group. 

Map   1. — Average  urekly  earnings — all   %vage-ear7iers.  by  states  and 
territories:  1905. 


'TwcKlli  Con.MiiH,   Kiiiiildyt'CH  niid  WnK*'-"*.  imROH  xxiv  siiid  xxv. 
CoiidUH  of  Maimfiichiri-,  lIMi.'i    I'iirl  I,  pages  Ixxxix  to  xciv. 


jUNDER 

^     8        TO 


a 

10 

12 

rai2      "       15 

15  DOLLARS   AND  OVER 


Below  these  are  the  rest  of  the  North  Central  states, 
with  the  New  England  states  of  Connecticut  and  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  Oklahoma  of  the  South  Central  di\a- 
sion.  Next  m  rank  is  Texas,  the  liighest  among  the 
South  Central  states.  Then  come  the  remaining  New 
England  stales,  alternating  with  Delaware  and  P^Iorida 
of  the  South  Atlantic  group  and  Louisiana  of  the  South 
Central.  Following  these  are  the  rest  of  the  Southern 
states,  North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina  being  the 
lowest  in  rank. 


Map  3. — Average  iveekly  earnings— ^nen  16  years  and  cn-er.  by  slates 
and  territories:  1905. 


SUNDER    8   DOLLARS 

3   8    <o    10  •' 

910    >     12 

III     -     18 

|IK  DOLLARS  AND  OVER 


The  ranking  of  incu  is  very  similar  to  liiat  for  all 
wage-earners,  tlie  most  cons])icu()Us  diU'erences  being 
that  .Nortli  Dakota  interru|)ts  the  series  of  Western 
states,  outranking  .New  Mexico;  and  that  llie  three 
Southern  North  .Vthuilic  states,  togetlicr  wilh  I  ho 
adjoining  New  l'',iigliiiid  stiites  of  Massachusetts,  Uhodo 
l.sland,   and  Conncclicut,  show  an   advance   in   rank. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAClvEARNERS. 


073 


whilo  llio  Soiithern  states  of  West  Virginia  and  Texas 
show  a  tleclinc. 

Mai'   3. — Ai'eragc  vecklij  earnings — women  76  years  and  nvcr.   by 
xiales  and  territories:  I'.io ' 


1  UNDER    5     DOLLARS 
!     5       TO 
I    6       •■ 

BB   7     - 

I    8   DOLLARS  AND  OVER 


Till-  ranking  of  women  ami  cliildren  diii'ers  to  a 
markeil  tlegree  from  tliat  for  men.  In  the  average 
earnings  of  women,  Alaska  outranks  all  other  states 
and  territories.  The  comparatively  few  women 
reported  for  the  territory  wore  employed  almost  exclu- 
sively in  the  canning  and  preserving  of  fish.  Next 
come  the  Western  states,  ^\■ith  the  exception  of  Wash- 
ington, New  Mexico,  and  Utah.  Then  follcjw  the  New 
England  states,  except  Vermont,  together  with  Wash- 
ington, North  Dakota,  and  South  Dakota.  Next 
comes  Florida,  by  far  the  highest  Southern  state,  fol- 
lowed by  New  Mexico  antl  Utah  in  the  West,  Vermont 
in  New  England,  the  Southern  North  Atlantic  states, 
and  one-half  of  the  North  Central  states.  Next  come 
the  Northern  South  Atlantic  states  other  than  Vir- 
ginia, with  the  remaining  North  Central  states,  and 
Texas  and  Kentucky  of  the  South  Central.  Last  of 
all  are  the  remaining  Southern  states. 

M.\p  4. — Averaqe  ireekly  earnings — children  vnder  16  years,  by  states 
and  territories:  1906. 


ED  UNDER    3    DOLLARS 

I  3  TO  4 
?^  4  ■•  6 
^  5  ■■  6 
aO  B  DOLLARS   AND    OVER 


In  the  average  earnings  of  children  the  Western 
states,  excepting  California,  Utah,  New  Mexico,  and 
W3'oming,  outrank  the  foremost  of  the  New  England 
states,  but  the  average  for  Massachusetts  is  just  below 
that  for  Washington.  The  averages  for  Maine  and 
Connecticut  are  higher  than  the  average  for  California. 


Alaska,  New  Mexico,  and  Wyoming  are  found,  in  the 
order  named,  among  those  Northern  states  which  are 
low  in  rank.  Of  the  Northern  South  Atlantic  states 
Delaware  and  West  Virginia  follow  California  and 
Utah,  but  outrank  all  of  tlie  Southern  North  Atlantic 
states.  The  rank  of  Florida  for  children,  unlike  that 
for  women,  is  very  low. 

When  the  rank  of  each  state  with  respect  to  all 
wage-earners  is  compared  with  its  rank  as  to  men, 
women,  and  children,  it  is  found  that  among  the  AVest- 
ern  states  the  average  for  women  is  relatively  low  in 
New  Mexico,  Utah,  and  Washington;  while  that  for 
children  is  low  in  Wyoming  and  New  Mexico,  and  high 
in  Colorado  and  Oregon.  In  the  North  Atlantic  states 
the  average  for  women  is  high  throughout  New  Eng- 
land, and  in  the  North  Central  it  is  low  in  Kansas.  The 
average  for  children  is  relatively  high  in  all  New  England 
states,  also  in  Indiana,  Michigan,  and  Nebraska  among 
the  North  Central  states;  and  low  in  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania  of  the  North  Atlantic  and  in  Minnesota 
and  North  Dakota  of  the  North  Central.  In  the  South 
Atlantic  and  South  Central  divisions,  exclusive  of  the 
District  of  Columl)ia,  Indian  Territory,  and  Oklahoma, 
the  onl}^  wide  A'ariations  are  the  high  average  for 
women  in  Florida,  the  low  average  for  women  in  West 
Virginia,  and  the  high  averages  for  cliildren  in  Dela- 
ware and  West  Virginia;  attention  has  already  been 
called  to  the  fact  that  with  respect  to  the  average  for  all 
wage-earners  these  .3  states  rank  among  the  highest  of 
the  South  Atlantic  division.  The  average  weekly  earn- 
ings of  all  wage-earners  and  of  men,  women,  and  children 
are  shown,  by  geographic  divisions,  in  Diagram  11. 

The  most  effective  method  of  making  comjjarisons 
between  the  average  earnings  of  men,  women,  and 
children  in  the  several  divisions  and  states  is  by  refer- 
ring all  of  them  to  the  averages  for  the  United  States 
as  a  base.  The  average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners  in 
1905  were  $10.06  for  the  week,  and  the  corresponding 
averages  for  men,  women,  and  children  were  §11.16, 
.W.17,  and  $3.46,  respectively. 

Diagrams  12  and  13  show,  by  percentages,  how  far  the 
averages  for  the  several  geographic  divisions  and  states 
deviate  from  those  for  the  country  as  a  whole.  In  these 
diagrams  a  marked  deviation  to  the  left  means  a  very 
high  average;  to  the  right  a  very  low  average. 

The  average  weeklj'  earnmgs  for  the  South  Atlantic 
division  differ  but  little,  proportionate!}-,  from  those 
for  the  country-  as  a  whole.  In  the  North  Central, 
South  Central,  and  Western  divisions,  the  averages  for 
women  are  relatively  low.  In  the  North  Atlantic  the 
average  for  children  is  relatively  high. 

Of  the  three  minor  divisions  in  the  Western  group, 
the  Pacific  division  is  the  most  important  from  the 
standpoint  of  manufacture,  and  hence  its  averages  are 
very  similar  to  those  for  the  Western  division  as  a 
whole.  The  Kocky  Moiuitaui  division  lias  the  highest 
rank;  the  high  average  for  children  in  this  division  is 


674 


MAXUFACTURES. 


due  verr  largely  to  the  average  for  Montana,  though 
Colorado  also  exerts  a  strong  influence.  The  Basin  and 
Plateau  ranks  second  with  respect  to  the  average  for 
men,  the  high  average  being  common  to  Nevada  and 
Arizona;  but  in  the  averages  for  women  and  children 
this  division  falls  below  the  Pacific  division,  on  account 


of  the  very  low  averages  for  Utah.  The  low  average 
for  women  in  the  Western  division  as  compared  with 
that  for  men  is  common  to  all  the  states,  but  it  is  most 
conspicuous  in  the  case  of  Utah.  The  average  for  chil- 
dren is  relatively  low  in  all  the  states  except  Montana, 
Colorado,  Idaho,  and  Arizona. 


DiAGR.\.M  11.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS— AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS,  AND  OP 

MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN,  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS:  1005. 


DIVISIONS 


NORTH  ATLANTIC 


NEW  ENGLAND 


SOUTHERN  NORTH  ATLANTIC 


SOUTH  ATLANTIC 


NORTHERN  SOUTH  ATLANTIC 


SOUTHERN  SOUTH  ATLANTIC 


DOLLARS 


NORTH  CENTRAL 


EASTERN  NORTH  CENTRAL 


WESTERN  NORTH  CENTRAL 


SOUTH  CENTRAL 


EASTERN  SOUTH  CENTRAL 


WESTERN  SOUTH  CENTRAL 


WESTERN 


ROCKY  MOUNTAIN 


BASIN  AND  PLATEAU 


PACIFIC 


ALASKA 


IIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIU 


jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii    > 


! TOTAL 


MEN 


K^  WOMEN 


mniCHILOREN 


111  llie  Norlh  Atlantic  division  llii' iiii|>(ir(iiiicc  of  lli(^   !  is  rdliTiiil   in   the  averages,  wliicli  iirc  very  similar, 
mamifactiiring  interests  of  the  Sunt  hiTii  North- Atlantic  |   Imtli   urtinilly   mikI    in-uportionatcly.   In  tlmsc   Cor  tlie 


EARNINGS  OF  WA(iE-EARNERS. 


075 


United  States;  flic  liij^h  average  for  women  in  New  in  all  of  the  New  England  states  are  so  high  as  to  have 
York  is  offset  by  low  averages  for  the  otiier  2  states  of  an  ap])reciable  effect  ujjon  the  averages  for  tlie  North 
this  group.     But  tiie  averages  for  women  and  chiklren       Aliiiiitic  division  as  a  wiiole. 

Diagram  1 2.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS— PER  CENT  THAT  AVERAGE  EARNINGS  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS, 
AND  OF  MICN,  WOMEN,  AND  CIMLDUEX  AlUC  AHOVE  0I{  I'.KLOW  AVEKAGE  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES,  BY 
GEOGRAnilC  DIVISIONS;  1905. 

rsos 

-I 

O 


PER  CENT     ABOVE 
60         60        40         30         20         10 


NORTH   ATLANTIC 


NEW   ENGLAND 


SOUTHERN   NORTH   ATLANTIC 


SOUTH    ATLANTIC 


NORTHERN     SOUTH  ATLANTIC 


SOUTHERN    SOUTH    ATLANTIC 


NORTH   CENTRAL 


EASTERN   NORTH   CENTRAL 


WESTERN   NORTH   CENTRAL 


SOUTH   CENTRAL 


EASTERN    SOUTH   CENTRAL 


WESTERN   SOUTH   CENTRAL 


ROCI<Y    MOUNTAIN 


BASIN      ANO      PLATEAU 


2 


^ 


PER  CENT      BELOW 
1 0         go         30         40        60         60 


Z^^^- 


The  average^  for  both  minor  NorthCentral  divisions  j  minor  divisions,  and  in  all  the  states  except  Illinois, 
differ  but  little  from  those  of  the  main  division;  the  i  Minnesota,  and  North  and  South  Dakota:  the  high 
Eastern  North  Central  is  slightly  higher  for  men  and  '  averages  in  these  4  states  are  offset  by  relatively  low 
for  children,  and  the  Western  North  Central  for  women.  '  averages  for  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  and  ^Yisconsin,  the 
The   averages  for  women  are  relativel}'  low  in  both      first-named  state  having  the  lowest. 


c  g- 

fig 


Og 


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1                                                           1 

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111 

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iff- 

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EARNINGS  OF  WACJE-EARNERS. 


677 


The  averages  for  the  South  Atlantic  division  are 
similar,  iiroportioiiately,  to  those  for  the  ITnited  States, 
except  that  the  average  for  children  is  rather  high.  The 
high  average  for  children  is  common  to  all  the  South- 
ern South  Atlantic  states  except  Florida;  in  the  North- 
ern South  Atlantic  the  high  averages  for  Delaware, 
Virginia,  and  West  Virginia  are  offset  by  low  averages 
for  Maryland  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  The  low 
average  for  women  in  the  South  Atlantic  division  is 
common  to  all  states  of  the  Northern  South  Atlantic; 
but  in  the  Southern  South  Atlantic  the  averages  are 
rather  high — in  Florida  very  high.  Indeed,  the  average 
for  all  wage-earners  in  Florida,  of  the  Southern  South 
Atlantic  group,  is  higher  than  that  for  either  Maryland 
or  Virginia  of  the  Northern  South  Atlantic ;  leaving  out 
the  District  of  Columbia,  the  only  South  Atlantic  states 
havintr  higher  averages  are  West  Virginia  and  Delaware. 


In  the  South  Central  division  the  averages  for 
men  and  children,  and  also  for  all  wage-earners,  are 
rather  higher  in  the  Western  South  Central  than  in 
the  Eastern  South  Central.  But  the  averages  for 
women,  which  are  relatively  low  for  both  of  these 
groups,  are  even  lower  in  the  former  than  in  the  lat- 
ter. The  relatively  low  average  for  women  is  com- 
mon to  all  the  states  except  Mississippi,  the  low- 
est absolute  average  of  all  l)eing  that  for  Arkansas. 
As  might  be  expected,  Indian  Territory  and  Okla- 
homa show  the  highest  averages  in  the  South  Central 
division. 

Comparison  between  Western  and  Southern  states. — 
The  states  ranking  highest  with  respect  to  the  average 
earnings  of  men,  women,  and  children  are  in  the  West- 
ern division,  and  those  ranking  lowest  are  in  the  South 
Atlantic  and  South  Central  divisions. 


Table  20.— HIGHEST  AND  LOWEST  AVERAGE  EARNINGS— TWELVE  STATES  COMPARED:  1905. 


AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

WAGE-EARNERS.  ALL  ESTABLISH- 
MENTS.     GREATEST     NUMUEB, 
PER  CENT— 

CONTROLLING  INDUSTRIES. 

STATE  OB  DIVISION. 

Men  16  years 
and  over. 

Women  16  years 
and  over. 

Children  under 

16  years. 

Of  popu- 
lation.! 

Of  greatest 
number, 
United 
States. 

In  classi- 
fied 
earnings. 

Kind. 

Wage-  earners    In- 
cluded in  classi- 
fied earnings. 

Rank. 

Amount. 

Rank. 

Amount. 

Rank. 

Amount. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
for  state 
or  terri- 
tory. 

$11.16 

16.17 

S3. 46 

!8.5 

100.0 

47.0 

1 

14.62 

1 

7.17 

1 

4.35 

6.9 

4.5 

42.7 

1 

1 
2 

3 

4 

5 
6 

5 

18.60 
18.05 

16.27 

15.93 

15.30 
14.78 

8.39 

2 
3 

5 

7 

4 

8 

5 

8.60 
8.29 

7.50 

7.18 

7.62 
7.14 

4.42 

1 
6 

4 

36 

3 
2 

5 

7.09 
4.50 

4.77 

3.40 

4.93 
5.84 

2.74 

3.9 
2.7 

4.3 

2.5 

2.8 
5.0 

0.4 

0.2 
« 

0.1 

0.1 
0.4 

10.2 

40.9 
57.8 

56.4 

86.6 

28.3 
42.5 

41.1 

Smelting  and  refilling,  copper; 
lumber  and  timber  products. 

Lumber  and  timber  products; 
cars  and  general  shop  con- 
struction   and    repairs    by 
steam   railroad  companies; 
printing     and     pubhshing. 
newspapers  and  periodicals: 
brick  and  tile;   foundry  and 
machine  shop  products. 

Smelting  and  refining,  copper; 
cars  and  general  shop  con- 
struction   and    repairs    l>y 
steam  railroad  companies. 

Cars  and  general   shop  con- 
struction   and    repairs    by 
steam  railroad  companies. 

Lumber  and  timber  products; 
beet  sugar. 

Beet  sugar;  foundry  and  ma- 
chine shop  products;  print- 
ing and   publishing,    news- 
papers and  periodicals:  coke; 
lumberand  ttaiberproducts; 
printing     and     pubhshing, 
book  and  job. 

2,967 
348 

2,235 

1,489 

881 
6,491 

63.2 

53.2 

65.8 

68.5 

Idaho 

56.9 

Colorado 

50.5 

South  Atlantic  division.. 

South  Carolina 

North  Carolina 

51 
50 

49 

4 

5.47 
5.92 

6.70 
8.91 

50 
51 

47 
4 

3.84 
3.60 

4.24 
4.69 

46 
51 

50 
4 

2.79 
2.58 

2.59 
2.86 

5.3 
5.5 

5.0 
3.3 

1.1 
1.6 

1.7 
7.4 

42.7  , 
•  45.7  1 

38.7 
33.7 

20,933 
28,927 

23,802 

64.6 

Cotton  goods;      lumljcr  and 

timlier  products. 
Cotton  goods;  lumberand  tim- 

lierproducts;  turpentine  and 

rosin. 

56.5 
50.8 

.\rkansas 

48 
47 

46 

8.11 
8.15 

8.17 

48 
43 

46 

4.13 
4.79 

4.37 

42 
47 

4S 

2.88 
2.78 

2.73 

3.6 
3.1 

3.9 

0.7 
0.7 

1.2 

35.2 
23.8 

39.6 

Lumber  and  timl^er  products. . 

Lumlwr  and  timber  products; 
oil.  cottonseed  and  cake. 

Lumlier  and  timlier  products; 
cars  and  general  shop  con- 
stniction    and    repairs    by 
steam   railroad  companies; 
cotton  goods;  foundry  and 
inacliine      shop     products; 
woolen    goods;    flour    and 
grist  miU  products;  furni- 
ture; fertilizers. 
1 

10,961 
7,597 

16,588 

61.6 

60.7 

Tennessee 

50.1 

1  Population  estimated  as  of  June  1,  1905,  except  for  states  in  which  a  census  was  taken. 

•  liawaii  not  included. 

»  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


678 


I\L1XUFACTUKES. 


The  disparity  in  rank  according  to  earnings,  of  these 
di^'isions  and  the  states  selected  from  them,  is  not  an 
indication  of  their  relative  importance  in  manufac- 
tures. The  divisions  must  be  judged,  not  only  by 
earnings,  but  by  their  economic  conditions,  the  charac- 
ter of  their  industries,  and  the  relative  importance  they 
bear  to  the  great  manufacturing  total  of  the  coimtrv. 

None  of  these  divisions  is  so  largely  devoted  to 
manufacture  as  are  the  two  remaining  divisions.  The 
Western  and  the  South  Atlantic  divisions  have  sub- 
stantially a  like  proportion  of  their  population  earning 
wages  in  manufactiuring  establishments.  Yet  the  im- 
portance of  the  South  Atlantic  division  as  an  emplover 
of  manufacturing  wage-earners  is  more  than  double 
that  of  the  Western,  and  nearly  double  that  of  the 
South  Central. 

All  three  of  the  divisions  mentioned  follow,  in  the 
main,  industries  foimded  on  natural  resources.  These 
are  as  a  rule  more  numerous  in  the  South  Atlantic  and 
South  Central  than  in  the  Western,  onl}-  one — lumber 
and  timber  products — being  common  to  all  three. 

The  South  Atlantic  and  South  Central  divisions  are 
comparatively  new  to  the  factory  system,  and  earnings 
have  not  yet  reached  the  liigher  level  of  similar  indus- 
tries in  the  old  and  highly  developed  factory  com- 
munities. The  Western  division  has  not  entered  the 
factory  system  in  a  way  to  dominate  its  industrial 
activities,  and  earnings  there  are  not  affected  by  eastern 
factorv  conditions. 


The  differences  between  the  earnings  of  men,  women, 
and  cliililrcn  in  the  Western  and  Southern  divisions  are 
attributable  in  part  to  differences  in  the  character  of 
the  industries,  and  in  part  to  variations  in  the  cost, 
and  perhaps  in  the  standard,  of  living. 

Two  notable  factors  which  tend  to  reduce  all  earn- 
ingsinSouthernstatesarethe  employmentof  large  num- 
bers of  women  and  children  and  of  negroes.  In  North 
Carolina  and  South  Carolina,  the  women  and  children 
together  formed  35  and  37.2  per  cent,  respectively,  of 
the  total  wage-earners;  the  corresponding  percentage 
in  Montana  was  but  3.9.  The  general  tables  show 
very  clearly  the  important  place  women  and  chiklren 
hold  m  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  and  the 
dominating  influence  of  this  industrj'  in  the  2  states. 
In  Montaiuv,  on  the  other  hand,  the  dominating  indus- 
tries are  the  smelting  and  refining  of  copper  and  the 
manufacture  of  hunber  and  timber  products — indus- 
tries which  employ  few,  if  any,  women  or  children. 

While  the  cotton  mills  of  the  Carolinas  employ  but 
few  negroes,  it  is  quite  otherwise  in  the  manufacture  of 
lumber  and  timber  products.  In  the  South  the  labor 
in  this  industry  is  to  a  large  extent  negro ;  in  Montana 
it  is  white.  As  this  is  the  only  industry  which  is  im- 
portant in  both  the  South  ant!  the  West,  a  comparison 
of  the  earnings  of  men  is  given,  in  Table  27,  for  the 
Carolinas  and  Montana — together  with  Wyoming, 
which  showed  the  highest  earnings  for  this  industry  in 
the  Western  division. 


Table  27.— EARNINGS  OF  MEN    EMPLOYED   IN    THE   .\LVNUFACTURE   OF   LTOIBER   AND   TIMBER   PRODUCTS   IN 
SELECTED  STATES  OF  THE  WESTERN  AND  SOUTH  ATLANTIC  DIVISIONS:  1905. 


Per  cent 
number 

employed 

fonns  of 

nunilHT 

for  all 

Industries. 

MEDIAN  GBOtn>S  AND 
AVERAGE  WEEKLY 

PEE  CENT 

EAKNING— 

Under 
$7. 

$7  to 
$12. 

$12  to 
$20. 

Median 
group  of 
earnings. 

Average 

weeldy 

earnings. 

$20  and 
over. 

United  States 

6,7 

«9  to  $10 

$9.25 

27.6 

60.4 

19.1 

2.9 

20.5 

12  to   15 

13.97 

4.9 

23.8 

59.8 

11.6 

10.5 

12  to    15 

13.95 

8.6 

17.8 

56.9 

16.7 

23.4 
19.0 

14.2 

12  to    15 
20  to   25 

6  to     7 

14.58 
21.48 

6.49 

2.8 
84.2 

1.7 
0.5 

30.2 

84.7 
8.4 

4.8 

South  Atlantic  division  . .                        

0.8 

Southern  South  Atlantic 

20.S 

6  to     0 

5.82 

73.9 

23.1 

2.4 

0.6 

North  Carolina ■ 

24.1 
14.7 

5  to     6 
4t*     5 

6.40 
4.74 

82.3 
87.1 

15.4 
10.8 

1.8 
1.7 

0.6 
0.4 

South  Carolina .• 

It  will  l)c  nr)tici'ii  lliiil  the  iiii|ic)i't jiDcc  (iT  llic  lum- 
ber industry,  us  iiicnsiired  by  tlu^  nuiiiher  of  men 
cm|)loyed,  is  greatr-r  in  the  Soiitliem  Soiitli  .Vtlantic, 
in  which  the  lowest  earnings  aic  fniiiid.  thiiii  it  is  in 
tlie  corres|)(in<ling  main  division,  and  hence  greater 
than  in  the  .Nortiiern  South  .\llnntic.  In  the  West 
the  indu.stry  i.s  less  importimt  in  the  l{(><l<y  Moun- 
ttiin  division,  in  wliidi  llie  iiighest  enrnings  an;  found, 


Rocky  Mountain  (li\isi<>n  being  I'ai'  oulrankcil  liy  the 
I'acific  di\isii)n:  the  average  earnings  of  men  in  tins 
indusli-y  in  Caiil'oiiiia  ai'c  .'Sl.'i.O',)  -greater  than  iiiMon- 
tana,  hut  less  than  in  Wyoming. 

In  the  case  of  .sections  of  the  country  as  widely  sepa- 
rated as  are  the  Soutii  Atlantic  jind  Western  divi- 
sions, a  gi'cat  ilis])ai'ity  in  cai-nings  will  at  once  sug- 
gest   did'ercnccs   in   (lie   ])redi>iiiinal  in^'   industries  and 


than   it   is   in  the   corrcsiJOiidhiy    main    division,  the  |  in  local  conditions.     It   is  luoic  dillicnlt,  however,  to 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


679 


account  for  a  considerable  difference  in  the  earnings  of 
all  wa<j:c-earners  in  adjoininf^  states — as  Nortii  Carolina 
and  Virginia. 

Upon  examining  the  statistics  for  these  2  states, 
it  is  found  that  of  ihv  wage-earners  reported  for  North 
Carolina,  .35  per  cent  were  women  and  children,  while 
for  Virginia  the  corresponding  ])ercentage  was  but 
16.6.  The  earnings  of  women  and  children  were  as  a 
rule  much  lower  than  those  for  men,  and  the  excess 
of  women  and  children  in  North  Carolina  reduced 
the  earnings  for  all  wage-earners  in  the  state. 

Over  two-fifths  of  (lie  wage-earners  reported  for 
North  Carolina  were  cm))loyed  in  the  cotton  mills. 
In  this  state  the  prevailing  eanungs  not  only  in  the 
cotton  mills  but  in  both  classes  of  tobacco  factories 
were  exceptionally  low,  more  than  9,5  per  cent  of  the 
wage-earners  receivmg  less  than  .$8  for  the  week  cov- 
ered by  the  incjuiry.  Women  and  children  formed 
56.7  per  cent  of  the  total  ninnber  employed  m  the 
cotton  mills  and  49.2  per  cent  of  those  in  the  tobacco 
factories,  and  more  than  two-thirds  of  them  received 
less  than  $4  for  the  week. 

Only  30.4  per  cent  of  the  wage-earners  employed  in 
the  manufactures  of  Virginia  were  covered  by  the 
returns  secured  for  this  report.  A  greater  variety  of 
industries  were  reported  for  the  state  than  were 
returned  for  North  Carolina,  and  the  wage-earners 
were  more  evenly  distributed  throughout  the  differ- 
ent branches  of  manufacture.  There  is  no  industry 
in  Virginia  that  controls  so  large  a  proportion  of  the 
wage-earners  of  the  state  as  do  the  cotton  and  tobacco 
manufactures  of  North  Carolina. 

Proportional  numhers  and  earnings. — Invariablj^  the 
percentage  of  men  of  total  wage-earners  in  a  division 
or  state  was  less  than  their  percentage  of  the  earnings; 
it  was  the  I'everse  in  the  case  of  women  and  children. 


T.^Bi.E  28. — Proportional  mimbcrs  and  earnings — men,  tvomen,  and 
ehildren — by  states,  territories,  and  (jeoiiraphic  divisions:  1905. 


Taule   as. — I'ropi/rlional  numbem  awl  earnings — men,  women,  and 
children — by  ntntes,  tirriloriex,  nml  ijeugriijihic  divisiorus:  1905 — Con. 


PER   CENT 

or  TOTAL. 

STATE  OR  TLRRITORV. 

Men  IG  years 
and  over. 

Women 
16  years 
and  over. 

Children 

under  16 

years. 

Num- 
tier. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earn- 
ings. 

United  States 

79.4 

88.1 

17.9 

11.0 

2.7 

0.9 

74.6 

84.2 

22.9 

14.8 

2.5 

1.0 

69.3 

79.1 

27.7 

19.6 

3.0 

1.3 

Maine 

77.3 
68.  5 
83.2 
67.3 
66.0 
75.4 

78.6 

84.2 
76.1 
89.0 
77.5 
77.1 
84.4 

87.8 

20.1 
30.3 
15.8 
29.6 
28.7 
22.2 

19.2 

14.6 
23.4 
10.6 
21.2 
20.8 
14.0 

11.5 

2.6 
1.2 
1.0 
3.1 
5.3 
2.4 

2.2 

1.2 

New  Ilampshire 

0.5 

Vermont 

0  4 

1.3 

Rhode  Island 

2  1 

Connecticut . 

1  0 

Southern  North  Atlantic 

0.7 

New  York 

74.0 
77.7 
83.8 

83.9 
87.7 
92.0 

25.1 
19.8 
12.8 

15.8 
11.5 
6.9 

0.9 
2.5 
3.4 

0  3 

0.8 

Pennsylvania 

1.1 

Men  1( 
and 

FEB  CENT 

OF  TOTAL. 

' 

STATE   OR  TERRITORY. 

years 
over. 

Women 
16  years 
andovor. 

Children 

under  10 

years. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Sonth  Atlantic  division 

76.0 

87.2 

16.4 

9.9 

7.6 

2.9 

Northern  South  Atlantic 

79.7 

89.7 

16.8 

9.1 

3.5 

1.2 

Delaware 

85.8 
70.3 
89.8 
83.4 
92.4 

72.2 

92.5 
83.9 
95.5 
91.8 
96.5 

83.3 

11.9 
25.0 

8.9 
13.3 

5.9 

16.0 

6.6 
14  5 
41 
6.9 
2.9 

11.2 

2.3 
4  7 
1.3 
3.3 
1.7 

U.8 

0.9 
1.6 
0.4 
1.3 
0.6 

5.5 

Maryland 

District  of  Columbia 

Virginia 

Southern  South  Atlantic 

65.0 
62.8 
81.0 
89.6 

86.4 

77.6 
73.4 
89.0 
92.8 

93.1 

20.3 
19.7 
10.9 
9.5 

12.0 

14  7 
16.2 
7.6 
6.9 

6.4 

14  7 
17.5 
8.1 
0.9 

1.6 

7.7 
10.4 
3.4 
0.3 

0.5 

South  Carolina 

Florida 

North  Central  division. . 

Eastern  North  Central 

86.7 

93.2 

11.9 

6.3 

1.4 

0.5 

Ohio 

86.2 
87.4 
86.7 
85.1 
89.6 

85.6 

93.2 
94.2 
92.8 
92.4 
95.1 

92.5 

12.6 
10.9 
12.0 
13.6 
8.1 

12.2 

0.4 
5.2 
6.8 
7.1 
41 

6.8 

1.2 
1.7 
1.3 
1.3 
2.3 

2.2 

Indiana 

0.6 

Illinois 

Michigan 

0.5 
0.8 

0  7 

Western  North  Central 

Minnesota 

86.8 
85.9 
82.9 
85.9 
90.3 
87.8 
90.2 

87.9 

92.6 
93.1 
90.8 
92.6 
94.7 
94.0 
95.6 

94.0 

12.6 
12,0 
14.2 
12.0 

8.2 
9.9 
7.6 

8.4 

7.2 
6.1 
8.2 
6.9 
4  8 
5.1 
3.6 

47 

0.6 
2.1 
2.9 
2.1 
1.5 
2.3 
2.2 

3.7 

0  2 

Missouri 

1  0 

North  Dakota- - 

South  Dakota 

0  5 

Kansas. . . . 

0.8 
1  3 

85.0 

92.2 

10.2 

6.1 

48 

1  7 

82.4 
84.6 
85.8 
91.6 

92.5 

90.5 
92.2 
93.1 
95.9 

96.4 

141 
10.4 
7.5 
44 

5.6 

8.3 
6.0 
44 
2.7 

2.9 

3.5 
5.0 
6.7 
40 

1.9 

I  2 

Tennessee 

1  8 

Alabama 

2  S 

Mississippi,   .    . 

LH 

Western  South  Central 

0.7 

86.4 
96.4 
95.4 
90.4 
93.7 

87.6 

93.7 
98.4 
98.0 
95.0 
97.0 

93.8 

10.7 
2.0 
3.0 
7.6 
47 

10.9 

5.3 
1.0 
1.5 

43 
2.5 

5.7 

2.9 
1.6 
1.6 
2.0 
1.6 

1.5 

I.O 

Arkansas 

0.6 

0.5 

Oklahoma 

0.7 

Texas 

0.5 

0.5 

93.9 

97.2 

47 

2.3 

1.4 

0.5 

Montana 

96.1 
94.3 
98.0 
91.9 
97.1 

92.7 

98.2 
97.4 
99.2 
96.0 
99.1 

97.5 

2.7 
3.9 
1.8 

6.7 
0.4 

5.3 

1.3 
2.0 
0.8 
3.4 
0.2 

2.0 

1.2 
1.8 
0.2 
1.4 
2.5 

2.0 

0.5 

Idaho 

0.6 

Wyoming 

0) 
0.6 

Colorado 

0.7 

0.5 

Arizona 

98.7 
8.3.3 
97.3 

85.8 

99.5 
93.1 
98.8 

92.7 

0.9 
12.1 
2.1 

12.6 

0.4 
5.4 
1.0 

6.8 

0.4 
46 
0.6 

1.6 

0.1 

Utah 

1.5 

0.2 

Pacific 

0.5 

96.2 
90.5 
82.3 

94.1 

98.2 
94.9 
90.8 

97.0 

3.4 
8.2 
15.8 

3.7 

1.7 
46 
&6 

2.4 

0.4 
1.3 
1.9 

2.2 

0.1 

Oregon 

0.5 

0.6 

0.6 

•  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 

When  tlie  main  geographic  divisions  are  ranked  ac- 
cording to  the  proportions  of  men,  women,  or  children 
among  their  wage-earners,  and  then  according  to  the 
corresponding  proportions  of  their  total  earnings,  it  is 
found  that  the  ranking  by  earnings  does  not  differ  in 
any  instance  from  that  hj  numbers. 


45254— MPG  1905— PT  4—08- 


-45 


680 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  proportions  for  men  were  greatest  in  the  South 
Central  division,  followed  by  the  Western,  North  Cen- 
tral, South  Atlantic,  and  North  Atlantic,  in  the  order 
named.  For  the  proportions  of  women,  the  rank  is 
exactly  reversed,  so  that  the  North  Atlantic  ranked 
first  and  the  South  Atlantic  second.  With  respect  to 
children,  however,  the  South  Atlantic  ranked  first  and 
the  South  Central  second:  the  relative  order  of  the 
other  three  divisions  was  the  same  as  for  women. 


Diagram  14. — Classified  weeJcly  earnings — number  and  earnings  of 
men,  women,  and  children,  by  geographic  divisions:  1905. 


UNITED    STATES 


NORTX    ATLANTIC 


BOUTW    ATLANTIC 


HOITTM    CENTRAL 


SOUTH    CENTRAL 


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Within  1.3  per  cent  of  the  entire  number  of  wage- 
earners  in  Arizona  were  men,  giving  the  territory  first 
rank;  the  state  having  the  least  percentage  of  men 
was  South  Carolina,  with  less  than  two-thirds. 

New  Ilampsliire  reported  the  largest  percentage  of 
women — nearly  one-third — closely  followed  by  Massa- 
chusetts and  Rhode  Island.  New  Mexico  reported  the 
least,  four-tenths  of  1  per  cent. 

The  children  were  proportionately  most  numerous 
in  South  Carolina  where  they  constituted  nearly  one- 
fifth  of  the  total  wage-earners  shown;  North  Carolina 
was  second  and  Wyoming  last. 


GEOGRAPHIC    DIVISIONS. 

Tables  24,  28,  69,  70,  and  72  contain  statistics  upon 
which  this  discussion  is  based.  Table  24  gives,  among 
other  information,  the  average  weekly  earnings  of  all 
wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  with 
the  median  group,  for  each  geographic  division,  state, 
and  territory;  Table  28,  the  percentages  the  number 
and  earnings  of  men,  women,  and  children  are  of  the 
totals  for  the  division,  state,  or  territoiy;  Table  69, 
the  number  of  estal^lishments  and  earnings  of  all 
wage-earners  and  of  men,  women,  and  children  in  the 
various  groups,  by  geographic  divisions,  both  major 
and  minor,  and  by  states  and  territories;  Table  70 
distributes  by  percentages  the  number  of  men,  women, 
and  children  in  the  several  groups;  and  Table  72 
presents  establishments,  average  weekly  earnings  of 
all  wage-earners  and  of  men,  women,  and  children, 
with  total  earnings  and  per  cent  distribution  in 
selected  mdustries  for  25  leading  states. 

In  every  instance  the  analysis  of  the  statistics  of 
states  shown  b}'  selected  industries  deals  with  the 
selected  industries  only.  In  the  other  states  or  terri- 
tories the  analysis  concerns  all  the  industries  reported 
having  3  establishments  or  more. 

New  England  (livision. — According  to  the  returns 
for  the  census  of  1905,  New  England  manufactured 
more  than  one-half  in  value  of  the  boots  and  shoes, 
and  of  the  cotton,  the  woolen,  and  the  worsted  goods 
made  in  the  United  States;  likewise  over  one-half  of 
the  value  of  products  of  several  other  industries  of  less 
magnitude,  as  ammunition;  boots  and  shoes,  rubber; 
brass  and  copper,  rolled;  brassware;  clocks;  plated 
ware;  and  silversmithing  and  silverware;  and  a  very 
large  proportion  of  the  felt  hats,  jewelry,  cutlery  and 
edge  tools,  and  rubber  and  elastic  goods. 


Tabi.k  L'9.— new   EN(;I..\XI) 


DIVISION— NUMBER   AND    PER    CENT    OF    ESTABLISHMENTS    AND   WAGE-EARNERS 
INCLUDED  IN  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  BY  STATES;  1905. 


ESTIIJI.IS1IMESTS   AND   W.VOF.-EARXER.';. 

New 
Kngland 
division. 

Maine.  ^ 

New 
Hamp- 
shire. 

Vermont. 

Massa- 
cliusetts. 

Rhode 
Isiand. 

Conneo- 
tieut. 

Estflhlishmonf?.  total  number 

22,279 

1.518 

20,761 

15,160 

73.1 

1,131,225 

749,093 

06.3 

3,145 

256 

2,889 

1.711 

59.2 

112,110 

43,277 

38.6 

1,018 

13li 

1,482 

810 

54.7 

79,0.W 

29,874 

37.8 

1,699 

09 

1,6,30 

859 

.'■12.7 

42,  .'-.(iS 

20,065 

47,1 

10.723 

7,-)7 

9,980 

8.724 

87.4 

578,208 

487,048 

84.2 

1.617 

1,5.12 
1,092 
71.3 

110,  s;« 

68,140 

01.5 

3,477 

235 

lii'IKirlinK  wagc-earnrTS 

3,242 

1,970 

porcfnt 

IK".  S 

20s,  440 

JncliHjMj  in  weekly  caming9 

101,. W9 

48.7 

Clu.ssified  earnings  of  t lie  wage-earners  em|)li)yi'(l  in  .^^mnllcst  proportion  of  wage-earners  for  New  liiiiiip- 
nearly  tliree-fourths  of  the  employing  establisliinciils      sliirc      .Vniong  tiie  industries  selected  a.s  leading  mnmi- 

iri  tlic  division  arc  included  in  these  stiitistics,  and  the  '   facdires  of  (lie  stiites,  one — rubber  l)0()ts  an<l  slioes — 

nuinixT  of  wngc-curners  thus  in(lu<led  forms  nearly  i  in  Miissiichusetts  and  (\)nnecticut  is  representi'd  i)y  all 
two-thirtls  of  the  greatest  number  employed  at  iiny  one  wnge-enrncis.  In  nniny  of  the  industries  the  earnings 
time  (hiring  the  year.  shown  are  for  from  tlucc-fouilhs  to  nine-1en(hs  of  (he 

'I'he  greatest  pro])orlioii  of  hot  h  CNliibli^liincMl.'^  iind  wagc-enrners,  in  a  considcrnble  numbef  they  are  for 
wage-earners  is  shown  for  Ma.ssachusctts,  the  smullest  onc-liulf  oi-  moic.  nnd  in  22  foi- somew  hut  less  than  one- 
proportion    fif   establiNJiments    for   ^'(■rrllonl,    and    the       li:ilf.      in  I  his  iinportniit  iiiiinnfnct  uring  division,  t  here 


EARNINGS  OF  WACJK-I^AHNiaiS. 


681 


fore,  the  satisfactory  retum.s  are  unusuully  mimerous.   t  stituting  more  tluin  oiw-liulf  of  i  ho  total  sliown,  and  the 
The  doiniiiaiit  factor  in  the  returns  for  tiu^  division  is      wage-earners  nearly  two-tlurds. 
Massaclnisctts,  tlie  establishnicnts  for  that  state  con- 

Table  .-jo.— new  ENGLAND  DIVISION— NUMUKIl  XSB  PERCENT  OK  W.VCiE-EARNERS  .\T   E.\ril  AMOUNT  OF 

CLASSIFIED  EARNINGS,  BY  STATES:  JSm. 


WEEKLY    E.^ltNIN^.S. 


Total  

Jjess  tlian  $3 

J3to   S4 

$4  to  $r, 

$5  to    Sti 

J6  to    $7 

$7to  $s : 

$8  to    $'.! 

$nto81Q 

$10to!12 

112  toll.'; 

$15  to  820 

J20toS2.'i 

$25  and  over 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 

Total 

Average  per  wage-earner. . . 


NEW  ENGLAND 
DIVISION. 


Number. 


749,993 


16, 120 
25,841 
43,600 
57,695 
77, 437 
76,694 
l«,831 
86,326 
96,996 
98,167 
79,040 
16, 447 


Per 
cent. 


100.0 


2.2 
3.5 
5.8 
7.7 
10.3 
10.2 
9.2 
11.5 
12.9 
13.1 
10.5 
2.2 
0.9 


$7,251,712 
$9.67 


Number. 


43,277 

1,048 
1,350 
2,152 
2,433 
3.881 
4,139 
3,812 
8,230 
6,318 
5,569 
3,554 
581 
210 


Per 
cent. 


100.0 

2.4 
3.1 
5.0 
5.6 
9.0 
9.6 
8.8 
19.0 
14.6 
12.9 
8.2 
1.3 
0.5 


$406,537 
$9.39 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


Number. 


29,874 

639 

913 

1,453 

2,285 

3,624 

3,643 

2,984 

4,337 

4,373 

3,274 

1,989 

299 

61 


Per 
cent. 


100.0 

2.1 
3.1 
4.9 
7.0 
12.1 
12.2 
10.0 
14.5 
14.6 
II. 0 
6.7 
1.0 
0.2 


$270,034 
$9.04 


MAS-SACirUSETTS.   |    RnoDE    ISLAND. 


Number. 


20,065 


705 

716 

820 

930 

1,867 

2,568 

2,239 

3,252 

2,64(i 

2,  .398 

1.532 

255 

77 


IVr 
cent. 


100.0 

3.6 
4.1 
4.6 
9.3 
12.8 
11.2 
10.2 
13.2 
11.9 
7.9 
1.3 
0.4 


Number. 


$185,447 
$9.24 


487,048 

9,774 
16,671 
29,335 
39,573 
51,. 305 
49.353 
44,701 
52,060 
61.469 
63,557 
83,084 
11,401 

4,765 


Per 
cent. 


100.0 

2.0 
3.4 
6.0 
8.1 
10.5 
10.1 
9.2 
10.7 
12.6 
13.1 
10.9 
2.4 
1.0 


$4,713,422 
$9.68 


Number. 


68,140 

1,789 
2,997 
4,812 
6,230 
8,332 
7,763 
6,2)2 
5,871 
7,847 
8,288 
6,166 
1,239 
614 


100.0 

T« 

4.4 

7.1 

9.2 

12.2 

11.4 

9.1  I 

8.6 

U.S 

12.1 

9.1 

1.8 

0.9 


$626,215 
$9.19 


COMHECnctTT. 


Number. 


101, 

2, 165 
3,194 
6,028 
6,244 
8,428 
9,228 
8,883 
12,  .576 
14,343 
15, 101 
12,655 
2,672 
1,072 


Per 
cent. 


100,0 

TT 
3.1 
5.0 
6.1 
8.3 
9.1 
8.7 
12  4 
14.1 
14.9 
12.5 
2.6 
l.I 


$1,050,057 
$10.34 


The  average  weekly  earning.s  of  all  wage-earners 
were  considerably  lower,  and  for  men  a  little  lower, 
than  for  the  United  States.  In  average  earnings 
Connecticut  led.  The  distribution  at  the  higher 
amounts  in  New  Hampshire  is  not  so  favorable  to  a 
high  average  as  the  distribution  in  Rhode  Island,  and 
the  average  earnings  in  the  more  northerly  state  are 
shown  to  have  been  the  lowest  in  the  division. 

Over  two-thirds  of  the  wage-earners  in  the  division 
were  men,  more  than  one-fourth  women,  and  less  than 
one-thirtieth  children.  Vermont,  with  its  marble 
works  and  lumber  and  timber  products,  liad  the  great- 
est, ami  Rliode  Island,  witli  its  textile  industries,  the 
least  proportion  of  men;  New  Hampshire,  also  a  state 
of  textile  factories,  had  the  greatest  proportion  of 
women,  and  Rhode  Island  the  greatest  proj)ortion  of 
children.  Vermont  had  the  least  proportionate  num- 
ber of  both  women  and  children,  although  the  propor- 
tion of  children  for  New  Hampshire  was  not  much 
larger;  Massachusetts  was  second  greatest.  For  each 
of  15  of  its  selected  industries  the  division  reported 
more  than  one-half  of  the  wage-earners  returned  for 
these  industries  in  the  United  States.  Among  the 
more  prominent  industries  the  percentage  ranged 
from  76.2  for  worsted  goods  to  60.4  for  cotton  goods. 
In  the  less  prominent  the  range  was  from  90.8  per 
cent  for  rubber  boots  and  shoes  to  60  per  cent  for 
hardware. 

Vermont  is  the  only  state  in  the  division  for  which 
selected  industries  are  not  shown  in  Table  72.  Of  the 
industries  presented  for  the  other  states,  cotton  goods, 
foundry  and  machine  shop  products,  and  woolen  goods 
were  common  to  all  the  5 ;  boots  and  shoes  and  hosiery 
and  knit  goods,  to  4;  worsted  goods,  to  3;  and  ilye- 
ing  and  linishing  textiles,  electrical  machinery,  appa- 
ratus, and  supplies,  jewelry,  lumber  and  timber  jirod- 
ucts,  paper  and  wood  pulp,  printing  and  publishing 


newspapers   ami    periodicals,   and    rul)l)(T   and   elastic 
goods,  to  2. 

Table  31. — New  England  division-  per  cent  of  all  uaije-eamers ,  and 
of  men.  women,  and  children,  in  eslablishinenls  aecordinij  to  size, 
by  slates:  1905. 

[Size  of  establishments  determined  by  the  average  number  of  wage-earners 
employed  during  the  year.] 


PEE  CENT  IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

STATE. 

Number 
of  wage- 
eaniers. 

Less 
than  10 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

10  to  50 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

50  to       150  to 

150           300 
wage-     wage- 
earn-  1  earn- 
ers,        ers. 

300to     „5«L 
j™,       wage- 

'  over. 

ALL  WAGE-EARNERS. 

New  England  divi- 

749,993 

6.2  1      13.2 

16.6 

14.5 

11.8 

43,277 
29,874 
20,065 

4S7.048 
OS.  140 

101.389 

17.9 
8.7 

14.0 
5.1 
4.4 
5.4 

18.6  26.7  i      10.0          6.1 
11.9         13.8         15.6         12.4 
14.2         21.0         13.3         15.7 
14.2         16.2         14.9         11.8 

10.7  14.3          14.9          16.6 
7.8         15.4         14.0  1      10.5 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts. . 
Rhode  Island... 
Connecticut 

37.6 
21.3 
37.8 
39.1 
46.9 

MEN   16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

New  England  divi- 

519,883             7.7          H7          17  4          14.2 

Maine 

33,448 
20,473 
10,688 
327,717 
44,978 
76,579 

20.0 

19.0 

27. 9         10. 0 

5  1           18  0 

Ni'w  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts . . 
Rhode  Island . . . 
Connecticut 

11.5 

15.5 
6.3 
5.5 
6.4 

15.1 
14.9 
16.1 
11.8 
8.3 

15.7 
20.9 
17.0 
15.2 
15.7 

16.4 
8.9 
14.9 
15.2 
13.2 

13.2          28.1 
16.2          23.6 
11.  S          33.9 
15.6          36.7 
9.8          46.6 

WOKEN   16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

New  England  divi- 
sion  

207,381 

2.8 

10.2 

15.3  i      15.3 

12.1  1        44.3 

8,684  ' 
9,035 
3.170 
144,. •S80 
19.537 
22,575 

10.5         16.5  1      23.8         10.5 
2.7          5.2  1        9.5         13.6 
5. 7         10. 7         24. 4         36. 8 
2.5         10.9         15.2         15.1 
2.2          9.2         13.9         13.9 
2.4          6.2         14.9         16.6 

8.5 
10.4 
12.9 
11.6 
18.4 
12.1 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts.. 
Rhode  Island.  . 
Connecticut 

58.6 
9.5 
44.7 
42.4 
47.8 

CHILDREN  CNDER  16  YEARS. 

New  England  divi- 

22,729 

1               1               1 
3.2  i        6.3  1       10.3  ■       13.7 

Maine 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts.. 
Rhode  Island...; 
Connecticut 

1.145 
.366 
207 
14,951  . 
3,625 
2,435 

12.2 
3.8 

12.1 
2.7 
l.S 
3.4 

23.2 
2.7 
7.2 
5.8 
4.5 
5.2 

15.6 
10.4 
29.5 
10.2 
6.1 
12.9 

6.9 
18.9 
12.1 
13.0 
16.3 
17.1 

17.7 
17.5 
23.7 
11.3 
19.0 
16.0 

24.4 
46.7 
15.4 
57.0 
52.6 
45.4 

682 


MANUFACTURES. 


Of  all  wage-earners,  64  per  cent  were  returned  by 
factories  emplo^nng  an  annual  average  of  150  or  more 
wage-earners.  These  larger  factories  reported  more 
than  three-fifths  of  the  men,  nearly  three-fourths  of  the 
women,  and  more  than  four-fifths  of  the  children. 

Among  the  states  there  was  not  much  difference 
between  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island  in  the  per- 
centage of  all  wage-earners  and  of  men  in  the  larger 
estabhshments,  although  Connecticut  was  first  in  both. 
Xew  Hampsliire  had  the  greatest  percentage  of  women 
in  the  larger  establishments  and  Rhode  Island  the 
freatest  percentage  of  cliildren.  Massachusetts  occu- 
pied an  intermediate  position  in  rank  according  to  per- 
centages, but  much  more  than  one-half  of  its  wage- 
earners  of  the  various  classes  were  in  the  larger  estab- 
lishments. Maine  had  the  least  percentage  of  all 
wage-earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children  in  the 
larger  factories. 

The  wage-earners  in  10  leading  industries  in  Maine 
shown  in  Table  72  comprise  nearly  three-fourths  of  the 
wage-earners  included  for  this  state  for  the  selected  • 
week.  The  average  earnings  of  men  in  the  selected 
industries  were  $10.15,  an  amount  which  is  a  little  be- 
low the  average  of  men  for  the  state.  The  industrs^ 
emplo^"ing  the  largest  number  of  men  was  lumber  and 
timber  products,  the  average  earnings  in  which  were  84 
cents  below  the  average  for  the  selected  industries. 
Other  industries,  6  in  number,  with  a  higher  average 
and  a  greater  combined  number  of  men,  more  than 
offset  the  effect  of  this  lower  level.  The  average  earn- 
ings of  women  for  all  the  industries  shown  for  the  state 
were  S6.84;  for  the  selected  industries  they  were  $7.21. 
In  3  industries  the  averages  were  greater  than  the 
average  for  the  selected  manufactures,  and  in  4  they 
were  higher  than  for  the  state.  The  industry  employ- 
ing the  most  women  was  cotton  goods;  the  average 
earnings  for  this  were  lower  than  either  those  for  the 
state  or  for  the  selected  10.  Children's  average  earn- 
ings for  the  state  were  84.20,  jimi  for  the  selected  in- 
dustries only  1  cent  less.  The  industry  emplo-\-ing  the 
largest  number  of  cliildren  was  canning  and  preserving 
fish,  in  which  the  earnings  were  nuich  liiirher  than  for 
cither  the  state  or  the  selected  iniUistries.  Of  the 
selected  industries,  tho.se  showing  highest  and  lowest 
average  earnings  were — -for  men,  marble  and  stone 
work,  ■Sl.'i.Do,  and  cotton  goods,  S.S.IO;  for  women, 
<nnnirig  and  preserving  fish,  S8.S0,  and  ])rinling  and 
I>id)lisliing  newspapers  and  periodicals,  .'J5.S4  ;  for  cliil- 

<iren, canning  and  preserving  fish,  $5.07,  and  i Is  mid 

whoes,  S2. 

Si.x  of  the  leading  industries  of  New  JluMii>.-iiiirc 
cniployed  over  two-thirds  of  the  wage-earners  for  the 
selected  week.  The  average  earnings  of  men  in  the  (i 
industries  were  S!).65,  which  was  consideralily  less  than 
fi>iidl  industries  included  for  the  state,  i-dui-  repniied 
averages  iiigher  than  those  for  the  selected  gr(iu]),and 
in  2  of  tlie.se  I  lie  averages  were  higher  than  the  aver- 
ago  for  the  state.     Cotton  goods  reported  the  largest 


number  of  men,  and  the  average  earnings,  $S.G7,  were 
lower  than  in  any  other  of  the  industries  shown. 
The  highest  average  earnings,  $11.25,  were  paid  to  the 
wage-earners  in  foundry  and  machine  shops.  Women 
earned  .$7.06  on  the  average  in  the  selected  industries, 
a  little  larger  average  than  for  the  state.  They  were 
employed  in  largest  numbers  in  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  goods,  in  which  their  average  earnings  were 
within  1  cent  of  the  average  for  the  selected  indus- 
tries. The  highest  average,  $7.31,  is  shown  for  boots 
and  shoes;  the  lowest,  $6,  for  foundry  and  machine 
shop  products.  Children  were  not  numerous,  but 
were  most  largely  employed  in  the  cotton  goods  indus- 
tvj,  in  which  their  average  earnings,  $4.18,  were  higher 
than  for  the  state  or  for  the  selected  manufactures, 
these  being  respectively  $4.04  and  $4.09.  Children's 
earnings  averaged  highest,  $4.70,  in  woolen  goods,  and 
lowest,  $2.36,  in  hosier}'  and  knit  goods. 

Vermont  has  several  important  manufactures,  the 
most  notable  being  marble  and  stone  work,  woolen 
goods,  lumber  and  timber  products,  foundry  and 
machine  shop  products,  and  scales  and  balances.  The 
average  earnings  of  men  were  $9.89.  The  industry 
employing  the  largest  number  was  marble  and  stone 
work,  the  average  earnings  in  which  were  $9.44.  The 
average  of  $14.87  for  monuments  and  tombstones  was 
highest,  and  that  for  gas,  illuminating  and  heating, 
$5.48,  was  lowest.  Women  earned  on  the  average 
$6.19.  The  industry  in  which  they  were  most  largely 
reported  w^as  woolen  goods,  with  average  earnings  of 
$7.32,  the  highest  in  the  state.  Tlie  lowest  average 
earnings,  $3,  were  reported  for  the  jnanufacture  of 
butter.  The  average  earnings  of  children  were  $3.45; 
in  the  industry  in  which  they  were  most  largely 
emploj'cd,  woolen  goods,  they  earned  $4.02,  or  much 
more  than  this  general  average.  But  their  lughest 
average,  $S,  was  reported  for  the  paper  and  wood  pulp 
manufacture;  their  lowest,  $1.05,  for  woodenware,  not 
eLsewhere  specified. 

Tlie  most  important  industry  in  Massachusetts, 
among  industries  selected  to  represent  the  state, 
measured  by  tlu^  number  of  men  returned,  was  that 
of  cotton  goods,  in  which  the  average  earnings  were 
$8.53,  compared  with  $11.15  for  all  industries  in  the 
state.  The  next  in  importance  was  boots  and  shoes; 
the  average  in  tliis  was  $12.79.  The  highest  average 
earnings,  $1().17,  for  men  were  shown  for  the  i)rinting 
and  pnl)lishingof  newspapers  and  ])eriodicals;  the  low- 
est, $.S.53,  for  cotton  goods.  ^Vomen  cnrned  on  the 
average  in  the  selected  industries  $7.14,  which  is  liigiier 
than  the  average  of  $6.91  shown  for  the  state.  In  the 
iiiMUufacl  nic  in  wliicli  they  were  most  numerous,  that 
of  {-otlon  goods,  liieir  average  earnings  were  $6.79. 
'V\w  highest  average,  $8.48,  for  women  was  earned  in 
the  numufactMre  of  rnl)l)er  hoots  and  shoes,  and  the  low- 
est, $6. 1 .'.,  in  |)aper  and  wood  pulp.  Children's  average 
,  earnings  for  the  .selected  industries  wer(>  $4.32,  12  cents 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


683 


above  those  for  the  state.  Cotton  goods  was  the  man- 
ufacture hi  wliicli  tlx'}-  were  most  largely  cniployed, 
and  in  this  tlieir  average  was  .|4.42 — higher  than  for 
both  the  selected  industries  and  the  state.  The  aver- 
age earnings  were  $.'5. 14,  the  highest  of  all,  in  paper 
and  wood  pulp,  and  lowest,  .1.3.25,  in  printing  and 
publishing,  newspapers  and  periodicals. 

The  10  leading  industries  selected  for  Rhode  Island 
are  nearly  all  pronouncedl}'  factory  industries.  Men 
earned  $10.39  on  the  average  in  the  selected  industries, 
and  $10.73  in  the  state,  the  greatest  lunnber  l)eing  re- 
ported for  cotton  goods,  in  which  their  average  was 
$8.42,  and  the  next  greatest  for  worsted  goods,  in 
which  it  was  $10.48.  The  general  average  was  greatly 
increased,  also,  by  the  large  ([uota  of  men  in  foundry 
and  machine  shop  products,  where  their  average  earn- 
ings were  $11.98.  The  greatest  average  earnings  were 
$13.42  in  silversmithing  and  silverware ;  the  least,  $7.76, 
were  returned  for  electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and 
supplies.  The  average  earnings  of  women  were  $6.66 
for  the  state  and  $6.74  for  the  selected  industries.  The 
largest  number  was  reported  for  cotton  goods,  but 
nearly  the  same  number  for  worsted  goods.  The  aver- 
age earnings  in  the  former  manufacture  were  $6.44  and 
in  the  latter  $7.38.  Woolen  goods  reported  the  highest 
average,  $7.80,  and  electrical  machiner}%  apparatus,  and 
supplies  the  lowest,  $.5.49.  Children  were  most  numer- 
ously reported  for  worsted  goods,  in  which  their  aver- 
age earnings  were  $3.59,  and  the  next  largest  number 
for  cotton  goods,  in  which  their  average  earnings  were 
$3.61.  These  earnings  may  be  measured  by  the  gen- 
eral average  of  $3.65  for  the  selected  industries,  which 
was  exactly  the  same  as  for  the  state.  Children  aver- 
aged the  greatest  earnings,  $4.34,  in  dyeing  and  finish- 
ing textiles,  and  the  least,  $3,  in  silversmithing  and 
silverware. 

The  15  selected  industries  shown  for  Connecticut 
embrace  60.2  per  cent  of  the  number  in  the  specified 
week  shown  for  all  industries  in  the  state.  xVll  are 
purely  factory  industries,  and  none  can  be  called  dis- 
tinctively rural.  The  average  earnings  of  men  in  the 
selected  industries  were  $11.44,  13  cents  less  than  for 
the  state.  The  industry  employing  the  largest  number 
was  brass  and  copper,  rolled,  the  earnings  averaging 
$11.99,  or  a  little  more  than  the  general  average. 
Hardware  and  foundry  and  macliine  shop  products 
employed  the  next  largest  numbers,  the  average  earn- 
ings in  these  being  respectively  $10.56  and  $11.45. 
The  liighest  average,  $14.63,  was  in  plated  ware;  the 
lowest,  $8.26,  in  cotton  goods.  Women  earned  an  av- 
erage of  $7.01  in  the  selected  industries,  a  little  more 
than  in  the  state  at  large.  They  were  returned  in  the 
largest  mnnber  by  cotton  factories,  the  earnings  aver- 
aging $6.71.  The  highest  average  earned  was  .88.42, 
in  the  manufacture  of  rubber  boots  and  shoes;  the 
lowest,  $5.13,  in  hardware.     The  average  earnings  of 


children  in  the  .state  were  84.14,  or  a  trifle  less  than 
for  the  selected  industries.  The  manufacture  of  cotton 
goods,  with  an  average  of  $4.02,  engaged  the  largest 
number.  The  highest  average,  .S5.16,  was  earned  in 
the  manufacture  of  brass  and  copper,  rolled;  the  low- 
est, $.3,  in  the  making  of  cor.sets. 

Southern  North  Atlantic  division. — This  geographic 
division  comprises  3  important  manufacturing  states, 
in  which  are  located  establishments  that  produced 
more  than  one-half  of  the  value  of  products  reported 
for  the  entire  coimtry,  for  blast  furnaces,  rolling  mills 
and  steel  W(jrks,  and  petroleum  refineries,  and  for  the 
manufacture  of  carpets  and  rugs,  men's  and  women's 
clothing,  felt  hats,  hosier}'  and  knit  goods,  silk  and 
silk  goods,  electrical  machmery,  apparatus,  anil  sup- 
plies, and  cigars  and  cigarettes.  In  addition,  the  divi- 
sion ranked  first  in  the  manufacture  of  leather,  glass, 
and  pottery  and  other  clay  products,  and  in  book  and 
job  printing.  The  magnitude  and  variety  of  the  in- 
dustries covered  give  peculiar  significance  to  the  sta- 
tistics of  cla.ssified  earnings. 

Table  .33. — Southern  N'orfh  Atlantic  division — number  and  per  cent 
of  establish inrntu  and  waye-earners  included  in  weekly  earnings,  by 
states:  1905. 


ESTABLISHMENTS   AND  WAGE- 
EARNERS. 


Establishments,  total  number 

Reporting  no  wage-earners 

Reporting  \vage-oarners 

Included  in  weekly  earnings 

Per  cent 

Wage-earners,  greatest  number 

Included  in  weekly  earnings  . . . 
Percent ." 


Southern 
North  At- 
lantic di- 
vision. 


67,699 

6,378 

61,321 

36,388 

59.3 

2,321,924 

976,648 

42.1 


New  York 


' !  New  Jer- 


sey. 


I 


37,194 

3,625 

33,569  ! 

19,030 

56.7 

1,075,570 

430,475 

40.0 


7,010 

577 

6,433 

4,153 

64.6 

321,669 

139,862 

43.5 


Pennsyl- 
Tania. 


23,495 

2,176 

21,. 319 

13,205 

61.9 

924,685 

400,  .111 

43.9 


Setting  aside  the  establishments  for  which  no  wage- 
earners  were  reported,  the  statistics  of  classified  eam- 
ini)-s  cover  practically  three-fifths  of  all  factories  in- 
cluded in  the  census  of  1905.  Among  the  states  the 
largest  proportion  is  shown  for  New  Jersey  and  the 
smallest  for  New  York. 

While  the  total  number  of  wage-earners  included  in 
this  geographic  division  forms  rather  less  than  one-half 
of  the  greatest  number  employed  at  any  one  time 
during  the  year,  for  a  number  of  the  important  indus- 
tries the  proportion  is  considerably  greater,  so  that  the 
figiu-es  may  be  considered  as  representative  of  the 
weekly  earnmgs  m  the  majority  of  the  manufactures. 
Although  New  York,  which  is  the  most  important 
manufacturing  state  of  the  division,  shows  the  largest 
number  of  wage-earners  for  the  statistics  of  classified 
weekly  earnings,  the  proportion  that  this  number 
forms  of  the  greatest  number  employed  at  any  one 
time  dtiriug  the  year  in  all  establisliments  is  slightly 
less  than  the  corresponding  proportions  for  the  2  other 
states  of  the  group. 


684 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  33. — Southern  North  Atlantic  division — number  and  ■per 
cent  of  wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified  earnings,  by 
states:  1905. 


■H-EEKLT  EAKS- 

SOCTHEES 
NOBTH  ATLAN- 
TIC DIVISION. 

NEW  YOKK. 

1 
NEW  JERSEY. 

PENNSYL- 
VANIA. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Total 

976,648 

100.0 

430,475 

100.0 

139,862 

100.0 

406,311 

100.0 

Less  than  S3 

$3to   $4 

t4to   J5 

J5to   $6 

»6to   S7 

S7to   »8 

J8to   $9 

$9  to  SIC 

$10  to  $12 

31,705 

44.275 

55,150 

57,874 

66,238 

74,798 

79,948 

110.013 

135, 112 

141.901 

124,931 

35,225 

19,478 

3.2 
4.5 
5.7 
5.9 

6.8 
7.7 
8.2 
11.3 
13.8 
14.0 
12.8 
3.6 
2.0 

12,920 
19, 817 
26,891 
28,  514 
31,482 
34, 127 
32.619 
46,914 
56,  512 
61,244 
53,561 
16, 574 
9,300 

3.0 

4.6 

6.3 

6.6 

7.3 

7.9 

7.6 

10.9 

13.1 

14.2 

12.4 

3.9 

2.2 

4,862 
6,829 
8,473 
8,727 
9.559 
10,594 
11,423 
14,837 
17,971 
18,948 
19,720 
5,247 
2,672 

3.5 

4.9 

6.1 

6.2 

6.8 

7.6 

8.2 

10.6 

12.8 

13.5 

14.1 

3.8 

1.9 

13,923 
17,629 
19,786 
20,633 
25, 197 
30,077 
35,906 
48,262 
60,629 
61,709 
51,650 
13, 404 
7,506 

3.4 
4.4 
4.9 
5.1 
6.2 
7.4 
8.8 
11.9 
14.9 

S12toS15 

$15  to  $20 

$20  to  $25 

$25  and  over 

15.2 
12.7 
3.3 
1.8 

Earnings  for  the 
sp«?Lfied  week: 

Total 

A  cerage  per 
wage-earner 

$10,202,824 
$10.  45 

$4,476,464 
$10.40 

$1,456,513 
$10.  41 

$4,269,847 
S10.51 

Of  the  wage-earners  included  in  the  statistics  of 
weekly  earnings  for  this  division,  44.1  per  cent  were 
in  New  York,  41.6  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  and  14.3 
per  cent  in  New  Jersey. 

For  the  division  as  a  whole  a  little  over  three- 
fourths  of  the  wage-earners  were  men,  iiearlj^  one- 
fifth  were  women,  and  about  one-fortieth  were  chil- 
dren. For  New  Jersey  the  proportions  were  about 
the  same.  But  the  proportions  of  men  anil  children 
were  larger  in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  proportion  of 
women  was  larger  in  New  York,  wliich  reported,  in 
1905,  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  average  number  of 
women  employed  in  manufacture  in  the  Uniteil  States. 
In  each  of  these  2  states  the  proportion  the  number 
of  woinr-n  formed  of  the  totsii  number  of  wage-earners 
was  nearly  double  their  projiortion  of  the  total  earn- 
ings, and  the  percentage  of  children  was  about  three 
times  as  great  as  their  percentage  of  earnings. 

Among  the  Southern  Nortli  Atlantic  states  the  aver- 
age earnings  of  men,  women,  and  children  were  high- 
est in  New  York  and  lowest  in  Pennsylvania.  Of  the 
average  for  ail  wage-earners,  however,  the  reverse  was 
true,  Penn.syivania  being  highest  and  New  York 
lowest;  tbis  was  dwi'  to  tbc  large  ])n)p<)rtion  of  men 
in  PeruKsylvania  ami  of  women  in  New  York,  to  wliich 
attention  has  already  been  called. 

Tlie  ."?  .seiecfcd  iiKhi.stries,  appearing  for  all  .'1  states 
in  wliicii  tile  Soutiiern  Xortii  Atlantic  divisinn  exerted 
the  strongest  numerical  influence  upon  tin'  United 
Slates  totals  of  earnings,  wen^  silk  iiiul  silk  goods; 
clotliing,  women's;  and  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes. 
Of  t  lie  total  number  of  wage-earners  engaged  in  these 
industries,  this  division  gave  employment  to  71. S, 
()1.:{,  and  4(i.l  per  I'cnt,  respectively.  Altbough  gla,ss 
is  shown  as  a  leafiing  industry  in  2  states  only,  stati.s- 
tics  wrrc  rctiuni'd  fur  il  froni  nil  :'. ;  of  all  wage-earners 
included   for  tin-   industry    tlie   division    reported   .">(). S 


per  cent.  The  division  also  employed  more  than 
half  of  all  wage-earners  engaged  in  petroleum  refin- 
ing and  in  the  manufacture  of  coke,  felt  hats,  millinery 
and  lace  goods,  and  collars  and  cuffs.  In  the  last- 
named  industry  99.6  per  cent  of  all  wage-earners  were 
employed  in  New  York. 

Measured  by  the  number  of  wage-earners  included 
in  the  statistics,  the  most  important  manufacturing 
industry  in  the  division  was  foundry  and  machine 
shop  products.  Next  in  order  were  the  allied  indus- 
tries of  iron  and  steel,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills, 
and  steam  railroad  repair  shops.  Following  these 
were  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes;  clothing,  women's; 
bread  and  other  bakery  products;  silk  and  silk  goods; 
clothing,  men's;  and  glass. 

Table  34. — Southern  North  Atlantic  division — pvr  cent  of  all  wage- 
earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  establishments  accord- 
ing to  size,  by  states:  1905. 

[Size  of  establishments  determined  Ijy  the  average  number  of  wage-earners 
employed  during  the  year.] 


Numl)er 
of  wage- 
earners. 

PER  CENT  IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

STATE. 

Ivess 
than 

10 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

10  to 

50 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

50  to 
150 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

ISO  to 

300 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

300  to 

500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

500 
wage- 
earners 
and 
over. 

ALL  WAGE-EAKNERS. 

Southern  North  At- 
lantic division 

976,648 

11.0 

15.1 

19.1 

14.7 

10.7 

29.4 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . . 

430.475 
139,862 
406,311 

13.5 
8.5 
9.3 

19.0 
12.9 
11.9 

21.0 
19.5 
16.9 

14.3 
15.0 
14.9 

10.8 
13.9 
9.5 

21.4 
30.2 
37.5 

HEN  16  TEARS  AND  OVER. 

Southern  North  .\t- 
lantic  division 

767,566 

12.1 

14.9 

18.2 

14.2 

10.3 

30.3 

New  York 

New  .Jersey 

Pcnnsylvii'nitt..- 

318,390 
108,669 
340,507 

15.6 
9.8 
9.6 

19.3 
12.7 
11.4 

20.3 
19.7 
15.9 

14.7 
15.3 
13.4 

9.7 
14.6 
9.4 

20.4 
27.9 
40.3 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

Southem  Nortli  At- 
lantic division 

187,692 

7.0 

16.6 

22.4 

15.7 

12.4 

2S.9 

New  York 

New  .Jersey 

Pennsylvania... 

108,083 
27,690 
51,919 

7.5 
3.3 
8.0 

18.0 
13.4 
15.3 

23.3 
18.9 
22.2 

13.1 
14.6 
21.7 

14.0 
10.9 
9.9 

24.1 
38.9 
22.9 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

Southern  North  At- 
lantti-  (livi.sion. . . . 

21,300 

7.6 

12.5 

19.7 

22.3 

11.5 

26.4 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

PennsylvanlB... 

4,002 
3,503 
I3,88S 

12.4 
7.6 
6.3 

14.2 
11.9 
12.2 

17.6 
17.2 
20.9 

18.3 
10.9 
27.2 

11.0 
16.9 
10.3 

29.  S 
35.  S 
23.1 

If  I  lie  estiililislinients  employing  at  least  l.'SDwagc'- 
eaniers  are  classed  as  large  and  all  others  as  small,  it 
is  found  that  in  the  division  the  large  establi.shments 
employed  more  than  one-half  of  the  men  and  women 
iind  tliree-liftlis  of  tlie  cliildnMi. 

For  .New  York  the  proportion  of  wage-earners  in 
large  establi.shments  was  less  than  for  tlie  division  as  a 
whole,  tli<^  proportion  of  men,  and  even  of  all  wage- 
eiirners,  being    less  than    one-half.      I'ennsvlvania   re- 


EAKNiN(;s  OF  \va(;!-:-i;ail\i;rs. 


685 


ported  the  greatest  proportion  of  all  wage-earners  and 
men,  more  than  throo-fifths  in  each  instance,  and  New- 
Jersey  the  great(>st  j^roportioii,  more  than  three-fifths, 
of  women  and  children  in  large  estal)lishnients.  In- 
deed, the  |)r()|)<)r(ions  of  men,  women,  and  children  cm- 
ployed  in  New  Jersey  in  estahlislinients  having  'AW  or 
more  wage-earners  were  nearly  as  great  as  tlic  propor- 
tions employcnl  in  New  York  in  establishments  having 
150  or  more  wage-earners. 

The  average  weekly  earnings  of  men  employed  in  all 
indnstries  in  New  York  were  $1 1 .70.  For  1 4  of  the  se- 
lected industries  shown  in  Tal)le  72  the  average  earnings 
of  men  were  greater  than  they  were  for  the  state  as  a 
whole.  The  industry  of  greatest  importance,  as 
measured  by  both  the  numl>er  of  all  wage-earners  and 
of  men  emi)loved,  was  foundry  and  machine  shop 
products.  The  average  earnings  of  men  were  highest, 
$16.22,  in  printing  and  jnihlishing,  newspapers  and 
periodicals;  and  lowest,  .'$8.59,  in  canning  and  pre- 
serving, fruits  and  vegetables.  The  average  for 
women  in  all  industries  of  the  state  was  $6.54.  For  2 
of  the  selected  industries  no  women  were  reported; 
for  11  their  average  earnings  were  higher  than  their 
average  for  the  state.  The  industry  employing  the 
largest  number  of  women  was  women's  clothing.  The 
highest  average  earnings  of  women  were  $9.50,  in 
steam  railroad  repair  shops.  The  lowest  average 
earnings  were  $4.50,  in  gas,  illuminating  and  heating. 
The  average  for  all  children  in  the  state  was  $3.64. 
Seven  of  the  25  industries  for  which  children  were 
reported  showed  average  earnings  higher  than  the 
average  for  the  state;  the  average  for  bookbinding 
and  blank  book  making  was  the  same  as  the  state 
average.  The  industry  leading  in  number  of  children 
was  hosiery  and  knit  goods.  Children's  eammgs 
averaged  highest,  $4.50,  in  brick  and  tile,  and  lowest, 
$2.71,  in  boxes,  fancy  and  paper. 

Slightly  less  than  one-lialf  of  the  wage-earners  re- 
ported for  New  Jersey  for  the  selected  week  were  em- 
ployed in  IS  industries.  All  the  establishments  engaged 
in  petroleum  refining  are  included  in  these  statistics. 
For  2  industries  about  three-fourths  of  the  wage- 
earners  are  shown,  and  for  6  others  the  proportion  is 
over  one-half.  The  lowest  proportion  for  any  of  the 
selected  industries  is  about  one-fifth. 

The  average  weekly  earnings  of  men  em])loye(l  in  all 
industries  in  the  state  were  $11.75.  Of  the  18  selected 
intlustries,  7  showed  averages  liigher  than  the  average 
for  the  state  as  a  whole.  The  intlustry  reporting  the 
largest  number  of  men  was  foundrj'  and  machine  shop 
products.  It  was  in  hats,  felt,  that  the  highest  average 
earnings,  $15.14,  were  paid,  and  in  worsted  goods  the 
lowest,  $8.68.  The  weekly  earnings  of  women  aver- 
aged $6.03  for  all  industries.  For  7  of  the  selected 
industries  the  average  was  higher  than  that  for  the 
state  as  a  whole;  of  these,  2  were  textile  industries. 
For  silk  and  silk  goods  the  greatest  nimiber  of  women 
was  reported,  but  for  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes. 


the  number  was  nearly  as  large.  Earnings  averaged 
liighest,  .17.72,  in  hats,  felt,  an<l  lowest  in  glass,  $4.09. 
The  average  for  ail  children  eni])loye(l  in  the  state  was 
$3.55.  Of  the  selected  industries,  the  averages  for  8 
were  higher  than  the  average  for  the  state  as  a  whole. 
Worsted  goods  led  in  numbers, cotton  gcjods  was  second, 
and  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  third,  with  silk  anil 
.silk  goods  fourth.  Compensation  received  averaged 
highest,  .$4.45,  in  petroleum  refining,  and  lowest,  $2.64, 
in  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes. 

The  27  industries  .selected  for  Penn.sylvania  employed 
about  two-thirds  of  all  wage-earners  included  in  the 
statistics  of  classified  earnings  for  the  state.  For  the 
least  representative  of  the  industries,  the  number  of 
wage-earners  is  nearly  one-fifth  of  the  total  number 
employed  in  the  industry.  For  many  industries  the 
proportion  is  a  little  less  or  a  httle  more  than  one-half; 
for  a  few  it  is  a])proximately  three-fourths,  and  for  one 
it  is  nearly  seven-eighths.  The  average  earnings  of  men 
employed  in  all  industries  in  the  state  were  $11.53. 
For  11  of  the  selected  industries  the  averages  were 
higher  than  the  average  for  the  state  as  a  whole.  The 
industry  of  greatest  importance,  measured  by  the 
number  of  men  employed,  was  iron  and  steel,  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills,  with  steam  railroad  repair  shops 
next,  and  foundry  and  machine  shop  products  thinl. 
Earnings  averaged  highest,  $14.93,  in  clothing, 
women's,  and  lowest,  .$8.61,  in  tobacco,  cigars  and 
cigarettes.  The  average  earnings  of  all  women  in  the 
state  were  $5.68.  For  4  of  the  27  .selected  industries 
women  were  not  reported;  for  14  of  them  the  average 
earnings  were  greater  than  for  the  stat«  as  a  whole. 
The  largest  numbers  of  women  were  reported  for 
tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  silk  and  silk  goods,  and 
hosiery  and  knit  goods.  They  earned  $7.71,  the 
highest  average,  in  steam  railroad  repair  shops,  and 
lowest,  $4.78,  in  bread  and  other  bakery  products. 
The  average  earnings  of  all  children  employed  in  the 
manufacturing  industries  of  the  state  were  .$3.46.  Of 
the  selected  industries,  in  1  the  average  was  the  same 
as  for  the  state;  in  17  industries  it  was  higher,  the 
highest,  $5.68,  being  reported  for  iron  and  steel,  blast 
furnaces.  The  lowest  average,  $2.23,  was  reported 
for  clothing,  women's.  The  largest  numbers  of  chil- 
dren were  rejjorted  for  silk  and  silk  goods,  ho-sier}- and 
knit  goods,  and  glass;  in  all  but  glass  the  average  earn- 
ings were  lower  than  the  average  for  the  state. 

Northern  South  Atlantic  division. — Among  the  in- 
dustries in  wliicli  this  division  had  considerable  prom- 
inence in  the  returns  of  value  of  products  at  the  census 
of  1905  were  shiplmilding,  iron  and  steel;  tobacco, 
cigars  and  cigarettes;  leather,  tamied,  curried,  and 
finished ;  and  clotliing,  men's. 

For  the  division  as  a  whole  there  are  included  in 
these  statistics  more  than  one-half  of  the  establish- 
ments emplopng  wage-earners  and  over  two-fifths  of 
the  greatest  number  of  wage-earners  employed  at  anj' 
one  time. 


686 


MANUFACTURES. 


TAB1.E  35. — Xorthem  South  Atlantic  rlirision — number  and  per  cent 
of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in  weekly  earnings,  by 
states:  1903. 


EST.4BL1SHMENTS  AND 
WAGE-EABSEKS. 

Northern 

Sooth 
Atlantic 
division. 

Dela- 
ware. 

Mary- 
land. 

District 
of  Co- 
lumbia. 

Vir- 
ginia. 

West 
Vir- 
ginia. 

Establishments,    total 

10,261 

729 

9,5;« 

5.646 
59.2 

348,430 

148,013 
42.5 

631 

27 

604 

380 
62.9 

29,405 

15,783 
53.7 

3,852 

333 

3,519 

2,283 
64.9 

138,375 

65,601 
47.4 

482 

72 

410 

276 
67.3 

8,010 

4,836 
60.4 

3,187 

156 

3,031 

1,481 
48.9 

112,775 

34.233 
30.4 

2,109 

Reporting  no  wage- 

141 

Beporting    wage- 

1,968 

Included  in  week- 
ly earnings 

Percent 

Wage-earners,    greatest 

1,226 
62.3 

59,865 

Included    in    weekly 

27,560 

Percent 

46.0 

The  District  of  Columbia  leads,  both  in  proportion 
of  its  establishments  and  of  its  wage-earners,  having 


in  the  former  over  two-thirds  and  in  the  latter  over 
tliree-fifths.  The  state  represented  by  the  least  pro- 
portion of  both  its  establishments  and  its  wage-earners 
is  Virginia,  although  nearly  one-half  of  the  former  are 
included  and  almost  one-third  of  the  latter. 

The  largest  proportion  of  wage-earners  in  the 
division  was  in  Marj'land,  44.3  per  cent;  the  least, 
in  the  District  of  Columbia,  3.3  per  cent.  The 
di\'isional  proportion  for  Virginia  was  next  to  that  for 
Marj'land;  West  Virginia  was  third,  and  Delaware 
fourth. 

The  average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners  in  Dela- 
ware, the  District  of  Columbia,  and  West  Virginia 
were  higher  than  for  the  di%'ision.  Maryland  and 
Virginia  reported  a  lower  average.  In  the  District  of 
Columliia  the  average  was  the  highest  and  in  Virginia 
it  was  the  lowest. 


T.^BLE  3«.— NORTHERN    SOUTH  ATLANTIC    DIVISION— NUMBER    AND    PER    CENT  OF  WAGE-EARNERS 

AMOUNT  OF  CLASSIFIED  EARNINGS,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


AT    EACH 


WEEKLY  EAB^1NGS. 

NORTHERN  SOtJTH 
ATLANTIC  DIVISION. 

DELAWARE. 

MARYLAND. 

DISTRICT  OF 
COLUMBIA. 

VIRGINIA. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Total 

148,013 

100.0 

15,783 

100.0 

65,601 

100.0 

4,836 

100.0 

34,233 

100.0 

27,560 

100.0 

12,086 
10,157 
10,831 
10,473 
15,630 

14,458 
11,996 
13,796 
14,943 

14,824 
12,856 
3,514 
2,449 

8.2 
6.9 
7.3 
7.1 
10.5 

9.8 
8.1 
9.3 
10.1 

10.0 
8.7 
2.4 
1.6 

678 

816 

916 

1,316 

1,545 

1,262 
1,091 
1,090 
2,328 

1,873 

1,931 

250 

81 

4.3 

5.2 
5.8 
8.3 
9.8 

S.O 
10.7 

0.9 
14.8 

11.9 

12.2 

1.6 

0.5 

6,059 
5,026 
5.942 
4,770 
6,030 

6,237 
4,946 
5,285 
6,382 

6,510 

5,247 

1,633 

931 

9.2 
8.6 
9.1 
7.3 
9.2 

9.5 
7.5 
8.1 
9.7 

9.9 
8.0 
2.5 
1.4 

221 
240 
178 
178 
381 

291 
233 
597 
593 

725 
742 
303 
154 

4.6 
5.0 
3.7 
3.7 
7.9 

6.0 
4.8 
12.3 
12.2 

15.0 
15.3 
6.3 
X2 

3,804 
2,459 
2,669 
3,199 

5,771 

4.393 
2.411 
2,309 
2,086 

2,346 

2,014 

430 

342 

11.1 
7.2 
7.8 
9.3 

16.9 

12.8 
7.0 
6.7 
6.1 

6.9 
5.9 
1.3 
1.0 

1,324 
1,016 
1,126 
1,010 
1,903 

2,275 
2,715 
4,509 
3,553 

3,370 

2,922 

896 

941 

4.8 

$3  to    $4 

3.7 

$4  to     $.'>. 

4.1 

15  to    S6                        

3.7 

16  to    $7 

6.9 

$7  to    tS 

8.3 

SS  to   SO                   .     .          .... 

9.8 

$9  to  SIO 

16.4 

110  to  J12 

12.9 

$12  to  113 

12.2 

115  to  820    

10.6 

J20  to  *2.5 

3.2 

3.4 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 

Total                   

tl, 317, 757 
18.90 

$146,350 
$9.27 

$564,123 
$8.60 

$53,965 
$11.16 

$263,262 
$7.69 

$290,057 

$10.  .12 

^Miile  there  was  no  industry  in  the  division  that  had 
great  weight  upon  the  totals  for  the  United  States, 
several  were  prominent,  namely,  leather,  tanned,  cur- 
ried, and  finished ;  shipbuilding,  iron  and  steel;  tobacco, 
cigars  and  cigarettes;  clothing,  men's;  and  shirts. 

The  proportion  that  mm  formed  of  all  wage-earners 
in  this  group  of  states  was  higher  than  that  for  the 
other  group  of  states  in  the  Soiitli  Atlantic  division, 
or  for  either  of  the  minor  divisions  of  the  Xnrtli  Atlantic 
division,  but  it  was  mnch  lower  tliMii  in  7  dtlici'  iiiiiinr 
ilivi.sions  of  the  United  States.  Tiie  division  was 
higher  in  [iroportion  of  women  than  the  Soullicrii 
South  Atlantic,  and  higher  in  children  than  any  ntlicr 
except  the  Southern  South  Atlantic  and  Kuslcni  South 
Central  division.s.  In  Maryland  the  |)ro|)iirtinn  of 
men  was  lowest,  accompanied  by  I  lie  lurgcsl  jiio- 
j)ortion  of  both  women  nnd  children.     The  .slate  hav- 


ing the  greatest  proportion  of  men — one  that  ranks 
well  with  some  of  the  extreme  Western  states — was 
West  Virginia:  this  state  was  least  in  the  percentage 
of  women,  but  the  District  of  Columbia  was  a  little 
below  it  in  |)erccnfage  of  children. 

About  one-half  of  the  wage-earners  in  the  division 
were  cnijildycd  in  establishments  averaging  l.'SO  or 
more  wage-earners  annually.  This  result  was  duo 
largely  to  conditions  in  Delaware;  considerably  over 
oiic-lliird  of  tli(^  wage-earnera  included  for  that  state 
were  returned  from  establisiiments  having  ."){)()  wag(>- 
cainers  and  nxrv.  There  were  no  wage-earners  in  the 
District  of  ('i)iinnl)ia  in  establishments  of  liiat  class, 
iiiul  less  tiian  one-lifth  in  establishments  iiavuig  an 
iinnunl  average  of  from  300  to  500.  The  District 
rr|)iirle(l  the  Iciist  |)roportion  of  wage-earners  in  the 
larger  laelories. 


EARNINGS  OF  W.AClJvEAKNKRS. 


687 


Tahlk  .'{7. — Northern  South  Atlantic  division — pir  rent  of  all  iraije- 
earnerf,  and  of  m(n,  women,  and  childmi.  in  establishments  accord- 
ing to  size,  by  states:  1905. 

[Size  of  cstablishniciits  detorminod  hy  the  avonign  nniiiber  of  wuge-eamers 
emi)loyt'(i  during  thf  your.] 


Number 
of  wage- 
earners. 

PER  CENT  IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

STATE. 

Less 
than  10 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

10  to  .50 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

50  to 
1.50 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

150  to 

300 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

300  to 

500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

500 

wage- 
earners 
and 
over. 

ALL  WAGE-EABNERS. 

Northern  Soiitli  At- 
lantic division 

148.013 

12.7 

16.7 

20.9 

14.5 

10.1 

25.1 

Delaware 

Maryland 

District  of  Co- 
lumbia  

Virginia 

West  Virginia.. 

15,783 
6.5,601 

4.836 
34,233 
27,560 

7.6 
11.1 

18.0 
15.8 
15.1 

12.0 
16.9 

37.8 
13.5 
19.1 

19.7 
19.6 

24.8 
22.9 
21.3 

18.0 
16.3 

"'n.Y 

14.0 

5.4 
8.7 

19.4 
10.3 
14.2 

37.3 
27.4 

""ih'.'f, 

16.3 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

Northern  South  At- 
lantic division 

117,968 

14.3 

17.6 

20.4  1      13.0 

9.7 

25.0 

Delaware 

Maryland 

District  of  Co- 
lumbia  

Virginia 

■West  Virginia... 

13,  .544 
40,082 

4,341 
28,544 
25,457 

8.0 
13.6 

16.8 
17.5 
15.1 

11.3 

19.2 

35.4 
14.0 
18.9 

17.4 
19.2 

26.7 
22.1 
21.2 

17.1 
13.7 

"'io.'y' 

14.1 

6.2 

7.2 

21.1 
10.0 
13.8 

40.0 
27.1 

■   ""25.'7 
16.9 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

Northern  South  At- 
lantic division 

24,921 

5.5 

13.1 

23.8 

20.6 

11.9 

26.1 

Delaware 

Maryland 

DistVict  of  Co- 
lumbia  

Virginia 

West  Virginia.. - 

1,874 
16,425 

431- 
4,573 
1,618 

4.7 
4.2 

24.6 
5.6 
13.5 

15.7 
11.5 

61.2 
10.0 
22.4 

35.9 
22.1 

9.3 

28.0 
18.8 

26.9 
22.5 

■■■i5.'4' 
15.1 

"iio' 

4.9 
12.6 
23.9 

16.8 
27.7 

■■"28.'4 
6.3 

CHILDREN   UNDER  16  YEARS. 

NorthernSouthAt- 
lantic  division 

5,124 

11.6 

14.5 

17.0 

19.2 

10.2 

27.5 

Delaware 

Maryland 

District  of  Co- 

365 
3,094 

64 

1.116 

4So 

5.7 
9.3 

50.0 
13.2 
22.3 

•19.7 
12.0 

46.9 

15.8 
19.2 

23.3 
12.9 

3.1 
21.3 
30.7 

5.5 
22.6 

"iis 

45.8 
30.4 

Virginia  

West  Virginia. . . 

20.8 
6.2 

9.7 
3.7 

19.2 
17.9 

A  smaller  proportion  of  men  than  of  women  or  chil- 
dren were  reported  by  establishments  emplo3'ing  150 
or  more  annualh'.  As  of  all  wage-earners,  so  of  men, 
Delaware  had  the  largest  and  tlie  District  of  Columbia 
the  smallest  proportion  in  the  larger  establishments. 
In  Maryland  a  greater  proportion  of  women  and  chil- 
dren than  in  any  other  state  was  in  tiie  larger  factories, 
but  the  District  of  Columbia  had  very  few  women  and 
no  children  in  them.  Exacth*  50  per  cent  of  the  chil- 
dren wage-earners  in  the  District  of  Columbia  were  in 
establishments  employing  annually  less  than  10  wage- 
earners,  and  46.9  per  cent  in  those  employing  from  10 
to  50.  Of  the  states  reporting  children  in  the  larger 
factories,  West  Virginia  had  the  least  proportion — a 
little  over  one-fourth. 

Only  ^laryland  and  Virginia  are  presented  by  prin- 
cipal industries  in  Table  72.  The  average  earnings  of 
men  in  Maryland  were  $10.27.  The  selected  industry 
for  which  the  largest  number  of  men  was  reported  was 


steam  railroad  repair  shops;  the  average  earnings  in 
this  were  $12.48 — much  higher  tlian  f(jr  the  state. 
T[ie  highest  average,  $13.45,  was  returned  for  women's 
clothing.  Women  in  this  state  earned  an  average  of 
$4.99.  They  were  most  largely  reported  in  the  manu- 
facture of  shirts,  in  which  industry  their  average  was 
$4.70.  The  highest  average,  $7.14,  was  earned  in 
steam  railroad  repair  .shops,  in  which  the  number 
was  few;  the  lowest,  $4.25,  in  tinware.  The  average 
earnings  of  children  were  $2.S7.  The  largest  number 
was  reported  for  canning  and  preserving  fruits  and 
vegetables,  the  average  earnings  in  which  were  $3.08. 
Iron  and  steel  shipbuilding  reported  the  highest  aver- 
age earnings,  $5.53,  and  shirts  the  lowest,  $2.20. 

The  returns  for  9  of  tlie  leading  industries  in  Virginia 
include  over  one-third  of  the  greatest  number  of  wago- 
earners  employed  in  all  establishments  in  the  state  in 
the  same  industries.  The  average  earnings  of  men  for 
the  state  were  $8.47.  Two  of  the  selected  industries 
returned  higher  average  earnings,  namely,  steam  rail- 
road repair  shops  and  foundry  and  machine  shop  prod- 
ucts. The  highest  average  earnings,  $11.04,  were 
returned  for  steam  railroad  repair  shops,  and  the  low- 
est, $5.97,  for  tobacco,  chewing  and  smoking,  and 
snuff.  The  industry  having  the  greatest  effect  upon 
the  totals,  because  of  the  largest  number  of  men  em- 
ployed, was  steam  railroad  repair  shops;  the  next  was 
lumber  and  timber  products,  in  wliich  industry-  the 
average  earnings  were  S6.74.  Women  were  more 
highly  paid  in  the  selected  indu.stries  than  in  the  state 
at  large.  Their  average  for  9  industries  shown  was 
$4.20,  while  for  the  state  it  was  S3. 95.  Average  earn- 
ings were  highest,  $6.50,  in  steam  railroad  repair  shops, 
and  lowest,  $3.74,  in  tobacco,  chewing  and  smoking, 
and  snuff.  The  industrj'  having  the  greatest  effect 
upon  the  general  averages,  because  emplopng  the 
largest  number  of  women,  was  tobacco,  cigars  and 
cigarettes,  for  which  the  average  was  $4.35.  For  chil- 
dren, in  all  the  industries  shown  for  the  state,  the  aver- 
age earnings  were  $3.05.  The  highest  average  among 
the  selected  industries  was  $5,  reported  for  steam  rail- 
road repair  shops,  and  the  lowest,  $2.04,  for  planing 
mills.  The  largest  emplo\Tnent  of  children  was  in  the 
manufacture  of  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  and  in 
this  their  earnings  averaged  $3.95. 

The  average  earnings  of  men  for  Delaware  were  SIO; 
of  women,  $5.13;  and  of  children,  .$3.67.  The  indus- 
tries for  wliich  the  largest  numbers  of  men  were  re- 
turned were  leather,  tanned,  curried,  and  finished,  and 
foundri-  and  machine  shop  products:  earnings  in  these 
averaged  $9.79  and  $1 1.01 ,  respectively.  Other  prom- 
inent industries  were  steel  works  and  rolling  mills; 
shipbuilding,  iron  and  steel;  steam  railroad  repair 
shops;  and  cars,  steam  railroad.  The  highest  average 
was  $16.71.  earned  in  paints;  the  lowest.  S5.37,  shown 
for  fertilizers.  Women  and  children  were  most  numer- 
ous in  leather,  tanned,  curried,  and  finished.  Their 
earnings  in  this  industry  averaged  $5.75  and  $5.03. 
Women  earned  the  highest  average.  $S,  in  the  manu- 


688 


MAXUFACTURES. 


factxire  of  patent  medicines  and  compounds;  the  low- 
est, 82.76,  in  boxes,  wooden  packing.  Cliildren  earned 
the  highest  average,  S5.03,  in  leather,  tanned,  curried, 
and  finished;  the  lowest,  S2,  in  boxes,  wooden  packing; 
carriages  and  wagons;  and  coppersmithing  and  sheet 
iron  working. 

For  the  District  of  Columbia  the  earnings  of  men 
areraged  811.87;  of  women,  85.12;  and  of  cliildren, 
83.56.  These  statistics  do  not  include  governmental 
establishments.  More  men  were  reported  for  steam 
railroad  repair  shops  than  for  any  other  industry,  but 
as  the  establishments  number  less  than  3,  operations 
might  be  disclosed  if  averages  were  mentioned.  For 
gas,  illuminating  and  heating,  the  next  highest  number 
was  reported;  these  figures  are  also  for  less  than  3 
establishments.  Printing  and  publishing,  book  and 
job,  was  the  leading  industry,  both  for  men  and 
women,  among  industries  having  3  establishments  or 
more.  The  average  earnings  were  81 1.57  for  men  and 
$6.21  for  women.  For  men  the  liighest  average, 
$16.85,  was  earned  in  printing  and  publishing,  news- 
papers and  periodicals;  for  women,  810,  iu  hand  stamps; 
for  children,  86,  in  carriages  and  wagons.  For  men 
the  lowest  average,  S8.03,  was  earned  in  pottery,  terra 
cotta,  and  fire  clay  products;  for  women,  .$4,  in  mineral 
and  soda  waters;  for  cliildren,  81,  in  tobacco,  cigars 
and  cigarettes. 

West  Virginia  returned  earnings  averaging  811  for 
men,  85.12  for  women,  and  83.67  for  children.  Men 
were  most  largely  employed  in  lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts, their  earnings  averaging  $9.18;  and  next  most 
largely  in  steam  railroad  repair  shops,  in  which  their 
average  earnings  were  810.73.  Oilier  industries  in 
which  they  were  eni])loyed  in  large  numbers  were  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills,  coke,  and  glass,  the  average 
earnings  being  814.24,  $9.31,  and  $15.88.  Women 
were  reported  to  be  cmjiloyed  in  the  greatest  numbers 
in  the  manufacture  of  cigars  and  cigarettes;  their 
average  earnings  in  this  industry  were  $5.76.  Chil- 
dren's earnings  averaged  $3.41  in  tli(>  glass  industry, 
for  wbicli  tlicv  were  most  nuincrouslv  returned.      Tlie 


highest  average  earnings  for  men  were  $15.88,  returned 
for  glass;  the  lowest,  $7.17,  for  patent  medicines  and 
compounds.  The  highest  average  earnings  for  women 
were  $8.33,  returned  for  steam  railroad  repair  shops; 
the  lowest,  $2.67,  for  furniture.  For  children  the  high- 
est average  earnings  were  $6,  m  the  manufacture  of 
pottery,  terra  cotta,  and  fire  clay  products:  the  lowest, 
$1.50,  in  the  manufacture  of  woolen  goods. 

Southern  South  Atlantic  division. — The  industrial 
development  of  tliis  division  has  been  so  marked  that 
at  the  census  of  1905  it  produced  in  value  more  than 
30  per  cent  of  the  fertilizers  manufacturetl  in  the 
United  States,  about  30  per  cent  of  the  cotton  goods, 
and  over  20  per  cent  of  the  chewing  and  smoking 
tobacco  and  snuff.  The  value  of  furniture,  lumber 
and  timber  products,  and  tobacco,  cigars  and  ciga- 
rettes, manufactured  was  also  considerable. 

Table  38. — Southern  South  Atlantic  division — number  and  per  cent 
of  cstublishmciits  and  >cage-rai-nrrs  included  in  wceHy  earnings,  by 
slates:  1M)5. 


EST.VBLISUMENTS  AND  ■\V.\GE- 
EARNERS. 


Establishments,  total  num- 
ber   

Reporting      no      wage- 
earners  

Reporting  wage-earners . 
Included   in   weekly 

earnings 

Per  cent 

Wage-eiirners,  greatest  num- 
ber   

Included  in  weekly  earn- 
ings  

Per  cent 


Southern 

South 
Atlantic 
division. 


9,303 

348 
8,955 

4,535 
SO.  6 

366, 733 

145,984 
39.8 


North 
Carolina. 


3,272 

110 
3,162 

1,698 
53.7 


51,240 
45.7 


c!?otaa.  ««<"-8"'-  I  r'°"<J»- 


1.399 


31 
1,368 


791 

57.8 


32, 424 
42.7 


130 
3,089 

1,520 
49.2 

121,413 

46,932 
38.7 


1.413 


526 
39.4 

57, 133 

15,388 
26.9 


Over  one-half  of  the  establishments  in  which  wage- 
earners  were  employed  are  included  in  the  statistics 
of  classified  weekly  earnings.  The  state  most  largely 
represented  is  South  Carolina;  the  one  least  repre- 
sented is  Florida.  Of  the  total  greatest  number  of 
wage-earners  reported  at  the  census  of  1905,  as  in  this 
division,  nearly  40  per  cent  arc  included  in  these  sta- 
tistics. North  Carolina  reports  the  largest  propor- 
tion, and   I'ldtida  tb(>  least. 


Tablk  ;J9.— southern   south   ATL.XNTIC    division     NlMliKR    AND    PER    (KNT    OF    WAGE-EARNERS 

AMOUNT  OF  CLA.S.siFIKD  KAKMNGS,   liV  STATES:  1!)05. 


AT    EACH 


WEEKLY    EARSINOS. 

SOUTHERN  SOUTn 
ATLANTIC  DIVISION. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

QEORQIA. 

FLORIDA. 

Nuinljer. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Numlier. 

Percent. 

Total 

145,984 

100.0 

51,240 

100.0 

32,424          100.0 

46,932 

100.0 

15,388 

100.0 

1 ]_ 

Les.5  than  W 

25,935 
21,016 
2.5, 33< 
20,399 
19,240 

9  963 

17.8 
14.4 
17.4 
14.0 
13.2 

0  8 

10,726  '          20.9 
9,0<V)              17.7 
9.920              19.4 

7,782 
5,968 
6, 702 
4.407 
3. 125 

1,371 
948 
839 
418 

388 
,'<3li 
112 

28 

24.0 
18,4 
20.7 
13.6 
9.0 

4.2 
2.9 
2.0 
1.3 

1,2 
1.0 
0.4 
0.1 

0.540 
5,111 
7,3.W 
8,191 
7,395 

3,426 
1,993 
1,645 
1,512 

1,081 

1,422 

451 

215 

J2,8l', 
> 

13.9 
10.9 
15.7 
17.4 
15.8 

7.3 
4.2 
3.5 
3.2 

3.0 
3.0 
1.0 
0.5 

187 
i.  10 

,8,87 

.874 

1,360 

1,443 

2,002 

2,091 
784 
712 

1,371 

1,609 

l,,'i66 

3.18 

271 

5.8 

»3tn    $4 

S4to    Vi 

8  8 

»5  to    SO 

6,358 
6,718 

3,075 

l,4&5 

1,333 

956 

778 

12.4 
13.1 

0.0 
2.8 
2.0 
1.9 

1.5 

9.4 

JBto    17 

13  0 

I710    H 

13  6 

»8l..    f.i 

5.190                3.5 

lOtollO 

4.. 029 
4,257 

4,516 

3,973 

1,062 

500 

3.1 
2.9 

3.1 
2.7 
0.7 
0  4 

4  6 

llOtolli                                                   

.8.9 

»l2to|l.-,.                                                   

10.8 

ji/itora)....                                                        

849  ;            1.3 
141                0.3 
52               0.  1 

HI  2 

«2otfi»r..  .. 

2.3 

125  and  rivnr. ..                                                                   ... 

1.8 

EamlnK«  for  the  upecincl  we«k; 

Toul 

Average  per  wnKe-enrniT 

fvtl.m.l 

rj.'i4 

4.90 

tlM,IW7 
$4.08 

JlKl.im 
19.04 

EAJ{NIN(iS  OF  WA(;i<:-EARXEl^S. 


689 


Of  the  total  luimhci'  n(  wii-^c-cariicr.s  in  llic  division, 
35.1  per  cent,  the  j^tcatdst  proixirtioii,  wvvv.  n^turned 
from  North  Carolina,  and  tiic  U^ast,  10.5  per  cent, 
from  Florida. 

Florida  led  with  the  hiij;hest  averajje  carninf5;.s,  which 
were  nearly  douhle  those  for  South  Carolina,  which 
were  the  lowest. 

Nearly  three-fourths  of  the  waKe-earners  in  lh(>  divi- 
.sion  were  men.  Tiie  proportion  of  women,  Ui  ])er  cent, 
while  not  so  lar<;e  as  iti  •'!  other  ilivisions,  is  noticeahle. 
The  proportion  of  children,  11. S  per  cent,  was  very 
much  lari^er  ttian  that  .shown  for  any  otlu^r  division. 
Florida  returned  the  largest  percentage  of  men  and 
the  smallest  of  women  and  children.  South  Carolina 
returned  the  smallest  proportion  of  men  and  the 
largest  of  children.  North  Carolina  reported  the  largest 
proportion  of  women,  with  South  Carolina  a  close 
second. 

By  far  the  most  important  industry  in  this  division, 
measured  by  the  number  of  wage-earners  returned, 
was  cotton  goods,  reporting  39.7  per  cent  of  the  num- 
ber of  wage-earners  returned  for  this  industry  in  the 
United  States  and  included  in  these  statistics.  The 
next  was  lumber  and  timber  products,  followed  by 
tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes. 

Table  40. — Southern  South  Atlantic  division — per  cent  of  all 
wagcrearners,  and  of  men,  tvomen,  and  children,  in  establishments 
according  to  size,  by  states:  190o. 

[SizG  of   establishments  detenniiied  by  the  average  number  of  wage-earners 
employed  during  the  year.] 


Number 
of  wage- 
earners. 

PER  CENT  IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

STATE. 

I^ess 
than  10 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

10  to  50 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

50  to 

150 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

150  to 

300 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

300  to 

500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

500 
wage- 
earners 
and 
over. 

ALL  WAGE-EAENEBS. 

Southern  South  At- 
lantic division 

145,984 

11.9 

17.5 

20.6 

20.6 

12.2 

17.2 

North  Carolina . 
South  Carolina.. 

Georgia 

Florida..   .. 

51,240 
.32,424 
46,932 
15,388 

13.4 
10.4 
11.9 
9.7 

12.6 
10.6 
24.8 
25.8 

21.5 
1.5.1 

2a  3 

20.8 

21.3 
19.4 
21.3 
18.7 

ia5 

16.4 
7.3 
14.6 

17.7 
28.1 
11.4 
10.4 

MEN  16   TEARS  AND  OVER. 

Southern  South  At- 
lantic division 

105,415 

15.5 

21.8 

20.6 

18.3         10.6 

ia2 

North  Carolina . 
South  Carolina.. 

Georgia 

Florida 

33,283 
20,353 
37,995 
13,784 

19.5 
15.7 
13.8 
9.8 

16.2 
14.5 
29.0 
26.  2 

20.3 
18.6 
22.2 
20.5 

16. 7         12. 8          14. 5 
15. 9         la  8          21. 5 
21.1           5.7            8.2 
18.1        ia8          11.  e 

WOMKN   Ifi   VEAR.S   AND   OVER. 

Southern  South  ,U- 
lantie  division 

23.390 

2.2           11.7          21.;.         25.8 

17.6 

26.2 

North  Carolina . 
South  Carolina.. 

10,397 
6,406 
5,129 
1,458 

1.6 
13 
3.4 
5.2 

5.8 
4.4 
7.9 
19.8 

24.5 

a7 

30.4 
24.6 

29.5 
25.0 
19.1 
26.9 

1.5.7 
22.7 

las 

23.5 

22.9 
37.9 
25.7 

Florida 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  TEARS. 

Southern  South  At- 
lantic division 

17,179 

3.0          5.7  '      19.1  l'     27.6 

15.2 

29.4 

North  Carolina 
South  Carolina.. 

Georgia 

Florida 

7,560 

5,665 

3,808 

146 

2.6          6.6        2a  2 

1.6        as        9.6 

4.5          5.6        2,S.2 
44.5        46.6          8.9 

30.2 
25.6 
26.  S 

las 

18.8 
14.0 

24.1 
40.9 
2a9 

it  is  noticeable  that  exactly  one-half  of  all  the  wage- 
earners  in  t  lie  <li vision  wen;  employed  in  estahlisliments 
having  an  annual  average  of  150  or  nxjre  wage-earners. 

The  proportion  was  largest  in  South  Carolina  and 
least  in  Georgia,  altiiough  the  j)erccntage  in  Florida 
was  not  much  greater.  The  [)roportion  of  all  wage- 
earners  employeil  in  factories  of  this  si/e  in  North 
Carolina  was  only  a  little  more  than  50  per  cent.  The 
f)roportion  of  men  employed  in  the.se  larger  factories, 
holh  for  I  he  (li\i>ioii  and  states,  is  much  less  than  the 
pro|)ortion  of  women  or  of  children  excej)t  in  Florida. 
Of  the  men,  only  about  42  per  cent  worktMl  in  factories 
eiiiployingaii  annual  average  of  150  or  more  wage-earn- 
ers, while  this  was  true  of  nearly  70  per  cent  of  the 
women  and  of  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  children.  Of 
the  men  in  the  larger  factories.  South  Carolina  had  the 
greatest  proportion,  sonu-thing  over  one-half,  and 
Georgia  the  least  proportion,  with  exacti}-  .35  percent. 
Of  the  women,  South  Carolina  had  almost  seven-eighths. 
Florida  was  last,  with  about  one-half.  No  children 
were  employed  in  this  state  in  establishments  of  the 
larger  size,  and  only  8.9  per  cent  in  factories  employ- 
ing an  average  of  from  50  to  150  wage-earners  annu- 
ally. In  South  Carolina  nearly  seven-eighths  of  the 
children,  or  substantially  the  same  proportion  as  of 
the  women,  were  returned  by  the  larger  factories. 

For  all  industries  in  North  Carolina  the  average  earn- 
ings for  men  were  85.92.  In  3  of  the  selected  industries 
the  average  earnings  were  Jiigher  than  for  the  state. 
The  highest  average,  S10.15,  is  shown  for  steam  railroad 
repair  shops;  the  lowest,  $5.20,  for  tobacco,  chewing 
and  smoking,  and  snuff.  The  industry  for  which  the 
largest  number  of  men  was  reported  was  cotton  goods, 
in  which  the  average  earnings  were  S5.33.  Lumber 
and  timber  products  returned  almost  as  many  men. 
The  average  earnings  of  women  for  the  state  were  S3. 60. 
In  3  of  the  selected  industries  no  women  were  reported. 
In  1  industry  only  was  the  average  higher  than  for 
either  the  state  or  the  total  of  the  selected  industries; 
this  was  cotton  goods,  in  which  women  averaged  S3. 82, 
and  this  was  their  highest  average:  the  least,  S2.50, 
was  returned  for  lumber  and  timber  products.  The 
largest  number  of  women  was  reported  for  cotton 
goods;  the  next  largest  number  for  tobacco,  chewing 
and  smoking,  and  snuff.  In  the  latter  industry  the 
average  earnings  were  S2.64.  Average  earnings  for 
cliildren,  $2.58,  were  exactly  alike  for  the  state  and 
for  the  selected  industries.  In  4  industries  the  aver- 
age was  higher  than  for  either  the  state  or  the  selected 
industries.  The  liighest,  $3.25,  was  returned  for 
steam  railroad  repair  shops,  but  the  representation 
was  so  small  as  to  be  substantially  without  effect  upon 
the  general  average.  Most  of  the  children  were  em- 
ployed in  cotton  factories,  in  which  their  earnings 
averaged  S2.fi4.  A  large  number  was  also  emploved 
in  the  manufacture  of  chewing  and  smoking  tobacco 
and  siuiiT.  the  average  earnings  being  $2.33.  The 
least  earnings  on  the  average,  $2.22,  were  returned  for 
planing  mills. 


690 


MANUFACTURES. 


Six  of  the  leading  industries  in  South  Carolina  had 
86.3  per  cent  of  the  number  of  wage-earners  returned 
on  the  schedules  selected  to  illustrate  classified  earn- 
ings. The  average  earnings  for  men  were  $5.47  for  the 
state  and  So. .3.3  for  the  selected  industries.  The  high- 
est average,  -SIC. 62,  was  earned  in  steam  railroad  repair 
shops,  and  the  lowest,  $4.74,  in  the  manufacture  of 
lumber  and  timber  products.  The  greatest  number  of 
men  returned  was  by  the  cotton  goods  industry,  which 
had  therefore  the  largest  single  effect  upon  the  result. 
The  average  earnings  in  this  industry,  $.5.1.5,  were  only 
a  little  below  the  average  for  the  selected  industries. 
The  average  earnings  of  women  for  the  state  were 
$3.84,  and  only  1  cent  less  for  the  selected  industries. 
In  hosiery  and  knit  goods,  their  earnings  averaged 
$3.90.  The  lowest  earnings,  $3.38,  are  showTi  for  steam 
railroad  repair  shops.  The  industry  of  most  impor- 
tance in  its  effect  upon  the  earnings  in  the  state  was 
that  of  cotton  goods,  nearly  90  per  cent  of  the  women 
wage-earners  reported  for  the  state  being  employed  in 
it.  The  average  earnings  were  $3.83,  which  is  1  cent 
below  that  of  the  average  for  the  state.  On  an  aver- 
age, children  earned  in  the  state  $2.79,  and  in  the  se- 
lected industries  $2.80,  which  latter  average  is  exactly 
that  for  cotton  goods,  which  dominates,  having  almost 
the  entire  number  of  children,  both  for  the  state  and 
selected  intlustries.  The  highest  average  earnings  were 
in  this  industry;  the  least  average  earnings,  $2.42, 
were  reported  for  lumber  and  timber  products,  but  the 
number  employed  was  small. 

The  10  leading  industries  for  Georgia  represent  76.3 
per  cent  of  the  greatest  number  shown  for  the  state  in 
the.se  statistics.  In  nearly  every  industry  a  consider- 
able proportion  of  the  greatest  number  employed  at 
any  one  time  is  represented.  Average  earnings  of  men 
in  the  state  were  .S6.70,  and  in  tlie  10  selected  indus- 
tries, $6.43.  Steam  railroad  repair  shops  reported  the 
highest  average,  $10.39,  and  oil,  cottonseed  and  cake, 
the  lowest,  $.5.29.  In  only  4  industries  were  average 
earnings  higher  than  in  general.  The  industry  returning 
the  largest  nuinl>er  of  men  was  lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts. The  average  earnings  in  that  iiwlustry  were 
S6.0.5.  The  industry  having  the  next  largest  number 
of  men  was  cotton  goods,  in  which  the  average  earn- 
ings were  $.5.82.  Average  earnings  of  women  for  the 
state  were  .$4.24,  and  for  the  .selected  industries,  .$4. IS. 
These  averages  were  exceeded  by  only  1  iiulustrv,  that 
of  hosiery  iiiid  knit  goods,  in  which  tiiey  were  $4.66. 
Women  predominated  in  cotton  goods,  constituting 
more  than  f)ne-hnlf  nf  the  women  wage-earners  re- 
turned for  the  state,  jind  nearly  the  whole  niiniher  of 
those  shown  for  the  selected  industries.  Their  average 
earnings  were  .$4.17.  The  highest  average,  S4.66,  was 
in  hosiery  and  knit  goods;  the  lowest,  $1.30,  in  furni- 
ture. Children's  earnings  were  $2. .59  on  an  average 
in  the  state  and  $2.62  in  the  selected  industries.  These 
figures  were  most  strongly   affected    hy   the  children 


employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  who 
constituted  over  seven-eighths  of  the  number  returned 
in  the  selected  industries  and  more  than  three-fourths 
of  those  returned  for  the  state.  Their  average  earn- 
ings were  $2.62,  exactly  the  average  for  the  selected 
industries.  Foundry  and  maclime  shops  reported  the 
highest  average,  $3;  the  least  average,  $2.31,  was 
reported  for  planing  mills,  but  the  number  returned 
was  small. 

Of  the  1,413  establishments  reported  for  Florida  at 
the  census  of  190.5,  77  employed  no  wage-earners;  of 
the  remaining  1,336,  -526,  or  39.4  per  cent,  are  included 
in  the  returns  of  classified  earnings.  The  greatest 
number  of  wage-earners  employed  at  any  one  time  was 
57,133;  the  total  in  classified  earnings  is  15,388,  or  26.9 
per  cent.  Florida  is  not  one  of  the  25  states  for  which 
selected  industries  are. presented  in  Table  72.  The  av- 
erage earnings  of  men  were  $9.37;  of  women,  $6.55;  and 
of  children,  $2.66.  The  leading  industry  according  to 
the  number  of  men,  and  also  of  women  and  children,  was 
tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes.  Of  men,  4,926,  or  35.7 
per  cent  of  the  total  number  shown  for  all  the  indus- 
tries, were  reported;  of  women,  1,316,  or  90.3  per  cent; 
and  of  children,  23,  or  15.8  per  cent.  The  average 
earnings  of  the  men  were  $13.56;  of  the  women,  $6.70; 
and  of  the  children,  $2.65.  An  industry  peculiar  to 
the  South  was  turpentine  and  rosin,  for  which  were 
returned  2,914  men,  or  21.1  per  cent  of  the  whole  num- 
ber shown  for  the  state.  The  average  earnings  of  the 
men  were  $4.98.  Another  was  fertilizers,  in  which  the 
average  earnings  of  men  were  $6.72;  and  still  another, 
oil,  cottonseed  and  cake,  in  which  they  were  $6.53. 
The  highest  average  for  men,  $15.91,  was  earned  in  the 
coppersinithing  and  sheet  iron  industry;  the  lowest,  $4, 
in  patent  medicines  and  compounds.  For  wonuMi  the 
highest  average,  $10,  was  earned  in  confectionery;  the 
lowest,  $2,  in  mineral  and  soda  waters.  For  children 
the  highest,  $5,  was  earned  in  confectionery;  the  low- 
est, $1.50,  in  mattresses  and  spring  beds. 

Eastern  North  Central  (Jivlsion. — At  the  census  of 
1905  this  division  returned  more  than  one-hnlf  of  the 
value  of  products  of  the  entire  United  SImIcs,  for  agri- 
cultural iniplenieiils;  automobiles;  cash  registers  and 
calculating  niiichines;  li(|uors,  distilled:  oleonuirgarine; 
refrigerators;  an<l  stoves  and  lurnaccs:  and  also  nearly 
one-half  of  the  \alue  of  carriages  ami  wagons;  cars, 
steam  railroad;  food  preparations;  furniture;  lin.seed 
oil;  and  slaughtering  and  meat  packing,  wholesale. 
Kvery  state  in  the  division  is  entitled  to  prominent 
mention  for  the  number  of  wage-earners  em|)loyed,  the 
av(>rage  during  the  year  being  379,4.36  for  Illinois, 
364,29,S  for  Ohio,  17>).2L'U  for  Michigan,  1.54,174  for 
Indiana,  iind  l."il.:;;il   I'oi- Wisconsin. 

The  test  of  the  nqji'esentative  character  of  the  re- 
turns, included  in  these  statistics  of  average  weekly 
earnings,  is  best  ninde  hy  n  eonipnrison  of  (he  luiinber 
shown  for  the  selected  we(>k  with  the  greatest  nund)er 
euiploved  at  anv  one  time  during  the  vear. 


KARNIN(iS  OF  WA(;E-EAHNKKS. 


691 


Table  4 1 . — Eastern  North  Central  division — number  and  per  cent 
of  establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in  weekly  earnings,  by 
states:  1905. 


The  coiripiirison  for  the  divi.sion  indicates  that  nearly 
two-thirds  of  the  e.stahiishiiients  rejxirtini;  waj^e-earn- 
ers  and  about  one-lialf  of  the  greatest  number  of  wage- 
earners  are  represented.  For  the  establishments  and 
wage-earners  of  Indiana  and  of  Ohio  more  tlian  tliese 
proportions  are  shown.  For  Wiscon-sin  the  representa- 
tion of  wage-earners  is  the  smallest;  for  establisliments 
this  is  true  of  Michigan,  but  not  in  such  marked  dispro- 
portion. Of  all  wage-earners  shown  for  the  division, 
Ohio  has  .31. .3  per  cent,  which  is  the  greatest  propor- 
tion, and  Wisconsin  8.8  per  cent,  the  least. 

The  group  of  earnings  in  which  the  median  is  lo- 
cated is  .|!)  to  .l;i()  for  the  di\asion  and  for  each  of  the 
states,  except  Illinois,  where  .58.8  i)er  cent  of  all  wage- 
earners  received  at  least  $10. 

Table    ■42.— EASTERN    NORTH    CENTRAL    DIVISION— NUMBER    AND    PER    CENT    OF  WAGE-EARNERS    AT    EACH 

AMOUNT  OF  CLASSIFIED  EARNINGS,  BY  STATES:  1905. 


ESTAHLI311MENTS  AND 
WAr.E-EAKNERS. 

Eastern 

North 
Central 
division. 

Ohio. 

In- 
diana. 

Illinois. 

Michi- 
gan. 

Wis- 
consin. 

E.stal)!  i  shments,  total 

51,754 
5,370 

46,384 

30,477 
05.7 

1,589,196 

785,058 
49.4 

13,786 
1,203 

12,,W2 

8,328 
66.2 

457,467 

245,944 
63.8 

7,044 

528 

6,516 

4,678 
71.8 

205,419 

124,607 
60.7 

14,921 
1,825 
13,096 

8,382 
64.0 

478,488 

224,664 
47.0 

7,446 
686 

6,760 

4,303 
63.7 

242,806 

120,978 
49.8 

8,558 

Reporting    no 

wago-carners 

Heporting    wage- 

1,128 
7,430 

Incliuipii       in 
wookly  earn- 
ings 

4,786 

I'er  cent... 
Wagf-oarners,    great- 
est luunlior 

64.4 
205,016 

liu'hnlt'ti  in  weekly 

68,865 
33.6 

Percent 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

EASTERN    NORTH 
CENTRAL  DIVISION. 

OHIO. 

INDIANA. 

ILLINOIS. 

MICHIGAN. 

[ 

WISCONSIN. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Total. 

785,058 

100.0 

245,944 

100.0 

124,607 

100.0 

224,664 

100.0 

120,«7S 

100.0 

i      68,865 

100.0 

Less  than  S3 . . . 

21,699 
28,124 
35,. 5,56 
36, 160 
43,445 

51,338 
62, 140 
115,442 
124,867 

128, 107 

101,219 

24,670 

12,291 

2.8 
3.6 
4.5 
4.6 
5.5 

6.5 
7.9 
14.7 
15.9 

16.3 

12,9 

3.2 

1.6 

7,330 
9,966 
12,297 
12,773 
13,438 

16,256 
19,898 
33, 163 
36,490 

40,815 

31,793 

7,275 

4,450 

3.0 
4.0 

5.0 
5.2 
5.5 

6.6 
8.1 
13.5 
14.8 

16.6 
12.9 
3.0 
1.8 

5,207 
5,400 
6,327 
6,192 
7,930 

10,299 
11,601 
18, 709 
16,413 

17,119 
13,232 
3,894 
2,278 

4.2 
4.3 
5.1 

5.0 
6.4 

8.3 
9.3 
15.0 
13.2 

13.7 
10.6 
3.1 
1.8 

5,161 
5.781 
8,346 
9.494 
11,413 

12,674 
14,,W1 
25,384 
38,798 

40,843 

37,928 

10,062 

4,249 

2.3 

2.6 
3.7 
4.2 
5.1 

.5.6 
6.4 
11.3 
17.3 

1.8.2 
10.9 
4.5 
1.9 

2.491 

4,4.59 
5,48.5 
4.914 
7,005 

7,261 
9,786 
26,. 54.5 
20,596 

18,530 
11,187 
1,896 

2.1 

3.7 
4.5 

4.1 
5.8 

0.0 

8.1 

21.9 

17.0 

15.3 
9.2 
1.6 

1,510 
2,518 
3,101 

2,787 
3,653 

4,848 
6,324 
11,641 
12,570 

10.800 

7,079 

1,543 

491 

2.2 

83  to   $4 

3.7 

$4  to   $.1  . 

4.5 

$5  to   $6 

4.0 

$6  to   $7. 

5.3 

$7to    $8 

7.0 

$8  to    $9 

9.2 

$9  to  SIO 

16.9 

$10toS12 

18.3 

$12to$15 

15.7 

$15  to  $20 

10.3 

$20to$26 

2.2 

$25  and  over 

823  1            0.7 

i 

0.7 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 
Total 

$8, 366, 133 
$10.66 

$2,614,720 

$1,257,958 
$10.10 

$2,. 595, 822 
$11.  .55 

$1,200,496 
$9.92 

$<»- 
1                ' 

.137 

0.12 

1 

The  average  earnings  did  not  coincide  with  these 
groups  except  in  Illinois  and  Michigan,  although  for 
the  other  states  the  differences  were  not  great.  The 
average  for  Illinois  was  the  highest,  and  much  higher 
than  for  the  division  as  a  whole ;  for  Micliigan  it  was 
the  lowest.  The  average  earnings  of  men  and  women 
were  greatest  in  Illinois.  For  men  they  were  least  in 
Wisconsin,  although  the  average  was  not  much  below 
that  for  Michigan  or  Indiana.  The  lowest  average 
earned  by  women  was  in  Indiana.  The  averages  for 
children  were  remarkably  even;  Indiana  led  by  a  few 
cents  and  Wisconsin  was  last. 

Considerably  over  four-fiftlis  of  the  wage-earners 
were  men,  the  women  constituting  a  little  more  than 
one-ninth,  and  the  children  about  one-seventieth. 
Wisconsin  reported  the  greatest  proportion  of  men 
and  cliildren,  and  Michigan  the  greatest  ijroportion 
of  women.  Michigan  had  the  least  proportion  of  men ; 
Wisconsin,  of  women;  and  Ohio,  of  cliildren. 

The  returns  for  this  division  have  more  influence 


upon  the  statistics  of  earnings  for  the  T'nited  States 
in  many  of  the  nontextile  industries  than  those  of  any 
other  division  except  the  Southern  North  Atlantic; 
23.8  per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  in  all  industries  in 
the  United  States,  are  included  in  its  classified  weekly 
earnings.  Among  the  industries  in  wliirh  tlie  per- 
centage of  wage-earners  of  the  total  for  tlie  I'nited 
States  is  large  are — agricultural  implements,  70. G  per 
cent;  furniture,  44.3  per  cent;  carriages  and  wagons, 
43.4  per  cent;  iron  and  steel,  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills,  42.9  per  cent;  potter}-,  terra  cotta.  and  fire  clay 
products,  33.4  per  cent;  foundry  and  machine  shop 
products,  33.2  per  cent.  Other  industries,  for  which 
a  considerable  proportion  of  the  total  for  the  I'nited 
States  is  shown,  are  —  printing  and  publishing, 
book  and  job,  27.4  percent;  lumber,  planing  mill 
products,  including  sash,  doors,  and  blinds,  25.1  per 
cent;  printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and  peri- 
odicals. 22.9  per  cent ;  lumber  and  timber  products, 
21.6  per  cent. 


692 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  43. — Eastern  A'orth  Central  division — per  cent  of  all  wage- 
earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  establishments  accord- 
ing to  size,  by  states:  1905. 

[Size  of  establishments  determined  by  the  average  number  of  wage-earners 
employed  during  the  year.] 


Number 
of  wage- 
earners. 

PER  CENT  IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

STATE. 

Less 
than  10 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

10  to 

50 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

50  to 

150 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

150  to 

300 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

.■500  to 

500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

500 

wage- 
earners 
and 
over. 

ALL  "WAGE-EAHNERS. 

Eastern  North  Cen- 
tral division 

785,058 

11.8 

15.8         19.9 

15.4 

11.2 

25.9 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

245,944 

124,607 

224,664 

120,978 

68,865 

10.4 
12.9 
11.5 
10.9 
17.4 

15.6 
17.2 
13.0 
21.3 

ia2 

20.1 
21.3 
18.2 
23.7 
16.2 

14.7 
15.1 
15.5 
16.2 
16.4 

13.6 
11.2 
8.7 
11.3 
11.0 

25.6 
22.3 
33.1 
16.6 
25.8 

MEN  16  TEARS  AND  OVER. 

Eastern  North  Cen- 
tral division 

680,238 

11.7 

15.0 

19.2 

1S.0 

11.5 

27.6 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

211,989 
108,854 
194,782 
102,936 
61,677 

10.3 

lai 

11.2 
10.7 
17.2 

14.9 
16.3 
12.4 
20.6 
11.8 

20.0 
20.2 
17.0 
23.0 
15.4 

14.5 
14.0 
15.0 
16.4 
16.2 

13.5 
12.2 
9.1 
11.4 
11.4 

26.8 
24.2 
35.3 
17.9 
28.0 

WOMEN   16  YEARS   AND   OVER. 

Eastern  North  Cen- 
tral division 

93,626 

12.2 

21.1  I      24.8 

17.7 

9.5 

14.7 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

30,989 
13,650 
27,001 
16,405 
5,581 

11.0 
11.4 
12.6 
11.9 
20.9 

20.1 
24.0 
16.4 
25.7 
29.0 

20.8 
29.3 
25.6 
27.5 
23.6 

16.  1 
2a.  0 
18.9 
14.5 
15.8 

14.5 
3.9 
6.2 

11.1 
6.4 

17.5 
8.4 

20.3 
9.3 
4.3 

CHILDREN  ONDER  16  YEARS. 

Eastern  North  Cen- 
tral division 

11,194 

15.3 

16.0 

22.0 

19.5 

10.3 

16.9 

Ohio 

2,966  ' 
2,103  1 

2, SSI 
l,6;i7 
1,607 

13.3 
1.3.4 
19.2 
15.0 
14.6 

12.9 
17.5 
17.8 
18.6 
14.0 

14.1 
27.0 
25.4 
26.6 
19.0 

15.0 
22.1 
18.4 
22.7 
23.6 

14.7 
8.5 
8.2 
5.8 

12.9 

30.0 

Indiana 

11  5 

Illinois 

11.0 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

11.3 
15.9 

While  in  this  division  more  than  one-half  of  all 
wage-earners  were  employed  in  factories  reporting  an 
annual  average  of  150  or  more,  the  percentage  in  estab- 
ments  of  this  size  is  not  so  marked  as  in  some  of  the 
other  prominent  manufacturing  sections. 

Only  52.5  per  cent  of  all  wage-earners  in  the  divi- 
sion were  in  establishments  of  the  larger  size.  In 
New  England  and  in  the  Southern  North  Allantic  divi- 
sir)n  the  corresponding  percentages  were  64  and  54.8. 
Of  the  states  in  this  division,  Illinois  liiid  tlie  grcntest 
percentage  in  the  larger  factories  and  Midiigaii  the 
least.  This  order  also  holds  true  for  men  wage-earners, 
but  Ohio  had  the  greatest  percentage  of  women  and 
of  children  in  the  larger  factories,  Wisconsin  the  least 
percentage  of  women,  and  Illinois  of  diildrcn. 

Twenty-one  industries  are  .shown  forOhio  in  Tnhle  12. 
For  a  number  of  them  the  propnrtinii  of  wage-earners 
included  ranges  from  le.ss  tiuin  two-thirds  to  almost 
fhn'c-fonrths;  and  for  many  others  the  pri)|)(irl  ion  is 
eilhiT  II  little  atiovi-  or  a  little  belipw  nni'-iiidf.  The 
(ivcriige  cnrnings  of  nil  men  shown  lur  I  lie  static  were 
$11. HI;     ill  the  selected  industries  they  were  $11.75, 


sho\ving  that  the  earnings  in  them  were  higher  than 
in  mail}'  of  the  industries  not  inchuled.  Foundry  and 
macliine  shop  products  was  the  industry  for  which  the 
greatest  number  of  all  wage-earners,  and  also  of  men, 
was  reported,  although  steel  works  and  rollmg  mills 
was  not  far  beliind.  In  the  former  industry  the  aver- 
age earnings,  although  more  for  all  wage-earners  than 
the  state  average,  were  less  for  men,  being  $11.35. 
In  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  the  men  averaged 
Sl.3.81.  The  liighest  average,  .S15.ll,  was  returned 
for  glass;  the  lowest,  .$8.93,  for  lumber  and  timber 
products.  In  7  industries  the  average  earnings  of 
men  were  above  the  general  average  for  the  state. 
Earnings  of  women  in  the  selected  industries  aver- 
aged $5.74,  which  was  more  than  for  the  state. 
Women  predominated  in  the  manufacture  of  tobacco, 
cigars  and  cigarettes,  an  industrj'in  wliich  the  average 
earnings  were  greater  than  the  average  in  all.  They 
were  also  numerous  in  boots  and  shoes,  in  whicli  the 
average  earnings  were  much  higher.  In  12  industries 
their  earnings  averaged  higher  than  in  general,  steam 
railroad  repair  shops  leading,  with  $8.40.  Of  all  aver- 
ages, the  lowest  was  $3.37,  reported  for  planing  mills. 
Children's  earnings  were  $3.61  on  the  average  for  the 
state.  In  7  industries  the  earnings  were  higher  than 
tliis,  the  first  being  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  with 
$5.40.  More  cliildren  were  returned  for  boots  and 
shoes  than  for  any  other  industr}';  their  average  earn- 
ings were  $3.25 — less  than  the  general  average.  The 
lowest  average  was  $2.17,  reported  for  lumber  and 
timber  products. 

Only  2  of  the  10  industries  selected  for  Indiana 
represent  less  than  one-half  of  the  greatest  number 
of  wage-earners  employed  at  any  one  time  during 
the  year.  Some  approacli  even  seven-eighths  of  the 
greatest  number,  others  three-fourths,  and  still  others 
represent  more  than  one -half.  These  industries 
include  over  one-half  of  the  wage-earners  consiileretl 
for  the  state.  Average  earnings  for  men  were  $11.09, 
which  is  considerably  larger  than  $10.88,  the  aver- 
age for  the  state.  Three  industries  have  earnings 
considerably  higher,  the  first  being  steel  works  and 
rolling  mills,  with  $13.38.  Lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts had  the  lowest  average,  $8.65.  Th(>  industry 
for  whicli  men  were  reported  in  the  largest  number 
was  steam  railroad  repair  shops;  that  for  which  the 
ne.xt  largest  mimbcr  was  reported  was  foundry  and 
machine  shoj)  products.  Women's  earnings  on  the 
average  were  returned  as  $4.47  in  the  selected  indus- 
tries; for  the  state  they  were  $4.83.  In  5  industries 
liw  cnrnings  averaged  higher  tlian  fur  the  selected 
indiislries;  in  only  3  wen^  they  higher  than  the  aver- 
age for  the  stat<>.  In  the  jirinling  and  piililisliing  of 
newspaiiers  iiiid  periodicals  women  were  most  numer- 
ous, Mild  their  cnrnings  in  (hat  industry  were  higher 
I  linn  the  inernge  lur  selected  industries,  but  less  than 
Ini  the  stnte.  The  liigh(>st  average,  $7.33,  was  shown 
fur  sicniii  rnilrnnd  repnir  shojis;    the   lowest,  $.3.33,  for 


EARNIXflS  OF  WA(iK-KAlL\i:RS. 


693 


agriculturul  iniplcments.  Tlio  average  earnings  of 
children  in  the  selected  industries,  $4.10,  were  much 
higher  than  for  the  state,  and  not  far  helow  tliose  of 
women.  The  highest  average;,  $4.68,  was  reported  for 
glass,  for  which  was  returned  the  greatest  number, 
and  the  lowest,  $2.4.3,  for  the  ])rinting  and  puldishing 
of  newspai)ers  and  periodicals.  In  2  industries  the 
average  was  higher  than  for  the  selected  manufac 
tures,  and  in  4  it  was  liighci-  than  for  the  state. 

There  are  20  industries  of  prominence  in  Illinois. 
The  average  earnings  of  men  were  $12.72  in  the  se- 
lected industries  and  a  little  less,  $12.37,  for  the  state. 
In  10  industries  this  average  for  the  selected  indus- 
tries was  exceedeii,  and  in  13,  average  earnings  were 
greater  than  for  the  state  as  a  whole.  In  the  manu- 
facture of  women's  clothing  the  average  was  the  high- 
est, $17.90,  but  comparatively  few  men  were  employed. 
The  average  was  lowest,  $8.11,  in  lumber  and  tind)er 
products.  More  men  were  returnefl  for  foundry  and 
machine  shop  products  than  for  any  other  industry, 
and  the  average  earnings  in  this  were  about  on  a 
level  Avith  those  for  the  selected  industries  and  higher 
than  for  the  state.  More  women  were  reported  for 
men's  clothing  than  for  any  other  industry;  their  aver- 
age earnings  were  $6.73,  compared  with  the  general 
averages  of  $6.54  for  the  state  and  $6.5!)  for  the  se- 
lected industries.  The  lowest  average  was  $3.86,  in 
glass.  The  children  were  favored  in  the  selected  indus- 
tries as  a  whole,  for  their  average  earnings  were  $3.79, 
compared  with  $3.58  for  the  state  as  a  whole.  In  10 
industries  the  averages  were  greater  than  for  all  se- 
lected industries,  and  in  14,  greater  than  for  all  the 
industries  included  for  the  state.  The  highest  earn- 
ings, on  the  average,  $5.40,  were  returned  for  malt 
liquors,  but  the  number  receiving  this  high  amount  was 
not  representative;  the  lowest,  $2.85,  was  for  the 
printing  and  pulilishing  of  newspapers  and  periodicals. 
The  largest  number  of  ciiildren  was  returned  for  to- 
bacco, cigars  and  cigarettes,  and  the  next  largest  for 
printing  and  pul)]ishing,  book  and  job. 

The  wage-earners  in  the  establishments  shown  for 
the  13  leading  industries  in  Michigan  include  about 
one-half  of  the  ninnber  employed  in  all  establishments 
returned  for  these  industries  in  the  state  at  the  census 
of  1905.  The  average  earnings  of  men  were  $10.78  for 
the  state,  and  only  a  trifle  less  for  the  selected  indus- 
tries, the  chief  of  which,  measured  by  the  number  of 
men  reported,  was  lumber  and  timber  products.  The 
average  earnings  retiu'ned  for  this  industry  were  $10.30. 
The  largest  average,  $12.22,  was  earned  in  the  manu- 
facture of  stoves  and  furnaces,  and  the  least,  $8.95,  in 
hosiery  and  knit  goods.  In  6  industries  the  earnings 
averaged  higher  than  for  all  industries  shown  for  the 
state.  The  number  of  women  reported  was  greatest  in 
hosiery  and  knit  goods.  Their  earnings  averaged  $4.85, 
an  amount  less  than  for  the  selected  industries,  or  the 


state,  $5.20  and  $5.17.  In  7  industries  the  average  was 
higher  than  in  general.  Carriages  and  wagons  was  the 
industry  in  wliicii  earnings  were  reported  the  highest, 
$6.64 ;  in  chemicals  they  were  the  lowest,  S3.60.  Chil- 
dren's average  earnings  were  $3.66  for  the  state  and 
$3.7S  for  the  selected  industries,  'i'he  number  reported 
for  hosiery  and  knit  goods  was  largest,  but  for  furniture 
it  was  but  5  smaller.  The  earnings  in  the  former  in- 
dustry averaged  $3.17,  and  in  the  latt<'r  $4.23,  so  that 
the  general  average  was  (|uitc  largely  determined  by 
these  manufactures.  The  industry  in  which  children 
earned  tlie  highest  average,  $5.27,  was  stoves  and 
furnaces;  that  in  wiiich  they  earned  the  lowest, 
$2.57,  tlie  printing  and  |)ub]ishiiig  of  nc\v.spapers  and 
periodicals. 

The  average  earnings  of  men  were  $10.75  in  all  in- 
dustries included  for  Wisconsin,  and  a  little  higher, 
or  $10.81,  for  the  selected  industries  given  in  Table 
72,  6  of  which  showed  greater  average  earnings  than 
the  general.  The  highest  average,  $1 1 .86,  was  returned 
for  malt  litjucjrs,  and  the  lowest,  $8.61,  for  furniture. 
While  large  numbers  of  men  were  reported  for  these 
industries,  the  chief  industry,  in  numbers,  was  foundry' 
and  machine  shop  products,  with  lumber  and  timber 
products  almost  as  great.  Of  the  industries  in  which 
women  were  employed,  5  returned  higher  average 
earnings  than  the  average  for  all  the  selected  industries, 
$5.19,  and  6  higher  than  for  the  state,  $5.12.  Earn- 
ings averaged  highest,  $8.33,  in  steam  railroad  repair 
shops,  and  least,  $3.50,  in  lumber  and  planing  mills. 
Nearly  one-half  of  the  women  returned  for  the  selected 
industries  were  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  hosiery 
and  knit  goods;  tiie  average  earnings  were  less  tiian  for 
either  the  total  for  the  selected  industries  or  for  the 
state.  The  earnings  in  paper  and  wood  pulp,  and  malt 
liquors,  in  which  a  consideralile  number  of  women  were 
employed,  were  considerably  higher  and  raised  the 
general  averages.  Anaong  the  most  important  indus- 
tries, measured  by  numbers,  for  which  children  were 
reported,  hosiery  and  knit  goods  led,  closely  followed 
by  furniture.  In  the  textile  industry'  named,  earnings 
averaged  $3.08,  the  least  shown,  while  in  the  other 
industr}-,  the  average  was  $3.66.  Earnings  jiveraged 
greatest,  $5.50,  in  paper  and  wood  pulp. 

Western  North  Central  dirision. — This  division  was 
notable  at  the  census  of  1905  for  having  returned  more 
than  one-third  of  the  total  value  of  products  for  the 
United  States  in  the  flour  and  grist  mill  industn,-,  a 
slightly  larger  proportion  of  the  total  for  .slaughtering 
and  meat  packing,  and  a  slightly  smaller  proportion  of 
the  total  for  butter.  The  division  includes  1  state  that 
led  the  country  in  flour  millLng:  2  others  that  were  re- 
spectively second  and  third  in  slaughtering  and  meat 
packing;  and  1  that  was  fourth  in  boots  and  shoes, 
malt  liquors,  and  slaughtering  and  meat  packing. 


694 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  44.— WESTERN     XORTH     CENTR.\L     DIVISION— NUMBER     AND     PER     CENT     OF     ESTABLISHMENTS    AND 
WAGE-EARNERS  INCLUDED  IN  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  BY  STATES;  1905. 


ESTABLISHMENTS   .VNl)  "W.^GE-E-UINERS. 


Establishments,  total  number 

Reporting  no  wage-earners 

Reporting  wage-earners 

Included  in  weekly  earnings 

Per  cent 

Wage-earners,  greatest  number 

Included  in  weekly  earnings 

Percent 


Western 
North  Cen-     Minne- 
tral  sota. 

division. 


21,492 

2.552 

18,940 

13. 084 

69.1 

419, 353 

180,337 

43.0 


4,756 

533 

4,223 

2,779 

65.8 

97,401 

32,314 

33.2 


4.785 

521 

4,264 

2.947 

69.1 

71,093 

30, 414 

42.8 


6,464 

754 

5,710 

3,836 

67.2 

172,414 

74,944 

43.5 


North        South 
Dakota.    Dakota. 


507 

64 

443 

306 

69.1 

2,644 

1,032 

39.0 


686 

76 

610 

445 

73.0 

3,381 

1,709 

50.5 


Ne- 
braska. 


1,819 

321 

1,498 

1,094 

73.0 

27,326 

16,740 

61.3 


Kansas. 


2,475 

283 

2,192 

1,677 

76.5 

45,094 

23,184 

51.4 


Over  two-thirds  of  the  estabhshments  reporting 
wage-earners  at  the  census  of  1905  and  nearly  one-half 
of  the  wage-earners  reported  are  iacluded  in  the  dis- 
cussion of  weekly  earnmgs. 

The  state  leading  in  the  proportion  of  establishments 
is  Kansas  and  in  wage-earners  it  is  ^s'ebraska.  The 
state  for  which  is  included  the  least  proportion  of  estab- 


lishments, and  of  wage-earners  also,  is  Minnesota.  Of 
the  w'age-earners,  Missouri  has  the  largest  number,  or 
41.6  per  cent  of  the  total,  which  is  a  little  more  than  its 
proportion  of  the  greatest  niunber  employed  at  anj-  one 
time  ia  the  division  as  returned  for  all  establishments 
at  the  census  of  1905.  North  Dakota,  with  less  than  sLx- 
tenths  of  1  per  cent,  has  the  least  efi'ect  upon  the  totals. 


T.\BLE  45.— WESTERN    NORTH    CENTRAL    DIVISION— NUMBER    AND    PER    CENT    OF   WAGE-EARNERS    AT    EACH 

AMOUNT  OF  CLASSIFIED  EARNINGS,  BY  STATES:  190.5. 


WEEKLY 
EARNINGS. 

WESTERN  NORTH 
CENTRAL    DIVI- 
SION. 

MINNESOTA. 

IOWA. 

MISSOURI. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

NEBRASKA. 

K.VNSAS. 

Number. 

Per 
cent. 

Number. 

Per 
cent. 

Number. 

Per 
cent. 

Number. 

Per 
cent. 

Number. 

Per 
cent. 

Number. 

Per 
cent. 

Number. 

Per 
cent. 

Number. 

Per 
cent. 

Total.... 

180,337 

100.0 

32,314 

100.0 

30.414       100.0 

74,944 

100.0 

1,032 

100.0 

1,709 

100.0 

16.740 

100.0 

23,184 

100.0 

Less  than  $3... 

$3  to  $4. 

$4  to  $5 

$5  to  $6 

$6to   $7 

$7  to   $8 

$8to   $9 

$9  to  $10 

$10  to  $12 

$12  to  $15 

$15  to  $20 

$20  to  $25 

$25  and  over... 

7,167 
7,062 
8,582 
8,414 
11,129 

11,189 
11,614 
20,481 
32,285 

30,685 

23,730 

5.537 

2,456 

4.0 
3.9 
4.7 
4.7 
6.2 

6.2 
6.4 
11.3 
17.9 

17.0 

13.2 

3.1 

1.4 

706 
1,119 
1,240 
1,295 
1,619 

1,557 
1,815 
3,456 
0,859 

6,530 

4,433 

1,263 

422 

2.2 
3.5 
3.9 
4.0 
5.0 

4.8 

5.6 

10.7 

21.2 

20.2 

13.7 

3.9 

1.3 

1,570 
1,399 
1,578 
1,380 
1,814 

2,105 
2,450 
4,490 
5,382 

4,331 

3,096 

652 

167 

5.2 
4.6 
5.2 

4.5 
6.0 

6.9 

8.1 
14.8 
17.7 

14.2 
10.2 
2.1 
0.5 

3,269 
3,151 
4,136 
4,099 
5,405 

5,291 

4,757 

7.793 

10,979 

11,958 
10,624 
2,296 
1,186 

4.4 
4.2 
5.5 
5.5 

7.2 

7.1 
6.3 
10.4 
14.6 

15.9 
14.2 
3.1 
1.6 

14 
20 
24 
49 

48 

§ 
90 
136 

262 

224 

51 

14 

1.4 
1.9 
2.3 
4.7 
4.7 

6.1 
3.6 
8.7 
13.2 

25.4 
21.7 
4.9 
1.4 

38 
33 
28 
53 
64 

58 

70 

192 

331 

438 

342 

54 

8 

2.2 
1.9 
1.0 
3.1 
3.8 

3.4 
4.1 

11.2 
19.4 

25.6 
20.0 
3.2 
0.5 

4S2 
485 
709 
744 
844 

744 
811 

1,55,« 
3,920 

3,410 

2, 386 

493 

154 

2.9 
2.9 
4.2 
4.4 
5.0 

4.4 

4.9 

9.3 

23.4 

20.4 
14.3 
.1.0 
0.9 

1,088 
855 
867 
794 

1,335 

1,371 
1,674 
2,902 
4,678 

3.756 

2,6;il 

728 

606 

4.7 
3.7 
3.7 
3.4 
5.8 

5.9 

7.2 

12.6 

20.2 

16.2 
11.4 
3.\ 
2.2 

Earnings    for 
the  speclflcd 
week: 

Total 

Aver  age 
per  wttge- 
eamcr  ... 

1 
$1,888,307 
$10.47 

$3.55,647 
SU.Ol 

$294, 232 
$9.67 

$778,709 
$10.39 

$12. 193 
$11.81 

$19,974 
$11.69 

$ls2.:ioo 

$10.89 

5245,312 
$10.58 

In  5  of  the  7  states  the  average  weekly  earnings  of 
all  wage-earners  exceeded  the  average  for  the  division, 
although 'in  two  instances  by  sliglit  amounts. 

Tlie  state  for  wliicli  tlie  iiigliest  average  was  reported 
was  .North  Dakota,  South  Dakota  following  it  closely, 
and  Iowa  coming  last.  This  division  was  iiigiier  than 
contiguous  divisions  in  its  proportion  of  women,  Mis- 
souri showing  the  highest  and  Kan.sas  the  lea,st.  Tiic 
largest  proportion  of  men  was  employed  in  Soiuli 
Dakota  and  the  least  in  Missouri.  Less  Ihnii  1  per 
cent    iif  ;dl   lh(!  wage-earners  reported   for  Minnesota 


were  children,  which  was  the  smallest  proportion  for 
ciiildren  in  the  various  states  of  the  division;  Missouri 
liad  tlie  largest  proportion,  or  nearly  .3  per  cent. 

Tlie  most  imjiortant  industry  in  tlie  division,  accord- 
ing to  tlio  number  of  wage-earners,  was  steam  raih-oad 
repair  shojis.  The  next  was  shuiglitering  and  inent 
]>acking,  wholesale;  and  tiie  third,  I'oundrv  and  ma- 
chine shop  products.  Otlier  industries  liaving  largo 
numbers  were  lumber  and  timber  iiroducts;  Hour  and 
gristmill  prodncis;  cars,  steam  railroad,  not  including 
operations  of  railroad  companies;  and  boots  and  shoe»s. 


EARNIXCS  OF  WAGK-KAKNKKS. 


695 


Table  40. —  Wesler7i  North  Central  division — per  cent  of  all  vmge- 
earners,  and  of  men,  xoomen,  and  children,  in  cslabhshments  accord- 
ing to  size,  by  states:  1905. 


[Size  ot   establishments  (Ictcrinliied    by  the  a\ 
employed  during  the 

'orage  i 
year.) 

umber  of  wage-earners 

Number 
of  wago- 
eanu'rs. 

PER  CENT  IN  EACH  CLASS  Af  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

STATE. 

Less 
than  10 
wiige- 
carn- 

ers. 

10  to 

50 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

50  to 
150 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

150  to 

300 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

300  to 

500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

SOO 
wage- 
earners 
and 
over. 

ALL  WAGE-EAENEES. 

We.stcrn  North  Cen- 
tral division 

180,337 

21.9 

16.8 

18.1 

14.8 

10.4 

18.0 

Minnesota 

32,314 
30,414 
74,944 

i,o:i2 

1,709 
10,740 
23,1S4 

24.7 
29.6 
15.8 
73.2 
70.4 
20.1 
23.2 

12.3 
20.2 
18.0 
12.1 
22.1 
11.6 
18.7 

16.9 
19.1 
19.7 
14.7 
7.5 
10.9 
19.2 

17.6 
12.5 
16.3 

15.0 

7.8 
11.4 

13.5 

10.8 
18.8 

Missouri 

North  Dalcota.. 
South  Daliota.. 
Neliraska 

15.1 

n.o 

6.2 
7.9 

36.1 
20.0 

MEN   16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

Western  North  Cen- 
tral division 

154,  .348 

21.8 

16.5 

17.6 

14.3 

10.6 

19.2 

Minnesota 

28,049 
26,132 
62,128 
886 
1,543 
14,703 
20,907 

25.4 
28.9 
16.1 
75.4 
67.5 
19.5 
21.2 

11.7 
20.3 
17.5 
11.3 
24.2 
11.2 
18.5 

15.5 
17.1 
19.9 
13.3 
8.3 
9.5 
20.2 

16.2 

lai 

15.4 

15.7 
8.4 
11.1 

15.5 
12.2 
20.0 

Missouri 

North  Daliota.. 
South  Dakota  . . 
Nebraska 

15.0 
11.4 

7.0 
8.8 

37.8 
19.9 

WOMEN  16  VEAE3  AND  OVEE. 

Western  North  Cen- 
tral division 

22,037 

21.5 

19.1 

22.5 

18.7 

9.6 

8.6 

Minnesota 

4,079 

3,648 

10,617 

124 

140 

1,653 

1,776 

18.8 
32.2 
13.3 
56.5 
97.1 
23.7 
45.0 

15.2 
19.7 
20.8 
16.1 
2.9 
15.8 
21.4 

26.9 
33.7 
19.2 
27.4 

28.4 
8.5 
20.8 

10.5 
4.6 
14.2 

0.2 
1.3 
11.7 

Missouri 

North  Dakota.. 
South  Dakota.. 

Nebraska 

Kansas 

22.0 
10.4 

18.5 
7.8 

20.0 
15.4 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

Western  North  Cen- 
tral division 

3,952 

28.8  ,      16.9 

14.9 

13.0 

5  2 

21.2 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

186 
634 

2,199 
22 
26 
384 
501 

1      43.6 
1      43.7 
21.9 
77.3 
100.0 
30.0 
28.5 

35.5 
18.9 
16.1 
22.7 

8.1 
19.1 
15.4 

6.4 
9.9 
18.8 

6.4 
""8.4' 

8.'4 

Missouri 

North  Dakota.. 
South  Dakota 

19.4 

Nebraska 

7.8 
19.0 

18.2 
8.6 

4.4 
1.4 

""i.'e" 

39.6 
40.9 

A  comparatively  small  proportion  of  wage-earners 
were  employed  in  factories  of  the  very  largest  size; 
more  than  50  per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  and  of  men, 
and  more  than  60  per  cent  of  women  and  cliildren,  were 
employed  in  establishments  having  a  lower  average 
than  150  wage-earners  during  the  year. 

Nebraska  had  57.4  per  cent  of  all  wage-earners,  and 
59.8  per  cent  of  all  men  returned  from  factories  em- 
ploying annually  an  average  of  150  wage-earners  or 
more.  In  North  and  South  Dakota  no  wage-earners 
were  employed  in  factories  having  150  wage-earners; 
and  all  but  2.9  per  cent  of  the  women  reported  for 
South  Dakota  were  employed  in  factories  having  less 
than  10. 

Minnesota  and  Missouri  arc  the  only  states  in  the 

division  represented  by  selected  industries  in  Table  72. 

Over  one-tliird  of  the  greatest  number  of  wage-earners 

employed  at  any  one  time  during  the  year  in  10  leading 

45254— MFG  1905— PT  4 — 08 J6 


industries  in  Minnesota  are  represented  in  the  stati.9- 
tics.  They  con.stitute  also  nearly  two-thirds  of  the 
w.age-earner.s  considered  for  the  state  in  this  report. 
The  industry  of  flour  and  grist  mill  products,  which 
according  to  value  of  products  is  the  most  important, 
and  one  in  which  the  state  leads  the  country, 
is  represented  by  58.8  per  cent  of  its  greatest  number 
of  wage-earners.  Among  the  .selected  industries  for 
the  state,  printing  and  .publishing,  bo<(k  and  j(jb, 
reported  the  highest  average  earnings  for  men,  §13.16, 
and  furniture  the  lowest,  S8.97.  The  average  for  the 
state  was  $1 1 .75  and  for  the  selected  industries,  811 .79. 
The  industries  having  the  greatest  effect  upon  the  gen- 
eral averages  by  reason  of  the  large  number  (jf  men  re- 
ported were  lumber  and  timber  products,  for  which 
the  earnings  averaged  $11.34,  and  steam  railroad  re- 
pair shops,  for  which  the  average  was  SI  1 .90.  Women 
earned  on  the  average  in  the  state  .S6.27,  and  in  the 
selected  industries,  S7.07.  The  highest  average  of  tlie 
selected  industries,  SS,  was  earned  in  foundry-  and 
machine  shops,  and  the  lowest,  S3,  in  the  manufacture 
of  limiber  and  timber  products.  Of  the  selected  in- 
dustries, the  one  that  returned  the  largest  number  of 
women  was  printing  and  pubhshing,  newspapers  and 
periodicals;  earnings  in  tliis  averaged  S6.60,  an  amount 
a  little  more  than  that  for  the  state  at  large,  and  con- 
siderably less  than  for  the  selected  industries  as  a 
whole.  Earnings  for  children  averaged  highest,  S3. 88, 
in  planing  mills,  compared  with  S3. 39  for  the  state  and 
$3.14  for  the  selected  industries.  The  lowest  earnings, 
$2.78,  were  retui-ned  for  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes. 
The  largest  number  of  children  was  reported  for  print- 
ing and  publishing,  newspapers  and  periodicals,  and  in 
this  industry'  their  average  earnings  were  S3. OS. 

The  average  earnings  of  men  in  Iowa  were  S10.48; 
of  women,  S4.95:  of  children,  S3.44.  The  industrj-  in 
which  the  largest  number  of  men  was  employed  was 
steam  railroad  repair  shops,  for  which  nearly  IS  per 
cent  of  all  men  included  in  these  statistics  for  the  state 
was  reported.  The  earnings  averaged  SI  1.69.  Other 
leading  industries  were  foundry-  and  machine  shop 
products;  printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and 
periodicals;  brick  and  tile:  slaughtering  and  meat 
packing,  wholesale;  and  lumber,  planing  mill  prod- 
ucts, including  sash,  doors,  and  blinds.  The  greatest 
number  of  women  was  returned  for  printing  and  pub- 
lisliing,  newspapers  and  periodicals:  their  average 
earnings  were  S5.12.  Additional  leading  industries, 
according  to  the  number  of  women  reported,  were — but- 
tons; clotliing,  men's;  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes; 
pickles,  preserves,  and  sauces;  and  canning  and  pre- 
sers-ing,  fruits  ami  vegetables.  The  number  of  chil- 
dren was  greatest  for  printing  and  publishing,  news- 
papers and  periodicals,  with  earnings  averaging  S2.78. 
The  industries  showing  the«highest  averages  were — for 
men,  marble  and  stone  work,  S14.49;  for  women, 
foundry  and  machine  shop  products,  S7.48;  and  for 
children,   flour   and  grist   mill   products,   S6.     Those 


696 


MANUFACTURES. 


showing  the  lowest  were — for  men  and  women,  pickles, 
preserves,  and  sauces,  $3.82  and  $2.39:  and  for  chil- 
dren, butter,  and  cheese,  each,  $1. 

Leading  industries  in  Missouri  to  the  number  of  10 
include  over  two-fifths  of  the  wage-earners  considered 
for  the  state.  In  these  industries  the  average  earnings 
of  men  were  $11.55.  In  7  of  the  selected  industries 
higher  averages  are  shown,  the  highest,  $13.77,  being 
for  clothing,  men's,  and  the  lowest,  $8.24,  for  lumber 
and  timber  products.  Several  industries  reported  a 
large  number  of  men,  the  first  in  this  respect  being 
cars,  steam  railroad,  not  including  operations  of  rail- 
road companies,  with  earnings  averaging  $10.47;  the 
second  was  steam  railroad  repair  shops,  with  an  average 
of  S12.46;  the  third  was  foundry  and  machine  shop 
products,  an  alHed  industry,  in  which  the  average 
earnings  were  $12.48.  One  of  the  foremost  industries 
was  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes,  and  in  tliis 
the  average  earnings,  $12.04,  were  higher  than  for  the 
state  or  for  the  selected  industries.  The  highest  aver- 
age earnings  for  women  in  the  leading  industries,  $8, 
were  reported  for  steam  railroad  repair  shops.  The 
least  average,  $3,  was  reported  for  lumber  and  timber 
products,  but  the  number  reported  in  each  instance 
was  small  and  had  little  effect  upon  the  general  aver- 
age. The  largest  number  of  women  was  reported  for 
men's  clothing  where  the  average  earnings  were  $6.05. 
A  large  proportion  was  reported  from  boot  and  shoe 
factories,  in  wliich  the  average  earnings  were  $7.65, 
an  amount  much  higher  than  the  average  of  $6.02 
for  the  state  or  of  $6.19  for  the  selected  industries. 
There  were  also  considerable  numbers  reported  for 
printing  and  publishing,  book  and  job,  and  printing 
and  publishing,  newspapers  and  periodicals;  in  the 
former  the  average  was  $6.18,  and  in  the  latter,  $4.52. 
Of  children,  the  greatest  number  in  the  selected 
industries  was  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
boots  and  shoes.  Their  average  earnings  were  $3.69, 
compared  with  $3.55  for  children  in  all  industries  in 
the  state,  and  $3.57  for  all  of  the  10  selected  industries. 
Tlie  next  largest  numbers  of  children  were  reported 
for  the  2  ])rinting  and  publishing  industries,  with  aver- 
ages of  $3.58  for  book  and  job,  and  $2.63  for  news- 
papers and  jx'riodicals.  Tlic  lowest  average  was 
82.57  in  clothing,  men's.  The  highest  average,  $4.26, 
was  reported  for  lumber  and  timber  products. 

Men  earned  an  average  of  $12.71  in  Xorlh  Dakota; 
women,  S6.77;  and  cliildrcn,  $3.  Tlie  leading  indus- 
try in  emi)loyMieiit  of  iiicn  was  priiil  ing  aM<l  publishing, 
newspapers  and  jw-riodicals;  average  earnings  were 
812.99.  The  greatest  numbers  of  women  iirul  children 
were  also  returned  for  this  industry,  with  average  j 
i-arnings  of  $7.."»7  and  $3.29.  The  industry  showing 
the  highest  average  f(»r  men  \mis  fonnihy  ami  niiichinc 
shop  prodncis,  ?13.<)7;  for  wonu'n,  printing  nnd  jinh- 
lishing,  book  iind  job,  $7..s;', ;  for-  ciiildrcn,  priming  nnd 
{jriblisliing,  i)ews|)apers  and  |)iriiidicals,  $3.29.  Tlio.se 
showing  tin-  lowest  averages  were— for-  ri.  lir-cnd  iin>l 


other  bakery  products,  $10.85;  and  for  women  and 
children,  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  with  average 
earnings  of  $3  anil  $1.67. 

The  industry  in  South  Dakota  for  which  the  greatest 
number  of  men  was  reported  was  flour  and  grist  mill 
products.  The  average  earnings  were  811.77,  con- 
siderably below  those  for  the  state,  $12.26.  The 
greatest  number  of  women  was  returned  for  prmting 
and  publishing,  newspapers  and  periodicals;  their 
average  earnings  were  $6.86,  a  little  higher  than  the 
average  of  $6.82  for  all  women  in  the  state.  The  num- 
ber of  children  was  greatest  for  printing  and  publish- 
ing, newspapers  and  periodicals,  with  earnings  aver- 
aging $3.38;  considerably  less  than  the  $3.77,  reported 
for  the  state.  The  highest  average  for  men  was  $15.54, 
in  lumber  and  tun  her  products;  for  women,  $9.67,  in 
butter;  for  children,  $8,  in  patent  medicines  and  com- 
pounds. The  lowest  average  for  men  was  foimd  in 
gas,  illuminating  and  heating,  $7.36;  for  women,  in 
mineral  and  soda  waters,  $2.50;  and  for  children, 
in  i^rinting  and  publishing,  newspapers  and  period- 
icals, $3.38. 

For  men  in  Nebraska  average  earnings  of  $11.66 
were  reported;  for  women,  $5.60;  and  for  children, 
$4.20.  The  industry  employing  more  men  than  any 
other  was  slaughtering  and  meat  packing,  wholesale, 
and  in  this  the  average  earnings  were  $11.15.  The 
greatest  number  of  children  was  also  returned  for  this 
industry,  with  average  earnings  of  $5.09.  The  greatest 
number  of  women  was  returned  for  printing  and  pub- 
lishing, newspapers  and  periotlicals,  average  earnings 
being  $5.60.  The  industry  second  in  rank  according 
to  the  number  of  men  employed  was  steam  railroad 
repair  sho|)s.  The  industries  showing  the  highest 
averages  were — for  men,  marble  and  stone  work,  $16.58 ; 
for  women,  furniture,  $10.25;  and  for  children,  dairy- 
men's, jioulterers',  and  apiarists'  supplies,  $6.  Those 
showing  the  lowest  averages  were,  for  men,  hardware, 
$7.77;  for  women,  food  preparations,  $4;  and  for 
children,  carjiets,  i-ag,  $1. 

,  In  Kansas  the  average  earnings  of  men  were  $1 1.22; 
of  women,  $5.01;  of  children,  $3.70.  The  leading 
industry  in  ein])loyment  of  men  was  slaughter-ing  and 
meat  packing,  wholesale;  average  earnings  were 
$11.1(1.     The    industry    ranking    second    was    steam 

I  railr-oMil  r-ei)air- shops.  The  grcalesl  numbei- of  women 
was  returned  for  printing  and  publishing,  ne\vs|)ai)(M-s 
and  periodicals;  earnings  averaged  $4.89.  The  luim- 
ber  of  childr-en  was  gr'ealcst  in  slaughlcring  and  meat 
|)ackirrg,  w  liolesal(>,  mid  they  earned  on  Ihc  iiv(>rage 
$4. (■)•').  The  iiidusli-ics  showing  the  highest  iiver'ages 
wei-e  for  men,  gla.ss,  $15.03;  for  women,  trimks  and 
vidises,  $11:  nnd  for  childT-en,  fancy  articles,  not  el.sc- 
wher-c  spiM-ilird,  Sd.  The  industries  showing  the  lowest 
ii\(M-iige  cnrnings  wer'e  for-  iikmi,  pnlcnt  me(Iicines  and 
i-onipounds.  ??7.U(I:  for-  womeii,  cnrriagcs  nnd  wngons, 
$3;  nnil  lnr  i-hildrrn,  cunrccl  ioncry :  gns,  illuminating 
nnd    hi-nlni;,';    ii-c.    niMnufiirl  ui'cd  :   nnd    mn(  ( r-csses   and 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


697 


spring   bed.><,  in    cncli   of    wliicli    their  earnings   aver- 
aged $2. 

Eastern  South  C'cntrdl  division. — Wliiie  in  no  indus- 
try can  this  division  sliow  a  value  of  production  that 
equai.s  one-half  of  the  production  in  the  Tnited  States, 
it  presents  several  in  which  it  is  quite  i)n)ininenl. 
These  include  oil,  cottonseed  and  cake;  turpentine 
and  rosin;  tobacco,  chewiiif^  and  smoking,  and  snuff; 
lumber  and  tinil)er  products;  iron  and  steel,  blast 
furnaces;  liquors,  distilled;  and  iron  and  steel,  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills. 

T.MiLE  47. — Easffm  Soiillt  Central  division — number  and  per  cent 
(if  eslablishments  and  vaye-eamers  included  in  weekly  earnings,  by 
states:  1905. 


ESTABLISHMENTS  AND  WAGE- 
EARNERS. 

Eastern 

South 

Central 

division. 

Ken- 
tucky. 

Tennes- 
see. 

Ala- 
bama. 

Missis- 
sippi. 

Establishments,  total  nura- 
Ijer  

10,311 

598 
9,713 

5,400 
55.6 

301,829 

107,392 
35.6 

3,734 

295 
3,439 

2,251 
65.5 

82,421 

35,590 
43.2 

3,175 

167 
3,008 

1,742 
57.9 

83,505 

33,092 
39.6 

1,882 

79 
1,803 

786 
43.6 

83,332 

26,191 
31.4 

1,520 

Reporting  no  wage-earn- 

57 

Rcporting  wagp-earners . 

Included    In  weekly 

earnings     

1,463 
621 

42.4 

Wage-earners,  greatest  num- 

52,571 

Included  in  weekly  eam- 

12,519 

Per  cent 

23.8 

That  the  wage-earners  shown  in  these  statistics  are 
representative  of  the  industries  included,  is  attested  V)j^ 
the  fact  that  over  one-third  of  the  greatest  number 
employed  at  itny  one  time  by  all  establishments  in 
the  division  are  included. 

The  |)ro[)ortion  of  establishments  shown  is  very 
much  larger;  that  is,  considerably  over  one-half.  The 
state  for  which  the  higliest  [)roj)ortioii  of  lioth  estab- 
lishments and  wage-earners  is  shown  is  Kentucky. 
Mississippi  has  the  lowest  proportion  of  both  estab- 
lishments and  wage-earners.  Kentucky  contriliutes 
the  largest  number  of  the  total  for  the  division,  al- 
though both  Tennessee  and  Alabama  reported  a 
greater  number  of  wage-earners  employed  at  any  one 
time,  at  the  census  of  190.5. 

The  greatest  average  eariungs  were  reported  for 
Kentucky;  the  least,  for  Tenne.s.see.  The  other  states 
were  nearer  the  average  for  Tennessee  than  the  aver- 
age for  Kentucky.  Kentucky's  excess  was  52  cents 
over  the  division's  averagjs.  Of  the  state's  wage- 
earning  force,  only  82.4  per  cent  were  men,  yet  they 
received  90.5  per  cent  of  the  compensation.  The  pro- 
portion of  women  was  much  larger  than  that  of  any 
other  state  in  the  division,  and  they  also  ])articipated 
more  largely  in  the  total  earnings.  In  proportion  of 
children  Kentuckv  had  least. 


Table  48.— EASTERN 


SOUTH    CENTRAL    DIVISION— NUMBER    AND    PER    CENT    OF    WAGE-EARNERS    AT 
AMOUNT  OF  CLASSIFIED  EARNINGS,  BY  STATES:  190.5. 


EACH 


WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

EASTERN    SOUTH 
CENTRAL  DIVISION. 

KENTUCKY. 

TENNESSEE. 

'1 
ALABAMA.              '          MISSISSIPPI. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number.)  Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Total 

107,392 

100.0 

35,590 

100.0 

33,092          100.0 

26,191 

100.0 

12,519 

100.0 

Less  than  $3 

8,662 
8.080 
8,887 
8,161 
18,696 

14,921 
6,209 
9,087 
7,750 

7,6.37 
6,681 
1,612 
1,009 

8.1 
7.5 

f:^6 

17.4 

13.9 

5,8 
8.5 
7.2 

7.1 
6.2 
1.5 
0.9 

2.514 
2,617 
2,656 
2,548 
4,791 

4,389 
2,443 
3,257 
3,323 

3.353 

2,444 

659 

596 

7.1 
7.3 
7.5 
7.2 
13.5 

12.3 
6.9 
9.1 
9.3 

9.4 
6.9 
1.8 
1.7 

2,945 
2,782 
2,922 
2,328 
6,848 

4,487 
1,642 
2, 475 
1,983 

2,033 

2,057 

407 

183 

8.9 
8.4 
8.8- 
7.0 
20.7 

13.6 
5.0 
7.5 
6.0 

6.1 
6.2 
1.2 
0.6 

2,391  1          9.1 

812 
592 
586 
686 
2,533 

2,641 
564 

1,879 
769 

701 

S76 

124 

56 

6.5 

$3  to   $4 

2,089 
2,723 
2,599 
4,  ,524 

3,404 
1,560 
1.476 
1,675 

1,550 

1,604 

422 

174 

8.0 
10.4 

9.9 
17.3 

13.0 
6.0. 
5.6 
6.4 

5.9 
6.1 
1.6 
0.7 

4.7 

$4  to   *5 

4.7 

$5  to    $6 

5.5 

S6tO    $7 

20.2 

S7  to    $8.    .. .       .   . 

21.1 

$8  to    $9 

4.5 

$9to$10 

15.0 

$10  to  $12 

6.1 

$12  to  $15 

5.6 

$15  to  $20 

4.6 

$20  to  $25                                 ... 

1.0 

0.5 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 
Total 

$844,296 
$7.S6 

$298,109 
$8.38 

$248,431 
$7.51 

$200,255 
$7.65 

$97,501 

Average  per  wage-earner. 

$7.79 

The  most  important  industry  in  the  division  in 
these  statistics,  measured  by  the  number  of  wage- 
earners  included,  was  lumber  and  timber  products, 
followed  by  steam  railroad  repair  shops,  cotton  goods, 


and  foundry  and  macliine  shop  products.  A  consid- 
erable number  of  wage-earners  is  also  shown  for  oil, 
cottonseed  and  cake,  and  for  iron  and  steel,  blast 
furnaces. 


698 


MANUFACTUKES. 


Table  49. — Eastern  Soulh  Cenlral  dirision — per  cent  of  all  uage- 
earncrs,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  establishments  accord- 
ing to  size,  by  states:  1905. 

[Size  of  establishments  determined  by  the  average  number  of  wage-earners 
employed  during  the  year.] 


Number 
of  wage- 
earners. 

PER  CENT  IS  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

STATE. 

Less 
than  10 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

10  to  30 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

50  to 
150 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

150  to 
300 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

300  to 

500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers 
and 
over. 

ALL  WAOE-EABSERS. 

Eastern  South  Cen- 
tral division 

107,392 

19.3 

22.9 

21.3  '      15.1 

7.0 

14.4 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

a5,590 
33,092 
26,191 
12,519 

23.7 
20.3 
11.8 
19.3 

Z7.6 
20.3 
13.5 
36.5 

19.2 
28.4 
17.5 
16.6 

14.8 
15.7 
17.6 
9.3 

3.6 
8.3 
10.5 
5.6 

11.1 

7.0 

29.1 

12.7 

M 

EN  16  y 

EASS  AN 

D  OVER. 

Eastern  South  Cen- 
tral division 

91,263 

21.2 

24.3 

21.3 

13.3 

6.3 

13.6 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

29.333 

28.004 
22.459 
11,467 

26.9 
22.4 
13.0 
20.0 

28. 7  17. 3 
21.3         29.2 

14. 8  19. 0 
39.0         16.7 

11.9 

14.8 
16.5 
6.8 

4.4 

6.2 
10.3 
3.8 

10.8 
6.1 
26.4 
13.7 

WOM 

EN  16  Y 

EARS   AN 

D  OVER. 

Eastern  South  Cen- 
tral division 

10,961 

6.9 

17.5 

22.0 

26.8 

9.4 

17.4 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

5,015  ,         6.8 

3,42.')  '.        8.0 

1,973           4.2 

548         11.0 

23.1 
17.9 
5.0 
9.1 

28.0 
22.3 
8.1 
14.2 

29.0 
23.4 
24.9 
34.5 

■"18.9 
10.7 
31.2 

13.1 
9.5 
47.1 

CHILDREN   UNDER   16  YEARS. 

Eastern  South  Cen- 
tral division 

5,168 

10.5 

10.6         19.8 

23.1 

13.1 

22.9 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

1,242 

1,663 

1,7.19 

504 

17.0 
11.2 
4.3 
13.9 

19.3 
9.0 
5.5 
9.9 

26.7 
26.7 
9.4 
16.3 

2,5.9 
I.').  1 
24.3 
38.3 

'21.'3' 
13.1 
18.4 

11.1 

16.1 

4;!.  4 

3.2 

Only  21.4  per  cfiit  of  tlic  total  niirnlxT  of  wafje- 
earners  was  rciKirtcd  by  factories  employing  an  an- 
nual average  of  ;5U(J  or  more. 

Dividing  the  six  groups  of  factories  into  (hose  em- 
ploying under  150  and  those  eiii|)loviiig  more  tlian 
that  number,  only  36.5  per  cent  of  all  wage-earners  in 
the  di\-ision  are  found  to  have  been  employed  in  estab- 
lishments of  the  larger  size.  Alabama  was  the  state 
having  the  largest  proportion,  or  57.2  per  cent.  Mis- 
sissippi had  the  smallest  proportion,  or  27.6  per  cent. 
Of  the  men  in  this  division,  only  about  one-third 
were  employed  in  the  larger  factories,  Alai)ama,  as 
was  the  case  with  all  wage-earners,  having  the  highest 
])ro|>ortion,  or  a  little  more  than  one-half,  and  Missi.s- 
Ki|)|)i  having  the  least,  about  one-fourth.  Kentucky 
anil  Tennessee  were  equal  in  tiieir  proportions — 27.1 
per  cent  each.  It  is  to  be  noticed  that  Alabama  had 
over  one-fourth  of  its  men  wage-earners  in  fadorics 
of  the  very  largest  size,  tho,sc  employing  an  ammal 
average  of  500  or  more.  This  proportion,  however, 
wa.s  slightly  le.s,s  than  thai  for  the  same  slate  for  all 
wage-earners. 


A  little  above  one-half  of  the  women  were  in  fac- 
tories of  the  larger  size;  Alabama  led  with  82.7  per 
cent,  having  nearly  one-half  in  the  very  largest  estab- 
lishments. Kentucky  had  the  greatest  proportion  in 
the  smaller  establishments. 

Of  the  children  reported  for  the  division,  nearly  60 
per  cent  were  in  the  larger  factories.  The  proportion 
for  Alabama  was  the  greatest,  substantially  the  same  as 
that  reported  for  women,  80.8  per  cent.  Kentucky's 
proportion  was  the  lowest,  being  a  little  over  one-third. 

The  10  industries  selected  to  represent  Kentucky  in 
Table  72  include  over  one-half  of  the  wage-earners 
sho^\Tl  for  the  state  in  statistics  of  vveeMj' earnings,  and 
a  little  more  than  two-fifths  of  the  greatest  number  em- 
ployed in  all  establishments  at  any  one  time.  The 
average  earnings  of  men  in  the  state  were  $9.20,  com- 
pared with  $8.96  for  the  selected  industries,  showing 
that  the  leading  industries  were  not  those  in  wliich  the 
highest  earnings  prevailed  for  a  large  number  of  wage- 
earners;  3'et  of  these  10,  the  average  earnings  reported 
in  7  were  higher  than  for  the  group,  and  in  6,  higher  than 
for  the  state.  In  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  earnings 
averaged  the  highest,  $14.16,  and  the  lowest,  $6.82,  in 
tobacco,  chewing  and  smoking,  and  snuff.  The  greatest 
number  of  men  was  reported  for  lumber  and  timber 
products,  in  which  the  average  earnings  were  $6.91. 
For  women,  in  all  the  industries  included  for  the  state, 
the  earnings  averaged  $4.94,  which  was  a  little  lower 
than  in  the  selected  industries.  The  highest  average, 
$7.67,  was  earned  in  steam  railroad  repair  shops,  but  it 
had  lit  tie  influence  on  the  general  average  because  of  the 
small  number  employed ;  the  least,  $3,  was  in  flom*  and 
grist  mill  products.  Over  30  per  cent  of  the  women 
reported  for  this  state  were  returned  for  clothing, 
men's,  and  over  11  per  cent  for  tobacco,  chewing  and 
smoking,  and  snuff,  the  average  earnings  being  $5.14 
and  $5.19.  Children,  on  the  average,  earned  $2.81  in 
the  state  and  $2.56  in  the  selected  industries.  Earn- 
ings averaged  highest,  $3.75,  in  planing  mills,  and  low- 
est, $2.14,  in  flour  and  grist  mills.  Xcarly  one-half  of 
the  number  shown  for  selected  iiulustrics  were  re- 
turned from  factories  manufacturing  chewing  and 
smoking  tobacco  and  snuff,  where  average  earnings 
were  $2.17. 

The  wage-earners  shown  in  the  10  industries  selected 
to  rejiresent  th(>  leading  iiianufact iires  of  T(>nnes.see 
constitute  35  per  cent  of  the  greatest  number  em- 
ployed at  any  one  time  during  the  year  in  the  state  in 
the.se  industries.  learnings  of  men  in  the  state 
averaged  $S.I7,  which  was  7  (^ents  more  than  for  the 
selected  industries.  The  highest  average  was  $10.79, 
returned  for  .steam  railroad  repair  sho])s;  the  low(>st, 
$5.55,  for  hosiery  and  knit  goods.  A  greater  number 
of  men  than  in  any  other  industry  was  employed  in 
the  manufacture  of  hiinber  and  limber  pnxlucts, 
with  average  earnings  of  $6.94,  and  tli(>  n(-.\l  greatest 
in  steam  railroaii  rejiair  .shops.     Of  the  women  in  the 


EAl{i\IN(iS  OF  \VA(il-;-l<;Al{.\i:i^S. 


099 


state,  45.2  per  cent  were  rcportcvl  (!ii<;af;('il  in  I  lie 
niiiriiifactiirc  of  hosiery  <aiul  knit  floods,  cotton  floods, 
and  woolen  goods.  Their  earnini;s  averaj^cd  .^4.10, 
$4.89,  and  $4.06,  respectively.  Tlie  general  average 
for  women  for  Ihe  .state  was  $4. .37  and  for  the  selected 
industries,  $4. ;5 1.  'IMie  highest  average  is  shown  for 
cotton  goods,  and  the  lowest,  $2.72,  for  lumher  and 
tiniher  products.  Earnings  of  children  averaged  $2.7.3 
for  the  state  and  .$2.69  for  the  selected  industries,  a 
result  considerably  due  to  the  comparatively  large 
numbers  and  earnings  reported  for  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  the  average  earnings  for  which  were  $3.0.3  and 
$2.50.  The  highest  average  earnings  were  $3.80,  in 
blast  furnaces,  and  the  lowest,  $2.31 ,  in  clothing,  men's. 

The  7  selected  industries  shown  for  Alabama  include 
a  number  for  which  the  state  is  well  known,  namely, 
lumber  and  timber  products,  cotton  goods,  and  iron 
and  steel,  blast  furnaces.  The  most  imj^ortant  in  the 
number  of  men  emjiloyed  was  steam  railroad  repair 
shops.  Earnings  on  the  average  were  higher,  $10.93, 
than  in  any  other  of  the  selected  industries,  and  con- 
siderably higher  than  for  the  state,  $8.30.  Men  re- 
ceived the  lowest  average,  $5.77,  in  the  manufacture 
of  cotton  goods.  The  manufacture  of  lumber  and 
timber  products  engaged  the  attention  of  the  second 
greatest  number  of  men  reported.  In  one  of  Alabama's 
characteristic  industries,  blast  furnaces,  the  earnings 
of  men  averaged  $9.27.  Women  are  showii  for  only  2 
of  the  selected  industries,  but  in  1  of  these,  cotton 
goods,  the  number  shown  includes  88.2  percent  of  the 
total  number  of  women  wage-earners  reported  for  the 
state.  The  average  earnings  of  women  for  the  state 
were  $4.46,  and  for  cotton  goods,  $4.43.  The  smallest 
average,  $3.29,  is  shown  for  steam  railroad  repair 
shops.  Of  the  cliildren  reported,  89.3  per  cent  were 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  in 
which  employment  they  averaged  earnings  of  $2.83. 
The  state  average  was  $2.85.  The  highest  average 
earnings,  $6.75,  were  reported  for  steam  railroad  repair 
shops,  and  the  lowest,  $2.33,  for  foundry  and  machine 
shop  ])roducts. 

Lumber  and  timber  products  was  the  industry  for 
which,  in  Mississippi,  the  only  state  in  the  division  not 
shown  bj^  selected  industries,  the  greatest  number  of 
men  was  returned.  The  average  earnings  were 
$8.32,  wliich  was  liigher  than  the  state  average  of 
$8.15.  Many  men  were  also  reported  for  oil,  cotton- 
seed and  cake,  another  industry  peculiar  to  Southern 
states.  Their  earnings  averaged  $6.46.  Earnings 
averaged  Ixighest,  $12.47,  in  the  production  of  monu- 
ments and  tombstones,  and  lowest,  $4.22,  in  flour  and 
grist  mills.  Women  were  most  numerously  employed 
in  the  manufactm^e  of  cotton  goods,  in  wliich  their 
earnings  averaged  $4.84,  compared  with  $4.79  for  the 
state.  Earnings  were  greatest,  on  the  average,  $8.17, 
in  printing  and  publishing,  book  and  job,  and  least, 
$1.70,  in  oil,  cottonseed  and  cake.     A  greater  number 


III'  ( hildren  were  returned  for  cotton  goods  than  for 
any  other  industrs',  and  their  average  earnings  were 
$2.52,  which  was  less  than  the  state  average  of  .S2.7S. 
It  was  in  lumber  and  timber  products  that  the  earn- 
ings of  children  averaged  most,  $3.98,  and  in  carriages 
and  wagons  the  least,  .$2. 

Western  South  Central  division. — In  a  number  of  im- 
portant industries  this  division  at  the  census  of  1905 
reported  a  considerable  pro|)ortion  of  the  total  value 
of  products  for  the  United  States.  The  value  of  the 
]iroducti()n  of  oil,  cottonseed  and  cake,  reached  41.4 
]>er  cent,  and  that  of  sugar  and  molasses,  refining,  27.3 
per  cent  of  the  total  for  the  countrj'.  In  lumber  and 
timber  products  the  division  had  a  smaller  percentage 
of  the  total  but  a  greater  absolute;  value  than  in  either 
industry  mentioned. 

Table  .50. —  WcsUrn  Smith  Central  division — number  and  percentof 
cslablishmenls  and  wage-earners  included  in  weekly  eaminys,  by 
stales  and  tirrilories:  1905. 


ESTABLISHMENTS  AND 
WAGE-EARNEKS. 


Establishments,    total 

number 

Reporting   no    wage- 
earners  

Reporting     wage- 

earaers 

Included  in  weekly 

earnings 

Percent 

Wage-earners,  greatest 

numter    

Included     in    weekly 

earnings  

Percent 


Western 

South 

Central 

division. 


8,279 

625 

7,654 

4,351 
56.8 

216, 104 


Louisi- 
ana. 


2,091 

III 

1,980 

748 
37.8 

88,250 


Arkan- 
sas. 


Indian 
Terri- 
tory. 


66,906      17,043 
31.0         19.3 


1,907 

79  I 

1,828 

I 
1,015 
5.?.  5 

50,530 

17,780 
35.2 


486 

52 

414 

332 
80.2 


2,153 
56.1 


Okla- 
homa. 


657 

85 

572 

454 
79.4 

4,619 

2,253 
48.8 


Texaa. 


3,158 

298 

2,860 

1,802 
63.0 

68,865 

27,677 
40.2 


The  proportions  in  which  establishments  and  wage- 
earners  of  industries  are  included  in  these  statistics  are 
such  as  to  make  retiuns  for  at  least  4  of  the  states 
representative. 

For  the  di\'ision  as  a  whole  considerably  more  than 
one-half  of  the  establishments  employing  wage-earners 
and  nearly  one-thinl  of  the  wage-earners  are  in- 
cluded. Loui.siana,  which  in  1905  reported  the  largest 
aggregate  number  of  wage-earners  employed  at  any 
one  time  in  the  (hvision,  appears  in  these  returns  with 
a  smaller  proportion  of  its  o\ra  total  than  the  propor- 
tion given  for  any  other  state.  Indian  Territory,  which 
returned  the  least  number  of  wage-earners, supplies  the 
greatest  proportion  of  its  total.  Of  the  wage-earners  in 
the  division,  Texas  had  the  greatest  number,  41.4 
per  cent. 

Every  state  or  territon,-  but  Arkansas  had  larger 
average  earnings  than  the  division.  Inchan  Territory 
led  in  the  averages,  Oklahoma  was  second,  Texas  third, 
ami  Louisiana  fourth. 

These  comparisons  show  that  the  two  territories, 
although  contiguous  to  the  older  states  of  the  division, 
present,  in  a  measure,  the  economic  conditions  of  newly 
settled  communities. 


700 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  51.— WESTERN    SOFTH    CENTRAL    DHaSIOX— NOIBER    AND    PER    CENT    OF    WAGE-EARNERS    AT    EACH 
AMOUNT  OF  CLASSIFIED  EARNINGS,  BY  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1905. 


WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

WESTERN     SOUTH 
CENTR.^L  DIVISION. 

1 

LOUISI.VNA. 

.\RK.O.-SAS. 

INDIAN  TERRI- 
TORY. 

OKLAHOMA. 

TEXAS. 

Number.  1  Percent. 

i                    ! 

Nmnber.  Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Total 

66,906 

100.0 

17.043          100.0 

17,780 

100.0 

2,153 

100.0 

2,253 

100.0 

27,677 

100.0 

5,774 
3,301 
3,259 
3,198 
5.472 

7.672 
5,2S0 
9.751 
7,790 

7,380 

5,595 

1,627 

807 

8.6  1 

49 

4.9 

4.8 
8.2 

1 

11.5 
7.9 
14.6 
11.6 

11.0 
&4 
2.4 
1.2 

1,181               6.9 

2,114 
959 
1,024 
1.064 
1,962 

2.408 
1,635 
2.495 
1,698 

1,241 

sea 

250 
127 

11.9 
5.4 
5.8 
6.0 

11.0 

1.3.5 
9.2 

14.0 
9.6 

7.0 
4.5 
1.4 
0.7 

23 
37 

26 
56 
79 

'252 
105 
505 
320 

398 

251 

j              88 

13 

1.1 
1.7 
1.2 
2.6 
3.7 

11.7 

4.9 

23.4 

14.9 

18.5 
11.6 
41 
0.6 

46 
58 
66 
88 
119 

127 
85 
532 
343 

446 

296 

40 

7 

2.1 
2.6 
2.9 
3.9 
5  3 

5.6 
3.8 
23.6 
15.2 

19.8 

13.1 

1.8 

0.3 

2,410 
1,285 
1,215 
1,098 
2,031 

3,017 
1,927 
3,914 
3,244 

3.272 

2,835 

951 

478 

8.7 

962 

92S 

892 

1.281 

1.868 
1.528 
2,305 
2,185 

2.023 

1,410 

298 

182 

5.6 
5.4 
5.2 
7.5 

11.0 
9.0 
13.5 
12.8 

11.9 
8.3 
1.8 
1.1 

4  7 

^  to   So                                         

44 

$5  to    S6   

4  0 

J6  to    $7                                         

7.3 

$7  to    $8                .                   

10.9 

$8  to    S9 

7  n 

$9  to  $10           ...              

14  1 

tlO  to  $12 

11.7 

J12  to  $13 

11.8 

$15  to  $20 

10.3 

$20  to  $25                .                                   .... 

3.4 

1,7 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 

Total 

$606,938 
$9.07 

$156,038 
$9.16 

$141,341 

$7.95 

$23,286 
$10.82 

$23,199 
$10.30 

$263,074 
$9.51 

1 

■ 

Arkansas,  of  total  wage-earners  in  a  state  or  terri- 
tory of  this  division,  had  the  greatest  proportion  of 
men  and  Louisiana  the  least.  These  positions  were 
reversed  for  women  and  cliildren.  The  liigh  levels  of 
earnings  for  all  wage-earners  in  Indian  Territorj-  and 
Oklalioina  were  maintained  hy  these  territories  also 
in  tlie  average  earnings  of  men,  women,  and  cliildren. 

The  industry  emplojnng  the  largest  number  of  wage-  j 
earners  included  in  these  statistics  for  the  division  was  ! 
lumber  and  tim})er  products;  the  industry  employing 
the  next  largest  number  was  steam  railroad  repair  | 
shops;  oil,  cottonseed  and  cake,  was  third. 

Of  all  wage-earners,  somewhat  less  than  one- 
si.xth  were  reported  in  factories  of  the  very  largest 
size,  that  is,  those  empk)yirig  an  average  of  .500  or  more 
wage-earners  annually,  and  less  than  40  per  cent  were 
in  establishniciits  having  an  annual  average  of  150  or 
over,  wliich  may  be  denominated  the  larger  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  smaller  of  the  six  classes. 

Of  the  men,  even  a  less  proportion  than  that  of  ail 
wage-earners  was  employed  in  the.se  larger  factories, 
and  while  the  proportions  of  women  increased  con- 
siderably, those  for  children  diminished.  No  wage- 
earners  were  returned  in  Indian  Territory  for  the 
largest  two  groups,  and  but  a  small  pr()])ortion  of  men 
forfactoricsemplojingannuaily  an  average  of  fmni  l.')0 
to  ."iOO.  The  largest  estai)lishments  for  wliich  returns 
were  made  from  Okhihoma  for  men,  women,  or  chil- 
dren were  such  as  employed  fniin  10  to 50  wage-earners. 
The  returns  for  Texas  .show  no  women  orchiithen  in  fac- 
tories of  the  largest  two  groups.  Louisiana  is  tlie  only 
state  witii  a  proporti(»n  of  all  three  clas.ses — men,  wo- 
men, and  cliildren — in  the  larger  factories,  although 
Texas  had  over  40  per  cent  of  its  men  in  them. 

Of  the  states  in  the  division,  only  Louisiana  is  repre- 
sented by  .selected  manufactures.  Tiie  5  k'aiMng  in- 
<lustries  illustrative  of  the  character  of  the  manufac- 
tures of  r>ouisiariii  cmtjnice  establishments  having 
about  one-fifth  of  tlie  greatest  number  of  wage-earners 


employed  in  all  establisliments  in  the  state  in  those  in- 
dustries. The  average  earnings  of  men  in  the  state 
were  .$9.93,  and  in  the  selected  industries,  $9.86.  The 
higliest  average  earnings  in  the  selected  industries  ap- 
pear for  .sugar  and  molasses,  refining,  $11.27,  and  the 
lowest,  $7.14,  for  oil,  cottonseed  and  cake.  The  in- 
ilustry  emplo^ang  the  largest  number  of  men  was  lum- 
ber and  timber  products,  and  in  this  the  average  earn- 
ings were  $9.67.  About  one-half  the  women  were  re- 
turned for  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  in  wliich 
average  earnings  were  $4.52,  exactly  thos(?  for  the 
state.  The  only  other  selected  industry  in  wliich  wo- 
men were  emj^loyed  was  sugar  and  nn)lasses,  refining, 
in  which  the  average  was  $5.75.  Nearly  all  the  chil- 
dren shown  in  the  selected  industries  were  employed 
in  the  manufacture  of  cigars  and  cigarettes.  Their 
earnings  averaged  $3.84,  con.siderably  more  than  the 
general  average  for  tlie  state,  wliich  was  $3.23.  The 
highest  average  earnings  for  children,  .$5.14,  were  re- 
turned for  lumber  and  timber  products,  and  the  low- 
est, $3,  for  sugar  and  molasses,  refining. 

The  men  in  Arkansas  earned  on  the  average  $8.11. 
By  far  the  largest  number  of  men,  or  63.6  per  cent  of 
all  includc<l  for  the  state,  were  returned  for  lumber 
and  timber  products.  Earnings  averaged  $7.66.  The 
highest  average  was  $13.80  in  the  manufacture  of 
cigars  and  cigarettes;  the  lowest,  $6,  in  canning  and 
preserving,  fruits  and  vegetables.  The  averag(>  earn- 
ings of  women  were  .$4.13,  and  of  children,  $2.88.  A 
large  percentage  of  the  women  were  emi)l()ye(l  in  print- 
ing and  publishing,  newspapers  and  periodicals,  in 
which  they  averaged  $4.70  in  earnings.  The  greatest 
number  of  children  were  reported  for  the  manufacture 
of  lumber  and  timber  jirodiicts,  with  average  earn- 
ings of  $2. SI.  The  average  earnings  of  women  were 
greatest,  $12,  in  cigars  and  cigarettes,  and  least,  $1.77, 
in  furniture;  for  children  the  highest  earnings  were  .$5 
in  foundry  and  niachiiK"  shop  products,  and  (he  lowest, 
$2,  in  f)il,  cottonseed  and  cake. 


EAKNINCJS  OF  WAdE-EAHNEKS. 


701 


Table  52.  —  Western  South  Central  diviaion — per  an t  of  all  wage- 
earners,  and  of  men,  vmmen,  and  eldldren,  in  establinhmeidii  aeecird- 
ing  to  size,  hij  slates  and  territories:  i:i()!i. 

[Size  of  cstnlilishiiu'iits  (iL-tomiined   by   this  iiviirap"   nmnlicr  of  wagp-fiurnors 
employed  during  Iho  year. J 


Number 
of  wage- 
earners. 

PER  CENT  IN  EACH  CUSS  OF  ESTABUSHMENT8. 

gTATK  OR  TKKl'.l- 
TOKY. 

Less 
than 

10 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

10  to 

50 
wago 
earn- 
ers. 

50  to 
150 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

150  to 

.■iOO 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

300  to 

,500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

600 
wage- 
earners 
and 
over. 

ALL  WAGE-EARNERS. 

Western  South  Cen- 
tral division 

66,906 

23.3 

22.5  1      14.3 

16.2 

7.5 

16.2 

Louisiana 

Arkansas 

Indian    Ter- 

17,043 
17,780 

2,153 
2,253 
27,677 

15.2 
22.4 

61.3 
66.5 
22.3 

10.1 
29.3 

24.6 
33.5 

19.1 
18.6 

3.0 

21.8 
17.0 

11.1 

17.1 
4.8 

16.7 
7.9 

Oklahoma 

24.8 

10.5 

14  0 

4.6 

23.8 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

Western  South  Cen- 
tral division 

61,887 

22.8 

23.1 

14.  4         16.  2 

7.0 

16.5 

Louisiana 

Arkansas 

Indian   Ter- 

14,723 
17, 133 

2,054 
2,037 
25,940 

15.8 
21.2 

59.6 
63.5 
21.7 

11.1 
29.3 

25.6 
36.5 
24.6 

20.4 
18.7 

3.2 

22.6 
17.6 

11.6 

15.0 
5.0 

15.1 
8.2 

Oklahoma 

10.2 

13.2 

4.9 

25.4 

WOMEN   16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

Western  South  Cen- 
tral division 

3,728 

25.2 

13.5 

13.6 

19.1 

15.3 

13.3 

Louisiana 

Arkansas 

Indian    Ter- 

1,824 
359 

64 

172 

1,309 

6.7 
65.5 

96.9 
94.8 
27.3 

4.3 

20.0 

3.1 

5.2 

26.0 

12.3 
13.9 

18.2 

31.4 

27.1 

Oklahoma 

17.8 

28.9 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

Western  South  Cen- 
tral division 

1,291 

39.9 

22.1 

8.8 

8.8 

11.0 

9.4 

Louisiana 

Arkansas 

Indian    T  e  r- 

496 
288 

35 
44 

428 

26.4 
42.7 

94.3 
95.5 
43.4 

3.2 
41.0 

5.7 

4.5 

34.6 

6.3 
13.2 

10.9 
3.1 

28.6 

24.6 

Oklahoma 

10.3 

U.7 

In  Indian  Territory  the  average  earnings  of  men 
were  $11.11.  The  industry  employing  the  greatest 
number  was  steam  railroad  repah-  shops,  and  the  com- 
pensation paid  averaged  $13.42.  The  highest  aver- 
age, $14.92,  was  paid  in  planing  mills,  and  the  lowest, 
$8.59,  in  the  mineral  and  soda  water  manufacture. 
Earnmgs  of  women  averaged  $.5.3.3  in  general,  and 
$5.30  in  printing  and  publishmg,  newspapers  and 
periodicals,  the  industry  for  which  almost  all  of  them 
were  returned.  The  only  other  industry  in  which 
they  appear  separately  is  that  of  cigars  and  cigarettes ; 
in  this  their  earnings  averaged  $4.  Nearly  one-half  of 
the  children,  for  whom  returns  are  mcluded,  were  em- 
ploj-ed  in  printing  and  publishmg,  newspapers  and 
periodicals,  their  earnings  averaging  $3.27,  compared 
with  the  general  average  of  $3.49.  They  earned  most 
on  the  average,  $7,  in  foundry  and  machine  shops  and 


book  and  job  printing  and  publishing  ostatilisliments, 
and  least,  $2,  in  tiie  manufacture  of  cigars  and  ciga- 
rettes. 

The  industry  in  Oklahoma  employing  the  largest 
number  of  men  was  flour  and  grist  mill  products,  in 
which  their  average  earnings  were  §1(J.99,  being  a  lit- 
tle higli(!r  than  the  general  average  for  men,  .$10.82. 
Planing  mills  returned  the  highest  average  earnings, 
$14.71,  and  patent  medicines  and  compounds  the  least, 
$8.22.  Women  earned  an  average  of  $5.81,  by  far  the 
greatest  proportion  being  returned  for  prmting  and 
I)ublishing,  newspa])crs  and  periodicals,  in  which  em- 
l>loyment  their  average  earnings  were  85.90.  The 
largest  average  earnhigs  were  $8  for  butter,  and  the 
least,  $4.25,  for  mineral  and  soda  waters.  More  than 
one-half  of  the  children  were  employed  in  the  news- 
paper industry.  Their  average  earnings  in  this  were 
$3.42,  but  the  general  average  was  a  little  higher,  or 
$3.64.  Earnings  averaged  highest,  $7.50,  in  the 
mineral  and  soda  water  manufacture,  and  least,  82.50, 
in  cigar  factories. 

In  Texas  the  earnings  of  men  averaged  89.84  for  all 
industries  reported.  The  average  for  lumber  and  tim- 
ber products,  in  which  the  largest  nmnbers  were  em- 
ployed, was  $8.02.  For  steam  railroad  repair  shops 
the  next  largest  number  was  returned,  with  average 
earnings  of  $12.25.  Oil,  cottonseed  and  cake,  em- 
ployed also  a  large  number,  and  earnings  averaged 
$8.01.  For  jewelry  the  highest  average,  $16.80,  and 
for  wood  preserving,  the  lowest,  $6.44,  was  reported. 
The  average  earnmgs  of  women  were  $5.03  for  the 
state,  and  $5.74  for  the  industry,  clothmg,  men's,  in 
which  women  were  reported  in  greatest  number.  In 
the  manufacture  of  soap,  earnings  were  the  highest, 
$10,  and  in  canning  and  preserving,  fruits  and  vege- 
tables, they  were  the  lowest,  $2.97.  Children  were  em- 
ployed in  printmg  and  jjublishing,  newspapers  and  peri- 
odicals, more  largely  than  in  any  other  mdustry,  ami 
earned  on  the  average  in  that  industry  82.76,  which 
was  considerably  less  than  the  state  average  of  83.08. 
In  the  manufacture  of  furniture  they  received  the  most 
on  the  average,  $4.57,  and  the  least,  $2,  in  marble  and 
stone  work,  and  m  the  production  of  stencils  and 
brands. 

Eocky  Mountain  division. — The  4  states  and  1  terri- 
tory constituting  this  division  contributed  to  the 
United  States  total  a  considerable  part  of  the  value  of 
products  of  a  number  of  important  manufactures  at 
the  census  of  1905.  The  most  unportant  of  these  in- 
dustries were  the  smeltmg  and  refining  of  copper,  and 
of  lead,  and  the  manufacture  of  beet  sugar. 

The  proportion  that  the  wage-earners  included  m 
these  statistics  forms  of  all  wage-earners  in  the  divi- 
sion is  larger  than  that  shown  for  some  of  the  other 
ami  more  important  manufacturing  sections. 


702 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  53. — Rochy  Mountain  dirision — number  and  per  cent  of 
establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in  weekly  earnings,  by 
states  and  territories:  1905. 


ESTABLISHMENTS  AN"D 
WAGE-EAENERS. 


Establishments,  total  num- 
ber  

Reporting  no  wage-earn- 
ers   

Reporting  wage-earners . 
Included  in  weekly 

earnings 

Percent 

Wage-earners,  greatest  num- 
ber  

Included  in  weekly  earn- 
ings  

Percent 


Rocky 
Moun- 
tain 
division. 


2,720 

386 
2,334 

1.616 
69.2 

54,396 

23,429 
43.1 


Mon- 
tana. 


382 


49 
333 


227 
68.2 


11,495 
4,698 


Idaho.  I  ^y°- 

mmg. 


364 


33 
331 


183 
55.3 


5.466 


1,548 
28.3 


23 
146 


101 
69.2 


2,511 

2,175 


Colo- 
rado. 


1.606 


246 
1,360 


999 
73.  5 


30,222 


12,856 
42.5 


New 
Mexico. 


35 
164 


106 
64.6 


4,702 


2,152 
45.8 


Wyoming  is  represented  by  nearly  seven-eighths  of 

T.^BLB  54.— ROCKY  MOUXTAIX   DIVISIOX— NTOIBER  AND 

CLASSIFIED  EARNINGS,  BY  ST 


its  greatest  number  of  wage-earners,  but  Idaho  has 
considerably  less  than  one-tliird.  Colorado  reported 
the  largest  part  of  the  total  for  the  division,  54.9  per 
cent,  and  Idaho  the  smallest,  6.6  per  cent. 

In  average  earnmgs  this  division  led  all  divisions. 
The  Basin  and  Plateau  division  was  next  in  rank, 
but  its  average  earnings  were  lower  by  25  cents  for 
all  wage-earners — 2  cents  for  men,  $1.68  for  women, 
and  -SI. 69  for  children. 

Montana  led  m  earnings  of  men,  the  average  for 
the  state  being  $18.60;  Wyoming  was  second,  with 
$15.93.  The  average  earnings  for  women  in  Idaho 
and  for  children  in  Colorado  were  next  to  those  re- 
ported for  Montana,  which  were  the  highest.  Except 
for  children,  all  average  earnings  were  lowest  in  New 
Mexico;  the  children  receiving  the  least  in  Wyoming. 

PER  CENT   OF  WAGE-EARNERS   AT  EACH  AMOUNT   OF 
ATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  1905. 


WEEKLY   EARNTSGS. 

KOCKY  MOUNTAIN 
DIVISION. 

MOXTANA. 

IDAHO. 

■WYOMING. 

COLOBADO. 

NEW  MEXICO. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Total 

23,429 

100.0 

4,698 

100.0 

1.548 

100.0 

2,175 

100.0 

12,856 

100.0 

2,152 

100.0 

Less  than  $3 

302             1.3 

34 
47 
30 
42 

72 

47 
50 
62 
110 

971 
1,212 
1,424 

597 

0.7 
1.0 
0.6 
0.9 
1.5 

1.0 
1.1 
1.3 
2.4 

20.7 
25.8 
30.3 
12.7 

8 

li 

19 
34 

17 
15 
58 
53 

650 
498 
117 
62 

0.5 
0.1 
1.0 
1.2 
2.2 

1.1 
1.0 
3.7 
3.4 

42.0 
32.2 
7.6 
4.0 

33 
31 
43 
30 
41 

26 

45 

97 

231 

431 
613 

500 
48 

1.5 

1.4 
2.0 
1.4 
1.9 

1.2 
2.1 
4.4 
10.6 

19.8 
28.2 
23.3 
2.2 

132 
154 
208 
268 
401 

317 

460 

809 

1,216 

3,207 

4,052 

1, 149 

483 

1.0 
1.2 
1.6 
2.1 
3.1 

2.5 
3.6 
6.3 
9.5 

24.9 

31.5 

8  9 

3.8 

95 
51 
35 
65 
119 

102 
156 
299 
370 

325 
208 
203 
124 

4.4 

t3  to   $4 

285 
331 
424 
667 

509 

726 

1,325 

1,980 

5,584 
6,583 
3,399 
1,314 

1.2 
1.4 

1.8 
2.8 

2.2 
3.1 
5.7 
8.5 

23.8 
28.1 
14.5 
5.6 

2.4 

t4  to    $5 

1.6 

$5  to    $6 

3.0 

teto    17 

5.5 

$7  to    $8 

4.7 

$8  to    S9 

7.3 

t9  to  $10 

13.9 

$10  to  512 

17.2 

$12  to  $15 

15.1 

$15  to  $20 

9.7 

$20  to  $25 

9.4 

$25  and  over 

5.8 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 
Total 

$350,590 
$14. 96 

$85,462 
SIS.  19 

$22,931 
$14. 81 

$34,254 
$15. 75 

$181,739 
$14. 14 

$26,204 

Average  per  wage-earner 

$12. 18 

1 

In  no  other  division  did  the  men  constitute  such  a 
large,  and  the  women  such  a  small  proportion  of  the 
divisional  total. 

For  lumber  and  timber  products  the  largest  number 
of  wage-earners  was  reported,  followed  by  steam 
railroad  repair  .shops  and  boet  sugar. 

Ai)out  one-third  of  all  wage-earners  were  in  factories 
having  an  average  of  at  least  150  wage-earners  annu- 
alh'.  The  proportion  was  but  sliglitly  greater  for  men, 
while  for  children  it  was  more  than  one-fourth. 

The  conditions  in  Montana  and  New  Mexico  con- 
tributed most  largely  to  offset  the  overwhelming  pre- 
ponderance of  wage-earners  in  the  smaller  establish- 
ments in  Idaho  and  Colf)ra(Io.  In  Idaho  all  the  men, 
and  in  (Colorado  all  but  2'.i  per  cent  of  them,  were  in 
factories  employing  an  annual  average  of  less  than  150 
wage-eaniers.  In  Wyoming  and  New  Mexico  all  the 
women,  ami  in  Wyoming  all  tlie  children,  were  in  estab- 
lishments employing  an  annual  average  of  less  than  10 
wnge-earners,  but  the  actual  numbers  were  small. 

No  state  or  territory  in  the  dinsion  is  represented  in 
these  statistics  by  selected  industries.     The  men  re- 


turned for  Montana  earned  an  average  of  $18.60;  the 
women,  $8.60;  and  the  children,  $7.09.  The  industry 
emplo}-ing  the  greatest  number  of  men  was  lumber  and 
timber  products.  The  average  earnings  were  $14.58. 
The  greatest  numbers  of  women  and  children  were  re- 
turned for  bread  and  other  bakery  products;  their 
earnings  averaged  $6.72  and  $4.77,  respectively.  The 
highest  average  earnings  for  men  were  $25.96,  in  monu- 
ments and  tombstones;  for  women,  $1 1.77,  in  printing 
and  jjublishing,  news])apers  and  periodicals;  and  for 
children,  $8,  in  foundry  and  machine  shop  products. 
The  lowest  averages  for  men  were  reported  in  the 
manufacture  of  lumber  and  timber  products,  $14.58; 
fur  women,  in  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  $3;  and 
for  children,  in  carriages  and  wagons,  $3. 

'i'he  average  earnings  of  men  in  Idaho  were  $15.30. 
The  industry  leading  in  tlieir  em|)l<)vment  was  lumber 
and  timber  products,  and  the  a\'erage  earnings  were 
$14.16.  AVomeii  in  the  stale  earned  an  average  of 
$7.62.  'i'lie  greatest  number  was  returned  for  printing 
and  |)ublisliing,  news|)apers  and  periodicals,  and  their 
average  earnings  were  $S.l'.i.     Children  were  also  most 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


703 


numerous  in  this  industry,  averaging  $3.54,  an  amount 
considerably  lower  than  their  average  of  .f4.9.3  for  the 
state.  The  iiuhistries  showing  tlie  highest  averages 
were — for  men,  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  $19.26; 
for  women,  lifjuors,  malt,  $'.);  and  for  children,  brick 
and  tile,  lumber,  planing  mill  pnxbiets,  including  sash, 
doors,  and  blinds,  and  mineral  and  soda  waters,  $6. 
Industries  showing  lowest  averages  were — for  men, 
mineral  and  soda  waters,  $12;  for  women,  lumber  and 
timber  products,  $4.25;  anil  for  children,  printing  and 
publishing,  newspapers  and  periodicals,  $.3.54. 

Table  5.5.-  -Rocky  Mountain,  division — per  cent  of  all  waye-eamers, 
andofmen,  women,  mid  children,  in  establishments  according  to  size, 
by  states  and  territories:  1905. 

(Size  of  establishments  determined  by  the  average  niiiiiber  of   wage-earners 
employed  during  the  year.] 


Number 
of  wage- 
earners. 

PER  CENT  d  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

STATE  OR  TERRI- 
TORY. 

Less 
than  10 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

10  to 

50 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

50  to 

150 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

160  to 

300 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

300  to 

500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

500 
wage- 
earners 
and 
over. 

ALL  WAGE-EARNERS. 

Eocky  Mountain  di- 

23,429 

22.4 

17.4 

25.9 

15.5 

6.9 

11.9 

Montana 

4,698 
1,548 
2,175 
12,856 
2,152 

14.3 
41.4 
15.2 
25.6 
14.5 

8.5 
37.1 

8.1 
22.1 

3.5 

16.4 
21.5 
34.9 
30.9 
10.1 

5.1 

15.0 

40.7 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

16.2 
21.4 
14.0 

25.6 

New  Mexico .... 

16.9 

41.0 

MEN   16  YEARS   A.ND   OVER. 

Rocky  Mountain  di- 
vision             

22,007 

21.0 

17.1 

25.7 

16.4 

7.4 

12  4 

Montana 

Idaho 

4,514 
1,460 
2,132 
11,811 
2,090 

13.2 
38.2 
13.5 
24.6 
14.0 

8.4 
39.1 

8.3 
21.6 

3.6 

15.7 
22.7 
35.6 
30.8 
10.3 

5.3 

15.6 

41.8 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

16.5 
23.0 
14.3 

26.1 

New  Mexico .... 

17.4 

40.4 

WOMEN  16  YEARS   AND  OVER. 

Rocky  Mountain  di- 
vision  

1,103 

40.7 

23.9 

33.9 

1.5 

Montana 

126 
61 

38 

869 

9 

'42.9 
98.4 

lOO.O 
33.2 

100.0 

14.2 
1.6 

42.9 

Idaho 

Colorado 

28.2 

36.8 

1.8 

CHILDREN  UNDER   16  YEARS. 

Rocky  Mountain  di- 
vision  

319 

58 

27 

0 

176 
53 

48.9 

14.7 

11.0 

6.0 

19.4 

Montana 

36.2 
85.2 
100.0 
55.1 
IS.  9 

3.5 
14.8 

17.2 

1.7 

41.4 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

22.7 

14.2 

8.0 
7.5 

New  Mexico  .... 

1.9 

71.7 

The  industry  in  Wyoming  employing  more  men  than 
any  other  was  steam  railroad  repair  shops.  The  aver- 
age earnings  were  $14.54,  a  little  lower  than  the  state 
average,  $15.93.  The  greatest  numbers  of  women 
and  children  were  returned  for  printing  and  publishing, 
newspapers  and  periodicals;  their  average  earnings 
were  $7.12  and  $4,  compared  with  the  general  average 
of  $7.18  and  $3.40  for  the  state.  The  industries  show- 
ing the  highest  averages  were — for  men,  lumber  and 


timber  products,  $21.48;  for  wouien,  bread  and  other 
bakery  products,  $10;  and  for  ciiildren,  printing  and 
publishing,  newspapers  and  periodicals,  84.  The  in- 
dustry' showing  the  lowest  averages  for  men  and 
wouien  was  butter,  $12.30  and  $5. .50,  respectively,  and 
for  children,  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  .$2. .50. 

Of  average  earnings  reported  for  Colorado,  those  of 
men  were  $14.78;  of  women,  $7.14;  of  children,  $5,84. 
The  industrj'  first  in  number  of  men  emploj-ed  was  beet 
sugar.  The  average  earnings  were  $16.22.  The 
greatest  number  of  women  was  returned  for  bread  and 
other  bakery  products,  and  their  earnings  a^■e^aged 
$6.59.  The  number  of  children  was  greatest  for  print- 
ing and  publishing,  book  and  job;  their  average  earn- 
ings were  $5.03.  The  inrhistries  showing  the  highest 
averages  were — for  men,  coppersmithing  and  sheet  iron 
working,  $20.07;  for  women,  Ijeet  sugar,  $14;  and  for 
children,  lumber  and  timber  products,  $12.  The  in- 
dustries showing  the  lowest  averages  were — for  men, 
carpets,  rag,  $7.43;  for  women,  flavoring  extracts,  $5; 
and  for  ciiildren,  food  preparations,  $2.67.  The  in- 
dustry second  in  rank,  acconUng  to  number  of  men, 
was  foundrj^  and  machine  shop  products.  The  in- 
dustr}'  ranking  second,  according  to  number  of  women, 
was  confectionery,  and  according  to  number  of  chil- 
dren, beet  sugar. 

The  earnings  of  men  in  New  Mexico  averaged  812.42 ; 
and  the  industry  that  emplo}-ed  them  in  greatest  num- 
ber was  lumber  and  timber  products,  for  which  41.4  per 
cent  of  tlie  number  returned  for  the  territory  was  re- 
ported. Their  average  earnings  were  S9.59.  The  in- 
dustry second  in  rank  was  steam  railroad  repair  shops, 
for  which  39. S  per  cent  of  all  the  men  was  returned. 
Women  were  reported  for  only  2  of  the  selected  indus- 
tries, namely,  bread  and  other  bakery  products  and 
printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and  periodicals; 
their  average  earnings  were  $4.33  and  $8.33,  respec- 
tively, compared  with  the  territorial  average  of  $6.22 
for  women  in  all  industries.  The  number  of  children 
returned  was  greatest  for  lumber  and  timber  products; 
their  earnings  averaged  $2.92,  an  amount  lower  than 
the  general  average  of  $3.49.  The  industries  showing 
the  highest  averages  were — for  men,  lumber,  planing 
mill  products,  including  sash,  doors,  and  blinds,  $16.71 ; 
for  women,  printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and 
periodicals,  $8.33;  and  for  children,  bread  and  other 
bakery  products,  $9.  Industries  showing  the  lowest 
average  earnings  were — for  men  and  children,  lumber 
and  timber  products,  with  averages  of  $9.60  and  $2.92, 
respectively,  and  for  women,  bread  and  other  bakery 
products,  with  an  average  of  $4.33. 

Ba»in  and  Plateau  division. — By  far  the  most  impor- 
tant industry'  of  this  division  according  to  value  of 
products,  as  returned  at  the  census  of  1905,  was  the 
smelting  and  refining  of  copper;  13  per  cent  in  value 
of  the  product  of  the  entire  country  was  manufactured 
here.     Considerable  lead  also  was  smelted. 


704 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  56. — Basin  and  Plateau  division — number  and  percent  of 
establishments  and  wage-earners  included  in  weekly  earnings,  by 
states  and  territories:  1905. 


ESTABLISHMENTS  AND  TTAGE- 
EAKNEBS. 


'  Basin  and 
Plateau 
division. 


Establishments,  total  number 

Reporting  no  wage-earners , 

Reporting  wage-earners 

Included  in  weekly  earnings . 

Per  cent 

"Wage-earners,  greatest  number 

Included  in  weekly  earnings 

Per  cent 


890 

61 

829 

515 

62.1 

19,035 

6,518 

34.2 


Arizona. 

TTtah. 

169 

606 

14 

37 

155 

569 

114 

313 

73.5 

55.0 

6,028 

11,876 

3,398 

2,466 

56.4 

20.8 

Nevada. 


lis 

10 

105 

88 

83.8 

1,131 

654 

57.8 


"While  only  one-third  of  the  greatest  number  of  wage- 
earners  employed  at  any  one  time,  in  all  establish- 
ments in  the  division,  has  been  included  in  these  sta- 
tistics, the  proportions  for  Arizona  and  Nevada  are 
much  over  one-half.     Utah  has  only  about  one-fifth. 

T.iBLE  57. — Basin  and  Plateau  division — number  and  per  cent  of 
wage-earners  at  each  amount  of  classified  earnings,  by  states  and 
territories:  1905. 


WEEKLY  EABNINGS. 

BASIN  .4ND 
PL.VTEAU 
DIVISION. 

ARIZONA. 

UTAH. 

NEVADA. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Total      wage-earners 
for  the  week 

6,518 

100.0 

3,398 

100.0 

2,466 

100.0 

654 

100.0 

LesstbanSS  

115 
122 
118 
235 
212 
106 
124 
445 
714 
1,214 
1,699 
940 
474 

1.8 
1.9 
1.8 
3.6 
3.2 
1.6 
1.9 
6.8 
11.0 
18.6 
26.1 
14.4 
7.3 

81 
31 
28 
37 
41 
44 
51 
149 
342 
633 
962 
670 
329 

2.4 
0.9 
0.8 
1.1 
1.2 
1.3 
1.5 
4.4 
10.1 
18.6 
28.3 
19.7 
9.7 

32 

88 

87 

193 

161 

54 

67 

286 

359 

447 

470 

147 

75 

1.3 
3.6 
3.5 
7.8 
6.5 
2.2 
2.7 
11.6 
14.6 
18.1 
19.1 
6.0 
3.0 

2 
3 
3 
5 

10 

8 

6 

10 

13 

134 

267 

123 

70 

0  3 

jato  t4 

0.5 

j4to  t5      

0  5 

$5  to  J6 

0.8 

J6  to  $7      

1  5 

$7  to  $8 

1.2 

$8  to   19         

0  9 

$9  to  JIO 

1.5 

tlO  to  tl2 

2.0 

$12  to  J15 

20.5 

$15  to  »20      

40.8 

$20  to  $25 

18.8 

$25  and  over 

10.7 

Earnings  for  the  speciHcd 
week: 
Total  

$95,912 

$54. 875 

$29,423 

$11,614 

.\verage  per  wage-earner 

$14 

.71 

$16 

.15 

$11 

.93 

$n 

.76 

Of  the  aggregate  number  of  wage-earners  included 
in  the  statistics  for  the  division,  the  greatest  number, 
or  52.1  per  cent,  is  shown  for  Arizona,  and  the  least, 
or  If)  per  cent,  for  Nevada. 

In  average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners  ami  of  men 
the  division  stood  second  in  all  the  country,  although 
the  numl)ers  wore  comparatively  small. 

Nevada  returned  the  highest  average  earnings  for 
all  wage-earners  and  Utah  the  lowest. 

This  division  ranks  .second  in  the  proportion  of  men 
auKjrig  its  wage-earners.  Arizona  was  first  in  this  re- 
spect, with  Nevada  nearly  equal.  Utah  presented  con- 
ditions much  like  tliose  of  the  Kastern  and  Southern 
states  in  [)ro|)()rtions  of  wf)men  and  diildrcn,  wliich 
were  higiier  tlian  for  any  of  the  Western  states  except- 
ing f'filifornia. 

'llw  industry  employing  tiic  largest  nimilicr  of  wagi'- 
earner.s  was  smelting  and  refining  of  cofjper,  followed 
by  steam  railroad  repair  .shops  iiiirl  luiiilicr  himI  timlicr 
prodncts. 


T.vBLE  58.  — Basin  and  Plateau  division—  per  cent  of  all  wage-earners, 
andofmen,  women,  arid  children,  in  establishments  according  to  size, 
by  states  and  territories:  1905. 

[Size  of  establishments  determined  by  the  average  number  of  wage-earners 
employed  during  the  year.] 


Number 
of  wage- 
earners. 

PER  CENT  IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

STATE   OR 
TERRITORY. 

Less 
than 

10 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

10  to  50 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

50  to 
150 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

150  to 

300 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

300  to 

500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

SCO 
wage- 
earn- 
ers 
and 
over. 

ALL  WAGE-EAKNERS. 

Basin  and  Plateau 

6,518 

26.5 

12.8 

15.6 

17.6 

18.1 

9  4 

.\rizona 

Utah     

3,398 

2,466 

654 

11.3 
42.8 
44.0 

4.4 

17.4 
39.2 

17.8 
12.1 
16.8 

26.1 
10.5 

22.3 
17.2 

18.1 

MEN  16  TEARS  AND   OVER. 

Basin  and  Plateau 

6,044 

25.0         12.6 

15.9 

16.7 

19.6 

10.2 

Arizona 

Utah       

3,355 

2,053 

636 

10.7 
42.7 
43.6 

4.0 
18.5 
39.1 

18.1 
12.0 
17.3 

26.3 
6.1 

22.6 
20.7 

18.3 

Nevada 

i              1 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND   OVER. 

Basin  and  Plateau 
division       

343 

38.2 

16.0 

14.0 

31. S 



30 

299 
14 

46.7 
36.8 
SO.O 

53.3 
10.7 
50.0 

Utah   

16.0 

36.5 

1 

1 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

Basin  and  Plateau 

131 

64.1 

13.8 

1.5 

20.6 

13 

114 

4 

84.6 
60.5 
100.0 

15.4 
21.9 

Utah 

15.8 

1.8 

Nearly  55  per  cent  of  all  the  wage-earners  were  re- 
turned for  factories  employing  an  annual  average  of 
less  than  150  wage-earners.  All  of  those  returned  for 
Ncvaila  and  more  tlian  70  per  cent  of  those  for  Utah 
were  in  tliis  cla.ss.  Arizona  had  GO. 5  per  cent  of  wage- 
earners  in  the  larger  establisiiments.  This  distribu- 
tion was  substantially  that  of  men  also,  but  all  the 
women  reportctl  for  Arizona  and  Nevada  were  in  e.s- 
tablisliments  having  less  than  50,  and  all  the  diildren 
in  Nevada,  in  establishments  having  less  than  10  wage- 
earners. 

No  .selected  industries  are  shown  in  Table  72 
for  any  state  or  territory  in  this  division.  In  indu.s- 
tries  reported  for  Arizona  average  earnings  of  men 
were  $10.27;  of  women,  $7.50;  of  children,  $4.77. 
Tli(^  inilustry  first  in  eiiiployiiicnt  of  men  was  smelting 
ami  refining,  (•oi)per;  the  average  earnings  were  $17.05. 
The  industry  ranking  second  in  men  was  steam  rail- 
road repair  shops.  The  greatest  number  of  women 
was  returned  foi'  printing  and  puhlishing,  newspa|)ers 
unci  |)enoili(jils,  w  il  li  II  Ncr'.'ige  earnings  of  $7. 5S.  Chil- 
dren were  employed  mo.st  numerously  in  ])rinting  and 
publishiin;,    iiewspajjcrs   and    perioilicals,    anil    in    to- 


EARNINGS  OF  WA(;i<:-EAKNER.S. 


705 


bacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  thoir  earnings  averaging 
14  and  $4.50.  Tiie  industries  siiowing  the  liigiiest 
averages  were — for  men,  jirintingand  puhlisliing,  news- 
papers and  peri(Kli(^ais,  $17.4.S;  for  wtimen,  bread  and 
other  balvciy  proihicts,  $1  l.dO;  and  for  children,  Uim- 
ber  and  timber  pnxUicts,  $'.).  Tho.se  showing  tlie  low- 
est averages  were — for  men,  mineral  and  soda  waters, 
$12.93;  for  women,  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  $5; 
and  for  children,  printing  and  i)ublisiung,  newspapers 
and  periodicals,  $4. 

The  average  earnings  of  men  in  Utah  were  $13.35, 
and  in  the  industry'  for  which  they  were  reported  in 
greatest  number,  steam  railroad  repair  shops,  their 
average  was  $15.17.  The  greatest  number  of  women 
was  returned  for  bread  and  other  bakery  products, 
with  average  earnings  of  $4.86;  whereas,  for  the  state 
as  a  whole,  women's  earnings  averaged  $5.34.  The 
number  of  cliildren  returned  was  greatest  for  brick 
and  tile,  ami  while  the  average  earnings  reported  for 
the  state  were  $3.75,  the  average  was  $5.50  in  this  in- 
dustry. The  industries  showing  the  highest  averages 
were — for  men,  marble  and  stone  work,  $18.93;  for 
women,  printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and  peri- 
odicals, $7.33;  and  for  children,  lumber  and  timber 
products,  $9.  Industries  showing  the  lowest  averages 
were — for  men,  mineral  and  soda  waters,  $10.28;  for 
women,  butter,  $2;  and  for  children,  pottery,  terra 
cotta,  and  fire  clay  protlucts,  $1. 

The  leading  industry  in  Nevada  in  the  number  of 
men  reported  was  steam  railroad  repair  shops,  11.8  per 
cent  of  the  total  number  of  men  included  for  the  state 
being  employed  in  it.  Their  average  earnings  were 
$21.63,  an  average  higher  even  than  the  high  average 
of  $18.05  for  the  state.  The  industiy  ranking  second 
was  printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and  period- 
icals, with  11.2  percent  of  the  total  number  of  men. 
The  greatest  number  of  women  was  returned  for  bread 
and  other  bakery  products;  their  average  earnings 
were  $8.44.  In  the  state  as  a  whole  women's  earnings 
averaged  $8.29.  The  number  of  children  was  greatest 
for  printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and  period- 
icals; their  earnings  averaged  $4.67,  and  assisted  in 
fixing  the  general  average  for  the  state  at  $4.50.  The 
industries  showing  the  higliest  averages  were — for  men, 
steam  railroad  repair  shops,  $21.63;  for  women,  bread 
and  other  bakery  proilucts,  $8.44;  and  for  children, 
printing  and  publisliing,  newspapers  and  periodicals, 
$4.67.  Those  showing  the  lowest  averages  were — for 
men,  mineral  and  soda  waters,  $15.81;  for  women, 
printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and  periocUcals, 
$8;  and  for  children,  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  $4. 

Pacific  division. — First  in  liquors,  vinous,  with  60.3 
per  cent  of  the  total  product  of  the  countrj^  at  the  cen- 
sus of  1905,  this  division  produced,  also,  31.1  per  cent 
in  value  of  all  the  fruits  anil  vegetables,  canned  and 
preserved;  nearly  25  per  cent  of  the  camied  and  pre- 
served fish;  more  than  18  per  cent  of  the  beet  sugar; 
and  13.8  per  cent  of  the  lumber  and  timber  products. 


One  state  in  the;  division  outranked  all  others  in  the 
United  States  in  the  production  of  lumhcr  ami  timber 
products. 

T.MiLE  .59. — Pacific  division — number  and  per  cent  of  establiihmenls 
andwage-eamersincludedinweehly  earnings,  by  slates:  1905. 


ESTABLISHMENTS  AND   WAGE- 
EARNERS. 

Pacine 
division. 

Wastaing- 
ton. 

Oregon. 

Cali- 
fornia. 

EstablfwhmcntH.  total  number 

Keportint'  no  wagoHjamers 

11,192 

1,111 

10,081 

6,601 

64.5 

244,742 

106,007 

43.3 

2,7.';i 

2'<4 

2,517 

l,r«l 

.52.9 

64,882 

20,734 

32.0 

1,802 

169 

1,4.« 

822 

57.4 

27,286 

10,249 

37.6 

6,839 

70S 

9,131 

4..-i48 

70.9 

Jneliiiiird  In  weekly  camlnga  .. 

Wage-eamers,  greatest  ntimher 

Included  In  weekly  earnings 

152,574 

75,024 

49.2 

The  pr()|)orli()ii  tliiit  the  wage-earners  included  in 
the  statistics  form  of  the  greatest  number  reported  at 
any  one  time  in  all  establishments  in  the  division  is  not 
quite  one-half. 

The  greatest  i)rop()rtion  of  establishments  employ- 
ing wage-earners  is  shown  for  California  and  the 
smallest  for  Washington.  Of  the  wage-earners  in  the 
division,  the  niimhcr  for  California  is  the  greatest,  70.8 
per  cent,  and  for  Oregon  the  least,  9.7  jier  cent. 

T.\BLE  60. — Pacific  division — number  and  per  cent  of  waye-carners  at 
each  amount  of  classified  earnings,  by  states:  190.5. 


PACIFIC 
DIVISION. 

WASHING- 
.      TON. 

OREGON. 

CALIFORNIA. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Total  wage-earn- 
ers for  the  week. 

106,007 

100.0 

20,734 

100.0 

10,249 

100.0 

75,024 

100.0 

Less  than  $3 

2.498 
2,107 
2,649 
3,129 
4,  .363 
4,346 
3,505 
6,582 
12.241 
24.278 
24,699 
11,823 
3,787 

2.4 
2.0 
2.5 
2.9 
4.1 
4.1 
3.3 
6.2 
11.5 
22.9 
23.3 
11.2 
3.6 

346 

302 

327 

352 

489 

460 

794 

1,118 

2,469 

5,725 

5,348 

2.305 

1.7 

it 

1.7 
2.4 
2.2 
3.8 
5.4 
11,9 
27.6 
25.8 
11.1 

218 

145 

173 

296 

459 

391 

337 

890 

1,567 

2,705 

1,915 

860 

293 

2.1 
1.4 
1.7 
2.9 
4.5 
3.8 
3.3 

a7 

15.3 
26.4 
18.7 

a4 

2.8 

1,934 
1,660 
2.149 
1  2.481 
3.415 
3,495 
2,374 
4,  .574 
8.205 
15,848 
17,436 
8,658 
2,795 

2.6 

83  to   S4 

22 

$4  to   85           

2.9 

.3.3 

S6  to    St7                     .... 

4.6 

87  to    SS 

4.7 

88  to   $9                  .... 

3.2 

8n  to  SIO 

6.1 

SIO  to  812 

10.9 

21.1 

S15toS20 

820  to  525.               

23.2 
11.  S 

699  1     3. 4 

3.7 

Earnings  for  the  speci- 
fied week: 
Total       

•    tl,40s,'.is7 
$13.29 

?_"^7,()20 

813. 84 

$128,972 

$12..Vi 

$992,995 

Average  per  wage- 
earner 

813. 24 

In  average  weekly  earnings  of  all  wage-earners,  and 
of  men,  this  division  is  higher  than  any  of  the  other 
divisions  except  two;  in  average  earnings  of  women 
and  children  there  is  but  one  greater. 

Highest  average  earnings  for  all  wage-earners  were 
reported  from  Washington:  for  men  and  women,  from 
California;  for  chiklren,  from  Oregon. 

Of  the  wage-earners  in  the  division,  nearly  seven- 
eighths  were  men.  The  proportion  was  greatest  in 
Washington  ami  least  in  California. 

The  largest  number  of  wage-earners  in  the  di\ision 
was  returned  for  lumber  and  timber  products  and  the 
next  largest  for  canning  and  preserving,  fruits  and 
vegetables.  The  numbers  reported  for  steam  rail- 
road repair  shops  and  for  foundr\'  and  machine  shops 


ro6 


MANUFACTURES. 


were  also  large.  Other  important  industries  that  had  a 
less  effect,  according  to  the  number  of  wage-earners, 
were  lumber,  planing  mill  products,  including  sash, 
doors,  and  blinds,  and  the  two  printing  and  publishing 
industries,  book  and  job  and  newspapers  and  peri- 
odicals. 

T.^BLE  61. — Pacific  division — per  cent  of  all  ivage-earners,  and  of 
men,  women,  and  children,  in  establishments  according  to  size,  by 
states:  1905. 

[Size  of  establishments  determined  by  the  average  number  of  wage-earners 
employed  during  the  year.] 


Number 
of  wage- 
earners. 

PER  CENT    IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

STATE. 

Less 
than 

10 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

10  to 

50 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

50  to 
150 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

150  to 

300 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

300  to 

500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

500 
wage- 
earn- 
ers and 
over. 

ALL   WAGE-EARNERS. 

Pacific  division 

106,007 

21.8        22.6         22.6 

ia3 

5.0 

14.7 

Washington 

20,734 
10,249 
75,024 

23.9 
26.0 
20.6 

25.2 
24  4 
21.7 

22.1 
21.1 
22.9 

15.0 
16.6 
12.4 

2.1 
6.6 
5.6 

11.7 
5.3 
16.8 

California 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

Pacific  division 

90.990 

22.7 

22.1 

20.5 

12.4 

5.2 

17.1 

Washington 

Oregon 

19,952  ! 
9,272  ' 
61,766 

23.1 
26.5 
22.0 

25.4 
23.5 
20.9 

21.7         15.5 
20.  7         16.  3 
20. 1         10.  7 

2.1 
7.3 
5.9 

1^2 
5  7 

California 

20.4 

•WOMEN  16   YEARS  AND   OVER. 

Pacific  division 

13,361 

15.2 

2.5.9      35.7      lag 

4.2 

0.1 

Washington 

70S 

844 

11,809 

42.4 
19.8 
13.2 

22.  9  1       30.  8 
33.  8  1       23.  9 
25.6         36.9 

3.9 
22.5 
19.5 

Oregon 

California 

4.7 

0.1 

CHILDREN  T7NDE1  16  YEARS. 

Pacific  division 

1.656 

21.9 

24.0 

31.3 

20.7 

0.3 

1.8 

Washington 

1^ 
1,449 

50.0         10.8 
30.  1          29.  3 

28.  4         10.  8 

Oregon 

29.3 
31.6 

11.3 

California 

19.7 

24.2 

23.1 

0.4 

1.0 

About  two-thirds  of  the  wage-earners  included  in 
this  division  were  employed  in  factories  reporting  fewer 
than  1.50  wage-earners  annually.  Tf  California  had  not 
contributed  nearly  35  per  cent  to  the  niinibir  of  wage- 
earners  employed  in  factories  having  over  l.'SO,  the 
division  would  have  presented  a  showing  even  more 
favorable  for  the  smaller  establishments. 

Oregon  was  first  in  tiie  proportion  of  wage-earners  in 
lite  verv  smallest  establishments,  Washintrtcm  was  sec- 
Olid,  Mild  California  last.  More  men  were  employed  in 
the  smullest  estalilisliinents  of  Oregon  than  in  tlio.se  of 
any  other  of  the  stales  of  tlu^  division,  and  more  women 
in  the  .smallest  e.stablishments  of  Washington. 

Only  Culifornia  is  presented  by  .selected  industries  in 
Table  7'_'.  In  Washington  the  average  earnings  of  men 
wereSH.l.S;  of  women,  SO.fin;  of  children,  .S4.2fi.  The 
industry  first  in  rank  in  employment  of  men  was  lumber 
and  timber  prodncis,  for  whieli .-)(). 4  percent  of  the  total 
for  the  state  was  returned.  The  average  earnings  were 
81.3.0.').     The  greatest  numbers  of  woincn  niid  cliililnii 


were  returned  for  confectionery,  in  wliich  their  earnings 
averaged  So. 86  and  $3.06.  Industries  showing  the 
liighest  averages  were — for  men,  monuments  and  tomb- 
stones, $21.02;  for  women,  flour  and  grist  mill  prod- 
ucts, jewelrv,  and  optical  goods,  .$10 ;  and  for  children, 
boxes,  wooden  packing,  $9.  Those  showing  the  lowest 
averages  were — for  men,  carpets,  rag,  and  optical  goods, 
$10;  for  women,  trunks  and  valises,  $4;  and  for  chil- 
dren, printing  and  puldishing,  newspapers  ami  period- 
icals, .$2,50. 

The  leading  industry  in  Oregon,  according  to  number 
of  wage-earners,  was  lumber  and  t  imber  products.  The 
average  earnings  of  men  in  this  industry  were  $12.33; 
in  the  state  they  were  .S13.21.  The  greatest  number 
of  women  was  returned  for  clothing,  men's,  in  which 
their  compensation  averaged  $8.30;  for  the  state  the 
average  was  $7.02.  The  number  of  children  returned 
was  greatest  for  canning  and  preserving,  fruits  and 
vegetables,  in  which  their  earnings  averaged  $2.49, 
the  average  for  the  state  being  $4.54.  The  industries 
showing  the  highest  averages  were — for  men,  monu- 
ments and  tombstones,  $21.72;  for  women,  clothing, 
men's,  $8.30;  and  for  children,  lumber  and  timber 
products,  $7.20.  The  industry  showing  the  lowest 
average  for  men,  women,  and  children,  was  canning 
and  preserving,  fruits  and  vegetables,  with  earnings 
averaging  $9.83,  $3.59,  and  $2.49,  respectively,  for 
these  classes  of  wage-earners. 

The  11  industries  selected  as  leading  manufactures 
in  California  employed  57.2  per  cent  of  the  numlier  of 
wage-earners  for  the  week  included  in  the  showing  for 
weekly  earnings.  Of  the  greatest  number  in  all  estab- 
lishments in  the  state,  they  include  a  little  less  than 
one-half.  One  industry  is  represented  by  nearly 
three-fourths  of  ail  the  wage-earners  in  that  industry 
in  the  state;  for  2  industries  more  than  two-thirds  are 
shown;  and  for  3,  more  than  one-half.  Except  1, 
which  is  a  little  below,  all  the  other  selected  industries 
embrace  many  more  than  one-third  of  the  wage- 
earners  reported  for  the  state  in  each  industry. 
Among  the  selected  industries  for  California,  the  one 
showing  the  highest  average  earnings  for  men,  $17.16, 
was  printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and  period- 
icals. This  was  much  higher  than  the  average  for  the 
state,  $14.59,  or  for  the  selected  industries,  $14.64. 
Six  of  till'  other  selected  industries  also  reported 
greater  average  earnings  than  the  general  average. 
The  lowest  average  for  men  was  $10.50,  reported  for 
liquors,  vinous.  The  industry  for  which  the  largest 
number  of  men  was  re])orted  was  steam  railroad 
re])air  ,slio])s,  iind  ilic  earnings  averaged  $15,49.  The 
iie.xl  hiigesi  iiiiinber  was  reported  for  lumber  and 
timber  i)ro(iucts,  the  earnings  averaging  $15.09. 
The  average  earnings  of  women  were  $7.24  in  the 
state  and  $7, 12  for  the  selected  industries,  lh(>  industry 
showing  the  higiiesi,  $10.58,  being  lumber  and  timber 
products,  and  that  showing  the  lowest,  $6.27,  tobacco, 
cigars  and  cignredes.      More  wunicn  were  reported  for 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


707 


canning  and  preserving,  fruKs  and  vegetables,  tiian 
for  any  other  industry,  and  (heir  compensation  on  the 
average  was  I57..3.'i.  As  their  niiinher  was  more  than 
50  per  cent  of  the  total  number  reported  for  the  state,- 
the  effect  of  their  earnings  on  Ihc  general  average  for 
the  state  was  most  maiked.  Tiu'  highest  average, 
$10.58,  was  reported  for  hunber  iiiid  timber  products; 
the  lowest,  $0,  for  jjlaning  mills.  It  was  in  canning 
antl  preserving,  fruits  and  vegetables,  that  children 
also  were  employed  in  largest  numbers,  their  earnings 
averaging  $3.59,  an  amount  somewhat  lower  than  the 
general  average  of  .$.3.95  for  the  selected  industries 
and  $4.12  for  the  state.  The  highest  average,  $6.70, 
was  paid  in  the  manufacture  of  bread  and  other  bakery 
products,  and  the  lowest,  $3.59,  in  the  canning  and 
preserving  of  fruits  and  vegetables. 

Alaska. — Of  the  outlying  districts,  Alaska  is  the 
only  territory  for  which  statistics  are  included. 
Of  the  total  number  of  establishments  emploj'ing 
wage-earners,  24,  or  nearly  one-third,  and  of  the  wage- 
earners,  1,534,  or  considerably  more  than  one-third, 
are  included  in  these  statistics. 

The  average  earnings  of  all  wage-earners  were  .$13.83 ; 
for  men,  $14.25;  for  women,  $9.07;  and  for  children, 
$3.62.  For  women,  average  earnings  were  greater 
than  for  any  other  state  or  territory  in  the  country. 

Nearly  all,  94.1  per  cent,  of  the  wage-earners  were 
men.  The  proportion  of  women  was  3.7  per  cent 
and  of  children  2.2  per  cent.  Practically  the  only 
industry  shown  was  that  of  canning  and  preserving, 
fish;  engaged  in  this  were  97.3  per  cent  of  the  men  and 


practically  all  the  women  and  chililren.  Average 
earnings  were  $14  for  men,  $8.30  for  women,  and  •S3. 04 
for  children:  The  fact  that  these  averages  were  l<jwer, 
except  for  ciiildicii,  iIkiii  the  averages  for  the  territory 
shows  the  effect  of  tiie  men  and  women  employed  in 
"all  other  industries,''  having  less  tlwin  3  establish- 
ments. The  average  earnings  of  men  in  these  were 
$23.1 5  and  of  women  $30.  The  returnscan  not  l)e  .shown 
without  di.sclosing  individual  oj)erations,  but  it  can  be 
stated  that  the  industry  for  which  the  highest  average 
earnings  were  reported  })oth  for  men  and  women  was 
that  of  bread  and  other  bakery  products.  In  no  other 
f)f  these  "all  other  industries"  were  women  employed. 
Tile  lowest  average  for  men  was  earned  in  the  i)rinting 
and  publishing  of  newspapers  and  periodicals. 

The  largest  factories  in  the  territory  for  which  wage- 
earners  were  reported  were  such  as  emploj-ed  an  an- 
nual average  of  from  50  to  150  wage-earners.  In 
these  establishments  1,039  wage-earners,  or  67.7  per 
cent  of  the  total  number,  were  emploj'ed;  while  in  fac- 
tories having  from  10  to  50  wage-earners  there  were 
442,  or  28.8  per  cent,  and  in  those  employing  less  than 
10  wage-earners  there  were  53,  or  3.5  per  cent.  Of  the 
men,  952,  or  65.9  jier  cent,  were  in  the  largest  establish- 
ments reported  for  Alaska;  442,  or  30.6  j)er  cent,  in 
those  of  the  next  largest  size;  and  50,  or  3.5  per  cent, 
in  those  employing  less  than  10  wage-earners.  Of  the 
women,  54,  or  96.4  per  cent,  and  of  the  ciiildren,  33,  or 
97.1  per  cent,  were  in  establishments  employing  from 
50  to  150  wage-earners  annualh',  and  of  the  women, 
2,  or  3.6  per  cent,  and  of  the  children,  1,  or  2.9  per  cent, 
in  those  Jiaving  less  than  10  wage-earners. 


LARGE  AND  SMALL  ESTABLISHMENTS. 


Any  investigation  of  earnings  naturally  gives  rise 
to  a  question  as  to  the  relation  between  the  size  of 
establishments  anil  the  earnings  of  their  employees. 
In  order  to  show  this  relation,  the  number  of  wage- 
earners  included   in   these   statistics  for   the   United 

Table  62.— UNITED  STATES— NUMBER  OF  WAGE-EARNERS- 
EARNINGS,   CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO  SIZE  OF  EST. 


States,  with  their  earnings  for  a  specified  week,  have 
been  tabulated  in  one  of  six  groups,  according  to  the 
size  of  the  establishment  as  measured  by  the  average 
number  of  wage-earners  emploved  during  the  j'ear. 
Table  62  shows  the  result  of  this  tabulation. 

-MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN— AND  AMOUNT  OF  THEIR 
ABLISHMENT.   WITH  PER  CENT   DISTRIBUTION:  1905. 


SIZE  OF  ESTABLISHMENT. 


All  establishments. . 

Less  than  10  wage-earners. 

10  to  ."JO  wage-earners 

50  to  l.'>0  wage-earners 

150  to  300  wage-earners 

300  to  :>00  wa  ge-ea  rners 

500  wage-earners  and  over. 

Less  than  10  wage-earners. 

10  to  50  wage-earners 

80  to  150  wage-earners 

150  to  300  wage-earners 

300  to  500  wage-earners 

500  wage-earners  and  over 


Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


123, 703 


97,1)0 

17,055 

5,945 

2,009 

787 

757 


WAGE-EARNERS  AND  EAENINSS. 


Total. 


Number. 


78.5 
13.8 
4,8 
1.6 
0.7 
0.6 


3,297,819 


Earnings. 


$33, 185, 791 


388,883 
520,061 
625,395  [ 
497.060 
353,689 
912, 731 


3,821,341 
5, 224. 548 
6.312,824 
4,892.576 
3,571.339 
9,363,163 


Men  16  years  and 
over. 


Number.     Earnings. 


Women  16  years  and      Children  under  16 
over.  years. 


Number.   Earnings.    Number. 


Earnings. 


339,  41.17 
423. 137 
4'«,  9.52 
379.  765 
274, 156 
713.576  , 


3,566,269 
4, 682. 506 
.5.  ,528. 338 
4.227.510 
3,097.155 
8,138,509 


41,428 
87,332 

120.967 
99.273 
68,681 

170,918 


228,749 
510,854 
732,753 
604.867 
436,767 
1,119,491 


7,988  ' 
9,592 
IS.  476 
18.022 
10,852  I 
28,237 


PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION. 


11.8 
15.8 
18.9 
15.1 
10.7 
27.7 


11.5 
15.8 
19.0 
14.7 
10.8 
28.2 


13.0 
16.1 
18.7 
14.  S 
10.  S 
27.2 


12.2 

7.0 

16.0 

14.8 

18.9 

20.6 

14.5 

16.9 

10.6 

11.7 

27.8 

29.0 

2,619.0,53  $29,240,287   588,599  :  $3,633,481    90,167  {    $312,023 


26,323 
31,188 
51,733 
60,199 
37.417 
105,163 


6.3 

8.9 

14.1 

10.6 

20.2 

17.2    : 

16.6 

20.0 

12.0 

12.0 

30.8 

31.3 

8.4 
10.0 
16.6 
19.3 
12.0 
33.7 


708 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  most  interesting  and  significant  fact  deducible 
from  Table  62  is  that  the  per  cent  distribution  of  earn- 
ings among  the  six  groups  corresponds  closely  with  the 
per  cent  distribution  of  wage-earners — men,  women, 
and  children.  There  is  little  doubt,  however,  that 
study  of  specific  industries  would  reveal  many  varia- 
tions, which  offset  one  another  in  the  aggregate. 

The  average  weekly  earnings  of  the  men,  women, 
and  children  employed  in  each  group  of  establish- 
ments are  shown  in  Table  63. 

Table  63. —  United  States — average  u'eekly  earnings  of  all  wage- 
earners,  and  of  men,  women,  and  children,  in  large  and  small  estah- 
lishments:  1903. 


SIZE  OF   ESTABLISHMEST. 


All  establishments . . 

Less  than  10  wage-earners 

10  to  .50  wage-earners 

50  to  150  wage-earners. . . . 
130  to  300  wage-earners. . . 
300  to  500  wage-earners... 
500  wage.*amers  and  over 


AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS  OF— 


All 
wage- 


$10.06 


9.83 
10.05 
10.09 

9.84 
10.10 
ia24 


Men  IG  Women 

years  16  years 
and  and 

over.         over. 


til.  16 


10.51 
11.07 
11.31 
11.13 
11.30 
11.41 


$6.17 


5.52 
5.85 
606 
609 
636 
6.55 


Children 

under  16 

years. 


sa46 


a30 

125 

a  34 

3  34 
3  45 

3  72 


As  the  averages  in  this  table  are  based  on  the  statis- 
tics of  wage-earners  engaged  in  various  industries,  and 
in  all  sections  of  the  country,  the  figures  can  be  accepted 
only  as  reflecting  general  conditions.  Character  of  the 
industry  or  occupation,  skill,  efficiency,  cost  of  living, 
and  social  and  economic  conditions  are  factors  all  of 
which  have  weight  in  affecting  wages,  regardless  of  the 
size  of  the  establishment ;  industrial  combinations  and 
trades  unions  also  exert  an  influence.  The  statistics 
indicate  that  the  various  factors  have  tended  to  ecjual- 
ize  the  average  earnings  in  establishments  of  different 
sizes,  but  it  should  not  be  inferred  that  the  condition 
indicated  by  the  total  for  all  establishments  prevailed 
in  every  industry  or  in  all  sections  of  the  country. 
The  slight  excess  of  the  average  earnings  in  the  large 
esta})li.shments  over  those  for  the  smaller  plants  may 
be  due.  to  a  relatively  more  complete  return  fi'om  large 
estaVjli.sliments  in  those  industries  in  which  the  earn- 
ings are  relatively  liigh. 

In  .some  states  the  lurgci-  cstnljlishnients  oiuijloyed 
a  relativeh'  higli  proportion  of  wage-earners  at  the 
lower  earnings,  so  that  the  av(>rage  weekly  earnings 
in  the  small  (establishments  were  in  excess  of  those  f(jr 
the  large  plants.  This  was  the  case  especially  in 
Rhode  Islanri,  for  wliicli  certain  averages  for  all  wage- 
earners  are  pre.H(;nted  in  Table  64. 

In 4  of  the  indu.stries  included  in  the  tabic  the  weekly 
earnings  were  highest  for  the  .siiiidl  iilants,  while  in  tlir 
other  4  they  were  highest  either  for  the  medium-sized 
or  ior  the  large  establishments.     For  all  industries  the 


average 
highest. 

Table  64.- 


earnings     for    the    small    plants    were    the 


-Rhode    Island — average    weekly    earnings  for    selected 
industries:  1905. 


AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS  IN  ESTABLISH- 
MENTS GROUPED  ACCORDING  TO  AVERAGE 
NUMBER  OF  WAGE-EARNERS  EMPLOYED  DUR- 
ING THE  YEAR. 


.KM  industries. 


Bread  and  other  bakery  prod- 
ucts   

Cotton  goods 

Dyeing  and  finishing  textiles  .  . . 

Eieotrical  machinery,  apparatus, 
and  supplies 

Foundry  and  machine  shop  prod- 
ucts   

Jewelry 

Woolen  goods 

Worsted  goods 


.\II  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


$9.19 


11.21 
7.19 

8,41 

7,11 

11.81 
10.62 
9.09 
8.48 


Less  than 
50  wage- 
earners. 


$10. 34 


11.07 
6.67 
9.90 

9,03 

12,24 
10.30 
9.15 
8.33 


50  to  300 
wage- 
earners. 


$9.34 


12,50 
7,27 
7,85 

8,28 

11,31 
10,05 
8,75 
9.62 


3001 
earners 
and  over. 


$8,80 


7,19 
8,82 

6,35 

12,02 
11,66 
9.48 
8.19 


Table  65  gives  the  number  and  percentage  of  men, 
women,  and  children  employed  in  the  United  States 
in  each  class  of  selected  establishments,  by  size,  classi- 
fied by  weekly  earnings. 

The  per  cent  distribution  shows  that  in  the  case  of 
men  the  size  of  the  establishment  had  but  little  effect 
upon  earnings.  For  each  class  more  than  30  per  cent 
of  the  men  received  between  $10  and  .¥15  per  week, 
the  group  receiving  from  $10  to  $12  leading  in  estab- 
lishments employing  500  wage-earners  and  over,  and 
the  group  receiving  from  .S12  to  $15,  in  each  of  the 
other  classes,  the  superiority  of  this  group  of  earnings 
increasing  as  the  size  of  the  establishment  decreased 
except  in  the  class  having  150  to  300  wage-earners. 

For  each  class  the  greatest  percentage  of  women  is 
found  in  one  of  the  three  groups  of  earnings  between 
$4  and  $7.  For  establishments  employing  less  than  10 
wage-earners  the  projiortion  receiving  from  $6  to  $7 
was  somewliat  greater  than  that  receiving  from  $4  to 
$5.  With  the  exce])tion  of  this  class  the  pro])ortion 
of  women  in  the  higher  groups  of  earnings  increases  as 
a  rule  with  the  increase  in  the  size  of  establishments. 
The  pro])ortion  receiving  from  $4  to  $5  was  greatest 
for  establishments  emi)loying  between  10  and  50  wage- 
earners;  that  receiving  from  $5  to  $6  was  greatest 
for  establishments  emi)loying  from  150  to  300  wage- 
earners  and  500  wage-earners  and  over;  and  that  re- 
ceiving from  $6  to  $7  was  greatest  for  establishments 
employing  500  wage-earners  and  over. 

For  each  class  of  establishments  the  jjrojjortion  of 
(children  in  the  low  grou])s  of  earnings  is  so  great  that  it 
is  didicult  to  make  cuiiiparisons.  In  each  class  over 
four-liftlis  of  the  children  received  less  than  $5.  Jn 
establisluni'iils  eni|>loying  500  wage-earners  and  over 
llii-  greiilest  pniiKiilion  received  from  $3  to  $4;  for 
eiicli  class  ciiipld)  iiig  less  tliim  500  wage-earners  the 
greatest  jiropiiiliiiii  ircriNcd  je.s.s  than  $3. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


709 


Tahi.k   05.— united  STATES— NUMIiKR  AND   TER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,  WOMEN,  AND 
CHILDREN— BY  CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS  AND  SIZE  OF  ESTABLISHMENT;    J905. 

[Sizo  of  08tabll8hment  determined  l)y  the  average  number  of  wage-earners  employed  during  the  ycar.J 


NUUBEK  or  WAGE-EARNERS  IN  EACH 
LISHMENTS. 

CLASS  or  ESTAO- 

PER  CENT  DISTRIBOnoN. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Loss  than 
10  wage- 
earners. 

10  to  .50 
wage- 
earners. 

,50  to  150 
wage- 
earners. 

1.50  to  300 
wage- 
earners. 

300  to  .500 

wage- 
eamcra 

.500  wage- 
earners 
and  over. 

Less  than    10  to  50 
10  wage-      wage- 
earners,  i  earners. 

1 

50  to  1.50 
wage- 
camera. 

150  to  300 

wagc- 

eamers. 

300  to  SCO 

wago- 

eamcrs. 

SOOwage- 
eamers 
and  over. 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

Total 

339,467 

423, 137 

488,952       379,765 

274, 156 

713,  .576 

100.0           100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Less  than  S3       

5,283 
8,657 
13,460 
13,968 
29,001 
27,543 
19,327 
47, 1.52 
48,331 
63,157 
50,513 
10, 332 
2,753 

$3,506,269 
$10.51 

10,852 
11,020 
15, 737 
18,992 
27, 535 
31,029 
26,998 
.54,634 
.59,023 
73, 462 
67,197 
19, 148 
7,510 

$4,682,506 
$11.07 

12,061 
11,746 
17,344 
18,494 
28,750 
34,779 
37,917 
63,976 
73, 529 
82,905 
73,583 
22,418 
11,450 

$5,528,338 
$11.31 

9,029 
8,871 
13,672 
15,742 
23,861 
29,665 
33,994 
48,033 
59,232 
61,128 
52, 780 
14,962 
8,790 

$4,227,510 
$11. 13 

5,  .572 
5,294 
8,, 561 
10,732 
15,  .320 
20.392 
23,983 
37, 775 
44, 325 
47,4.52 
38,2.52 
10. 476 
6,022 

$3,097,1.55 
$11.30 

13,  .549 
12,009 
18,975 
25,501 
37,473 
53, 573 
65,735 
92,242 
125,043 
122, 464 
103,316 
28,710 
14,986 

$8,138,509 
$11.41 

1.6 
2.6 
4.0 
4.1 
8.5 
8.1 
.5.7 
13.9 
14.2 
18.6 
14.9 
3.0 
0.8 

2.0 

2.0 

3.7 

4.5 

6.5 

7.3 

6.4 

12.9 

13.9 

17.4 

1.5.9 

4.5 

1.8 

2.5 
2.4 
3.5 
3.8 
5.9 
7.1 
7.8 
13.1 
1.5.0 
17.0 
1.5.0 
4.6 
2.3 

2.4 
2.3 
3.6 
4.1 
6.3 
7.8 
9.0 
12.7 
15.6 
16.1 
13.9 
3.9 
2.3 

2.0 
1.9 
3.1 
3.9 
.5.6 
7.4 
8.8 
13.  S 
16.2 
17.3 
14.0 
3.8 
2.2 

1.9 

$3  to    §4                    .                      

1.7 

$4  to  a.'}         

2.7 

$5  to    $6 

3.6 

56  to    S7            

5.2 

$7  to   S-S 

7.5 

S8  to    $9                    

9.2 

$9  to  $10 

12.9 

$10  to  $12                    

17.5 

$12  to  $15 

17.2 

$15  to  $20                    

14.5 

$20  to  $25    

4.0 

2.1 

Earnings  for  the  specified  weelc: 
Total 

Average  per  wage-earner 

WOMEN   16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

41,428 

87,332 

120,967 

99,273 

68,681  {     170,918 

100.0  ;■        100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

3,498 
6,243 
7,189 
7,015 
7,240 
3,783 
2,392 
1,524 
1,525 
751 
268 

$228,749 
$5.  .52 

8,173 
11,237 
14,356 
14,114 
13,818 
8,822 
5,996 
4,013 
3,826 
2,094 
883 

$510,854 
$5.85 

10, 479 
14,727 
19, 447 
18,700 
18,9.57 
13,208 
8,526 
6,286 
6,046 
3,041 
1,550 

$732,7.53 
$6.06 

7,937 
11,488 
15,466 
16,591 
16,098 
10,902 
7,122 
5, 180 
4,788 
2,642 
1,059 

$604,867 
$6.09 

4.648 
7,734 
10,231 
10,659 
11,025 
7,578 
5,525 
4,328 
3,848 
2,197 
908 

$436, 767 
$6.36 

9.123 
12,741 
21,968 
28,595 
30, 173 
23,899 
17,009 
12,719 
9,600 
3,569 
922 

$1,119,491 
$6.  .55 

8.4  1           9.3 
15.1  1          12.9 
17.4  !           16.4 

8.7 
12.2 
16.1 
15.4 
15.7 
10.9 
7.0 
5.2 
5.0 
2.5 
1.3 

8.0 
11.6 
15.6 
16.7 
16.2 
11. r 
7.2 
5.2 
4.8 
2.6 
1.1 

6.8 
11.3 
14.9 
15.5 
16.1 
11.0 
8.0 
6.3 
.5.0 
3.2 
1.3 

5.3 

$3  to    $4 

7.5 

84  to   S5                   

12.9 

$5  to    $6 

16.9 
17.5 
9.1 
5.8 
3.7 
3.7 
1.8 
0.6 

16.2 
15.8 
10.1 
6.9 
4.6 
4.4 
2.4 
1.0 

16.7 

$6  to    $7                    .           

17.7 

$7  to    $8    

14.0 

$8  to    $9                                    

10.3 

$9  to  $10   

7.4 

$10  to  S12                                           ... 

.5.6 

$12to$15            

2.1 

0.5 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 



. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

Total 

7,988 

9,592 

15,476 

18,022 

10,852 

28,237 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

3,009 
2,457 
1,311 
596 
401 
109 
105 

$26,323 
$3.30 

3,739 

3,079 

1,721 

572 

311 

96 

74 

$31,188 
$3.2,5 

6,239 

4,673 

2,666 

1,060 

543 

162 

133 

$51,733 
$3.34 

6,858 

6.165 

3,183 

1,141 

514 

100 

61 

$60,199 
$3.34 

4,018 
3,449 
1.976 
776 
442 
110 
81 

7.997 
8.813 
7.048 
2.915 
1,069 
262 
133 

37.7 
30.7 
16.4 
7.5 
5.0 
1.4 
1.3 

39.0 
32.1 
17.9 
6.0 
3.2 
1.0 
0.8 

40.3 
30.2 
17.2 
6.9 
3.5 
1.0 
0.9 

38.0 
34.2 
17.7 
&3 
2.9 
0.6 
0.3 

37.0 
31.8 
18.2 
7.2 
4.1 
1.0 
0.7 

28.3 

$3  to  S4              

31.2 

25.0 

10.3 

3.8 

$7  to  $8              

0.9 

as 

Total 

$37,417     $105,163 
$3.  45           $3.  72 

1 

Unfortunately  the  statistics  collected  for  this  report 
are  not  sufficiently  detailed  to  permit  of  a  presentation 
by  occupations — which  would  afl'ord  a  basis  for  conclu- 
sions concerning  conditions  governing  the  same  occu- 
pation in  establishments  of  different  sizes. 

The  division  of  occupations  and  processes  which  is 
a  natural  result  of  the  development  of  large  manufac- 
turing enterprises,  may  have  given  rise  to  the  belief 
that  there  is  a  tendency  to  employ  a  larger  proportion 
of  low-priced  labor  in  large  establishments  than  in 
small.  Such  a  conclusion  would  be  based  on  the 
theory  that  the  earnings  of  a  machine  hand  engaged 
in  one  of  the  various  processes,  which  in  a  large  shop 
are  contributory  to  the  finished  product,  are  less  than 


the  earnings  of  a  skilled  macliinist  performing  in  a 
small  shop  all  the  various  operations  necessary-  to 
the  same  product.  For  instance,  in  the  clothing 
industry'  the  work  of  the  large  establishments  is 
divided  into  a  number  of  occupatipns,  such  as  those 
of  shrinkers,  cutters,  pocket  cutters,  trimmers,  button- 
hole makers,  sleevemakers,  collarmakers.  etc. ;  and  it 
would  seem  that  employees  engaged  in  these  occupa- 
tions would  require  less  skill,  and  therefore  receive 
smaller  earnings,  than  the  employees  of  small  estab- 
lishments similarly  engaged,  who  must  possess  suffi- 
cient skill  to  perforin  many  or  all  of  these  operations. 
It  is  to  ])e  observed,  however,  that  although  there 
is  less  individualism  in  the  work  of  the  large  factories 


710 


MANUFACTURES. 


than  of  the  small,  the  nice  adjustment  of  the  different 
processes  required  to  produce  the  perfection  displayed 
in  some  of  the  large  modern  establishments  makes  it 
necessary  to  secure  a  liigli  degree  of  efficiency  in  each 
occupation.  In  the  large  establishment  skill  is  asso- 
ciated with  a  process,  while  in  the  small  shop  it  is 
associated  with  the  completed  article. 

That  there  is  an  increasing  supervisory  force 
required  in  large  establishments  is  indicated  by  the 
fact  that  the  number  of  salaried  officialsj  superin- 
tendents, etc.,  reported  at  the  census  of  1905,  showed 
an  increase  of  42.7  per  cent  over  the  number  returned 
at  the  census  of  1900,  while  there  was  an  increase  of 
only  16  per  cent  in  the  average  number  of  wage- 
earners  employed  during  the  year.  As  a  result,  the 
ratio  of  wage-earners  to  salaried  employees  decreased 
from  nearly  13  in  1900  to  10.5  in  1905.  It  is  possible 
that,  in  large  establishments  engaged  in  some  indus- 
tries, those  mechanics  who  are  most  proficient  and 
therefore  command  the  liighest  wages  are  gradually 
passing  into  the  supervisory  force,  and  thus  are 
included  by  the  census  in  the  group  of  salaried 
employees  instead  of  among  wage-earners.  But  even 
if  this  tendency  exists,  the  number  that  has  passed 
from  the  wage  to  the  salaried  class  can  hardly  be 
sufficient  to  affect  appreciably  the  large  totals  involved 
in  the  statistics  of  weekly  earnings. 


The  character  of  the  products  and  the  location  of 
the  factories  should  always  be  considered  in  connection 
\nth  a  classification  of  establishments  to  determine 
the  relative  earnings  of  employees.  This  is  especialh' 
true  of  the  classification  by  size  of  establishments. 
If,  for  example,  all  or  a  majoritj^  of  the  selected  estab- 
lishments employing  300  wage-earners  and  over,  which 
are  shown  for  any  of  the  5  industries  given  in  Table  66, 
were  located  in  states  where  the  prevailing  wages 
were  relatively  high,  and  the  •majority  of  the  other 
establishments  were  in  the  Southern  states,  where  the 
general  average  earnings  were  comparatively  low, 
the  statistics  would  necessarily  indicate  that  the 
largest  earnings  were  made  by  employees  in  the 
large  factories.  The  number  of  hours  per  day 
that  the  establishments  were  in  operation  should 
also  be  considered  in  this  connection.  Notwith- 
standing the  limitations  of  the  statistics,  how- 
ever, some  information  can  be  derived  from  a  stud}' 
of  the  proportion  of  the  wage-earners  (in  the  dif- 
ferent groups  of  earnings)  reported  for  establish- 
ments of  var\-ing  size  in  the  same  industry'.  The 
manufacture  of  cotton  goods;  furniture;  lumber 
and  timber  products;  printing  and  publishing,  book 
and  job;  and  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes, 
have  been  selected  to  illustrate  this  use  of  the 
statistics. 


Table  66.— FIVE  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES— NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  WAGE-EARNERS— MEN, 
WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN— IN  ESTABLISHMENTS  ACCORDING  TO  SIZE,  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS  AND 
CLASSIFIED  WEEKLV  EARNINGS;  1905. 

iOTXON  GOODS. 

[No  establisbments  were  reported  lor  the  Western  division.] 


NUMBER  OF  WAGE- 

EARNERS  IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISH- 
MENTS. 

PER   CENT  DISTRIUUTION. 

KARNINGS. 

Less  than 
10  wage- 
earners. 

10  to  50 
wage- 
earners. 

50  to  150 
wage- 
earners. 

160  to  300 
wage- 
earners. 

300  to  500 
wage- 
earners. 

500  wage- 
earners 
and  over. 

Less  than 
10  wage- 
earners. 

10  to  60 
wage- 
earners. 

50  to  150 
wage- 
earners. 

160  to, TO 
wage- 
earners. 

300  to  500 
wage- 
earners. 

600  wage- 
earners 
and  over. 

GEOOBAPIJIC  DIVISION. 

98 

1,547 

6,755 

13,820 

14,237 

58,568 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

North  Atlant ic 

71 
21 
6 

739 
585 
38 
185 

1,670 

2,448 

3,728 

181 

308 

6,236 

5,713 

7,046 

189 

872 

10,792 

8,084 

6,336 

76 

741 

11,535 

47,727 
8,826 

72.5 

21.4 

6.1 

47.8 

37.8 

2.4 

12.0 

100.0 

36.2 

55.2 

2.7 

6.9 

100.0 

41.3 

51.0 

1.4 

6.3 

100.0 

56.8 

37.5 

0.5 

5.2 

100.0 

81.5 

South  Atlantic     

15.1 

South  Central   

2,015 
52,722 

3.4 

82 

100.0 

100.0 

North  AtlKnt  ic 

74 
8 

972 
439 
48 
111 

618 

2,  aw 

2,645 
274 
261 

2,928 

4.888 

4.945 

308 

651 

6.746 

7.317 

3,294 

243 

681 

3,863 

45. 149 

5,939 

90.2 
9.8 

61.9 

28.0 

3.0 

100.0 

39.3 
50.5 
5.2 
5.0 

100.0 

45.3 
45.8 
2.9 
6.0 

100.0 

63.4 

28.0 

2.1 

6.9 

100.0 

86.6 

8onth  .Ml untie 

11.3 

North  ( 'cnt  ml   

1,634 
12,081 

■x\ 

Children  under  Ifl  years 

15 

100.0 

KHI.  II 

North  Atlantic 

2 
13 

121 
350 

330 

2,209 

20 

277 

915 

4,216 

33 

583 

1,281 

2,086 

26 

471 

6,185 
4,834 

13.3 
86.7 

19.6 
66.6 

11.3 
78.5 
0.7 
9.5 

16.9 
73.4 
0.6 
10.1 

33.2 
64.0 
0.6 
12.2 

61.2 

Bout h  A tinnllc 

40.0 

North  Central  . .   , 

Bout  h  Central 

i47 

1,062 

23.8 

S.3 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


711 


Table  GO.— FIVE  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES— NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OP  WAGE-EARNER.S— MEN, 
WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN- IN  ESTABLISHMENTS  ACCORDING  TO  SIZE,  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVLSIONS  AND 
CLASSIFIED   WEEKLY  EARNINGS:  1905— Continued. 

fOTTON  «;0<>DS!i— Continued. 


NUMBER  OF  -WAGE-EARNERS  IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLI8B- 
MENTS. 

;, 

EARNINGS. 

Less  than 
10  wagc- 
earnors. 

10  to  50 
wage- 
earners. 

50  to  150 
wage- 
earners. 

150  to  .300 
wage- 
earners. 

300  to  500 
wage- 
earners. 

500  wage- 
earners 
and  over. 

Less  than 
10  wage- 
earners. 

10  to  50 

wage- 

camers. 

wagc- 
camcrs. 

1.50  to  300 
wage- 

earn«fr.s. 

3(joto.y)0 

wage- 

eariMTH. 

500  wage- 
earners 
and  over. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

98 

1,547 

6,755 

13,820 

14,237 

58,568 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

4 
6 
2 

10 
2 
6 

12 
6 

22 

24 
4 

115 
106 
208 
170 
222 
127 
127 
116 
115 
156 
74 
10 
1 

$11,515 
$7.44 

1,570 

428 

753 

1,259 

781 

995 

628 

427 

456 

401 

311 

253 

44 

19 

$45,502 
$6.74 

5,236 

934 

1,173 

2,103 

1,879 

2,193 

1,463 

951 

909 

959 

767 

372 

78 

39. 

$94,947 
S6.87 

10,792 

780 

1,061 

1,792 

1,653 

2,198 

1,584 

1,353 

1,205 

1.186 

968 

335 

92 

30 

$102,546 
$7.20 

11,535 

1,666 
2,019 
4,430 
6.347 
8,622 
9,025 
6,322 
5,752 
6,864 
4,765 
1,829 
649 
278 

$476,896 
$8.14 

52,722 

4.1 
6.1 
2.0 

10.2 
2.0 
6.1 

12.3 
6.1 

22.5 

24.5 
4.1 

•7.4 
6.9 
13.4 
11.0 
14.4 
8.2 
8.2 
7.5 
7.4 
10.1 
4.8 
0.6 
0.1 

6.3 

11.2 

18.6 

11.6 

14.7 

9.3 

6.3 

6.8 

5.9 

4.6 

3.7 

0.7 

0.3 

6.7 
8.5 
15.2 
13.6 
15.9 
10.6 
8.9 
6.8 
6.9 
5.5 
2.7 
0.6 
0.3 

5.5 
7.5 
12.6 
11.6 
15.4 
11.1 
9.5 
8.S 
8.3 
6.8 
2.4 

a8 

0.2 

2.9 

53  to    $4                       

3.S 

7.6 

$5  to    8(i                 

10.  S 

14.7 

15.4 

$8  to    80   

10.8 

SO  to  SI  0                      

9.8 

tl0toS12     

11.7 

$12  to  815 

ai 

$15  to  S20       

3.1 

1.1 

as 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 
Total 

$899 
$9.17 

82 

1 

Women  16  vears  and  over 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

loao 

Less  than  S3                                      .   . 

3 
8 
13 
10 
23 
13 
7 

163 

297 

351 

208 

228 

123 

101 

49 

37 

10 

3 

$8,168 
$5.20 

618 

623 

1,273 

1,087 

837 

689 

334 

230 

103 

44 

15 

1 

$25. 107 
$4.80 

2,926 

1,138 

1,958 

2,339 

1,790 

1,555 

975 

564 

278 

154 

38 

3 

$55,131 
$5.11 

5,746 

1,022 

1,656 

1,714 

1,897 

1,870 

1,363 

1,031 

618 

304 

55 

5 

$66,079 
$5.73 

3,863 

2,160 
3,405 
6,444 
8,963 
10,496 
8,546 
6,167 
3,864 
2,448 
225 
4 

$339,165 
$6.43 

12,081 

3.7 
9.7 
15.9 
12.2 
28.0 
15.9 
8.5 

10.4 
18.9 
22.4 
13.3 
14.5 
7.8 
6.4 
3.1 
2.4 
0.6 
0.2 

11.9 

24.3 

20.8 

16.0 

13.1 

6.4 

4.4 

2.0 

0.8 

0.3 

(■) 

ia6 

18.1 
2L7 
16.6 
R4 
9.0 
5.2 
2.6 
1.4 
0.4 
(') 

8.9 
14.4 
14.9 
16.4 
16.2 
11.8 
8.9 
5.4 
2.6 
0.5 
(') 

41 

j3to    $4     

6.5 

$4  to   $5 

12.2 

$5to    $6 

17.0 

$6  to    $7 

19.9 

$7  to    $8                   

16.2 

$8  to    89 

11.7 

SO  to  $10                .                   

7.3 

$10  to  512   

5 

6.1 

4.7 

$12  to  $15                                            

a  4 

(') 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 

$468 
$5.71 

15 

1 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

loao 

I^ss  than  S3 

10 
3 

2 

391 

163 

43 

16 

•          I 

1,964 
684 
221 

2,992 

1,909 

628 

177 

34 

6 

2,008 
1,065 
484 
161 
86 
28 
31 

$12,339 
$3.19 

4,042 

3,773 

2,787 

973 

392 

73 

41 

$42,771 
$3.54 

66.7 
20.0 
13.3 

63.3 

26.4 

6.9 

2.6 

a3 
as 

67.1 

23.4 

7.6 

1.7 

0.2 

52.1 
33.2 
10.9 
3.1 
0.6 
0.1 

52.0 
27.6 
12.5 
4.2 
2.2 
0.7 
0.8 

33.S 

$3to$4 

31.2 

23.1 

$5  to  $6  

8.1 

3.2 

$7  to  $8 

as 

as 

Total 

$33 
$2.20 

$1,650 
$2.67 

$7,622 
$2.60 

$16,740 
$2.91 

1 

1 

■'  Less  than  one-tenth  ol  1  per  cent. 
FUKNIXIIRE. 


GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISION. 

2,776 

12,696 

18,370 

11,633 

3,358 

4,982 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

1,356 
184 
883 

77 
276 

59 

5,320 

1,217 

5,109 

524 

526 

382 

5,938 
2,322 
8,678 
1,032 
400 

413 

3,993 
619 

6,107 
814 

674 

2,260 

48.9 
6.6 

31.8 
2.8 
9.9 

100.0 

41.9 
9.6 

4a  3 
4.1 
4.1 

100.0 

32.3 
12.6 
47.3 
5.6 
2.2 

100.0 

34.6 

5.4    . 
53.0 

7.0    . 

20.1 

45.4 

North  Cent ral : 

2,684 

2,722 

79.9 

54.6 

206 

302 

549 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

39 

148 
35 

179 
9 
11 

224 

117 
3 

240 
39 
14 

448 

105 

23 

545 

66.1 

3&7 

a  2 

46.9 
2.3 
2.9 

loao 

28.3 
a  7 

S&l 
9.5 
3.4 

100.0 

51.0 

7.6 

99.3 

North  Central 

15 

101 

279 

.      * 

25.4 

49.0  1 

92.4 

ay 

5 

27 

&5 

100.0 

1 

378 

64 

151 

loao 

100.0 

loao 

North  Atlantic 

South  \tljintic 

6 

I 

8 

1 

47 
64 
84 
23 
6 

72 
162 
159 

55 

32 

90 

206 

50 

9 
« 

141 

io' 

22.2 
ll!l 
33.4 
29.6 
3.7 

21.0 
28.6 
37.5 

ia2 

2.7 

16.1 
36.1 
35.5 
12.3 

&5 

23.8    . 
54.5 

14.1 

93.4 

North  Central 

South  Central 

85.9 

6.6 

Western 

45254— MFG  1905— IT  4—08- 


712 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  66.— FIVE  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES— NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  WAGE-EARNT5RS— MEN, 
WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN— IN  ESTABLISHMENTS  ACCORDING  TO  SIZE,  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS  AND 
CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY   EARNINGS:  1905— Continued. 


FCKNITtJKE— Continued. 


NUMBEB  OF  WAGE-EARNERS  IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISH- 
MENTS. 

PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION. 

GEOGBAPHIC    DITTSION    AND    WEEKLY 
FURNINGS. 

Less  than 
10  wage- 
earners. 

10  to  50 
wage- 
earners. 

50  to  150 
wage- 
earners. 

150  to  300 
wage- 
earners. 

300  to  500 
wage- 
earners. 

500  wage- 
earners 
and  over. 

Less  than 
10  wage- 
earners. 

10  to  50 
wage- 
earners. 

50  to  150 

wage- 
earners. 

150  to  300 
wage- 
earners. 

300  to  500 
wage- 
earners. 

500  wage- 
earners 
and  over. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

2,776 

12,696 

18,370 

11,533 

3,358 

4,982 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Less  than  $3         

21 
60 
74 

85 
193 
187 
116 
254 
366 
646 
622 
140 

12 

$32,324 
$11.64 

59 

258 

343 

484 

597 

885 

1,181 

1,033 

1,480 

1,969 

2,325 

1,612 

420 

109 

$132,409 
$10.  43 

382 

466 
501 

854 

914 

1,466 

2,098 

1,594 

2,509 

2,767 

3,102 

1,738 

273 

88 

$179, 492 
$9.77 

413 

139 

193 

480 

536 

876 

1,305 

1,471 

1,695 

1,699 

1,911 

1,007 

171 

50 

$114,129 
$9.90 

206 

6 
34 

89 
110 
272 
429 
506 
645 
681 
374 
171 
25 
16 

$31,758 
$9.46 

302 

34 
76 

122 
172 
291 
414 

r,m 

795 
6l'i3 
1,004 
809 
34 
9 

$55,681 
$11. 18 

549 

0.7 
2.2 
2.7 
3.1 
7.0 
6.7 
4.2 
9.1 
13.2 
23.3 
22.4 
5.0 
0.4 

2.0 
2.7 
3.8 
4.7 
7.0 
9.3 
8,1 
11.7 
16.5 
18.3 
12.7 
3.3 
0.9 

2.5 

2.7 

4.6 

5.0 

8.0 

11.4 

8.7 

13.7 

15.1 

16.9 

9.4 

1.5 

0.5 

1.2 
1.7 
4.2 
4.6 
7.6 
11.3 
12.8 
14.7 
14.7 
16.6 
8  7 
1.5 
0.4 

0.2 
1.0 
2.6 
3.3 
8  1 
12.8 
15.1 
19.2 
20.3 
11.1 
5.1 
0.7 
0.5 

0.7 

$3  to    $4 

1.5 

$4  to    $5                   

2.4 

$5  to    $6 

3.5 

$6  to    $7                     

5.8 

$7  to   $8 

8.3 

$8  to    $9       

11.2 

$9  to  $10 

16.0 

$10  to  $12         

1.3.3 

S12  to  $15                                 

20.2 

$15  to  $20 

16.2 

$20  to  $25                                

0.7 

0.2 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 

Women  16  years  and  over 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

T  Aoo  thfin  £.1 

2 
5 
8 

15 
6 

10 
6 
2 
1 
2 
2 

$383 
$6.49 

27 

77 
98 
52 
48 
35 
28 
12 
10 
12 
9 
1 

$1,763 
$4.62 

224 

157 

55 

50 

37 

40 

36 

16 

10 

7 

3 

2 

$1,775 
$4.30 

448 

6 

21 

35 

61 

29 

18 

15 

6 

6 

2 

7 

$1,263 
$6.13 

378 

20 

61 

69 

77 

44 

16 

4 

2 

4 

4 

1 

$1,624 
$5.38 

64 

3.4 
8.5 
13.5 
25.4 
10.2 
16.9 
10.2 
3.4 
1.7 
3.4 
3.4 

20.2 
25.7 
13.6 
12.6 
9.2 
7.3 
3.1 
2.6 
3.1 
2.3 
0.3 

38.0 
13.3 
12.1 
9.0 
9.7 
8.7 
3.9 
2.4 
1.7 
0.7 
0.5 

2.9 

10.2 

17.0 

29.6 

14.1 

8.7 

7.3 

2.9 

2.9 

1.0 

3.4 

6.6 

20.2 

22.9 

25.5 

14.6 

.5.3 

1.3 

0.7 

1.3 

1.3 

0.3 

13  to    $4                          

31 
.38 
116 
107 
101 
66 
36 
31 
23 

5.6 

$4  to    $5 

6.9 

$5  to    $6                   

21.1 

$6  to   $7 

19.5 

$7  to    $8                   

18.4 

$8  to    $9 

12  0 

$9  to  $10                   

6.6 

$10  to  $12 

5.7 

4.2 

Earnings  for  the  si)ecified  week: 
Total 

$3,769 
$6.87 

151 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

lOO.O 

12 

6 
4 
4 

1 

83 
77 
41 
15 
8 

176 

154 

88 

15 

IS 

102 
150 
104 
22 

11 
20 
10 
9 
4 
4 

10 
18 
16 
89 
15 
2 
1 

$739 
$4.89 

44.5 
22.2 
14.8 
14.8 
3.7 

37.0 

34.4 

18.3 

6.7 

3.6 

39.3 

34.4 

19.7 

3.3 

3.3 

27.0 

39.7 

27.5 

5.8 

17.3 
31.2 
25.0 
14.1 
6.2 
6.2 

6.6 

$3  to  $4           .               

11.9 

10.6 

$5  to  $6                   

59.0 

9.9 

1.3 

0.7 

$93 
$3.44 

$711 
$3.17 

$1,460 
$3.26 

$1,319 
$3.49 

$263 
$4.11 

liUmBER  AND  TlinBKR  PRODUCTS. 


.   GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISION. 
Men  16  years  and  over 

42,601 

38,864 

35,159 

28,320 

14,083 

16,691 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

North  Atlantic 

10,790 
9,996 
8,616 
9,903 
3,296 

43 

7,055 
7,074 

10,495 
9,.M3 

>  4,687 

116 

5,770 
5,406 
10,855 
7,651 
5,477 

79 

2,893 
5,. 331 
7,667 
7,3.39 
6,090 

56 

170 
2,345 
4.9S6 
3,627 
2,956 

8 

1,210 
1,607 
3,8.'i0 
7,109 
2,935 

25.3 
23.5 
20.2 
23.3 
7.7 

100.0 

18.1 
18.2 
27.0 
24.6 
112.1 

100.0 

16.4 
15.4 
30.9 
21.7 
15.6 

100.0 

10.2 

18.8 
27.1 
25.  9 
18.0 

100.0 

1.2 

16.6 
,35.  4 
25.  H 
21.0 

100.0 

7.2 

South  Atlantic                       

9.6 

23.0 

42.6 

17.5 

Women  16  years  and  over 

NoT^h  Aflantfr                      -V 

17 

39 
IS 
41 
9 
12 

320 

8 

12 

39.5 

33.6 
12.9 
3,5.3 

7.8 
10.4 

100.0 

10.1 

21.4 

Nnrth  Cfntrnl 

2 

31 
34 
6 

229 

44 

S 
3 

4.7 

39.3 
43.0 
7.6 

100.0 

78.6 

62.5 
37.5 

Wcfltcm 

24 
123 

6S.8 
100.0 

Children  under  16  years 

223 

29 

78 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Nnrth  Atlftntir 

18 
46 
19 
29 
13 

32 
9S 
40 
144 

9 

11 
65 
78 
75 

3 

13.0 
37.  4 
1.5.  4 
23.  n 
10.6 

10. 0 
29.7 
12.  5 
45.0 
2.8 

4.8 
28.4 
34.1 
32.7 

3.9 

Smith  Altuntic 

70 
96 
30 
27 

10 

11 

3i.4 
43.0 
13.5 
12.1 

34.  5 
27.6 
37.9 

North  (V'litrttl 

21 

in 

38 

26.9 

20.  5 

Wc«lcrn 

48.7 

1  Includes  Alaaka. 


EARNINGS  OF  WA(JE-EAR\E11S. 


713 


Table  06.— FIVE  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES— NUMHER  AND  PER  TENT  DI.STRIRIITION  OF  WAGE-EARNERS— MEN, 
WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN— IN  E.STARLISIIMENTS  ACCORDING  TO  SIZE,  RY  (;E0GRAIMIJC  DIVISIONS  AND 
CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS:  lOO.'J- Continued. 


L.|iiTIUI':K  AND  'riinul':K  l>IC«>ni;c-T8— continued. 


NUMBER  OF  WAGE-EABNERS  IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISH- 
MENTS. 

I'ER  CENT  IIISTRIBCTIOK. 

EARNINOS. 

Less  than 

10  WllgC- 

earners. 

10  to  50 

wiige- 

earners. 

50  to  150 

wage- 
earners. 

150  to  300 
wage- 
earners. 

300  to  500 
wage- 
earners. 

500  wage- 
earners 
and  over. 

Lofls  than 
10  wage- 
earners. 

10  to  50 
wage- 
earners. 

.50  to  I.V) 

wag(f- 
ejirncr."*. 

I.Vilo:ii<j 

wag«> 
earners. 

wage- 
earners. 

500  wage- 
earners 
and  over. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

42,601 

38,864 

35,159 

28,320 

14,083 

16,691 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Less  than  $3 

954 
1,405 
3,649 
2,188 
7,763 
6,362 
2,038 
9,751 
2,971 
3,470 
1,730 

254 
66 

8343. 601 
88.07 

43 

1,584 
1,190 
1,760 
2,015 
4,312 
4,8.50 
2,622 
7,751 
4,385 
4,478 
2,795 
815 
307 

8.3.55,834 
89.16 

116 

1,948 

931 

1,106 

1,3.57 

3,019 

3,  .301 

2,587 

6.812 

5,430 

4,914 

2,413 

916 

425 

8340,173 
89.68 

79 

1,116 

768 

945 

1.342 

2,413 

2,310 

2,  ,378 

4,887 

5,180 

3,414 

2,529 

573 

465 

8283.652 
810.02 

56 

613 

320 

411 

404 

814 

1,316 

1.416 

2.375 

1,704 

2,714 

1,531 

258 

207 

8145,395 
810.  .32 

8 

1.805 

547 

.551 

471 

882 

1,793 

1,7,31 

1.720 

2,786 

2,323 

1,337 

480 

265 

8157.083 
89.41 

2.2 
.3.3 
8.6 
.5.1 
18.2 
14.9 
4.8 
22.9 
7.0 
8.1 
4.1 
0.6 
0.2 

4.1 
.3.1 
4.5 
5.2 
11.1 
12.5 
6.7 
19.9 
11.3 
11.5 
7.2 
2.1 
0.8 

5.5 
2.6 
3.1 
3.9 
8.6 
9.4 
7.4 
19.4 
15.4 
14.0 
G.« 
2.6 
L2 

3.9 
2.7 
3.3 
4.7 
&S 

a2 

a4 

17.3 

ia3 

12.1 

a  9 

2.0 
1.7 

4.3 
2.3 
2.9 
2.9 
S.8 
9.3 
10.0 
16.9 
12.1 
19.3 
10.9 
1.8 
1.6 

10.8 

$3  lo   S4 

as 

$4  to   Sfi         

a3 

$r)  to  $*i ^ . . 

2.8 

$ri  to  $7       

S.3 

10.7 

J8  to    SM                  

10.4 

10.3 

16.7 

$12  to  $15                                

13.9 

$15  to  $20 - 

ao 

$20  to  $25               

2.9 

1.6 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 

Women  16  years  and  over . . 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

1 
13 
5 
6 
3 
6 
1 
1 
4 
2 
1 

8262 
86.09 

123 

5 
11 
21 
22 

28 
7 
1 

U 

30 

33 

4 

1 
4 
3 
I 
1 
1 
1 

10 

3 

2.3 
30.2 
11.6 
14.0 
7.0 
14.0 
2.3 
2.3 
9.3 
4.7 
2.3 



4.3 
9.5 

lai 

19.0 
24.1 
6.0 
0.9 
9.5 

38.0 
41.7 
5.0 
1.3 
5.0 
3.8 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 

17.8 

37.5 

$4  to    $5 

10 
14 
10 
12 

17.9 
25.0 
17.9 
21.4 

86  to    S7 

5 

82.5 

S8  to    S*> 

1 

SIO  to  S12 

8 
2 

8711 
86.13 

320 

6.9 
1.7 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 

8281 
83.56 

229 

$284 
85.07 

223 

$39 
84.88 

29 

78 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

49 
33 
11 
11 
11 

t 

8450 
83.66 

152 

13 

10 
2 

3 

8999 
83.12 

68 
66 
65 
18 
4 
6 
2 

8828 
83.62 

36 

97 

71 

4 

13 

1 

1 

8861 
83.86 

5 
6 
6 
4 
1 
5 
2 

8142 
84.90 

21 
24 

17 
1 

11 
1 
3 

8318 
84.08 

39.9 
26.8 

ao 
a9 

8.9 
4.1 
2.5 

47.5 
31.0 
12.8 
4.1 
3.1 
0.6 
0.9 

29.7 
2a8 
2a4 
7.9 
1.7 
2.6 
0.9 

16.1 
43.5 
31.8 
1.8 
5.8 
OS 
0.5 

17.2 

20.7 
20.7 
13.8 

3.5 
17.2 

&9 

26.9 

$3  to  S4  

30.8 

21.8 

S5  to  $6  

1.3 

14.1 

$7  to  $8  

1.3 

3.8 

1 

PRINTINO  AND  PUBL,ISHING,  BOOK  AND  JOB. 


GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISION. 
Men  16  years  and  over. 

12,767 

ii,a55 

7,329 

4,365 

1,326 

1,703 

100.0 

100.0 

lOO.O 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

5,869 
1,016 
4,0.58 
767 
1,0.57 

1,863 

5,1.52 
974 

4,472 
410 
847 

3,435 

3,273 
283 

2,789 
537 
447 

3,121 

1,978 
181 

1,461 
616 
129 

1,879 

1,126 

759 

46.0 
7.9 

31.8 
6.0 

as 

100.0 

43.5 

a2 

37.7 
3.5 
7.1 

100.0 

44.7 
3.9 

sao 

7.3 
6.1 

loao 

45.3 
4.1 
33.5 
14.1 
3.0 

100.0 

84.9 

44.6 

North  Central            .                • 

200 

944 

15.1 

55.4 

Women  16  years  and  over 

913 

777 

100.0 

loao 

765 
129 
785 
80 
104 

727 

1,349 
313 

1,463 
112 

198 

417 

1,310 
167 

1,291 
189 
164 

227 

1,000 

40 

549 

247 

43 

174 

740 

290 

41.1 
6.9 

42.1 
4.3 
S.6 

100.0 

39.3 
9.1 

42.6 
3.2 
5.8 

100.0 

42.0 
5.3 
41.4 

ai 

S.2 
100.0 

53.2 

2.1 

29.2 

13.2 

2.3 

100.0 

81.1 

37.3 

North  Central 

173 

487 

ia9 

62.7 

Children  under  16  years 

G 

32 

100.0 

100.0 

North  Atlantic 

264 
102 
200 
82 
79 

134 
38 

165 
26 
54 

103 

9 

89 

22 

4 

42 
14 
70 
48 

6 

36.3 
14.0 
27.  S 
11.3 
10.9 

32.1 
9.1 

39.6 
6.2 

lao 

45.4 
4.0 

39.2 
9.7 
1.7 

24.1 

ai 

40.2 
27.6 

100.0 

32 

loao 

South  Cent ral 

Western 





714 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  66.— FIVE  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES— ^■UMBER  AND  PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  WAGE-EARNERS— MEN, 
WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN— IN  ESTABLISHMENTS  ACCORDING  TO  SIZE.  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS  AND 
CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS:  190^— Continued. 

PRIIVTING  AND  FIIBK.ISHING,  BOOK  AND  JOB-Continued. 


ITOMBEE  OF  WAGE-EARNERS  IX  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTABLISH- 
MENTS. 

PER   CENT  DISTRIBUTION. 

EAKNINGS. 

Less  than 
10  wage- 
earners. 

10  to  50    SO  to  150 
wage-        wage- 
earners,    earners. 

150to300 
wage- 
earners. 

300to500  500 wage- 
wage-    '  earners 
earners,   and  over. 

i 

Less  than 
10  wage- 
earners. 

10  to  SO 
wage- 
earners. 

50  to  ISO 
wage- 
earners. 

150  to  300 

wage- 
earners. 

300  to  500 
wage- 
earners. 

500  wage- 
earners 
and  over. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

12,767 

11,855          7,329 

4,365 

1 
1,326  '        1,703 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100  0 

Less  than  S3 

220 
582 
610 
732 
904 
793 
693 
1,027 

177             109 
414              233 
562              2S0 
477              222 
544              311 
G31               306 
.182               376 
7JS                  .T)S 

77 
136 
193 
149 
133 
139 
186 
i7n 

11              321 

1.7 
4.6 
4.8 
5.7 
7.1 
6.2 
.5.4 
8.0 
11.7 
IS.O 
20.9 
4.6 
1.3 

l.S 
3.5 
4.8 
4.0 
4.6 
5.3 
4.9 
6.3 
9.4 
15.6 
26.6 
9.3 
4.2 

1.5 
3.2 
3.8 
3.0 
4.3 
4.2 
S.l 
4.5 
8.2 
12.7 
29.5 
13.2 
6.8 

1.8 
3.1 
4.4 
3.4 
3.0 
3.2 
4.3 
3.9 
7.6 
12.2 
27.8 
17.3 

8:o 

0.8 
2.6 
4.5 
3.0 
2.6 
1.7 
2.9 
5.4 
8.5 
21.0 
23.2 
14.2 
9.6 

18  8 

^  to   S4              .                          

34 
59 
40 
35 
23 
38 
72 
112 
279 
308 
188 
127 

$20,253 

62 

60 

40 

34 

56 

46 

72 

93 

144 

358 

226 

191 

S24.4ni 

3  6 

S4to   S5 

$5  to   S6                 .        .              

2  4 

S6  to    S7 

2.0 

$7to   SS                 

3  3 

S8to   $9      

2  7 

S<>  to  $10                     ...                   

4  2 

SIO  to  $12 

1,489          I.il4             laM  1           si? 

$12  to  $15                     

2,294 

2,674 

588 

161 

$140,949 
$11.04 

1,863 

1,850  1             ^>-*^2 

534 

1,212 
754 
349 

$65,040 
$15.04 

1,879 

8  5 

$15  to  $20 

3,151  . 

1,103 

502 

2,162 
965 
.ini 

$20  to  $25     .                                         .... 

13  3 

11  2 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 

Total 

$153,783  ,  $104,148 
$12.97         $14.21 

$15. 27         $14. 33 

3,435 

3,121 

913 

777 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Less  thanSS 

93 

265 

289 

292 

327 

203 

118 

96 

92 

57 

31 

$11,229 
$6.03 

727 

238  1           235  1            124 
384              362              218 
496  :             479               232 
597               4^3  1            276 

40 
36 
57 
133 
115 
169 
101 
42 
103 
67 
50 

$7,529 
$8.25 

6 

130 
48 
54 
77 
54 

142 
95 
31 
39 
50 
57 

$6,213 
.    $8.00 

32 

5.0 
14.2 
15.5 
15.7 
17.5 
10.9 
6.3 
5.2 
4.9 
.3.1 
1.7 

6.9 
11.2 
14.4 
17.4 
18.0 
11.9 
6.9 
4.2 
4.9 
2.6 
1.6 

7.5 
11.6 
15  4 
13.9 
15  6 
12.9 
7.8 
3.9 
5.1 
3.7 
2.6 

6.6 

11.6 

12.3 

14.7 

12.9 

10.0 

10.5 

6.3 

7.5 

4.4 

3.2 

4.4 
3.9 
6.2 
14.6 
12.6 
18.5 
11.1 
4.6 
11.3 
7.3 
5.5 

16  7 

$3  to   $4 

6  2 

$4to   $5 

7  0 

$5  to   Sft 

9  9 

$(5  to   $7  

618 
409 
236 
145' 
168 
90 
54 

$20,850 
$6.07 

417 

488  !            242 
403  1            188 
244  1            197 
121  1            119 
160  '            141 
114                 82 
82              60 

7  0 

$7  to   $8 

18  3 

$8  to   $9           

12  2 

$9  to  $10 

4  0 

$10  to  $12         

5  0 

$12  to  $15 

6  4 

$15  and  over  

7  3 

Earnings  for  the  specifled  week: 

Total 

$19,885 
$6.37 

227 

$12,727 
$6.77 

174 

Children  under  16  years 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100  0 

205 

277 

133 

66 

27 

9 

10 

$2,541 
$3.50 

86 
180 
87 
31 
15 
11 
7 

$1,513 
$3.63 

35 
112 
55 
16 
6 
2 
1 

$82S 
$3.65 

53 

79 
28 
14 

1 
5 

28.2 
38.1 
18.3 
9.1 
3.7 
1.2 
1.4 

20.6 
43.2 
20.9 
7.4 
3.6 
2.6 
1.7 

l.'i.  4 

30-5 

16.7 
83.3 

$3  to  $4 

8 
24 

49.3            4.1.4 

25  0 

$4  to  $.1 

24.2 
7.1 
2.7 
0.9 
0.4 

16.1 
8.0 

75.0 

$5  to  $« 

$6to$i 

$7  to  $8         

Earnings  (or  the  specifled  week: 

Total 

$573 
«    $3.29 

$20 
$3.33 

$122 

Average  per  wage-earner 

TOBACCO,  CIOARS  AND  CI«.\UI':X'I'ICS. 


GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISION. 
Men  10  years  and  over 

■    20,767 

7,794 

4,959 

4,071 

3,697 

5,  ,392 

1        100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

North  Atlantic 

8,813 
1,032 
9,229 
544 
1,149 

3,844 

3,505 

oar, 
2,  na 

1X7 
254 

3,678 

2,a34 

l.llil 

1.164 

146 

154 

4,140 

1,490 

1,960 

604 

17 

1,180 

1,967 

4W 

79 

4,611 
726 
102 
53 

42.4 
5.0 

44.5 
2.6 
5.5 

100.0 

Mi 

36.3 
2.4 

:i.3 

100.0 

47.1 
23.  4 
2.3.5 
2.9 
3.1 

100. 0 

36.6 
48.2 
14.8 
0.4 

32.1 

53,2 

12.0 

2.1 

83.6 

South  .Mlantic 

North  fi-ntral 

South  Control 

Western 

13.5 
1.9 
1.0 

Women  16  years  and  over . 

4,227 

0,433 

12,052 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

North  Atlantic 

.S.,iitt,  AlIiiTitic 

2,225 
94 

1,3.W 

48 
118 

1,064 

1,702 

445 

1,403 

77 
51 

264 

1,845 
737 

1,293 
210 
55 

222 

1.976 

1,026 

982 

246 

3,  .'.20 
764 

1,7,52 
397 

9,  .522 

:.«oo 

4,36 
404 

57.9 
2.4 

,35.4 
1.2 
3.1 

;        100.0 

40.3 
12.1 
38.1 
2.1 
1.4 

100.0 

44.0 

17.8 

31.2 

6.1 

1.3 

100.0 

46.7 

24.3 

23.2 

5.8 

54.7 

11.9 

27.2 

6.2 

79.0 
13.3 

.1 

3.6 

1 

4. 1 

\\                            

'hlldrtm  under  10  years. . 

547 

240 

892 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

ilfi 

235 
62 

636 
74 

48 

7ft 
24 
131 
25 
5 

70 
44 
107 

248 
176 

m 

04 

100 

.371 
317 
82 
122 

22.1 
6.8 

69.7 
7.0 
6.4 

29.9 
9.  1 

49.  6 
9.5 
1.9 

31  6 
10.8 
48.2 

o.h' 

45.3 
32.0 
11.0 
11.7 

07.9 

41.6 

35.5 

^.     ■     ■         ■  t 1  

SO 

32.1 

9.2 

.'<"iillj  ( •  titrul 

13.7 

Wcatom 

1 

EARNINGS  OF  WAf;i<:-EARNl<:RS. 


715 


Table  00.— FIVE  SELECTED  INDUSTRIES— NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  WAGE-EARNERS— MEN, 
WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN— IN  ESTABLISHMENTS  ACCORDING  TO  SIZE,  BY  GEOGRAPHIC  DIVISIONS  AND 
CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS:  1905— Continued. 

TOBACCO,  CIGARS  AND  CIGARKTTES— Continued. 


NU.MIIKR  <IF  WAGE 

f:ARNEHS  IN  EACH  CLASS  OF  ESTAIILISII- 

MENTa. 

PEE  CENT  1H8TRIB0TION. 

EARNINGS. 

Less  than 

10  wago- 

011  mors, 

10  to  50 
wage- 
earners. 

50  to  150 
wage- 
earners. 

160  to  300 
wage- 
earners. 

300  to  500 
wage- 
earners. 

500  wage- 
camera 
and  over. 

Less  than 
10  wago- 
caroers. 

10  to  60 
wage- 
earners. 

60  to  160 

wago- 

earners. 

150  to  300 
wage- 
earners. 

300to600 
wage- 
earners. 

600wage- 

eamera 

and  over. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

20,767 

7,794 

4,959 

4,071 

3,697 

6,392 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

l(ji).  U 

100.0 

602 

794 

747 

894 

1,0()5 

1,026 

1,297 

1,580 

4,  l.'!4 

5,301 

2,892 

353 

82 

$218,141 
$10.50 
3,844 

220 

259 

293 

,■551 

353 

397 

502 

582 

1,210 

1,754 

1,502 

292 

79 

$89, 199 
$11.44 

3,678' 

87 
111 
106 
169 
235 
265 
347 
391 
636 
990 
1,071 
361 
130 

$62,376 

$12.58 

4,140 

115 
113 
140 
190 
229 
264 
207 
302 
463 
679 
857 
329 
183 

$51,  749 
$12.  71 

4,227 

44 

,50 
91 
112 
220 
1.53 
191 
280 
699 
842 
781 
143 
91 

S45.370 
$12.  27 

6,433 

176 
408 
488 
6.'!7 
569 
388 
407 
335 
351 
682 
690 
176 
79 

.  $53, 193 
$9.87 

12,052 

2.9 

3.8 

.3.6 

4.3 

6.1 

6.0 

6.3 

7.0 

19.9 

26.5 

13.9 

1.7 

0.4 

2.8 

3.3 

3.8 

4.5 

4.6 

6.1 

0.4 

7.5 

15.  S 

22.5 

19.3 

3.8 

1.0 

1.8 
2.2 
3.4 
3.4 

4.7 
5.3 
7.0 
7.9 
12.8 
20.0 
21.6 
7.3 
2.6 

2.8 
2.8 
3.4 
4.7 
5.6 
6.5 
5.1 
7.4 
11.4 
16.7 
21.0 
8.1 
4.5 

1.2 
1.3 
2.5 
3.0 
5.9 
4.1 
5.2 
7.0 
18.9 
22.8 
21.1 
3.9 
2.5 

3.3 

$3  to  $4 ... 

7.8 

$4  to  $6 

9.0 

$5  to   $6 

11.8 

$6  to    $7 

10.6 

$7  to  $8 

7.2 

$8  to   $9 

7.6 

$9  to  $10         

6.2 

$10  to  $12 

6.6 

$12  to  $15 

12  6 

$15  to  $20 

12.9 

$20  to  $25 

3.3 

1.5 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 

Total 

Average  per  wage-earner   .    . 

100.0 

100.0 

100. 0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Ij&ss  than  S3 

624 
775 
647 
572 
431 
294 
170 
103 
130 
75 
23 

$19, 190 
$4.99 

1,064 

506 

489 
60S 
680 
511 
315 
195 
107 
170 
75 
25 

$20, 264 
$5.50 

264 

351 

469 
655 

659 
616 
466 
285 
174 
266 
126 
73 

S25,798 
S6.23 

222 

492 
419 
809 
748 
635 
431 
304 
142 
122 
82 
43 

$24,  .325 
$5.75 

547 

641 
642 
879 
916 
847 
670 
478 
478 
433 
374 
175 

$43,927 
$6.83 

249 

1,165 

1,564 

1,981 

1,953 

1,761 

1,723 

740 

486 

454 

209 

10 

$71,728 
$6.95 

892 

16.2 
20.2 
16.8 
14.9' 
11.2 
7.6 
4.4 
2.7 
3.4 
2.0 
0.6 

13.8 

13.3 

16.4 

18.6 

13.9 

&« 

6.3 

2.9 

4.6 

2.0 

0.7 

8.5 

11.3 

15.8 

15.9 

14.9 

11.3 

6.9 

4.2 

6.4 

3.0 

1.8 

11.6 
9.9 
19.1 
17.7 
15.0 
10.2 
7.2 
3.4 
2.9 
2.0 
1.0 

10.0 
10.0 
1.3.7 
14.2 
13.2 
8.9 
7.4 
7.4 
6.7 
6.8 
2.7 

9.7 

S3  to   S4 

$4  to    $5 

13.0 
16.4 

$5  to    $6        . 

IC.2 

$6  to    $7 

14.6 

$7  to   $8   .   . 

14.3 

$8  to   $9 

6.2 

$9  to  $10 

4.0 

$10  to  $12 

3.8 

$12  toS15 

1.7 

$15andover 

0.1 

Earnings  for  the  specified  week: 
Total 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

549 

333 

103 

40 

21 

7 

11 

$3,041 
$2.86 

155 

79 

23 

6 

143 

48 

21 

8 

1 
1 

262 

156 

62 

47 

18 

2 

132 

80 

29 

4 

4 

408 

218 

150 

79 

29 

7 

1 

$2,902 
$3.25 

61.6 
31.3 
9.7 
3.8 
2.0 
0.6 
1.0 

58.7 
29.9 

a? 

2.3 

64.4 
21.6 
9.4 
3.6 
0.5 
0.5 

47.9 
2&5 
U.3 
&6 
3.3 
0.* 

53.0 

32.1 

11.7 

1.6 

L6 

45.7 

24.4 

$4  to  $5 

16.8 

8.9 

$6  to  $7 

3.3 

1 

0.4 

0.8 

0.1 

Earnings  tor  the  specified  week: 

$731 
$2.77 

$639 
$2.88 

$1,745 
$3.19 

$653 
$2.62 

i 1 

A  description  of  the  statistics  for  cotton  goods  will 
illustrate  the  use  of  the  figures  for  the  5  industries  in 
Table  66.  The  classification  includes  some  small  estab- 
lishments which  use  very  little  power-driven  machinery. 
These  establisliments  are  included  in  the  two  grouj)s 
that  employed  less  than  50  wage-earners.  The  high- 
est average  weekly  earnings  for  men  and  the  greatest 
proportions  of  them  in  the  higher  earnings  groups  are 
shown  for  establishments  employing  less  than  10  wage- 
earners,  but  the  small  number  of  wage-earners  in- 
volved, 98,  detracts  fi-om  the  importance  of  the  figures. 
The  majority  of  the  men,  as  well  as  of  the  women, 
reported  for  this  group  were  employed  in  establish- 
ments located  in  the  North  Atlantic  states,  and  most 
of  them  were  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  They  were  engaged 
in  the  production  of  products  that  are  made  largely 
without  the  use  of  machinery,  and  in  the  manufacture 
of  some  finer  grades  of  goods  that  can  be  produced 
with  advantage  on  a  small  scale. 

As  some  of  the  establishments  included  in  the  group 
employing  10  to  50  wage-earners  are  properly  classed 


as  factories,  this  group  may  be  considered,  Avith  the  four 
groups  of  larger  size,  as  representative  of  the  factory 
industry.  The  average  earnings  of  men,  women,  and 
cliildren  are  highest  for  the  largest  factories,  which 
gave  employment  to  61  per  cent  of  the  wage-earners 
reported  for  the  industry.  The  high  earnings  in  these 
large  establishments  are  due  to  the  large  proportion  of 
wage-earners  reported  from  the  mills  in  the  North 
Atlantic  states,  where  the  higher  wages  prevailed. 

'While  the  third  highest  average  weekly  earnin<rs, 
$7.44,  are  shown  for  men  in  the  factories  employing 
from  10  to  50  wage-earners,  the  greatest  concentration 
at  rates  in  excess  of  .S7  per  week,  is  shown  for  the  mills 
that  employed  500  wage-earners  and  over.  A  large 
proportion  of  the  men  in  both  of  these  groups  is  shown 
for  mills  in  the  North  Atlantic  states.  Mills  that 
employed  from  50  to  150  wage-earners  reported  the 
lowest  earnings;  of  the  wage-earners  in  this  group, 
more  than  one-half  of  the  men  and  women  and  more 
than  three-fourths  of  the  children  were  reported  from 
the  South  .Vtlaniic  states. 


716 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  G 7.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARXIXGS— UNITED  STATES.  BY  SPECIFIED  INDUSTRIES— NUMBER  OF  WAGE- 
ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS,  AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN 


IXDUSTET. 


All  industries. 


9 
10 
11 

12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

17 
IS 
I9 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24  : 
25 
26 

27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

32 
33 
34 
35 

36 

37 
38 
39 
40 
41 


Agricultural  implements : 

Ammunition 

Artificial  feathers  and  flowers. 

Artificial  limbs 

Artificial  stone 


Artists'  materials 

Automobile  bodies  and  parts. 

Automobiles 

Awnings,  tents,  and  sails 

Axle  grease 


Babbitt  metal  and  solder 

Bags,  other  than  paper 

Bags,  paper 

Baking  and  yeast  powders 

Baskets,  and  rattan  and  willow  ware. 


Beet  sugar 

Bells 

Belting  and  hose,  leather. 
Belting  and  hose,  linon . . . 
Belting  and  hose,  rubber. 


Bicycles  and  tricycles 

Billiard  tables  and  materials. 

Blacking 

Bluing 

Bone,  ivory,  and  lamp  black.. 


Bookbinding  and  blank  book  making. 

Boot  and  shoo  cut  stock 

Boot  and  shoe  findings 

Boot  and  shoe  uppers 

Boots  and  shoes .• 


Boots  and  shoes,  rubber. 

Bo.xes,  cigar 

Boxes,  fancy  and  paper.. 
Boxes,  wooden  packmg. . 
Brass 


Brass  and  copper,  rolled 

Brass  castings  and  brass  finishing. 

Brassware 

Bread  and  other  bakery  products.. 
B  rick  and  tile 


42  B  ronze  castings 

43  Brooms  and  brushes, 

44  I  ButU'r 

45  I  Butt^'r,  reworking 

46  Buttons 


47  Calcium  lights 

48  j  Candles 

49  Canning  and  preser\ing,  fish 

50  Canning  and  presen-ing,  fnilts  and  vegetables. 

51  Canning  and  preser\'ing,  oysters 

52  Card  cutting  and  designing 

53  Carpets  ami  nigs,  other  than  rag 

54  Cary»ets,  rag 

55  Carriage  and  wagon  materials 

50  Carriages  and  sleds,  children's 


57 
58 
69 
CO 
61 

02 
03 
M 
65 
66 


Carriages  and  wagons 

Cars  and  general  shop  constnictlon  and  repairs  by  steam  railroad  companies. 
Cars  and  gen4TaI  shop  constnictlon  and  rennlrs  by  street  railroad  companies. . 

Cars,  Hteain  railroad,  not  inchnllng  operations  of'rallroad  comi)anles 

Cars,  street  railroad,  not  Including  operations  of  railroad  coin|)anles 

Cash  registers  and  calculating  macbinos 

Cement 

Charcoal 

Chwue : 

Chemicals 


■■'1  rating. 

i  pri 
iiid  iKillshlng  preparations. 


71  I  Cloth,  niKinglng  and  rpflnlahlng. 


72  I  Clolliiiii.    l,.,r„.    

73  C|.  ■  

74  <'!•■■  Imttonholoa 

ir,  <■!■■< n'» 

711  Colin,  Miiil  »).ii»>,  roasting  and  grln<linK  . 

77  Coffins,  burial  comb,  nn'l  iin.l^.rii. Vi.r-*"  tf 

78  Coke 

T9  Collarn  and  cull* 

HO  Coinb« 

81  Con'looscd  milk 


Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


123,703 


362 
9 
90 
67 

333 

12 
31 

86 

265 

18 

42 
34 
28 
102 
242 

19 
13 
84 
U 
9 

69 
35 
88 
31 

14 

526 
232 
154 
55 
745 

19 

160 
389 
548 


18 

329 

135 

13, 493 

2,053 

20 

705 

3,  .333 

23 
119 

14 

9 

190 

598 

13 

36 

36 

225 

340 

40 

3,433 
713 
43 
46 


15 

07 

39 

2,220 

155 

12 
II 
84 
20 
21 

12 

1,097 

Wi 

l.Wi 

278 

137 

VX 

<l 

22 

48 


AVERAGE  NtTMBER  OF  WAGE- 
EARNEBS. 


Men  16 

years  and 

over. 


2,124,069 


22,885 

690 

197 

222 

1,290 

49 

634 

7,836 

1,050 

81 

221 
651 
416 
621 
1,790 

1,589 

318 

1,273 

65 

1,944 

1,190 
274 
245 
55 
64 

4,363 

2,965 

1,739 

134 

51,419 

8,294 

1,247 

4,958 

12,684 

41 

7,750 
5,601 
4.919 
44,322 
24,681 

543 

3.810 

6,880 

202 

2,435 

25 

261 

2.545 

4,631 

105 

164 

6, 135 

(■.•11 

8,544 

1,691 

34. 108 
102,719 

6,129 
28,984 

2,737 

2,979 
10.998 
177 
2.'«) 
9,6'20 

36 

016 

'.Ml 

2,010 

170 


111 


OS 
.673 
247 

1,774 

3,620 

11,886 

9111 

677 

1,358 


Women  16 

years  and 

over. 


488,832 


109 

525 

1,'290 

10 


24 

4 

3 

761 

10 

6 

1,460 

373 

532 

369 

1 
32 
20 
153 
244 


14 

307 

30 

4 

4,121 

1,383 

1,106 

52 

26,033 

6,095 

1,268 

9,437 

683 


Children 

under  16 

years. 


310 

95 

1,518 

8,341 


11 
1,700 

90 

8 

2,114 

3 

97 

826 

5,872 

33 

125 
4,080 
184 
146 
73 

505 

397 

18 

96 

6 

392 
0 


37 
G97 

45 

340 

111) 

l,'i31 


142 

'24,0(i2 

177 

21,009 

1,137 

737 


113 
20 
26 

7 


320 

175 

86 

2 

2,221 

369 

92 

1,009 

593 


Earnings. 


$33,185,791 


33 

57 

159 

1,064 

395 

0 

2'20 

11 

1 
167 


20 

198 

559 

1 

7 
516 

22 
151 

26 

297 

86 

3 

22 

28 

4 

40 

6 

4 

21 

1 

6 

2 

179 


6,105 
06 
738  I 


670 

11 
310 

44  ! 

41 
46 
69 
'i2 

48 


338,090 

12,301 

14,321 

3,419 

24,420 

670 

9,778 

141,419 

28,177 

1,039 

3.765 
15,831 

6,733 
12,616 
22, 131 

77,117 
3,616 

10,970 
1,701 

24,916 

19,100 
3,907 
6,587 
763 
1,019 

88,830 
43,049 
26,313 

2,021 
941.074 

161.807 
•20, 743 
118,153 
1-17,711 
550 

106,903 
79,750 
80.8l» 
624.602 
404,698 

8,083 
53,702 
77,998 

3,762 
41,741 

,'109 

3,-2.S9 

90,170 

278, 440 

1,655 

2,861 
89.602 

9, 184 
102,220 
18,  .674 

448,841 
2,267,677 

84, 6'22 
62,S.9.62 

47,298 

44,147 

M,S,896 

2, 2,S0 

:«,  105 
120,249 

9.67 
10,763 

3,794 
47,449 

2,324 

2,203 
402,606 

4,1-28 
363,I.'Wi 
:i(l,61«l 

47,'2'23 
161,60!! 
,'.2,36(1 
7,724 
22,667 


Number. 


3,297,819 


31,016 

1,430 

2,135 

268 

2,348 

92 

890 

10,849 

2,735 

112 

353 
2,667 

914 
1,391 
2,969 

5,174 
372 

1,482 
251 

2,575 

1,622 
337 
700 
107 
84 

9,914 

5,370 

3,570 

220 

92,002 

16,174 
2,863 
17,660 
17, 159 
47 

9,230 
7,067 
7,650 
59,079 
41,703 

648 
6,921 
7,136 

337 
5,806 

31 

410 

8,370 

41,063 

294 

348 
10, 512 

1,1.68 
10,701 

2,020 

41,978 
182,042 
6,752 
47, '249 
3,861 

3,830 

13,838 

'292 

3, 0811 
11,396 

Iflfl 
1,'2H6 

449 
4,239 

187 

287 
47,344 

478 
40,312 
3,367 

4,7(Ki 
16,7'20 
6,5'27 
H43 
2,465 


EARNINGS  OF  WA(;j<:-KARNl<:il8. 


717 


EARNIORS— MEN,    WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN— IN    KAf'II  (iROliP  ()1 
EMPLOYED  DURING  TUE  YEAR,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTAHMSIIMI 


'  EARNINCi.S,  WITH  EARNINGS  AND  NUMUER  OF 

■;NTS:    l!(Ori. 


MEN    16  YEARS   AND   OVER   (IHSTUIIIUTION 

>F   NUMBER    IIY    EARNINGS). 

' 

Earnings. 

Number. 

Less  than 
$3. 

$3  to  $4. 

$4  to  tS. 

$5  to  $6. 

$6  to  t7. 

$7  to  t8. 

tS  to  $9. 

S9totlO. 

(10toS12. 

tl2totl5. 

$15  to  $20. 

$2Dto$25. 

$25  and 
over. 

J29,240,287 

2,619,053 

56,346 

57,597 

87,739 

103,429 

161,940 

196,981 

207,954 

343,812 

409,483 

450,568 

385,647 

106,040 

Sl.SU 

1 

336,653 

30,679 

419 

459 

7.57 

909 

1,696 

2,312 

3,414 

4,887 

4,982 

5,638 

4,197 

907 

202 

2 

8,487 

797 

7 

1 

20 

44 

37 

112 

37 

206 

88 

98 

119 

18 

10 

3 

2,764 

256 

7 

10 

14 

12 

14 

16 

17 

42 

40 

37 

30 

11 

6 

4 

3,315 

250 

2 

9 

2 

6 

7 

8 

11 

20 

32 

58 

69 

21 

S 

5 

24,397 

2,343 

16 

216 

20 

68 

55 

12U 

82 

573 

406 

467 

160 

142 

18 

e 

513 

9,710 

.58 
879 

1 
21 

8 
36 

3 
36 

5 
44 

4 

6«i 

14 

78 

4 

82 

5 
1.53 

11 
190 

2 
135 

1 
15 

7 

i 

22' 

8 

141,168 

10,805 

59 

55 

110 

180 

220 

3,54 

427 

1,320 

2,251 

2,604 

2,596 

477 

152 

9 

20,732 

1,600 

5 

18 

17 

29 

66 

43 

59 

145 

203 

416 

511 

86 

2 

10 

976 
3.724 

96 
347 

6 
3 

18 
1 

1 
1 

3 
19 

6 
62 

2 
45 

7 
53 

20 
35 

18 
60 

11 
.55 

4 

7 

1 
5 

11 

1 

12 

7,505 

742 

8 

17 

44 

46 

63 

42 

41 

125 

128 

140 

74 

12 

2 

13 

4.565 

469 

9 

27 

13 

40 

38 

23 

29 

127 

69 

45 

30 

15 

4 

14 

8,638 

729 

5 

4 

22 

19 

37 

60 

41 

72 

102 

180 

166 

20 

1 

15 

19, 177 

2, 326 

135 

76 

147 

133 

229 

257 

303 

431 

283 

225 

91 

13 

3 

1< 

76,650 

5,124 

21 

7 

3 

7 

9 

13 

28 

146 

310 

2,835 

1,372 

230 

143 

17 

3.365 

329 

3 

2 

14 

12 

22 

36 

28 

54 

58 

60 

34 

2 

4 

18 

16,819 

1,4.57 

6 

16 

34 

55 

64 

95 

87 

179 

235 

380 

246 

46 

14 

19 

795 
22. 7:!2 

68 
2.201 

1 
78 

4 
104 

3 

139 

4 
196 

4 

285 

7 
288 

12 

384 

18 
406 

12 
236 

1 
35 

2 
3 

20 

7' 

46' 

21 

IS.%8 

1,599 

12 

16 

57 

52 

72 

112 

156 

126 

292 

312 

311 

75 

6 

22 

3.815 

316 

2 

4 

8 

2 

9 

37 

87 

85 

67 

14 

1 

23 

3.343 

289 

i' 

5' 

16 

15 

14 

14 

16 

30 

31 

88 

44 

9 

7 

24 

545 
1.001 

58.  .576 

61 
80 

4,830 

2 

4 

3 

7 
13 

.329 

6 

11 

11 
325 

7 
4 

.523 

4 

37 

749 

6 
13 

1.1.34 

1 
5 

369 

25 

i' 

45 

26 

163 

263 

294 

259 

273 

104 

27 

34, 152 

3,547 

47 

100 

142 

199 

271 

336 

313 

390 

618 

751 

316 

56 

8 

28 

18,240 

2,097 

75 

89 

120 

189 

214 

212 

202 

231 

279 

322 

133 

22 

9 

29 

1,540 
702,713 

159 
69, 142 

7 
1,004 

3 

1,446 

10 
2.094 

11 
2,594 

5 
3,557 

22 
3.900 

8 
4.077 

13 
5,319 

28 
8,609 

27 
11,666 

23 
10,811 

2 
3,046 

30 

""i',m 

31 

103.653 

9.oo<; 

75 

88 

197 

172 

378 

527 

.573 

1.649 

1,605 

1,781 

1,629 

278 

54 

32 

12.212 

1,361 

33 

70 

75 

109 

13S 

128 

129 

153 

215 

212 

87 

15 

2 

33 

54.564 

5,484 

117 

226 

318 

414 

457 

386 

430 

686 

890 

846 

619 

149 

46 

34 

140.382 

15,525 

349 

485 

1,136 

1,079 

1,304 

1,687 

1,501 

2,410 

2,329 

2.149 

1,029 

137 

30 

35 

550 
104,529 

47 

8,847 

2 

600 

20 
2,353 

8 
1,853 

6 
1,607 

8 
941 

3 

322 

36 

105 

65 

129 

120 

250 

396 

206 

27 

78,895 

6,900 

116 

157 

193 

224 

378 

377 

498 

696 

1,336 

1,143 

1,.548 

194 

41 

38 

69.881 

5,896 

67 

109 

199 

209 

339 

330 

409 

909 

820 

1,041 

1,039 

268 

157 

39 

567. 464 

48,230 

382 

740 

1.014 

1,615 

2,396 

2.278 

2.760 

3,622 

7,834 

13,323 

10.528 

1,416 

322 

40 

401.604 

40,881 

1,240 

796 

1.242 

1.237 

2,746 

3,497 

3,728 

9.220 

7,384 

6,181 

2,677 

615 

318 

41 

7.980 

624 

4 

13 

23 

22 

29 

43 

50 

66 

109 

103 

88 

35 

39 

42 

43. 988 

4.581 

110 

184 

249 

261 

442 

372 

365 

524 

760 

798 

412 

76 

28 

43 

77, 134 

6,977 

79 

107 

143 

268 

414 

661 

542 

657 

1,201 

1,614 

1,179 

152 

60 

44 

3,711 

328 

10 

7 

3 

1 

6 

6 

26 

45 

100 

80 

26 

13 

5 

45 

28,257 

3,034 

98 

119 

142 

216 

291 

296 

310 

383 

396 

387 

322 

57 

17 

46 

289 

2.742 

68, 376 

28 

279 

5, 557 

5 

12 

112 

3 

20 
180 

3 

22 

447 

6 
68 
641 

1 

77 
713 

7 

39 

1,441 

3 

14 

1.053 

1 

5 

444 

47 

,5' 

64 

9' 

35 

2" 

84 

6 

205 

48 

138 

^ 

152,718 

16.717 

1.309 

557 

546 

752 

1,380 

1,724 

1,260 

3.165 

2.259 

2.  ,396 

1.110 

194 

66 

50 

1,336 
1,979 

213 

188 

28 
4 

34 
10 

32 

10 

36 

10 

24 

12 

9 
13 

8 
10 

5 

19 

15 
28 

15 
39 

7 
22 

51 

8 

3 

52 

54.875 

5,525 

69 

48 

185 

329 

438 

788 

686 

6.55 

862 

878 

462 

81 

44 

53 

7.813 
100.  .542 

871 
10.350 

6 
247 

29 
231 

48 
439 

36 
465 

82 
926 

101 
1,140 

90 
979 

162 
1.543 

142 
1,683 

139 
1,609 

35 
936 

1 
38 

54 

in' 

55 

17,820 

1,886 

36 

49 

68 

90 

159 

201 

268 

278 

337 

240 

152 

3 

5 

5« 

443,854 

40.981 

641 

691 

1,080 

1.224 

2.300 

3,116 

2,758 

6.326 

6,687 

8,839 

6.206 

898 

218 

57 

2,264,168 

181.531 

1,526 

1,142 

2,364 

3.127 

6.468 

9,249 

16,062 

23,071 

33,184 

35,894 

35.485 

11,120 

2,839 

58 

84.  481 

6.731 

103 

56 

100 

119 

124 

221 

282 

626 

1,057 

2,300 

1,559 

149 

36 

59 

527, 726 

47,060 

1,919 

893 

937 

1,096 

1,593 

2,2.50 

3,976 

9,861 

8,003 

7,335 

6,616 

1,793 

789 

60 

47,089 

3,814 

64 

57 

108 

100 

144 

205 

234 

497 

622 

759 

677 

248 

99 

61 

41.248 

3,406 

70 

54 

97 

200 

152 

179 

267 

297 

397 

666 

793 

179 

.5,5 

62 

148,539 

13, 765 

150 

250 

196 

298 

1.104 

1,629 

1,823 

1,665 

2,268 

2,702 

1,422 

303 

65 

63 

2,253 

282 

5 

22 

20 

15 

27 

12 

6 

98 

70 

7 

1 

64 

32,721 

3,002 

IS 

3D 

76 

140 

190 

297 

226 

284 

609 

586 

412 

ioo' 

25' 

65 

116,551 

10,680 

10(1 

85 

111 

137 

213 

473 

991 

2,676 

2,488 

2,090 

1,157 

185 

69 

66 

641 
8,110 

42 
767 

2 
15 

1 
12 

2 
10 

2 
31 

2 
26 

1 
49 

2 

50 

7 
447 

11 
81 

8 
18 

4 

2 

87 

6 

26' 

68 

3,001 

291 

3 

11 

15 

10 

26 

15 

18 

34 

54 

.50 

45 

5 

5 

89 

30,930 

2,751 

7 

19 

42 

68 

111 

128 

161 

224 

3.S2 

616 

840 

118 

36 

70 

2,324 

187 

4 

7 

12 

11 

5 

12 

16 

27 

40 

34 

10 

9 

71 

1,053 
233,527 

116 
19,095 

22 
418 

7 
591 

8 
759 

5 

989 

1,146 

13 

1,290 

1,462 

20 
2,a55 

12 
3,479 

13 
3,674 

2 

1,789 

72 

in' 

492' 

73 

2,994 
178,577 

278 
13,205 

5 
157 

6 
206 

27 

379 

13 
541 

20 
701 

14 
935 

28 
1,166 

58 
2,024 

72 
2,517 

25 
2,423 

8 
1,219 

2 

858 

74 

79" 

75 

23,078 

1,955 

21 

31 

36 

44 

63 

105 

130 

180 

387 

525 

323 

73 

37 

76 

42,052 

3,928 

57 

98 

149 

131 

271 

2.53 

262 

513 

717 

794 

596 

89 

18 

77 

161,307 

15,648 

299 

266 

368 

538 

920 

935 

1,687 

1,881 

4,409 

3,101 

1,003 

190 

61 

78 

11.010 

1,078 

36 

54 

82 

87 

98 

92 

64 

87 

147 

135 

127 

33 

36 

79 

6,940 

710 

9 

18 

24 

47 

46 

66 

61 

92 

133 

165 

42 

5 

2 

80 

16,684 

1,533 

27 

21 

21 

30 

44 

67 

87 

289 

431 

342 

133 

23 

12 

81 

718 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  67.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS— UNITED  STATES,  BY  SPECIFIED  INDrSTRIES— NLTMBER  OF  WAGE- 
ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS,  AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN 


Confectionery 

Cooperage 

Coppersmitbing  and  sheet  iron  working. 

Cordage  and  twine 

Cordials  and  si  rups 


Cork,  cutting 

Corsets 

Cotton  goods 

Cotton  small  wares 
Cotton  waste 


Crucibles 

Cutlery  and  edge  tools  . 
Datrymen's,  poulterers' 

Dentists'  materials 

Drug  grinding 


Druggists'  preparations 

Dyeing  and  fimshing  textiles 

Dyestuffs  and  extracts 

Electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies. 
Electroplating 


90 
91 

92 
93 
94 
95 
96 

97 
98 
99 
100 
101 

102 
103 
104 
105 
106 

107 
108 
109 
110 
111 

112 
113 
114 
115 
116 

117 
118 
119 
120 
121 

122 
123 
124 
125 
126 


127  Furs,  dressed 

128  Galvanizing 

129  I  Gas  and  lamp  fixtures. 

130  Cius.  illuminating  and  heating.. 

131  Gas  machines  and  meters. 


and  apiarists'  supplies  . 


Emery  wheels 

Enameling  and  enameled  goods 

Engravers'  materials 

Engraving  and  diesinking 

Engraving,  steel,  including  nlate  printing.. 

Engraving,  wood 

Envelopes 

Explosives 

Fancy  articles,  not  elsewhere  specified 

Felt  goods 


Fertilizers 

Files 

Firearms 

Fire  extinguishers,  chemical. 
Fireworks 


Flags  and  banners 

Flavoring  extracts 

Flax  and  hemp,  dressed 

Flour  and  grist  mill  products. 
Food  preparations 


Foundry  and  machine  shop  products. 

Foundry  supplies 

Fur  ^oods 

Furnishing  goods,  men's 

Furniture 


l.'K 
133 
134 
133 
136 

137 
138 
1.% 
140 
141 

142 
143 
144 
I4.'i 
14<1 

147 
148  ' 
149 
1,'iO 
151 

152 
I.W 
154  < 
155 
156  ' 

167 
I. VI 

|l« 
IM 

IIW 
1B3 
lr>4 
IW 
ICC 


Glass 

Glass,  cutting,  staining,  and  ornamenting. 

Gloves  and  mittens,  leather 

Olucoao 

Glue 


Gold  and  silver,  leaf  and  foil 

Gold  anfi  silver,  reducing  and  refining,  not  from  the  ore. 

Graphite  and  graphite  refining 

Grease  and  tallow 

Gri  ndstones 


Gy  psum  wall  plaster 

Ilairwnrk 

llammiM'ks 

Hand  knit  goods 

Hand  stamps 

Hardware 

1  lard  ware,  sadfllery 

Hut  and  cap  materials 

Hats  and  caps,  otbor  than  felt,  itraw,  and  wool. 
Hats.  fHt 


Hatf.  straw 

Halft.  w^iol 

Hrtiifsanrl  whetstones.. 

HorsefltHK's 

Ilosiery  and  knit  gnnl 


Mm 


'I'r 


;ooda,  nut  elsuwhcro  apcclfl>"l 


Ink.  \\  ri ting 

Inntnmients,  profcMlonal  and  aclontinc. 


Ir. 
Ir. 
In  . 

Ir»f<  ..<r: 

Iron  iin'l 

rolling  I 


Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


/I  nil  rivets,  not  made  In  rolling  mills  or  stcol  works . ' 

id  spikca.cut  and  wrought,  including  wire  nulls,  not  made  in  i 
works.  I 


816 

932 

1,263 

57 

41 

25 
67 
525 
40 
20 


129 
98 
44 
16 

134 
179 
57 
443 
229 

24 
54 
7 

182 
116 

49 
36 
28 
172 
18 

200 
42 
20 
26 
19 

16 

219 

7 

7,382 

445 

5,359 

25 

448 

230 

1,257 

28 
22 
148 
619 
59 

171 

264 

136 

8 

37 

42 

28 

6 

228 

10 

102 

69 

3 

33 

143 

237 
46 
.'13 

197 

118 

28 

7 

0 

3 

410 

125 
82(1 
45 
24 
134 

H2 
52 
15 
78 
M 


AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  WAGE- 
EARNERS. 


Men  16 

years  and 

over. 


6,265 
10,223 
10,521 

3,259 
134 

409 
500 
86,023 
892 
252 

202 
5,785 
987 
300 
622 

1,286 
14,458 

1,260 
24,753 

1,022 

617 

833 

37 

760 


121 

825 

661 

1,601 

1,470 

7,332 

1,902 

4,S10 

100 

288 

40 

512 

54 

25,516 

2,802 

202,174 

171 

1,8.33 

918 

47,016 

3.'i6 

419 

3,020 

13,408 

1,365 

•23,070 
3,454 
1,085 
2,477 
1,272 

176 
141 
40 

1.962 
254 

2,048 

09 

4 

29 

543 

12.  .385 

862 

622 

1,737 

7,241 

l.n.58 

40(i 

37 

90 

10. 481 

».V) 

4.KIHI 

434 

173 

1,480 

18, 105 
3.724 

3;m 

3.202 
1,873 


Women  16 

years  and 

over. 


8,826 
12 
85 

2,566 
56 

273 

4,210 

74,0.36 

1,431 

139 


544 
146 
210 
126 

1,735 

3,063 

3 

6,146 

40 

10 
378 


.    32 
349 

1 

1,989 

28 

1,266 

297 

71 
188 

36 

1 

188 

100 
443 


135 
1,8,54 

1,628 
11 
1,499 
6,677 
1,578 

14 


814 
24 


1,324 
331 

2,082 
66 
163 

181 
1 
4 
4 


20 

241 

2 

121 

80 

1.6'20 

83 

183 

892 

2.916 

1,949 
163 


20,486 

971 

8 

6 

103 

167 

1 
683 


£42 


Children 

under  16 

years. 


778 

148 

69 

515 

1 

111 

111 

22,339 

163 


159 
14 
24 

1 

67 

680 

3 

400 

31 


4 
106 


48 
67 

1,045 

2 

20 

139 

1,051 

6 
10 
200 
5 
3 

2,2S0 
97 
60 
14 
20 


3 
52 

306 
13 
28 
26 

346 

36 
6 


1 
3,866 

46 
IK 
4 
8 
43 


119 


Earnings. 


$138,258 

134,304 

181,934 

52,950 

■    3,024 

5,883 

38,143 

1,307,578 

20,114 

3,619 

2,619 
75,372 
13,257 
5,865 
8,110 

24,592 
175,890 

16,769 
364,509 

16,186 

8,455 
12,760 
604 
13,106 
16,249 

2,083 
26,011 
il,2S0 
30,952 
15,634 

105,069 

23,274 

60,803 

1,491 

4,902 

1,092 

9,335 

639 

309,069 

52,763 

2,901,465 
2,214 

61 ,208 
560,955 

7,. 388 
6,971 
50,390 
193,239 
19,405 

4I'>6,:143 
61,9S5 
40,7il3 
46,086 
16,444 

3,798 

2,047 

470 

24, 774 

3.970 

29.754 

2.643 

79 

1.269 

8,240 

1.64.4,'<n 

10,  4.W 

7,249 

;)3,513 

129,933 

37,,'i.')8 

8.945 

468 

1,816 

•293,843 

19,777 

83.tr.>5 

5.411 

3. 269 

19.5114 

27S.9HI 

47.. 'ill! 

5, 4(K1 

51.73(1 

27.081 


Number. 


20,455 

13,641 

14,157 

7,693 

507 

948 

5,349 

202,211 

2,700 

441 

234 
7,331 
1,613 

564 
807 

3,393 
20,195 

1,707 
36,875 

1,389 

720 

1,497 

39 

956 
1,352 

162 
3,176 

842 
3,742 
2,015 

14,361 

2,340 

5,109 

122 

662 

191 
1,233 

110 

30,931 

6,406 

2^1,177 

219 

4,647 

9,246 

66, 918 

.'■>23 

581 

4,7-28 

18,150 

1,607 

36,368 
4,1164 
5,133 
3,882 
1,760 

378 

154 

4G 

2,228 

385 

2,862 

343 

12 

211 

767 

16,069 

1.043 

947 

.     3. 179 

11,624 

4,3.'il 

9113 

61 

157 

45.347 

2..'«11 

7.731 

4.52 

443 

1,861 

23.839 

4.7115 

421 

4,017 

2,780 


I      KARNINf;S  OF  WACiE-EAUNERS. 


719 


EARNERS— MKN,  WOMEN,   AND  ("HILDREN— IN  EACH  GROUP  OF  EARNINGS,  WITH  EARNINGS  AND  NU^fBER  OF 
EMPLOYED  DURING  THE  YEAR,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTAHIJSIIMENTS:  1905— Continued. 


MEN    10  YEARS   AND   OVER  (DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUUDEB 

BY  EABNIN08). 

Earnings. 

Number. 

Less  than 
t3. 

U  to  %4. 

t4tOtS. 

utose. 

SO  to  $7. 

S7  to  i8. 

»8to». 

(OtotlO. 

tl0totl2. 

$12  to  115.115  to  (20. 

rJ0toS25. 

tJ5  Hill] 

over. 

$78,002 

7,i)95 

109 

2.55 

400 

482 

846 

773 

595 

«M 

1,121 

024 

205 

126 

82 

1.33,399 

13,376 

382 

319 

S41 

763 

1,034 

1,.586 

1,041 

1,04:' 

2,010 

1,565 

313 

85 

83 

181,010 

13.972 

199 

214 

353 

422 

589 

785 

744 

1,470 

1,4:14 

2,124 

3,641 

1,8.57 

140 

84 

34,3.35 

4,076 

43 

98 

293 

316 

456 

827 

681 

422 

374 

282 

25.5 

24 

85 

1,C11 

4,012 
8,885 

1.53 

4% 
.523 

2 

21 
4 

4 

101 
11 

6 

41 

26 

10 

45 
14 

29 

51 

15 

15 

43 

15 

9 

.58 
51 

19 

71 

63 

36 

40 
144 

17 

22 
94 

C 

1 
46 

I 

2 
38 

86 

87 

2 

88 

7,32,305 

95,025 

3,927 

5,118 

9,794 

10,840 

14,232 

12,8.33 

9,192 

8,444 

9,547 

0,«»1 

2,8«7 

873 

307 

89 

9,li08 

951 

10 

57 

64 

46 

79 

103 

77 

106 

113 

160 

80 

30 

20 

90 

2,882 
2,519 

282 
234 

3 
3 

5 
4 

15 
5 

18 
12 

33 
28 

108 
61 

03 
57 

22 
40 

13 
10 

2 
8 

91 

2 

3 

1 

92 

70,097 

6.397 

1.37 

112 

227 

317 

.398 

484 

,506 

6.54 

9.58 

1,362 

978 

205 

SO 

93 

12,209 

1,290 

10 

127 

62 

51 

78 

,145 

109 

1.57 

10.5 

254 

116 

13 

3 

94 

4,400 

322 

1 

3 

3 

15 

6 

12 

13 

23 

sn 

82 

95 

20 

14 

95 

",.503 
14,072 

675 
1,407 

6 
62 

5 
105 

14 
130 

20 
139 

28 
130 

309 
190 

140 
211 

92 
175 

42 
174 

11 

28 

8 
19 

96 

U 

33 

97 

1.52,1.14 

15,990 

143 

240 

425 

752 

1,391 

3,367 

2,096 

2,10:j 

2,719 

1,584 

682 

175 

319 

96 

15.7.34 

1,697 

38 

35 

21 

75 

298 

182 

131 

351 

300 

186 

56 

17 

7 

99 

317,3.38 

29,240 

901 

669 

905 

1,286 

1,459 

1.900 

2,673 

2,956 

4,437 

5,868 

4,789 

1,074 

323 

100 

15,705 

1,301 

6 

27 

46 

59 

57 

ta 

50 

90 

173 

288 

389 

45 

8 

101 

8,390 

709 

7 

7 

10 

19 

29 

39 

48 

111 

129 

158 

130 

19 

3 

102 

9,040 

949 

13 

17 

17 

25 

72 

130 

138 

106 

199 

106 

96 

23 

7 

103 

504 
12,742 

39 
881 

1 
.36 

2 
34 

4 

23 

2 
31 

.1 

12 
124 

9 

229 

2 
144 

1 

72 

104 

2i- 

24" 

46' 

29' 

!0S 

13,491 

868 

12 

35 

34 

41 

36 

38 

32 

49 

54 

122 

192 

101 

122 

106 

2,06,8 

158 

5 

12 

7 

12 

8 

4 

7 

6 

13 

14 

33 

22 

15 

107 

10,.572 

875 

2 

25 

24 

31 

40 

46 

4.5 

ft5 

12.5 

177 

204 

54 

7 

108 

11,105 

810 

20 

12 

13 

18 

14 

36 

72 

95 

73 

187 

138 

48 

84 

109 

21,202 

1,902 

46 

117 

136 

117 

153 

155 

88 

167 

194 

2.'i6 

263 

no 

94 

110 

13,608 

1,689 

19 

16 

26 

35 

105 

277 

5S9 

257 

164 

120 

62 

14 

5 

HI 

104,425 

14,233 

924 

813 

954 

1,987 

2,353 

1,848 

1,290 

1,083 

1,699 

879 

.117 

«9 

17 

112 

21,637 

2,057 

21 

44 

59 

116 

164 

155 

218 

244 

.3.18 

4.-* 

170 

31 

21 

113 

60,464 

5,040 

49 

45 

88 

158 

303 

420 

432 

499 

■Ht,', 

ujy. 

917 

201 

100 

114 

1,483 
3,487 

121 
382 

6 
49 

2 
32 

13 
48 

9 
28 

9 
31 

■Jl 

■-'4 

21 

26 

10 
10 

3 

115 

ie" 

ii" 

22' 

2     110 

422 
6,354 

55 
615 

1 
11 

6 

19 

6 
36 

3 

38 

5 
46 

8 
33 

7 
38 

11 
55 

2 
100 

2 

m 

4 
91 

117 

3i' 

9' 

118 

639 
307,718 

110 
30,084 

12 
3S0 

12 

539 

19 
923 

19 
%6 

18 
3,211 

8 
3,007 

2 
1,956 

18 
5,455 

2 
5,484 

119 

""5,m 

""2;877' 

5«i' 

248 

120 

38,827 

3,782, 

66 

73 

85 

149 

276 

290 

287 

:Ar, 

840 

725 

344 

74 

28     121 

2,884,406 

242,845 

3,4.55 

4,699 

6,273 

6,815 

10,429 

14,748 

18,377 

:   ,.140 

45,. 523 

51,180 

10,903 

3,280     122 

2,165 

208 

6 

3 

3 

8 

9 

12 

10 

' 

43 

38 

19 

6 

123 

34,223 

2,499 

9 

28 

.53 

90 

113 

119 

174 

If-: 

il'i 

461 

507 

229 

2i6' 

124 

12,316 

1,090 

17 

35 

60 

78 

70 

70 

71 

74 

1  *'. 

1.52 

187 

58 

32 

12s 

545,793 

53,715 

924 

1.207 

2,103 

2,414 

3,983 

5,614 

5,279 

7,37S 

s.ll-. 

9,362 

5,959 

1,063 

284 

136 

7,242 

500 

3 

5 

5 

•       8 

16 

24 

24 

49 

75 

87 

109 

36 

59 

127 

5,906 

570 

11 

13 

6 

22 

7 

21 

14G 

82 

122 

90 

40 

10 

128 

43,604 

3,507 

27 

93 

165 

158 

258 

149 

156 

243 

376 

742 

809 

242 

89' 

129 

193,038 

18,118 

1.021 

426 

446 

362 

884 

758 

m 

3,364 

3,275 

3,460 

2,697 

346 

90 

130 

18,895 

1,518 

13 

27 

35 

57 

64 

52 

95 

133 

228 

374 

350 

S3 

" 

131 

444,361 

31,510 

562 

772 

1,469 

1,657 

1,696 

1,828 

1,968 

3,357 

4,026 

3,630 

3,44S 

2.378 

4,719 

132 

49,417 

4,153 

20 

180 

230 

210 

224 

243 

192 

2.52 

430 

859 

993 

255 

65 

133 

22,516 

2,190 

50 

48 

86 

85 

156 

189 

184 

341 

a57 

405 

231 

50 

8 

134 

45,257 

3,750 

58 

16 

33 

42 

63 

63 

43 

646 

1,006 

1.188 

4.10 

129 

27 

135 

15,275 

1,527 

26 

30 

32 

20 

55 

66 

145 

487 

284 

255 

98 

24 

5 

136 

2,630 

2,040 

454 

24,737 

1S5 

153 

42 

2,221 

5 

8 

6 
1 

6 
2 

'8 
2 
1 

97 

8 
1 

i42' 

.4 
24 
342 

12 
29 

59^ 

12 
54 

613 

94 

40 

2 

242 

IS 
7 

3 
3 

1 
R 

137 

138 

139 

37' 

ie' 

23' 

is' 

69' 

27' 

140 

3,976 
29,489 

385 

3 
135 

2 

4 

1 

21 

206 

98 

26 

24 

141 

2,819 

47 

65 

78 

152 

121 

134 

497 

790 

42S 

310 

41 

21 

142 

886 

54 

295 

7,339 

75 

6 

38 

606 

3 

3 

1 
7 
33 

5 

1 

9 

34 

5 

5 

6 

11 
3 
7 

65 

18 

1 

2 

•    106 

14 

4 

1 

143 

144 

4' 

35 

i' 

24 

5' 

24 

r 

41 

2' 

148 

145 

3' 

28" 

«' 

17 

146 

142,886 

13, 776 

157 

342 

5.54 

663 

1,079 

1,340 

1,221 

1,660 

2.278 

2.512 

1.647 

259 

64 

147 

9.909 

940 

3 

31 

57 

49 

57 

73 

84 

106 

170 

143 

132 

26 

9 

148 

5.987 
25,537 

688 
2,009 

5 
8 

4 

10 

27 
40 

46 
135 

143 
80 

112 

111 

66 

84 

56 

26 

g 

149 

67 

98 

111 

297 

471 

519 

117 

K 

150 

105,228 

7,929 

44 

111 

245 

275 

344 

476 

432 

685 

954 

1.507 

1.673 

766 

387 

151 

15,425 

1.357 

12 

15 

63 

S2 

73 

98 

lOI 

191 

221 

287 

143 

68 

33 

152 

7.430 

680 

31 

19 

48 

31 

40 

51 

102 

91 

54 

41 

61 

57 

18 

153 

460 

1.805 

102,843 

58 

155 

11,558 

4 

5 

1 
683 

4 

12 
782 

3 

25 

1,447 

-   6 

28 

3 

3 

1 

154 

21 
1,608 

s' 

1,417 

13 

1,288 

18 
1.544 

21 
1,072 

23 
669 

8 

205 

5 
103 

155 

326' 

4i4' 

156 

11.546 

1,171 

9 

23 

55 

7."! 

95 

118 

134 

201 

167 

165 

99 

22 

10 

157 

83.488 

7.680 

204 

138 

174 

263 

547 

563 

568 

748 

1.481 

1.804 

846 

240 

106 

158 

5. 362 

443 

1 

5 

15 

11 

8 

17 

14 

43 

88 

151 

65 

16 

9 

159 

1.965 
18.411 

200 
1,634 

12 
59 

18 
;        90 

10 
87 

9 
115 

15 

98 

16 
106 

22 
110 

29 
189 

41 
315 

21 
340 

2 
79 

5 
32 

160 



14 

161 

278, 7.52 

83,796 

1             362 

164 

262 

252 

553 

1.193 

1,174 

2,S« 

7.383 

6.38S 

2.756 

610 

153 

162 

43.. 358 

3,977 

!           39 

49 

91 

192 

429 

276 

276 

679 

553 

628 

644 

109 

12 

163 

5.490 
51.677 

421 
4,004 

'            2 

48 

1 
58 

10 
97 

24 
140 

31 
224 

17 
224 

34 

526 

5.5 
720 

63 
821 

110 

673 

66 
289 

8 
166 

164 

38' 

165 

23. 190 

2.127 

65 

42 

61 

75 

112 

267 

247 

200 

297 

275 

3S3 

67 

36 

166 

720 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  6T.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS— UXITED  STATES,  BY  SPECIFIED   INDUSTRIES— NUMBER  OF  WAGE- 
ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS,  AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN 


Iron  and  steel  pipe,  wrought 

Iron  and  steel,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills.. 

Ivory  and  bone  work 

Japanning 

Jewelry 


Jewelry  and  instrument  cases. 

Jute  and  jute  goods 

Kaolin  and  ground  earths 

Labels  and  tags 

Lamps  and  reflectors 


Lapidary  work 

Lard,  refined 

Lasts 

Lead.  bar.  pipe,  and  sheet. 
Leather  goods 


Leather,  tanned,  curried,  and  finished.. 

Lime 

Linen  goods 

Liquors,  distilled 

Liquors,  malt 


Liquors,  vinous 

Lithographing  and  engraving 

Locomotives 

Looking-glass  and  picture  frames. 
Lumber  and  timber  products 


Lumber,  planing  mill  products,  including  sash,  doors,  and  blinds.. 

Malt 

Mantels,  slate,  marble,  and  marbleized 

Marble  and  stone  work 

Matches 


167 
168 
169 
170 
171 

172 
173 
174 
175 
176 

177 
178 
179 
ISO 
181 

182 
183 
184 
185 
186 

187 
188 
189 
190 
191 

192 
193 
194 
195  ; 
196 

197  . 
198 
199 
200 

201  , 

202  I 
203 
204 
205 
206  : 

207 
208 
209 
210 
211 

212 
213 
214 
215 
216 

217 
218 
219 
220 
221 

222 
22:1 
224 
225 
226 


227  Peanuts,  grading,  roasting,  cleaning,  and  ahclling. 

22s  1  I'cncil.i.  lead 

229  Tens,  fountain  and  stylographlc 

230  I'enii,  gold 

231  Perfumery  and  coamotlcs 


Number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Mats  and  matting 

Mattresses  and  spring  beds.. 

Millinerj'  and  lace  goods 

Mineraland  soda  waters 

Mirrors 


Models  and  patterns,  not  including  paper  patterns . 
Monuments  and  tombstones 


Mucilage  and  paste. 
Musical  instr 


ruments  and  materials,  not  specified. 
Musical  instrmnents,  organs 


Musical  inst  ruments,  pianos 

Musical  instruments,  piano  and  organ  materials. 

Needles,  pins,  and  hooks  and  eyes 

Nets  and  seines 

Oakum 


Oil.  cottonseed  and  cake 

Oil.  essential 

Oil,  linseed 

Oil,  not  elsewhere  specified.. 
Oilcloth  and  linoleum,  Iloor. 


Oilcloth ,  cnamele<l 

Oleomargarine 

Optical  goods 

Ordnance  and  ordnance  stores. 
Paints 


Paper  and  wood  pulp 

I'aper  goods,  not  elsewhere  specified. 

Paper  patterns 

Patent  medicines  and  compounds 

leaving  materials 


232 
23.3 
234 
23.T 
236 

237 
238 
239 
240 
241 


Petroleum,  refining 

Phonographs  and  graphophoncs 

I'hf»togr)iphic  af>paratilH 

Photogniphic  materials ' 

Photolithographing  an<l  iiliotoi'ngntvjng. 


Pickles,  preserves,  and  sauces. 

Pipes,  toliocoo 

i'lat ed  ware 

Plumbers'  stippllos 

Pocket  books 


242  Pottery,  terracotta,  ond  fireclay  products 

243  I'rJMllng  and  ttulillshltig,  bftok  and  Jr>l) 

244  Print  log  and  piibliMbln^.  music 

24.1  Printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and  perlodleals. 

246  Printing  inaterlala 


247 
248 
249 
2.yi 
251 


J'ulp  goods 

Pumps,  not  Including  steam  pumps 

Hefrigerators 

ftegalla  and  sfxrlety  banners  and  einblemi 
Klcc,  cleaning  and  polishing. . 


AVEKAGE  NUMBER  OF  WAGE- 
EARNERS. 


12 
192 

39 

24  1 
657  ! 

55I 
7 
76 
36 
73 

34 

6 

42 

25 

212 

621 
284 
8 
575 
918 

255 

120 

11 

298 

8,394 


85 

4 

626 

7 

3 
420 
344 

2.542 
61 

362 
1,009 
76 
99 
57 

125 

62 

21 

5 

3 

287 
27 
17 

115 
11 


3 
304 

381 

130 

9 

1,154 

24 

g 

3 
13 
6 

174 

m 

8 
29 
53 
117 

303 
32 
33 

107 
23 

420 

4,802 

33 

10,860 

67 

10 
67 
M 
79 

8 


Men  16 

years  and 

over. 


2,187 

96.794 

874 

261 

9,461 

310 

1,722 

978 

548 

2,025 

149 
325 

818 

481 

1,481 

33.025 

3,559 

611 

3,454 

24,937 

726 

5,417 

23,040 

3,465 

114,896 

40, 426 

996 

87 

20.697 
707 

228 
3.129 
1,548 
6.851 

957 

1,462 
6,268 
255 
1,355 
1,915 

9,965 

4,230 

267 

57 

98 

5,731 
92 
866 
609 

1,846 

307 
154 

2,260 
286 

6,055 

28,995 

3,033 

146 

2,915 

782 

52 

477 
226 
64 
350 

13,0.16 

1,491 

1.3(17 

88(1 

1,833 

2,576 

1184 

l,8.'i6 

6,3,52 

270 

18,324 
33, 5114 

244 
4;),  927 

227 

426 
955 
976 
400 
118 


Women  16 

years  and 

over. 


19 

852 

207 

113 

3,555 

345 

2,362 

27 

307 

498 

9 
14 
1 


646 

1.061 
1 

829 
163 
324 

33 
1.074 


302 
202 


164 


59 
419 


838 

7,719 

78 

22 

74 
6 
51 
86 
64 

241 
271 
299 
585 
16 


IS 
47 

4 

8 

736 


515 

5.982 

3.  408 

.161 

2,925 


276 
664 
37 
2 
650 


199 
223 

ia3 

197 

2, 614 
115 
221 
lli5 
210 

1,6,')6 

II.  :1(12 

60 

10,9.'i4 

8 

:m 
3 
2 

795 


Children 

under  16 

years. 


574 

47 

7 

313 

9 
318 


172 

548 

7 

174 

17 

204 

4 
97 
60 
126 
652 

360 


74 

1.31 

217 

7 

22 

6 

11 

61 

5 

182 

200 

17 

23 


1 

85 

2 
1 

183 


140 

129 

4 

193 


23 

303 

5 

28 

33 

47 

47 
19 

38 

28 

8 

383 

1,344 

1 

1,644 


Earnings. 


$28,780 

1,482,872 

12.009 

4,315 

184,506 

5,818 
29,648 
11.970 

8,239 
30,249 

4,172 
3,561 

14.580 
7,025 

24,668 

389,187 
42.396 
11.724 
53.394 

401,999 

20.  .672 

95.316 

390,041 

46, 602 

1,630,913 

561.392 

20,077 

1,327 

373,024 

9,279 

2,075 

46,110 

106,  .388 

91,139 

13,778 

30,099 
108. 327 
.3,  747 
20,428 
26,424 

142,583 

58, 775 

5,160 

4,221 

864 

80,701 
1,649 

14,405 
9,137 

22.030 

3., 697 
2,698 

30,422 
3,910 

66,626 

375,759 

68.948 

7.345 

60,  .373 

12,3li4 

l,31i3 
8,7,66 
2,6:» 
1,193 
9,011) 

184,  4:«1 
21,241 
16, 770 
15. 497 
36, 669 

62,742 
11,177 
29,481 
86,i«4 
4,242 

260, 177 
693,204 

4,023 
736,079 

3,289 

4.722 
II,. 376 
14,296 
11,979 

1.738 


Number. 


2.897 

119.069 

1,371 

473 

15,783 

762 
4,592 
1.331 

977 
2,926 

204 
353 
974 
555 
2,816 

40,259 
4,766 
1.692 
5,439 

28.446 

2.030 

7.195 

31,349 

4,742 

177,022 

50,787 

1.428 

96 

28,  317 
1,283 

282 
4,995 
13, 328 
9,5,62 
1,196 

2,159 
7.882 
396 
1.746 
2,244 

11,394 

5,101 

(Bl 

716 

126 

12,157 

1.66 

1.201 

776 

2,167 

346 
210 

3,3.60 
312 

6,  .609 

3,*!.  294 

7,373 

927 

7,704 

1.248 

4.69 

1.211 

316 

1,301 

16.278 
2,016 
1.771 
1.798 
2.384 

S.261 
1.2.W 

2.:ioi 

7,. 630 
.665 

24,242 
62,916 

346 
04,, 661 

277 

.624 
1,113 
1,227 
1,427 

241 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


721 


EARNERS— MEN.  WOMEN,  AND   CIIILDREN-IN   EACH   GROUP  OF   EARNINGS,  WITH    EARNINGS  AND   NUMI5ER  OF 
EMPLOYED  DURING  THE  YEAR,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Continued. 


HEN  16 

YEAKS  AND  OVER  (DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER  BY 

sABNmasj 

Earnings. 

1 
Nmnl)er. 

Less  than 
$3. 

1 

1 

$:<  to  %i.  ; 

$4  tl)  $5. 

J5  to  $6. 

$6  to  $7. 

»7  to  $8. 

$8  to  t9. 

1       1 

19  to  $10.  »10  to  S12.  »12  to  $15.  $15  to  $20.  $20  to  $25. 

1 

i 

$25  and 
over. 

J28,fi93 
1,473,717 

1 
2,.S77 

130 

64 

01 

65 

139 

277 

424 

547 

529 

327. 

203 

67 

44 

167 

117.  .'574 

1,276 

1.383  ' 

1.708 

2,502 

4,430 

9,277 

14,628 

15,631 

21,015 

18,672 

14,874 

5,405 

6,573 

168 

10, 16,') 

1,034 

5 

30 

37 

38 

65 

111 

lis 

121 

208 

211 

75 

11 

4 

169 

3, 5:!0 
152,944 

319 

1 

15 

17 

20 

26 

18 

19 

39 

62 

45 

32 

16 

9 

170 

11,024 

136 

275 

419 

438 

501 

568 

607 

591 

1,264 

2,021 

2,272 

1,079 

853 

171 

3.762 
14.319 

352 

4 

15 

15 

28 

18 

24 

22 

35 

32 

82 

64 

9 

4 

172 

1,773 

2 

79 

112 

288 

235 

328 

143 

128 

212 

133 

96 

14 

3 

173 

11,787 

1.292 

27 

16 

12 

15 

233 

131 

115 

336 

197 

126 

74 

7 

3 

174 

6,448 

600 

21 

43 

29 

52 

30 

51 

33 

37 

82 

89 

76 

38 

13 

175 

26,818 

2,340 

27 

37 

05 

78 

79  , 

178 

202 

237 

437 

438 

453 

82 

27 

178 

4  055 

187 

1 

2 

4 

5 

5 

5 

1 

6 

8 

17 

30 

29 

76 

177 

3,415 
14,562 

7,025 
19,093 

323 
970 

3 

7 

1 
5 

19 
17 

6 
34 

9 
45 

49 
42 

7 
26 

85 
74 

80 
92 

34 
209 

29 
234 

1 
122 

178 

63' 

179 

555 
1,752 

3 

66 

6 
106 

3 

107 

.      13 

156 

9 
125 

17 
120 

66 
170 

136 
241 

156 
27S 

128 
262 

22 
60 

6 
43 

180 

is' 

181 

379, 076 

38,293 

519 

465 

1.024 

1,350 

2,623 

3,826 

4,524 

6,840 

8,317 

5,510 

2,644 

468 

183 

182 

42,338 

4.737 

142 

59 

91 

99 

488 

663 

326 

1,475 

865 

371 

136 

18 

4 

183 

6, 167 

633 

3 

11 

20 

40 

55 

90 

59 

119 

105 

84 

34 

9 

4 

184 

52  125 

5.175 

130 

132 

256 

177 

.561 

400 

185 

838 

871 

929 

517 

110 

69 

185 

398,621 

27.741 

249 

218 

346 

435 

627 

873 

480 

1,180 

2,553 

6,584 

11,634 

2,159 

503 

ISO 

19,941 

1.934 

19 

26 

15 

20 

44 

123 

105 

373 

755 

355 

88 

7 

4 

187 

88,016 

5.S47 

114 

247 

379 

276 

251 

244 

252 

300 

495 

668 

889 

919 

813 

188 

389,811 

31.2,S6 

569 

491 

611 

716 

985 

1,947 

2,924 

3,651 

4,824 

6.394 

5.139 

1,543 

1,492 

189 

43,717 

4  196 

60 

118 

253 

231 

274 

391 

202 

495 

625 

776 

537 

131 

43 

190 

1,625,738 

175.718 

8,020 

5,161 

8,422 

7,777 

19,203 

19,932 

12,772 

33,296 

22,456 

21,313 

12,335 

3,296 

1,735 

191 

558.392 

20.077 

1.327 

372.460 

50.067 

1.428 

96 

28.197 

915 
6 

1,024 
2 

1,842 
6 

1,988 
2 

3,539 
7 
3 

1,090 

3,565 
4 
4 

1,479 

2,922 
7 

6,877 
82 
17 

3,427 

6,055 

114 

7 

3,861 

9.273 

564 

26 

3,819 

9,451 

574 

26 

5,886 

2.302 
.51 
13 

3,183 

314 
9 

192 
193 
194 

678' 

335 

479' 

659' 

"   "i|985' 

""i,Z\6 
3 

195 

6,431 

735 

3 

13 

31 

43 

73 

195 

110 

114 

81 

60 

24 

5 

196 

58 
160 

41 
195 

32 
302 

19 
293 

11 
352 

34 

46 

17 

5 

1 

197 

2.075 
39. 489 

282 
3,894 

14 

81 

4 
116 

565 

629 

633 

420 

i23' 

25 

198 

25. 044 

2.011 

35 

33 

58 

71 

104 

120 

140 

170 

338 

361 

296 

178 

107 

199 

89.323 
13.611 

9,059 
1,158 

121 
2 

309 
27 

419 
34 

466 
50 

824 
56 

633 
73 

560 

47 

1,157 
121 

1,616 
146 

1,760 
268 

990 
303 

148 
23 

56 
8 

200 
201 

29.114 

2,017 

24 

70 

74 

72 

77 

85 

40 

97 

146 

232 

685 

392 

23 

202 

108.254 

7.867 

63 

104 

119 

218 

295 

296 

172 

571 

723 

1,334 

3.297 

517 

158 
3 

203 

3.311 

310 

2 

3 

28 

5 

U 

27 

11 

46 

.54 

78 

37 

5 

204 

19.  569 

1,591 

8 

16 

39 

49 

62 

87 

65 

154 

2.50 

406 

354 

69 

32 

205 

25.958 

2,171 

42 

66 

70 

96 

140 

112 

118 

208 

313 

418 

410 

141 

37 

206 

140.256 

56,082 

3,170 

753 

814 

10.931 

4,577 

288 

57 

108 

90 
28 
8 

165 

54 

S 

289 

146 

14 

2 

2 

404 

200 

15 

430 

258 

12 

502 
277 

22 
1 

32 

646 

340 

20 

1 

6 

912 
443 

34 
3 

17 

1,473 

707 

59 

15 

2,491 

930 

39 

15 

1 

2,529 

736 

51 

15 

4 

622 

317 

8 

3 

1 

378 
141 

1 
2 

207 
208 
209 
210 

i 

8 

3' 

26' 

211 

80,6t>9 

1.649 

14,  405 

12,144 

156 

1,201 

1,251 

8S9 

1,438 
3 
4 

1,116 

2,062 
'I 

2,077 
11 
52 

580 
15 
20 

1,330 
39 
98 

646 
37 
467 

526 
23 
401 

189 

12 

103 

33 
3 
13 

7 
1 
5 

212 
213 

22 

7 

3' 

214 

8  926 

751 

4 

10 

14 

25 

31 

20 

105 

162 

230 

121 

16 

6 

215 

21)383 

2,031 

2 

" 

8 

34 

46 

219 

299 

524 

308 

286 

254 

37 

7 

216 

3,556 

2. 647 

25. 198 

339 

208 

2,382 

11 
3 
94 

19 
4 
79 

15 

4 

222 

36 

2 

239 

40 
5 

205 

59 

22 

267 

57 

44 

336 

71 
56 

481 

28 
51 

297 

3 
9 
74 

217 

8 

24 
2 
5S 

218 

24' 

46' 

219 

3.910 
03, 185 

312 
5,900 

5 
199 

6 

117 

10 
129 

6 

164 

11 
225 

2 
347 

19 
502 

26 
895 

35 

1,371 

10<") 
1,095 

73 
043 

11 

155 

220 
221 

337,546 

31,7.35 

666 

376 

499 

579 

1,173 

2,232 

3,018 

7,811 

6,328 

4,914 

3,103 

796 

240 
48 
31 
92 
18 

222 

37,009 

2.317 

38.  438 

12,364 

3,303 

1.53 

3, 655 

1,248 

56 

74 

2 

91 

43 

123 

5 

163 

42 

138 

9 

210 

38 

190 
11 

2.SS 
63 

248 

8 

304 

68 

215 

7 

243 

138 

449 

12 

468 

175 

552 

18 

609 

254 

584 

14 

547 

163 

494 

18 

472 

106 

132 
IS 

112 
41 

223 
224 

56' 

99 

225 
226 

477 
5,146 
2, 28(i 
1,172 
4,372 

67 
485 
267 

73 
411 

1 
32 
39 

3 

31 

8 
25 
18 

4 
33 

38 
27 
26 
3 
30 

5 
33 
21 

1 
35 

2 
15 
8 
2 
36 

6 
24 
22 

3 
68 
22 

4 
56 

2 
99 
35 
12 
62 

1 
82 
27 

9 
50 

1 
21 

S 
23 
16 

227 

7' 

3 
8 
16 

i 

3' 

42 

35 

4 
19 

228 
229 
230 

2S' 

231 

1.S2, 1^2 
19, 926 

14,838 
1,796 

297 
97 

186 
48 

276 
52 

260 
59 

496 
67 

480 
100 

529 
133 

2,985 
184 

2,312 
292 

2,784 
373 

3,238 
325 

799 
49 

196 
11 

232 
233 

14.933 
11.0!I9 
34.773 

1,464 

951 

2,085 

16 
8 
43 

37 
16 
86 

49 
37 
90 

60 
45 
96 

86 
38 

87 

104 

46 
70 

;        117 
57 
49 

139 

86 
00 

279 
■193 
144 

441 
231 
214 

111 
135 
369 

20 

42 

343 

5 
17 
434 

234 
235 
236 

34,774 
10. 394 

4,040 
'              1,095 

535 

IS 

145 
';                92 

123 
87 

131 
85 

268 
107 

349 
96 

424 

89 

633 
70 

586 
148 

516 
143 

252 

127 

62 
23 

16 
10 

237 
238 

27,752 

84.884 

2.844 

1,998 

7,328 

321 

1                23 

57 

4 

37 
112 
28 

4" 

273 

34 

58 
180 
35 

86 
246 
36 

68 

393 

1             38 

111 

330 

23 

96 

1        1,223 

21 

241 

1,242 

38 

374 

1,413 

17 

652 

1,377 

26 

174 

381 

14 

31 
101 

7 

)  239 
;  240 
1  241 

i 

237.287 

21  838 

426 

202 

473 

713 

997 

1,849 

2.291 

4,6S2 

3,751 

2,963 

2,126 

765 

1            540 

.242 

509!  174 
3.  .554 

052. 017 
3.209 

39^345 

274 

49,042 

263 

915 

1.461 

12 

1          1,749 

;          4 

1,764 
8 

1.876 
7 

1,0I» 

11 

2,156 

17 

1,961 

9 

3,048 

10 

1.94S 

15 

2.410 

1              " 

1.921 

9 

2. 380 

14 

2.417 
12 

3,393 
25 

3,745 
38 

5,940 
39 

6,033 
71 

7,447 
53 

9,865 
70 

8,175 
45 

3,824 
12 

4.568 
22 

1,831 

4,836 
11 

243 
244 

i,'664 

1                  3 

245 
246 

4,421 
11  329 

453 

1,101 

' 

1 

16 
20 

17 
26 

12 
44 

29 

89 

61 
144 

33 

114 

89 
153 

43 

165 

110 
145 

36 
121 

0 
39 

1 
11 

247 

30 

248 

14,202 
5.542 
1.738 

1,220 
459 
241 

9 
4 
43 

54 
12 
27 

37 
23 
14 

44 

26 

0 

43 

24 
31 

61 
36 
19 

91 

30 

4 

113 
39 
43 

186 
61 
24 

308 
i              95 
'              19 

209 

67 

4 

52 
18 

6 

13 
1              24 

1 

249 
250 
251 

iZ 


Tl 


MAXUFACTURES. 


Table  G7  —CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS— UNITED  STATES,  BY  SPECIFIED  INDUSTRIES— NUMBER  OF  WAGE- 
ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS,  AVERAGE  NUilBER  OF  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN 


252 
253 
254 
255 
256 

257 
23S 
259 
260 
261 

262 
263 
264 
265 
266 

267 
268 
269 
270 
271 

272 
273 
274 
275 
276 

277 
278 
279 
280 
281 

282 
283 
284 
285 
286 

287 
288 
289 
290 
291 

292 
293 
294 
295 
296 

297 
298 
299 
300 
301 


INDnSTKY. 


Roofing  materials 

Rubber  and  elastic  goods. 

Rules,  ivory  and  wood 

Saddlery  and  harness 

Safes  and  vaults 


Salt. 


Sausage 

Saws 

Scales  and  balances.. 
Screws,  machine 


Screws,  wood 

Sewing  machine  cases 

Sewing  machines  and  attachments 

Shipliuilding.  iron  and  steel 

Shipbuilding,  wooden,  including  boat  building. 


Shirts 

Shoddy 

Show  cases 

Silk  and  silk  goods 

Silversmithing  and  silverware 

Slaughtering  and  meat  packing,  wholesale 

Slaughtering,  wholesale,  not  including  meat  packing . 

Smelting  and  refining,  copper 

Smelting  and  refining,  lead 

Smelting  and  refining,  zinc 


Smelting  and  refining,  not  from  the  oi« . 

Soap 

Soda  water  apparatus 

Sporting  goods 

Springs,  steel,  car  and  carriage 


Stamped  ware 

Starch 

Stationery  goods,  not  elsewhere  specified.. 

Statuurv'andart  goods 

Steam  fittings  and  heating  apparatus 


Steam  packing 

Stencils  and  brands 

Sten'ot%T)ing  and  electrotyping 

Stoves  and  mniaces,  not  including  gas  and  oil  stoves. 
Stoves,  gas  and  oil 


Straw  goods,  not  elsewhere  specified. 

Structural  ironwork 

•Sugar  and  molasses,  refining 

Sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed  acids — 
Surgical  appliances 


Tin  and  temc  plate 

Tinfoil 

Tinware 

Tobacco,  chewing  and  smoking,  and  snufl  . 
Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes 


302  Tools,  not  elsewhere  specified. 

303  '  Toys  and  games 

304  Trunks  and  valises 

305  Turj'^'ntinf  and  rosin 

306  Ty[H'  founding 


.107 
308 
300 
310 
311 

312 
313 
311 
SI.'. 
316 

317 
.•JIM 
319 
320 
321 

322 
323 
324 
32A 

320  ' 
327 
32)1 
3211 


Typewriters  and  supplies 

il'mhrellas  and  canes 

rpholHterIng  materials 

V^arniHhc'H 

Vault  lights  and  ventilators. 


Vincgfir  and  cidor 

Wall  nup'T 

Washing  machines  and  clothes  wringers  . 

Walch  and  clock  materials 

WaU'b  ca««'S 


Watches 

Whn'lliarrows 

',VlllpH 

Wlnrlmllls 

Window  shn<|ps  nnd  fixtures . 


Wire 

WIrework.  Including  wire  rope  nnd  cubic 

Wood  ca  rjK't 

Wooil  ilinillliitinn,  not  Including  turpentine  and  rosin  . 


iMmI 

lint  I 


farvtul 

Iwwbere  dperifln*!. 


'I  I II" 


a.'jO  ;    Wool  «<ourlli(^ 

331  Wool'li  K.iii.l" 

332  VVor.lid  gn.i.l. 

333  AUollier  Iniluslrli' 


AVERAGE 

NUMBER   OF  WAGE- 
EARNERS. 

TOTAL. 

Numoer 
of  estab- 

lish- 

Men  16 

Women  16 

ChUdren 

years  and 

years  and 

under  16 

Earnings. 

Number. 

over. 

over. 

years. 

141 

2,355 

S 

34 

433,565 

2,989 

133 

9,475 

4,703 

296 

158,858 

10,211 

7 

67 

60 

2 

824 

121 

760 

6,303 

525 

182 

85,260 

8,153 

18 

2,018 

10 

26,688 

2,178 

57 

1,  444  ! 

103 

18,662 

2,064 

198 

701 

11 

4 

9,391 

827 

48 

1,258 

14 

64 

17, 194 

1,435 

52 

2,077 

12 

13 

27,566 

2,315 

20 

1,572 

72 

76 

17,967 

1,856 

5 

763 

473 

37 

12.748 

1,594 

3 

2,089 

20 

217 

23.059 

2,451 

27 

5,353 

103 

16 

74.049 

6,941 

28 

17,071 

23 

300 

252,392 

22,652 

518 

5.236 

9 

7 

109.887 

8,835 

242 

2,598 

10,900 

648 

lllfp.dxS 

16,765 

59 

870 

200 

3 

1 1 , 423 

1,428 

83 

1,&33 

12 

10 

211,  U45 

1,892 

205 

8,985 

15,866 

2,539 

221,980 

30,486 

53 

4,745 

•      689 

99 

78,523 

6,448 

348 

25. 901 

1,193 

466 

351,443 

32,986 

269 

2.557 

3 

4 

39,880 

2,8.32 

18 
12 

0.044 
2. 927 

41 

108.290 
44.210 

6,965 
3,583 

- 

14 

2.437 

2 

15 

31.702 

2,843 

39 
275 

878 
3,722 

4 
1,612 

14.,35ti 
53.273 

1,172 
6,325 

123 

18 

629 

38 

3 

11,  (»0 

929 

88 

976 

673 

18 

17.  47S 

2.130 

27 

86 

1,246 
6,840 

10 
136 

16.827 
7.1.022 

1,561 
8,239 

1,610 

73 

045 

77 

6 

13,  ,t83 

1,263 

82 

1,314 

1,150 

61 

21,084 

2,923 

82 

039 

29 

6 

16,128 

1,014 

124 

8.681 

48 

9 

123.270 

10,163 

61 
74 

1,211 
347 

100 
14 

1.').923 
4.713 

1,607 
423 

23 

85 

l,40(.l 

28 

21 

22, 708 

1,560 

206 

14,903 

13 

186 

2,30. 007 

17,910 

46 

1,S04 

10 

3 

27.905 

2,695 

4 
418 

20 
15,985 

23 
4 

708 
248,807 

90 
21,698 

17 

eo 

6,  ,351 

199 

45 

91 .  192 

7,9-20 

17 

1.305 

20,  .384 

1.760 

94 

370 

276 

8 

7, 104 

750 

17 

2,IX)7 

421 

2 

41,814 

3,900 

6 
234 

339 

s.o.w 

283 
2,318 

6. 199 
118,499 

637 
14.646 

186 

229 

7.  401 

.'1,009 

1,196 

91 ,  992 

16, 165 

9.033 

:!S.T02 

29,387 

2,779 

734,971 

84,292 

398 

7,169 

321 

80 

93,355 

8,702 

79 

1,089 

268 

122 

16, 3: 7 

2,034 

230 

3,403 

377 

90 

43.279 

4,  .613 

383 

6,262 

1 

15 

40.27.'-. 

7,714 

16 

876 

237 

53 

17, 428 

1.3,M 

45 

3,646 

334 

20 

5.''i.  110 

4.647 

W 

476 

716 

40 

11.319 

1,484 

120 

1,056 

497 

46 

17,220 

2.002 

129 

910 

45 

4 

13.034 

1.040 

16 
424 

99 
813 

1,6S2 
20,  437 

123 
2,140 

41 

1 

21 

1,479 

184 

137 

■2:1,101 

2,319 

54 

763 

4 

24 

8,, MO 

943 

11 

149 

117 

2 

2,919 

314 

12 

1,.333 

503 

29 

22,8,36 

2, 126 

7 

2,699 

2,401 

66,  .368 

6,214 

13 
36 

145 

!               517 

1 
61 

1,677 
7,800 

192 

922 

243 

40 
106 

l,,'i02 
895 

18.8S2 
12.094 

1,746 
1 ,  ,628 

.381 

30 

14 

■-',.■(91 

80 

18 

;i3,34l 

3,031 

374 

0.204 

1,194 

268 

9:1,704 

9. 446 

11 

213 

1 

1 

6.  413 

.329 

60 

13 
684 

1,02:1 

412 
«,  137 

12.606 

5.100 
71,035 

1.234 

068 
8,204 

0 
128 

141 

114 

2,631 

385 

166 

33,078 

3,794 

21 
11 

420 
■111 

1 
6 

6,243 
•  0,910 

,'i9l 
,W2 

11 

.'toil 

24, 7-11 

13,021 

1,041 

361,160 

43,881 

ION 

IH.KIO 

IK.  01 3 

3, 979 

!            :«i2, 122 

4,6,803 

'U 

147 

SI 

3 

2,264 

204 

M',rnhriu<ea  cnrdhnard  nntmnilo  Infpnper  mills,  2;  mlllstono*,  3 ;  oil,  oaator,  3 ;  oll,lard,2 

pBiKTand  cloth,  I. 


pons,  stwl,  1 ;  pulp,  fnun  riLiroiher  than  wood, 1;  sand  and  ornery 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


723 


EAKNEIIS— MEN,  WOMEN,  AND   CnTT-BREN— IN   EACH  GROUP  OF  EARNINGS.  WITH   EARNINGS  AND   NUMBER   OF 
EMPLOYED  DURING  THE  YEAR,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Continued. 


UEN 

16  YEARS 

AND  OVER  (DISTRIBUTION  OF 

NUMBER  Br  EARNINGS). 

earnings. 

Number. 

Less  than 
13. 

S3  to  »4. 

S4  to  $5. 

$5  to  50. 

1 
$6  to  $7. 

$7  to  $8. 

J8  to  «9. 

(9  to  $10.  $10  to  $12.  $12  to  $15.  $15  to  $20.  $20  to  $25. 

$25  and 
over. 

$33,339 
122,  498 

2,933 
10,885 

29 

22 

39 

47 

116 

247 

241 

472 

485 

720 

397 

69 

49 

252 

01 

1 
102 

96 

1 

218 

256 
4 

198 

383 

3 

288 

489 

1 

382 

087 

10 

457 

944 
'2 

1,848 
12 

2,138 

2,030 
19 

1,600 
4 

248 

75 

253 
254 

035 
81  489 

05 
7,323 
2,105 

433 

688 

1, 176  1 

^•IIS. 

1,412 

165' 

26' 

255 

26,628 

28 

42 

47 

50 

67 

78 

148 

423 

281 

482 

358 

116 

45 

256 

1,951 
810 

105 
11 

56 
8 

62 
22 

54 
25 

89 
19 

166 
32 

131 
26 

519 

4.37 

261 

64 

- 

257 

IS,  124 
'.1. 299 

70 

192 

234 

154 

15 

2 

258 

lo] 8] 4 

1,305 

48 

46 

44 

47 

87 

85 

118 

126 

162 

188 

258 

111 

45 

259 

2"' 340 

2, 284 
1,097 

14 

12 

37 

58 

101 

117 

247 

329 

327 

406 

397 

110 

S 

260 

17,236 

11 

27 

131 

99 

124 

136 

162 

160  , 

248 

389 

178 

20 

12 

261 

918 

2,207 

5,813 

22,173 

8 

31 
35 
33 

32 
38 
63 

20 
50 
135 

24 
97 
218 

139 

-272 

254 

144 

96 

180  1 

141 

87 

10 

262 

9, 209 
23,  520 
73  189 

370 

305 
723 

459 
1,092 

390 
1,453 

164 
1,088 

21 
241 

263 

lb' 

i07' 

264 

25l!oi5 

456 

464 

796 

1,034 

1,088 

1,537 

1,499 

2,068 

3,053 

3,899 

4,409 

934 

336 

265 

109,792 

8,817  j 

341 

210 

187 

264 

275 

400 

259 

813 

1,069 

1,854 

2,535 

479 

131 

266 

29. 344 

2,876 

41 

140 

172 

213 

282 

299 

249 

230 

391 

378 

345 

90 

46 

267 

9,952 

1,123 

11 

12 

27 

57 

101 

222 

155 

257 

130 

94 

37 

9 

5 

288 

20,  .S22 
104.502 

1,869 

14 

30 

03 

64 

70 

79 

107 

209 

350 

528 

311 

34 

4 

269 

9,888 
5,607 

220 

397 

.566 

546 

559 

554 

651 

1,143 

1.393 

1,933 

1,523 

303 

100 

270 

73,635 

26 

156 

227 

162 

212 

227 

201 

517 

725 

1,113 

1,423 

393 

225 

271 

338,560 

30, 824 

581 

379 

497 

704 

1,159 

1,.577 

2,317 

4,311 

8.249 

6,636 

3,676 

533 

205 

272 

39, 759 

2,815 

25 

15 

18 

32 

46 

71 

61 

102 

501 

818 

714 

219 

133 

273 

107, 978 

6,921 

78 

59 

36 

83 

135 

186 

■322 

467 

849 

1,111 

1,617 

1,578 

400 

274 

44, 107 

3,573 

53 

25 

35 

34 

192 

378 

208 

137 

924 

709 

778 

80 

20 

275 

31,620 

2,826 

125 

78 

SO 

71 

114 

158 

191 

287 

606 

575 

432 

70 

33 

276 

14.330 
43.580 

1,160 
4,310 

9 
121 

11 
95 

10 
165 

11 
220 

18 
278 

16 
238 

31 
237 

49 

284 

.538 

180 

9 

277 

662 

1,007 

768 

406 

82 

si' 

278 

10, 545 

812 

12 

7 

23 

24 

24 

19 

33 

58 

122 

212 

215 

48 

15 

279 

12,303 

1,214 

10 

37 

49 

71 

89 

104 

116 

175 

195 

212 

119 

26 

11 

280 

16.783 

1,548 

73 

32 

39 

67 

90 

170 

130 

180 

24S 

225 

177 

86 

31 

281 

62.833 

6,3X1 

161 

303 

332 

397 

441 

610 

747 

839 

1,041 

703 

608 

150 

49 

282 

12. 881 

1,135 

19 

19 

29 

18 

63 

40 

38 

158 

269 

289 

145 

37 

11 

283 

14.556 

1,513 

47 

74 

102 

89 

131 

107 

130 

179 

184 

259 

161 

32 

12 

284 

15.858 

964 

3 

5 

29 

20 

30 

16 

37 

62 

111 

127 

233 

175 

116 

285 

122.865 

10,553 

91 

153 

212 

203 

409 

509 

953 

1,907 

1,835 

1,816 

1,988 

385 

92 

286 

15.247 

1,480 

41 

21 

22 

61 

111 

129 

192 

309 

229 

177 

136 

45 

7 

287 

4,480 

379 

4 

14 

10 

19 

21 

11 

25 

38 

58 

56 

94 

28 

1 

288 

22,383 

1,507 

17 

58 

54 

106 

87 

62 

53 

93 

108 

149 

261 

256 

203 

289 

229.500 

17.629 

291 

301 

407 

527 

606 

1,011 

1,323 

2,039 

2.162 

2,534 

3,760 

1'™ 

958 

290 

27.798 

2,574 

22 

32 

121 

89 

123 

234 

260 

384 

390 

482 

349 

76 

12 

291 

382 
248, 664 

35 
21,572 

2 
1,257 

2 
2,257 

18 
3,731 

2 
3,705 

8 

3,700 

2 

3,601 

3 
1,014 

292 

209' 

i97' 

328' 

48i' 

829' 

203' 

293 

S9. 502 

7,578 

102 

57 

88 

110 

125 

264 

290 

1,639 

1,996 

1,596 

964 

275 

72 

294 

20,369 

1,747 

54 

34 

20 

36 

56 

47 

102 

288 

273 

473 

245 

83 

37 

295 

5,206 

429 

3 

9 

22 

20 

24 

31 

22 

34 

50 

69 

88 

44 

13 

296 

38.042 

3, 331 

18 

8 

15 

29 

24 

190 

665 

509 

585 

347 

817 

118 

6 

297 

3.797 

351 

18 

15 

26 

29 

23 

17 

25 

51 

62 

77 

5 

3 

298 

102,221 

11,376 

i.'soo' 

710 

706 

654 

838 

895 

917 

1,124 

1,487 

1,374 

925 

311 

135 

299 

59,687 

8,703 

664 

978 

1,168 

1,100 

1,140 

877 

626 

632 

632 

481 

270 

56 

19 

300 

520,028 

46,680 

1,244 

1,735 

1,925 

2,353 

2,671 

2,493 

2,951 

3,470 

7,493 

10,248 

7,799 

1,654 

644 

301 

90. S94 

8.203 

109 

179 

208 

334 

501 

580 

661 

1,099 

1.344 

1,662 

1,222 

208 

90 

302 

12.  061 

1,411 

35 

78 

95 

111 

163 

138 

136 

189 

107 

167 

98 

26 

8 

303 

40. 567 

3,976 

120 

122 

204 

243 

320 

291 

326 

418 

557 

708 

523 

110 

34 

304 

40.234 
15.429 

7,697 
1,012 

372 
17 

800 
25 

1,579 
37 

2,895 
38 

1,07.7 
30 

369 
39 

292 
35 

85 

117 

104 

7 

305 

55 

81 

158 

262 

i33" 

i62 

306 

52.034 

4.226 

28 

37 

93 

143 

151 

223 

341 

446 

741 

1,065 

757 

150 

51 

307 

5,999 

590 

29 

32 

40 

•    60 

47 

54 

40 

75 

99 

79 

17 

11 

308 

13,609 

1,385 

13 

17 

37 

48 

135 

127 

110 

382 

178 

179 

100 

31 

28 

309 

12.747 

997 

2 

19 

23 

20 

42 

42 

51 

93 

189 

266 

150 

43 

57     310 

1,582 
20,029 

123 

2,042 

7 
22 

2 

44 

4 

120 

8 
165 

4 
173 

659 

19 
296 

25 
357 

30 
138 

11 
12 

6     311 

26 

27 

3     312 

21,212 

1,880 

4 

28 

140 

118 

183 

174 

172 

297 

213 

116 

125 

177 

133     313 

"8! 402 

911 

14 

21 

32 

48 

86 

130 

91 

178 

154 

81 

62 

7 

7 

314 

2,038 
19,457 

176 
1,543 

5 
82 

2 

68 

8 
75 

10 
72 

9 
93 

15 
59 

19 
82 

26 
166 

40 
282 

31 
380 

7 
124 

4 
33 

315 

28" 

316 

44.269 

2,740 

6 

35 

72 

34 

64 

62 

51 

123 

201 

384 

1.057 

479 

172 

317 

1.575 

191 

14 

8 

8 

5 

30 

22 

24 

27 

33 

6 

9 

4 

1 

'  31S 

5.908 

582 

1 

1 

37 

24 

49 

36 

58 

105 

110 

101 

51 

8 

1 

319 

18,882 

1,745 

23 

35 

40 

27 

50 

72 

144 

464 

314 

280 

269 

22 

5 

320 

9,925 

1,009 

i               26 

67 

79 

51 

69 

60 

60 

128 

126 

178 

134 

28 

3 

321 

32.703 

2,913 

22 

44 

37 

57 

81 

145 

566 

470 

615 

507 

277 

81 

n 

322 

83.216 

7,610 

95 

175 

300 

304 

527 

569 

601 

1,074 

1,231 

1,443 

1,002 

190 

99 

323 

5,399 
12. 665 

325 
1  234 

1 
1 

36 

4 
15 

22 

4 

13 

51 

50 
66 

9 
53 

10 
114 

22 
348 

22 
388 

31 
187 

89 
5i 

126 
9 

1  324 

i 

82 

325 

5. 172 

650 

88 

44 

112 

44 

74 

23 

6 

2 

1 
326 

70.073 

7,880 

190 

246 

539 

653 

838 

1,015 

]            697 

1.242 

828 

860 

602 

156 

14     327 

30.026 

3. 125 

95 

40 

77 

88 

181 

192 

303 

879 

575 

429 

223 

34 

9     328 

6.236 
6.624 

590 
556 

11 
4 

6 
1 

14 

2 

38 

7 

30 
11 

66 
38 

68 
143 

175 

79 

108 
148 

66 
100 

6 
16 

2     329 

1 

6     330 

252.597 

27,202 

443 

386 

790 

1,196 

2,918 

4,459 

3,432 

4.104 

4.530 

3,201 

1,335 

267 

141     331 

208. 778 

21,243 

363 

306 

977 

1,633 

2,027 

2,639 

2.189 

1,793 

3:i09 

3.799 

2,047 

244 

117 

332 

1.870 

175 

4 

1 

7 

3 

8 

4 

7 

11 

31 

22 

51 

22 

5 

333 

724 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  67.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS— UNITED  STATES,  BY  SPECIFIED  INDUSTRIES— NUMBER  OF  WAGE- 
ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS,  AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN 


INDUSTRY. 


WOMEN   16  YEARS  AND   OVER  (DISTRIBUTION   OF  NUMBER    BY   EARNINGS). 


All  industries. 


Agricultural  implements 

.\jninunition 

.\rtificial  feathers  and  flowers. 

Artificial  limbs 

Artificial  stone 


Artists'  materials 

Automobile  bodies  and  parts. 

.\utomobiies 

Awnings,  tents,  and  sails 

Axle  grease 


Babbitt  metal  and  solder 

Bags,  other  than  paper 

Bags,  paper 

Baking  and  yeast  powders 

Baskets,  and  rattan  and  willow  ware. 


Beet  sugar 

BeUs 

Belting  and  hose,  leather. 
Belting  and  hose,  linen. . . 
Belting  and  hose,  rubber. 


Bievcles  and  tricycles 

Billiard  tables  arid  materials. 

Blacking 

Bluing 

Bone,  ivory,  and  lamp  black  . 


47  Calcium  lights 

48  Candles 

49  Canning  and  preserving,  fish 

50  1  Canning  and  preserving,  fruits  and  vegetables. 

51  t  Canning  and  preserving,  oysters 

52  Card  cutting  and  designing 

53  Carpets  and  rugs,  other  than  rag 

54  Carpets,  rag 

55  Carriage  and  wagon  materials 

56  Carriages  and  sleds,  children's 


Bookbinding  and  blank  book  making  . 

Boot  and  shoe  cut  stock 

Boot  and  shoe  findings 

Boot  and  shoe  uppers 

Boots  and  shoes 


Boots  and  shoes,  rubber. 

Boxes,  cigar 

Boxes,  fancy  and  paper.. 
Boxes,  wooden  packing.. 
Brass 


Earnings.     Number. 


$3,633,481         588,599 


845 

3,715 

11.445 

74 

« 

144 

57 

27 

7,344 


41 
8.014 
2,161 
3,918 
2,554 

43 

210 

146 

854 

1,944 

85 

74 

2,143 

191 

18 

28.900 

8,154 

7,714 

473 

229,468 

56,440 
8, 237 

59,955 
4,545 


147 

614 

1,845 

U 

1 

29 
8 
4 

1,112 
15 

6 

1,723 

442 

642 

523 

4 

34 

23 

169 

312 

10 

16 

381 

39 

4 

4,717' 

1,616 

1,371 

59 

30,195 

6,773 

1,404 

10,936 

819 


Less  than 
S3. 


43,858 


17 
18 

245 


223 
42 
28 


1 

30 
2 
1 

154 

172 

120 

2 

1,370 

119 

102 

1,049 

67 


$3  to  $4. 


64, 170 


14 

20 

221 


37 


350 
49 
64 

104 


35 


243 

143 

3 

2,052 

132 

244 

1,827 

141 


$4  to  SS. 


88,657 


31 
72 
264 


18 


124 
4 

1 

402 

71 

120 

104 


52 


3 
92 
18 

1 

742 
296 
235 


2,814 

461 

236 

1,947 

118 


»5  to  J6. 


12 

131 

290 

2 


3 

3 

2 

183 


346 

192 

103 

79 


3 

73 

3 

1 

811 

369 

263 

6 

3,510 

563 
235 

1,851 
128 


Brass  and  copper,  rolled 

Brass  castings  and  brass  finishing. 

Brassware 

Bread  and  other  baker>-  products  . 
Brick  and  tile 


Bronze  castings 

Brooms  and  brushes. 

Butter 

Butter,  reworking... 
Buttons 


67 
58 
59 
60 
61 

62 
A3 
64 
65 
66 

B7 
68 

m 

70 
71 


Carriages  and  wagons 

Cars  and  general  shop  construction  and  repairs  by  steam  railroad  companies. 

Cars  and  general  shop  const  rut- tUin  and  repiiirs  Ity  street  railroad  companies 

Cars,  steam  railroad,  not  Inclurllng  operations  of  railroad  companies 

Cars,  street  railroad,  not  Including  operations  of  railroad  coini)anies 

Cash  registers  and  calculating  machines 

C'cmcn  t 

Charcoal 

Chee.so 

Ch  >mlca)ti 


2,191 

568 

10,313 

52, 494 

61 

66 

8,705 

787 

47 

12,850 

20 

440 

18,992 

117,035 

291 

849 

32.293 

1.253 

901 

639 

3,702 

3,027 

126 

1,006 

52 

2,879 
48 


348 

105 

1,578 

9,618 

11 

15 

2,036 

136 

8 

2,603 

3 

101 

2.237 

21,661 

72 

151 
4,416 
248 
177 
102 

633 

414 

17 

139 

7 

424 
11 


20 
4 

75 

720 

2 


23 

17 

120 

1,503 


419 
IS 


430 


508 


1 

100 

3,314 

1 

4 

121 

23 

14 

3 

33 
2 
1 
1 


319 

1 

35 

124 

2,892 

28 

19 

113 

45 

19 

7 

85 
43 


31 
26 
193 


5 

513 

18 


509 


31 

142 

4,787 

34 

29 
438 
57 
51 
13 

95 
6 


55 

25 

243 

1,723 

2 

3 

248 

26 

1 
374 

1 

22 

170 

2,516 

4 

46 

810 
41 
40 
18 

115 

6 

1 

22 


China  decorating , 

f'h'fcolate  and  cocoa  products 

f'l'-ansing  and  polishing  preparations. 

(■|<«ks , 

ClrHh,  HfKingingund  reflnlshlng 


320 
3,551 

307 
2.694 

716 
0,656 


62 
085 

56 

508 

153 

1,284 


72  !  ('lothlng.  horfu*. 


Iiutlonhnica 

n'N 

■ ,  rountlng  and  grinding. 


Cnn\nn,  liiirlnl  eases,  and  undertakers'  goods. 
Coke 


1,160 
106,801 

1.097 
183.269 

7,4'20 

4,900 


171 

27,486 

180 

26,736 

1,366 

792 


2,272 

4 

1,622 

34 

42 


2,8;« 

13 

2,244 

161 

68 


18 
116 

10 
52 
26 
66 


36 
3,680 

25 

3,113 

323 

135 


6 
121 

11 
173 
23 

161 


23 
4. 813 

64 

3,621 

.139 

88 


rolliirn  and  enfTfl, 

<'f»ml)s 

Condenwd  inlllc. 


41,003 

030 

5,718 


6,340 
90 
843 


314 

1 

20 


614 
2 
46 


464 
8 
80 


476 
20 
128 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


725 


EARNERS— MEN,   WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN— IN   EACH  OROITP  OF  EARNINGS,  WITH  EARNINGS  AND  NUilBER  OF 
EMPLOYED  DURING  THE  YEAR,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTARLLSIIMENTS:  1905- Continued. 


WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER   (DISTRIBUTION 

EARNINGS)  —continued. 

OF  NUMBER  BY 

CHILDREN  UNDER  10  YEARS  (DISTRIBUTION 

OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS). 

SG  to  $7. 

$7  to  S8. 

t8  to  »9. 

»9tollO. 

J10to$12. 

$12tO$15. 

$15  and 
over. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Number. 

Less 
than  S3. 

13  to  »4. 

$4  to  S5. 

$5  to  $6. 

$6  to  $7. 

$7  to  18. 

SSand 
over. 

97,311 

68,192 

47, 170 

34,050 

29,633 

14,294 

5,590 

J312,023 

90,167 

31,860 

28,636 

17,905 

7,060 

3,280 

839 

587 

I 

36 
235 

18.5 
4 
1 

13 

92 

157 

4 

12 
24 
145 

1 

10 

15 

101 

1 

3 

112 

1 

S92 
99 
112 

30 
17 

13 

U 

224 

101 

4 

190 

19 
34 

7 
4 

5 
3 

40 

23 

1 

88 

48 
1 

20 
1 
2 

36 
4 

8 
13 

1 
2 

6 

3 

1 

1 

2 

4 

38 

3 

87 

8 
2 

4 

2 

1 

5 

1 

n 

5 
3 

1 

1 

5 

1 
2 
1 

7 

2 

1 

82 

1 
3 

9 

1 
7 

8 

1 

268 

2 

2 
203 

61 
105 

66 

8 
7 

1 

10 
4 

9 
2 

1 

« 

170 

1 

2 
143 

16 
70 
27 

2 

5 

1 

10 

24 

129 

57 

30 

2 

in 

11 

1 
7 
3 
29 
18 

n 

33 

4 

65 

12 

15 
1 

43 
25 

1 

3 
15 

2 

2 
1 

312 
7 

60 
400 

424 

41 

5 

52 

240 

47 

18 

101 

27 

92 

3 

20 

120 

46 
9 
2 

14 
62 

13 
5 
30 

7 

30 
3 
8 

50 

37 

17 

5 

3 

13 

14 

io 

35 

i 

3 

1 
5 

12 
1 

1A 

25 

2 
34 

W 

17 

9 
7 
19 
41 

1 

2 

9 

21 

4 

1 

4 

2 

23 

2 
1 
2 
4 

5 

1 

1 

■     8 

32 

4 

4 

14 

2 

2 

3 

IK 

1« 

3 

8 

3 
2 

1 

1 
20 

4 

3 

6 

70 

21 

1 

M 

i 

61 
3 

1 

884 

287 

280 

3 

3,691 

747 

200 

1,590 

110 

2 
21 

1 

1 

?3 

49 
3 

18 

10 

1 

3 

3 

13 
5 

?A 

25 

W 

594 

116 

147 

17 

3,745 

986 

150 

1,067 

110 

391 

58 

73 

6 

3,164 

979 

105 

660 

42 

241 

35 

40 

6 

2,995 

1,475 
68 
447 
46 

173 

32 

43 

7 

3,572 

1,026 
57 
352 
30 

94 
7 

26 

7 

2,394 

269 

7 

116 

21 

44 
1 
1 

2 
888 

16 

1,348 

743 

359 

8 

9,493 

1,714 

294 

3,634 

2,784 

367 

207 

102 

2 

2,665 

395 

98 

1,240 

815 

72 
56 
30 

158 

82 

31 

1 

823 

97 

28 
500 
298 

76 

39 

27 

1 

645 

95 

14 

101 

179 

49 

21 

9 

5 
8 
5 

3 

4 

1 

27 
28 

29 

.30 

861 

90 

53 

584 

257 

206 

66 
2 
41 
49 

105 

25 

1 

10 

21 

15 
19 

10 
3 

31 

32 
33 

30 
6 

4 
6 

5 

34 
35 

3fi 

106 

18 

337 

1,709 

1 

1 
210 
30 

7 
346 

54 
5 

268 
971 

1 

36 

4 

181 

518 

1 

16 

4 

98 

355 

5 

1 

54 

327 

1 

2 

183 

287 

671 

4,644 

3,033 

37 

1,009 

77 

4 

634 

35 
62 

176 
1,231 

811 

9 
304 
23 

1 
169 

1 

12 

26 

357 

229 

3 
97 
12 

2 

17 

71 

377 

230 

3 

109 

4 

19 

30 

60 

208 

176 

4 
1 

17 
135 

74 

9 

27 
3 

5 

1 

2 

78 

79 

3 

1 

1 

.37 

1 

2 

20 

38 

7 
103 

39 

33 
14 

43 

9 

1 

40 
41 

42 

114 
11 

42 
11 

27 
7 

27 
4 

4 
3 

2 
2 

61 
2 
1 

46 

9 

1 

1 
1 

43 
44 

26i 

151 

68 

48 

12 
1 

7 

46 

54 

21 

2 

4<V 

47 

11 

263 

2,682 

3 

23 
602 
39 
29 
29 

110 
126 

1 

258 

2,113 

2 

7 
609 
16 
11 
12 

94 
99 

6 
43 

4 

70 

107 

2,802 

8,687 

28 

33 
2,434 
118 
777 
115 

1,285 

482 

16 

220 

157 

20 
308 
27 
64 
147 

9 
59 

17 
864 

30 

576 

2,685 

9 

9 

571 
39 

174 
32 

364 
97 
4 
50 
40 

6 
62 
10 
19 
31 

2 
10 

5 
204 

7 

107 

1,357 

8 
103 
517 

9 

6 

167 

16 

28 

4 

96 
33 
2 
9 

20 

4 
12 
3 
6 
3 

15 
106 
380 

48 

266 
903 

301 
809 

276 
842 

215 
502- 

122 
301 

93 

176 

85 
159 

46 
49 

36 
47 

49 
50 
.11 

13 

571 
IS 

7 
7 

54 
55 
9 

21 

1 

64 

3 

526 
4 
3 

8 

28 
50 

6 

515 

5 

1 
5 

3 
221 

8 
56 
5 

87 

6 

I 

30 

16 

2 
19 

52 

106 

83 
14 
31 
15 

124 

78 
1 

22 
6 

47 
44 

12 

8 

2 

53 

1 

2 

29 
2 

8 
8 

1 

4 

4 

.■» 

5 

12 
27 

55 

4 

3 

1 
5 

1 

1 

57 

,■» 

50 

8 
2 

79 

13 

8 

3 

3 

8 
4 

60 

61 

32 

1 

15 

9 

1 

m 

2 

7 
7 
2 

25 

4 

at 

64 

9 

76 

3 

206 

19 

181 

4 

64 

6 

11 

5 

296 

2 
40 

3 

10 

8 

336 

4 
22 

1 

1 

1 

56 

2 
9 

3 
14 

1 
1 

2 
6 

1 

6 

1 

23 

1 
3 

W 

25 

1 
2 

2 

1 

6& 
67 

9 

5 
156 

1 

'x 

68 

i" 

4 

2 

15 

2 

77 

60 

2 

82 

" 

1 

70 

1 

71 

33 
4,870 

43 

4,202 

236 

150 

31 
3,182 

34 

3,332 

146 

108 

20 

2,233 

9 

2.797 

71 

69 

11 

1,617 

4 

1,974 

22 

57 

13 

1,294 

2 

2,074 

24 

44 

3 

516 

1 

1,155 

8 

26 

2 
170 

I 

1 

7? 

2,277 

37 

1,299 

195 

181 
302 
347 
154 
267 

764 
11 

372 
57 

46 
72 
100 
34 
79 

394 
3 

107 
28 

10 
7 
7 
3 

34 

238 
4 

136 
9 

13 
30 
64 
2 
22 

94 
3 
83 
16 

14 
23 
24 
14 
13 

20 

1 
43 

1 

6 
4 
4 
10 
3 

13 

5  1 

73 

74 

601 

1 

5 

3 
3 

2 
3 
1 
3 
3 

7S 

76 

1 
3 

77 
78 

577 

28 

217 

581 
20 
104 

597 

4 

126 

476 

5 

56 

646 

1 

33 

486 

1 

27 

218 

79 

2 
4 

SO 

i 

81 

726 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  67.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS— UNITED  STATES,  BY  SPECIFIED  INDUSTRIES- NLTtfBER   OF  WAGE- 
ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS.  AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN 


S9 
90 
91 

92 
9.'! 
94 
9.5 
96 

97 

98 

99 
100 
101 

102 
10.3 
104 
105 
106 

lo; 

lOS 
109 
110 
111 

112 
113 
114 
ll.i 
116 

117 

lis 

119 
120 
121 

122 
123 
124 
12.1 
126 

127 
128 
129 
1.30 
131 

132 
13.3 
l.'M 
1.3.5 
1.3f. 

137 
138 
1.39 
140 
141 

142 
1« 
l<4 
IV, 

I4A  I 

147 
148  1 
I  in  : 

1.50  ■ 

loi : 


l«2 
1.53 
1.54 


1.57 
1.58 
l.5fl 
I  Ml 

ini 
in2 

163 

in4 

IRA 


WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  (DISTRIBUTION   OF  NUMBER    BY  EARNINGS). 


Earnings. 


Confectionery 

Cooperage 

Copporsmithing  and  sheet  iron  working . 

Cordage  and  twine 

Cordials  and  sirups 

Cork,  cutting 

Corsets 

Cotton  goods 

Cotton  small  wares 

Cotton  waste 


Crucibles 

Cutlery  and  edge  tools 

Duir\Tnen"s,  poulterers',  and  apiarists'  supplies.. 

Dentists'  materials 

Drug  grinding 


Druggists'  preparations 

Dyeing  and  fiuishing  te.xtiles 

Dyestufls  and  extracts 

Electrical  mactiiner}',  apparatus,  and  supplies. 
Electroplating 


Emery  whi'Cls 

Enameling  and  enameled  goods 

Engravers'  materials 

Engraving  and  diesinking 

Engraving,  steel,  including  plate  printing. 


Engra\nng,  wood 

Envelopes 

Explosives 

Fancy  articles,  not  elsewhere  specified. 
Felt  goods 


Fertilizers 

Files...... 

Firearms 

Fire  extinguishers,  chemical. 
Fireworks 


Flags  and  banners 

Flavoring  extracts 

Flax  and  hemp,  dressed ■. .. 

Flour  and  grist  null  products. 
Food  preparations 


Foundry  and  machine  shop  products 

Foundry  supplies 

Fur  goods 

Fumi shi ng  goods,  men's 

Furniture 


Furs,  dressed 

Galvanizing 

fJas  an(l  lamp  fixtures 

Gas.  illuminating  and  heating. 
Gas  machines  and  meters 


Glass 

Glass,  cuttine.  staining,  and  ornamenting. 

Gloves  and  mittens,  leather 

Glucose 

Glue 


Gold  and  silver,  leaf  and  (oil 

Gold  and  silver,  reducing  and  refining,  not  from  the  ore. 

Graphite  and  graphite  refining 

G  reuse  and  tallow 

Grindstones 


Gynsum  wall  plaster. 

Ilalrwork 

Hammocks 

Hand  knit  goods 

Hand  stamp.-. . 


Hardware. . .  

Hiirdwiiri'.  Mii'l'll'-ry 

1 1  at  and  ejip  iniitiTiaIn 

Hills  and  laps,  other  than  felt,  straw,  and  wool. 
Hats,  felt 


Hfit-J,  straw. 
|i 


ii 


ISA      II' 


rl  kllll  C'.nds 


IJotj'.^-  fiirnl<^!ilnr  I'ondi.  not  elsewhere  specined. 


|. 


In^iriiiii>Mi  .  iir'.f..^siM[iiil  iind  w-jentlfic. 


557,088 

80 

5S4 

16.844 

1,409 

1,547 

28,905 

494,  lis 

9.940 

737 


Iron  and  itnl,  i.l 
I  ton  til 
Iron  II  ' 
Iron  an 

Jron  and  s.i. .  r,  iinh  und  spikes,  cut  and  wrought.  Including  win'  nails,  not  made  In 
rolling  mills  or  nUvl  wnrVn. 


it  fiirmires 

'.vasherii.Bnil  rivots,  not  made  In  rolling  ndils  or  stiiel  works 
hulters 


4.307 
977 

1,365 
543 

10,350 

20, 506 

21 

45,223 

342 

58 

2,967 


259 
2,548 

3 

14,0-26 

175 

9.24S 

2.003 

524 
1,273 

192 

8 

1,365 

060 
2,939 


Number. 


11,831 

21 

101 

3,075 

353 

324 

4,718 

81,937 

1,574 

159 


683 
205 
214 
131 

1,922 

3,424 

4 

7,104 

51 


508 


1,111 
13, 520 

11,813 
38 
18,274 
48,302 
10,577 

lie 


5,765 
185 
494 

8,738 

2.186 

17,998 

748 

1,060 

1,135 

7 

16 

27 


227 

1,747 

25 

9.5;t 

077 

«,li27 

485 

1,139 

7,875 

23,398 

22,010 

1,407 

8 


177,317 

7,956 
4S 
33 

1,2.58 

fi'.i.'i 


3,710 

'.i.'osi' 


43 
424 

1 

2,177 

32 

1,682 

321 


192 

26 

1 

261 

134 

604 


174 
2,522 

2,025 
8 
2,124 
7,979 
1,911 

15 


971 
25 
85 


1,721 
404 

2,857 
116 
203 

185 
1 
4 


34 

265 

fi 

169 

94 

1,801 

86 

227 

1,140 

3,203 

2,946 

270 

3 


29,502 

1,119 

11 

5 

231 

171 

1 
644 


ni2 


Less  than 
S3. 


1,220 

9 

4 

64 

75 

1 

435 

5,109 

40 


31 
10 
17 
62 

46 
136 

1 
327 

2 


16 


56 


223 
9 


11 

197 


35 
731 
262 


38 

"io' 

171 

17 

365 


19 
44 
80 

167 
60 
3 


2, 160 


S3  to  S4. 


3,042 

3 

21 

442 

122 

58 

443 

8,597 

107 

12 


81 

56 

5 

20 

280 
216 


510 
5 


93 


5 
78 

1 

206 

5 

301 

20 

21 
9 
4 


50 


16 
394 

208 

2 

75 

918 

•271 


83 

"io' 

373 
84 
241 


22 
1 

356 

15 

72 

104 

201 

181 
30 


3,016 

3li 
2 


20 


S4  to  S5. 


2,467 

1 

20 

812 

75 

127 

475 

-1,948 

187 

70 


934 
3 


246 

9 

324 

30 

1 
30 
2 


13 
112 


20 
563 

351 
2 
122 
,150 
252 


185 
5 
17 

431 

102 

.395 

18 

31 

29 


1 

21 

1 

20 

11 

4(19 
27 
27 
131 
321 

263 
44 


4,  -121 
119 


104 
"76 


$5  to  SO. 


2,131 
3 

18 

722 

45 

73 

620 

13,705 

278 

35 


159 
25 
29 
15 

429 


1,273 
3 


332 

6 

249 

54 


29 
160 


512 

1 

1S2 

1,.504 

354 


163 

1 

14 

253 
68 

297 
32 
31 

67 


42 

2 

20 

16 

318 
11 
32 
191 
443 

395 
37 


4,779 

151 

2 

2 

44 

35 

1 
160 


1.34 


earxinCjIs  of  wage-earners. 


727 


EARNERS— MEN,  WOMEN,  AND   rilll.DREN— IN   EACH   GROUP  OF   EARNINGS,  WITH  EARNINGS  AND  NUMBER  OF 
EMPLOYED  DURING  THE  YEAR,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  190&— Continued. 


WOMEN    10  YEARS  ANtl   OVER    (DISTRIBUTION 

EARNiNGS)~continue<l. 

OF  NTJMBEE  BY 

CHILDKEN  UNDEB  16  VEAB8  (DISTRIBUTION  OF  KVUBER  BY  EARNINGS). 

K  to  J7. 

$7  to  $8. 

$8  to  19. 

S9  to  tlO. 

S10toJ12. 

»12  toils. 

S15  and 
over. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Number. 

Less 
tlian$3. 

13  to  %4. 

»4totS. 

I5t0t6. 

$6  to  $7. 

17  to  18. 

(Sand 
over. 

1,390 

3 

11 

653 

24 

38 

793 

H,8<;i 

396 

31 

749 

1 

e 

260 
9 

18 

579 

ll..li4 

240 

4 

367 

199 

162 

1 

7 

14 

1 

73 

31 

t3,16S 

825 

340 

1,771 

4 

324 

353 

81,155 

566 

1,029 
244 

84 

542 

1 

128 

108 

25,249 

175 

459 

125 

9 

218 

458 
37 
29 

200 

70 
26 
24 
70 

1 

3 

8 

4,165 

16 

28 
32 
13 
31 

10 

16 

4 

17 

1 
6 
1 
6 

3 
2 
4 

82 
83 

3 

77 
2 

11 

481 

B.lOO 

154 

2 

9 
25 

2 

6 

84 

85 

86 

45 

30 

11,407 

35 

80 

56 

7,597 

113 

87 

423                 318 

115 
343 
21 

36 
16 

1 

10 

1,378 

6 

4 

520 

3 

88 

4,912 

102 

3 

2,992 
48 

110 

1 

72 

1 

80 
90 
91 

92 

160 
22 
35 
13 

320 

1,143 

2 

1,336 

17 

2 
67 

85 
13 
85 

0 

161 
287 

1 
1,236 

4 

2 
79 

35 
7 
8 
3 

89 
163 

13 
2 
6 

10 
3 
5 

7 
2 

6 

968 

71 

100 

4 

170 

3,250 

14 

1.948 

139 

153 

251 
18 
27 

1 

64 

775 

6 

531 

37 

2 
40 

56 
3 
3 

12 

50 

7 
9 

1 

5 
364 

45 
1 

10 
2 
2 

2 

7 

93 

94 

1 

1 

99 

96 

42 
114 

22 
61 

14 
10 

5 
7 

37 
62 

21 

211 

2 

174 

15 

2 
23 

1 
116 

97 

18 

4 

98 
99 

860 
5 

2 
31 

346 
9 

226 
3 

53 

3 

140 
13 

48 
6 

20 

9 

6 

100 

101 

lO' 

23 

22 

3 

i 

9 

11 

1 

im 

104 

16 
46 

3 

78 

1 
55 

i 

9 

4 
14 

1 

3' 

105 
210 

12 
413 

32 
60 

3 
124 

12 
4 

8 
38 

1 
39 

10 
15 

1 
37 

2 

105 

2 

1 
8 

1 

106 

. 

107 

475 

4 

217 

102 

13 

31 

5 

384 

4 

133 

47 

9 

34 

5 

238 

1 

72 

20 

13 

29 

2 

iJ 

2 

17 

149 
1 

72 
9. 

17 

2 

37 

2 

1 

108 
109 

65  '               54 
21                  14 

31 
4 

3 

13 

442 
23 

110 
364 
147 

i58 
5 

40 
91 
43 

56 

77 

1 

17 
35 
19 

15 
3 

3 
47 
12 

6 

1 

1 
4 
6 

3 

1 

110 
111 

1 
26 

1 

5 
11 
5 

19 
S 
6 

II? 

in 

2 

114 

115 

47 

17 
132 

12 

9 
40 

6 

6 

10 

4 

2 

4 

1 

50 

10 
42 

19 

2 
14 

18 

i 

. 

116 

3 
1 

1 

117 

4 

5 

1 

118 

119 

34 

478 

412 
3 

281 

1,298 

261 

4 

5 
173 

236 

7 
113 

88 

4 
60 

65 

25 
53 

51 

7 
17 

19 

1 
S 

13 

240 
416 

5,246 

11 

81 

530 

4,585 

30 
65 
1,021 
16 
16 

13,244 

382 

279 

81 

109 

33 

73 
102 

1,307 

3 

24 

177 

1,292 

8 

11 

250 

7 

4 

3,137 
107 
86 
16 
30 

8 

27 
24 

227 

24 
29 

475 

2 

8 

106 

425 

5 

13 

18 

388 
1 
7 
9 

269 

2 

4 

14 

105 

4 
11 

69 

1 
3 

18 

3' 

29 

120 
121 

122 
I'l 

227 
739 
209 

1 

266 
517 

119 

3 

232 

360 

325 

423 

272 

225 

43 

1 

iOT- 

114 
13 

8 

56 
394 

1 

1?4 

2 

154 

1 
8 
33 

4 
43 

125 

m 

61 
4 

6 

1 

126 



3 

l?S 

203 
1 
5 

2(M 
48 

418 

1 

50 

30 

133 
2 
14 

116 
29 

276 
62 
24 

25 
1 

104 
12 
9 

00 

20 

292 

37               19 
1                 2 
3                2 

49                 29 

18                  10 

238              ■'01 

5- 

1 
1 

't 
106 

1 

25 
5 

69 

1 
.    2 

954 
59 
49 

123 
1 
2 

944 
17 

9 
10 

2 

1''9 

130 

131 

13 

4 

28 

407 
17 
26 

4ra 
12 
2 

284 
2 
•> 

38 

47 

1.32 
133 
134 

1 

5                   2 

115 

15 
20 

1 
2 

8 

11 
3 

1 

136 

6 

3 

1 

3 

1 

137 

m 

■ 

i3n 

3 



10 

2 

2 

140 

.::::.:::::::::: 

141 

142 
143 
144 
145 
146 

147 
148 
149 

25 

50 

1 

85 

23 

267 
13 
52 

195 
409 

330 
41 

2 
45 

3 
8 

38 
10 

t 

1 

5 
2 



2 

1 

27 

16 

22 

2 

1 



S 
12 

173 

6 

10 

165 

424 

341 
15 

5 

14 

91 
4 

109 
507 

335 
7 

5 
3 

55 
2 
1 

78 
384 

292 
18 

": 

11 
224 

1,976 
64 
123 
101 

1.307 

123 

48 

4 

Sir 

492 
17 
32 
30 

392 

49 
13 

2 

1 

60 

4 

8 

9 

117 

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4 

2 
27 

188 
6 
13 
11 

169 

9 
2 

5 

26 
7 
4 

54 
266 

352 
7 

4 

10 
1 
3 

44 

127 

210 
8 

3 

1 

23 

13<! 

0 

6 
69 

2  1.  —  , 

1 
<■■«                30 
2 
1 

1 
6 

3 
2 

25" 

41 

79 
4 

1 
:S4 

150 

S 

151 

1,5? 

2 

4 

1 

IM 

154 

n 

13.683 

276 
92 
16 
46 

158 

224 
523 

2 
4,287 

71 

40 

4 

12 
46 

42  1 
144 

1 
251 

1 

7 

l.\5 

5, 104 

114 

I 
20 
24 

4. 1,1" 
165 

2,576 
335 

1,807 
124 

1,064 

32 
1 

I 

370 
11 

48 
1 

1,842 

3 
28 

1,477 

35 
8 

569 

18 
4 
4 
3 
9 

6 
53 

34 

5 

156 

157 

158 

1 
24 
11 



159 

10 
9 

4 
9 

2 

5 

1 
1 

9 
12 

5 
73 

■; : 

160 

23 

1 
14 

29 

161 

1 

16' 

294 

33 

7 

5 

7 

7 

3 

161 

164 

1 

: 

59 
210 

13 
47 

4 
6 

5 

11 

2                  2 
14                10 

169 

216 

41 

45254- 

36 
-MFG    19 

17 
05— PT  4 

14 

—OS 

4 

48 

1 

6 

166 



1 

728 


MANUFACTURES. 


TvBLE  67.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS— UNITED  STATES,  BY   SPECIFIED   INDUSTRIES— NUMBER  OF  WAGE- 
ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS,   AVERAGE  NTOIBER  OF  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN 


Iron  and  steel  pipe,  wrought 

Iron  and  steel,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills. 

Ivory  and  bone  work 

Japanning 

Jewelry 


167 
168 
169 
170 
171 

172  Jewelry  and  instrument  cases. 

173  ^  Jute  and  jute  goods 

174  Kaolin  and  ground  earths. 

175  1  Labels  and  tags 

176  Lamps  and  reflectors 


177 
178 
179 
180 
181 

182 
183 
184 
185 
186 

187 
18S 
189 
190 
191  j 

192 
193 
194 
195 

196  j 

197 
198 
199 
200 
201 

202 
203 
204 
205 
20C 

207 
20S 
209 
210 
211 

212 
213 
214 
215 
216 

217 
218 
219 
220 
221 

222 
223 
224 
225 
226 

227 
228 
2Kl 
230 
231 

232 
233 
234 
23.'; 
236 

237 
238 
23{l 
240 

241  i 

242  I 

243  ' 
244 
245 

246  I 

247 
24H 
24(1 
2.VI 
251 


Lapidary  work 

Lard,  refined 

Lasts 

Lead.  bar.  pipe,  a«d  sheet. 
Leather  goods 


I>eather,  tanned,  curried,  and  finished. 

Lime 

Linen  goods 

Liquors,  distilled 

Liquors,  malt 


Liquors,  vinous  

Lithographing  and  engraving 

Locomotives 

Looking-glass  and  picture  frames. 
Lumber  and  timber  products 


Lumber,  planing  mill  products,  including  sash,  doors,  and  blinds. 

Malt 

Mantels,  slate,  marble,  and  marbleized 

Marble  and  stone  work 

Matches 


WOMEN  16  TEABS  AND  OVER  (DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER  BT   EARNINGS). 


Earnings. 


$87 
6.032 
1,503 

745 
30, 207 

2,011 
14.196 
183 
1,698 
3,236 

90 

-99 

7 


Number. 


20 

1,013 

276 

146 

4,374 

399 
2,494 
39 
348 
542 

11 

18 

1 


5,096 

7,421 
12 
4. 780 
1,187 
2,309 

558 
6,907 


2,249 
1,577 


887 

1,306 
2 

867 
244 
420 

85 
1,243 


378 
302 


Less  than 
$3. 


12 

84 

13 

36 

177 

55 
100 


30 


S3  to  S4. 


74 

23 

15 

240 


297 
15 
97 
20 


151 
76 


34 
23 
54 

18 
222 


$4  to  SS. 


3 

201 
52 
28 

525 

99 

478 
17 
95 
71 

1 
16 


136 
119 


141 
121 
40 

15 
303 


116 
40 


$5  to  S6. 


193 
77 
30 

763 

48 

706 

3 

68 
140 


457 
1 
245 
37 
191 

7 

198 


Mats  and  matting 

Mattresses  and  spring  beds. 
Millinery  and  lace  goods.  ... 

Mineral  and  soda  waters 

Xlirrors 


Models  and  patterns,  not  including  paper  patterns. 

Monuments  and  tombstones 

Mucilage  and  paste 

Musical  instruments  and  materials,  not  specified... 
Musical  instruments,  organs 


Musical  instruments,  pianos 

Musical  instruments,  piano  and  organ  materials. 

Nwfdles,  pins,  and  hooks  and  eyes 

Nets  and  seines 

Oakum 


Oil,  cottonseed  and  cake 

Oil.  essential 

Oil.  linseed 

Oil.  not  elsewhere  specified. . 
Oilcloth  and  linoleum,  floor. 


Oilcloth,  enameled 

Oleomargarine 

f>ptical  goods 

Ordnance  and  ordnance  stores. 
Paints 


Paper  and  wood  pnip 

Paper  goods,  not  elsewhere  specified. 

F'aper  patterns 

Patent  medicines  and  compounds 

Paving  materials 


Peanuts,  grading,  roasting,  cleaning,  and  shelling. , 

Pencils,  lead 

Pens,  fountain  and  stylographic 

Pens,  gold 

Perfumery  and  cosmetics 


T'etroleum.  refining 

Phonographs  and  graphophones , 

I'h'itrtgraphie  apparatus 

I'hotoKnipliic  materials 

I'hotollthographing  and  photocngrovlng. 


Pickles,  preserves,  and  sauce 

Plfies.  tobfU;co 

PIat*'d  ware 

PlumlnTs'  supplies 

Pftcketbooks 


Pottery,  terro  cotta.  and  fireclay  productfl. 
Printing  and  ftiibllshlng,  book  and  Job 


Printing  and  [iublf^*hing,  irnisir-. 

Printing  and  [lublishing,  newspapers  and  pcrlodioals. 

Prl n ting  materials 


Pulp  goods 

Pumps,  not  including  steam  pumpn 

Kff  rfgerators 

Ucgalifi  and  sficleiy  banners  and  emblems. 
Kiee,  cleaning  and  polishing 


346 

2,777 


70 
502 


6, 291 

80.724 

657 

131 

849 
51 
377 
C22 
452 

1,668 
1,875 
1,932 
3,383 
60 

30 


208 
248 

41 

47 
4,611 


3,395 

37,329 

21,271 

5, 002 

21,0,57 


3,  491 

237 

21 

4,670 

188 
1,291 
1,640 
4,248 
1,023 

17,775 
718 

i,6;m 

1,025 
1,3(15 

10,975 

7K,  4X1 

4IU) 

77.861 

58 

250 

in 

10 
0,370 


1,004 

11,132 

129 

27 

111 

6 

70 
93 
68 

288 
305 
326 
633 
18 


40 

807 

11 


24 

48 

7 

7 

790 


597 

fi,  377 

3,916 

767 

3,806 


162 
267 
107 
228 


392 

093 

46 

2 

862 

.33 
212 
264 

806 
260 

4,106 
128 

im 

174 
2.35 

1,028 

11,988 

71 

1,3,093 

0 

60 

4 

2 

048 


345 

03 

4 


15 
11 
2 

108 
860 


1,110 


32 

lis 


343 

640 

87 
606 


32 
181 

7 


3 
7 
11 
67 
45 

609 

30 

27 

4 

25 

.303 
1.313 

9 
1,896 

2 

26 


10 
101 


123 

1.140 

32 


11 
9 
11 

SS 
83 
.52 
123 
1 


3 
'165 


1,140 

847 
140 
650 


14 
108 

16 


203 

3 

.35 

40 

214 

67 

1,142 
24 
38 
IS 
40 

449 

1,607 

7 

1,974 


11 
3 

Via 


11 

121 


190 

1.276 

IS 

11 

11 
3 
10 
22 
21 

81 
94 

77 
158 


2 

1 

181 


109 

1,107 
701 
113 
7S9 


181 

7 
63 
45 
196 
27 


62 


402 
1,808 


2,320 
2 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


729 


EARNERS— MEN,  WOMKX,  AND   CHIIJ)HE\-IN   EACH   GROUP   OF   EARNINGS,  WITH  EARNINGS  AND  NUMBER  OF 
EMPLOYED  DURING  TUE  YEAR,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTAliLlSlIMENTS:  I'JOo— CoiitiiiiK-cl. 


■WOMEN   10  YEARS   AND   OVER  f DISTRIHUTION   OF   NUMHER   IIY 
EARNINOS)  -(•ontilllU'il. 

CHILDREN   UNDER   16   YEARS  (DISTRIBUTION   OF  NUMBER   BY   EA 

RNINGS). 

»6  to  17. 

$7  to  $8. 

(8  to  t9. 

$9  to  tlO. 

H0to»12. 

(12  tolls. 

$15  and 
over. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Number.  | 

Less 
than  »3. 

t3  to  $4. 

S4  to  $5. 

$5  to  »6. 

S6  to  $7. 

$7  tots. 

$8  and 
over. 

4 
175 
55 

14 
708 

42 
457 

1 
146 
27 

6 
582 

26 

240 

3 

33 

98 

1«7 

75 

20 

6 

506 

29 

5 

5 

316 

26 
3 

6 

292 

8 
41 

8 

1 

2 

13,123 

341 

40 

1,355 

45 
1,133 

682 

61 

8 

385 

11 
325 

98 
2 

136 
9 

194 
IS 
5 

75 

4 
18 

110 
22 
2 

30 

2 

15 

99 

.33 
6 
1 
2 

12 

i' 

188 

170 

199 

7 
41 

66 

2 
18 

135 

1 
106 

133 

4 

186 

i) 

171 
172 

79                ■'7  1 

173 

1 

5 
30 

2 

174 

40 
1R4 

3 

2 
2 

2 

11 

1 

1 

93 
195 

27 
47 
11 

29  ! 

43 

6 
12 

11 
3 

11 
12 

4 
12 

1 

7 
12 

175 

1 
2 

11 

4 
1 

1 

1 

175 

1 
1 

177 

1 

178 

1 

2 

170 

:: ,-■..---■  .------..-| 

■     1 

1MI 

164 
486 

78 

104 

1 
71 
12 
43 

7 
117 

46 
14 

32 

42 

17 
2 

4 
3 

479 

2,690 

46 

777 

82 

1,069 

73 

393 

230 

636 

3.  598 

1,746 

••   ml 

660 
17 

192 
20 

285 

17 
105 

63 

168 

1,002  i 

478 


97 

91 
7 

25 
2 

63 

57 

149 

8 

35 

2 

99 

4 
60 
32 
62 
325 

158 

18 

242 

1 

61 

16 

70 

12 

22 

9 

67 

211 

139 

3 
135 

2 

ISl 

43 

182 

1 
4 

i' 

1S3 

2S7 
24 
60 

7 
187 

62 
10 
19 

7 
<8 

7                  3  1 
3                   "^ 

1 
2 

50 

16 

184 

1 

185 

9 

6 
44 

20 

27 

1 
8 

6 

186 

5 

9 

14 

187 

55 

3 

8 

12 

21 

331 

110 

5 

9 
10 
51 

52 

2 

1 
3 

20 

i' 

2 

188 

189 

36 
50 

70 

29 
28 

13 

14 
3 

7 

7 
13 

3 

22 
5 

4 

10 
11 

1 

9 
3 

4 

50 

13 

190 
191 

19? 

193 

.. 

194 

U 

89 

6 
49 

1 
29 

1 

15 

2 
3 

1 

218 
71 

50 
26 

9 

14 

? 

13 
5 

13 

2 

i 

1 

195 

196 

197 

186 

1,745 

24 

2 

21 

1 

23 

30 

4 

60 
54 
69 
132 

115 

1,278 

9 

1 

IS 

85 

1,035 

9 

87 
813 

73 
908 

1 

26 

764 

2 

5 

478 

1 

.330 

620 

1,159 

36 

136 
22 
59 

237 
14 

659 

818 

58 

85 

97 
185 
364 

11 

31 

9 

16 

62 

5 

175 

219 

17 

25 

24 

80 

124 

2 

5 
4 
3 

10 
3 

23 
12 
2 
3 

44 

48 

128 

6 

7 

4 

2 

26 

22 

34 

79 

2 

7 
1 
9 
15 
2 

35 
49 

3 

15 
17 

1 

8 

2 
8 
12 

2 

198 
199 

4 

WO 

1 
12 

?01 

10 

12 
1 
1 
5 

7 

7 
2 
14 
4 

7 

2 

1 

3 

1 

202 

.     .. 

203 

5 
10 
4 

48 
16 
43 
63 

6 
5 

2 
10 

1 

?04 

5 

2 

7 

3 

1 
2 

1 

1 



205 

?06 

19 

3 

20 

21 

6 
2 
9 
7 

82 
141 
15 
22 

29 
6 

6 
2 

?n7 

5 

4 

?flS 

1 

209 

210 

?11 

2 

2 

1 

1 

' 

?1? 

213 

.     ■     .■  1 

214 

4 

2 

1 

2 

209 

8 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 
399 

1 
88 

1 
27 

215 

1 

24 

16 

20 

?1fi 

'17 

4 
98 

4 
613 

1 
184 

1 
10 

218 

52 

19 

9 

6 

21 

147 

5 

1 

?1<» 

'TO 

80 

2,424 
624 
108 
606 

76 

718 

371 

62 

423 

43 

296 

230 

45 

158 

12 

131 
112 
18 
139 

30 

26 
92 
25 
156 

6 

19 
22 
22 
53 

5 

11 

10 
40 
21 

46 

884 

608 

26 

878 

12 

182 

154 

7 

244 

10 

23 
49 
6 
70 

1 

31 
12 

1 

48 
4 

221 

21 
2S 

51 
55 

1 
47 

3 
6 

5 

222 
223 
224 

88 

10 

9 

9 


ii 

225 
??6 

1 

25 

2 

1 

9V 

124 

7 

75 
5 

18 

12 

3 
2 

1 
9 

118 

7 

33 
2 

2 

26 

1 

5 

1 

•>9H 

rfi 

1 
16 

1 
9 

17 
13 
10 

32 
6 

10 
9 
5 

51 
554 

14 
529 

.. 

ztn 

140 

8 
35 
42 

112 
26 

414 

18 
68 
20 
38 

220 

1,844 

19 

2,0,54 

79 

5 
36 
55 
63 
18 

179 
10 
20 
23 
34 

189 

1,514 
7 

1,044 
1 

3 

30 

3 

11 
35 

27 
18 

106 

1 

11 

24 

16 

77 
991 

7 
821 

4 

17 

4 

77 

1,610 
24 
188 
150 
173 

193 
65 
195 
125 
33 

1.915 

5,597 

3 

5,211 

22 

45 
28 
18 
61 

28 

407 
7 

43 
41 
49 

105 
20 
47 
34 
9 

476 

1,583 

1 

1,816 

5 

IS 

8 

5 

20 



15 
8 

9 

76 

7 

26 

13 

26 

25 
8 
14 
11 
9 

130 
661 

1 
496 

1 

12 
3 
4 
9 

3 
218 

1 
28 

231 

74 

3 

93?. 

5 

4 

10 

13 

30 
4 

16 
9 
2 

44 

703 

3 

592 

1 

1 

233 

1 
4 
6 

67 
6 
4 
7 

10 
17 
13 

9 

4 

16 

14 

3 

1 

3 
2 
12 
2 

1 

1 

1 

74)4 

4 

8 

6 
2 

1 

1 
12 

235 

1 
1 

1 

1 

236 
?37 

1 
2 

1 

238 

1 

239 

740 

2 

70 
460 

241 

15 
.334 

74 

380 

113 
327 

98 
127 

55 
48 

5 

22 

1 

IS 

243 
243 

244 

385 

353 

890 
j 

226 
3 

123 

SS 

1 

13 

13 

245 
■'46 

10 

1 

1 

163 

j 

i 

?47 

I 

1 

1 

248 

1 
39 

249 

168 

118 

70 

18 

4 

9 

2 

250 

251 

730 


MAXUFACTURES. 


Table  67 —CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS— UNITED  STATES,  BY   SPECIFIED   INDUSTRIES-NUMBER  OF  WAGE- 
ALL  WAGE-EARXERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS,  AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN 


252  i  Roofing  materials 

253  '  Rubber  and  elastic  goods. 

254  I  Rules,  ivory  and  wood 

255  Saddlery  and  harness 

256  Safes  and  vaults 


257  Salt 

258  '  Sausage 

259  I  Saws 

260  Scales  and  balances. 

261  Screws,  mactiine 


262 
263 
264 
265 
266 

267 
268 
269 
270 
271 

272 
273 
274 
275 
276 

277 
278 
279 
280 
281 

282 
283 
2S4 
285 
286 

287 


290 
291 

292 
293 
294 
295 

290 

297 
298 
299 
300 
301 

302 
.KV) 
304 
305 
306 

307 
30<* 
309 
310 
311 

312 
313 
314 
3IS 
310 

317 
318 
319 
320 
321 


Screws,  wood ,■ 

Sewing  machine  cases 

Sewing  machines  and  attachments 

Shipbuilding,  iron  and  steel 

Shipbuilding,  wooden,  including  boat  building. 


Shirts 

Shoddy 

Show  cases , 

Silk  and  silk  goods 

Silversmithing  and  silverware 

Slaughtering  and  meat  packing,  wholesale 

Slaughtering,  wholesale,  not  including  meat  packing. 

Smelting  and  refining,  copper 

Smelting  and  refining,  lead 

Smelting  and  refining,  zinc 


Smelting  and  refining,  not  from  the  ore . 

Soap 

Soda  water  apparatus 

Sporting  goods 

Springs,  steel,  car  and  carriage 


Stamped  ware 

Starch 

Stationery  goods,  not  elsewhere  specified. 

Statuary  and  art  goods 

Steam  fittings  and  heating  apparatus 


Steam  packing 

Stenei Is  and  brands 

Ste  reot  vping  and  elect  rot  yping 

Stoves  and  furnaces,  not  including  gas  and  oil  stoves  . 
Stoves,  gas  and  oil 


Straw  goods,  not  elsewhere  specified. 

Structural  ironwork 

Sngarand  molasses,  refining 

Sulphuric,  nitric,  and  mixed  acids  — 
Surgical  appliances 


Tin  and  temo  plate 
Tinfoil . 


WOMEK  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  (DISTKIBDTION  OF  NUMBER  BV  EARNINGS). 


Earnings. 


$10 

34,805 

ISO 

3,167 


528 
78 
78 
155 
417 

3,320 
104 
795 
1('>8 
58 

76, 166 

1,402 

85 

108,596 

4,551 

10,067 
74 


103 


26 

9,140 

535 

5,020 


Number. 


52 
622 


113 

13 

13 

,    14 

83 

632 

17 
107 
21 


13,206 

301 

13 

17, 763 
744 

1,650 
9 


6 

1,870 

114 

872 


9,560 
668 

6,881 
226 
337 

676 
152 
256 
188 
81 

386 

27 

1,421 


Tinware 

Tobacco,  chewing  and  smoking,  and  snuff. 
Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes 

Tools,  not  elsewhere  specified 

Toys  and  game.H 

Trunks  and  vali.S4'S 

TuriM'ntinc  and  rosin 

Typ<*  founding 


Typ<'writer«  and  supplies 

rnibrellns  and  canes 

I'phol.HterIng  niate.riala 

Vamislu's 

Vault  lights  and  ventilators. 


VInega  rand  elder 

Wall  pap*'r 

Washing  machines  and  clothes  wringers. 

Watch  and  clock  materials 

Watch  cases 


Watches 

WhK'Ibu  rrows 

Whips 

Windmills 

Window  shades  and  fixtures. 


Vl\T- 


322 

323  Winwork.  Inclu'ling  wire  rope  and  cable. 

324  Wrwi'l  citrp-'t 

325  I  Viixxl  dl.stlllatlon.  not  Including  turpi-ntino  and  rosin  . 

320  Wood  preserving 

327  Wof)d.  turned  anfl  carved 

328  Woo.lenware.  not  elsewhere  specified. 
32<i  Wool  pulling. 

aid 
331 
^12 
333 


1,919 

3,760 

1,402 

15,266 

28,598 

205,232 

2,022 
2,600 
2,286 
3 
1,778 

2,978 

5,161 

3,444 

270 


386 

1,28.') 

30 

898 
3,265 

22,099 


1,689 
120 

1,328 
38 
63 

127 
20 
34 
2a 
14 

55 

4 

278 


Less  than 
$3. 


4 

157 

18 

63 


33 


1,650 
24 


1,301 
19 


74 


1 
123 
38 


105 
10 

106 
1 
4 


311 

567 

286 

2,987 

5,901 

34,374 

393 
433 
419 
1 
3P0 

395 

845 

S.W 

45 


02 
255 
4 
1.35 
642 


1,633 

'2,'6»6' 

544 

9,248 

0 


910 
3,218 


2,474 
'""278 


470 

98 

1,478 

1 


207 
482 


Wool  wotir^ng 

Woiilt'n  goodw 

Wor-tt«!(fK€M»ds 

All  otherlnduslrles. 


•-•.Ill 

1IK1.2-VJ 
13U.'I6I 
378  I 


30 
M.51,1 
20,138 

87 


$3  to  $4. 


1 

300 

16 

116 


23 


9 
126 


41 
'2,162 


S4  to  }5. 


503 

a 

147 


16 

7 

454 

1.078 

3,779 

17 
39 
31 


IG 


27 


487 

S23 

7 


190 

14 

2J3 

9 
14 

32 
1 
3 
1 

1 


10 

6 

77 

545 

966 

4,358 

109 
73 
74 

I 
40 

9 

107 

82 

1 


11 
164 


872 

636 

19 


14 
105 


27 

140 
2 
6 
3 


1,924 
55 


3,015 
125 


278 


$5  to  J6. 


5 

419 

16 

125 


299 
25 

299 
9 
6 

34 


7 

61 

663 

669 

5,576 

69 
47 
94 


51 

35 
125 
92 
13 


117 


11 
240 


63 
144 


1,822 

2,780 

37 


797 

3 

151 


161 
10 
16 
2 


2,144 

66 

6 

2,848 

139 

265 


298 
17 


424 
15 

196 
5 
IS 


48 

33 

.57 

422 

679 

5,628 

56 
79 
07 


32 

86 
164 
89 
12 


19 

62 

1 

18 
112 

149 


26 


24 
225 


2,. 120 

4,554 

17 


EARNINGS  OF  WACIl^^-EAKXERS. 


731 


EARNERS— MEN,  WOMEN,  AND   ('IIILDREN— IN   EACH   GROUT  OF   EARNINGS,  WITH   EARNINGS  AND   NUMBER  OF 
EMPLOYED  DURING  TUE  YEAR,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Coin imi.fl. 


WOMEN    1(1  YEARS   AND   OVER   (DISTRIBUTION   OF    NUMBL 

EARNINGS)— tontiniic'il. 

R    BY 

$15  and 
over. 

CHILDREN   UNDER    16  YEARS   (DIHTKIBUTIf^N    OF  NUMBER   BY   EARNINGS). 

$6  to  $7. 

$7  to  $8. 

J8  to  »9. 

$9  to  tlO. 

SI0toS12. 

$12  to  $15. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Number. 

Less 
than  $3. 

$3  to  $4. 

$4  to  $5. 

$5  to  $6. 

$6  to  $7. 

$7  to  $8. 

SSand 
over. 

$210 

1,555 

9 

604 

60 

61 
346 

4 
208 

13 

9 

49 

4 

111 

1 

20 
113 

8 
70 

7 
75 

4 

20 

3 
16 

3 

252 

961 

2 

100 

742 

520 

508 

294 

72 

43 

253 
254 

42 

27 

i4 

4 

50 
4 

35 
3 

12 

2 

2SS 

3 

256 

13 
3 

13 

4 
2 
3 

40 

3 

1 

1 
1 

4 

1 

257 

14 
302 

71 
314 

159 
1,029 

65 
1,209 

37 

1,578 

9 

38 

8,882 

337 

2,816 

47 

312 

4 

57 
17 
76 

44 
227 

21 
358 

10 

683 

4 

10 

2,835 

97 

612 
8 
44 

1 
3 
2 
6 

7 

23 
10 

127 

1 

591 

2 

1 

1,206 

14 

57 

2 
7 
2 
19 

28 
58 
10 
131 
3 

80 

1 

4 

955 

44 

102 
2 
9 

1 

20 
10 
30 

6 
SO 

1 

71 

4 

6 

1 
2 
1 

7 

20 
2 
15 

3 
61 

3 

1 

1 

3 

259 

8 

1 

260 

7 

99 
5 

21 
4 
3 

1,724 

112 

2 

2,660 
207 

526 
2 

261 

22 

5 

262 

35 

263 

20 

9 

14 

16 
4 
2 

501 

1 
5 

264 

27 
2 

4 

1 

2 

159 

8 

50 

1 
1 

1 

i 

265 

2 

1,413 
2 

5 

1,976 

98 

148 

1 



266 

1.057 

693 
2 

242 

63 

1 

1 

267 
268 

i 

775 
13 

26 
2 

" 2 

429 
25 

284 
1 

4 

1 
73 
6 

75 
1 

1 

269 

1,401 
55 

69 

1,052 
26 

80 

; 

475 
14 

10 

158 
9 

16 

1 

9 

4 

270 
271 

26 

1 
5 

18 
2 
20 

272 
273 

4 

274 

7 

3 

275 

82 

17 

4 

13 

276 

277 

213 

15 

151 

197 

6 

104 

35 

2 

73 

29 

6 

55 

21 
2 
39 

20 

1 
24 

12 

1 
3 

553 
10 

155 
44 

629 
34 

247 
44 
68 

145 
3 
44 
13 

169 
8 
82 
12 
16 

33 

22 
2 

26 
2 

84 
3 

32 
2 
3 

60 

1 

11 
2 

54 
1 
5 
6 

6 

17 

8 

3 

2 

278 
279 

3 
4 

17 
1 

45 
3 

1 

1 
5 

9 

3 

280 

281 

316 
23 

152 
7 
13 

18 
6 
3 
3 
1 

22 

1 
66 

149 
21 

108 
2 
4 

6 
2 

140 
8 

120 
1 
5 

3 
2 
5 
3 
3 

12 

1 

13 

27 
2 

43 
1 

24 

1 

34 

11 
1 

33 
1 

4 

3 
3 

2 

282 
283 

4 
2 

284 

1 
6 

285 

3 

1 

286 

5 

1 
2 
3 

287 

1 
4 
2 

81 

69 

979 

26 

24 

19 

258 

7 

6 

1 

47 

2 

8 

12 

120 

10 
2 

61 
4 

288 

3 
2 

1 
5 

3 
14 

1 
15 

1 

289 

2 

1 

25 

1 

290 

291 

3 

3 

292 

lie 

269 
15 
39 

12 

22 

64 

3 

10 

2 

1 

1 

1 
29 

8 
18 
2 

1 

6 
10 

1 

4 

2 

6' 

293 

1 

1 

294 

295 

104 

201 
40 

296 

777 

4,801 

57 
79 
60 

20 

286 

25 

240 

385 

3,799 

37 
48 
22 

21 

18 

14 

136 

238 

2,178 

15 
32 
27 

13 

7 

13 

4 

2 

4 

3 
2 

296 

W7 

3 

88 

165 

1,490 

23 
16 
17 

2 
90 

227 
1,575 

9 
18 
23 

298 

40 

104 
941 

13 

13 
349 

1 

1 
1 

1,012 

3,707 
9,711 

439 
676 
426 
38 
221 

104 
159 
167 
17 

283 

1,661 
3,238 

106 
190 
118 
16 
72 

26 
49 
58 

4 

41 
1,248 
1,649 

20 
35 
23 
16 
34 

3 
17 
24 

145 

162 
914 

23 
91 
49 

78 
102 

388 

26 
42 
25 

8 
33 

184 

19 
9 
13 

10 
11 
73 

14 
9 
8 

18 
3 

i' 

12 

1 
4 

299 
300 
301 

307 

1 
3 

303 

304 



30'! 

54 

61 

105 

88 

8 

32 

53 

122 
68 

1 

18 

79 

85 

23 

3 

15  )             1S 

6 

6 
14 
19 

3 

3 

31 

9 
17 
27 

5 

12 
9 
4 
3 

2 

1 
4 

> 

306 

35 
54 
30 

27 
40 
31 

1 

1 
3 

307 

4 

6 

1 

308 

ton 

1 

31  n 

311 

3 
46 

3 
13 

1 
21 
64 

389 

1 
11 

1 
29 
32 

312 

1 

22 
664 
108 

13 
114 

6 
184 
28 

3 
41 

1 

20 

5 

2 

122 

8 

2 
30 
12 

3 
10 

1 
2 

312 

2 

1 
1 

1 

10 
2 

313 

1 

314 

21 
91 

213 

11 
20 

445 

4 
11 

465 

3 
6 

246 

1 
4 

46 



315 

25 

5 

1 

316 

317 

2 
265 

1 
62 

1 
20 

,318 

72 

44 

28 

9 

9 

2 

2 

«13 

9 

4 

8 

3 

5 

319 

3"^ 

88 

30 

326 

1 

62 

8 
215 

20 

5 
103 

15 

2 
67 

14 

1 
39 

5 

179 

94 
1,240 

8 

49 

20 

358 

3 

16 

2 

135 

2 

11 

1 
89 

18 

10 

74 

1 

3 

1 

3?1 

34 

322 

36 

6 

23 

3 



323 
324 



325 

18 

652 

834 

7 

36 

8,280 

16,893 

6 

8 
177 
217 

1 

6 
2,164 
4,422 

2 

4 
35 
63 

3 
70 
50 

1 
50 
36 

3?6 

27 
84 

8 
26 

3 

17 

1 
2 

12 
36 

6 

22 

3 
9 

1 

1 
1 

3?7 

5 

1 

mn 

3?9 

4 

2,400 

4,659 

6 

1 
1,992 
1,917 

1 

1 

1,406 
1,544 

23 

6 
99 
146 

.^3n 

1,383 
1,315 

1,373 

450 
653 

66 
178 

465 

925 

2 

760 
1,693 

535 
1,289 

268 
339 

28 
24 

9 

6 

331 
332 

3%3 

1 



732 


MAXUFACTURES. 


Table  68.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS— UNITED  STATES,  BY  SPECIFIED  INDUSTRIES- PER  CENT  DISTRI- 
WAGE-EARNERS   AND  OF   EACH    CLASS,  NUMBER  OF    ESTABLISHMENTS,  AND    PER    CENT    NUMBER  OF  ALL 


2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
11 

12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

17 
18 
19 
20 

21 ; 

22 
23 
24 
25  I 
26 

27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

32 
33  I 
34 
33 
36 

37  I 

38 

39 

40 

■11 

42 
43 
44 
45 
4C 

47 
48 
49 
50 
SI 

82 
S3 
54 
55 
ai 

57 
S8 
89 
60 
CI 

fi2 

64 
65 
60 


AIL  industries. 


Agricultural  implements 

Ammunition 

Artificial  feathers  and  flowers. 

.\rtificial  limbs 

.\rliOeial  stone 


I 


.\rtists'  materials 

.\utomobile  bodies  and  parts. 

-\utomobiles 

.\wnings.  tents,  and  sails 

A  xle  grease 


Babbitt  metal  and  solder 

Bags,  other  than  paper 

Bags,  paper 

Baking  and  yeast  powders 

Baskets,  and  rattan  and  willow  ware. 


Beet  sugar 

Bells 

Belting  and  hose,  leather. 
Belting  and  hose,  linen . . . 
Belting  and  hose,  rubber. 


Bicycles  and  tricycles 

Billiard  tables  and  materials. 

Blacking 

Bluing 

Bone,  ivory,  and  lamp  black. 


Bookbinding  and  blank  book  making. 

Boot  and  shoe  cut  stock 

Boot  and  shoe  findings 

Boot  and  shoe  upi)ers 

Boots  and  shoes 


Boots  and  shoes,  rubber. 

Bo.xea,  cigar 

Boxes,  fancy  and  paper.. 
Boxes,  wooden  packmg. . 
Brass 


Brass  and  copper,  rolled 

Brass  castings  and  brass  flnisbing. 

Brasswure 

Bread  and  other  bakery  products.. 
Brick  and  tile 


Bronze  castings 

Brooms  and  brushes. 

Biiltcr 

Butter,  reworking 

Buttons • 


Calcium  lights 

Canilles 

Canning  and  pre-serving,  fish 

Canning  and  preserving,  fruits  and  vegetables 
Canning  and  preserving,  oysters 

Card  cutting  and  designing 

Carpets  anffrugs.  other  tlian  rag 

Carpets,  rag 

Carriage  and  wagon  materials 

Carriages  and  sleds,  children's 


Carriages  and  wagtms 

Cars  11  nd  general  shop  const  ruction  and  repairs  by  steam  railroad  companies 
Cars  II  lid  general  shop  const  met  ion  and  repairs  bystreet  railroad  companies. 

Cars,  xleain  riiilroad,  not  including  ii|ierations  of  railroad  companies 

Cars,  street  railroad,  not  Ineliuliiig  ojierations  of  railroad  companies 

Cash  r<'(.'i.>ler>.  iind  r-alnilatim,'  inarliines 

(Vli.i       : 

Cli  ■ 

CI 

Clleniuals 


67  China  dncorntlng.. ,. 

68  <  'hoeolii  le  and  co<*oa  products 

60     Cleansing  and  imlishlng  prcpnrali<> 

70  '  Clocks 

71  I  Cloth,  sponging  and  rGflnlshlog.. 


Per  cent 

MEN 

16     YE.VRS 

AND 

OVER 

number 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

(PER     CENT     DISTRIBUTION 

all  wage- 

OF  NUMBER  BY 

EARNINGS). 

earners  in- 
cluded in 

Number 

of 

statistics 

estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

of  weekly 
earnings 
forms  of 

All 

wage- 

Men  16 

years 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 

Chil- 
dren 

Less 
than 

$3  to 

$4  to 

$5  to 

$6  to 

greatest 

;  earn- 

and 

16 

1    $3. 

$4. 

$5. 

$6. 

»7. 

establish- 

■ 

ments. 

i 

123.703 

47.0 

1 
S10.06 

$11.16 

1 

S6.17 

$3.46 

2.2 

2.2 

3.4 

4.0 

6.2 

3C2 

49.2 

10.90 

10.97 

5.75 

3.12 

i     1.4 

1.5 

2.4 

3.0 

5.2 

9 

17.1 

8.60 

10.65 

6.05 

5.21 

;    0.9 

0.1 

2.5 

5.5 

4.6 

90 

33.1 

6.71 

10.80 

6.20 

3.29 

2.7 

3.9 

5.5 

4.7 

5.5 

67 

71.3 

12.76 

13.26 

6.73 

4.29 

0.8 

3.6 

0.8 

2.4 

2.8 

333 

49.5 

10.40 

10.41 

6.00 

4.25 

0.7 

9.2 

0.9 

2.9 

2.3 

12 

25.3 

7.28 

8.84 

4.97 

2.60 

1.7 

13.8 

5.2 

8.6 

31 

29.7 

10.99 

11.05 

7.13 

3.67 

o.i 

2.4 

4.1 

4.1 

5.0 

86 

74.4 

13.04 

13.07 

6.75 

5.60 

0.6 

0.5 

1.0 

1.7 

2.0 

26,5 

53.7 

10.30 

,  12.96 

6.60 

4.39 

0.3- 

1.1 

1.0 

1.9 

4.1 

18 

73.7 

9.28 

10.17 

3.93 

4.00 

1 

6.2 

18.8 

1.0 

3.1 

42 

45.8 

10.67 

10.73 

6.83 

0.3 

0.8 

0.3 

0.3 

5.5 

34 

38.4 

6.19 

10.11 

4.65 

3.39 

1    1-1 

2.3 

5.9 

6.2 

8.5 

28 

31.4 

7.37 

9.73 

4.89 

2.33 

1.9 

5.7 

2.8 

8.5 

8.1 

102 

49.4 

9.07 

11.85 

6.10 

3.00 

0.7 

0.5 

3.0 

2.6 

5.1 

242 

39.6 

7.45 

8.24 

4.88 

3.33 

3.8 

3.3 

6.3 

5.7 

9.8 

19 

39.3 

14.90 

14.96 

10.75 

9.22 

0.4 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

13 

62.6 

9.72 

10.23 

6.18 

4.56 

0.9 

0.6 

4.3 

3.7 

6.7 

84 

62.9 

11.45 

11.54 

6.35 

2.50 

0.4 

1.1 

2.3 

3.8 

4.4 

11 

32.4 
60.3 

6.78 
9.68 

11.69 
10.33 

5.05 
0.23 

3.71 
3.87 

1.5 
3.5 

5.9 
4.7 

4.4 
6.3 

9 

0.3 

1.8 

69 

33.1 

11.78 

11.86 

8. .50 

3.62 

0.7 

1.0 

3.6 

3.2 

4.5 

35 

33.3 

45.1 

1  11.59 
7.98 

12.07 
11.57 

4.03 
5.62 

3.00 
3.37" 

0.6 
5.2 

1.3 
5.2 

2.6 
4.9 

88 

0.3 

1.7 

31 

37.8 

7.13 

8.93 

4.90 

3.86 

3.3 

6.6 

4.9 

11.5 

14 

35.7 
42.4 

12.13 
1    8.96 

12.51 
12.13 

4.50 
6.13 

3.67 

1.2 
0.9 

16.2 
6.8 

.526 

3.4 

5.4 

6.1 

232 

72.7 

8.02 

9.63 

5.05 

3.59 

1.3 

2.8 

4.0 

5.6 

7.7 

154 

66.9 

7.37 

8.70 

5.63 

3.52 

3.6 

4.3 

5.7 

9.0 

10.2 

*        .55 

81.5 

9.19 

9.69 

8.02 

4.00 

4.4 

1.9 

6.3 

6.9 

3.1 

745 

62.7' 

10.24 

11.88 

7.60 

3.56 

1.7 

2.4 

3.5 

4.4 

6.0 

19 

77.8 

10.00 

11.51 

8., 33 

4.34 

0.8 

1.0 

2.2 

1.9 

4.2 

150 

40.5 

7.25 

8.97 

5.87 

3.00 

2.4 

8.1 

5.5 

8.0 

9.8 

389 

42.1 

6.69 

9.95 

5.48 

2.93 

2.1 

4.1 

5.8 

7.6 

8.3 

548 

43.7 

!    8.61 

9.04 

5.55 

3.42 

2.3 

3.1 

7.3 

7.0 

8.4 

8 

43.5 
73.7 

:  11.70 

11.58 

11.70 
11.82 

18 

6.30 

5.23 

1.2 

0.7 

1.5 

1.4 

2.8 

329 

511. 1 

11.28 

11.43 

5.41 

4.63 

1.7 

2.3 

2.8 

3.2 

5.5 

135 

64.5 

10., 57 

11.85 

6.54 

3.81 

1.1 

1.9 

3.4 

3.5 

5.8 

13, 493 

65.0 

10.57 

11.77 

5.46 

3.77 

0.8 

1.5 

2.1 

3.3 

6.0 

2,053 

.30.2 

9.70 

9.82 

5.55 

3.74 

3.0 

1.9 

3.0 

3.0 

6.7 

20 

70.3 

i  12.47 

12.79 

4.40 

4.11 

0.6 

2.1 

3.7 

3.5 

4.6 

76.5 

50.6 

7.76 

9.60 

4.28 

3.32 

2.4 

4.0 

5.4 

5.7 

9.7 

3,333 

61.5 

10.93 

11.00 

5.79 

3.35 

1.1 

1.5 

2.1 

3.8 

5.9 

23 

66.3 

11.16 

11.31 

5.88 

4.00 

3.1 

2.2 

0.9 

0.3 

1.8 

119 

42.0 

7.19 

9.31 

4.94 

3.75 

3.2 

3.9 

4.7 

7.1 

9.6 

14 

60.8 
43.4 

9.97 
8.02 

10. .12 

9. S3 

6.67 
4..f6 

17.8 
4.3 

10.7 
7.2 

9 

3., 57 

1.8 

3.2 

0.7 

196 

49.6 

10.77 

12. .30 

8.49 

4.86 

1.2 

0.6 

1.5 

2.0 

3.2 

898 

23.9 

0.78 

9.14 

5.40 

3.24 

7.8 

3.3 

3.3 

4.5 

8.3 

13 

4.1 

5.03 

6.27 

4.04 

3.11 

13.1 

16.0 

15.0 

16.9 

11.4 

36 

43.9 

8.22 

10.53 

5.62 

3.67 

2.1 

5.3 

5.3 

5.3 

6.4 

36 

28.8 

8.52 

9.93 

7.31 

4.26 

1.2 

0.9 

3.3 

5.9 

7.9 

225 

47.3 

7.93 

8.97 

5.05 

3.03 

0.7 

3.3 

5.5 

4.1 

9.4 

346 

SI.O 

9.65 

9.71 

5.09 

4.47 

2.4 

2.2 

4.2 

4.5 

n.o 

40 

40.9 

9.20 

9.45 

6.26 

3.59 

1.9 

2.0 

3.0 

4.8 

8.4 

3,433 

.56.2 

10.69 

10.83 

5.85 

3.. 53 

1.6 

1.7 

2.0 

3.0 

5.6 

713 

66.8 

12.46 

12.47 

7.31 

4.97 

0.8 

0.6 

1.3 

1.7 

3.6 

43 

,53.7 

12.. 53 

12.  ,5.5 

7.. 35 

4.00 

1.6 

0.8 

1.5 

1.8 

1.8 

46 

85.6 

11.20 

11.21 

7.24 

4.40 

4.1 

1.9 

2.0 

2.3 

3.4 

8 

62.6 

12.25 

12.36 

7.43 

3.93  ' 

1.7 

1.5 

2.8 

2.6 

3.8 

1.1 

78.1 

11.51 

12.11 

6.79 

3.,33 

2.0 

1.6 

2.8 

5.9 

4.8 

67 

60.8 

10.76 

10.711 

4.30 

4.97 

1.1 

1.8 

1.4 

2.2 

8.0 

39 

19.3 

7.81 

7.99 

2.70 

1.8 

7.8 

7.1 

5.3 

9.6 

2,226 

72.9 

10.74 

10.90 

6.16 

3.37 

0.0 

1.0 

2.5 

4.7 

6.3 

1.15 

80.8 

10.5.5 

10.91 

5.18 

4.74 

1.0 

0.8 

1.0 

1.3 

2.0 

12 

32.4 
47.2 

9.  ,57 
8.38 

15.26 
10.57 

5.48 
5.11 

4.. 50 
S.iKI 

4.7 
1.9 

2.4. 
1.6 

4.8 
1.3 

11 

0.8 

2.6 

84 

62.8  1 

K.  45 

10.. 52 

4.68 

3.40 

1.0 

3.8 

5.2 

3.4 

8.9 

211 

53.0  1 

11.19 

13.42 

-..52 

4.24 

0.3 

0.7 

1.5 

2.5 

4.0 

21 

211.4  1 

12.43 

12.43 

2.1 

3.7 

0.4 

5.9 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


733 


BUTTON    OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,  WOMEN,  AND    GUILD REN-WITII    AVERAGE    WEEKLY    EARNINGS    OF    ALL 
WAGE-EARNERS  IN  THE  STATISTICS  FORMS  OF  GREATEST  NUMBER,  ALL  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905. 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  (PER  CENT  DISTRIBU- 
TION OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS)— Continued. 


$7  to 
88. 


7.5 


7.5 
14.1 
fi.3 
3.2 
5.1 

6.9 
7.5 
3.3 
2.7 
S.2 

17.9 
5.7 
4.9 
8.2 

11.1 

0.3 
11.0 

6.5 
5.9 


7.0 
0.6 
4.9 
8.2 


5.4 
9.5 
10.1 
13.8 
6.6 

5.8 
9.4 
7.0 
10.2 


4.5 
5.5 

5.6 
4.7 


6.9 
8.1 
8.1 
1.8 
9.7 


2.1 
3.7 
10.3 
4.2 

6.9 
14.3 
11.6 
11.0 
10.7 

7.6 
5.1 
3.3 

4.8 
5.4 

5.3 
11.1 
4.3 
9.9 
4.4 

4.8 
4.0 
5.2 
4.7 
2.7 


S8  to   Sfl  to 
S9.      $10. 


7.9 


11.1 

4.6 
6.6 
4.4 
3.5 

24.1 
8.9 
4.0 
3.7 
2.1 

13.0 
5.5 
6.2 
5.6 

13.0 

0.5 
8.5 
6.0 
5.9 
13.0 

9.8 
2.9 
5.5 
18.0 


13.1 


15.9 
25.9 
10.4 
8.0 
24.5 

6.9 
9.3 
12.2 

ai 

7.3 

15.3 
16.8 
27.1 
9.9 
18.5 

2.9 

16.4 
12.3 
in.  3 
13.1 


11.7 
10.4 
18.0 


5.7 
8.8 
9.G 
5.0 
6.9 

6.4 
9.5 
7.9 
9.7 
4.2 

6.8 
7.2 
6.9 
6.7 
9.1 

8.0 
8.0 
7.8 
7.9 
10.2 

10.7 
7.9 
8.0 
7.5 
3.8 

5.3 
12.4 
10.4 

9.5 
14.2 

6.7 
8.8 
4.2 
8.4 
6.1 

7.8 
13.3 
1.8 
7.5 
9.3 

4.8 
3.4 
6.2 
5.8 
6.4  I 


6.7 
11.0 
11.0 
8.2 
9.0 

18.3 
11.3 
10.7 
15.5 
42.6 

26.6 
10.1 
15.4 
7.5 
22.6 

10.6 

11.4 
9.4 
13.7 
12.6 

17.9 
24.4 

11.6 
18.9 
.2.3 

10.1 
11.9 
18.6 
14.9 
14.7 

15.4 
12.7 
9.3 
20.9 
13.0 

8.7 
12.0 
34.7 

9.5 
24.1 

2.4 
6.4 
11.7 
8.1 


SIO 
to 
«12. 


15.6 


812 
to 
815. 


17.2 


16.2 
11.0 
15.6 
12.8 
17.3 

8.6 
17.4 
20.8 
12.7 
20.8 

10.1 
17.2 
14.7 
14.0 
12.2 

6.1 
17.6 
16.1 
17.6 
17.5 

18.3 
27.5 
10.7 
11.5 
5.0 

10.8 
17.4 
13.3 

17.6 
14.6 

17.8 
15.8 
16.2 
15.0 
17.0 

21.0 
19.3 
13.9 
16.2 
18.1 

17.5 
10.6 
17.2 
30.5 
13.1 

3.6 
27.6 
12.8 
13.5 

7.0 

14.9 
15.6 
16.3 
16.3 
17.9 

16.3 
18.3 
1.5.7 
17.1 
16.3 

11.7 
16.5 
24.8 
20.3 
23.3 

4.8 
6.5 
1.8.5 
13.9 
14.4 


IS.  4 
12.3 
14.5 
23.2 
19.9 

19.0 
21.6 
24.1 
26.  0 
18.8 

17.3 
18.9 

9.6 
24.7 

9.7 

5.5.3 
18.2 
26.1 
26.5 
18.5 

19.5 
20.9 
30.5 
6.6 
46.3 

15.5 
21.2 
15.4 
17.0 
19.6 

19.8 
15.5 
15.5 
13.8 
12.8 

17.0 
16.6 
17.7 
27.6 
15.1 

16.5 
17.4 
23.1 
24.4 
12.8 

2,5.0 
14.0 
2.5.9 
14.3 
7.0 

20.8 
15.9 
16.0 
15.6 
12.7 

21.6 
19.8 
34.2 
15.6 
19.9 

19.5 
19.6 
2.5 
19.6 
19.6 

16.6 
58.3 
17.2 
22.4 
21.4 


815 
to 

820. 


14.7 


13.7 
14.9 
11.7 
27. 6 
6.8 

3.5 
15.4 
24.0 
31.9 
11.5 

15.8 
10.0 

6.4 
22.  S 

3.9 

26.8 
10.3 
16.9 
17.6 
10.7 

19.4 
21.2 
15.2 
9.8 
16.2 

23.5 
8.9 
6  3 
14.5 
18.3 

18.1 
6.4 

11.3 
6.6 

17.0 

10.6 
22  4 
IT.  6 
21.9 
6.6 

14.1 
9.0 

16.9 
7.9 

10.6 

10.7 
5.0 

19,0 
6.7 
3.3 

11.7 
8.4 
4.0 
9.0 
8.1 

15.2 
19.6 
23.2 
14.0 
17.8 

23.3 
10.3 
0.3 
13.7 
10.8 

26.2 
10.6 
15.5 
30.5 
18.2 


820 
to 
825. 


825  Less 
anil  I  than 
over      S3. 


2.5 
4.4 
5.4 
4.2 

2.0 
1.6 
3.2 
2.8 
0.6 

4.5 
0.6 
3.1 
1.5 
1.6 

4.7 
4.4 
3.1 
1.6 
6.3 

7.6 
1.6 
1.1 
1.3 
5.1 

3.1 
1.1 

2.7 
0.9 
6.4 

3.6 
2.8 
4.5 
3.0 
1.5 

5.6 
1.7 
2.2 
4.0 
1.9 

3.6 
1.8 
8.0 
1.2 


1.1 
0.1 

2.2 
6.1 
2.2 
5!  8 
6.5 

5.3 
2.2 


3.6 
1.7 

19.0 
2.3 
1.7 
4.3 
5.4 


2.0 


WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  (PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION   OE  NUMBER 
BY  EABNINGS). 


7.5 


11.6 
2.9 
13.3 


3.4 

'i'.j 


12.9 
9.5 
4.4 

16.4 


2.9 


7.7 
0.3 


6.2 
7.9 
5.1 
25.0 

3.3 
10.6 

8.8 
3.4 
4.6 

1.8 
7.3 
9.6 
8.2 


83  to 
84. 


10.9 


9.5 
3.3 
12.0 


3,3 
53.3 


20.3 
11.1 
10  0 
19.9 


20.7 
28.2 

40.0 

37.5 

6.3 

20.5 


5.8 
3.8 

4.8 
7.5 
18.2 


20.6 
11.0 


19.5 


1.0 

4.5 

15  3 

1.4 

2.6 
2  7 
9.3 
7.9 
2.9 

5.2 
0.5 
5.9 
0.7 


12.5 
15.0 
10.4 
5.1 


1.9 

17.4 
16.7 
17.2 


6.6 
16.2 

7.6 
15.6 


40  0 

21.1 

6.6 


12.3 

33.3 
34.6 
5.5 
13.3 
38.9 

12.6 
2.6 
18.1 
10.7 
6.9 

13.4 
10.4 


84  to 
85. 


15.1 


21.1 
11.7 
14.3 


62.1 


11.1 
26.7 

16.7 
23,3 
16.1 
18  7 
19.9 


8.9 

17.4 
23.1 
16.7 


18.8 
24.1 
46.1 
25.0 

15.7 
18  3 
17.2 


9.3 

6.8 
16.8 
17.8 
14.4 


8.9 
24.8 
12.2 
17.3 
27.2 

33.3 

25.2 
13.2 


0.5       2.1 
18.2     36.3 


11.3 
10.5 

10.7 
2.8 

11.1 
0.5 


16.1 
20.3 

25.0 
6.3 

31.3 
1.6 


30.7 
6  3 
22  1 
47.2 

19.2 
9.9 
23.0 

as.s 

12.8 

15.0 
1.4 


4.3 


14.9 
18.2 


85  to 
86. 


16.3 


8.2 
21.3 
15.7 
18.1 


10.3 
37.5 
50.0 
16.5 


24.5 
38.3 
10.0 
36.4 
100.0 


20.1 
43.4 
16.0 
15.1 


38.3 

21.7 
21.3 
16.7 


18.8 

19.2 

7,7 

25.0 

17.2 
22.8 
19.2 
10.2 
11.6 

8.3 
16.7 
16.9 
15.7 


15.8 
23.8 
15.4 
17.9 
18.2 

20.0 
12.2 
19.1 
12.5 
14.4 

33.3 
21.8 

7.6 
11.6 

5.5 

30.5 
18.4 
16.5 
22.6 
17.6 

18.2 
1.4 
5.9 

15.8 


21.2 
18.2 


29.0 
16.9 

17.8 
10.2 
17.0 
5.1 


9.7 
17.7 

19.6 
34.0 
15.0 
12.5 


86  to 
87. 


16.5 


25.0 
24.1 
13.3 

33.3 
11.8 
13.8 
16.4 
12.6 


26.5 
30.4 
11.2 
13.1 


6.2 
16.0 

7.7 
25.0 

18.7 
17.8 
20  4 
5.1 
12.2 

11.0 
14.2 
14.5 
13.4 


30.5 
17.2 
21.4 
17.8 
9.1 

6.7 
10  3 
22.1 
87.5 
13.3 


10.9 

11.8 

12.4 

4.2 

15.2 
13.6 
15.7 
16.4 
28.4 

17.4 
30.5 


5.8 
28.6 


18.6 


14.5 
11.1 

5.4 
40.6 
12.4 
14.1 


87  to 

88. 


15.0 

8.5 

36.4 


17.2 
37.5 


88  to   89  to 
89.    !  810. 


8.1 
3.9 
7.9 
9.1 


15.3 
6.7 

33.3 
8.3 
3.6 

10.9 
5.2 

50.0 
14.7 
4.4 
5.9 
7.7 


12.9 
7.7 


11.6 


12.6 
7.2 
10  7 
28.8 
12.4 

14.6 
10.7 
9.8 
13.4 


15.5 
4.8 
17.0 
101 
9.1 


5.6 
8.1 


10.0 


1.0 
11.5 


4.6 
13.8 
6.5 
6.2 
11.8 

14.9 
23.9 
35.3 
30.9 

57.1 

16.5 


6.5 
9.3 

10.7 
2.1 
3.3 

23.0 


1.9 
0.9 
10.1 
2.3 


2.9 
8.7 
5.3 
6.7 

40.0 

"i.i 


8.3 
3.6 

5.3 
10.2 
10.5 

14.4 
7.5 
6.0 
5.1 


10  3 
3.8 

11.5 
5.4 
9.1 


2.1 

8.1 


5.8 


11.9 
4.2 


8.6 
12.9 
7.3 
4.0 
6.9 

8.5 
13.3 
52.9 
15.1 
14.3 

12.7 


6.8 
2.4 
5.5 


25.0 
25.0 
7.4 


810 
to 
812. 


5.0 


0.7 
0.5 
6.1 


3.5 


5.1 


0.9 
0.2 
6.7 
4.8 


2.9 

17.4 

1.2 

7.4 


2.6 
2.6 


5.1 
2.2 
2.9 
10.2 
9.9 

21.8 
4.8 
4.1 
5.6 


4.6 
3.8 
6.2 
3.7 


1.3 
6.2 


3.2 
5.8 

5.4 
2.0 
5.2 
26.2 


13.5 
3.7 


2.0 

11.9 

1.6 

1.7 


4.4 
12.1 


16.7 
0.4 
0.7 
4.5 
3.4 


1.8 
2.6 


12.5 
5.5 
2.6 


3.7 
2.0 
3.1 

11.8 
11.8 

15.2 
4.1 
3.2 
3.7 


1.4 
0.9 
3.4 
3.4 

9.1 


1.3 
2.9 


1.8 


9.3 


7.6 
9.1 


12.3 
3.9 


4.0 
11.7 
2.0 

1.9 
6.5 


6.5 
3.2 


812 
to 
815. 


2.4 


0.7 


0.1 
0.7 
2.3 
0.4 

50.0 
2.9 


1.8 
0.6 


10.0 
'6.8' 


2.0 
0.4 
1.9 
11.8 
7.9 

4.0 
0.5 
1.1 
2.6 


0.6 


0.4 

1.1 


0.2 
2.2 


0.5 
33.4 


9.6 
2.3 


0.6 
0.6 
■2.'2 


3.2 
1.3 


815 
and 


0.9 


0.2 


CHILDREN   UNDER   16  YEARS   (PER  CENT 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS). 


Less 

than 

83. 


35.3 


46.3 


23.5 
28.6 


100.0 

33.3 

6.0 

4.4 


32.6 
100.0 
!  40.0 

41.6 


22.2 
50.0 
14.3 
6.4 

38.4 

i6.'6' 


19.6 
27.1 
29.4 

'32.'3 

22.8 
54.1 
47.1 
31.6 


2.9 
19.4 
14.8 
29.0 
28.2 

33.3 
31.9 
52.2 


23.3 
5.5  i  18.6 
1.4  !■  50.5 


0.5 


14.4 
35.9 

17.8 
46.9 

34.0 


0.2 

3.2 
70.0 
36.8 
0.2  il    6.4 


1.8 
3.3 
12.1 


1.8    . 

0.2.  

0.7  1    (..7    JO.O 

4.4      0.3  ,  0.2   I    7.4 


83  to 
84. 


31.; 


25.3 
5.3 
58.8 
14.2 
60.0 


33.3 

7.5 

39.1 


40.2 


50.0 
29.2 


11.1 
50.0 

57.1 
51.6 

30.8 
80.0 
46.7 
28.6 


25.0 


20.0 
30.4 
100.0 


18.5 

mi 

22."2 


43.0 
39.6 
30.4 
.50.0 
30.9 

24.6 
28.6 
40.3 
36.6 


5.7 
27.4 
40.3 
30.6 
28.4 

33.3 
35.8 
17.4 


26.7 
17.9 
19.2 
'00.0 

66.7 
29.3 
41.0 
16.1 
12.5 

26.4 
34.0 
50.0 
18.0 
50.0 

66.7 
19.4 
30.0 
31.6 
9.7 


40.0 
37.7 


84  to  ,  85  to  ,  86  to ,  87  to   „!?^ 
*      I   *^    lover 


85.       86. 


19.9 


18.9 
21.0 
14.7 


7.2 
32.3 


30.1 


43.3 
71.4 


20.7 
18.8 
26.5 
50.0 
24.2 

24.0 
14.3 
8.2 
22.0 


7.8 


4.2 
68.4 

3.0 
28.6 


33.4 
17.5 


5.0 
2.5 


21.4 
9.7 


13.4 
10.1 
8.8 


54.3 
48.4 
34.1 
16.9 
21.7 


7.7 

16.7 
2.0 
3.3 
6.0 


20.1 

8.7 
100.0 
27.2 


11.4 
1.6 
9.7 

11. 0 
9.1 

22.3 
8.9 
13.1 


50.0 

18.4  I  16.1 

14.2       6.6 


.33.3   . 

38.7 

20.5 

32.2 

15.6 

23.9 
6.2 
25.0    . 
60.0 
40.0  \ 

33.3  ' 

30.6  I  40.3 


13.7 
2.6 
12.7 
18.8 

12.9 
45.4 

10.0  I 


3.6 


3.2 


28.0 
26.0 


25.0 
17.4 


3.3 


5.0 
4.2 


26.1 
11.1 


0.9 


1.6 
5.3 


22.5 
8.7 


1.4' 
3.9 
4.9 


3.9 

6.3 
1.0 
0.8 
2.6 


14.3 
1.6 
1.1 
6.3 
9.8 


3.0 
4.3 


14.8 
5.9 


15.8  I 
45.2 


10.5 
19.4 


50.0  I  50.0 
10.0  \  60.0 

20.0 

40.2     11.3 


16.6 
6.2 

2.2 
8.2 


6.5 


5.3 
9.7 


10.0 

'i'i 


0.8 


0.6 
4.8 


0.3 
0.7 


8.5 
1.6 


2.7 
1.7 


0.3 
43 


8.0 
1.8 


1.4 

'i's 


0.3 
5.2 


0.7 


0.5 


2.5 


1.7 
7a  9 


0.6 


2.9 


3.5 
1.1 


0.4 
2.'3' 


0.3 
1.0 


6.4 
26.0' 


3.2 


2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

17 
IS 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 
25 
26 

27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

32 
33 
34 
35 
36 

37 
38 
39 
40 

a 

42 
43 

44 
45 
46 

47 
48 
49 
SO 
51 

52 
53 
54 
55 
56 

57 
58 
.59 

60 
61 

62 
63 
64 
65 
66 

67 
68 
69 
70 
71 


734 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  68.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS— UXITED    STATES,  BY  SPECIFIED  INDUSTRIES— PER  CENT  DISTRI- 
WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF   EACH  CLASS,  NUMBER   OF   ESTABLISHMENTS,  AND   PER   CENT   NUMBER    OF   ALL 


INDUSTBT. 


72 
73 
74 
75 
76 

77 
78 
79 
80 
81 

82 
83 
84 
85 
86  ; 


90 
91 

92 
93 
94 
95 
96 


100 

101  ! 

102  I 

ia3 

104 

103  I 
106 

107 
108 
109 
110 
HI  I 

112  ! 

113 

114 

115 

116 

117 

118 
119 
120 
121 


Clothing,  horse 

Clothing,  men's 

Clothing,  men's,  buttonholes 

Clothing,  women's 

Coffee  and  spice,  roasting  and  grinding. 


Coffins,  burial  eases,  and  undertakers'  goods. 

Coke 

Collars  and  cuffs 

Combs 1.. 

Condensed  milk 


Confectionery 

Cooperage 

Coppersmithing  and  sheet  iron  working. 

Cordage  and  twine 

Cordials  and  sirups 


Cork,  cutting 

Corsets 

Cotton  goods 

Cotton  small  wares. 
Cotton  waste 


Crucibles 

Cutlery  and  edge  tools 

Dairymen's,  poulterers',  and  apiarists'  supplies. 

Dentists'  materials 

Drug  grinding 


Druggists'  preparations 

Dyeing  and  finishing  te.xtiles , 

Dyestuffs  and  extracts , 

Electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies. 
Electroplating 


Emery  wheels 

Enameling  and  enameled  goods 

Engravers'  materials 

Engraving  and  diesinking 

Engraving,  steel,  including  plate  printing. 

Engraving,  wood 

Envelopes 

Explosives 

Fancy  «  rticles,  not  elsewhere  specified 

Felt  goods 


Fertilizers 

Files 

Firearms 

JFire  extinguishers,  cberaical. 
Fireworks 


Flags  and  banners; 

FUivoring  extracts 

Flax  and  hemp,  dressed 

Flour  and  grist  mill  products. 
Food  preparations 


122  ;  Foimdry  and  machine  shop  products. 

123  I  Foundry  supplies 

124  ;  Fur  goods 

125  Furnishing  goods,  men's 

128  Furniture 


127  '  Furs,  dressed 

128  f  iiil  viinlzing , 

129  (iii,i  and  lamp  fixture."! 

1,30  rsa«,  Illuminating  and  heating. 

131     Gas  machines  and  meters 


1.32 
i:Ci 
1.34 
135 

130  I 

137 

l.W 

v.ri 
\Vt 

141  I 

142  I 
143 
H'l 
Ii5 
146 


fjlass 

<ilii'4s,  cutting,  staining,  and  ornamenting. 

<;lov(!.i  and  mittens,  louthor 

niucoso 

Oluo 


C.M  iirrO  'illvcr.  leaf  iinri  foil 

'>'>I'|  ;iimI  ><ilv(-r,  rc'liiclng  and  refining,  not  (rom  the  ore  . 

'int  pill  I''  MM' I  graphite  refining 

(itiUiM:  and  tallow 

(irindNtones 


(tytmiim  wall  plaster . 

Halrwork 

Ilanimmrks 

Hand  knit  goods  ,,•... 
Ilund  stumjis 


Number 

of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Per  cent 
number 
all  wage- 
earners  in- 
cluded in  ! 
statistics 
of  wecidy 
earnings 
forms  of 
greatest 
number,  all 
establish- 
ments. 


AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS, 


12 
1,697 

92 

1,072 

278 

137 

120 

9 

22 


816 

932 

1,263 

57 

41 

25 
57 
525 
40 
20 

8 
129 
98 
44 
16 

134 
179 
57 
443 
229 

24 
54 
7 
182 
116 

49 
36 
28 
172 
18 

200 
42 
20 
26 
19 

16 

219 

7 

7,382 

445 

5,359 

25 

448 

230 

1,257 

28 
22 
148 
619 


171 
264 
136 
8 
37 

42 

28 

6 

228 

10 

102 

fl» 

3 

33 

143 


21.6 
29.9 
32.6 
27.1 
49.1 

51.5 
63.8 
55.0 
38.2 
58.8 

42.7 
48.0 
46.0 
44.3 
37.1 

27.8 
42.7 
57.5 
44.9 
26.4 

72.7 
45.1 
40.6 
26.7 
74.6 

39.4 

50.5 
47.2 

47.1 
50.6 

78.1 
13.8 
73.6 
50.9 
33.1 

37.9 
66.0 
12.8 
43.4 
53.8 

liO.S 
67.1 
70.0 
55.0 
32.2 

36.1 
59.1 
31.3 
03.8 
39.2 

,'57.8 
57.9 
30.3 
47.0 
44.3 

34.8 
37.4 
49.4 
44.7 
52.2 

41.5 
46.2 
37.2 
88.8 
50.5 

24.2 
49.2 
19.5 
53.2 
38.8 

55.  B 
.V>.5 
3.2 
4(1.9 
H8.g 


All 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 


$7.68 
8.50 
8.64 
9.01 
9.12 

9.91 
10.28 
8.02 
9.16 
9.23 

6.76 
9.85 
12.85 
6.88 
5.% 

6.21 
7.13 
6.47 
7.45 
8.21 

10.76 
10.28 
8.76 
10.40 
10.05 

7.25 
8.71 
9.24 
9.88 
11.65 

11.74 
8.52 
12.92 
13.71 
12.02 

12.86 
7.88 

13.40 
8.27 
7.76 

7.32 
9.95 
11.90 
12.22 
7.40 

5.72 
7.57 
5.81 
9.99 
8.24 

11.79 
10.11 
11.31 
6.62 
9.86 

14.13 
10. '28 
10.66 
10.65 
12.08 

12.82 
11.15 

7.95 
11.87 

0.34 

10. Oi 
13.29 
10.22 
11.12 
10.33 

10.40 
7.71 
(l.,'.H 
5.07 

10,80 


Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 


12.23 
10.77 
13.52 
11.80 

10.71 
10.31 
10.21 
9.77 
10.88 

10.27 
9.97 

12.96 
8.42 

10.53 


16.99 
7.71 
10.10 
10.22 

10.76 
10.96 
9.46 
13.62 
11.20 

10.00 
9.51 
9.27 
10.85 
12.07 

11.83 
10.16 
12.92 
14.46 
15.54 

13.09 
12.08 
13.71 
11.18 
8.06 

7.34 
10., 12 
12.00 
12.26 

9.13 

7.67 
10.33 

5.81 
10.03 
10.27 

11. .88 
10. 41 
13.69 
11. .30 
10.10 

14.48 
10., 30 
12.43 
10.65 
12.45 

14.10 
11.90 
10.28 
12.07 
10.  (X) 

14.22 

I3.:u 

10. SI 
11.14 

io,:i3 


Worn-   Chil- 
en  16     dren 
years    under 
and    1     16 
over,     years. 


W.Mi 
11.81 
9. (HI 
7.70 
12.11 


S6.73 
6.07 
5.80 
6.85 
5.48 

6.30 


7.67 
6.36 
6.78 

4.83 
3.81 
5.78 
5.48 
3.99 

4.77 
6.13 
6.03 
6.32 
4.64 


6.31 
4.77 
6.38 
4.15 

5.39 
5.99 
5.25 
6.37 
6,71 

6.44 

6.84 


6.02 
6.01 

3.00 
6.44 
5.47 
5.50 
6.24 

5.96 
6.  lis 
7.38 
8.00 
5.23 

4.93 

4.87 


6.39 
6.30 

5., S3 
4.75 
8.60 
6.06 
5.53 

7.73 


6.94 
7.40 
5.81 

5.08 
5.41 
0.30 
0.45 
5.22 

6.14 
7.  IK) 
4.00 
5.40 


6.68 
O..MI 
4.17 
5,04 
7.20 


S2.98 
3.36 
3.49 
3.42 

3.94 
4.19 
3.47 
4.53 
3.38 

3.08 
3.38 
4.05 
3.27 
4.00 

2.53 
3.27 
3.21 
3.23 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVEE 
(PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION 
OF  NUMBER  BY  E.AKNINGS). 


3.94 
3.70 
4.00 

2.66 
4.19 
2.33 
3.67 
3.76 

3.50 
3.83 


3.28 
3.50 


4.00 
3.33 


2.80 
4.60 

2.75 
4.00 
3.42 


2.63 


5.00 
3.00 


3.29 
4.08 

4.01 
3.67 
3.38 
2.99 
3.55 

3.75 
5.91 
4.08 
2.29 
4.00 

4.22 
3.. 17 
3.24 
5.06 
3.63 

4.13 


S.OO 


4.22 
3.33 


2.76 
3.03 


•Less 

than 

$3. 


0.6 
1.1 

1.4 
1.9 
3.3 
1.3 
1.7 

1.4 
2.9 
1.4 
1.1 


0.4 
4.1 
1.1 
1.1 

1.3 
2.1 
0.8 
0.3 


o.s 

0.9 
2.2 
3.1 
0,5 

1.0 
1.4 


2.4 
1.4 

3.2 
0.2 
2.5 
2.4 
1.1 

6.5 
1.0 
1.0 


4.2 

1.8 
1.8 
10.9 
1.2 
1.7 

1.4 
2.9 
0.3 
1.6 
1,7 

0.6 
1.9 
0,8 
5.6 
0.8 

1.8 
0.5 
2.3 
1.6 
1,7 


1.6 
0.8 


4.8 


O.S 


13  to 
S4. 


19.0 
2.2 
1.8 
1.2 
1.6 

2.5 
1.7 
5.0 
2.5 
1.4 

3.4 
2.4 
1.5 
2.4 
1.3 

4.2 
0.7 
5.4 
6.0 


0.8 
1.8 
9.8 
0.9 


2.3 
1.5 
2.1 
2.3 
2.1 

1.0 
1.8 


2.7 
4.0 

7.6 
2,9 
1.5 
6.2 
1.0 

5.7 
2.1 
0.9 


2.9 

10.9 
3.1 

10.9 
1.8 
1.9 

1.9 
1.4 
1.1 
3.2 
2.3 

1.0 
2.2 
2.7 
2.3 
1.8 

2.5 
4.3 
2.2 
0,4 
2.0 

2.7 


0.7 
0.5 


4.6 


$4  to 
»5. 


6.0 
3.1 
2.1 
1.6 
1.8 

3.8 
2.4 
7.6 
3.4 
1.4 

5.3 
4.0 
2.6 
7.2 
2.6 

20.3 
2.1 

10.3 
6.7 


1.3 
3.5 
4.8 
0.9 
0.9 

4.4 
2.7 
1.2 
3.1 
3.5 

1.4 
1.8 
2.6 
4.1 
3.9 

4.4 
2.7 
1.6 
7.1 
1.5 

6.7 
2.9 
1.7 


5.8 

10.0 
5.8 

17.3 
3.0 
2.2 

2.6 
1.4 
2.1 
5.5 
3.9 

1.0 
1.1 
4.7 
2.5 
2.3 

4.7 
5.5 
3.9 
0.9 
2.1 

4.3 


2.3 
4,0 


10.6 
6.8 


SSto 


6.9 
4.0 
9.7 
2.9 
2.3 

3.3 
3.5 
8.1 
6.6 
2.3 

6.3 
5.7 
3.0 
7.7 


8.3 
5.0 
11.4 
4.8 
1.8 

1.7 
5.0 
4.0 
4.7 
0.7 

7.5 
4.7 
4.4 
4.4 
4.5 

2.7 
2.6 
5.1 
3.9 
4.7 

7.6 
3.5 
2.2 
6.2 
2.1 

14.0 
6.6 
3.1 
5.0 

12.8 

5.5 
6.2 
17.3 
3.1 
3.9 

2.8 
3.8 
3.6 
7.2 
4.6 

1.6 
3.9 
4.6 
2.0 
3.7 

5.3 
5.1 
3.9 
1.1 
1.3 

3.3 
0,7 


$6  to 

17. 


0.7 


2,8 
4.0 
10.6 
18.4 
6.4 


4.3 
5.2 
4.7 
4.1 
3.2 

6.9 
5.9 
9.1 
6.5 
2.9 

11.1 
7.7 
4.2 

11.2 
6.5 

9.1 
2.7 
15.0 
8.3 
5.3 

2.1 
6.2 
6.0 
1.9 
2.1 

9.2 
8.7 
17.6 
5.0 
4.4 

4.1 
7.6 


4,5 
4,1 

5.1 
4.6 
1.7 
8,0 
6.2 

16.5 
8.0 
6.0 
1.7 
8.4 

9.1 
7.5 
16.4 
10.5 
7.3 

4.3 
4.3 
4.5 
6.4 
7.4 

3.2 
1.2 
7.4 
4.9 
4.2 

5.4 
5.4 
7.1 
1.7 
3.6 

3.3 
1,3 


3.1 
1.0 

6.4 
6.7 
15.7 
S3. 7 
6.6 


*  lyCsfl  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


73" 


BUTION    OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,    WOMEN,    AND    CHILDREN— WITH   AVERAGE   WEEKLY    EARNINGS   OF   ALL 
WAGE-EARNERS  IN  THE  STATISTICS  FORMS  OF  GREATEST  NUMBER,  ALL  ESTABLISHilENTS:  1905— Continued. 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  (PER  CENT  DISTRIBU- 
TION OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS)— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  (PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER 
BY  EARNINGS). 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS  (PER  CENT 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS). 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 
»9. 

89  to 
$10. 

$10 

to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 

to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 

$7. 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 
$7. 

$7  to 
»8. 

$8 

and 

over 

6.0 
6.0 
7.2 
5.3 
5.4 

u 

8.5 
9.3 
4.4 

10.2 
11.9 
5.6 
20.3 
19.0 

10.3 
2.9 
13.5 
10.8 
6.4 

5.1 
7.6 
11.2 
3.7 
3.0 

9.9 

21.0 

10.7 

6.5 

4.8 

5.5 
13.7 

'"s'.'s 

4.4 

2.5 
5.3 

4.4 
8.2 
16.4 

13.0 
7.5 
8.3 
10.7 
12.6 

14.5 
5.3 

7.2 
9.8 
7.7 

6.1 
5.8 
4.8 
6.4 
10.5 

4.8 
3.7 
4.2 
4.2 
3.4 

5.8 
5.8 
8.6 
1.7 
4.3 

4.3 
1.3 
2.4 
4.5 
0.3 

4.3 

6.7 

11.2 

6.7 
5.0 
7.1 
6.6 

6.7 
10.7 
6.0 
8.6 
5.7 

7.8 
7.8 
5.3 
16.7 
9.8 

8.7 
2.9 
9.7 
8.1 
11.7 

12.0 
7.9 
8.5 
4.0 
4.1 

9.2 
13.1 

7.7 
9.1 
3.9 

6.8 
14.5 
10.2 
2.6 
3.7 

4.4 
5.1 
8.9 
4.6 
34.9 

9.1 
10.6 
8.6 
7.4 
7.3 

12.8 
6.2 
1.8 
6.4 
7.6 

7.6 
4.8 
7.0 
6.5 
9.8 

4.8 
25.6 
4.4 
5.4 
6.3 

6.2 
4.6 
8.4 
1.2 
9.5 

4.3 

0.7 

"6."  4" 
5.5 

4.7 

6.7 

6.0 

7.7 
10.1 
8.8 
9.2 

13.1 
12.0 
8.1 
13.0 
18.8 

9.1 
12.3 
10.5 
10.3 

5.9 

11.7 
9.7 
8.9 
11.1 
38.3 

26.1 
10.2 
12.2 
7.1 
45.8 

13.5 
13.1 
20.7 
10.1 
6.9 

15.6 
11.2 
5.1 
3.5 
5.7 

3.8 

10.9 
11.7 
8.8 
15.2 

7.6 
11.9 
9.9 
7.4 
8.1 

20.0 
8.9 
16.4 
17.8 
14.4 

12.7 

24.5 

7.5 

6.8 

13.7 

9.8 
14.4 

6.9 
18.6 

8.8 

10.6 
6.1 
15.6 
17.2 
31.9 

2.7 
9.1 
57.1 
15.4 
53.5 

17.6 
8.0 

17.3 
14.9 
20.9 
15.3 
19.8 

18.2 
28.2 
13.6 
18.7 
28.1 

13.2 
1.5.7 
10.3 
9.2 
12.4 

14.3 
12.0 
10.0 
11.9 
22.3 

24.4 
15.0 
12.8 
11.2 
20.8 

15.0 
17.0 
17.7 
15.2 
13.3 

18.2 
21.0 
15.4 
8.4 
6.2 

8.2 
14.3 

9.0 
10.2 

9.7 

11.9 

17.4 
18.0 
19.8 
14.4 

3.6 
16.3 

1.8 
17.9 
22.2 

15.0 
20.7 
12.8 
17.1 
15.2 

15.0 
21.4 
10.7 
18.1 
15.0 

12.8 
10.4 
16.3 
26.8 
18.6 

6.5 
18.9 

16.7 
26. 6 
25.4 

28.0 
14.6 
50.0 
18.4 
10.7 

10.4 

18.2 
25.9 
19.1 
26.9 

20.2 
19.8 
12.5 
23.2 
22.3 

14.8 
15.0 
15.2 
6.9 
23.5 

8.1 
27.5 

7.4 
17.5 

7.8 

17.1 
21.3 
19.7 
25.4 
13.6 

12.4 
9.9 
11.0 
20.0 
22.1 

22.3 
11.2 
30.8 
14.1 
14.1 

8.9 
20.2 
23.1 
13.5 

7.1 

6.2 
22.2 
18.3 
19.8 
13.6 

3.6 
17.6 

U.2 
19.2 
9.0 
18.3 
16.5 

15.2 
6.4 

11.8 
5.9 
8.7 

12.2 
11.7 
26.1 
6.3 
11.1 

4.4 
18.0 
3.0 
8.4 
4.6 

4.3 

15.3 
9.0 

29.4 
6.2 

12.4 

4.3 

3.3 

16.4 

29.9 

18.3 
10.1 
23.1 
26.0 
22.1 

20.9 
23.3 

17.1 
13.8 
3.7 

2.2 
8.3 
18.2 
17.4 
6.8 

7.3 
14.8 

1.7 
9.3 
2.9 
9.2 
3.7 

1.8 
1.2 
3.1 
0.7 
1.5 

3.5 
2.3 
13.3 
0.6 
3.3 

0.2 
8.8 
0.9 
3.2 
0.7 

3.4 
3.2 

1.0 
6.2 
1.6 

2.0 
1.1 
1.0 
3.7 
3.5 

2.7 
2.4 
5.1 
16.3 
11.6 

13.9 
6.2 
5.9 
6.1 
0.8 

0.5 

1.5 
4.0 
8.3 
2.6 

20.5 
13.4 
13.2 

11.6 
23.9 

17.1 

13.4 
17.5 
28.6 
13.5 
25.0 

11.1 

19.3 
17.7 
22.7 
15.7 
17.4 

18.9 

18.1 
11.6 
18.0 
12.5 
10.8 

13.6 

11.7 
8.1 
4.8 

10.5 
5.2 

8.7 

6.4 
5.9 
2.1 
7.4 
1.6 

7.2 

7.6 
4.7 
1.1 
7.8 
1.7 

5.6 

1.8 
1.9 
0.5 
4.3 
0.6 

3.3 

1.2 
0.6 

'2.'2' 
0.1 

0.6 

72 

2.6 
0.7 
6.5 
1.9 

0.5 
0.3 
3.3 
0.3 
0.8 

1.7 
0.6 
1.0 
0.1 
0.7 

0.4 
7.3 
0.4 
2.1 

0.4 
0.9 
0.2 
4.3 
1.2 

1.4 
2.0 
0.4 
1.1 
0.6 

0.4 
0.7 

2.6 
8.2 
14.1 

9.5 
0.8 
10.4 
4.9 
0.3 

0.1 
1.0 
2.0 
2.5 
0.5 

8.3 

2.1 
6.1 
2.5 

5.3 

10.3 

6.9 
8.4 
11.2 

8.6 

61.6 
27.3 
28.8 
49.1 

2L7 
9.7 

31.1     12.3 
36.3     27.3 

36. 6  22.  3 
15.8     28.1 

28.3     30.4 

41.7  31  9 

2.6 

9.1 

11.5 

1.7 

13.0 
5.5 
4.0 

29.4 
3.8 

2.7 
13.1 
15.5 

5.7 

1.7 

"o.s 

S.3 

4.4 
4.2 
1.0 
8.8 
3.8 

1.0 

6.5 
4.8 
3.2 

0.7 



73 
74 
75 
76 

2.2 
4.2 

il's 

77 
78 

5.9 
1.0 
2.4 

10.3 
42.7 
4.0 
2.1 
21.2 

0.3 
9.2 
6.2 
2.5 
1.3 

9.6 
2.0 
5.3 

25.7 
14.3 
20.8 
14.4 
34.6 

17.9 
9.4 

10.5 
6.8 
7.5 

"8.7 
8.1 
10.2 

20.8 
4.8 
19.8 
26.4 
21.2 

39.2 
10.1 
14.6 
11.9 
44.0 

8.9 
29.3 
15.2 

18.0 
14.3 
17.8 
23.5 
12.7 

22.5 
13.1 

16.7 
17.7 
22.0 

10.8 
28.3 
25.7 

11.8 
14.3 
10.9 
21.2 
6.8 

11.1 
16.8 
18.1 
25.2 
19.5 

10.8 
20.2 
12.3 

6.3 
4.8 
5.9 
8.5 
2.6 

5.6 
12.3 
13.9 
15.2 

2.5 

11.1 

4.0 

15.0 

3.1 

"3.6" 
2.5 
0.6 

3.4 
10.2 
9.9 
9.8 
1.3 

8.9 
5.1 
6.6 

1.7 

■'s.'g' 

0.8 

12.1 
1.0 
4.0 

1.4 
4.8 
6.9 
0.4 
0.3 

9.1 
1.0 
3.2 

0.6 

"2;  6' 

0.2 

4.1 

o.'i' 
0.3 

7.0      64.0     24.0 

79 

8.8 
43.0 

44.6 
51.2 
10.7 
40.2 

35.2 
27.8 
45.2 
20.0 

5.9 
27.8 

44.5 

15.2 
34.5 
36.9 

62.5 
51.8 
30.1 
64.6 

41.2 
16.5 

6.8 
10.7 
28.5 
12.9 
100.0 

2.3 

7.4 
16.5 
9.1 

5.9 
5.1 

0.1 
2.5 
1.2 
1.1 

0.3 
0.8 
4.8 

80 
81 

S2 
83 
84 
85 
86 

87 

9.0 
6.0 
6.5 
1.9 

6.7 
3.7 
3.0 

2.4 
0.4 
1.3 

0.8 

(') 
0.1 

9.3 
5.4 
3.4 

3.7 
2.1 
1.7 

8R 

0.4 
0.6 

0.3 
0.6 

89 
90 
91 

\ 

92 

4.5 

4.9 

7.9 

47.3 

2.4 
4.0 
25.0 
4.6 
3.9 

11.9 
27.3 
2.3 
15.3 

14.6 
6.3 

14.1 
31.7 
10.8 
9.2 

26.7 
17.5 

23.3 
12.2 
13.6 
11.4 

22.3 
20.1 

23.4 

10.7 
16.4 
9.9 

16.7 
33.4 
50.0 
18.8 
33.3 

22.2 
13.2 

12.4 
6.3 

39.7 
4.6 

8.4 

8.4 
25.0 
17.4 

7.9 

22.2 
15.6 

5.1 
3.4 
3.7 
2.3 

4.6 

4.7 

i.9 
1.0 

2.8 

i.5 

1.5 
2.3 

1.0 
1.0 

0.9 
o.'s' 

22.3 
16.6 
11.1 

32.3 

27.8 
44.5 

19.9 
38.9 
33.3 
100.0 

7.8 
47.0 

17.9 
5.6 



4.0 

11.1 
7.4 

0.8 

2.8 

93 
94 
95 
96 

2.2 
3.3 

1.1 
1.8 

0.7 
0.3 

0.3 
0.2 

57.8 
8.0 
66.7 
25.2 
8.1 

'ii's' 

32.8 
27.2 
33.3 
32.8 
40.5 

100.0 
57.5 

1.6 
15.0 

97 

2.3 

O.S 

98 

99 

7.2. 
9.8 

is.  2 

5.9 

22.2 
18.7 

17.9 
5.9 

11.2 
14.8 

12.1 
9.8 

22.2 
6.1 

4.8 
17.6 

"'4.' 5' 

3.2 
5.9 

'4.' 3 

0.8 
"6^6' 

(') 

ofs" 

26.4 
35.2 

27.5" 

9.0 
16.2 

3.8 

1.7 
■'2.' 5" 

1.1 

100 
101 

in? 

3.1 

18.3 

103 
104 

2.3 
5.0 

'2.' 6' 

is.s 

2.8 

14.8 
1.6 

11.7 
18.4 

100.0 
9.5 
15.6 
17.9 
6.2 

23.9 
4.7 
15.4 

16.3 
13.7 

9.3 
13.0 

37.2 
10.8 

7.0 
18.4 

2.3 
13.0 

2.3 
2.1 

9.3 
3.3 

2.3 
1.6 

'b'.V 

37.5 
6.7 

25.0 
63.3 

33.3 
31.5 

31.2 
25.0 

33.3 
29.8 

"sis' 

33.4 
6.5 

6.3 

'i.'7' 

105 

106 

107 

11.3 

28.1 

19.3 

9.3 

1.1 

15.6 

7.7 

i5.3 
18.8 
14.8 
16.8 

10.2 
9.9 

21.8 
12.5 
12.9 
31.8 

14.8 
16.1 
19.2 

17.6 

12.5 

7.9 

14.6 

10.2 

17.7 
19.2 

10.9 
3.1 
4.3 
6.3 

14.8 
1.5.1 

7.7 
100.0 

6.5 

1.5 
2.8 

6.8 
3.1 
3.9 
6.5 

1.1 
13.6 
3.9 

3.3 
6.3 
3.2 
4.4 

5.7 
5.7 
19.2 

0.8 

0.1 

29.8 

1.6 

0.8 

108 
109 

1.8 
1.3 

3.4 

0.7 

35.5 

47.5 
5.5 
14.0 

48.7 
20.0 

42.5 
38.4 
44.1 

9.5 
60.0 

7.5 
51.7 
27.9 

3.8 
20.0 

2.5 

4.4 
14.0 

1.9 

0.6 

110 
111 

11? 

113 



7.7 



114 
115 

6.5 

14.2 
6.9 

19.2 

25.4 
14.2 

21.5 

9.7 
18.5 

19.5 

21.6 
26.5 

18.0 

12.7 
21.9 

4.6 

6.7 
6.6 

2.3 

4.5 
1.7 

1.5 

1.5 
0.7 

2.2 
0.2 

0.4 

94.7 

5.3 
50.0 

110 

ss:?' 

7.1 

50.0 

117 

5.0 

1.5 

28.6  j  28.6 

118 
119 

16.5 
19.2 

18.7 
18.3 
IS.  4 
13.9 
17.4 

17.4 
15.8 
21.2 
19.1 
24.6 

11.5 
20.7 
18.5 
31.7 
16.7 

6.5 
35.3 

16.7 
27.6 
6.8 

15.2 
24.0 
16.7 
,5.3 
17.5 

9.4 
9.1 

21.1 
9.2 

20.3 
17.2 
11.1 

21.8 
7.0 
23.1 
14.9 
23.1 

10.9 
23.9 
10.5 
11.6 
6.4 

50.8 
26.1 

4.7 
10.9 
6.2 

11.0 

18.7 

1.8 
2.0 

4.5 
2.9 
9.2 
5.3 
2.0 

7.2 
1.8 
6.9 
1.9 
5.5 

7.5 
6.1 

0.8 
0.8 

1.3 

6.3 

7.8 

3.5 

9.2 
15.6 

10.3 
2.5.0 
3.5 
11.5 
14.2 

11.5 
22.3 

17.3 
25.0 
5.8 
14.4 
13.2 

25.3 
18.6 

25.3 
12.5 
8.6 
18.8 
18.5 

6.7 

19.5 
18.9 

20.3 
37.5 
13.2 
16.3 
13.7 

26.6 

2.9 
6.9 

11.7 

4.0 
4.5 

4.3 

2.3 
2.4 

3.2 

14.4 
2.1 

2.6 

4.0 
0.7 

0.9 

0.6 
0.2 

0.6 

37.0 
23.5 

17.4 

32.9 
28.5 

36.3 
66.7 
33.3 

59.9 

17.8 
17.7 

29.7 
33.3 
29.2 
5.1 
20.8 

25.0 

5.5 
13.7 

8.0 

5.5 
10.8 

5.0 

1.3 
2.9 

1.4 

2.2 

120 
121 

122 

ir? 

8.4 
2.9 
0.5 

11.8 

1.7 
9.2 
13.7 

6.7 

10.7 
9.3 
10.9 

6.7 

12.5 
6.5 
6.2 

20.0 

10.9 
4.5 
3.5 

15.3 
5.3 
3.2 

26.6 

12.8 
2.8 
2.2 

6.7 

5.0 
1.4 
0.7 

33.3 
31.6 

■'i.'i' 

11.9 

12.5 
72.7 
13.2 

"'2.3" 
3.3 

4.2 

124 

1?5 

30.5 

32.9 
62.5 

0.5 

0.1 

126 
127 



27.3 

1?R 

2.5 
0.5 
0.5 

1,5.0 
1  fi 

3.9 

ii.'s" 

9.9 
4.2 

12.8 
1.7 

20.2 

1.1 

8.5 

ii.'s 

21.7 
20.8 
8.4 

'"4.'9' 
5.4 

19.1 
20.0 
20.0 

25.0 
2.5.2 
13.8 
15.5 
15.3 

15.7 

16.8 
4.0 
16.5 

14.7 
16.8 
10.4 
27.6 
15.3 

30.8 

20.9 
4.0 
5.9 

11.7 
11.9 
14.6 
0.9 
24.6 

16.2 

13.7 
8.0 
16.5 

6.7 
7.2 
9.7 
53.4 
11.8 

13.5 
100.0 

10.7 
48.0 
10.6 

3.5 

4.9 

10.2 

3.8 
4.0 
3.5 

2.9 
4.5 
8.4 

2.0 
8.0 
2.3 

1.7 
2.5 
7.0 
0.9 

3.3 

0.5 
4.0 
l.I 

1.4 
1.0 
3.7 

0.1 

10.0 
71.4 

27.6 
14.3 
50.0 

30.4 
55.1 
57.0 

49.2 
14.3 
50.0 

30.1 
15.9 
8.2 
56.3 
33.3 

25.0 

129 
130 
131 

0.8 
1.0 
1.0 

13.0 
15.9 
30.2 

14.8 
11.2 

2.3 
31.2 

3.3 

37.5 

9.0 
1.9 
2.3 
12.5 

1.2 

1.5 

132 
133 

2  3  10  4 

134 

3.4 
1.6 

9.7 
4.6 

1.2 

0.7 
0.3 

1.6 
2.0 
2.4 
0.3 

135 

7.4 
10.8 

0.5 
1.1 

1.6 

o.s 

26.7 

36.7 
37.  S 

136 

137 
138 

50.0 

25.0 
40.0 

25.0 

139 

60.0 

100.0 

140 

::::::::.:: 

141 

1.5 
5.3 

0.7 
1.3 

5.9 
3.8 
33.3 
2.4 
2.1 

2.9 

8.3 

is.  6' 

1.0 

2.9 

7.9 
16.7 
11.8 
11.7 

ih'.s 

33.3 
11.8 
17.0 

73.6 
18.9 

16.7 

5.9 
17.0 

8.8 
3.0 

o-'i' 

11.1 

55. 6 

66.7 

■33;  3' 

22.2 

U.1 

14? 

10.2 

6.0 

8.3 

143 
144 

2.6 
4.0 

13.2 
4.0 

2.6 
6.8 

5.3 
24.4 

50.3 

i  7 

3.0 
14.9 

3.0 
3.2 

50.0 

.50.(1 

145 

7.9 

2.8 

24.5     12.8 

5.3 

4.3 

3.2 

1.8     47.4 

40.3 

3.5 

l.s 

5.2 

146 

736 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  68.— CLASSIFIED  'R-EEKLY  EARNINGS— UNITED  STATES,  BY  SPECIFIED  INDUSTRIES— PER  CENT  DISTRI- 
WAGE-EARNERS   AND    OF  EACH  CLASS,  NUMBER   OF  ESTABLISHMENTS,  AND   PER   CENT  NUMBER   OF  ALL 


INDUSTRY. 


Number 

of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Per  cent 
number 
all  wage- 
earners  in- 
cluded in 
statistics 
of  weekly 
earnings 
forms  of 
greatest 
number,  all 
establish- 
ments. 


AVERAGE  WEEKLY  E.VRNINGS, 


147 
148  ' 
149 
150 
151 

152  ' 

153  ; 

154  ■ 
15S 

156  ! 

15.! 

158  ' 

159  ' 
160 
161 

lf.2 
16» 

164 
165  I 
166 


167 
168 


1/0 
171 


Hardware 

Hardware,  saddlery 

Hat  and  cap  materials 

Uats  and  caps,  other  than  felt,  straw,  and  wool. 
Hats,  felt 


Hats,  straw 

Hats,  wool 

Hones  and  whetstones 

Horseshoes 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods 

Housefurnishing  goods,  not  elsewhere  specified  . 

Ice.  manufactured 

Ink,  printing 

Ink,  writing 

Instruments,  professional  and  scientific 


Iron  and  steel,  blast  fimiaces 

Iron  and  steel,  bolts,  nuts,  washers,  and  rivets,  not  made  in  rolling  mills  or 

steel  works. 

Iron  and  steel  doors  and  shutters 

Iron  and  steel  forgings 

Iron  and  steel, nails  and  spikes,  cut  and  wrought. including  wireuails.not 

made  in  rolling  mills  or  steel  works. 

Iron  and  steel  pipe,  wrought 

Iron  and  .steel,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 

Ivory  and  bone  work 

Japanning 

Jewelry 


172  Jewelry  and  instrument  cases. 

173  I  Jute  and  jute  goods 

174  i  Kaolin  and  ground  earths 

175  I  Labels  and  tags 

176  Lamps  and  reflectors 


177  Lapidary  work 

178  Lard,  refined 

179  ;  La.sts 

180  ■  I.«ad,  bar,  pipe,  and  sheet. 

181  I  Leather  goods 


182 
183 
184 
185 
186 

187 
188 
189 
190 
191 

192 
193 
VM 
195 
1% 

197 
198 
I!I9 
200 
201 

202 
2f« 
20'l 
20.1 

.J 

207 

20K 

■Ml 

210  1 

211 


Leather,  tanned,  curried,  and  finished  . 

Lime 

Linen  goods 

Liquors  distilled 

Liquors,  malt 


Liqiiors,  vinous 

Litnogruphing  and  engraving 

Locomotives 

Looking-glass  and  picture  frames. 
Lumber  and  timber  products 


Lumber,  planing  mill  products,  including  sash,  doors,  and  blinds. 

.Malt 

Mantels,  slate,  inarble,  and  martilei/.ed 

Marble  and  stone  work 

Matches 


Mats  and  matting 

.Mattresses  and  spring  beds. 

.Millinery  and  Ijico  goods 

.Mineral'and  soda  waters. . . . 
.Mirrors 


.Models  and  pattern.i,  not  iruiudiMg  pa[)cr  patterns. 

.\f oniiinenls  aiifi  tombstones 

.Muciljige  and  paste 

.Musical  Iristrunieritn  an'l  materluU,  not  specified 

Musical  InHtruniuntH,  organs 


.Ml, 
•M 

Ni-I-.  iiii. 
Onkum . 

Oil 


pianos 

piano  and  organ  materials. 
"(ks  and  eves 


I  and  cake. 


212 
213 

214      "'■  

21.1     Oil.  net  <M..Mii're  specified.. 
216     Oilcloth  unil  linoleum,  floor. 


221  '  Paints. 


237 
46 
33 
197 
118 

28 

7 

9 

3 

41li 

125 
829 
45 
24 
134 

82 
52 

15 

78 
54 


12 
192 
39 

24 
657 


34 

6 

42 

25 

212 

621 

284 

8 

575 
918 

255 

120 

11 

298 

8,394 

2,866 

85 

4 

026 

7 

3 

420 

.344 

2,642 

01 

362 

1,009 

7« 

»9 

57 

12S 

02 

21 

5 

'    3 

287 
27 
17 

119 
II 

6 
7 
S9 
3 
304 


All 

Men  16 

wage- 

years 

earn- 

and 

ers. 

over. 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND  0\'ER 
(PER  CENT  OlSTRIBUTION 
OF  NUMBER  BY"  EARNINGS).   I 


45.1 
27.6 
34.3 
40.3 
47.3 


7i' 

37... 

t..  hi 

f.7.4 

10.57 

(13.0 

11,09 

44.  H 

11.77 

M.O 

10.  17 

4.'i.l 

10  40 

34. 11 

12.  49 

7L7 

n,  06 

118.4 

12.53  ' 

6(13 

10.  24  . 

10  49 
12.  73 
10  m 
12.53 
10.71 


EARNINGS  OK  WAGE-EARNERS. 


737 


BUTIOX     OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,    WOMEN,    AND   CHILDREN— WITH   AVERAGE   WEEKLY   EARNINGS   OF   ALL 
WAGE-EARNERS  IN  THE  STATISTICS  FORMS  OF  GREATEST  NUMBER;  ALL  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Continued. 


MEN  IB  YEARS  AND  OVER  (PER  CENT  DISTRIBU- 
TION OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS)— Continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  (PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER 
BY  EARNINT.S. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS   (PER  CENT 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS). 

S7to 

ts. 

$8  to 
»9. 

S9to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

I/CS.S 

than 
$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 

$7. 

$7  to 

$8. 

$8  to 

$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

1 

$15 
and 
over 

I.OSS 

than 
$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$3  to 
$6. 

$6  to 
$7. 

$7  to 

$8. 

$8 
and 
over 

9.7 
7.8 
10.3 
3.3 
6.0 

7.2 

7.5 

10.3 

13.6 

13.9 

10.1 
7.3 
3.8 
7.5 
6.0 

5.0 
6.9 

7.3 
5.6 
12.5 

9.6 
7.9 
10.7 
5.7 
5.2 

6.8 
18.5 
10.1 
8.5 
7.6 

2.7 
15.2 
4.3 
1.6 
7.1 

10.0 
14.0 
14.2 
7.7 
3.2 

6.4 
4.2 
6.2 
9.3 
11.3 

7.1 
0.3 
4.2 
5.2 
25.8 

6.7 
7.5 
6.0 
7.0 
6.3 

4.2 
3.8 
8.7 
5.5 
5.2 

4.6 
6.0 
7.6 

1.7 
29.6 

17.1 
7.1 
4.3 
4.1 

10.8 

10.6 
1.0 

10.0 
0.7 

8.9 
8.9 
11).  1 
4.9 
5.4 

7.4 
15.0 

■5.2' 
12.3 

11.4 
7.4 
3.2 
8.0 
6.5 

4.9 
6.9 

4.0 
5.6 
11.6 

14.7 
12.5 
11.4 
6.0 
5.5 

6.2 
8.1 
8.9 
5.5 
8.6 

0.5 
2.2 
2.7 
3.1 
6.9 

11.8 
6.9 
9.3 
3.6 
1.7 

5.4 
4.3 
9.3 

6.3 
7.3 

5.8 
0.5 

'"7.0' 
14.0 

3.9 

12.1 
11.3 
9.6 

.5.5 
8.6 

14.1 
13.4 
48.3 
8.4 
11.1 

17.2 
9.7 
9.7 

11.0 
6.7 

10.7 
17.1 

8.1 
13.1 
9.4 

19.0 
13.3 
11.7 
12.2 
5.4 

9.9 

7.2 
26.0 

6.2 
10.1 

3.2 
26.3 

7.6 
10.1 

9.7 

17.9 
31.1 
18.8 
16.2 
4.3 

19.3 
5.1 
11.7 
11.8 
19.0 

13.7 
5.8 
17.7 
12.2 
15.1 

12.1 

16.6 
18.1 

12.2 
14.8 
12.0 

10.3 
7.9 
5.2 
11.6 
13.3 

14.3 
19.3 
19.9 
14.5 
11.6 

31.0 
13.9 

13.1 
18.0 
14.0 

18.4 
17.9 
20.1 
19.4 
11.4 

9.1 
12.0 
15.3 
13.7 
18.7 

3.2 
24.8 
9.5 

18.2 
15.2 
8.1 
23.5 
19.0 

21.2 
11.3 

5.2 
13.6 

9.3 

14.1 
23.5 
34.1 
20.5 
19.3 

26.8 
15.8 

15.0 
20.5 
12.9 

11.4 
15.9 
20.4 
14.1 
18.3 

23.3 

7.5 
9.8 
14.8 
18.7 

9.1 
10.5 
21.6 

11.9 
14.0 
3.8 

2.5.8 
21.1 

10.6 
9.0 
1.7 

14.8 
5.8 

8.4 
11.0 
14.7 
10.5 
20.8 

11.6 
16.2 

26.1 
16.8 
18.0 

7.1 
12.7 

7.2 
10.0 
20.6 

18.2 
5.4 
5.7 
12.7 
19.4 

16.1 
9.0 
24.1 
23.1 
15.0 

6.9 
2.9 
5.4 
10.0 
41.9 

4.6 
15.2 
16.4 
12.8 

7.0 

18.9 
40.2 
27.1 
20.9 
3.2 

1.8 
10.8 
14.7 
10.9 
26.2 

34.0 
41.8 
11.9 
22.3 
18.9 

23.1 
16.1 
17.7 
26.3 
3.7 

1.6 
7.7 
8.6 
16.1 
12.0 

8.3 
24.5 
12.5 
23.4 
10.9 

1.9 

2.8 
1.2 
5.8 
9.7 

5.0 
8.4 

0.5 
1.0 

'2.' 8' 
4.9 

2.4 
2.7 

4.7 

■■8;4' 

3.9 
2.5 

5.7 
21.8 
100.0 

20.3 

17.4 

31.7 

9.1 

6.3 

6.1 
11.1 

22.7 
31.4 
11.9 
11.4 
10.0 

8.9 
16.3 

17.7 
12.8 
14.1 

14.8 
15.1 
22.9 

9.6 
7.0 
4.4 

5.0 
4.7 
3.1 

9.6 
15.8 

11.4 
2.5 

3.1 
2.3 
0.4 
6.8 
12.0 

9.'9 
6.7 

1.4 
8.1 
1.8 
4.7 
8.3 

12.0 
2.6 

0.6 
1.2 
1.3 
3.9 
4.0 

7.1 
3.0 

0.1 

'2.'2' 
1.3 

2.7 
1.5 

12.2 
23.5 
25.0 
30.0 
29.8 

81.6 
30.8 

38.2 
3.5.3 
40.6 
36.7 
43.1 

18.4 
15.4 

28.1 
29.4 
28.2 

13.8 

"s.'i' 

6.1 
11.8 
3.1 

1 

1.2     0.4 

147 
148 
149 

16.8      17.1      14.5 

20.0  I  13.3 
17.6       8.7 

1 

1.50 

13.8 

13.4 
13.7 

12.8 

11.2 
IS.  2 

13.2 

11.6 
5.6 

0.8 

;::;:.::::: 

1.51 

"is.  4" 

'sois' 

■■7.'6' 



1S2 
153 
154 

5.2 
1.8 

1.9 
3.1 
3.6 
1.0 
4.8 

2.6 
2.8 

15.7 
6.7 
3.1 

2.3 
4.6 

1.1 
S.O 
9.8 

2.6 
0.8 
0.6 
6.3 
3.5 

13. 5 
0.3 

12.6 
4.0 
3.4 

1.2 
0.4 
1.4 
2.1 
7.8 

0.4 
15.7 
4.9 
3.1 
1.9 

4.6 
3.6 
13.5 
11.3 
0.7 

3.2 

8.9 
1.6 
2.0 

19.4 
6.6 
1.6 
4.3 
6.5 

.5.7 
6.9 
2.8 
5.3 
0.9 

0.3 
1.9 
1.1 

2.1 
1.8 

0.9 
4.3 

3.2 
0.9 

0.9 

1.4 
2.0 
2.5 
2.0 

0.7 
0.3 

1.9 
4.2 

1.7 

1.5 
5.0 
0.4 

2.8 
7.7 

1.1 
0.2 
0.2 
2.2 
1.2 

40.6 

1 

50.0 
5.9 

11.3 

50.0 
2.5 

9.9 

155 

7.3 

2.8 

36.4 

10.2 

3.2 

18.2 

15.0 
10.6 

16.2 

13.5 
18.2 
40.0 
19.0 
20.5 

100.0 
25.8 

17.3 

10.2 
18.2 
20.0 
11.3 
14.0 

'45.'7' 

14.1 
14.7 

mo' 

10.4 
6.4 

"5.1 

8.7 
29.9 

"4.' 3' 
5.3 

i.'i' 

6.1 
11.1 

"i.'?' 

5.3 

"o.'s' 

3.6 

2.9 
9.0 
20.0 
2.2 
4.1 

■'ii' 

• 

1.3 
1.0 

"6;  9' 
2.9 

"i.'i' 

0.2 
0.1 

b'.'i 

0.6 

■6.'s' 

43.0 

4.2 
70.0 

'56.'6" 

2.4 
9.7 

34.4 

49.3 
20.0 

'75.6 
26.1 

11.9 
50.7 

13.3 

25.3 
10.0 
100.0 
25.0 
19.6 

14.3 
36.8 

0.8 

0.1 

156 

157 
158 

"i's' 

69.0 
2.8 

159 

12.6 
1  2 

"6.'9' 

14.3     22.9 
16.9     22.8 

100 
161 

■'O' 

'i6.'i' 

2.4 

10? 

163 
104 

30.7 
12.8 

38.5 
23.4 

15.4 
29.8 

15.4 
21.2 

165 

3.1 

60.0 
8.3 
4.7 

24.6 
4.0 

13.8 
4.0 

1.4 
0.9 

9.0 

"7.'3' 
8.3 
10.3 
5.5 

20.1 
11.9 
3S.4 
27.9 
3.7 

9.1 

12.2 

15.0 
19.8 
18.8 
19.2 
12.0 

24.8 
19.2 
43.6 
27.3 
13.1 

9.1 
88.8 

21.9 

19.1' 
27.9 
20.6 
17.4 

12.0 
2').  3 

7.7 
19.5 
25.8 

■  "5.'6' 

35.3 

20.0 
17.3 
19.9 
9.6 
16.2 

10.5 
18.3 

ii.'s' 

30.3 
27.2 

6.7 

5.0 
14.4 
9.8 
4.1 
13.3 

6.5 
9.7 
7.7 
9.5 

18.1 

ioo.o' 

5.9 

2.8 

2.3 

0.6 

0.2 

12.8 

166 

167 

7.4 
7.3 
4.1 
11.6 

6.5 
3.2 
2.6 
1.4 
5.5 

18.2 

2.9 
1.8 
3.4 
7.2 

1.5 
1.5 

2.6 
1.1 
4.1 
6.7 

2.0 
1.6 

6.8 
0.4 

0.1 

i4.4 
3.3 

19.9 

14.7 

28.5 
24.6 
62.5 
19.5 

30.4 
5.5 

16.1 

36.1 

25.0 

7.8 

1&2 
4.6 

iis 

11.  S 
"2.3 

4.8 
9.8 
12.5 

o.s 

1.8 

'as' 

168 
169 
170 

4.6 

1.8 
1.6 

1.5 

0.5 
0.7 

35.1 

9.0 
32.6 

34.5 

36.4 
57.3 

171 
172 

^^n 

174 

6.6 
0.4 

9.1 

0.6 
2.0 

'"6."2' 
1&2 

0.3 
9.1 

S.6 

37.9 
7.0 

37.9 

27.9 

66.7 
100.0 
33.3 

24.2 
27.9 

'2S.'6' 

■"9."3" 
16.7 

"2."3 
16.6 

175 
176 

177 
178 

6.5 
1.1 
2.4 

0.5 
0.1 
0.6 
1.3 
1.8 

0.2 
13.9 
4.8 
1.0 
1.0 

0.6 
0.6 

66.7 

179 

24. 5     28. 1 

1 

181) 

13.8 

21.7 
18.3 
16.6 
16.8 
9.2 

39.0 

8.5 
15.4 
14.9 
12.8 

12.1 
8.0 
7.3 
13.7 
10.7 

16.3 
16.1 
16.8 

17.8 
12.6 

7.2 
9.2 
17.4 
15.7 
14.4 

13.5 
13.  S 
20.5 
26.3 
6.5 

15.9 

14.4 

7.8 
13.3 
18.0 
23.7 

18.3 
11.4 
20.5 
18.5 
12.1 

18.5 
39.5 
27.1 
13.5 
7.9 

6.0 
16.3 
18.0 
19.4 
23.2 

11.5 
17.0 
25.2 
25.5 
19.3 

22.8 
20.3 
13.5 
20.3 
0.9 

4.5 
3.2 

17.0 
5.8 

is.  3 

9.1 

20.0 
35.0 

18.5 

37.2 

'33."i" 
9.9 
14.3 

8.2 
15.0 

"S.i 
10.6 

28.9 

8.8 

7.9 
50.0 
8.2 
4.9 
10.2 

8.2 
9.4 

"7.7' 
9.3 

5.4 

5.2 

1.1 

3.6 
0.1 

4.7 
0.2 

1.9 
0.2 

0.5 
0.2 

54.8 

13.8 
41.2 
13.0 
10.0 
22.1 

32.2 

22.6 
47.0 
18.2 
10.0 
34.7 

23.5 
57.1 
.50.8 
36.9 
32.4 

33.1 

10.2 

36.7 
5.9 
31.8 
80.0 
24.6 

70.6 
21.0 
14.3 
39.9 
21.1 

29.1 

1.7 
20.4 



6.5 

1.1 

181 

IS' 

50.0 

5.9 
2.1 

■6."s 

1S3 

2.0 
3.7 
1.0 

4.7 
4.2 

■  'i'.i' 

16.2 
12.4 

3.9 

9.4 
12.9 

21.2 

17.9 

is.'g" 

18.9 

12.0 

i6.3 
49.6 
9.5 

17.7 
24.4 

'36.7" 
13.2 

24.4 

2S.3 
15.2 
45.5 

8.2 
15.9 

'i7.'5" 
14.2 

10.7 

7.1 
4.1 
4.5 

8.2 
3.9 

"s."?' 

1.0 
2.9 

0.8 
1.2 
2.1 

7.1 
3.5 

'"i.'s" 
4.3 

1.2 

0.2 
0.8 

0.1 
0.8 

b'.'i 

26.1 

8.3 

184 
185 

7.0 

■  "i.S 
14.3 
5.9 
5.1 

10.9 

9.5 

5.9 
7.6 

"2."4" 
S.O 

2.7 

2.1 

"i.'9' 
1.6 
l.S 
2.0 

0.8 

6.6 

1.4 
0.4 

186 

S.9 
4.4 

"is' 

1.7 
1.7 

10.6 
1.1 

"2: 6' 
3.6 

0.4 

187 

0.3 

'i'i' 
1.0 

7.6 
19.0 
12.5 
33.0 

23.0 

188 
189 
190 
191 

192 
193 



194 
195 
196 

197 
198 

i<y» 

4.7 
0.4 

0.4 
0.6 
5.3 
0.6 
0.7 

1.1 
2.0 
1.0 
2.0 
1.7 

^.5 
3.1 
0.4 
3.5 

0.1 
0.6 
0.4 
0.8 
0.3 

;<  '1 

18.6 
5.2 

20.0 

13.7 

14.3 
20.1 

13.7 
24.1 

15.7 
17.7 

8.6 
9.8 

1.4 
5.8 

1.4 
3.0 

2.9 
0.6 

1.4 

18.0 
53.9 

16.0 
26.9 

26.0 
19.2 

26.0 

4.0 

8.0 

2.0 

9.0     14.5 

7.0       8.4 

4.0 

7.2 
8.5 

4.5 

7.4 
8.0 
17.0 
22.2 

1.8 

12.2 
10.2 
24.8 
22.2 

12.6. 

18.9 

11.5 
13.9 
40.8 

9.9 
50.0 
14.3 
23.7 
30.8 

28.1 
30.8 
23.6 
25.0 

18.5 
15.7 
18.6 
7.4 

19.0 
16.6 
32.9 
32.2 
5.9 

17.4 
17.7 
21.2 
20.9 

11.4 

11.  S 

7.0 

3.7 

13.5 

8.5 
9.3 
7.0 

9.0 

8.7 
7.3 

"'s.'t' 

10.8 

7.3 
8.1 
0.8 

2.6 
6.9 
1.6 

0.5 
4.3 

0.8 

24.7 
43.3 
34.0 
IS.  2 

10.1 
44.4 
18.8 
16.1 
60.0 

13.1 

45.3 
25.9 
35.2 
54.5 

22.6 
44.4 

12.5 
42.0 

46.9 

22.7 
18.4 
21.7 
18.2 

22.0 
11.2 
56.2 
24.2 
40.0 

20.0 
22t 

3.1 
8.1 
4.7 
9.1 

25.8 

2.i 
4.3 
3.3 

2.1 

6.2 
4.1 

2.0 
2.2 
3.5 
4.1 
5.4 

5.9 
7.4 
6.9 
1.8 
5.6 

4.8 
9.6 
1.7 
2.7 

14.7 

11.8 
2.4 
8.6 
6.1 

as 

;2.s 
10.4 

4.8 
7.2 

14.9 
9.7 
9.6 

8.3 
9.7 
11.8 
5.3 

15.7 

10.9 
2i.O 
8.2 
14.0 
25.  S 

17.4 
10.6 
11.2 
8.3 
15.2 

1.1 

200 
•mi 

10.8 
16.7 
1.4 
5.4 
10.3 

2.4 
0.7 
4.3 
0.6 

6.3 



"i'i' 
10.3 

1.0 
0.3 
0.6 
0.2 

l.S 
16.7 





"6.'3' 

9.7 

3.2 

202 
20a 
204 
205 
■Jflfi 

2.9 
1.1 

4.4 

17.1 
4.3 
16  •> 

15.7 
9.7 
16.2 

20.2 
27.2 
15.9 
19.4 

7.1 
10.7 
5.9 

16.7 
5.2 

13.2 
9.9 

8.6 
5.4 

■5.4" 

12.5 
16.1 

1.6 

1.0        4.5 

6.6 
1.0 
6.1 
3.3 

2.1 
0.7 
2.8 
1.1 

16.6 
2.7 

3.4 
0.9 

"W 

1.6 

4.3 

5.7 

50.0 

.83.3 

14.8 
7.7 
13.9 
44.4 

5.5     64.4 
11.8     88.2 
12.0     88.0 

2.3 

1.8 

208 
209 
210 
•'11 

5.3       4.3 
23. 8     14.  7 

-  - 

i.  i 

.,,0 

.'13 

38.9 
21.6 
15.2 

16.8 
21.2 
14.1 
11.2 
23.2 

33.4 
30.6 
14.1 

20.9 
26.9 
20.2 
34.0 
18.5 

■M4 

1 

"i's' 

12.5       4.1 
20.8     64.6 

42.8  I  28.6 
1  14.3 

20.9  I  22.9 

16.7 
4.2 

14.3 
28.6 
26.5 

33.3 

■57.1" 
li4 

16.7 
2.1 

14.3 

I.'i" 

H.4 

100.0 
30.7 

■27."3" 

"ii"2" 

"22."7" 

-•15 
216 

•'17 

2.4        4.'6' 

u.  >     . 



79.'9' 

i66.6 
5.4 

.  . 

•JIS 

3.1    i.u 

3.5  0.7 

2.6  1.0 

6.6 

2.4 

2.7 

0.6 

219 

5.9 

4.2 

19.3 

16.1 

18.3 

13.4 

12.7 

7.2 

2.0 

5.6 

1.0 

0.8 



83.4 

8.3 

8.3 

--'1 

738 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  68.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARXINGS— UNITED  STATES,  BY  SPECIFIED  INDUSTRIES— PER  CENT  DISTRI- 
WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF   EACH  CLASS,    NUMBER   OF   ESTABLISHilENTS,  AND  PER  CENT  NUMBER  OF  ALL 


INDUSTHY. 

Number 
of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Per  cent 
number 
all  wage- 
earners  in- 
cluded in 
statistics 
of  weekly 
earnings 
forms  of 
greatest 
number,  all 
establish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

1 

MEN     16     TEARS     AND     OVER 
(PER     CENT     DISTRIBUTION 
OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS). 

All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

imder 
16 

years. 

Less 
than 

$a 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 

$6. 

$6  to 
$7. 

222 

Paper  and  wood  pulp 

381 

130 

9 

1,154 

24 

9 
3 

13 

0 

174 

58 
8 
29 
53 
117 

303 
32 
33 

107 
23 

420 

4,802 

33 

10,860 

57 

10 
67 
59 
79 
8 

141 

133 

7 

760 

18 

57 
198 
48 
52 
20 

5 
3 
27 
28 
518 

242 
S9 
83 

205 
53 

348 

269 

18 

12 

14 

39 
275 
18 
88 
27 

86 
73 
82 
82 
124 

61 
74 
85 
206 
40 

4 

418 

mi 
17 
04 

50.6 
64  6 
67.7 
53.4 
39.0 

22.7 

3ao 

44  5 
22.2 
51.1 

77.9 
48  1 
88  2 
73.5 
52.1 

52.8 
56.1 
31.8 
59.9 
21.5 

38.1 
49.6 
50.3 
57.9 
67.2 

61.5 
66.4 
24.1 
47.3 
8.8 

28  2 
65.7 
73.8 
46.2 
57.8 

.31.6 
55.5 
28.6 
64.6 
8(!.5 

8a3 
49.6 
4.^9 
46.7 
37.0 

38.8 
55.4 
52.2 
33.6 
58.1 

38.3 
53.4 
45.4 
43.0 
.37.2 

54.6 
49.0 
45.6 
40.0 
51.9 

51.0 
37.7 
56.0 
47.1 
73.4 

48.4 
70.1 
52.6 
60.6 
52. 6 

51.1 
47.2 
26.8 
67.9 
24.0 

$9.81 
8  00 
7.92 
7.84 
9.91 

2.97 
7.23 
8.03 
15.91 
6.93 

12.07 
10.54 
9.47 
&62 
15.34 

6.39 

8.99 
12.81 
11.42 

7.51 

10.32 
11.21 
11.63 
11.39 
11.87 

9.01 
10.22 
11.65 
8  39 
7.21 

11.23 
9.80 
6.81 
10.46 
12.25 

9.04 
11.  36 
11.98 
11.91 

9.68 

800 
9.65 
12.46 
11.  19 
12.44 

fi.33 
8.00 

11.07 
7.28 

12.18 

10.65 
14.08 
15.,55 
12.34 
11.15 

12.25 
8.42 

11.94 
8.21 

10.78 

8.80 
10.75 

7.42 
15.01 
11.59 

9.01 
11.14 
14.56 
12.88 
10.75 

8.53 
11.52 
11.51 
11. (V5  ! 

0.65 

$10.  64 
11.22 
15.14 
10.62 
9.91 

7.12 
10.61 

&56 
16.05 
10.64 

12.31 
11.09 
10.20 
11.67 
16.68 

8  61 
9.49 
13.89 
11.58 
8.86 

10.87 
12.94 
12.97 
13.13 
12.20 

9.76 
10.29 
11.69 
12.07 

7.21 

11.37 
11.25 
9.77 
11.13 
12.31) 

9.29 
11.48 
12.32 
11.97 
10.16 

10.10 
10.21 
12.59 
11.  .32 
12.45 

10.20 
8.86 
11.14 
10.57 
13.13 

10.98 
14.12 
15.60 
12.34 
11.19 

12.29 
10.11 
12.99 
10.13 
10.84 

9.85 
11. .35 

9.62 
16.45 
11.64 

10.30 
11.82 
14.8.1 
13.02 
10.  SO 

10.91 
11.53 
11.81 
11.00 
12.14 

S.i.S5 
5.43 
6.52 
5.53 

$4.86 

a  95 
a  71 
a  60 

2.1 
1.7 

■'i.s' 

7.9 

1.2 
2.2 
1.3 
2.5 

a4 

1.6 

a7 
a3 

4  5 

a4 

1.5 
6.6 

14  6 
41 
7.5 

1.0 
2.0 

a3 
ao 

43 

ai 

7.9 
2.4 
3  7 
10.6 

2.2 
45 
2.9 

as 

2.7 

a  8 

2.4 

ao 

5.0 
5.8 

1.3 
24 

6.2 
2.7 
2.2 

a2 

2.7 

a2 

1.6 
7.7 

a6 

1.7 
1.1 

a« 

2.1 

6.0 
2.4 
3.4 
5.7 
4.0 

1.6 
0.6 
0.6 
1.0 
3.0 

0.9 
3.8 
2.8 
4.0 
2.6 

6.2 
2.6 
C.7 
3.0 
2.0 

1.5 
2.0 
3.6 
2.3 
4.7 

1.8 
42 
5.9 
5.7 

ao 

11.9 
5.2 
6.7 
5.5 
80 

1.7 

a3 

41 

4  7 
46 

as 

7.8 
2.9 
2.4 
10.9 

a2 

42 
40 
43 
6.5 

2.6 
40 

3  6 
5.7 
2.5 

1.6 

as 

4  6 
39 
2.3 

2.8 

ai 

34 

2.6 
5.8 

2.2 
2.3 
2.3 

4  7 

ao 

7.4 
5.1 
3.4 
5.5 
2.0 

2.3 
1.1 
1.2 
0.9 
2.5 

0.9 
5.1 
3.0 
6.8 
4.3 

6.2 
1.6 
6.9 
2.1 
1.9 

4.1 
6.0 
7.0 
3.0 
3.4 

a7 

5.7 
7.2 
7.0 
5.0 

56.7 
5.6 
9.7 
41 
7.3 

as 
a? 

5.9 
40 
42 

6.6 
9.8 
4  3 
a  4 
11.2 

46 
5.0 

as 

6.1 

a8 

6.4 

ai 
as 

.5.2 
12.9 

40 
45 

1.5 
5.2 

ai 

46 
2.3 
6.4 
44 
7.3 

2.6 
44 

a8 

49 

ai 

9.8 
9.0 
3.8 
5.7 
3.8 

3.8 
1.6 
1.0 
5.4 
4.0 

1.6 
6. 5' 
3.0 
7.3 
6.8 

6.9 
6.6 
8.7 
3.1 
3.9 

7.6 
5.5 
5.8 
3.4 
4.8 

22;{ 

Paper  goods,  not  elsewhere  specified 

224 

Paper  patterns 

W,T 

Patent  medicines  and  compounds 

??« 

Paving  materials 

227 

Peanuts,  grading,  roasting,  cleaning,  and  shelling  .   ..               

2.26 
5.04 
6.15 
10.50 
5.30 

5.70 
6.09 
6.25 
5.27 
6.49 

4.33 
5.61 
5.99 
5.89 
5.81 

5.69 
6.54 
6.56 
.5.95 
6.44 

4.57 
4.75 
800 
6.73 

228 

a  58 
a5o 

2.1 
1.1 

&7 

lai 

5.5 
46 

l.'S 
2.7 
2.5 
1.7 
41 

ae 

84 
1.9 
1.5 
8.7 

1.2 

a7 

44 

a5 

1.5 

a  5 

1.8 
44 
2.6 
11.2 

0.7 
0.9 
1.5 

ao 

1.9 

2.9 
1.0 

a  4 

0.5 
L6 

a4 

1.6 
0.6 
2.1 
2.4 

4.9 
1.0 
1.0 
4.0 
2.8 

1.2 
0.5 
0.8 
0.7 
2.8 

0.9 
2.2 
0.9 
3.0 
2.1 

4.7 
1.7 
4.0 
0.5 
1.6 

1.4 
3.7 
3.8 
1.7 
1.2 

229 

Pens,  fountain  and  stj-lographic 

230 

Pens,  gold 

231 

Perfumery  and  cosmetics 

2.75 

a96 
a  43 

4.37 

a66 
a  53 

1.84 

a  25 

4.15 

a  68 

3  67 

4  02 

a  54 
a  00 

2.87 
4  40 

a  00 
a  50 
a  60 
ao5 

0.5 

2.0 
5.4 
1.1 
0.8 
2.1 

ia2 

1.6 

1.1 

0.8 
1.3 

1.9 
2.3 

"a  4' 
1.1 

0.7 
0.9 
17.8 

1.0 
0.8 
1.5 
1.4 
1.3 

5.4 
1.4 

a5 

0.6 
0.7 

0.0 

■  as' 

2.1 
3  9 

1.4 
1.0 
0.7 
2.2 
0.5 

1.0 
0.9 
1.1 
1.5 
4.4 

0.8 
2.8 
1.5 
0.8 
4.7 

2.5 
1.7 
3.1 
0.3 
0.0 

2.8 
1.1 
1.1 
1.7 
0.0 

232 

Petroleum,  refining 

233 

Phonographs  and  graphophones 

234 

23,i 

Photographic  materials 

236 

Photolithographing  and  photoengraving.-...   .                                    

237 

Pickles,  preserves,  and  sauces 

238 

Pipes,  tobacco 

239 

?40 

241 

Pockctbooks 

?4? 

Pottery,  terra  cotta,  and  fire  clay  products. 

243 

Printing  and  publishing,  book  ancf  job •. 

?44 

Printing  and  publishing,  music 

245 

Printing  and  publishing,  newspapers  and  periodicals 

?4fi 

?47 

Pulp  goods 

248 

?49 

Refrigerators 

?5n 

Regalia  and  society  banners  and  emblems 

?.5I 

Rice,  cleaning  and  polishing 

25? 

Roofing  materials 

2.00 
6.99 
3.46 
5.09 

4.67 
6.00 
6.00 
11.07 
!;.02 

5.25 
6.12 
7.43 

800 
7.  25 

5.69 
4.86 
6.54 
6.11 
6.12 

6.49 
8.22 

io.ib' 

4.33 
4.80 
4.60 

5.70 

5.66 
6.57 
5.18 
5.95 
5.. 35 

5.. 32 

7.60 
7.-53 
8.17 
5.79 

7.02 
0.76 
6.11 

i'.ii' 

4  24 
4  49 
2.25 
2.90 
4  62 

"a  so" 

5.  .10 
4  18 
4  13 

a  01 

41)3 

a  10 
a. 38 

3  70 

2.31 
2.25 
3.80 
3.13 
3.47 

4.60 
5.88 
7.00 

'"4.'82' 

".rsi" 

3,33 
3.62 
3.38 

3.72 
4.25 
3.01 
3.67 
4.25 

"3.m 
3.  (a 
3.79 
3.71 

?53 

254 

Rules,  ivory  and  wood 

?55 

Saddlery  and  harness 

256 

Safes  arid  vaults 

257 

Salt 

258 

Sausage 

259 

?60 

Scales  and  balances 

261 

Screws,  machine 

26? 

263 

Sewing  machine  cases 

264 

Sewing  machines  and  attachments 

265 

Shipbuilding,  iron  and  steel 

2fifi 

Shipbuilding,  wooden,  Including  boat  building 

267 

Shifts 

768 

Shoddy 

269 

Show  cases 

WO 

Silk  and  ,illk  goods 

271 

Sll versmithing  and  silverware 

277 

Slaughtering  and  meat  packing,  wbole.sale 

273 

Slauphtcrlng,  whole.iale,  not  including  meat  packing ■. 

274 

275 

Smelting  and  rf'fining,  lead 

276 

277 

Smelting  and  refining,  not  from  the  ore 

278 

Soap 

27(1 

Soda  water  apparatus 

2811 

281 

Springs,  steel,  car  and  carriage 

78? 

283 

Htarch ■ 

284 

Stationery  goods,  not  nlsewhero  specified 

2A5 

28(1 

787 

Steam  packing 

288 

2Vi 

•   -     ' -ping  and  elcctrot^Tilng 

r-' 

'fi 

.-  iH  and  oil 

■m 

.Htraw  goo<ln,  not  elsewhere  iipeclfled 

293 

.Struct tiral  Ironwork 

5.27 
4.20 
5.00 
3.90 

1.0 
1.3 
3.1 
0.7 

0.0 
0.8 
1.0 
2.1 

1.6 
1.2 
1.1 
6.1 

2.2 
1.5 
2.1 
4.7 

3.8 
1.6 
3.1 
8.0 

294 

.Mugar  and  rnnlasftftH,  refining 

295 

Hulphiirii-.  nitric,  and  mixed  ncldi 

200 

Surgical  appliances 

EARNINC;S  OF  WA(;i<:-l<]ARNER8. 


739 


BUTION    OF   WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,    WOMEN,    AND    CHILDREN— WITH    AVERAGE   WEEKLY    EARNINGS    OF   ALL 
WAGE-EARNERS  IN  THE  STATISTICS  FORMS  OF  GREATEST  NUMBER,  ALL  ESTABLISmiENTS:  1905— Continued. 


MEN  16  YF.AH3  AND  OVER  (PER  CENT  DISTRIBU- 
TION OK  NUMBER  BY   EARNINGS)— continued. 


$7  to 
$8. 


88  to 
$9. 


7.0 
7.5 
5.2 
8.3 
6.5 

7.5 
6.8 
7.9 
1.4 
8.5 

3.2 
5.9 
7.1 
4.8 
3.4 

8.6 
8.8 
3.4 
.5.4 
11.8 

8.5 
5.0 
5.5 
4.9 
4.9 

13.5 

13.1 
,5.0 
7.9 
7.9 

8.4 
6.3 
15.4 
6.2 
3.6 

8.5 
4.0 
6.2 
5.1 
8.0 

15.1 
12.3 
4.4 
6.9 
4.5 

10.4 
19.8 
4.2 
5.6 
4.0 

5.1 
2.5 
2.7 
10.6 
5.6 

1.4 
5.6 
2.3 
8.6 
11.0 

9.6 
3.5 
7.1 
1.7 
4.8 

8.7 
2.9 
4.1 
5.7 
9.1 

S.7 
5.8 
3.5 
2.7 

7.2 


19  to 
«10. 


4.6 
6.6 
11.1 

3.0 
3.1 
3.0 
2.7 
8.8 

3.6 
7.4 
8.0 
6.0 
2.3 

10.6 
8.1 
6.6 
4.5 
7.2 

10.5 
4.9 
3.3 
4.8 
5.3 

7.3 

10.3 

7.5 
6.5 
1.7 

8.2 
8.7 
3.1 
5.9 
6.8 

6.7 
3.2 
8.7 
10.8 
9.6 

15.7 
16.8 
6.7 
6.7 
3.0 

8.7 
13.8 
6.7 
6.6 
3.6 

7.5 
2.2 

4.7 
5.8 


2.7 
5.5 
4.1 
9.6 
8.4 

11.7 
3.3 
9.0 
3.8 
9.0 

13.0 
6.6 
3.5 
7.6 

10.1 

5.7 
10.5 
3.8 
5.9 
6.1 


24.0 
13.6 
7.8 
12.8 
14.0 

8.9 
4.9 
8.3 


6.1 

20.1 
10.2 

9.5 

9.1 

2.9 

15.7 
6.4 
4.8 

16.7 
6.5 

21.4 
6.1 
4.4 
6.8 
9.5 

19.7 
13.9 
9.3 

8.5 
17.8 

16.1 
17.0 
18.5 
9.4 
19.5 

26.6 
8.6 
9.2 

14.4 
9.4 

10.4 
13.8 

12.4 
9.3 
9.2 

8.0 
22.9 
11.2 
11.6 

9.2 

14.0 

5.8 
6.7 
3.8 
10.2 

4.2 
15.4 

7.1 
14.4 
11.6 

13.2 
13.9 
11.8 
6.4 
18.1 

20.9 
10.0 
6.2 
11.6 
14.9 

51.5 
17.3 
21.6 
16.5 
7.9 


SIO 

to 
S12. 


19.9 

16.7 
11.8 
16.7 
20.4 

4.5 
14.0 

8.3 

5.5 
13.6 

15.6 
16.3 
19.1 
20.3 
6.9 

14.5 
13.5 
12.1 
16.9 
11.8 

17.2 
9.5 
13.9 
12.0 
14.8 

9.5 
15.0 
15.2 
13.3 

9.9 

16.5 
19.6 
12.3 
16.1 
13.0 

22.4 
23.7 
11.9 
14.3 
14.6 

20.2 

20.8 
18.8 
16.5 
12.1 

1.3.6 

12.1 
18.7 
14.1 
12.9 

26.8 
17.8 
12.3 
25.9 
21.4 

24.4 
23.4 
15.0 
16.1 
16.0 

16.3 
23.7 
12.2 
11.5 
17.4 

15.5 
15  3 
7.2 
I2I3 
15.2 


$12 
to 
$15. 


815 
to 
820. 


15.5 
17.7 
9.1 
15.0 
13.1 

3.0 
20.4 
13.1 
16.4 
15.1 

18.8 
20.8 
30.1 
24.3 
10.3 

12.8 
13.1 
18.7 
19.3 
5.3 

13.6 
15.3 
25.9 
15.0 
20.2 

24.3 
13.2 
25.3 
20  7 
7.9 

24.6 
18.6 
29.2 
24.3 
22.3 

13.4 
28.9 
13.8 
20.4 
22.9 

15.4 
17.9 
25.0 
17.6 
21.0 

13.1 
8.4 
28.3 
19.5 
19.9 

21.5 
29.1 
16.1 
19.8 
20.3 

46.1 
17.8 
26.1 
17.5 
14.5 

11.0 
25.5 
17.1 
13.2 
17.2 

11.9 

14.8 
9.9 
14.4 
18.7 


5.7     17.1 

17.5  17.2 
26.3  I  21.1 

15.6  I  27.1 

11.7  ,  16.1 


$25 
and 
over 


15.0 
11.8 
12.9 
8.5 

1.5 
16.9 
10.1 
12.3 
12.2 

21.8 
18.1 
7.6 
14.2 
17.7 

6.2 
11.6 
32.6 
18.8 

8.1 

9.7 
25.1 
26.5 
16.5 
17.1 

7.9 
11.0 
17.1 
14.6 

1.7 

13.5 
14,7 
6.2 
19.3 
16.5 

3.3 

19.0 
18.9 
17.4 
10.6 

9.5 

7.4 
18.7 
19.9 
28.8 

12.0 
3,3 

16,7 
15  4 
25.4 

11.9 
25,4 
23,4 
21.8 
15.3 

15.4 
9.4 

26.5 
9.8 

11.5 

9,5 
12,8 
10.6 
24.2 
18.8 

9.2 
24.8 
17.3 
21.3 
13.6 


2.5 
4.0 
11.8 
3.1 
3.3 

1,5 
4,3 
.3,0 
31,5 
3,9 

5,4 

2,7 
1.4 
4.4 
16.4 

1.5 
2.1 

8.7 
5.2 
4.4 

3.5 

9.7 
4.4 
9.2 
8.4 

1.3 

3.5 
4.3 
3.9 
2.5 

2.4 
2.3 


0.8 
1.5 
20.2 
2.5 
1.4 


1.4 
1.1 
11.0 
3.9 

1.3 

0.6 

0.3 

1.8 

20.8 

0.4 
0.9 
1.5 
1.4 
2.2 

2.5 

4.7 
2.5 
9.7 
4.2 

0.2 
1.0 
1.1 
5.2 
0.4 

1.7 
0.7 


2.2 
5.4 

0.3 
1.9 
8.1 
5.1 
1.2 

1.1 

1.0 
4.1 
4.2 
5.4 

3.1 
0.8 
1.8 
3.1 
7.0 

1.7 
7.8 
22,8 
2,2 
2,5 

0,8 
1.9 
5.9 
2.2 
6  6 

2.4 
3.3 

2.1 
18,2 
3,6 

3,0 
7,4 
17,0 
9,7 
2.9 


5.7  8.6 

16.7  4.7 

12,  7  3,  6 

14,0  4,8 

20  6  10,3 


1.8 
1.5 
1.5 

1.6 
0.4 
0,2 
1,0 
4,0 

0,7 
4.7 
5.8 
0.6 
1.2 


0.7 
l.S 
0.9 
2.0 

0.8 
1.0 
0,8 
12,0 
0,9 

0,5 
0,3 
13,5 
5.4 
0.5 


WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  (PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER 
BY  EARNINGS). 


Less 

than 

83. 


2.5 
6.8 
14.0 
6.0 


3.1 

9.1 
4.2 
5.7. 
12.3 
2.4 

22.4 


5,9 
6,3 
0,8 

5.6 

7,2 


83  to 
84, 


.5,4 
16,3 
11,3 
15,9 


8,2 
26,1 
15,2 


80.0 
3.2 
34.6 
10.1 


23.9 
7.6 


5.2 


12.5 
7.9 


7.3 
2.6 


4.8 


16.7 
6.6 
33,3 


6.2 
8.3 
8.0 
2.6 
6.4 

0.8 

'5.9' 
4.3 


18.1 

9.1 
3.3 
4,2 
8,3 
18,0 

14.8 
23.4 
10.5 
2.3 
10.6 

15.7 
10.9 
12,7 
14,5 
22.2 

46.4 


9.2 


20.0 

6.0 

28.9 

18.6 


$4  to 
$5. 


17.9 
21.6 
18.2 
17.2 


3.6 
1.5.6 
32.7 


23.5 

9.1 

16.5 
15.2 
26,6 
26,8 

27.8 
18.7 
14.8 
8.6 
20.8 

23.3 
13.4 
9.9 
15.1 


$5  to 


17.4 
17.9 
14.7 
19.9 


12.1 
8.7 


19.6 
76.0 


21.0 

21.2 
29.7 
17.0 
24.3 
10.8 

16.3 

26.0 
19,1 
33,3 
26,4 

20,9 
16,1 
7,0 
17.8 
22.2 


10.7 
12.6 


86  to   87  to 
87.       88. 


38.0 
16.9 
14.1 
16.9 


17.9 
15.2 


11.8 
26.9 
16.9 


20.3 


10.9 
19.8 


3.7 
14.3 
12.6 

13.6 
13.6 


11.8 
5.2 


3.4 
22.2 


7.5 
'i.9 


11,3 
11,7 
17.5 
23.7 
22.2 

26.2 
5,0 
8,8 
4,3 
7,1 


16.8 
7.7 


32.5 

22.1 
11.8 
6.6 
14.3 


14.6 
18.3 


17.0 
16.8 


17.9 


83.3 
22.4 
13.1 
14.3 


17.7 
20.8 
22.5 
23.7 
7.9 

26.8 


35.7 
18.1 


16.0 

5.8 

24.3 


8.0 
23.1 
61.5 

7.1 
43.4 

25.5 

58.8 

16.0 

9.5 


16.2 

24.2 
16. 6 
15.9 
13.9 
10.4 

10.1 
14.1 
26.6 
11.5 
16.2 

11.4 
15.4 
26.7 
15.7 


11.3 
9.5 
8.1 

11.1 


10.8 
10.9 


17.9 
25.0 
50.0 
17.2 


19.3 
3.8 
16.1 


16.2 
21.6 
38.5 
16.0 
18.7 

17.1 


15.9 
14.9 
10.5 


14.7  i  13.7 

"3.'2' 'ig.g' 


25.1 
12.6 
14.8 
13.2 
23.8 

20.5 
30.0 


21.5 

5.5 
25.0 
25.9 


11.5 
23.1 


8.4 

15.7 
29.4 
19.6 
19.0 
37.5 

13.1 
37.2 
15,3 
15,0 
27,8 

33,9 
22.2 


11.4 
13.1 
17.3 


18.7 
19.2 
11.5 
18.4 
20.6 

14.2 
30.0 

8.8 
13.1 

7.1 

40.0 
25.0 
23.7 


9.2 

15.2 
17.0 
20.8 
7.8 
7.2 

4.4 
7.8 
7.8 
13.2 
14.5 

9.8 
12.6 
9.9 
8.0 
U.l 

5.4 


$8  to   89  to 
89.      810. 


4.6 
5.9 
5.9 
4.2 


0.2 
3.6 
4.3 


17.7 


14.9 


6.8 


11.5 
23.1 
30.8 
14.3 
3.6 

6.3 


25.0 

10.7 
0.7 
38.5 
11.1 
13.2 

9.0 
11.1 


10.5 
5.3 
11.9 


3.5 

9.1 
.5.2 
13.3 
3.4 

7.2 

2.6 
0.8 
4.3 
13.8 
6.8 

4.0 
8.3 
9.9 
6.3 
44.5 


2.0 
2.9 
2.3 
3.7 


10.4 


4.3 


2.7 

7.7 


3.5 


8.4 


7.9 
7.4 


1.9 

1.8 
8.4 


50.0 
1.9 

3.0 
4.2 
6.4 
1.6 
4.0 

0.8 
4.7 
3.9 
6.2 
2.1 

2,6 
4,6 
19,7 
4.0 


810 
to 
812. 


0.4 
2.3 
3.3 
4.1 


1.8 


2.0 


2.4 
1.5 
1.2 
6.2 

0.7 
3.1 
5,9 
5,2 
0.9 

2.3 
5.9 
4.2 
4.5 


812 
to 
815. 


816 
and 
over 


0.3 
0.6 
2.9 
1.4 


0.4 

4.3 

50.0 

1.0 


0.5 


7.4 


10.2 
"2.'3 


0.9 

7.7 


13.1 


5.2 
0.7 


5.9 
3.5 


5.2 
U.l 


8.8 

17.5 
8.1 
,5.3 
fi.4 

4.7 
10.0 

'26.'i" 
7.1 

3.6 

25.0 

9.0 


8.3 
6.7 
9,0 
2,6 
7,9 

2,3 
10.0 
14.7 
13.1 
21.5 

21.8 

25.0 

4.7 


33. 4  !    6.4       6.8 


1.6 
5.3 
6.3 


1.6 
1.7 
3.2 
2.6 


3.9 


8.8 
8.7 


5.5 
'6.'4' 
'4.'2 


50.0 
4.1 


5.9 

'o.'e 


0.5 
3.2 

0.1 
1.6 
0.4 

'6.'9 

3.6 
3.8 


2.9 


1.9 


0.5 


0.5 


CHILDREN  UNDER   16  YEARS    (PER  CENT 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS). 


Less 

than 

83. 


11.5 
18.2 


36.1 


6.1 


2.7 


1.4 


3.5      0.9 


7.7 

14.3 

1.2 


1.5.0 
19.1 
25.0 

3.8 


7.7 
4.4 
1.7 

1.7 
22.3 


1.1 
1.8 
4.5 


1.4 
0.8 
2.6 

'i's 

0.8 


3.0 
21.7 


5.5 
■6.4 
"2."3 


0.9 
23.8 


1.8 


2.7 
1.9 

1.0 


1.1 
0.9 
2.8 


0.7 
0.8 
2,5 
2,6 


5.0 

11.8 
8.7 


0.9 


1.0 

11. 1 


63.6 
2.0 

"i'.i' 

9.7 
12.3 

63.8 
30.0 
8.5 
20.6 


83  to 
84. 


12.6 
31.8 
85.7 
28.7 


78.8 
50.0 


15.5 
24.0 


49.0 


20.0 
37.5 


45.0 


17.7 
14.1 
100.0 
53.4 
7.7 


84  to 
86. 


28.0 
35.7 
14.3 
19.2 


15.1 
50.0 


32.1 

18.7 
100.0 
60.5 

31.7  1  41.5 
53.1  I  26.6 

23.8  8.6 


10.7 
63.6 
23.3 


85  to 
86, 


17.0 
7.8 


40.0 
29.8 
32.3 
100.0 

27.3 
41.8 
100.0 
27.3 
20.0 

80.0 
37.5 
80.0 
45.0 


20.0 
34.1 
41.2 


39.2 
32.7 


24.0 
30.7 


25.0  I  50.0 

5.3  !  12.2 

11.8  11.8 

7. 9  25. 0 


23.7 
20.7 


12.5 
60.0 


12.5 
20.0 


18.2 

■7.0' 
17.1 
2.0 

2.9 
10.0 
25.5 

5.9 


86  to  87  to     *fd 

87.       88.     "'"' 
•  •"•    over 


26.4 
2.6 


3.7 


20.6 
8.0 


6.8 


15.7 
20.2 


16.8 
23.1 


13.7 
21.7 


5.8 
15.4 


0.3 
5.3 


0.8 
10.0 
8.8 


16.9 
10.1 
47.6 
35.5 
10.0 

S6.S 
50,0 
10,0 
42,6 
14,4 

9.3 


63.7 
25.6 
47.6 
36.6 
30.0 

11.7 
25.0 
40.0 
33.7 
45.4 

16.7 
26.0 
20.4 


23.5 


22.7     15.2 

66.  7 

6. 8     59. 1 
30.7  .  15.4 


I 


10.1 
12.5 
54.9 
25.0 
6.2 


49.7 
37,5 
39.0 
16.7 
18.8 


25,0 

35.1  ;  35.1 

58.8  11.8 

47.4  19.7 


13.6 
22.0 

4.8 
19.8 
40.0 

0.9 


6.8 
26.9 


20.0 
16.1 
25.8 


7.5 
20.0 

0.6 

25.0 

20  0 

5,6 

8.2 


3.6 


2.3 

io' 


1.7 
3.9 


3.7 


0.9 

i'i 


0.7 
'2.0 


11.6 
3.0 


3.0 
20.0 


12.5 


10.0 


7.8 
5.8 


23.1 


5.3 
5.8 


15.4 


0.1 


46.4  I    8.2 

12. 5  I  12. 5 
9.1  '    2.3 


76.5 


25.0 

5.3 

18,2 

28,6 


33.3 
63.1 
46.6 


41.4 
33.3 
25.0 
15.4 

31.9 
12.5 
6.1 
50.0 
37.5 


41.7 
10.5 
23.7 
57.1 


2.3 
38.5 


5.3 


8.3 
37.5 


15.8 
5.i 


4.2 


II     '■" 

i.3 '  26.6 


4. 5  !  36. 4  I  27. 3 
45.3     28.1     15.6 

66.7     33.3 

40.0     10.0    


10.0 
2,6 
6,2 

12.3 
12.5 
2.3 


5.5 
'6.8 


1.1 


0.7 


2.8 


5.9 
4.6 


1.7 


0.3 


0.2 
'6.3 


4.2 
12.5 
11.3 


2.1 


4.5 


2.3 


2.0 


0.7 


1.8 
37.5 


1.2 


0.9 


5.3 


0.3 


0.1 


2.9 
25.0 
45.5 


1.4 


5.3 
5.8 
14.3 


18.2 
36.'6' 


222 
223 
224 
225 
226 

227 
228 
229 
230 
231 

232 
233 
234 
235 
236 

237 
238 
238 
240 
241 

242 
243 
244 
24.5 
246 

247 
248 
249 
250 
251 

252 
253 
254 
255 
256 

257 
258 
259 
260 
261 

262 
263 
264 
265 
266 

267 
268 
269 
270 
271 

272 
273 
274 
275 
276 

277 
278 
279 
280 
281 

282 
283 
284 
285 
286 

287 
288 
289 
290 
291 

292 
293 
294 
295 
296 


740 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table   68.— CLASSIFIED  \VEEKLY  EARNINGS— UNITED  STATES,  BY  SPECIFIED  INDUSTRIES— PER  CENT  DISTRI- 
WAGE-EARNERS  AND   OF   EACH  CLASS,   NUMBER  OF   ESTABLISHMENTS,  AND    PER   CENT   NUMBER   OF  ALL 


297 
298 
299 
300 
301 


Tin  and  terne  plate 

Tinfoil 

Tinware 

Tobacco,  chewing  and  smoking,  and  snuff  . 
Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes 


302  Tools,  not  elsewhere  specified  . 

303  ■  Toys  and  games 

304  1  Trunks  and  valises 

305  I  Turpentine  and  rosin 

306  Type  founding 


307  I  Typewriters  and  supplies 

308  I  Umbrellas  and  canes 

309  I  Upholstering  materials 

310  i  Varnishes 

311  I  Vault  lights  and  ventilators.. 


312  Vinegar  and  cider 

313  Wall  paper 

314  Washing  machines  and  clothes  wringers  . 

315  Watch  and  clock  materials 

316  Watch  cases 


317 

318 
319 
320 
321 

322 
323 
324 
325 

326 
327 
328 
329 

330 
331 
332 
333 


Watches 

Wheelbarrows 

Whips 

Windmills 

Window  shades  and  fixtures. 


Wire. 


Wirework,  including  wire  rope  and  cable 

Wood  carpet 

Wood  distilhition,  not  including  turpentine  and  rosin. 

Wood  preserving 

Wood,  turned  and  carvpd 

Wooden  ware,  not  elsewhere  specified 

Wool  pulling 


Wool  scouring 

Woolen  goods 

Worsted  goods 

All  oth(;r  industries. 


Number 

of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


17 

6 

234 

229 

9,033 

398 

79 

230 

383 

16 

45 
106 
120 
129 

15 

424 
21 
54 
11 
12 

7 

13 

36 

40 

105 

14 

374 

11 

69 

13 
684 
114 

21 

11 
366 
108 
Ul 


Per  cent 
number 
all  wage- 
earners  in- 
cluded in 
statistics 
of  weekly 
earnings 
forms  of 
greatest 
number,  all 
establish- 
ments. 


63.3 
76.6 
62.7 
54.8 
51.4 

64.0 
34.3 
43.0 
17.4 
81.7 

64.1 
23.5 
34.2 
.W.l 
42.0 

56. 0 
47.8 
48.6 
70.6 
45.5 

45.9 
27.3 
51.3 

75.9 
50.3 

51.  G 
56.9 
55.1 
43.5 

54.9 
42.4 
45.8 
02.6 

55.5 

.5.-!.  4 
58.  5 
!3.6 


AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 


All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 


S10.72 
8.16 
8.09 
5.69 
8.72 

10.73 
7.54 
9.59 
5.22 

12.59 

11.86 
7.63 
8.60 
12.46 
12.86 

9.55 
9.99 
9.06 
9.39 
10.74 

12.73 
8.21 
8.47 

10.82 
8.31 

11.00 
9.92 
16.45 
10.26 

7.89 
8.67 
8.88 
10.56 

11.69 
8.23 
7.91 
8.54 


Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 


Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 


$11.42 
10.82 
8.99 
6.86 
11.14 

11.08 
8.55 

10.20 
5.23 

15.25  ; 

12.31 
10.17 
9.83 
12.79 
12.86 

9.81 
11.28 

9.22 
11.58 
12.61 

16.16 
8.25 
10.15 

10.82 
9.84 

11.23 
10.94 
16.  61 
10.26 

7.96 

8  89 
9.80 

10.57 

11.91 

9  29 
9  83 

10.  69 


SO.  63 
4.90 
5.11 
4.85 
5.97 

6.15 
6.00 
5.46 
3.00 
5.93 

7.54 
6.U 
6.16 
6.00 


4.20 
5.04 
7.50 
6.05 
6.02 

8.93 

"sis?' 


5.55 
0.  26 
0.00 


4.40 
4.91 


8.63 
6.91 

6.78 
4.35 


Chil- 
dren 
under 

16 
years. 


$6.00 


3.58 
2.37 
3.00 

4.14 
3.5* 
3.61 
2.38 
3.07 

4.00 
3.24 
2.88 
4.25 


3.67 
3.61 
3.86 
4.33 
2.78 


2.00 
4.27 


3.65 

4.70 
3.46 
2.07 


2.25 
3.08 
3.84 
7.00 

6.00 
3.83 
3.82 
3.00 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER 
(PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION 
OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS). 


Less 

than 

$3. 


0.5 


11.4 
7.6 
2.7 

1.3 
2.5 
3.0 
4.8 
1.7 

0.7 
1.2 
0.9 
0.2 


1.3 
0.2 
1.5 


0.2 
7.3 
0.2 
1.3 
2.6 

0.7 
1.2 


0.1 

12.6 
2.4 
3.1 
1.9 

0.7 
1.6 
1.7 
2.3 


S3  to 

S4to 

S4. 

$5. 

0.2 

0.5 

5.1 

4.3 

6.2 

6.2 

11.2 

13.4 

3.7 

4.1 

2.2 

2.5 

5.5 

6.7 

3.1 

6.1 

10.4 

20.6 

2.5 

3.6 

0.9 

2.2 

4.9 

5.4 

1.2 

2.7 

1.9 

2.3 

5.7 
1.1 

1.3 

1.5 

7.4 

2.3 

3.5 

2.8 

1.1 

5.3 

4.4 

1.3 

2.6 

4.2 

4.2 

0.2 

6.3 

2.0 

2.3 

6.6 

7.8 

1.5 

1.3 

2.3 

3.9 

0.3 

1.2 

0.1 

1.2 

5.5 

3.4 

3.1 

6.8 

1.3 

2.5 

1.0 

0.2 

0.2 

1.4 

2.9 

1.4 

4.6 

4.0 

1.7 

SSto   $6  to 
$6.        J7. 


0.9 
7.4 
5.7 
13.3 
5.0 

4.1 
7.9 
6.1 
37.6 
3.7 

3.4 
6'.  8 
3.5 
2.0 
1.6 

2.1 
6.3 
5.3 
4.6 
4.9 

1.2 
2.6 
4.1 
1.5 
5.1 

2.0 
4.0 
1.2 
1.0 

7.9 
8.3 
2.8 
2.4 

0.4 

4.4 

.7.7 

4.5 


0.7 
8.3 
7.4 
13.1 
5.7 

6.1 
11.6 

8.0 
14.0 

3.0 

3.6 
10.2 
9.8 
4.2 
3.3 

5.9 
9.7 
9.4 
5.7 
4.7 

2.3 
15.7 
8.4 
2.9 
6.8 

2.8 
6.9 
2.1 
4.1 

10.2 
10.6 
5.8 
6.4 

1.2 
10.7 
9.5 
2.3 


1  Embraces  cardboard,  not  made  in  paper  mills,  2 ;  millstones,  2 ; 
paper  and  cloth,  1. 


oil,  castor,  2 ;  oil,  lard,  2;  pens,  steel,  1;  pulp,  from  fiber  other  than  wood,  1;  sand  and  emery 


EARNINGS  OF  WACiE-EARNERS. 


741 


BUTION    OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,    WOMEN,    AND   CHILDREN— WITH   AVERAGE  WEEKLY   EARNINGS   OF   ALL 
WAGE-EARNERS  IN  THE  STATISTICS  FORMS  OF  GREATEST  NUMBER,  ALL  ESTABLISHMENTS:  Hior,— Continued. 


MEN 

in  YEARS  AND  OVER  (PER  TENT  DISTRIHU- 

WOMEN  10  YEARS  AND  OVER  (I'ER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER 

CHILDREN   UNDER    Ifi  YEARS    (PER  CENT 

TlOh 

OF  NUMBER   BY    EARNINGS)— COntitHleci. 

BY  EARNINGS). 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS). 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 

19. 

S9to 
$10. 

»10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
to 
$20. 

$20 

to 

$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

thun 

$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 

$6. 

$6  to 

$7. 

$7  to 

$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 

$7. 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8 

and 
over 

5.7 

20.0 

13.3 

17.6 

10.4 

24.5 

3.5 

0.2 

2.8 

1.1 

1.2 

5.8 

35.5 

50.4 

3.2 

100.0 

?W 

6.0 
7.9 

4.8 
8.1 

7.1 
9.9 

14.5 
13.1 

17.7 
12.1 

21.9 
8.1 

:.4 

2.7 

0.9 
1.2 

2.4 
15.2 

26.9 
18.3 

21.3 
22.2 

19.9 
14.1 

14.0 
9.9 

8.8 
8.0 

4.9 
4.6 

1.1 
3.0 

0.7 
3.0 

298 

1.3 

0.4 

14.5 

51.?. 

27. « 

2.8 

3.5 

0.4 

299 

10.1 

7.2 

7.3 

7.3 

5.5 

3.1 

0.7 

0.2 

28.4 

16.4 

11.3 

11.5 

13.2 

6.5 

4.0 

2.8 

3.9 

1.8 

0.2 

79.9  1  10.4  ]     fi.5 

2.1 

0.7 

0.3 

0  1 

300 

5.3 

8.3 

7.4 

16.1 

22.0 

16.7 

3.B 

1.4 

11. 0 

12.7 

16.2 

16.1 

14.0 

11.1 

6.3 

4.3 

4.6 

2.7 

1.0 

50.9     28.2     12.0 

5.7 

2.2 

0.6 

0.4 

301 

7.1 

8.1 

1.3.4 

16.4 

20.3 

14.9 

2.5 

1.1 

4.3 

27.7 

17.6 

14.2 

14.5 

9.4 

3.8 

5.9 

2.3 

0.3 

18.9     21.7  1  24.5 

17.9 

13.2 

2.8 

1.0 

302 

9.8 

9.6 

13.4 

11. S 

11.8 

7.0 

1.8 

0.6 

9.0 

16.9 

10.9 

18.2 

18.2 

11. 1 

7.4 

3.7 

4.2 

0.2 

0.2 

18.5  147.9     22.1 

4  7 

47 

2.1 

303 

7.3 
4.8 
3.9 

5.3 

8.2 
3.8 
3.5 

8.1 

10.5 
1.1 
5.4 

10.5 

14.0 
1.5 

8.0 

17.5 

17.8 
1.4 
15.6 

25.2 

13.2 

0.1 

25.9 

17.9 

2.8 

0.9 

7.4 

17.7 
100.0 
15.3 

2.3 

22.4 

16.0 

14.3 

5.3 

6.4 

4.1 

5.5 

0.7 

0.2 

19.5  ;  41.5     21.2 

11.0 

6.8 

304 

100.0 
47.2 

11.6 

[ 

3a5 
306 

13.1 
3.5 

10.1 
1.2 

8.3 
1.0 

17.0 
8.9 

10.7 
21.8 

18.0 
15.4 

i6.7 

13.4 

6.0 
20.0 

5.0 
8.9 

6.0 
6.8 

2.0 
1.5 

1.0 

43.1 
34  6 

6.9 

46.2 

2.8 
3.8 

3,8 

307 

8.0 

9.1 

6.8 

12.7 

16.8 

13.4 

2.9 

1.8 

3.0 

12.7 

14.8 

19.4 

12.4 

14.4 

10.1 

6.4 

4.7 

1.6 

0.5 

34  7 

.34.7 

18.4 

8.2 

2.0 

2.0 

308 

9.2 

7.9 

27.6 

12.9 

12.9 

7.2 

2.2 

2.0 

5.5 

14.7 

16.5 

15.9 

15.7 

12.2 

4.1 

5.4 

5.5 

a  4 

1.1 

41.4 

46.5 

6.9 

5.2 

309 

4.2 
6.5 

8.1 
9.3 
14.3 

5.1 
3.3 

8.5 
9.1 
10.0 

9.3 
5.7 

32.3 
15.8 
19.5 

19.0 
15.4 

14.5 
11.3 
16.9 

26.7 
20.3 

17.5 
6.2 

8.9 

15.1 
24.4 

6.7 
6.7 
6.8 

4.3 

8.9 

0.6 
9.4 
0.8 

5.7 
4.9 

0.1 
7.1 
0.8 

2.2 

2.2 

28.9 

26.7 

17.7 

2.2 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

75.0 

25.0 

310 

.311 

14.! 
5.1 

14.1 
25.1 

42.4 
20.4 

20.6 
20.4 
25.0 

3.3 
18.0 

3.3 

5.1 
25.0 

1.1 

4.3 

25.0 

1.1 
0.8 

16.7 
10.9 
17.8 

a3.3 
66.3 

28,6 

a3.3 
16.3 
42.9 

7.1 

16.7 
1.1 

312 

0.4 
25.0 

0.4 

313 

3.6 

314 

5.1 
6.0 

8.5 
3.8 

10.8 
5.3 

14.8 
10.8 

22.7 
18.3 

17.6 
24.6 

4.0 
8.0 

2.3 
2.1 

6.7 
3.1 

4.4 

16.4 

S.9 
17.7 

13.3 

20.7 

15.6 
18.8 

15.6 
11.8 

21.5 
5.9 

8.1 
3.7 

3.0 
2.0 

2.2 
1.1 

0.7 
0.8 

'ei.o' 

'i%i' 

100.0 
24  4 

.315 

2.4 

316 

2.3 

1.9 

4.5 

7.3 

14.0 

38.6 

17.5 

fi.3 

0.6 

3.1 

4.7 

6.0 

8.6 

15.7 

12.6 

18.0 

las 

10.0 

1.9 

317 

11.5 
6.2 

12.6 
10.0 

14.1 
18.0 

17.3 
18.9 

3.2 
17.3 

4.7 
8.8 

il 
1.4 

0.5 
0.2 

lOC.O 
32.2 

318 

14.0 

5.1 

11.9 

9.4 

25.9 

15.8 

10.1 

3.2 

3.2 

0.7 

0.7 

21.0 

14  5 

6.5 

12.9 

4  8 

8.1 

319 

4.1 
5.9 

8.3 
5.9 

26.6 
12.7 

18.0 
12.5 

16.0 
17.7 

15.4 
13  3 

1.3 

2.8 

0.3 
0.3 

320 

9.6 

14.4 

13.4 

19.1 

18.7 

13.2 

4.3 

3.2 

3.0 

1.1 

32.7 

22.5 

36.7 

6.1 

2.0 

321 

5.0 

19.4 

16.1 

21.1 

17.4 

9.5 

2.8 

0.4 

6.1 

11.2 

11.2 

24.5 

30.6 

8.2 

5.1 

2.1 

1.0 

10.0 

SO 

50.0 

35.0 

.322 

7.5 

7.9 

14.1 

16.2 

19.0 

13.2 

2.5 

1.3 

3.9 

11.1 

16.2 

15.2 

22.1 

14  6 

7.0 

4.5 

2.6 

2.4 

0.4 

37.7 

249 

2i).7 

9.5 

6.4 

0.8 

323 

2.8 
4.3 

13.5 
12.9 

3.1 
9.2 

6.8 
8.8 

6.8 
28.2 

17.2 
15.8 

6.8 
31.4 

6.8 
10.5 

9.5 
15.2 

11.4 
10.9 

27.4 
4.5 

3.5 

7.7 

38.8 
0.7 

0.9 
2.0 

lOO.O 

66.7 

33.3 

324 

:::::::: 

325 

0.3 

0.2 

50.0 

37  .1 

12.5 
28.2 

326 

13.0 

21.7 

25.6 

20.8 

13.0 

3.9 

1.5 

0.5 

19.8     39.5 

6.8 

3.4 

i.7 

O.fi 

.327 

6.1 

9.7 

28.1 

18.4 

13.7 

7.1 

1.1 

0.3 

16.6 

7.7 

31.9 

13.9 

18.6 

5.8 

3.8 

1.1 

0.4 

0.2 

29.0 

23.0 

16.6 

16.6 

10.2 

41 

0.5 

.328 

5.1 
2.0 

11.2 
6.8 

11.5 
25.7 

29.7 
14.2 

18.3 
26.6 

11.2 
18.0 

1.0 
2.9 

0.3 
1.1 

100.0 

329 

3.3 

13.4 

3.3 

3.3 

76.7 

100.0 

a. 

16.4 

12.6 

15.1 

16.7 

11.8 

4.9 

1.0 

0.5 

3.4 

6.0 

12.5 

16.0 

16.5 

13.7 

9.7 

9.5 

9.1 

3.1 

0.5 

21  5 

35.1 

24  7 

12.4 

46 

1.3 

0.4 

331 

12.4 

10.3 

8.  5     14.  6 

17.9 

9.6 

1.2 

O.B 

2.6 

3.2 

13.8 

22.6 

23.1 

9.5 

7.7 

6.5 

6.8 

3.3 

0.9 

20.9 

3&3 

29.2 

7.7 

3.3 

0.5 

0.1 

SSft 

4.0 

6.3 

17. 7     12.  6 

29.1 

12.6 

2.9 

8.1 

21.8 

42.6 

19.0 

6.9 

1.1 

100.0 

333 

K 


/ 


742 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  69.— CLASSIFIED   U^EEKLY   EARNINGS— UNITED   STATES,  BY   STATES,   TERRITORIES,  AND   GEOGRAPHIC 
WITH   EARNINGS   AND   NUMBER   OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH   CLASS,  AVERAGE    NUMBER   OF 


STATE  OR  TERRITORY. 

Number 
oJ  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  WAGE- 
EARNERS. 

TOTAL. 

Men  16 

years  and 

over. 

Women  16 

years  and 

over. 

Children 

under  16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Number. 

123,703 

2,124,069 

488.832 

73,855 

$33,185,791 

3,297.819 

51,554 

1,082,980 

337,639 

37,501 

17,454,536 

1,726,641 

^ 

15,166 

442,923 

179,398 

19,280 

7,251,712 

749,993 

4 

1,711 
810 
859 
8,724 
1,092 
1,970 

36,388 

22,  462 
17,139 
14.227 
281. 179 
40.004 
67.912 

.  640,057 

6,392 
8.111 
2.769 
124.181 
17.349 
20, 596 

158, 241 

612 

315 

139 

12, 875 

3,186 

2,153 

18,221 

406, 537 
270,034 
185,  447 

4,713,423 
626,215 

1,050,057 

10,202,824 

43,277 

29,874 
20,065 

487,048 
68,140 

101,589 

976, 648 

6 

7 

9 

10 

Southern  North  Atlantic. 

19,030 
4,153 
13, 205 

10, 181 

265,409 
92,788 
281,860 

171,514 

89,060 
23,948 
45,233 

39,  414 

3,304 
2.966 
11,951 

18,440 

4, 476,  464 
1,  456,  513 
4,209,847 

2,148,821 

430,  475 
139, 862 
406,311 

293,997 

12 

14 

1*1 

5,646 

92,584 

19,235 

3,892 

1,317,757 

148,013 

16 

380 
2,283 

276 
1,481 
1,226 

4.535 

10,070 
37,532 
3,575 
22,112 
19,295 

78,930 

1,369 

12, 641 

302 

3,571 

1,352 

20,179 

231 

2,343 

55 

877 

386 

14,548 

146,350 
564, 123 
63,965 
263,262 
290,057 

831,064 

15,783 
65,601 
4,836 
34,233 
27,560 

145,984 

17 

18 

Di'^t'rict  of  Columbia   ...... 

20 

21 

Southern  South  Atlantic . 

North  Carolina        

oo 

1,698 
791 

1,520 
526 

43,661 

25,095 
15.567 
27,813 
10,455 

665,668 

8,831 

5.550 

4.852 

946 

91,507 

6,325 

4,854 

3.271 

98 

11,390 

254, 059 
151,  6S7 
286,  187 
139, 131 

10,254,500 

51,240 
32,424 
46.932 
15.388 

965,395 

23 

'*A 

9'i 

26 

Eastern  North  Central 

27 

30,477 

542,  452 

73,994 

8,500 

8,366,133 

785,058 

Ohio  

?8 

8;  328 
4,678 
8,382 
4,303 
4,786 

13,084 

172,332 
86,  454 

157,203 
70,790 
49, 673 

123,216 

25,512 
9,  .551 
22,338 
12,174 
4,419 

17,  513 

2,385 
1,485 
2,230 
1,140 
1,260 

2,890 

2,014,720 
1,257,958 
2, 595, 822 
1,200,496 
697, 137 

1,888,367 

245.944 
124.607 
224, 664 
120,978 
(is,  865 

180,337 

?<> 

in 

11 

T? 

1? 

14 

2,779 
2,947 
3, 8,30 
306 
445 
1,094 
1,677 

9,751 

23, 296 
20,381 
49,243 
744 
1,177 
11,618 
16,757 

112,802 

3,426 
2,714 
8,  .595 
112 
125 
1.208 
1,333 

12,387 

112 
438 
1,740 
20 
20 
244 
316 

5,298 

355,  647 
294, 232 
778.  709 
12, 193 
19,974 
1S3,  300 
245,312 

1,451,234 

32,314 
30,414 
74,944 
1,032 
1,709 
16,740 
23,184 

174,298 

35 

Ifi 

37 

North  Dakota          

18 

39 

40 

41 

Eastern  South  Central . . 

42 

5,400 

68,133 

9,339 

4,343 

844,296 

107,392 

41 

2,251 

1,742 

786 

621 

4,351 

22,040 
20,518 
17,545 
8,030 

44,609 

4,112 

2, 949 

1,794 

484 

3,048 

942 
1,385 
1,625 

391 

955 

298,109 
248,431 
200, 255 
97,501 

606,938 

36,590 
33,092 
26, 191 
12,519 

00,900 

44 

45 

.Mttltiima ^ 

47 

4R 

748 

1,015 

332 

454 

1,802 

8,632 

12,055 

11,741 

1,319 

1,442 

18,112 

90,321 

1,677 

195 

49 

130 

997 

7,869 

415 

171 
25 
37 

307 

1,214 

1.56,0.38 
141,341 
23,2.S6 
23, 199 
263,074 

1,855,489 

17,043 
17,780 
2,163 
2,253 
27,677 

135,054 

40 

Arkansas 

fV> 

r»i 

Oklahoma 

fi** 

Tcxa.s         

fil 

Western  division ... 

Rocky  Moiintaii) 

■14 

1,616 

15,936 

890 

232 

350,690 

23,429 

fi*) 

227 

ia3 

101 

999 

,      100 

Slfi 

3,646 

1,620 
8, 1,56 
1,660 

4,030 

117 
48 
29 

689 

7 

284 

61 
20 
6 
127 
29 

82 

86,  462 
22,931 
34. 254 
LSI.  739 
26, 204 

96,912 

4,608 
1.648 
2.175 
12,856 
2,152 

0,518 

no 

Irliiho 

57 

5N 

50 
fiO 

Ni»  .Vlexlco 

('•1 

114 

313 
88 

6,  SOI 

2,860 

1,641 

435 

00,449 

22 
2,W 

7 

6,695 

11 

67 

4 

000 

54,875 
29.  423 
11,614 

1,408,987 

3,398 

2,  466 

664 

106,007 

).' 

03 

A4 

Focine...                                            

A5 

l,.^3l 

Kii 
4,348 

24 

15,241 
7,748 
46, 400 

784 

B4B 

686 

6,  464 

16 

45 
75 
780 

12 

2S7.1120 
12.S.972 
992,995 

21.211 

20.7.34 
10,  249 
76,024 

1,634 

M 

fl7 

f» 

EARNINCS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


743 


DIVISIONS— NUMBER   OF   WAGE-EARNERS-MEN,    WOMEN,    AND    CHILDREN-IN   EACH    GROUP   OP    EARNINGS, 
MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN  EMPLOYED  DURING  THE  YEAR,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905. 


MEN   16  VEAK3   AND  OVER  (liISTRIBUTION    OF   NUMBER  BY    EARNING.S). 

Earnings. 

Number. 

Less  than 
$3. 

t3  to  $4.      t4  to  tS. 

i 

t6  to  «6.  i  $6  to  17. 

) 
1 

»7  to  $8. 

»8to»9. 

$9  to  $10. 

$10  to 
»12. 

il2to 
$15. 

$15  to        $20  to    '  $25  and 
$20.           $25.          over. 

J29,240,287 

2,019,053 

56,346 

57,597 

87,739 

103,429 

161,940 

196,981 

207,964 

343,812 

409,483  1    450,568 

385,647  !     100,046 

51,511 

1 

14,693,604 

1,287,449 

17,883 

22,603  1      34,669 

45,780         71,560 

99,65.5 

111,020 

168,943       208,677  '    229.010 

199,800  i      51,672        26,277 

2 

5,734,569 

519,883 

5,943 

7,043 

13,843 

20,864  1      34,897 

46, 157 

46,026 

69,251 

83,201  1       92,257 

77, 1.56 

16,447          6,799 

3 

342,291 
205.379 
165, 102 
3,6.'-|2.719 
482.791 
886,287 

8,959,035 

.33,448 
20.  473 
16.688 
327.717 
44.978 
76,  .579 

767,566 

491 
310 
.367 
3, 380 
467 
928 

11,940 

469 
354 
321 

4, 176 
703 

1,020 

15.460 

050 

540 

429 

S,920 

1,386 

1,919 

20,826 

855 

917 

488 

13,937 

2,107 

2,560 

24,916 

2,322 
1,665 
1,2.36 
22,104 
3,  .584 
3,986 

36,663 

3,024 
2,346 
2, 1.33 
28, 055 
5,172 
5,427 

63,498 

2,976 
1,997 
1,962 
28, 425 
4,  467 
6,198 

64,995 

7,567 
3,454 
3.044 

39,951 
4,576 

10,659 

99,692 

.5,669 
3,529 
2,  473 

51,788 
6.808 
12,934 

125,476 

6.235 
3,0.56 
2,314 

59,202 
7,825 

14,625 

130,763 

3,399 
1,945 
1,.589 

51,613 
6,031 

12,579 

122,644 

.581 

299 

2.55 

11,401 

1,2.39 

2,672 

35,225 

20 

or 

77 

4,765 

614 

1,072 

19,478 

4 

5 

e 

7 
8 
9 

10 

3,765,060 
1,276,999 
3,926,976 

1,874.151 

318,390 
108,669 
340,  .507 

223.383 

6,007 
1,7.38 
5,195 

14,195 

7,174 
2,311 
5,975 

14,644 

9,742 
3,151 
7,933 

23,806 

11,403 
3,660 
9,853 

23,347 

15,634 
5,229 
15,900 

29,701 

21,706 

7,245 

24, 547 

21,864 

23,450 

9,125 

32,420 

16,030 

39,985 
13,517 
46,190 

17,738 

49,674 
16,901 
59,001 

18,802 

67,275 
18,362 
61,116 

19,066 

51,666         16,674 
19,611           5,247 
.51,467          13.404 

16,700           4,576 

9,300 
2,672 
7,506 

3,015 

11 
12 
13 

14 

1,181,990 

117.968 

4,899 

4,414 

6,466 

6,415         12,019 

12,372 

11,055 

13,282  ■      14,609 

14,662 

12,813  1        3,614 

■      2,449 

15 

135.390 
473.295 
51.. 532 
241.781 
279,992 

692,161 

13.544 
46.082 
4.341 
28, 544 
25, 457 

105. 415 

4(r2 
1,772 

125 
1,641 

9.59 

9,296 

460 
1,983 

139 
1,237 

696 

10, 130 

510 
2,3.56 

113 
1,795 

691 

18,340 

734 

2,226 
127 

2,682 
746 

16,932 

1,073 
3,635 
299 
5,371 
1,641 

17,682 

1,163 
4,703 
242 
4,184 
2,080 

9,492 

1,677 
4,199 
213 
2,313 
2,653 

4,975 

1.087 
4,8.58 
585 
2,271 
4,481 

4,456 

2,310 
6,153 
581 
2,051 
3,514 

4,193 

1,866 
6,416 
720 
2,316 
3,344 

4,404 

1,931 
5,215 
740 
2,011 
2,916 

3,887 

2.50 
1,6.35 
303 
4.30 
896 

1,062 

81 
931 
154 
342 
941 

566 

16 
17 
18 
19 
30 

21 

197,094 
111,309 
254.571 
129. 187 

9,547,927 

33,283 
20,3,=)3 
37,995 
13,784 

834,586 

2,916 

2,562 

3,153 

665 

14,275 

3,568 

3,007 

2,8l« 

689 

13,450 

7,035 
4,512 

6,717 
1,076 

19,347 

5,231 
3,218 
7,268 
1,225 

23,682 

6,248 
2,765 
6,948 
1,721 

35,757 

2,958 
1,268 
3,265 
2,001 

51,067 

1,437 
911 

1,934 
693 

66,663 

1,322 
&32 

1,615 
687 

131,502 

948 

417 

1.484 

1,344 

152,992 

778 

387 

1,673 

1,566 

166,728 

649 
334 

1.416 
1,488 

124,169 

141 
112 
451 
3.58 

30,207 

52 

28 

215 

271 

14,747 

22 
23 
24 
25 

26 

7,801,331 

680,238 

10,109 

10,299 

15, 651 

19,090 

28,708 

42,260 

56,466 

111,934 

121,645 

126,503 

100,612 

24,670  ;      12,291 

27 

2,435.737 

1,184.102 

2,  408. 866 

1, 109,  686 

662,940 

1,746,596 

211,989 
108, 854 
194.  782 
102. 936 
61,677 

154,348 

3,465 

2,518 

2, 938 

613 

575 

4, 166 

3,928 
2,099 
2,323 
1,120 
829 

3, 151 

5,585 
3,030 
3,819 
1,708 
1,509 

3,696 

6,692 
3,870 
4,904 
2.004 
1,620 

4,592 

9,037 
5,852 
7,037 
3,968 
2,814 

7,049 

13,456 
9,284 
9.146 
5,927 
4,447 

8,807 

18,289 
11,058 
12,225 
8.903 
5,991 

10, 197 

32,120 
18,490 
23,645 
26, 143 
11,536 

19,568 

35.623 
16,232 
.37,037 
20,266 
12,487 

31.347 

40,399 
17,056 
39,863 
18,425 
10,760 

30,' 225 

31,670 
13,193 
37,534 
11,140 
7,075 

23,657 

7,275  1        4,450 
3.894          2,278 
10,062  .        4,249 
1.896  i            823 
1,543              491 

5,537          2,456 

28 
29 
30 
31 
32 

33 

329.  437 
273.988 
706.966 
11.2S7 
18.921 
171,4.35 
234,562 

1,363,936 

28.049 
26, 132 
62, 128 
886 
1,543 
14,703 
20,907 

153, 150 

376 

747 

2,057 

1 

22 

278 

685 

8,583 

.500 

626 

1,366 

7 

15 

225 

412 

6,005 

599 

675 

1,711 

11 

10 

264 

426 

8,543 

691 
790 
2,131 
18 
30 
431 
501 

8,860 

985 
1,353 
3,227 
29 
.32 
446 
977 

22,232 

1,139 

1,785 

4,008 

37 

46 

560 

1,232 

21,704 

1,471 

2,292 

4,003 

29 

59 

732 

1,611 

11,094 

3,254 
4,391 
7,340 
86 
176 
1,470 
2,852 

18,554 

6,  .582 

5.286 

10,  .527 

127 

321 

3.883 

4,621 

15,326 

6,393 
4,287 
11,730 
253 
433 
3,392 
3,737 

14,944 

4,374 
3,081 
10,546 
224 
337 
2,375 
2,620 

12,250 

1,263 
652 
2.296 
51 
54 
493 
728 

3,239 

422 

167 

1,186 

14 

8 

154 

505 

1,810 

34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 

41 

778, 672 

91.263 

3,918 

3,928 

6,153 

6,339 

17.376 

14,309 

5,915 

8,856 

7.586 

7,596  ;        6,667 

1,612  ,        1,009 

42 

269,836 
228,925 
186, 433 
93,478 

685,264 

29.333 
28.004 
22,459 
11,467 

61,887  j 

1,108 

1,368 

977 

465 

4,66.5 

1,216 

1,331 

1,025 

356 

2,077 

1,604 

2,064 

2,100 

385 

2,390 

1,760 

1,773 

2,258 

648 

2,521 

4,113 
6,481 
4,344 
2,437 

4,857 

4,000 
4,362 
3,329 
2,618 

7,395 

2,240 

1,576 

1,641 

658 

5,179 

3,086 
2,424 
1,469 
1,877 

9,698 

3,198 

1,954 

1,667 

767 

7,740 

3.320 

2,026 

1,550 

700 

7,348 

2,433 
2,055 

1,603 
576 

5,583 

659 
407 
422 

124 

1,627 

996 
183 
174 
56 

807 

43 
44 
45 
46 

47 

146, 193 

139,031 

22.823 

22.0.39 

2.55. 178 

1,740,089 

14,723 

17,133 

2,054 

2,0.37 

25,940 

119,041 

.594 

1,901 

9 

27 

2,134 

1,410 

494 
736 
14 
21 
812 

1,095 

493 

941 

9 

36 

911 

1,375 

504 

1,007 

38 

44 

928 

1,759 

1,046 

1,933 

68 

82 

1,728 

2,688 

1,733 

2,388 

244 

106 

2,924 

2,690 

1,474 

1,634 

104 

75 

1,892 

3,012 

2,296 

2,489 

501 

526 

3,886 

7,014 

2.1S1 

1.691 

318 

338 

3,212 

13,505 

2.019 

1,235 

397 

441 

3,256 

30,261 

1,409 
801 
251 
294 

2,828 

32,505 

29S 

2.50 

88 

40 

951 

16,162 

182 
127 
13 

7 
478 

5,575 

48 
49 
SO 
51 
52 

53 

340,737 

22,007 

235 

178 

181 

242 

398 

363 

509 

1,222 

1.878 

5,  .537  1        6,551 

3,399 

1,314 

54 

83,968 
22,333 
33,964 
174,  .509 
25,963 

93,  467 

4,514 
1,460 
2,132 
11.811 
2.090 

6.044 

20 

40 

9 
3 

39 
103 

27 

58 

30 
4 

22 
124 
62 

53 

49                25 

20 

11 

43 

280 

155 

112 

46 
46 
92 

740 
298 

441 

87 
48 

229 
1,145 

369 

705 

%4           1,203 

1,424 
117 
506 

1,149 
203 

940 

597 

1 
4S3 
124 

474^ 

.55 
56 
57 
58 
59 

60 

29 
111 
75 

87 

28 
78 
32 

'  40 

35 

184 
114 

146 

21 
209 
98 

86 

428 

3,172 

325 

1.208 

612 

4,033 

208 

1,694 

54.  .188 
27, 399 
11.480 

1,305.885 

3,355 

2,0,53 

636 

90,990 

SO 
6 

1 

1,088 

27 
10 
3 

877 

26 

31 

1 

1,136 

22 

26 
5 

1,464 

33 

110 

3 

2,144 

43 
36 

7 

2,241 

47 

61 

4 

2,391 

149 

284 

8 

5,351 

340 

354 

11 

10,922 

628 
446 
134 

23.. 506 

961 

467 
266 

24,260 

670  1           329 
147  j             75  1 
123  '  .          70 

11,823          3,787 

6! 
62 
63 

64 

281.969 
122,442 
901.474 

20,680 

19,952 

9,272 
61,766 

1,444 

28.5 
129 
674 

250 

85 

542 

231 
92 
813 

232 

163 

1,069 

1 

317 

258 

1,569 

2 

384 

237 

1,620 

734 

263 

1,394 

135 

1,064 

797 

3,490 

61 

2,421 
1,513 
6,988 

181 

5,699 
2.672 
16,135 

569 

5,331 

1.910 

17,019 

223 

2,305              699  1 
860              293  1 
8.658           2.795 

65 
66 
67 

68 

1 

°u 

45254— .MF(i  190.i— I'T  4—08- 


-49 


744 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    GO.— CLASSIFIED   WEEKLY  EARNINGS— UNITED   STATES,   BY  STATES,  TERRITORIES,   AND   GEOGRAPHIC 
WITH  EARNINGS  AND  NUMBER  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS,  AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  MEN, 


- 

STATE    OR  TERRITORY. 

WOMEN   16 

rEARS  AND  OVER   (DISTEIBDTION  OF  NUMBER  BT  EARNINGS). 

Earnings. 

Number. 

I..ess  than 
J3. 

S3  to  S4. 

»4  to  S5. 

S5  to  »6. 

$3,633,481 

588,599 

43,858 

64,170 

88,657 

95,674 

*> 

2,592,665 

395,073 

19,914 

32,343 

52,751 

65,069 

New  EDglaad 

T 

1,423,966 

207,381 

6,467 

11,340 

22,912 

33,933 

Maine                                             

4 

59,440 

63, 178 

19,630 

997.840 

130,195 

153,683 

1,168,699 

8,684 
9,035 
3.170 
144.380 
19,537 
22,575 

187,692 

314 

287 
281 
4,346 
356 
883 

13,447 

570 

418 
317 

7,770 
850 

1,415 

21,003 

1,256 
799 
348 
15,616 
2,500 
2,393 

29,839 

1,455 
1,327 
429 
23, 448 
3,933 
3,341 

31,136 

a 

ff 

Rhode  Island                                          .              .-.           -. 

0 

ID 

New  York                                                                                                           -  - 

11 

706,  .S50 
167,088 
294,701 

213. 472 

108, 083 
27.690 
51,919 

48,311 

7,038 
2,225 
4,184 

10,461 

10,925 
3,185 
6,893 

10,596 

16,2.10 
4.444 
9,105 

10,270 

16,771 
4,819 
9,546 

6,901 

New  Jersey                          

13 
14 

15 

120, 132 

24,921 

4,551 

4,301 

4,772 

3,747 

16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 

9,619 
81,950 

2,205 
18,073 

8,285 

93,340 

1,874 

16,425 

431 

4,573 

1,618 

23,390 

186 

2,431 

86 

l.fill 

237 

5,910 

246 

2,809 

70 

879 

297 

6,295 

302 

3,369 

53 

759 

289 

5,498 

525 

2,408 

46 

546 

222 

3.154 

22 
23 
24 
25 

26 

37,  452 

24,  .0<1I 

21.741 

9,556 

051,782 

10,397 
6,406 
5,129 
1,458 

115,663 

2,933 

1.730 

1,123 

124 

10,324 

3,372 

1,587 

1,183 

153 

16,763 

2,441 

1,541 

1,239 

277 

21,287 

1,0.17 

1,045 

861 

211 

19.576 

27 

524,260 

93, 626 

8,452 

13,916 

17,  527 

16.059 

Ohio.  .              

28 
29 
30 
31 
32 

33 

168,284 
05,  sec. 

176,645 
84,812 
28,553 

127,522 

30,9.89 
13,C.-il 
27,001 
16.405 
5,581 

22,037 

2,978 
2,037 
1,570 
1,418 
449 

1,872 

5,027 
2,703 
2,3.36 
2.  .823 
1,027 

2,847 

6,203 
2,805 
3,829 
3,352 
1,278 

3,760 

5,779 
2,122 
4.300 
2,772 
1,086 

3,517 

Illinois         .           

Wisconsin  .                

Western  North  Central.                  

34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 

25,579 

18,063 

63,937 

840 

955 

9,251 

8,897 

68,823 

4,079 

3,648 

10,617 

124 

140 

1,653 

1,776 

14,689 

272 

593 

672 

3 

9 

91 

232 

2,209 

549 

601 

1.103 

7 

219 
356 

3.471 

600 

755 

1.731 

12 

U 

.130 

321 

2,992 

598 
.545 
1,799 
26 
20 
283 
246 

2,316 

Iowa                    

North  Dakota             -. 

KAnsas 

41 

South  Central  division 

Eastern  South  Central 

42 

51,177 

10,961 

1,612 

2,723 

2,286 

1.715 

Kentucky 

43 
44 

4.5 
46 

47 

24,780 
14,965 
8,809 
2,623 

17,646 

5,015 

3,425 

1,973 

548 

3,728 

715 

599 

260 

38 

597 

1,026 
943 
643 

111 

748 

926 
726 
486 
148 

706 

755 
529 
.101 
130 

601 

Ijoulsiana  

48 

8,244 
1,482 
341 
1,000 
6,579 

106,231 

1,824 

3.59 

64 

172 

1,309 

14,807 

364 

92 

5 

1.19 
9.10 

349 

106 
10 
22 

261 

997 

362 
.W 
11 
23 

252 

1.357 

362 
41 
14 

41 
153 

1,812 

49 

50 

Indian  Territory 

52 

Texas 

W 

Western  division 

Rocky  Mountain 

^4 

8,080 

1,103 

20 

51 

87 

164 

Montana 

fi5 

1,083 
465 
273 

0,2ft3 
56 

1,9.38 

126 
61 
.18 

809 
9 

343 

8 

3 

1 

3 

44 

10 
9 
3 

63 
2 

43 

11 
8 
7 
127 
1 

171 

Idaho 

f,7 

Wyoming       

1 
11 

RO 

New  Mexico        .          .   . 

f4) 

Basin  and  Plateau 

10 

22 

f\\ 

225 
1,597 

iin 

90,213 

,10 

299 

14 

13,.161 

1 

41 

1 

1,227 

11 
160 

f>7 

Utah 

10 

22 

A4 

ra«inc 

920 

924 

1,487 

M 

4,7.16 

5,112(1 

85,651 

608 

708 

844 

11,800 

66 

43 

(13 
814 

29 
.15 

860 

89 

64 

1.074 

113 
108 

1,260 

Itfl 

Ofpgon 

ft7 

Caillomlu 

t^H 

AlukA 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


745 


DIVISIONS— NUMBER    OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,  WOMEN,   AND   CHILDREN— IN    EACH.  GROUP     OF    EARNINGS, 
WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN  EMPLOYED  DURING  THE  YEAR,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Continued. 


WOMEN  10  YEARS   AND  OVER    (DISTRIBUTION    OF  NUMBER  BY 

EARNINGS)— continued. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS  (DISTRIBUTION  OF  NUMBER  BY  EARNINGS). 

$0  to  87. 

$7  to  J8. 

S8  to  $9. 

89toJ10. 

$10  to 
»12. 

$12  to 
$15. 

$15  and 
over. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Number. 

Less 
than  $3. 

$3  to  $4. 

$4  to  $5. 

$5  to  $6. 

$6  to  $7. 

$7  to  $8. 

$8  and 
over. 

97,311 

68, 192 

47, 170 

34,050 

29,033 

14,294 

5,590 

$312,023 

90,107 

31,860 

28,636 

17,905 

7,000 

3,280 

839 

587 

1 

70, 131 

51,320 

37,483 

27,390 

23,431 

11,058 

4,171 

168,207 

44,119 

10,028 

15,270 

11,330 

4,720 

1,984 

511 

276 

2 

41,247 

30, 194 

22,624 

17,075 

13,793 

5,910 

1,884 

93,177 

22,729 

3,710 

7,458 

6,845 

2,898 

1,293 

343 

182 

3 

1,436 
1,930 
024 
28,335 
4,053 
4,263 

28,884 

1,0.>S 
1,292 
431 
21,093 
2,  .589 
3,730 

21, 132 

799 

987 

272 

10, 150 

1,744 

2,666 

14,859 

003 

883 

208 

12,109 

1,295 

1,917 

10,321 

649 

844 

173 

9,i»SI 

1,0.39 

1,409 

9,636 

334 
218 
S4 
4,.3.W 
443 
470 

5,148 

155 
44 
3 
1,471 
135 
76 

2,287 

4,800 

1,477 

715 

62,863 

13,229 

10,087 

75,090 

1,145 

300 

207 

14,951 

3,025 

2,435 

21,390 

243 

42 

57 

2,048 

960 

354 

0,318 

311 

141 

78 

4,725 

1,444 

739 

7,812 

246 
114 
43 
4,799 
927 
716 

4,485 

123 
41 
13 

2,188 
190 
343 

1,822 

123 
23 

7 

866 

95 

179 

691 

62 

5 

4 

205 

2 

65 

168 

37 

5 

120 

1 
19 

94 

4 
S 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 

15,840 
4,221 
8,817 

5,028 

12,390 
3,332 
5,410 

2,521 

9,152 
2  279 
3)428 

1,146 

6,929 
1.320 
2,072 

587 

0,938 
1,070 
1,628 

398 

3,969 
586 
593 

274 

1,895 
209 
183 

129 

14,554 
12,426 
48, 110 

61,198 

4,002 
3,303 
13,885 

22,303 

873 

899 

4,544 

13,365 

1,718 
1,3.33 
4,701 

6,033 

919 

878 

2,688 

2,094 

340 

248 
1,234 

624 

102 
109 
480 

141' 

31 

17 

120 

36 

17 
19 

58 

10 

11 
12 
13 

14 

3,503 

2,059 

935 

514 

334 

162 

43 

15,635 

5,124 

2,636 

1,442 

594 

311 

108 

27 

6 

15 

468 

2,358 

77 

370 

224 

1,523 

99 
1,524 

48 
198 
190 

462 

14 
743 
20 
98 
60 

211 

9 

427 
12 
38 
28 

73 

18 
230 
12 
35 
39 

64 

7 
94 

5 
30 
26 

112 

1,341 

8,878 

228 

3,408 

1,780 

45,563 

305 

3,094 

64 

1,116 

485 

17,179 

90 

1,856 

10 

552 
128 

10,729 

110 
834 
31 
343 
124 

4,591 

104 
217 
12 
115 
146 

1,500 

37 
130 
5 
71 
42 

313 

4 
37 

5 
24 
38 

33 

10 

32 

2 
3 

86 

10 

1 

11 
5 

9 

4 

2' 

4 

17 
18 
19 
20 

21 

454 
354 

437 
280 

18,015 

114 
102 
156 
90 

11,284 

27 
30 
58 
90 

6,983 

11 

7 

30 

25 

4,421 

8 

1 

28 

27 

4,160 

19, 513 

15,787 

9,875 

388 

54,791 

7,  .560 

5,005 

3,808 

146 

15,146 

4,877 

3,490 

2,204 

98 

4,267 

2,123 

1,374 

1,062 

32 

4,973 

450 

049 

394 

7 

3,304 

90 
144 

72 
7 

1,316 

16 
6 
10 

1 

802 

3 

1 
5 

1 
1 
1 
1 

108 

m 

1 

8 

103 

2,064 

2 
6 
78 

786 

23 
24 

25 

176 

26 

14,176 

8,954 

5,601 

3,508 

3,222 

1,604 

607 

40,542 

11,194 

3,138 

3,909 

2,378 

1,011 

561 

124 

73 

27 

4,176 
1,944 
4,289 
2,969 
798 

3,839 

2,777 

97S 

3,  f)04 

1.311 

384 

2,, 330 

1,600 
499 

2,299 
870 
327 

1,382 

1,043 
219 

1,739 
402 
105 

913 

867 

181 

1,761 

330 

83 

938 

416 
63 
980 
105 
40 

460 

123 
39 

394 

47 

4 

179 

10,699 
7,890 

10,311 
5,998 
3,644 

14,249 

2.966 
2,103 
2,oSl 
1,637 
1,007 

3,952 

887 
652 
653 
400 
486 

1,129 

1,011 
398 

1, 122 
510 
662 

1,004 

509 
432 
698 
425 
314 

1,120 

302 
200 
290 
138 
81 

305 

225 
140 
87 
68 
41 

241 

23 
37 
24 
23 
17 

52 

9 
44 
7 
7 
6 

35 

28 
29 
30 
31 
32 

33 

024 
435 
2,086 
19 
30 
335 
310 

1,868 

417 
315 
1,270 
26 
12 
170 
120 

863 

344 
150 
745 
8 
10 
71 
54 

373 

202 
99 

453 
5 
16 
88 
50 

284 

277 
96 

452 
9 
10 
37 
67 

214 

137 
44 
228 
9 
5 
18 
19 

73 

59 
15 

78 

631 
2,1S1 
7,806 
06 
98 
1,614 
1,863 

18,475 

186 

034 

2,199 

22 

26 

384 

501 

6,459 

58 
230 
540 

10 

7 

113 

171 

3.644 

70 

172 

682 

6 

6 

41 

87 

1,905 

41 
148 
094 
1 
7 
115 
120 

611 

6 
43 
169 
5 
3 
30 
47 

183 

10 
26 
92 

1 

5 

13 

8 

9 

34 
35 
36 
.37 

5 
11 
11 

26 

2 
63 
4S 

68 

1 
8 
9 

22 

38 

14 
19 

26 

39 
40 

41 

1,281 

604 

290 

231 

164 

41 

14 

14,  447 

5,108 

3,132 

1.429 

448 

107 

40 

8 

4 

42 

606 
351 

174 
90 

587 

386 
122 
75 
21 

259 

201 

66 

18 

5 

83 

171 

51 
7 

2 

53 

125 

29 

8 

2 

SO 

33 
7 

11 
2 
1 

3,493 
4.541 
6,013 
1,400 

4,028 

1,242 

1.063 

1,759 

504 

1,291 

691 

978 

1,154 

309 

512 

375 
508 
421 
125 

476 

120 
132 
137 
53 

163 

33 

26 
40 
8 

70 

12 
16 
6 
6 

28 

3 
3 

2 


1 
1 

18 

43 
44 

4.5 

1 
32 

2 
18 

46 

12 

" 

223 
24 
10 
35 

295 

2,269 

128 
16 
6 
17 
92 

2,181 

38 
1 
1 
9 

34 

1,172 

9 
6 
4 
0 

28 

1,338 

4 
7 
2 
5 
32 

1,430 

4 
6 
1 
S 

16 

825 

1 
2 

« 

1,001 
828 
122 
160 

1,317 

9,169 

496 

288 

35 

44 

428 

2,106 

233 

121 

9 

12 

137 

555 

119 

117 

13 

15 

212 

422 

73 
25 
6 
7 
52 

366 

.30 

10 

4 

3 

17 

217 

12 
5 

1 
2 
8 

285 

7 
4 
2 
4 
1 

90 

16 

i' 

1 

171 

4S 
49 

an 

2 

7 

476 

51 
52 

53 

235 

124 

148 

103 

102 

47 

32 

1,773 

319 

47 

50 

63 

28               34 

22  ]          69 

54 

18 

14 

0 

193 

4 

48 

14 

7 

5 

98 

7 

10 

12 

5 

69 

1 

4 

23 
5 
2 

71 
1 

9 

7 
2 
3 
35 

9 
3 

1 
19 

411 
133 
17 
1,027 
185 

307 

58 
27 
3 
176 
53 

131 

6 
8 
3 
10 
20 

18 

4 
1 

11 
3 
1 

42 
6 

17 

1 

7 
1 

17 
2 

11 

5 
4 

8 

23 

4 

55 

■i5 

2 
139 

HT 

32 
19 

60 

24 

1 

18 

10 
4 

5 

41 

1 

2 

58 

15 

10 

6i               5 

60 

35 

6 

1,986 

3 

5 
2 

1,014 

2 
5 

2 

1,319 

5 
1 

1 
3 

1 

439 

62 
427 
18 

6,889 

13 

114 

4 

1,656 

1 

16 
1 

490 

4 
56 

1 
15 

1 

286 

4 

7 

1 
16 

1 

233 

1 
3 

1 

63 

1 
1 

100 

A1 

15 

2 
2 

1,231 

62 
63 

2,042 

772 

306 

178 

64 

161 

174 

1,6,51 

74 

146 

1,822 

17 

54 
69 
891 

13 

54 

93 

1,084 

24 

48 

54 

1,217 

26 
33 
713 

17    1            315                74 

3    '            004               1.33 

417            5,970           1.449 

2    1             1M  !               .■!4 

18 
26 
440 

1                1 

23 
25 
238 

33 

7 

17 

262 

7 
25 
146 

11 
27 
195 

2 
8 
53 

6 

5 

89 

65 
66 
67 

1 

746 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    TO.— CLASSIFIED   WEEKLY   EARNINGS— UNITED   STATES,  BY  STATES,  TERRITORIES,  AND    GEOGRAPHIC 

OF  ESTABLISH- 


STATE  OR  TEREITORT. 

Number 

of  es- 
tablish- 
ments. 

HEX   16  YE.VRS   -IND 

OVER    (PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION 

OF  NUMBER   BY   E.\RNINGS). 

Less 

than 

$3. 

{3  to  $4. 

$4  to  $5. 

$5  to  $6. 

$6toJ7. 

J7to$8. 

$8tot9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

JIO  to 

tl2. 

$12  to 

$15. 

$15  to 
$20. 

$20  to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over. 

1 

123,703 

2.2 

2.2 

3.4 

40 

6.2 

7.5 

7.9 

13.1 

15.6 

17.2 

14  7 

40 

2.0 

•> 

51,554 

1.4 

1.8 

2.7 

3.6 

5.6 

7.7 

8.6 

13.1 

16.2 

17.8 

15.5 

4  0 

2.0 

■\ 

15,166 

1.1 

1.4 

2.7 

40 

6.7 

8.9 

8.9 

13.3 

16  0 

17.7 

14  8 

3.2 

1.3 

4 

1,711 

810 

859 

^   8,724 

1,092 

1,970 

36,388 

1.5 
1.5 
2.2 
-       1.0 
1.0 
1.2 

1.6 

1.4 
1.7 
1.9 
1.3 
1.6 
1.3 

2.0 

1.9 
2.6 
2.6 
2.7 
3.1 
2.5 

2.7 

2.6 
4  5 
2.9 
42 
47 
3.4 

3.2 

6.9 
8.1 
7.4 
6.7 
7.9 
5.2 

4  8 

9.1 
11.5 
12.8 

8.5 

\\ 
7.0 

8.9 
9.8 
11.8 
8.7 
9.9 
8.1 

8.5 

22.6 
16.9 
18.2 
12.2 
10.2 
13.9 

13.0 

16.9 
17.2 
14  8 
15.8 
15.1 
16.9 

16.3 

15.7 
14  9 
13.9 
18.1 
17.4 
19.1 

17.8 

10.2 
9.5 
9.5 
15.8 
13.4 
16.4 

16  0 

1.7 
1.5 
1.5 
3.5 
2.8 
3.5 

4  6 

0.6 
0.3 
0.5 
1.5 
1.4 
1.4 

2.5 

■i 

f, 

Vermont 

7 

H 

Kbode  Island 

q 

Connecticut  - 

in 

New  York 

11 

19,030 
4,153 
13,205 

10, 181 

1        1.6 

1.6 

!        1.5 

1        6.4 

2.2 
2.1 
1.8 

6.5 

3.0 
2.9 
2.3 

10.7 

3.6 
3.4 
2.9 

10.4 

49 
4  8 
4  7 

13.3 

6.8 
6.7 
7.2 

9.8 

7.4 
8.4 
9.5 

7.2 

12.6 
12.4 
13.6 

7.9 

15.6 
15.6 
17.3 

8.4 

18.0 
16  9 
18.0 

8.5 

16.2 
18.0 
15.1 

7.5 

5.2 
4  8 
3.9 

2.0 

2.9 
2.4 
2.2 

1.4 

I' 

n 

Pennsylvania....        ... 

14 

South  Atlantic  division 

Northern  South  Atlantic . 

IS 

5,646 

41 

3.7 

4  6 

5.4 

10.2 

10.5 

9.4 

11.3 

12.4 

12.4 

10.9 

3.0 

2.1 

Delaware 

in 

380 
2,283 

276 
1,481 
1,226 

4,535 

3.0 
3.9 
2.9 

1        5.8 
3.8 

8.8 

3.4 
4.3 
3.2 
4.3 
2.3 

9.6 

3.8 
5.1 
2.6 
6.3 
2.7 

17.4 

5.4 
4  8 
2.9 
9.0 
2.9 

16.1 

7.9 
7.9 
6  9 
18.8 
6.5 

16.8 

8.6 
10.2 

5.6 
14  7 

8.2 

9.0 

12.4 
9.1 
4  9 
8.1 

10.4 

4  7 

8.0 
10.6 
13.5 

8.0 
17.6 

42 

17.0 
13.4 
13.4 
7.2 
13.8 

4  0 

13.8 
13.9 
16.6 
8.1 
13.1 

4  2 

14  3 
11.3 
17.0 
7.0 
11.5 

3.7 

1.8 
3.5 
7.0 
1.5 
3.5 

1.0 

0.6 
2.0 
3.5 
1.2 
3.7 

0.5 

17 

18 

District  of  Columbia 

w 

^ 

?i 

Southern  South  .-Vtlantic 

North  Carolina 

?? 

1,698 
791 

1,520 
520 

43,561 

8.8 
12.6 
8.3 
4.8 

1     >.v 

10.7 
14.8 
7.5 
5.0 

1.6 

21.1 
22.2 
15.1 

7.8 

2.3 

15.7 
15.8 
19.1 
8.9 

2.8 

18.8 
13.6 
18.3 
12.5 

4  3 

8.9 
6.2 
8.6 
14  5 

6.1 

43 
4  5 
5.1 
5.0 

8.0 

40 
41 
4  2 
5.0 

15.8 

2.8 
2.0 
3.9 
9.7 

18.3 

2.3 

1.9 

4  4 

11.4 

18.8 

2.0 
1.6 
3.7 
10.8 

149 

0.4 
0.6 
1.2 
2.6 

3.6 

0.2 
0.1 
0.6 
2.0 

l.S 

?i 

South  Carolina. . 

24 
25 

26 

Geor^a 

Florida 

North  Central  division 

Eastern  North  Central. 

?7 

30,477 

1.5 

1.5 

2.3 

2.8 

4  2 

6.2 

8.3 

16.5 

17.9 

18.6 

148 

.3.6 

1.8 

Ohio 

?8 

8,328 
4,678 
8,382 
4,303 
4,786 

13,084 

1.6 
2.3 
'        1.5 
0.6 
0.9 

2.7 

1.9 
1.9 
1.2 
1.1 
1.3 

2.0 

2.6 
2.8 
1.9 
1.7 
2.5 

2.4 

3.2 
3.5 
2.5 
1.9 

2.6 

3.0 

4  3 
5.4 
3.6 
3.9 
4  6 

4  5 

6.3 

8.5 
4  7 
5.8 
7.2 

5.7 

8.6 
10.2 
6.3 
8.6 
9.7 

6.6 

15.2 
17.0 
12.1 
25.4 
18.7 

12.7 

16  8 
14  9 
19.0 
19.7 
20.2 

20.3 

19.1 

15.7 
20.5 
17.9 
17.5 

19.6 

14  9 
12.1 
19.3 
10.8 

11.5 

15.3 

3.4 
3,6 
5.2 
1.8 
2.5 

3.6 

2.1 
2.1 
2.2 
0.8 
0.8 

1.6 

?fl 

m 

Illinois 

31 

7ff 

Wisconsin 

T? 

Western  North  Central 

Minnesota 

;i4 

2,779 
2,947 
3,836 
306 
445 
1,004 
1,677 

9,751 

1.3 
2.8 
3.3 
0.1 
1.4 
1.9 
3.3 

5.6 

1.8 
2.4 
2.2 
0.8 
1.0 
1.6 
2.0 

3.9 

2.1 
2.6 
2.8 
1.2 
0.7 
1.8 
2.0 

5.6 

2.5 
3.0 
3.4 
2.0 
1.9 
2.9 
2.4 

5.8 

3.5 
5.2 
5.2 
3.3 
2.1 
3.0 
4  7 

14  5 

41 
6.8 
6.5 
4  2 
.1.0 
3.8 
5.9 

14  2 

5.2 
8.8 
6.4 
3.3 
3.8 
5.0 
7.7 

7.2 

11.6 
16.8 
11.8 
9.6 
11.4 
10.0 
13.6 

12.1 

23.5 
20.3 
16  9 
14  3 
20.8 
26.4 
22.1 

10.0 

22.8 
16.4 
18.9 
28.5 
28.1 
23.1 
17.9 

9.8 

15.6 
11.8 
17.0 
25.3 
21.8 
16  2 
12.5 

8.0 

4  5 
2.5 
3.7 
5.8 
3.5 
3.4 
3.5 

2.1 

1.5 
0.6 
1.9 
1.6 
0.5 
1.0 
2.4 

1.2 

BR 

ilA 

Missouri 

37 

North  Dakota 

38 

South  Dakota 

30 

40 

Kansas 

41 

Eastern  South  Central 

4? 

5,400 

4.3 

4.3 

6.7 

7.0 

19.0 

15.7 

6.5 

9.7 

8.3 

8.3 

7.3 

1.8 

1.1 

Kentucky 

43 

2,251 

1,742 

786 

621 

4,351 

3.9 
4.9 
4.4 
4.0 

7.6 

4.1 
48 
46 
3.1 

3.4 

5.5 
7.4 
9.4 
3.4 

3.9 

6.0 
0.3 
10.1 
4  8 

41 

14  0 
23.1 
19.3 
21.2 

7.8 

13.6 
15.6 
14  8 
22.8 

11.9 

7.6 
5.6 
6.9 
4  9 

8.4 

10.5 
8.7 
6.5 

16.4 

15.7 

11.0 
7.0 
7.4 

6.7 

12.5 

11.3 
7.2 
6  9 
6.1 

11.9 

8.3 
7.3 
7.1 
5.0 

9.0 

2.2 
1.4 
1.9 
1.1 

2.6 

2.0 
0.7 

0.7  1 
0.5 

1.3 

44 

45 

Alabama 

4A 

Mississippi ; 

47 

Western  South  Central 

Ijoulsiana 

48 

748 

1,015 

332 

454 

1,802 

8,632 

4.0 
U.l 
0.4 
1.3 
8.2 

1.2 

3.4 
4  3 
0.7 
1.0 
3.1 

0.9 

3.4 
5.5 
0.4 
1.8 
3.5 

1.1 

3.4 
6.9 
1.9 
2.2 
3.6 

1.5 

7.1 
11.3 
3.3 
40 
0.7 

2.3 

11.8 
.13.9 
11.9 
5.2 
11.3 

2.3 

10.0 
9.5 
5.1 
3.7 
7.3 

2.5 

15.6 
145. 
24  4 
25.8 
15.0 

5.9 

14  8 
9.9 
15.5 
16.  C 
12.4 

11.3 

13.7 
7.2 
19.3 
21.7 
12.5 

25.4 

9.6 
4  7 
12.2 
14  4 
10.9 

27.3 

2.0 
1.5 
4  3 
2.0 
3.7 

13.6 

1.2 
0.7 
0.6 
0.3 
1.8 

47 

4D 

50 

Indian  Territory 

51 

5? 

Texas 

53 

Western  division 

Kocky  Mountain. 

Montana 

Idaho 

54 

1,616 

1.1 

0.8 

0.8 

1.1 

1.8 

1.0 

2.3 

6.6 

8.5 

25.2 

29.8 

15.4 

6.0 

55 

m 

227 
183 
101 
099 
100 

615 

114 
313 

88 

n.  mi 

^.■2 
4,348 

U 

0.4 

0.9 

0.2 
0.2 
1.8 
0.9 
1.3 

1.0 

0.7 
0.3 
I.O 
1.0 
3.0 

0.0 

1.1 
1.1 
1.0 
1.6 
6.4 

2.4 

0.0 
0.7 
1.0 
1.8 
4  7 

1.4 

0.4 
0.7 
2.0 
2.4 
7.4 

1.9 

1.0 
3.2 
4  3 
6.3 
14  3 

7.3 

1.9 
,3.3 

10.8 
9.7 

17.7 

11.7 

21.4 
44  4 
20.1 
26.9 
15.6 

20.0 

26.6 
33.9 
28.7 
341 
9.9 

28.0 

31.6 
8.0 

23.7 
9.7 
9.7 

15.6 

13.2 
4  2 
2.3 

4  1 
5.!) 

7.8 

57 

1.4 
0.9 
3.6 

1.4 

1.3 
0.7 
1.6 

0.7 

58 

5(1 

m 

(11 

2.4 
0.3 
0.2 

1.2 

0.8 
0.6 
0.6 

1.0 

0.8 
1.6 
0.2 

1.2 

0.7 
1.3 
0.8 

1.0 

1.0 
6.3 
0.S 

2.3 

1.3 

1.8 
1.1 

2.B 

1.4 
3.0 
0.0 

2.0 

4  4 

13.8 

1.2 

5.9 

10.1 

17.2 

1.7 

12.0 

18.7 
21.7 
21.1 

25.8 

28.6 
22.8 
41.8 

20.7 

20.0 
7.2 
19.3 

13.0 

9.8 
3.0 
11.0 

42 

(U 

Utah 

03 

Nevada 

64 

Pacinc 

WnshlnKton. . 

On«on 

Cairfr.rnlu... 

Alnaka 

65 
66 
67 

68 

1.4 
1.4 
1.1 

1.2 
0.9 
0.0 

1.2 
1.0 
1.3 

1.2 
1.8 
1.7 

0.1 

1.6 
2.8 
2.6, 

0.1 

1.0 
2.6 
2.6 

(1  1 

3.7 
2.8 
2.3 

<t  -1 

fi.3 
8.6 
.0.7 

4,2 

12.1 
10.3 
11.3 

12.6 

28.6 
28.8 
24  5 

39.4 

20.7 
20.0 
27.0 

16.4 

11.0 
9.3 
140 

13.2 

3.5 
3.2 
4  5 

6.0 

'  Leu  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


747 


DIVISIONS— PER    CENT    DISTRIBUTION    OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,    WOMEN,    AND    CHILDREN— WITH    NUMBER 
MENTS:  1905. 


WOMEN   10   VKAHS   ANli   (jVEI 

(I'EK  CKNT  Dl.STRIBUTION   OF  Nl'MBER   BY   EARNINQS). 

CBILDBEN  VNDER  16  YEARS 
BY 

I'ER  <  ENT  DISTHIBUTION  OF  NUMBEB 
EARNINGS). 

Less 
than  $3. 

$3  to 
{4. 

14  to 

(5. 

t5to 
S6. 

SO  to 
$7. 

$7  to 
$8. 

S8to 
»9. 

to  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

$12  to 
$15. 

$15  and 
over. 

Less 
tlian$3. 

$3  to  $4. 

$4  to  $5. 

$5  to  $6. 

$6  to  $7. 

$7  to  $8, 

$8  and 
over 

7.5 

10.9 

15.1 

16.3 

16.5 

11.6 

8.0 

5.8 

5.0 

2.4 

0.9 

35.3 

31.8 

19.9 

7.8 

::,., 

0,9 

0.7 

1 

6.0 

8.2 

13.4 

16.5 

17.8 

13.0 

9.5 

6.9 

5.9 

2.8 

1.0 

22.7 

34.6 

25.7 

10.7 

1.  .-J 

1,2 

0.6 

2 

3.1 

5.5 

U.O 

16.4 

19.9 

14.6 

10.9 

8.2 

6.6 

2.9 

0.9 

16.3 

32.8 

30.1 

12.8 

5.7 

1,5 

0.8 

3 

3.6 
3.2 
8.9 
3.0 
1.8 
3.9 

7.2 

6.6 
4.6 
10.0 
5.4 
4.4 
0.3 

11.2 

14.5 
8.8 
11.0 
10.8 
12.8 
10.6 

15.9 

16.8 
14.7 
13.5 
16.3 
20.1 
14.8 

16.6 

16.5 
21.5 
19.7 
19.6 
23.8 
18.9 

15.4 

12.1 
14.3 
13.0 
14.6 
13.3 
10.0 

11.3 

9.2 
10.9 

8.6 
11.2 

8.9 
11.8 

7.9 

7.6 

1} 
8.4 
6.6 
8.5 

5.5 

7.5 
9.3 
5.4 
6.7 
5.3 
6.2 

5.1 

3.8 
2.4 
2.6 
3.0 
2.3 
2.1 

2.7 

1.8 
0.5 
0.1 
1.0 
0.7 
0.3 

1.2 

21.2 
11.5 
27.5 
13.7 
26.6 
14.5 

29.5 

27.2 
38.5 
37.7 
31.6 
39.8 
31.2 

36.5 

21.5 
31.1 
20.8 
32.1 
25.6 
29.4 

21.0 

10.7 
11.2 

6.3 
14.6 

5.2 
14.1 

8.5 

10.8 
6.3 
3.4 
5.8 
2.6 
7.3 

3.2 

.5,4 
1,4 
1,9 
1,4 
0.1 
2.7 

0.8 

3.2 

4 

2.4 
0.8 
0.1 
0.8 

O.S 

6 

7 
8 
9 

10 

0.5 
8.0 
8.1 

21.6 

10.1 
11.5 
13.3 

21.9 

15.0 
16.1 
17.7 

21.3 

15.5 
17.4 
18.4 

14.3 

14.7 
15.2 
17.0 

10.4 

11.4 
12.0 
10.4 

5.2 

8.5 
8.2 
6.6 

2.4 

6.4 
4.8 
4.0 

1.2 

6.4 
3.9 
3.1 

0.8 

3.7 
2.1 
1.1 

'   0.6 

1.8 
0.8 
0.3 

0.3 

21.9 
25.7 
32.7 

59.9 

42.9 
38.1 
34.3 

27.1 

22.9 
25.0 
19.4 

.      9.< 

8.5 
7.1 
8.9 

2.8 

2.6 
3,1 
3.4 

0.6 

0,8 
0,5 
0.9 

0.2 

0.4 
0.5 
0.4 

(') 

11 
12 
13 

14 

18.3 

17.3 

19.1 

15.0 

14.1 

8.3 

3.7 

2.1 

1.3 

0.6 

0.2 

51.5 

28.1 

11.6 

«.l 

2.1 

0.5 

ai 

15 

9.9 
14.8 
19.9 
35.2 
14.6 

25,3 

13.1 

17.1 
16.2 
19.2 
18.4 

26.9 

16.1 
20.5 
12.3 
16.6 
17.9 

23.5 

28.0 
14.7 
10.7 
11.9 
13.7 

13.5 

25.0 
14.3 
17.9 
8.2 
13.9 

6.5 

5.3 
9.3 
11.1 
4.3 

11.7 

2.0 

0.7 
4.5 
4.6 
2.2 
3.7 

0.9 

0.5 
2.6 
2.8 
0.8 

1.7 

0.3 

1.0 
1.4 

2.8 
0.8 

2.4 

0.3 

0.4 
0.6 
1.2 
0.7 
1.6 

0.5 

'"'o'i' 
0.5 
0.1 
0.4 

0.3 

24.7 
60.0 
15.6 
49.5 
26.4 

62.5 

30.1 
27.0 
48.4 
30.7 
25.6 

26.7 

28.5 
7.0 
18.8 
10.3 
30.1 

8.7 

15.6 
4.4 

7.8 
6.4 
8.7 

1.8 

1.1 
1.2 
7.8 
2.1 
7.8 

0.2 

16 

0,3 
1.6 
1.0 
1.0 

0.1 

0.1 

17 

18 

1ft 

0.4 

20 
21 

28.2 
27.0 
21.9 
8.5 

8.9 

32.4 

24.8 
23.1 
10.5 

14.5 

23.5 

24.1 
24.2 
19.0 

18.4 

10.0 
16.3 
16.8 
14.5 

16.9 

4.4 

5.5 
8.5 
19.2 

15.6 

1.1 
1.6 
3.0 

6.2 

9.8 

0.2 

0.6 
1.1 
6.2 

6.0 

0.1 
0.1 
0.6 
1.7 

3.8 

0.1 

(') 
0.5 
1.8 

3.6 

64.6 
61.6 
59.5 
67.1 

28.2 

28.1 
24.3 
27.9 
21.9 

32.8 

6.0 
11.5 
10.3 

4.8 

23.1 

1.2 
2.5 
1.9 

4.8 

8.7 

0.2 
0.1 
0.3 
0.7 

5.3 

(■) 
0.1 

(>) 
(') 
(•) 

0.7 

0.7 

w 

0.2 
7.1 

1.8 

(') 
0.1 
5.3 

0.7 

23 
24 
?S 

1.2 

26 

9.0 

14.9 

18.7 

17.2 

15.1 

9.6 

6.0 

3.7 

3.4 

1.7 

0.7 

28.0 

34.9 

21.2 

9.0 

5.0 

1.2 

0.7 

27 

9.6 
14.9 
5.8 
8.7 
8.0 

8.5 

16.2 
19.8 

8.7 
17.2 
18.4 

12.9 

20.0 
21.0 

14.2 
20.4 
22.9 

17.1 

18.6 
15.5 
15.9 
16.9 
19.4 

16.0 

13.5 
14.2 
15.9 
18.1 
14.3 

17.4 

9.0 
7.2 
13.0 
8.0 
6.9 

10.6 

5.2 
3.7 

8.5 
5.3 
5.9 

6.3 

3.4 
1.6 
6.5 
2.5 
1.9 

4.1 

2.8 
1.3 
6.5 
2.0 
1.5 

4.2 

1.3 
0.5 
3.6 
0.6 
0.7 

2.1 

0.4 
0.3 
1.4 
0.3 
0.1 

0.8 

29.9 
31.0 
22.7 
28.1 
30.2 

28.6 

34.1 
28.4 
38.9 
31.5 
41.2 

26.9 

17.1 
20.5 
24.3 
26.0 
19.5 

28.5 

10.2 
9.5 

10.1 
8.4 
5.0 

7.7 

7.6 
6.7 
3.0 
4.2 
2.6 

6.1 

0.8 
1.8 
0.8 
1.4 
1.1 

1.3 

0.3 
2.1 
0.2 
0.4 
0.4 

0.9 

28 
29 
30 
31 
32 

33 

6.7 
16.3 
6.3 
2.4 
6.4 
5.5 
13.1 

15.0 

13.5 
16.5 
10.4 
5.6 
8.6 
13.2 
20.0 

23.6 

14.7 
20.7 
16.3 
9.7 
7.9 
20.0 
IS.  1 

20.4 

14.7 
15.0 
16.9 
21.0 
14.3 
17.1 
13.8 

15.7 

15.3 
11.9 
19.7 
15.3 
21.4 
20.3 
17.5 

12.7 

■   10.2 
8.6 
12.0 
21.0 
8.6 
10.3 
6.8 

5.9 

8.4 
4.1 
■      7.0 
6.4 
7.1 
4.3 
3.0 

2.>e 

4.9 
2.7 
4.3 
4.0 
11.4 
5.3 
2.8 

1.9 

6.8 
2.6 
4.3 
7.3 
7.1 
2.2 
3.2 

1.5 

3.4 
1.2 
2.1 
7.3 
3.6 
1.1 
1.1 

0.5 

1.4 
0.4 
0.7 

""3.6' 
0.7 
0.6 

0.2 

31.2 
36.3 
24.5 
45.5 
26.9 
29.4 
34.1 

56.4 

37.6 
27.1 
31.0 
27.3 
23.1 
10.7 
17.4 

29.5 

22.1 
23.3 
31.6 
4.5 
26.9 
30.0 
23.9 

9.6 

3.2 
7.1 
7.7 
22.7 
11.5 
7.8 
9.4 

2.8 

.5.4 
4.1 
4.2 

0.5 
0.8 
0.6 

?4 

1.3 
0.4 

35 
36 
37 

7.7 
16.4 
9.6 

1.1 

3.9 
2.1 
1.8 

0.3 

18 

3.6 
3.8 

0.4 

39 
40 

41 

14.7 

24.8 

20.9' 

15.7 

11.7 

5.5 

2.6 

2.1 

1.5 

0.4 

0.1 

60.6 

27.6 

8.7 

2.1 

0.8 

0.1 

0.1 

42 

14.3 
17.5 
13.2 
6.9 

16.0 

20.5 
27.5 
32.6 
20.3 

20.1 

18.5 
21.2 
24.6 
27.0 

18.9 

15.1 
15.4 
15.3 
23.7 

16.1 

13.3 
10.3 
8.8 
16.4 

15.8 

7.7 
3.6 
3.8 
3.8 

7.0 

4.0 
1.9 
0.9 
0.9 

2.2 

3.4 
l.S 
0.4 
0.4 

1.4 

2.4 
0.8 
0.4 
0.4 

1.3 

0.6 
0.2 

'  "o.'i' 

0.9 

0.2 
0.1 
(') 

0.3 

55.6 
58.8 
65.6 
61.3 

39.6 

30.3 
30.5 
23.9 
24.8 

36.9 

10.1 
7.9 
7.8 

10.5 

12.6 

2.6 
1.6 
2.3 
1.6 

5.9 

1.0 
1.0 
0.3 
1.2 

2.2 

0.2 
0.2 

b'.'i 

1.4 

0.2 

43 

44 

0.1 
0.2 

1.4 

45 
46 

47 

19.4 

25.6 

7.8 

4.1 

10.6 

6.4 

19.1 
29.5 
15.6 
12.8 
19.9 

6.7 

19.9 
16.2 
17.2 
13.4 
19.3 

9.2 

19.3 
11.4 
21.9 
23.8 
11.7 

12.3 

12.2 
6.7 
15.6 
20.3 
22.5 

15.3 

7.0 
4.4 
9.4 
9.9 
7.0 

14.7 

2.1 
0.3 
1.6 
5.2 

2.6 

7.9 

0.5 
1.7 
6.2 
3.5 
2.2 

9.0 

0.2 
1.9 
3.1 

2.9 
2.S 

9.7 

0.2 

1.7 
1.6 
2.9 
1.2 

5.6 

0.1 

0.6 

"'V.i' 
0.5 

3.2 

47.0 
42.0 
25.7 
27.3 
32.0 

26.4 

24.0 
40.6 
37.2 
34.1 
49.5 

20.0 

14.7 
8.7 
17.1 
15.9 
12.2 

17.4 

7.3 
5.6 
11.4 
6.8 
4.0 

10.3 

2.4 
1.7 
2.9 
4.5 
1.9 

13.5 

1.4 
1.4 
5.7 
9.1 
0.2 

4.3 

3.2 

48 
49 

in 

2.3 
0.2 

ai 

51 
52 

S3 

1.8 

4.6 

7.9 

14.0 

21.3 

11.2 

13.4 

9.3 

9.3 

4.3 

2.9 

14.7 

17.6 

19.7 

8.8 

10.7 

6.9 

21.6 

54 

6.4 

"'i'.i' 

1.3 

2.4 
1.6 
7.9 
5.1 

7.9 
14.8 
7.9 
7.2 
22.2 

12.5 

8.7 
13.1 
18.4 
14.6 
11.1 

49.9 

14.3 
22.9 
15.8 
22.2 
44.5 

14.0 

11.1 
11.5 
13.1 
11.3 

5.6 

""5.3 

16.0 

12.7 
19.7 
13.2 
7.9 
11.1 

1.2 

18.2 
8.2 
5.3 
8.2 

11.1 

2.6 

5.6 
3.3 
7.9 
4.0 

7.1 
4.9 
2.6 
2.2 

10.3 
29.7 
60.0 
5.7 
37.7 

13.7 

6.9 
3.7 

19.0 
11.1 
20.0 
23.9 
11.3 

13.0 

1.7 
25.9 
20.0 

9.6 

3.8 

8.4 

8.6 
14.8 

13.8 

39.7 
14.8 

55 

56 

57 

18.2 
35.9 

45.8 

13.6 
1.9 

13.7 

5.7 
7.5 

3.8 

23.3 
1.9 

1.6 

58 

m 

2.9 

6.4 

4.4 

2.9 

1.7 

1.5 

60 

1 

3.3 
13.7 
7.1 

9.2 

36.7 
53.5 

11.1 

23.3 
11.7 
42.9 

14.8 

""5.6 
15.3 

10.0 
1.7 
14.3 

7.6 

""o.V 

14.3 
9.2 

6.7 
1.7 
14.3 

9.9 

16.7 
0.3 

5.8 

3.3 
1.0 
7.1 

3.3 

7.7 
14.0 
25.0 

29.6 

30.7 
49.1 

7.7 
13.2 
25.0 

17.3 

30.8 
6.2 

7.7 
14.0 
25.0 

14.1 

7.7 
2.6 
25.0 

3.8 

7  7 
0.9 

61 

3.3 

7.4 

62 
61 

6.9 

6.9 

18.5 

10.7 

6.0 

«4 

6.1 
7.5 
6.9 

4.1 
4.1 
7.3 

12.6 
7.6 
9.1 

16.0 
12.8 
10.7 

22.7 
20.6 
14.0 

10.4 
17.3 
15.4 

30.3 

7.6 
8.2 

7.6 

23.2 

7.6 
11.0 

9.2 

1 

42.9 

6.8 
6.4 
10.3 

3.7 
3.9 
6.0 

2.4 
0.6 
3.5 

3.6 

24.3 
19.5 
30.8 

2.9 

31.1 
18.8 
17.8 

97.1 

9.5 
12.8 
18.1 

9.5 
18.8 
10.1 

14.8 
20.3 
13.5 

2.7 
6.0 
3.6 

8.1 
3.8 
6.1 

65 
66 
67 

68 

1 1 

748 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    71.— CLAS.SIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE   SELECTED    INDUSTRIES,   BY   STATES,  TERRITO- 
CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS  OF  EARNINGS;  TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND   NUMBER 

ACRICliltTURAl.  imPLiEMENTS. 


STATE  OE  TEEEITOET. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVEEAGE  WEEKLY   EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16  TEAES  AND   OVEE. 

All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
'and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent  distribution  of  numlier  by  earning.s. 

Less 
than 
$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to  $6  to 
$6.       $7. 

»7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division.. 
Maine 

362 

S10.90 

$10.97 

85.75 

$3.12 

$338,090 

31,016 

$336,653 

30,679 

1.4 

1.5 

2.4 

3.0 

5.2 

7.5 

11.1 

15.9 

16.2 

2 

88 

10.48 

10.53 

4.76 

2.84 

54,716 

5,222 

54,502 

5,182 

1.3 

1.5 

2.4 

2.4 

5.6 

9.9 

13.8 

16.6 

15.9 

3 

7 
6 

'44 
8 

23 

24 

.  10.45 

'  10.44 

10.91 

9.56 

9.83 

6.11 

7.26 
7.64 
5.69 

11.26 

10.45 
10.46 
10.96 
9.56 
9.90 

6.40 

397 
4,249 

32,370 
3,003 

14,697 

6,107 

38 
407 

2,968 
314 

1,495 

1,000 

397 
4,245 

32,268 
3,003 

14, 649 

6,973 

38 
400 

2,945 
314 

1,479 

933 

2.6 
8.4 
4.9 
3.2 
6.9 

12.5 

5.3 
11.8 

8.6 
10.2 
11.9 

9.2 

'i&s' 

12.5 
23.2 
13.7 

4.8 

47.4 
9.1 
16.4 
31.5 
14.9 

4.1 

21.0 
17.5 
16.3 
8.9 
15.9 

3.9 

4 

,S 

Massachusetts 

4.00 
4.94 

"3.06" 

0.7 
1.0 

"2.'4' 

13.5 

i.6 
0.9 
2.9 
2.6 

8.0 

i.5 
2.3 
2.0 
3.0 

16.2 

2.9 
1.7 
1.9 
3.6 

17.3 

n 

New  Jersey 

7 
8 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division.. 

4.00 
3.00 

2.77 
1.98 

f) 

5 
9 
10 

203 

7.26 
7.73 
6.04 

11.31 

1,248 

688 

4,271 

262,047 

172 

77 
751 

23,275 

1,248 

^T> 

12.8 

■i5.'2' 

0.9 

2.9 

1.3 

10.1 

1.0 

6.4 
18.7 
18.4 

1.8 

9.9 
13.3 
19.5 

2.3 

19.2 
20.0 
10.0 

4.1 

14.5 
12.0 
7.6 

6.8 

9.3 
2  7 
3.9 

11.2 

7.5 
8.0 
2.8 

16.8 

7.0 
2.7 
3.2 

17.4 

10 

11 

North  Carolina 

"3. '66' 

5.97 

4.00 
1.92 

4.30 

580            75 
4, 145          686 

12 

North  Central  division... 
Ohio 

261,019 

23,082 

13 

40 

25 

44 

28 

32 

8 

7 

15 

4 

11 

10.92 
11.04 
11.82 
11.09 
11.27 
9.98 
9. 13 

10.96 
11.07 
11.80 

6.92  '    3  on 

56,267 
24, 284 

5,152 
9  onn 

.55,918 

24,260 

97,485 

30,465 

40,479 

399 

4,758 

5,822 

1,433 

6,143 

5,101 

2,192 

8,218 

2,734 

3,667 

40 

515 

578 

137 

788 

0.7 
0.7 
1.3 
0.2 
0.4 

1.2 
1.3 

0.8 
0.3 
0.7 

2.1 
3.5 
1.5 
1.4 
0.9 
2.5 
4.1 
2.4 
3.6 

6.1 

2  3 
3.9 
2.1 
2.0 
1.8 

"s.b 

3.6 
2.9 

9.5 

3.6 
5.2 
3.2 
2  4 
5.7 
7.5 
9.1 
8.3 
8.8 

27.0 

7.6 
10.3 
4.5 
6.5 
6.9 
16.0 
12.2 
11.2 
13.9 

11.2 

1.5.1 
16.0 
8.6 
6.8 
12.5 

"e.'s' 

14.5 
18.2 

6.7 

16.4 
121 
18.4 
16.8 
19.0 
22.5 
17.5 
17.5 
5.1 

5.7 

18.0 
14.2 
15.1 
27.7 
16.8 
17.5 
12.6 
16.3 
19.0 

7.2 

14 

Indiana 

3.33 

2.80 
4.50 
3.53 
5.24 

Mi 

97,784  i     8;276 
30,531        2,7.'i2 
40,740       3,615 
399             40 
4,783           524 
5,822           578 
1,437           138 

6,239          819 

in 

Michigan.  .        .     . 

11.14  1     6.1)0 

17 

11.35 
9.98 
9.24 

6.20 

18 

Minnesota     

19 
20 
21 

22 

23 
24 

25 

26 

27 

5.00 

2.50 

4.5 
0.5 

6.4 
0.4 

Missouri     

10.07      10-07 

10.41 
7.62 

10.46 
7.80 

6.00 

4.00 
2.67 

South  Central  division... 

1.7 

9.5 

S 
3 

18 

7.40 
9.85 

14.36 

7.59 
9.85 

14.44 

6.00 

2.67 

5,530 
709 

7,106 

747 
72 

495 

5,434 
709 

7,089 

716 

72 

491 

1.1 
6.9 

0.2 

10.5 

6.4 
2.8 

1.2 

10.3 
1.4 

1.2 

28.8 
9.7 

2.4 

9.8 
26.0 

3.1 

7.0 
9.7 

6.3 

Texas 

4.2 
0.6 

9.7 
7.5 

Western  division. 

California 

4.25 

18 
"18 

14.36 
9.15 

14.44 
9.20 

7on 

4.25 


7, 106          ifta 

7,089 
1,867 

491 
203 

0.2 
3.0 

1.5 

1.2 
0.5 

1.2 

3.4 

2.4 

14.3 

3.1 
22.2 

0.6 

7.9 

7.5 
12.8 

6.3 
10.3 

.Ml  other  states 

1,875 

205 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 


1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division. . 

745 

'$10.24 

$11.88 

$7.60 

$3.56 

$941,674 

92,002 

$702,713 

59,142 

1.7 

2.4 

3.5 

4.4 

6.0 

6.6 

6.9 

9.0 

14.6 

2 

593 

22 
24 
401 
3 
71 
21 
51 

9 

10.62 

10.25 
9.23 

11.18 
9.33 
9.35 
8.61 
,     7.14 

7.71 

12.17 

7.89 

3.75 

785,924 

73,971 

592,105 

48,657 

L5 

1.9 

3.0 

3.9 

5.6 

6.4 

6.8 

9.0 

15.2 

a 

11.24 
10.36 
12.79 
10.05 
10.64 
10.40 
8.08 

9.37 

7.85 
7.31 
8.26 
6.75 
7.03 
6.47 
5.06 

5.92 

2.00 
4.30 
4.01 

"3.'62' 
3.26 
3.04 

2.60 

19,590 

45,742 

621,169 

681 

66,017 

8,001 

24,724 

2,700 

1,911 
4.9.56 
55,573 
73 
7,064 
929 
3,465 

350 

15,246 
33.221 

469.201 

.573 

49,8.57 

5.604 

18.403 

1.884 

1,,356 

3.209 

36,690 

57 

4,686 

539 

2,120 

201 

2.1 
3.1 
1.1 

■■2.'2' 
1.9 
4.2 

4.0 

1.4 
2.2 
1.4 
5.3 
2.7 
1.9 
7.0 

2.5 

1.6 
4.0 
2.4 
10.5 
4.6 
6.2 
9.2 

8.0 

3.8 
5.6 
3.2 
7.0 
0.2 
5.9 
8.8 

9.4 

6.3 
6.9 
6.1 
8.8- 
7.8 
5.0 
10.1 

9.4 

6.7 
8.7 
5.6 
6.3 
9.5 
8,5 
10.0 

7.5 

9.0 
8.0 
6.2 
10.5 
9.3 
7.0 
8.9 

5.0 

9.1 
11.6 
8.8 
8.8 
9.9 
10.8 
6.9 

9.9 

19.6 
18.3 
14.6 
21.0 
16.1 
12.8 
15.3 

18.4 

4 
s 
n 

New  Hampshire 

Massa^-'husetts 

Connecticut  .  .  . 

7 

New  Yoric 

R 

9 
10 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division. . 

11 

6 
3 

104 

7.77 
5.78 

8.68 

8.26 
7.80 
8.21 
8  63 
9.13 
9.(17 
S.29 
9.. 57 

8.44 

9.50 
6.38 

10.61 

S.92 
e.52 

2.68 
1.00 

3.43 

2,648 
52 

140,782 

341 
9 

16,228 

1,833 
61 

99,422 

193 

8 

9,371 

4.1 

2.6 

7.3 
26.0 

6.1 

8.8 
25.0 

6.5 

8.3 
37.5 

7.6 

7.8 

5.2 

9.8 

12.5 

S.O 

19.2 

11.5 

12 

North  Corollna 

North  Central  division.. . 
Ohio 

13 

2.6 

5.4 

7.2 

7.6 

14 

30 

3 

21 

11 

17 

7 

3 

12 

8 

10.13 
9.18 
'     9.91 
10  21 
10.87 
11.07 
(1. 93 
J   12.04 

8.91 

6.16 
6.38 
6.38 
0.12 
0.36 
7.13 
5.99 
7.65 

6.00 

3.26 
2.55 
2.65 
3.44 
3.97 
3.00 
3.00 
3.09 

2.67 

74,707 
2,035 
7,938 
4,718 
4,995 
9,576 
1,476 

35,337 

406 

9,046 
261 
967 
.547 
547. 
990 
178 

3,692 

48 

51,931 
1,.59S 
6.610 
3.  ,543 

7,2119 

1,063 

24,608 

392 

6,127 
174 
.566 
347 
3,55 
651 
107 

2,044 

44 

2.8 

"3.'4' 
2.0 

2.8 
0.1 
0.5 
2.0 

6.3 
6.8 

6.0 
2.6 
2.8 
6.6 
11.2 
3.2 

6.8 

7.2 
7.6 
8.8 
6.6 
3.4 
6.1 
8.4 
2.9 

7.3 
8.0 
6.0 
2.9 
7.3 
7.1 
3.7 
4.8 

22.7 

7.8 
9.8 
6.4 
7.2 
7.3 
7.8 
8.4 
7.2 

4.0 

7.4 
9.2 
6.5 
8.9 
9.9 
U.O 
1.9 
7.0 

13.6 

7.4 
12.6 
6.2 
7.5 
8.2 
4.0 
4.7 
9.3 

2.3 

9.4 
12.6 
9.0 
!2. 1 
11.0 
9.1 
8.4 
5.1 

6.8 

11.3 
12.1 
16.1 
14.1 
13.6 
11.7 
9.4 
9.7 

18.2 

Ifi 

in 

Illinois 

17 

Michigan 

IR 

Wisconsin 

19 

Minnesota 

?n 

Iowa         

71 

Missouri 

22 

South  Central  division... 
Louisiana 

23 

4 
4 

17 

7.00 
10.00 

11.07 

7.30 
10.67 

12.04 

6.00 
8.06 

2.00 
3.00 

4.00 

176 
230 

6,001 

26 
23 

4H0 

108 
224 

4,214 

23 
21 

360 

43.5 

4.4 
4.8 

8.6 

26.1 
8.3 

"i'.s 

2.3 

8.7 
4.8 

6.6 

13.0 
23.8 

10.0 

24 

Texas 

0.3 

14.3 
2.8 

25 

Western  division 

WashlUKton 

3.1 

4.3 

2(1 

3 
14 

«14 

13.08 
10.06 

7.17 

13.08 
11.96 

9.05 

314 

4.777 

6,772 

24 
436 

945 

314 
3,900 

4,696 

24 

326 

619 

4.2 
3.3 

4.2 

2.8 

3.9 

4.2 
8.9 

10.6 

4.1 
10.7 

14.0 

27 

8.06 
6.00 

4.00 
2.72 

3.4 

0.0 

4  6 

6,9 

■ 

8.0 
9.8 

2.4 
8.5 

6.7 
13.0 

28 

All  other  BtfttcR 

'Includes  Alabama,  1:  Arkansas,  1;  Colorado,  1;  Kentucky,  2:  Maryland,  2;  Nebraska,  1;  New  Hampshlra,  2:  Oregon,  1:  South  Carolina,  2:  South  Dakota,  2; 
Vermont,  2;  West  Virginia,  1.  j         •    ■  1  ,    .         »     .    . 


EARNINCS  OF  WA(iE-EARNER8. 


749 


RIES,     AND    CiEOdllAPinc     DIVISIONS— PER    CENT    DISTKIliUTION     OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,     WOMEN,     AND 
OF  ALL  WAGE-EAHNEHS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMIIICR  OF  ESTAHLISHMENTS:  1905. 

A«>iKIC(;L.TUKAL,    ■mi'L.KITIIiNTK. 


MEN  16  TEARS  AND 

ovEK— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEASS  AMD  OV^R. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

Per  cent  distribution 
of  nuniljcr  liy  earn- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 

I'cr cent  dislrilnition  ot  iiumliiT  l>y  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent  distrilmtion  of  nijm))cr  by 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 

to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

ber. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

$3 
to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
»5. 

$s 

to 
$6. 

$« 
to 
$7. 

17  j. 8 
to  .  and 
$8.  ;over 

18.4 

13.7 

3.0 

0.7 
0.3 

$845 

147' 

11.6 

9.5 

21.1 

8.2 

24.5 

8.8 

8.1 

6.8 

0.7 

0.7 

.$592 

190 

46.3 

25.3 

18.9 

4.2 

3.2 

1.6 

0.5 

1 

16.5 

11.8 

2.0 

100 

21 

9.5 

4.8 

66.7 

4.8 

9.5 

■  4.7 

54 

19 

47.4 

36.8 

15.8 

1 

15.8 
17.6 
18.3 
8.0 
14.4 

6.2 

5.3 
10.1 
14.0 
7.6 
9.1 

3.9 

2.6 
0.5 
2.8 

J 

0.5 
0.3 

4 
84 

1 
17 

100.0 
64.7 

^ 

5.9 

5.9 

5.9 

11.7 

5.9 

18 

6 

50.6 

16.7 

33.3 

f, 

tl 

1.3 
0.4 

0.3 

12 
3 

3 

1 

33.3 
100.0 

66.7 

30 
131 

13 
66 

46.1 
80.3 

46.2 
19.7 

7.7 

1 

ft 

■ 

6.4 

20.0 

4.7 

19.3 

3.5 
1.3 
4.2 

14.5 

0.6 

d 

8 
123 

318 

2 
64 

74 

si's' 

13.5 

100.0 
17.2 

29.7 

1(1 

0.4 
3.2 

0.7 

3 
710 

1 
119 

100.0 
11.8 

It 

9.2 

14.3 

10.1 

26.1 

9.2 

9.3 

8.4 

0.8 

0.8 

32.4 

10.8 

8.1 

4.1 

1.4 

12 

17.7 
17.2 
21.3 
26.4 
15.2 
22.5 
10  9 
12.5 
14.6 

8.1 

12.4 
12.8 
18.3 

8.1 
16.4 
12.5 
10.5 

8.0 
13.9 

4.6 

3.5 

2.6 
4.0 
1.8 
3.0 

0.4 

1.2 
0.9 
0.6 
0.7 

346 
10 

281 
6 
62 

50 

3 

54 

iJ 

'66.7' 
22.2 

6.0 

20.0 

14.0 

33.3 

7.4 

28.0 

10.0 

16.0 

4.0 

2.0 

3 

14 
18 
60 

1 
5 
4 
17 

ioo.o' 
"'i'e' 

100.0 

14.8 

11.1 

14.8 
100.0 
80.0 

7.4 

5.6 

14.8 

1.9 



50.0 
70.6 
7.9 

25.0 
23.5 
47.4 

25.0 
5.9 
16.8 

U 
If 

20.0 

199           38 

15.8 

7.9 

2.6 

n 

\f 

1.9 

5              1 

100.0 

20 

8 

50.0 

50.0 

11 

2.6 

2.2 

•K 

4 

72 

1 

27 

100.0 
18.5 

n 

1.8 

0.9 

24 

4 

100.0 

59.3 

22.2 

fi 

7.3 
16.7 

36.3 

4.0 
9.7 

31.2 

1.7 
2.8 

8.4 

0.8 
1.4 

1.6 

24 

4 

100.0 

72 

27 

59.3 

22.2 

IS.  .I 

n 

: :. 



?A 

17 

4 

100.0 

?,' 

36.3 
15.8 

31.2 
5.9 

8.4 
I.O 

1.6 
0.5 

17 

4 

100.0 

?f 

8 

2 

100.0 

?7 

1 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 


19.6 

18.3 

5.1 

1.9 

$229,468 

30, 195       4.  6 

6.8 

9.3 

11.6 

12.2 

12.4 

10.5 

9.9 

11.8 

7.9 

3.0 

$9,493  1  2,665  1  32.3 

30.9  !  24.2 

7.7  1  3.9 

0.6  1  0.4 

20.3 

18.8 

5.5 

2.1 

188,439 

23,878 

3.9 

5.0 

8.3 

10.7 

12.3 

12.7 

11.0 

10.8 

13.0 

8.9 

3.4 

5,380 

1,436 

25.7 

32.5  j  24.8  jlO.2 

5.4 

0.9  1  0.5 

22.5 
19.4 
21.3 
7.0 
16.3 
22.3 
11.6 

14.4 

13.1 
10.0 
21.7 
3.5 
9.7 
14.6 
6.3 

4.5 

3.1 
2.8 
6.2 
10.5 
4.1 
3.1 
1.2 

6.0 

1.7 
0.4 
2.4 
1.8 
1.6 
0.4 
0.5 

LO 

4,340 

12, 164 

148, 219 

108 

15, 746 

2,270 

5,592 

764 

653 
1,664 
17, 948 
16 
2,241 
351 
1,105 

129 

2.7 
5.9 
3.1 

18.8 
4.3 
1.1 

14.8 

6.2 

5.4 
5.8 
3.8 
6.3 
7.7 
9.1 
16.4 

13.2 

9.9 
9.8 
6.7 
6.2 
12.5 
19.4 
18.5 

17.9 

9.8 
11.9 
9.8 

'ii'.B 

18.5 
17.5 

18.6 

15.6 
12.7 
11.8 
25.0 
15.0 
12.0 
12.7 

11.6 

11.0 
13.6 
12.8 
18.8 
13.1 
9.1 
9.3 

8.5 

11.8 
11.2 
11.3 
12.5 
12.4 
9.1 
4.5 

18.6 

10.3 
10.7 

n.8 

15.6 
10.9 
14.4 

6.3 
5.9 
10.3 
6.2 
5.2 
6.0 
0.6 

0.8 

1.6 
1.6 
4.2 
6.2 
1.4 

4 

357 

3,749 

2 

83 

935 

100.0 

1.2 

18.1 

35.0 
30.6 

44.6   10.8 
29.1    13.2 

6.0 
7.2 

2.4 
1.2 

0.8 " 

t 

6.7 
10.0 
2.2 

2.3 

8.9 
5.7 
3.5 

2.3 

414 

127 
729 

52 

137 

39 
240 

20 

46.0 
12.8 
53.8 

55.0 

38.0 
71.8 
30.0 

35.0 

10.9 
10.2 
11.7 

10.0 

4.4 
2.6 
2.9 

0.7 
2.6 
1.2 



0.4 

! 
1( 

15.0 

4.7 

6.2 

1.0 

764 

129 

6.2 

13.2 

17.9 

18.6 

11.6 

8.5 

18.6 

2.3 

2.3 

0.8 

51  j        19  1  52.6 
1             1    100.0 

3,735  1  1,090  1  37.9 

36.9 

10.5 

1 
1' 

16.3 

14.5 
10.9 

17.8 
22.8 
17.7 
19.7 
19.6 
18.2 

13.6 

16.1 

3.5 

1.0 

37,625 

5,767 

7.0 

13.4 

12.8 

15.5 

11.9 

11.4 

8.6 

6.7 

7.3 

4.3 

1.1 

27.5 

26.1 

5.4 

2.6 

0.2 

0.3 

i; 

14.4 
9.8 
11.3 
12.7 
9.9 
19.5 
14.0 
22.9 

9.1 

3.3 
1.7 
3.0 
1.4 
3.1 
2.3 
1.0 
5.5 

2.3 

0.9 

o.'s' 

0.3 
3.1 

1.6 

21,240 
409 

2,164 

1,113 
992 

2,331 
401 

8,975 

5 

3,447 

76 

339 

182 

156 

327 

67 

1,173 

1 

8.2 
5.3 

11.2 
3.3 
4.6 
3.7 

11.9 
4.0 

14.5 
23.7 
15.1 
19.8 
14.7 
14.7 
19.4 
7.3 

14.4 
10.5 
14.2 
14.3 

8.3 
11.9 
11.9 

8.6 

17.6 
13.2 

8.6 
15.9 
25.6 
10.4 

9.0 
11.6 

100.0 

12.4 
18.4 
9.1 
13.7 
14.8 
10.1 
11.9 
10.6 

11.2 
13.2 
10.0 
8.2 
9.0 
8.9 
6.0 
14.2 

8.0 
5.3 
6.5 
3.9 

12.8 
8.0 
9.0 

11.5 

6.2 
5.2 
9.7 
11.0 
5.8 
7.6 
8.9 
6.7 

4.5 
5.2 
9.1 
5.5 
1.3 

15.0 
4.5 

14.1 

2.5 

h'.o 

2.8 
3.2 
7.3 
6.0 
9.0 

0.5 

i.'s' 

1.6 

z'i 

1.5 
2.4 

1,536 
28 
164 
62 
143 
36 
12 
1,754 

8 

472 
11 
62 
18 
36 
12 
4 

475 

3 

57.6 
90.9 
62.9 
5.5 
19.4 
58.3 
50.0 
15.8 

33.3 

22.5 
9.1 
35.5 
77.8 
38.9 
41.7 
25.0 
28.8 

66.7 

10.0 

3.4 

5.5 

0.4 

0.6 

1 
1 

ih'.i' 

30.6 

25.'6' 
47.0 

1.6 

h'h' 

"s's" 

::::: 

::::: 

i< 

1 
If 

1! 
2( 
2 

r 

4.3 
23.8 

14.6 

5 

1 

100.0 

i 

2 
6 

8 

1  !ioo.o 

2    

' 

">■ 

19.0 
30.3 

4.7 
8.6 

ton.o 

Oi 

0.3 

869 

108 

3.7 

10.2 

5.6 

18. 5 

14.8 

2.8 

20.4 

13.0 

9.2 

1.8 

2 

1 

100.0 

?■ 

"i2.'6' 
11.7 

50.0 
30.1 

8.9 

33.3 
9.2 

1.5 

1 

">( 

0.3 
0.4 

869 
1,766 

108 
312 

9.3 

3.7 
17.3 

10.2 
19.5 

5.6 
13.5 

18.5  1  i4.8 
10. 9     10. 9 

2.8 
3.5 

20.4 
5.1 

13.0 
7.4 

9.2 
2.6 

•1.8 

8 
310 

2 166.6 

114     5S.8     4L2     

1 





2- 
2S 

2  Includes  Delaware,'  1;  Georgia,  2;  Indian  Territory,  1;  Kentuclty,  2:  Nebraslsa.  1;  Oregon,  2;  Rhode  Island,  1:  Utah,  1;  Vermont,  1;  Virginia.  2. 


750 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    71.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNI^■GS— TWENTY-FIVE    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES,    BY    STATES,   TERRITO- 
CHILDREN— BY  CiROUPS  OF  EARNINGS;   TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND   NUMBER 

'CAKRIAGES  A!VU  WAGONS. 


1 

STATE  OE  TEEEITOET. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EAEN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN   16 

YE.1KS  AND 

OVER 

All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings, 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent  distribution  of  number 

l;>y  ea 

rnings. 

Less 

than 

S3. 

S3  to 
S4. 

S4to 

S5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

S6to 

S7. 

$7  to 

88. 

?8to 
$9. 

$9  to 
SIO. 

SIO  to 
S12. 

1 

United  States...... 

North  .\tlantic  division. . 
Maine 

3,433 

S10.69 

J10.83 

S5.8S 

S3. 53 

$448,841 

41,978 

$443,854 

40,981 

1.6 

1.7 

2.6 

3.0 

5.6 

7.6 

6.7 

15.4 

16.3 

2 

1.441 

11.78 

11.85 

6.01 

3.02 

155,245 

13, 181 

154,568 

13,043 

0.7 

1.1 

0.3 
2.1 
1.1 
0.3 
l.l 
0.2 
1.2 
0.3 
2.2 

5.9 

1.4 

1.8 

4.1 

5.2 

47 

10.5 

17.8 

1 

105 
25 
21 
254 
21 
58 
396 
155 
406 

358 

10.42 
11.60 
10.28 
12.51 
11.96 
13.91 
11.88 
12.02 
10.76 

&36 

10.42 
11.60 
10.28 
12.55 
12.04 
13.96 
11.97 
12.05 
10.80 

8.57 

3,604 

1,682 

915 

31,699 

2,249 

9,643 

55.284 

13.210 

36,959 

26,689 

346 

145 

89 

2,534 

188 

693 

4,652 

1,099 

3,435 

a,  191 

3,604 

1,682 

915 

,11,582 

2,228 

9,617 

54.950 

13.196 

36,794 

26,199 

346 
145 

89 
2,517 
185 
689 
4,589 
1.095 
3,388 

3,056 

0.6 

"'6.i' 

0.5 

"1.2" 
0.2 
0.9 

2.9 

""2.'2' 
0.4 
0.5 
0.4 
1.4 
0.8 
2.7 

9.1 

1.7 
1.4 
3.4 
1.3 
1.1 
0.7 
1.7 
1.2 
3.0 

8.1 

6.4 
2.8 
4.5 
2.6 
1.1 
2.2 
3.2 
4.1 
6.8 

11.6 

9.8 
5.5 
5.6 
2.3 
2.7 
3.3 
3.9 
3.3 
9.6 

11.0 

3.2 
3.4 
45 
2.6 
5.4 
2.0 
4  8 
5.0 
7.0 

7.8 

25.7 
14  5 
21.4 
6.8 
8.6 
5.2 
10.4 
11.9 
12.1 

10.1 

12.7 
14  5 
15.7 
17.7 
16.8 
15.7 
21.0 
16.6 
15.0 

9.8 

4 

New  Hampshire 

■i 

. 

6 

7 

^ 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

7.00 
7.00 
6.50 
5.90 
5.00 
492 

6.56 

5.00 

"3.' 66' 
3.00 
2.97 

.1.18 

<t 

New  York 

in 

New  Jersey 

11 

12 

Pennsylvania 

Soath  Atlantic  division. . 

n 

17 
85 
3 
59 
26 
78 
27 
43 
20 

1,236 

10.81 
9.52 

10.54 
8.11 

10.57 
7.06 
6.77 
a  62 
9.98 

10.35 

10.90 
9.56 

10.72 
8.51 

10.57 
7.30 
6.95 
8.74 
9.98 

10.49 

2.00 
2.  .13 
6.00 
2.68 

1.473 
5,637 
274 
4.469 
1,839 
6,268 
1,868 
3,843 
1,018 

222.952 

1,16 
.W2 
26 
551 
174 
888 
276 
446 
102 

21,646 

1,471 
5,630 
268 
4,367 
1,839 
6,065 
1.793 
3.748 
1,018 

219,4/0 

135 
589 
25 
513 
174 
811 
258 
429 
102 

20,915 

2.2 
2.2 
12.0 
3.1 
0.6 
3.9 
5.0 
1.9 

1.9 

2.2 
3.2 
4.0 
7.2 
0.6 
4.7 
12.0 
10.5 
2.9 

1.4 

3.0 
3.7 

"ii."3' 

1.2 
13.2 
17.8 
7.5 
2.9 

2.2 

2.2 
3.9 
4.0 
10.1 
6.9 
12.9 
10.1 
4.7 
4.9 

2.6 

1.5 
10.0 

8.0 
13.5 
10.3 
12.3 
12.8 
14  4 

7  9 

4.9 

•7.4 
10.0 

5.2 

8.7 

9.6 
12.9 

ao 

ao 

10.3 
9.7 
8.5 

11.0 
3.8 

20.7 

a  9 
14  3 
16.0 

6.4 
10.3 

6.7 

7.0 
13.0 

ia6 

17.8 

14 

Maryland 

i^i 

District  o(  Columbia . 
Virginia.        

16 

8.2 
8.6 
14  8 
7.8 
11.2 
17.7 

7.7 

5.5 
6.3 
11.2 
6.2 
6.5 
2.9 

7.8 

17 

West  Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

North  Central  division... 

Ohio 

18 
19 
20 
?1 

4.20 
7.33 
16.00 

3.43 
2.58 
4.20 

22 

5.84 

4.17 

23 
04 

224 
139 
198 
136 
190 
91 
_      69 
149 
11 
29 

181 

10.62 
9.59 
11.54 
10.25 
10.11 
10.  05 
10.23 
11.63 
11.40 
9.16 

9.21 

10.77 
9.80 
11.65 
10.  35 
10.13 
10.09 
10.30 
11.73 
11.40 
9.28 

9.45 

5.89 
5.65 
5.15 
6.64 
6.00 
5.33 
5.50 
5.75 

3.67 
4.34 
3.93 
3.00 
2.00 
3.00 

"'3.' 50' 

43,597 

70,311 

29,788 

35,263 

7,868 

6,837 

5,565 

20,976 

8.12 

1,915 

26,676 

4,105 

7,334 

2,581 

3,439 

778 

680 

544 

1,803 

73 

209 

2.875 

42.891 

68.  510 

29.594 

34,702 

7,860 

6,818 

5,521 

20,840 

832 

1.902 

26.385 

3,984 

6,994 

2,540 

3,354 

776 

676 

536 

1,777 

73 

205 

2,793 

0.8 
3.8 
0.7 
0.8 
0.5 
0.2 
0.7 
1.1 

2.1 
1.0 
1.1 
1.6 
0.6 
1.0 
1.3 
1.4 

3.1 
2.2 
2.4 
1.9 
1.2 
0.9 
1.7 
1.7 
2.7 
3.4 

4.9 

3.2 
2.1 
3.1 
1.9 
3.6 
3.0 
4.3 
2.9 
1.4 
3.9 

6.1 

5.3 
4  8 
3.6 
4  9 
4  8 
4  1 
10.6 
5.2 
1.4 
7.8 

12.5 

7.9 
7.8 
5.2 
9.3 
7.4 
13.0 
5.6 
5.3 
11.0 
10.7 

16.9 

9.3 
7.6 
7.3 
9.3 
6-4 
9.9 
41 
5.1 
2.7 
2.4 

8.4 

15.5 
29.4 
11.7 
20.5 
21.3 
20.4 
23.5 
11.3 
12.3 

lai 

9.1 

16.0 

17.2 
20.2 
19.3 
23.1 
14  4 
1.5.9 
19.0 
13.7 
10.7 

9.8 

""> 

Illinois 

■'fi 

?7 

og 

29 

?0 

Iowa 

Missouri 

V 

Nebraska 

T> 

3.00 
4.65 

3.  .13 
3.26 

5.4 
2.4 

4.9 
2.6 

33 

South  Central  division... 
Kentucky         .  . 

34 

70 

34 

9 

7 

?^ 
23 

4 

9 

214 

9.11 
8.88 
8.94 
8.68 
10.72 
12.48 
11.20 
&03 

14.49 

9.31 
8.98 
9.  .10 
8  76 
10.81 
12.48 
11.20 
8.03 

14.67 

4.62 
5.00 

3.  ,53 
3.00 
3.00 
2.00 
2.50 

13,211 

5,738 

2,521 

738 

1.983 

1,547 

392 

546 

17,139 

1,450 
646 
282 
85 
185 
124 
35 
68 

1,176 

13, 010 

.5,703 

2,473 

736 

1,978 

1.547 

.192 

546 

17,092 

1,398 
635 
266 
84 
181 
124 
35 
68 

1,165 

1.6 
6.0 

2.4 
3.3 

1.5 
1.2 
3.8 

4.8 
6.8 
4.1 

"i.O 
3.2 
5.7 
3.0 

1.4 

6.5 
6  9 
10.1 
1.2 
0.6 

io.'s' 

1,3 

8.7 
16.4 
20.3 
3,'i.  / 
9.8 
5.7 
17.1 
13.2 

2  4 

23.6 
12.1 
10.9 
13.1 
8.8 
40 

10.6 
6.9 

7.5 
1.2 
2.2 
8.9 

a  4 
a  8 
a  6 

22.6 
14  2 
4  8 
5.7 
5.8 

49 

11.2 
7.6 

11.7 
1.2 
8.7 

10.5 
2.9 

11.8 

5.5 

Ti 

Tennessee 

16 

17 

IS 

V» 

Texas 

40 

41 

Arkansas 

7.4 
0.5 

10.3 
0.9 

5.9 
2.8 

8.8 
2.2 

42 

Western  division 

Montana 

4.27 

41 

4 

30 

3 

16 

9 

152 

■  3 

22.79 
14.64 
14.45 
15.76 
15.69 
14.20 

15.56 

24.31 
15.08 
14.45 
15.76 
15.69 
14.24 

15.56 

3.00 
4.00 

319 

2,2.56 
159 

2,001 

549 

11,855 

140 

14 
154 

11 
127 

35 
835 

9 

316 
2.232 

159 
2,001 

549 
11,835 

140 

13 
148 

11 
127 

35 
831 

9 

44 

1.3 
18.2 
0.8 

1.4 

2.7 

1.4 

2.0 

ia2 

4  7 
2.9 
5.4 

U.l 

4  7 
9.1 
3.9 
2.8 
6.0 

4<i 

Utah           

46 

I 

3,1 

0.8 
2.9 
2.9 

O.S 
2.9 
3.3 

2.4 

"i'.h' 

47 

Oregon 

48 

5.66 

0.7 

1.2 

1,4 

1.2 

40 

1 

<XOTHING,  MEN'S. 


1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division.. 
Maine       .           ... 

1,607 

$8.50 

$12.23 

$6.07 

$2,08 

$402,605 

47,344 

$233,627 

19,095 

0.9 

2.2 

3.1 

4  0 

6,2 

6.0 

6.7 

7.7 

149 

2 

902 

9.53 

12.31 

6.43 

3.41 

232,302 

24,379 

169,451 

12,949 

0.9 

2.3 

3.1 

41 

4  6 

0.0 

6.9 

7.7 

IS.  2 

1 

13 
3 
149 
0 
0S7 
3G 
128 

73 

6.45 
S.30 
0.41 
7.97 

9.ai 

7.73 
9. 35 

&21 

9.39 
a  31 
12.85 
12.  63 
12.  .10 
11.  Kl 
12.01 

11.91 

5.69 
4  87 
0.88 
7.36 
6.47 
,5.  64 
5.95 

5.47 

"i'M' 

'  a  36' 

3.00 
2. 95 

2.67 

1,000 

1,009 

39,602 

1,665 

1.5a  798 

6,186 

22.882 

25,993 

248 

316 

4,199 

209 

10, 162 

800 

2,440 

3,100 

479 

324 

23,084 

.Wl 

115,189 

3,237 

16,835 

16,400 

51 
39 

1,797 
24 

9,362 
274 

1,402 

1,384 

""7."7' 
0.1 

2.0 
5.1 
0.4 

6.9 
7.7 
0.4 
4.1 
3.9 
1.1 
1.4 

4  0 

"2.  a 

1,0 
4  1 
4  8 
2,5 
3,5 

3,6 

5,9 
7,7 
2,2 
4  2 
5,2 
2  6 
4  2 

41 

7.8 
17.9 
3.9 

31.4 
6.1 
7.6 

21.6 
in.  3 
9.9 
10.7 

9.8 
20.5 
16.6 
12.5 

4 

Vermont 

s 

A 

Mnssiichusctts 

Connecticut 

7 

New  York 

1,1 
0.4 
0.7 

0.4 

2.8 
\i 
2,6 

6.4 
10.6 
5.0 

6.S 

6.4 
7.7 

a  3 
6.8 

6.8  i  14  4 
14  6     1.5.0 

a9  j  ia8 

7.9  lai 

H 

New  Joriwy 

9 
10 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division.. 
Maryland 

11 

OS 

4.37 

12. 15 
6.71 

5.71 
417 

3.19  I 
1.50 

24,447 
1,640 

2,812 
364 

16,094 
396 

1,32.5 
69 

0.3 
3.4 

2.0 
13.6 

3.8 
8,6 

3,2 
11,9 

3,6 
16.9 

6.4 
16,0 

6.6 
10.2 

7.9    lao 

8.6  1    6.1 

12 

North  Carolloa 

■  Includes  New  Mexico, 


North  Dakota,  I;  .^oulh  liukotii,  1. 


EARNINGS  OF  WACJE-EARNERS. 


751 


RIES.    AND     GEOGRAPHIC     DIVISIONS     PER     CENT    DISTRIBUTION    OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,     WOMEN,     AND 
OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF   EACH  CLASS:  WITH  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Continued. 

CAKKIAKES  ANU  WAUONS. 


MEK  16  TEAKS  AND 

OVEE— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEAES  AND  OVER. 

CHILDBEN  iniDEB  16  YRABfl 

rcr  cent  distribution 
of  niunber  by  earn- 
ings— Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 

Per cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Earn-    Num- 
ings.      ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by 

earnincH. 

$12 
to 
»15. 

$15   1  S20 
to    1   to 
$20.  '  $25. 

1 

$25 
and 
over 

ber. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

S3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

S5 
to 
$6. 

S6         $7 
to    1    to 
$7.    I    $8. 

1 

$8 
to 
$9. 

89 
to 
$10. 

SIU 
to 
$12. 

SI2 
to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

«.!       84 
to    ,   to 
$4.    \  $5. 

$.5     ii; 

to      to 
$6.      $7. 

I 

S7       $8 
to     and 
$8.    over 

1 

21.6 

15.2 

2.2 

0.5 

$3,702 

633 

5.2 

13.4 

15.0 

18.2 

17.4 

14.9 

8.5 

4.4 

1.9 

0.6 

O.S 

$1,285        364 

34.0 

26.4  23.9 

12.9 

2.2 

0.3 

0.3 

1 

27.5 

21.9 

2.6 

0.7 

523 

87 

5.8 

9.2 

8.0  1  26.4 

19.5 

5.8 

12.6 

10.3 

1.2  1  1.2 

154          51 

39.2 

52.9 

2.0 

3.9 

2.0 

2 

30.1 
36.5 
31.5 
33.9 
37.8 
31.2 
26.6 
27.0 
22.0 

15.3 

8.7 
19.3 
10.1 
28.8 
23.3 
33.0 
20.6 
27.4 
16.2 

■7.3 

0.8 

1 

1 

■J 

I 

1 

5 

2.7 
1.1 
3.8 
3.1 
1.6 
2.2 

0.8 

0.5 

'2."3' 
0.9 
0.6 
0.3 

0.3 

112 
21 
26 

295 
5 
64 

118 

16 
3 
4 

50 
1 

13 

18 

12.5 

6.2 

6.2 

6.2 

12.5 
33.3 

'33.'3' 

6.3 
33.4 
50.0 
12.0 

43.8 

6.3 

5 

100.0 

7 

25.0 
8.0 

25.6 
40.0 
100. 0 

5.6 

fT 

4.6 

4.0 

20.0 

8.0 

2.0 

2.0 

39 

9 

101 

372 

is 

3 
34 

117 

53.8 
33.3 
35.3 

54.7 

23.1 
66.7 
64.7 

17.9 

7.7 

7.7 

7.7 

9 

7.6 

38.5 
11.1 

7.7 
50.0 

30.8 

16.7 

7.7 

7.7 
11.1 

5. 5 

19.7 

6.8 

0.9 

12 

47.4 
21.1 
20.0 
17.5 
27.6 
7.1 
7.4 
9.8 
15.7 

19.8 

9.7 
8.3 

28.0 
7.8 

14.4 
3.1 
5.4 
7.4 

17.7 

11.1 

0.7 
1.7 

2 

7 

6 

102 

1 

3 

1 

38 

100.0 
66.7 

1? 

t 

33.3 

100.0 

](; 

1.0 
0.6 
0.4 

0.4 
2.3 

86.8 

13.2 

17 

42 
44 
32 

10 
6 
2 

20.0 

80.6 
16.7 

161 
31 

47 

1!> 

31.9 
75.0 
26.7 

17.0   44.7 

6.4 

IS 

16.7 

33.3 
50.0 

33.3 

25.0 
26.7 

10 

1.2 

0.9 

50,0 

63,        15 

13.3 

33.3 

, 

*>! 

1.7 

0.4 

2,982 

511 

5.5 

14.1 

14.5 

16.0 

18.2 

16.8 

8.4 

3.3 

2.2 

0.6 

0.4 

500 

120 

11.7 

22.5 

37.5 

24.2 

2.5 

0.8 

0.8 

22 

21.7 
15.6 
23.6 
20.1 
24.1 
21.3 
21.3 
22.2 
28.8 
22.9 

15.0 

12.5 
7.0 

17.8 
8.7 
6.4 

11.2 
9.5 

20.3 

26.0 
9.8 

10.4 

1.8 
1.3 
2.8 
1.5 
0.6 
0.6 
1.3 
3.4 

0.8 
0.2 
0.5 
0.2 

■6.'2' 

1.1 

695 

1,406 

139 

558 

6 

16 

44 

115 

118 

249 

27 

84 

1 

3 

8 

20 

3.4 

7.2 
3.7 
4.8 

12.7 
15.7 
18.5 
9.5 

16.1 
14.1 
29.7 
13.1 

15.3 

17.7 
14.8 
9.5 

18.6 
18.5 
11.1 
13.1 
100.0 
33.3 
62.5 
20.0 

21.2 
14.0 
11.1 
22.6 

6.8 

8.0 

7.4 

13.1 

4.2 
2.0 
3.7 
5.9 

0.9 

2.4 

0.8 
0.4 

11 
395 

55 
3 
2 
3 

3 
91 
14 

1 

1 
1 

'  b'.'e 

21.4 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

66.7: 

20.9  i36.2 
7.2  71  i 

33.3 
30.8 

"s'.s 

i.'i' 

Li' 

23 
24 

4.8 

3.6 

?6 

07 

66.7 
12.5 
25.0 

"5.6" 

12.5 
15.0 

12.5 

'X* 

20.0 

10.0 

5.0 

21 

6 

83.3 

16,7 

30 

31 

3 
79 

1 

100.0 
17.7 

1 

10 
212 

3 

65 

66.7 
40.0 

26.2 

33.3 
24.6 

7.7 

1.5 

32 

3^ 

1.2 

0.7 

17    

29.4 

52.9 

13.7 
12.1 
13.2 
11.9 
23.5 
27.4 
42.9 
19.1 

20.0 

6.9 
9.6 
11.3 
11.9 
21.9 
32.3 
25.7 
4.4 

44.6 

0.8 
2.2 
0.4 

0.8 
1.3 
0.4 

74 
S 

16 
1 

18.8 

31.2 

50.0 
100.0 

127 
30 
48 
2 
5 

36 
10 
16 

38.9 
20.0 
m  n 

8.3 
70.0 
37.5 

38.9 

ii's' 

13.9 

^4 

10.0 

35 

1  100.0 

2  SO.O 

TT 

1.6 
3.2 

50.0 

3S 

19 

n 

12.4 

1.1 

47 

11 

36.3 

18.2 

27.3 

18.2 

■I** 

"23^6" 

23.1 
45.3 
27.2 

38.5 
16.9 
18.2 
17.3 
17.1 
10.2 

38.4 
0.7 
9.1 
1.6 

3 

24 

1 
6 

100.0 
33.3 

ii 

33.3 

33.4 

45 

21.3     43.3 

::::;::""■■ 

46 

17.1 
19.9 

54.3 
44.9 

88.9 

47 

0.4 

20 

4 

25.0 

25.6 

.'in  n 

4H 

49 

i 

CLiOTHING,  mEN'S. 


18.2 

19.2 

9.3 

2.6 

$166,801 

27,485 

8.3 

10.3 

13.4 

17.5 

17.7 

11.6 

8.1 

5.9     4.7 

1.9 

0.6 

$2,277 

764     51.6     31.1  |l2.3  \  2.6 

1.7 

0.7 

1 

17.8 

18.9 

9.7 

2.8 

72,118 

11,215 

6.2 

8.8     12.0  ,  17.4 

17.5 

12.7 

J9.5 

7.1     5.5  1  2.3     1.0 

733 

215  1  35.4  ,  35.4 

l&l 

5.1 

a7 

2.3 

2 

9.8 
5.1 

2ao 

4.2 
16.5 
16.4 
20.3 

19.7 

1.9 
10.3 
23.8 
54.2 

3.9 

1,121 
1,345 

16,248 
1,362 

43,226 
2,931 
5,885 

9,292 

197 
276 

2,362 
185 

6,686 
520 
989 

1,700 

3.5 

21.4 

3.8 

'6.'2" 
13.3 
6.1 

15.3 

4.6     10.7  1  45.2  i  19.3 

5.6 
8.3 
13.1 
15.7 
12.9 
11. 5 
13.1 

7.2 

8.1 
6.5 
11.9 
16.2 
9.2 
6.7 
7.3 

8.2 

1.0     1.0  1  1.0 
1. 5  i  2.  6  1  0. 7 

1 

1 

17.0 
4.8 
0.5 
9.2 
12.7 
13.1 

15.2 

16.3 
9.4 
10.8 
12.5 
12.1 
13.7 

16.1 

12.7 
18.  S 
10.3 
16.0 
16.2 
20.6 

13.5 

13.0 
19.7 
11.4 
17.3 
17.5 
16.1 

15.7 

1 

9.7 

1.4 

8. 2  '  6. 6  i  2.  4 
25  9  1  7  fi  1  1  fi 

1.3 

170 

40 

12.5     20.0 

32.5 

15.0 

1S.0 

5.0 

5 
6 

7 

17.7 
13.9 

10.6 
11.3 

3.4 
2.5 
1.2 

1.1 

7.0 
6.3 
5.1 

5.8 

5.8 
3.5 
3.5 

2.4 

2.7 
0.2 
1.0 

0.5 

1.2 
'6."4' 
0.1 

383 

IS 

162 

211 

114 

6 

55 

82 

33.3     43.0 
66.7     3a3 
52.7     30.9 

67. 1      28. 0 

15.8 

as 

1.8 

2.6 

21.8 
22.5 

4.6 
3.5 

14.6 
3.7 

1.8 

9 

1.2 

in 



20.5 
1.7 

23.3 
3.4 

3.7 

1.1 

8,187 
1,105 

1,435 
265 

14.3 
20.4 

12.5 
29.8 

14.8 
23.4 

14.5 
7.9 

16.7 
9.8 

7.7 
4.9 

9.4 
1.9 

6.6 
1.5 

2.8 
0.4 

0.6 

0.1 

166 
45 

52 
30 

4a  1  {  44.2 
100.0  1 

5.8 

1.9 

i  .... 

11 
12 

752 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    71.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNIN'GS— TWENTY-FIVE    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES,    BY    STATES,   TERRITO- 
CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS  OF  EARNINGS;  TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER 

CliOTHIIVe,  MEN'S— Continued. 


STATE  OR  TEEEITOEY. 

Num- 
ber or 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY   EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL.                 1 

MEN  16 

TEARS  .IND 

OVER 

All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 

years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  ea 

rnings. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 
$7. 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

13 

North  Central  division... 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

496 

87.72 

$12.58 

$5.96 

$3.13 

$109,095 

14,124 

$48,737 

3,874 

0.7 

1.1 

2.2 

3.2 

5.1 

5.2 

5.5 

7.3 

14.3 

14 
15 
16 
17 
18 

223 
17 

177 
21 
23 
10 
4 
21 

80 

7.77 
5.54 
9.27 
6.49 
5.95 
6.38 
5.33 
7.13 

5.70 

11.96 
1    9.21 
1  13.33 

;  11.42 

1     9.U3 

1  10.93 

9.04 

13.77 

9.04 

5.65 
5.26 
6.73 
5.89 
5.35 
5.79 
5.07 
6.05 

5.03 

3.00 
2.B4 
3.34 

"2. '66' 
2.57 

2.41 

30,301 
7,015 

43,914 

10.268 
1,326 
3,347 
1,595 

11,329 

19,540 

3,901 

1,267 

4,739 

1,.582 

233 

525 

299 

1,588 

3,428 

15,978 

958 

25,447 

1,976 

325 

656 

244 

3,153 

5,639 

1,336 
104 
1,909 
173 
36 
60 
27 
229 

585 

1.4 
1.0 
0.1 
0.6 
.5.6 
1.7 
3.7 
0.4 

3.6 

1.6 
2.9 
0.5 
0.0 
8.3 

"7.' 4" 
0.9 

6.2 

2.3 

7.7 
1.5 
4.0 
5.6 
11.6 
7.4 
0.9 

6.0 

3.9 

7.7 
2.7 

1:1 

3.3 
3.7 
1.8 

7.4 

5.7 
6.7 
5.1 
4.6 
2.8 
1.7 
7.4 
3.1 

10.9 

5.3 

6.7 
4.8 
8.1 
5.5 
8.3 
3.7 
3.9 

9.9 

5.6 

7.7 
5.4 
6.4 
8.3 
6.7 
il.l 
2.6 

10.1 

8.7 
16.3 

5.3 
11.6 
16.7 

14.0 
13.5 
14.1 
22.0 
19.4 

1Q 

10.0  ;  13.3  1 

'0 

3.7 
7.0 

8.2 

33.4 
10.0 

9.7 

''I 

22 

South  Central  division... 
Kentuckv 

rt 

54 

1 

40 

6.06 
4.50 
5.76 
5.85 

8.29 

9.92 
8.11 
9.00 
12.00 

11.66 

5.14 
4.28 
4.42 
5.74 

7.57 

2.55 
2.31 

3.67 

13,627 

3,291 

392 

2,230 

9,016 

2,248 

731 

68 

381 

1,088 

4,661 
714 
ISO 
84 

2,250 

470 

88 

20 

7 

193 

3.0 

ao 

5.3 
10.2 
10.0 

4.4 
14.8 
5.0 

6.6 
9.1 
15.0 
14.3 

3.6 

11.1 
12.5 

'ii's' 

25.9 

10.0 

6.8 

20.0 

14.3 

13.5 

11.1 
6.8 

9.1 
5.7 

10.4 

4.5 

20.0 

24 

Tennessee 

26 

*>7 

Texas 

Western  division 

14.3 
11.9 

0.5 

1.0 

1.0 

7.8 

2.1 

28 
29 
TO 

3 
3 
34 

116 

6.83 
8.56 
8.24 

5.75 

11.20 
11.75 
11.66 

8.73 

6.31 

8.30 
7.18 

5.53 

'  '3.' 67' 

2.66 

321 
3,201 
5,494 

6,659 

47 
374 
667 

1,159 

56 

329 

1,865 

960 

5 
28 
160 

110 

20.0 

20.0 
3.6 
15.0 

6.4 

Oregon 

California   

10.7 
29.4 

18.2 

57.1 
4.4 

5.4 

3.6 

as 

5.4 

3.6 
1.8 

21.8 

0.6 
1.8 

1.2 
5.5 

0.6 
6.4 

4.4 
10.0 

11 

All  other  states 

CLOTHING,  WOinEN'S. 


COTTON  GOODS. 


United  States 

A25 

$6.47 

$7.71 

$0.03 

$3.21 

$1,307,578 

202,211 

$732,305 

95.025 

4.1 

5.4 

10.3 

11.4 

16.0 

13.6 

9.7 

a  9 

10.0 

North  Atlantic  division.. 

262 

7.51 

a7i 

0.72 

4.15 

1,002,128 

133,361 

561,577 

64, 475 

1.3 

2.1 

4.5 

as 

14.9 

15.9 

12.2 

10.9 

13.7 

7 
fi 
109 
42 
20 
9 
ID 
60 

215 

6.88 
7.80 
7.47 
7.19 
7.36 
7.17 
7.94 
8.64 

4.33 

a  16 
a  67 

a  53 
a  42 
a  26 

7.92 
11.01 
11.04 

6.46 

6.15 
7.05 
6.79 
0.44 
6.71 
6.33 
6.60 
0.62 

3.00 

2.40 
4.18 
4.42 
3.61 
4.02 
4.17 
3.70 
3.58 

2.00 

32,080 
78,894 
637,976 
99,572 
65,21)1 
9.539 
25,052 
63,815 

244,867 

4,666 

10,117 

85,353 

13,854 

7.490 

1,330 

3, 1,54 

7,388 

66,404 

10,  ,544 
43,302 
352.647 
58. 77S 
33, 233 
6,264 
12,290 
38,513 

138.084 

2,028 
4,993 
41,320 
(i,97S 
4,023 
791 
1.117 
3,225 

26,484 

2.3 
1.7 
1.4 
0.5 
1.9 
0.1 
0.5 
1.1 

10.8 

5.7 
1.8 
1.8 
2.4 
2.4 

ai 

0.8 
1.4 

12,6 

6.0 
3.8 
4.4 
5.8 
4.7 
11.6 
2.8 
3.1 

22.7 

6.7 
6.8 
9.5 
7.6 
11.0 
16.7 
6.2 
3.5 

17.4 

14.8 
14.8 
10.  0 
14.4 
14.3 
11.8 
a  9 
6.0 

16.2 

13.0 
17.6 
16.6 

ia2 

13.8 
12.4 
11.7 
7.2 

7.0 

11. 0 
13.3 
12.3 
13.2 
12.6 
0.8 
6.4 
0.8 

4.2 

12.0 
11.9 
10. 6 
111.  9 
12.4 
6.7 
9.6 
11.4 

4.4 

17.4 
10.1 
13.1 
14.5 
14.7 
7.3 
13.1 
13.8 

2.0 

New  llampsbire 

Mn.<tHachuf<etts 

Rhode  Island 

IVinnPOllcut 

New  York 

Now  Jerwy 

I'cnn.sylvanla 

South  Atlantic  division.. 

Maryland 

4 
106 
62 
43 

6.44 
4.10 
4.21 
4.56 

7.86 
6.33 
6.16 
6.82 

6.07 
3.82 
3.83 
4.17 

2.62 
2.64 
2.80 
2.62 

15,235 
87,220 
88,04« 
54,354 

2,709 
20,8,10 
20.(133 
11,032 

n,9(is 

48, 0H7 
61.  <M 
32,244 

8S6 
9.023 
lO.fl.'IX 
5.  .537 

2.4 

8.3 
12.4 
13.1 

7.0 
12.8 
14.2 
10.4 

ia7 

25.9 
22.6 
19.0 

3.6 
17.5 
18.9 
16.7 

14.2 

ia3 

13.2 
14.1 

17.1 
7.0 

7.6 
8.2 

6.2 
3.7 
4.4 
4.7 

11.9 
3.6 
3.8 

5.5 

12.0 
1.3 
I.l 

3.0 

North  (jtrrillna 

Hoiith  Carolina 

(IcorKla 

■Includca  Alalinmn.  I:  rolormln.  1;  Di'lawurc.  1;  flenrgia,  2:  Kansas.  2;    Nebriialta,  2;  New  Iliimjwhini.  2;   .'(oulh  Cnrolinn,  1:  Virginiii,  2;  Wc^t  \"ir>;iiiiii.  2. 
•Inrhirlc.i  Colorado,  1:  Klulrlnt  ol  Columbia.  1;  deorgla,!;  Idaho,  1;  Iowa, 2;  KansuH,  1;  I/0ulHlana,2:  Miilni',2:  Nebraska,  1;   North  Carolina, 2;  Uhodo  Island,  1; 
South  Carolina,  2,  Toxaa,  I;  Virginia,  I;  West  Virginia,  2. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


753 


HIES,     AND    GEOGRAPHIC     DIVISIONS— PER    CENT    DISTRIBI:TI0N     OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,     WOMEN,     AND 
OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Contiaued. 


CLOTHING 

MKN'S— Continued. 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

I'er  cent  distribution 
of  ninnl)cr  l)y  eiirn- 
ings— Continuc'iJ. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

r 

er  cent  distri 

(Utinr 

of  mmiljcr  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

I'er  cent  distribution  of  number  by- 
earnings. 

tl2 
to 
$15. 

$15 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$2S. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

than 
$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
85. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

93 
to 
$10. 

$10 

to 
$12. 

$12 

to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4       $5 

to      to 

$5.      $0. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

»8 
and 
over 

21.1 

21.0 

10.5 

2.2 
2.2 

i'b' 

1.2 

$69,508 

9,978 

7.9 

9.3 

13.7 

18.8 

19.7 

11.7 

7.4 

4.9 

4.5 

1,8 

0.3 

$850 

272 

38.2 

ai  II  ix  1    2.9 

1.5 

13 

22.5 
16.4 
20.2 
17.3 
11.1 
31.7 
7.4 
25.3 

12.1 

18.3 

8  5 

14,143 
5,999 

17,9(» 
8,202 
1,001 
2,691 
1,333 
8,140 

13,522 

2,505 
1,141 

2,663 

1,  409 

187 

465 

263 

1,345 

2,686 

6.9 
15.1 

4.8 

9.8 
10.7 
10.5 
15.2 

5.1 

14.3 

12.1 
11.5 
6.7 
9.4 
9.1 
8.4 
22.0 
4.8 

16.6 

16.0 
13.2 
8.9 
15.0 
24.6 
17.fi 
17.5 
14.8 

17.8 

21.4 
24.3 
15.1 
13,0 
24,1 
17.2 
13,7 
23.2 

17.3 

18.8 
19.4 
15.9 
27.0 

ia.4 

14,8 
14.1 
25.0 

15.3 

11.1 
7,8 

15,5 

10,1 
0,4 

14,2 
5,7 

11,5 

8.6 

6,8 
4,4 
10,6 
7,9 
4.8 
5,4 
3,8 
5.6 

4,2 

3.6 
2.2 
9,1 
2.7 
3,7 
6,2 
2,3 
3,9 

3.7 

2.1 
0.9 
8.7 
4.4 
1,6 
3,5 
4,2 
5,0 

1,2 

1,1 
1,2 
3.9 
0,6 
1,6 
2,2 
1,1 
1,1 

0.6 

0.1 

o'.s 

0.1 

180 

58 

558 

60 
22 
167 

48,3 
72,7 
22.8 

36.7 
18.2 
46.7 

11.6 

4.5 

25.1 

1,7 
'4,'2' 

1.7 
4.6 
1.2 

14 

11.5     1.9 

24.2  13.5 

17.3  4.6 

15 

16 

7 

11.1 
6.7 
11.  1 

W 

1.7 

3.3 

19 

0,4 
0.4 

18 
36 

379 

9 
14 

157 

100.0 

20 
21 

22 

34.1 
8.7 

9.6 
4.8 

0.4 
2.4 

85.7 
83.5 

14,3 
15,9 

0.6 

13.0 
li.  S 

7.9 
114 

5.1 
3.4 

3.0 

8,790 

2,374 

212 

2,146 

6,755 

1,709 

555 

48 

374 

892 

13.4 
17.5 
29.2 
11.5 

3.8 

13.9 
30.3 
12.5 
9.6 

5.2 

19.7 
19.3 
14.6 
6.9 

7.3 

19.2 
13.9 
31.2 
12.3 

11.4 

13.0 
9.2 
8.3 

35.6 

15.9 

10.0 
4.1 
4.2 
9.4 

17.4 

4,2 
3,2 

4.7 
1.6 

1,2 
0,7 

0.3 
0.2 

0.4 

176 
203 

69 
88 

66.7 
96.6 

31,9 
3,4 

1.4 

1 

23 
''4 

20.0      10.0 

■"i 

G.2 

28.5 
9.3 

14.3 

12.5 

4.7 

5,9 
11,7 

2.9 
9.7 

2,4 

11.8 

2.4 

4.8 

1.1 
1.0 

r  ' 

76 

u 

^ 

33.3 

66.7 

27 

20. 0      40. 0 

265 
2,872 
3,618 

5,606 

42 
346 
504 

1,014 

9.5 
4.3 
3.0 

10.8 

7.1 
3.5 
6.1 

17.8 

7.1 
2.3 
10.7 

14.8 

16.7 
5.5 
15.1 

19.4 

14.3 
18.8 
14.1 

12.0 

19.1 
21.1 
14.7 

7,6 

4,8 
11,3 
12,5 

7.4 

14.3 
14.4 
6.1 

4.2 

7.1 
12.4 
11.7 

4.0 

J  . 

""S 

'  '6.9 
9.1 

3.6 

14.3 

3.5 
5.0 

0.9 

6.4 
4.2 

1.2 

1 

■ 

?9 

9.4 
0.4 

12.5 

« 

2.7 

1.8 
0.8 

11 

93 

3 
35 

80.0 

33.3 
20.0 

66,7 

30 
31 

CL.OTHINU,  WOinEIViS. 


19,1 

18.3 

9.2 

6.5 

$183,259 

26,735 

6,1 

8,4 

11.6 

13.5 

15.7 

12.5 

10.5 

7.4 

7.8 

4.3 

2.2 

$1,299 

372 

28.8 

36.6 

22.3 

11.5 

0.8  1 



1 

19,0 

18.7 

9.4 

6.4 

140,920 

19,471 

4.5 

6.8 

10,2 

13,0 

15.4 

13.7 

11.0 

8.4 

9,1 

5.1 

2.8 

1,125 

318 

28.0 

36.8 

22.0 

12,6 

0.6 

7 

12,6 
26,4 
12,8 
18.7 
3,1 
14.3 

27.7 

2,5.0 
18,8 
10,5 
19,1 
15,6 
13.0 

15.1 

12,  5 
5,0 
1,1 

10.2 
7.3 
4,9 

8.6 

'i.'i' 

1.2 
6.7 

is.'o' 

6.8 

821 
29,801 
3,638 
91,489 
5,625 
9,546 

6,093 

126 
4,386 

618 
11,916 

949 
1,476 

1,193 

8,7 
3.5 
10.7 
4.0 
9,1 
5,1 

19,8 

7.1 
6,0 
7,8 
6,5 
9.9 
9,0 

16.5 

7,1 
10,7 
20,9 

8,9 
12,3 
13,2 

14.7 

4.0 
13,8 
19.7 
11,8 
16,3 
17,0 

16.2 

2.4 
18.4 
12.8 
13,7 
19,8 
20,0 

1L5 

39.7 
16.1 
18,6 
13.0 
13.2 
10.8 

7.4 

18.3 
13.4 
3.7 
10.9 
8.0 
8,3 

5.3 

12.7 
7.4 
1.6 
9,6 
4,7 
6,6 

3.5 

4 
246 
305 
368 
144 
58 

15 

2 
60 
78 
107 
45 
26 

6 

100.0 
5,0 
11,5 
20,6 
66,7 
88,5 

66.6 

1 

1 

8,0 
3.4 
10,8 
3,3 

5,4 

2,9 

3,1 
0,8 
6,8 
1.9 
2.8 

1.6 

0.6 

'4.'6" 
0.9 
1.8 

0.6 

4.5,0 
39,8 
50,4 
4,4 
11,5 

16.7 

30.0    16.7 

3.3 

4 

.33.3 
24.3 

16.V 

15,4^ 

4.7 

28.9 

5 
6 









7 
8 

9 

27,7 
18,5 

15.1 
17.1 

8.6 
7.7 

6.8 
8.0 

6,093 
31,089 

1,193 
5,151 

19.8 
6,8 

16.5 
12.2 

14,7 
16,5 

16.2 
14.3 

11.5 
18.3 

7.4 
9.5 

5.3 
10,3 

3,5 
4,5 

2.9 
4.3 

1.6 
2.3 

0.6 
1.0 

15 
157 

6 
47 

66,6 
27.7 

16.7 
38.3 

16.7 
25.5 

10 

6.4 

2.1 

11 

17,6 
16,9 
17,6 
16,2 

■34,"6' 

13,7 

13.9 
18,6 
24,5 
8,3 
26,3 
19,1 

17,6 

2.5 
11,9 
Ifi,  4 
3,1 
5.2 
9,1 

3,9 

4.2 
5.1 
18.6 
0.5 
5.3 
2.7 

5.9 

7,683 
3,149 
7,039 
8,514 
920 
3,784 

1,585 

1,347 
561 
960 

1,514 
171 
698 

289 

10,3 
9,8 
4,4 
3,9 

15,8 
4,5 

20,8 

13.7 
17.6 

.1.7 
15.1 
1.5.2 

5,7 

9.7 

18,9 
17,5 
8,8 
20,5 
17.  6 
12.4 

11.8 

13.7 
18.2 
14.8 
12.8 
14.0 
15.2 

11,4 

12.6 
9.8 

18.0 

22.6 
8.2 

30.8 

15.2 

10,0 
7,3 

13,2 
6,7 
2,3 

13,0 

8,3 

8,5 
6,1 
9.3 
13.7 
18.1 
9.5 

9,3 

4,9 
4,8 
7,6 
1,9 
8.8 
4.2 

7.6 

4.2 
4.6 
9.5 
2.2 

2.1 
2,5 
5,8 
0.6 

1.1 
1,8 
2,3 

9 
28 
58 
31 

4 
8 
17 
9 

100,0 
37,5 
29.4 

17 

37.5 
23.5 
66.7 

35.' 3' 
33.3 

25.0 
5.9 

'5.'9' 

13 
14 
15 
16 

2.3 
5.9 

1.7 

0.7 

31 

9 

11.1 

65.6 



33.3 

17 
18 

20.0 
18.5 

20,0 
12,5 

12,1 

2,8 
6.2 

18.6 

2,9 
12.5 

1.6 

1,205 
380 

1,408 

198 
91 

191 

11,6 
40,6 

2,6 

9.1 
11.0 

3.1 

7,1 
22,0 

3.7 

10,6 
13,2 

22,0 

20,2 
4.4 

15.2 

10,6 
3,3 

12.0 

11,6 
4,4 

13.1 

11.1 
10.5 

8.1 
1.1 

10.5 

19 

6.3 

1.0 



20 

50.0 
15.8 

4.0 

i 

77 

13,2 
6,0 

20.2 
2.0 

L7 
2.0 

1,408 
2,164 

191 
440 

2,6 
22,3 

3.1 
14.3 

3.7 
14.1 

22,0 
17.3 

15.2 
10.9 

12,0 
9.6 

13,1 
3.2 

10,5 
3.6 

10.5 
3.6 

6.3 
0.9 

1.0 
0.2 

' 

73 

2 

1 

100.0 

74 

COTTON  OOODS. 


7.4 

3,0 

0.9 

0.4 

$494,118 

81,937 

6.2 

10.5 

14,6 

16.7 

18,1 

13.9 

9.9 

6.0 

3.7 

0.4 

(') 

$81,155 

25,249 

45.2 

30.1    16.5 

5.4 

2.1 

0.4 

0.3 

1 

10.1 

3.9 

1.2 

0.5 

404,059 

60,101 

1.9 

4.4 

9,7 

17.1 

22,0 

17.9 

13.2 

8.0 

4.9 

0.6 

(>) 

36,492 

8,785 

15.2 

33.0  31.8 

12.4 

5.6 

1.2 

0.8 

2 

9.8 
8.4 
9.6 
9,6 
8,1 
13.8 

1.8 
2.9 
3.5 
2.1 
3.0 
4,2 

0.3 
0.8 
0.8 
0,4 
0,4 
0.1 
9.7 
7,3 

0,2 

0.2 
0.2 
0.4 
0.4 
0.1 
0.5 
1.4 
3.0 

0.1 

15,075 
34,818 
260,1.19 
36,332 
19,957 
3,008 
11,647 
23,083 

68,765 

2,453 
4,939 
38,334 
5,639 
2,976 
475 
1,742 
3,543 

17,236 

2.1 
1.4 
2.0 
1.3 
3.1 
0,6 
0,6 
2,4 

20,6 

7.8 
3.9 
4.0 
3.6 
4,4 
6.5 
.3,3 
7.5 

27.3 

13.9 
7.7 
9.2 

13.1 
8,9 

13.5 
7,0 

11,9 

28.9 

20.8 
1.1.6 
17.5 
21.8 
16,1 
26,3 
10,5 
15,5 

14,4 

17.0 
25,7 
21.8 
21.6 
21.7 
19,8 
19.7 
25.2 

5,9 

16.4 
14.7 
18.2 
16,6 
22,4 
17.5 
31,3 
11.7 

1.9 

11.2 
11.8 
13.5 
10.8 
12.2 
10.1 
21,2 
13,4 

0.7 

6,2 
9.8 
8,7 
7,0 
6,4 
2,3 
4.2 
5.2 

0.2 

4.2 
10.1 
4.7 
.3.6 
4.4 
.3,4 
2.0 
4.9 

0.1 

0.4 
1.3 
0.4 
0.6 
0.4 

'o.i' 

2.1 
(») 

(') 
'6.'2' 

461 

774 

25,189 

4,462 

2,011 

267 

1,109 

2,219 

37,108 

185 

185 

5,699 

1,237 

500 

64 

41.1 

6.5 

10.7 

32,2 

17,2 

in.9 

50.3     4.9     2.7 
42,2    .31.9    12.4 
30.9    34.9    14.5 
31.0   25.4     6.7 

30.0  26.2   17.4 

28.1  .17-.T  2.1.  .1 

0.5 
6.5 
6.3 
4.7 
7.2 

0.5 
0.5 
1.5 

"i.'s" 

i'.i' 
'6.2' 

3 

4 
5 

6 
7 
8 

15.6 
19.4 

1.5 

15  3 
13,0 

1,0 

295  ;    9.2 
620     19.0 

13,774     60.7 

30.8 
53.5 

28.8 

49.8 
18.9 

8.7 

4.1 
6.0 

1.7 

5.1 
1.6 

0.1 

0.7 
1.0 

0.3 

9 
10 

11 

7.2 

4,6 

0,2 
0.1 
0.3 
0.3 

o.'i' 

0.3 

6,733 
25,791 
21,851 
14,390 

1,328 
6,747 
5,712 
3,449 

2,2 
18.3 
26.6 
22.0 

9.2 
35.2 
25,4 
21,9 

49.1 
29.3 
24.7 
27.2 

12,8 
11.6 
16,3 
17,2 

13.5 
4,2 
4.9 
8.2 

7.0 
1.0 
1.5 
2.3 

.3.5 
0,2 
0,6 
0.8 

2.0     0.7 
0. 1     0. 1 

1,5.34         5*5     68.9     28.2     2.7     0.2 
13,342     5,060     60.5     33.7     4.7     1.0 

1? 

0,9 
0.8 
2.8 

0,6 
0.6 
1.9 

0.1 

11 

m   

0. 2     0. 2 

(») 

14,512     5,183     61.7     23.9   12.0  ,  2. 3     0. 1 
7,720  1  2,946     57.7     29.0  !ll.0  1  2.0  1  0.2 

C) 

0.1 

14 
15 

'  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


754 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table     71.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES,   BY    STATES,    TERRITO- 
CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS  OF  EARNINGS;  TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUiLBER 


COTTON    GOODS— Continued. 


STATE  OR  TEKEITORT. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVEEAGE  WEEKLY  EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16 

YEARS  AND  OVER. 

-Vll 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

S5.42 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 

$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 
$7. 

S7to 
SS. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

16 

North  Central  division.. . 

Tndif^nft 

4 

$7.05 

$4.76 

$3.50 

$5,702 

1,052 

$2,327 

330 

2.4 

14.6 

16.7 

13.0 

9.1 

14.2 

8.5 

6.1 

8.2 

17 

4 
30 

5.42 
4.69 

7.05 
5.92 

4.76 
4.58 

3.50 
2.82 

5,702 
40,147 

1,052 
8,559 

2,327 
21,787 

330 
3,680 

2.4 

7.2 

14.6 
9.9 

16. 7 
24.3 

13.0 

15.6 

9.1 
14.9 

14.2 
11.3 

8.5 
4.9 

6.1 
5.4 

8.2 
2.8 

18 

South  Central  division'. . . 
Tennessee..  ..: 

14 

6 
19 
5 

■14 

499 
4.61 
4.70 

5.37 

6.17 
5.77 
6.63 

7.23 

4.89 
4.43 
4.S4 

4.67 

3.03 
2.83 
2.62 

2.66 

7,772 

27,638 

4,737 

14,744 

1.557 
5,995 
1,007 

2,745 

4.081 
15, 486 
2,220 

7,630 

601 

2,684 

335 

1.056 

4.9 
8.2 
4.2 

4.6 

8.3 

10.9 

4.8 

12.3 

26.0 
24.9 
15.8 

13.6 

16.7 
15.0 
18.2 

9.0 

15.7 
14.4 
17.0 

15.8 

12.3 
10.2 
17.9 

9.8 

3.3 
5.5 
3.3 

5.5 

4.2 
5.3 
9.5 

8.3 

4.5 
2.3 
3.3 

9.6 

?(1 

?1 

?? 

EI-ECTRICAI.  OTACHINERV,  APPARATUS,  AND  SUPPI.1ES. 


1 

United  States 

North  .-Vtlantic  division.. 

New  Hampshire 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

.443' 

$9.88 

510.85 

S6.37 

$3.67 

$364,509 

36,875 

$317,338 

29,240 

3.1 

2.3 

3.1 

4.4 

5.0 

6.5 

9.1 

10.1 

15.2 

2 

244    ; 

9.  76 

10.80 

B.38 

3.71 

280,615 

28,740 

240.688 

22,279 

3.4 

2.0 

3.0 

4.3 

4.9 

6.5 

9.2 

9.3 

15.5 

3 

4 
5 

6 

3 
65 

9 
19 
89 
15 
44 

4 

10.67 
19.  79 
7.11 
8.79 
9.38 
a  37 
9.96 

9.37 

11.49 
11.75 
7.76 
1011 
10.48 
10  84 
10.39 

10  10 

3.38 
6.98 
5.49 
6.04 
5.66 
6.60 
5.52 

4.50 

"'4.07' 
3.38 
3.39 
3.63 
3.12 
3.60 

2.33 

843 
111,703 
11,185 
14,119 
18,910 
35,407 
88,448 

1,181 

79 
10,357 
1,574 
1.007 
2,016 
4,230 
8,877 

126 

816 
98,913 
8,793 
11,645 
16.392 
19,912 
84,217 

1,131 

71 

8,418 
1,133 
1,162 
1,564 
1,837 
8,104 

112 

1.4 
1.2 
1.0 
2,3 
3.5 
4.6 
6.0 

1.4 
1.3 
1.8 
2.9 
3.1 
3.2 
2.0 

1.4 
2.2 
1.7 
5.6 
7.4 
5.0 
2.4 

5.7 
3.6 
9.0 
6.4 
6.5 
5.8 
3.3 

2.7 

2.8 
4.1 
7.0 
6.1 
7.1 
6.5 
4.4 

10  7 

5.6 
5.9 
9.1 
10  2 
0.7 
8.9 
5.7 

10.7 

14.1 
8.6 
27.2 
10.1 
7.4 
7.7 
7.8 

24.1 

14.1 
9.1 
12.2 
U.O 
10  2 
6.7 
9.2 

5.3 

15.5 
15.3 
13.3 
14.2 
11.8 
14.3 
17.1 

14.3 

New  Yorlc 

8 

9 

in 

Pennsylvania 

South  -'Vtlantic  division.. 

11 

4  1 
156  ' 

9.37 
10.28 

10.10 
10.99 

4.50 
6.27 

2.33 
3.17 

1,181 
74,793 

126 
7,273 

1,131 
68,117 

112 
6,197 

2.7 
4.8 

10.7 
5.1 

10  7 
6.5 

24.1 
9.2 

5.3 
13.5 

14.3 
14.9 

12 

North  Central  division... 
Ohio 

1.6 

2.6 

3.3 

13 

54  1 

19 

48 

5 
12 

8 
10 

21 

9.62 
10  26 
10.80 

7.86 
11.90 
12.19 
10.67 

11.56 

10.31 
10.61 
11.69 
8.89 
12.31 
12.19 
12.16 

12.00 

6.00 
5.64 
6.80 
4.37 
4.84 

3.00 
"3.' 67' 

29,284 
11,026 
16,004 

1,588 

10,755 

695 

5,441 

5,285 

3.043 

1,075 

1.482 

202 

904 

57 

510 

457 

20, 486 
10, 592 
14,214 

1,387 

10,513 

095 

4,230 

4,979 

2,.')68 
998 

1,216 

156 

854 

57 

348 

415 

1.4 
3.0 
0  7 
0  6 
1.3 

"a.'i 

4.6 

2.0 
4.7 
1.8 
5.1 
2.0 
14.0 
2.9 

5.3 

4.1 
4.1 
1.3 
4.5 
2.3 

"4.6 

5.8 

4.0 
6.1 
3.3 
16.0 
5.3 
1.7 
6.3 

5.8 

4.6 
6.0 
4.8 
7.1 
5.7 
8.8 
4.3 

10  6 

8.7 
5.3 
5.4 
3.2 
4,5 
3,5 
4.3 

4.6 

11.2 
8.7 
7.2 

25,7 
0,1 
1.8 
4.3 

4.8 

17.5 
11.8 
11.8 
7.7 
S.5 

ii.'s' 
3.4 

13.2 
14.6 
18,5 
10,7 
17,4 
10,5 
10.1 

7.7 

14 

n 

16 

Miciirgan 

17 
18 

Wisconsin 

19 

7.48 
7.68 

4.40 

20 

Western  division 

''\ 

5 
16 

•18 

9.50 
11.98 

9.44 

9.64 
12.49 

10.22 

7.00 
7.76 

5.37 

"4.'46' 
2.00 

722 
4,563 

2,635 

76 
381 

279 

094 
4,285 

2,423 

72 
343 

237 

4.2 
4.7 

6.7 

8.3 
4.7 

19.8 

9.7 
5.0 

3.4 

8.3 
5.2 

1.3 

9.7 
10  8 

3.0 

4.2 
4.7 

5.9 

5.6 
4.7 

1.7 

4.2 
3.2 

8.0 

9.7 
7.3 

9.3 

7? 

?s 

FOUNDRY  AND  mACHINE  SHOP  PRODUCTS. 


1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division.. 
Maine 

5,359 

$11.79 

$11.88 

$5.83 

$4.01 

$2,901,465 

246,177 

$2,884,400 

242,845 

1.4 

1.9 

2.6 

2.8 

4.3 

6.1 

7.6 

12  7 

15.0 

2 

2,456 

11.73 

1L83 

6.00 

4.13 

1,543,671 

131,649 

1,532,865 

129,017 

1.3 

2.0 

2.6 

2.9 

41 

6.3 

7.9 

12.6 

14  7 

1 

4C 

40 

31 

699 

87 
120 
710 
207 
616 

285 

10.21 
11.22 
10.  95 
11.02 
11,81 
11,28 
12,04 
11.4.1 
11.88 

11.29 

10  21 
11.25 
10.95 
11.7.'< 
11.  «S 
11,45 
12  13 
11.64 
11.93 

11.36 

18,825 
16,736 
14,618 
402,536 
73,802 
80,983 
361,088 
161,998 
413,025 

110,227 

1,843 

1,492 

1,33.5 

34,055 

6,2.54 

7,181 

29,98.5 

14,144 

34,700 

9,702 

18,825 

10. 707 

14.01K 

398,902 

73. 202 

79.841 

3.58,831 

159,911 

411,908 

109,931 

1.843 
1,485 
1,3:15 
34,012 
0,  109 
0,973 
29,. 588 
13,741 
M.rM 

9,681 

0,1 
0  4 
0  4 
0,7 
0,9 
1.7 
1.4 
1.7 
1.9 

3.3 

2.8 
1.7 
1.0 
1.0 
1.4 
1.5 
2.5 
2.7 
2.3 

3.9 

3.3 
3  0 
1.6 
2.1 
2.1 
2.7 
2.8 
2.9 
2.8 

4.3 

4.1 
2.6 
2.2 
2.6 
2  4 
3.7 
2.7 
32 
3.0 

3.9 

8.4 
5.9 
46 
4  6 
39 
4  7 
3.5 
3.6 

as 

7.7 

14  2 
7.4 
8.4 
0.0 
8.3 
0.0 
5.4 
6.5 
6.2 

11.5 

9.3 
5.4 
11.0 
7.0 
9.0 
8.3 
6.6 
8.2 
9.0 

7.2 

12.8 
137 
1.5.  9 
142 
89 
12.3 
12  5 
12,6 
11.8 

&7 

13,3 
16.6 
IS.  4 
10.4 
14  3 
145 
14  0 
14  3 
13  2 

0.5 

4 

5 

New  Hampshire 

6.00 

3.40 

8 

7 
8 
9 

Massuchusctts 

Ktiode  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York 

6.43 
5.89 
.'").  96 
5.90 
6.01 
5.73 

4.53 

4.24 
3  27 
4.15 
3.74 
4.26 
4.35 

3.42 

in 

Now  .lorsey 

11 

12 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division.. 
Delaware 

n 

21 
78 

G 
34 
37 
38 
24 
42 

S 

10  94 
12,  lil 
IZHO 
9.  97 
12.  86 
9.44 
6.80 
9.5.5 
10  04 

11.01 
12.62 
12.80 
10  04 
12.94 
9.62 
7.10 
9.02 
10.04 

4.10 
3.17 

21,059 

47,386 
1,051 
7,908 

10,  408 
5,381 
1,415 

14, 157 
542 

1,925 

3,7.59 

129 

71KJ 

814 

570 

208 

.1,504 

64 

20,9.S0 

47,  .'to? 
1.6.51 
7,919 

10. 400 
5,  .TOT 
l,.t63 

14,306 
542 

1.900 

3,753 

129 

792 

804 

504 

192 

1,487 

54 

a4 

34 
2.3 
0  7 
1.0 

as 
7.3 
.5.0 
1.8 

a2 
2,7 
9.3 

38 
1.9 
2.9 
14.1 
7.7 
17 

34 
28 
7.8 
3.3 
22 
9.6 
16.2 
7.1 

lao 

3.6 
1.9 
0  8 
37 
1.3 
10  5 
4.7 
R5 
1.8 

6.1 

as 

8  5 
10.9 

34 
13  8 
1.5. 1 

lao 

16.7 

12.0 
11.1 

ai 

20  3 
(1.7 
83 
9.4 

12.1 
6,0 

11.4 

a6 
1.5 
0.2 

4  2 
1.1 
2.1 
4  1 

a7 

6.8 
9.0 

11.0 
8  1 

18  0 
7.8 

10.9 
5.7 
5.0 

10.6 
10  9 
7.0 
(1.8 
12  2 
7.1 

ae 

0.7 
5.6 

14 

11; 

iJistriet  of  Columbia. 

m 

'"7.'2.V 
2.50 
3.01 

2.7i 
.5.  .50 
2.2.5 
1.80 
3.00 

17 
18 
19 
?0 

VV.si  VlrKinla 

.North  ('arolina 

South  Carolina. 

21 

Florida 

1  InclurlcH  Arkansas.  1;  Illinois,  1;  Kentucky,  2;  Louisiana,  1;  Ohio,  1:  Tcjcuh,  2;  Vuraiont,  2;  Virginia,  2;  Wisconsin,  2, 
'  L(.',ss  thuii  one-tenth  ol  I  pur  cent. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


755 


RIES,     AND    GEOGRAPHIC    DIVISIONS— PER    CENT     DISTRIBUTION     OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,     WOMEN,     AND 
OP  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Continued. 


<:OTTON    fc;001»S— Continued. 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND 

OVER— continiiivl. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

Per  cent  distribution 
of  number  by  earn- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

SIJ 

to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

$5 
to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

to 
$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10 

to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

$5 

to 
*6. 

$6 
to 

$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

S8 

and 
over 

2.4 

3.9 

0.9 

$3,200 

672 

3.1 

23.1 

30.5 

15.6 

11.6 

6.4 

4.9 

2.4 

2.2 

0.2 

$175 

SO 

26.0 

60.0 

6.0 

8.0 

18 

2.4 
1.9 

3.9 

1.1 

0.9 
0.4 

0.3 

3,200 

11,992 

672 
2,620 

.3.1 
10.3 

23.1 

30.5 

30.5 

24.7 

15.6 

17.8 

11.6 
11.9 

6.4 

4.1. 

4.9 

0.4 

2.4 
0.2 

2.2 
0.1 

0.2 

175 
6,368 

50 

2,259 

26.0 

65.7 

60.0 
25.1 

6.0 

fi.5 

&0 
2.2 

17 

0.5 

18 

2.1 
1.6 
3.9 

6.0 

1.4 

0.9 
2.1 

3.2 

0.6 
0.4 

'b'.i' 

2,563 
7,707 
1,722 

6,102 

524 

1,740 

356 

1,308 

7.3 
12.6 
3.4 

10.4 

23.7 
.34.0 
23.6 

24.5 

22.  3 
25.5 
24.4 

20.9 

18.5 
14.9 
30.6 

IS.  5 

22.3 
8.5 
13.8 

15.0 

5.5 
3.7 
3.6 

8.3 

0.4 
0.4 
0.6 

2.5 

1,128 

4,445 

795 

1,012 

372 

.14.3 

3.'i.5 
23.6 
20.9 

35.4 

5.1 
7.4 

as 

5.S 

4.0 
2.0 
0.9 

O.S 

1.1 
0.2 
1.3 

0.3 

0.3 

19 

0.3 

0.1 

1,571  !  66.8 
316  1  73.4 

20 
?1 

0.9 

1.4 

2.2 

0.5 

0.2 

381 

57.7 

22 

EILECTRICAI.  MACHINERY,  APPARATUS,  AND  SlJPPIilES. 


20.0 

16.4 

3.7 

1.1 

$45,223 

7,104 

4.6 

7.2 

13.2 

17.9 

18.8 

17.4 

J2A_ 

4.8 

3.2 

0.8 

(=) 

$1,948 

531 

25.2 

32.8 

26.4 
27.4 

9.0 
9.3 

3,8 

1.7 

1.1 
1.2 

1 

20.6 

16.8 

3.5 

1.0 

38,096 

5,968 

4.9 

6.4 

12.3 

18.5 

18.8 

17.8 

12.9 

44 

3.2 

0.7 

0.1 

1,831 

493 

22.1 

34.3 

3.9 

1.8 

2 

12.7 
2.5.9 
12.0 
17.1 
14.2 
13.8 
19.8 

16.0 

21.1 
19.0 
4.2 
9.1 
16.4 
18.0 
17.0 

11.6 

4.2 
3.2 
1.2 
3.5 
3.5 
4.3 
3.9 

2.7 

b'.h' 

0.3 
0.9 
2.2 
1.2 
1.4 

1.9 

27 
11,752 
2,348 
2,125 
2,449 
15,230 
4,159 

36 

8 
1,684 
428 
352 
433 
2,310 
753 

8 

50.0 
3.2 
1.4 
3.4 
3.5 
5.7 
9.4 

12.5 

■  'h'.o 

13.6 
5.7 

11.3 
5.1 
7.8 

25.0 
9.6 
14.0 
15.9 
26.3 
11.6 
10.2 

37.5 

12.5 
15.9 
31.1 
25.3 
17.3 
17.1 
18.9 

25.0 

'ie.'s' 

17.3 
27.3 
16.4 
17.7 
26.0 

25.0 

12.5 
19.7 
14.7 
10.5 
12.7 
17.2 
23.5 

1 

20.1 
7.0 
4.8 
8.3 

14.0 
3.2 

5.0 
1,2 
2.8 
1.9 
6.7 
0.4 

4.0 
0.5 
2.3 
2.1 
4.4 
0.3 

1.2 
0.2 
2.0 
0.2 
0.4 
0.3 

..... 


o.'i' 

1,038 
44 

349 
69 

259 
72 

14 

255 
13 

103 
19 
83 
20 

6 

18.8 
23,1 
17.5 

40.0 
83.3 

22.7 
30.8 
48.5 
84.2 
47.0 
10.0 

16.7 

31.4 
46.1 
34.0 

's.i 

35.0 

14.5 

id's' 

4.8 
15.0 

6.7 

'h'.3 

1.2 

3.5 

2.4 

4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

in 

16.0 
18.6 

11.6 
15.3 

2.7 
3.3 

1.9 
1.3 

36 
6,603 

8 
1,053 

12.5 
2.8 

11.2 

37.5 
16.6 

25.0 
14.9 

25.0 
19.7 

14 

6 
23 

83.3 
69.6 

16.7 
13.0 

11 

16.0 

7.7 

7.2 

2.9 

'■»    

73 

13.0 

4.4 

12 

17.3 
18.4 
24.7 
9.6 
16.8 
10.5 
17.2 

13.5 

1,3.2 
14.3 
iri.  4 
3.2 
21.3 
43.9 
19.0 

14.9 

2.2 
2.4 
4.2 
0.6 
5.5 
1.8 
7.5 

17.1 

0.6 
0.6 
0.9 

i's' 

3.5 
4.3 

1.9 

2,747 
434 

1,768 
201 
242 

458 
77 

260 
46 
50 

2.0 
7.8 
1.5 
8.7 
12.0 

10.7 
10.4 
10.4 
52.2 
18.0 

24.2 
15.6 
8.1 
1.5.2 
28.0 

16.6 
20.8 
16.9 
8.7 
16.0 

20.3 
1.5.5 
14.6 

8.7 
16.0 

11.6 
24.7 
17.7 

""i'o" 

7.6 

■  'ii'.i' 

4.3 
4.0 

5.0 
3.9 
13.1 
2.2 
2.0 

1.1 
1.3 
7.3 

0.9 

51 

17 

82.3 

5.9 

11.8 

13 
14 

1.2 

22 

6 

33.3 

33.3 

16. 7 

16.7 

15 

16 

2.0 

17 

18 

1,211 
284 

162 

37 

0.6 

0.6 

6.2 
18.9 

5.6 

10.8 

32.1 

10.8 

30.3 
2.7 

11.1 
27.1 

8.6 
13.5 

3.0 

13.5 

1.9 
2.7 

m 

•    22 

5 

20,0 

40  n 

40.0 

?0 

5.6 
15.1 

18.6 

20.8 
13.7 

14.8 

9.7 
18.6 

6.7 

0.8 

28 
256 

204 

4 
33 

38 

75.0 
3.1 

10.5 

25.0 
12.1 

1 

?1 

21.2 

28.9 

12.1 

15.8 

3.0 
13.2 

30.3 

15.2 

3.0 
5.3 

22 

8 

5 
4 

100.0 

20.0 

40.0 

40.0 

n 

7.9 

18.4 

n 

1 

FOVNBRY  AND  MACHINE  SHOP  PKODCCTS. 


18.7 

21.1     4.5 

1,3 

$11,813 

2,025  1    3.5 

10.3 

17.3 

25.3 

20.3 

11.7 

4.3 

3.2 

2.6 

0.9 

0.6 

S5,246 

1,307 

17.4 

36.3 

29.7  I  8.0     5.0  !  1.4 

2.2 

1 

19.0 

21.4 

3.9 

1,3 

7.742 

1,291 

2.6 

6.1 

17.2 

27.7 

21.8 

12.6 

4.0 

3.3 

2.6 

1.2 

0.9 

3,064 

741 

18.2 

32.3 

31.7 

9.7  1  4.7 

1.1 

2.3 

2 

14.5 
19.9 

22.5 
20.1 
23.8 
20.8 
17.9 
17.7 
18.2 

15.7 

16.0 
2LS 
12.2 
20.5 
20.5 
20.1 
24.2 
22.0 
20.8 

16.1 

0.9 
1.4 
1.4 
3.3 
3.5 
2.4 
4.5 
3.7 
5.0 

4.4 

0.3 
0.2 
0.4 
0.9 
1.0 
0.7 
1.4 
0.9 
2.0 

3.8 

3 

12 

2 

50.0 

50.0 

17 

5 

20.0 

80.0 

4 

,<i 

2,493 

418 

918 

2,111 

1,538 

252 

77 

388 
71 
154 
358 
274 
44 

17 

1.8 
5.6 
4.5 
1.4 

0.7 
18.2 

35.3 

6.4 
9.9 
5.2 
7.5 
3.3 
4.6 

11.8 

18.6 
11.3 
7.8 
24.9 
12.4 
15.9 

17.6 

20.6 
8.5 
22.7 
21,0 
56.9 
13.6 

17.6 

22.9 
22.5 
39.0 
19.8 
15,7 
6.8 

11.8 

12.9 
32.4 

7.2 
15.9 

5.1 
13.6 

5.2 
4.2 
3.9 
3.9 
0.7 
13.6 

3.9 
2.8 
4.5 
3.6 
1.5 
4.6 

3.6 
1.4 

5.2 
0.8 
1.5 
6.8 

5.9 

2.6 
1.4 

o.'e" 

0.7 
2.3 

1.5 

o.'e' 

1.5 

1,081 
242 
224 
146 
549 
805 

219 

255 
74 
54 
39 
129 
185 

64 

19.0 
46.0 

5.0 
17.9 

6.2 
17.3 

43.8 

29.0 
32.4 
42.6 
43.6 
31  8 
30.3 

23.4 

35.7 
18.9 
25.9 
20.5 
44.2 
27.6 

17.2 

10.2 

2.7 

22.2 

7.7 

3.5 

i.'s' 

10  3 

0.8 

1.2 

6 

7 
8 
q 

9.3  1  S.'i 

li) 

9.2 
7.8 

5.4 

7.8 

2.7 

7.5 

11 

12 

16.3 
17.5 
10.1 
13.5 
14.9 

16.8 
17.2 
22.5 
12.4 
22.  9 

4.0 
4.5 
10,1 
2,9 
8,1 
2,3 
0,5 
4,4 
1,8 

2.5 
6.6 
5.4 
1.4 
3.2 
0.7 
0.5 
1.6 

■ 

79 
19 

19 
6 

10.5 
50.0 

26.3 
50.0 

36.9 

2&3 

13 

14 

15 
16 
17 



19 

33 

9 

9 

51 

7 
6 
4 
5 

17 

42.9 

ih'.o 

100.0 
70.6 

57.1 
16.7 
25. » 

29 
5 
43 

4 
2 
11 

50.0 

25.9 

25.0 

83.3 

2S,3  ,  10,8 
9.  4       6.  2 
10.  4     13.  7 
18.  5     22.  2 

ioo.o 

36.3 

■ 

18 

18.2 

27.3 

9.1 

9.1 

1<) 

5.9 

23.5 

•>() 

1 

21 

3  Includes  Delaware,  1;  District  o(  Columbia,!;  Georgia,!;  Iowa,  2;   Kentucky,  2;  Louisiana,  2;  Maine,  2;  Nebraska,  2;  Oregon,  2;  Tennessee,  2;  Texas,  1; 

Virginia,  1. 


756 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    71.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES,    BY    STATES,   TERRITO- 
CHILDREX— BY  GROUPS  OF   EARNINGS;   TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER 
FOUNDRV  AND  jnACHINE  SHOP  PKOBUCTS— Continued. 


STATE  OE  TERRITORY. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY   EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN   16 

TEAKS   AND 

OVER. 

AU 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Menie 
years 
and 

over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
lier. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  n 

amber  by  earnings 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
U. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 
»7. 

$7  to 
S8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

22 

North  Central  division.. . 

1,968 

$11.66 

$11.74 

$5.55 

$a68 

$1,055,905 

90,589 

$1,050,538 

89,486 

1.3 

1.7 

2.4 

2.6 

a? 

5.2 

7.8 

14  2 

17.2 

•)•( 

516 
206 
424 
260 
158 

89 
106 
118 

13 
8 

18 

52 

235 

11.31 
10.60 
12.56 
11.24 
11.62 
12.18 
10.99 
12.43 
13.51 
13.72 
12.06 
11.86 
10.30 

11.35 
10.76 
12.69 
11.  2<) 
11.70 
12.19 
11.06 
12.48 
13.07 
13.72 
12.06 
11.88 

10.34 

5.79 
4.24 
6.11 
5.29 
5.18 
8.00 
7.48 
5.43 

a46 
a  21 
a  70 

4.05 

a  79 

■429" 
a  95 
a  00 

334,890 

101,316 

302,898 

104,021 

105,687 

15,222 

22,322 

50,688 

878 

439 

2,327 

14,617 

56,231 

29,617 

9,561 

24, 122 

9,  .309 

9,098 

1,250 

2,031 

4,079 

65 

32 

193 

1,232 

5,459 

334.  ISO 

100.  :«8 

300, 372 

104, 312 

105,243 

15, 182 

22,105 

50,563 

875 

439 

2,327 

14,602 

56,107 

29.451 

9.321 

23.672 

9,237 

8.993 

1,245 

1,999 

4,050 

64 

32 

193 

1,229 

5,425 

2.0 
2.0 
0.9 
0.5 
0.7 
0.5 
1.1 
0.7 

2.2 
2.1 
0.8 
2.1 
1.8 
0.6 
2.2 
0.8 

2.9 

a4 

1.5 
2.6 
2.4 

ai 

2.6 
1.4 

a2 
as 

1.9 
2.4 
1.6 
2.1 
2.5 
2.6 
1.6 

4  1 
45 

a4 
a  7 
ai 
2.7 
49 
2.5 
ai 

5.5 

a2 
a  9 
6.7 
a  9 

4  0 

5.1 

4  6 
1,6 

ao 

9.7 
5.6 
6.5 
14  3 
6.5 
6.9 

a  9 

14  8 
14  8 
12.4 
16.2 
15.4 
12.5 

ia5 

12.9 
14  1 
18.8 
&8 
11.1 

10.6 

15.5 
15.6 
20.6 
17.5 

las 

14  1 
20.7 
20.0 
15.6 
6.2 

ia7 

16.8 
7.6 

*>i 

'>'i 

Illinois                     

'>6 

27 

Wisconsin 

9P 

Iowa             

"^n 

31 
32 

Xorth  Dakota 

South  Dakota 

42 

1.0 
2.3 

ai 

1.0 
1.7 

42 

ai 
as 

40 

47 
5.0 

15.6 

11.4 
45 

10.6 

2.1 
7.0 

5.7 

^1 

9.00 
4.00 

a  00 
a  57 

35 

South  Central  division... 

16 

41 

47 
20 
15 
21 
22 
7 
9 
53 

409 

10.23 
9.32 
9.42 
11.73 
11.36 
10.82 
11.65 
12.08 
12.17 
15.51 

10.31 
9.36 
9.44 
11.91 
11.42 
10.92 
11.80 
12.27 
12.19 

15.61 

4.00 

a56- 

a  50 
a  00 
2.33 
a  00 
a  50 
5.00 
7.00 
a  00 
4.00 

5.33 

10,589 
13,045 
12,293 
1,173 
a  273 
2,706 
361 
592 
12,199 

133,273 

1,0&5 

1,399 

1,305 

100 

288 

2.50 

31 

49 

1,002 

8,592 

10,544 
13,024 
12.286 
1.167 
3, 266 
2,686 
354 
589 
12,191 

132,807 

1,023 

1,392 

1,302 

98 

286 

246 

30 

48 

1,000 

8,510 

4  5 
2.3 
7.2 
1.0 
32 
10.2 
6.7 
2.1 
2.1 

0.5 

ai 
ai 
45 
2.0 
49 
a2 

4.1 
5.1 
5.2 
1.0 
42 
45 

a  3 

37 
6.7 
2.0 
2.8 
2.8 

as 
2.1 
2.6 

1.8 

6.5 

2a  5 

2a  0 

12.2 

42 

6.1 

43 
2.8 

11.4 
&2 
7.8 

12.3 
&7 
9.8 
6.7 
2.1 

17.9 

2.4 

ai 
7.2 
47 

"'6.'2" 
45 

■"as" 

1.4 

12.6 
9.2 
6.5 

17.4 

a4 

11.0 

las 
as 

15.6 

a  6 

11.  S 

as 
6.3 
6.1 
12.6 
7.3 

16.7 
12.5 
89 

7.1 

17 

Tennessee..          

IS 

?0 

Mississippi 

40 

•11 

42 

41 

Indian  Territory 

2.1 
1.1 

0.9 

2.1 
Z2 

1.5 

44 

Texas                  

45 

Western  division 

46 

6 
64 
5 
6 
64 
26 
238 

'6 

19.27 
14.61 
17.81 
14.14 
15.82 
16.02 
15.36 

17.13 

19.31 

14.72 
17.81 
14.14 
15.86 

iao2 

15.48* 
17.13 

aoo 
4.33 

5,686 
16,818 
481 
297 
17,354 
11,089 
81,548 

2,158 

295 

1,151 

27 

21 

1,097 

692 

5,309 

126 

5,678 
16, 766 
481 
297 
17,334 
11,089 
81,162 
2,158 

294 
1,139 

27 
21 

1,093 
692 

6,244 

126 

0.3 
1.7 

1.0 
2.3 

1.4 
1.7 

1.4 
2.3 

a  4 
as 
7.4 
2a8 
ao 
a9 
2.4 

20.  c 

a  4 

15.2 

""as" 

6.5 
6.7 
5.6 

47 

Colorado. 

0.9 

0.9 

1.0 

48 
40 

Utah            

47 
1.6 
2.0 
1.6 

48 
0.7 
1.2 
1.4 

SO 

5.00 

1.6 
0.1 
0.3 

2.1 
0.3 
0.8 

2.6 
0.7 
1.9 

1.8 
2.5 

a2 

2.4 
1.3 
2.7 

51 

5? 

as6 

S.S2 

53 

All  other  states 

FURNITURE. 


<  Inrludeo  Alnaka,  1:  Idnhn,  2:  Ni'vnda,  I:  N>'W  Moxiro,  2, 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


757 


RIES,     AND    GEOGRAPHIC     DIVISIONS— PER    CENT    DISTRIBUTION    OF    WAGE-EARNERS-MEN,     WOMEN,     AND 
OP  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NCMItKR  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— ContinuefL 


■  -OLM>ICV 

\M> 

.TI.K'IIIM 

':  SII4>I>   I>K4>»UCT$— 

Continued. 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEABS  AND  OVER. 

CHILDRES  UNDER  16   YEARS. 

Percent  distrilmtion 
of  numlHT  by  I'ani- 
ings -Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  numiter  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by 
earninps. 

$12 
to 
J15. 

$15 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

S3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

$5 
to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 

to 
$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

2.1 

$12 
to 
$15. 

0.4 

$15 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

to 
$6. 

to 

r. 

to 
$8. 

S8 
and 
over 

19.1 

20.6 

3.3 

0.9 

$3,893 

702 

4.4 

17.8 

17.7 

21.0 

18.1 

10.3 

5.1 

3.1 

$1,474 

401 

14.2 

47.9 

29.9 

4.0 

2.7 

0.8 

0.5 

22 

19.8 
17.2 
19.2 
19.0 
19.2 
21.0 
16.2 
17.7 
20.3 
21.9 
22.3 
20.7 

10.5 

18.5 
15.8 
24.3 
20.1 
19.5 
27.4 
29.7 
25.7 
34.4 
46.9 
22.8 
2a  8 

17.1 

2.8 
2.3 
4.2 
2.3 
3.4 
5.3 
2.8 
5.6 
7.8 
6.2 
3.1 
3.7 
.■;  4 

0.7 
0.6 
1.3 
0.4 
0.9 
0.2 
0.8 
1.6 
1.5 

336 

856 

2,182 

74 
171 

40 
187 

38 

58 

202 

357 

14 

33 

5 

25 

7 

3.6 

10.3 
38.6 
9.8 

27.6 
33.7 
6.4 
57.2 
24.2 

27.6 
14.8 
26.6 
14.3 

17.3 
4.0 
26.3 
14.3 
27.3 

"i'5' 

14.3 

7.1 
6.1 

5.2 

■■7.'6' 

7.1 

12.1 

20.0 

1.7 
0.5 
3.1 

10.3 
1.0 
1.7 

374 
.122 
344 
23S 
273 

30' 

87 
3 

108 
38 
93 
58 
72 

7' 

22 

1 

14.8 
39.5 
24.7 

"i's' 
i66.'6' 

45.4  138.9 

0.9 

'i.'s' 

1.7 
5.5 

ii's' 

9.1 

•n 

6.' 6' 



34.2 
46.3 
51.8 
62.5 

'42.'8' 
31.8 

26.3 
11.8 
36.2 
27.8 

42.'9 
59.1 

's.'i' 

8.6 
L4 

'3.'2' 

'i.'i' 

L7 

24 
25 

?6 

15.1 
20.0 

'U.3 

15.2 

77 

40.6 
24.0 

i'o' 

20.0 

?S 

4.0 

14.3' 

4.0 
42.8 

12.0 
14.3 

52.0 
14.3 

•X) 

30 

31 

3? 

1.0 
1.4 

1.4 

'n 

9 
24 

1 
6 

100.0 

6 
100 

2 
28 

14.3 

100.0 
46.4 

34 

33.4 

33.3 

33.3 

28  6 

3.6 

7.  A 

Xi 

13.5 
8.7 
8.7 
12.3 
11.2 
7.3 
26.7 
31.2 
11.1 

20.4 

16  8 
16.9 
13.2 
30.6 
28.7 
24.8 
23.3 
29.2 
15.5 

28.7 

4.7 
3.1 
4.3 
3.1 
4.9 
6.5 
3.3 
6.2 
10.9 

24.5 

0.1 
0.2 
1.9 

24 

6 

33.4 

33.3 

33.3 

21 

6 
7 
3 
2 
2 
4 
1 
1 
2 

73 

16.7 

'66.'7' 
50.0 

50.0 
100  0 

'so.'o 

50.0 

16.7 

16.6 

Vi 

21 

37 



33  3 

38 

! 

6 

7 

20 

7 

I 
389 

39 

1.0 
2.0 

i 

50.0 
75.0 

40 



25.0 
100.0 

41 

i 

4? 

100.0 

43 

4.0 
4.4 

100.0 
19.2 

44 

"77 

9 

22.2 

11.1 

22.2     11.1 

22.3 

11.1 

4.1 

21.9 

15  1 

19.2 

68 

13.7 

45 

6.1 
15.6 
25.9 
28.6 
22.9 
23.3 
21.4 

7.9 

38.4 
33.3 
22  2 
9.5 
25.0 
19.9 
29.2 

18.3 

22  8 

91  « 

1                        1 

1 

8 
52 

1 
12 

1 

100.0 

46 

13. 2     3  T 

8.3 

41.7 

8.3 

8.3 

33.4 

47 

40.8 
28.6 
29.9 
36.3 
24.3 

39.7 

3.7 

48 



49 

3.9 
2.0 
4.1 

7.9 

1 

1 



' 

20 

4 

25.0 

250 

50.0 

W 

.M 

77 

9 

22.2 

11.1 

22. 2    ii.  i 

22.3 

11.1 

309 

56 

.^6 

17.9 

21.4 

17.9 

14.3 

7.1 

17  8 

52 

51^ 







17.4 

11.1 

2,0 

0.5 

$10,577 

1,911 

13.7 

14.2 

13.2 

18.5 

13.7 

10.9 

6.2 

3.5  i  3.2 

2.2  '  0.7 

$4,585 

1,292 

30.5 

32.9 

20.8    11.9 

3.3  ,  0.5     0.1 

1 

18.4 

13.0 

2.3 

0.5 

6,380 

977 

4.0 

8.5 

10.1 

18.7 

17.0 

16.4 

10.3 

5.7 

4.9 

3.6 

0.8 

1,254 

307 

18.6 

26.4 

18.6  28.7 

6.8  1  0.6  :  0.3 

2 

10.7 
15.  5 
5.1 
19.3 
25.8 
15.9 
19.7 
20.0 
15.9 

7.1 

3.1 
4.7 
3.7 
15.6 
61.3 
31.1 
11.2 
23.7 
12.1 

4.7 

1.3 
1.3 

2.0 
1.7 
,3.2 
'4.5 
2.8 
3.8 
2.0 

0.9 

0.6 
0.3 
0.6 
0.5 

7 
9 

2 
4 

166.0" 

100.0 

3 

8 

2 

ioo.o 

4 



5 

4,765 

693 

0.7 

5.1 

6.2 

21.2 



18.5 

19.6 

13.0 

6.9 

5.2 

3.3 

0.3 

750 

161 

11.2 

14.9 

13.7 

47.2 

11  2 

0.6 

6 
7 

1.5 
0.5 
1.2 
0.5 

0.4 

8 

1,165 

291 

143 

81 

1 

211 

44 

26 

38 

166.6 
2.4 

6.8 
3.8 

2.6 

10 
115 

2 
33 

'i2.'i' 

50.0 
60.6 

.^.6 

K 

13.  7 
6.8 

7.7 

73.7 

16.6 
13.6 
26.9 

13.2 

22.3 
11.4 

7.7 

12.8 
18.2 
3.9 

2.6 

13.3 
9.1 
23.1 

2.6 

6.2 
13.6 
19.2 

5.3 

2.4 
6.8 

4.2 
6.8 

4.2 
2.3 
7.7 

1.9 
4.6 

21.2     6.1 

9 

in 

363 

881 

105 
319 

29.5 
60.8 

32.4 
30.1 

26.7     8.6 
8.5    

2.8 
0.6 

11 

12 

1 

13.0 
6.7 

15.2 
1.6 
1.7 

11.0 

18.5 

12.7 
4.5 
9.3 
0.6 

"i.'e' 

10.4 

2.4 

1.1 

34 

5 

20.0 

20.0 

40.0 

20.0 

1 

'        217 
34 

71 
10 

53.5 
50.0 

36.6 
30.0 

9.9 

13 

j 

2ao 

14 

1.6 
0.1 
1.7 
0.4 

0.9 

8 

3 

33.3 

66.7 

15 

393 

10 

227 

2,004 

147 

5 

86 

523 

65.3 
100.0 
58.2 

15.9 

25.9 

8.8 

16 

17 

0.4 
0.4 

39 
3,720 

30 
818 

90.0 
20.2 

10.0 
2L4 

33.7 
38.0 

8  1 

18 

18.6     20.0 

H.O 

4.4 

1.7 

0.7 

0.9 

0.7 

0.4 

30.4 

11.7 

3.3 

a7 



19 

17.2 
15.8 
30.8 
13.7 
9.7 
12.9 
21.1 
32.1 
16.0 
241 

15.6 

7.2 

5.5 

23.9 

6.9 

3.0 

8.3 

10.9 

24.2 

16.0 

20.7 

9.0 

1.0 
0.6 
1.5 
0.8 
0.5 
0.4 
0.8 
2.0 
6.6 

0.8 
0.3 
0.4 
0.3 
0.1 

0.6' 
0.5 

1,322 

1,075 

125 

755 

158 

45 

50 

149 

41 

286 

300 

25 

131 

35 

10 

8 

19 

4 

16.4 

38.7 

8.0 

21.7 
24.3 
24.0 
17.5 
28.6 

23.4     23.8 
11.3  1   14.0 
32. 0      24. 0 
18.3  1  22.1 
22  8      4S.  6 

9.8 

9.7 

4.0 

22.9 

2.8 
1.0 
4.0 
8.4 

"6.'7' 

1.0 

0.4 
0.3 

0.7 

■46" 
0.8 

49 
481 
208 
600 
454 

14 
140 

50 
142 
124 

21.4 

34.3 

2.0 

4.9 

16.9 

50.0 
30.7 
50.0 
30.3 
46.0 

143    143 
27.9  1  7.1 
24  0    14  0 
40.9  ,141 
26.6  ^10.5 

W) 

?1 

10.0 
7.0 

22 

3.8 

0.8 

3.1 

2.3 

2.8 

23 
24 

100.0 
12.5 

25 

12.5 
5.3 

12.5 
'25.'6' 

62.5 
42.1 

32 

173 

7 

9 
42 
2 

"7.'i' 

66.7 
38.1 
100.0 

33.3 
?R  6 

X 

5.3 

31.6 
25.0 

10.5 

5.2 

21  4 

4.8 

■a 

25.0 

25.0 

28 

» 

1.0 

0.6 

121 

46 

65.2 

17.4 

2.2 

2.2 

2.2 

6.5 

2.2 

2.1 

415 

136 

43.4 

36.0 

16.9 

3.0 

0.7 

30 

25.0 
12.1 

6.2 
14.0 

7.7 
25.4 

19.1 

16.4 
18.4 
30.3 
14.6 

22.6 

8.0 
11.0 
3.1 
8.7 
.1.2 
7.2 

23.6 

0.2 
1.6 

'6.6 
0.9 

0.4 
0.4 
1.6 
0.9 
1.7 

29 

7 

85.7 

14.3 

64 
204 

23 

67 

65.2 
35.8 

44 

448 

30.4 
17.9 

31 

1.5 

3? 

33 

::::: 

35 
80 
32 

31 

10 

29 

7 

7 

50.0 
51.7 

us' 

50.6 
41.4 
143 

^4 

62 
30 

260 

35 
4 

30 

85.7 

5.7 

2.9 

2.9 

'25."6' 
10.0 

2.8 
25.0 

20.0 

'25.'6" 
10.0 

■25.'6' 
10.0 

3.5  i  3.4 

42.9  28.6 

42.9   142 

!"""■ 

35 

142 
28.6 

36 

24.6 

4.2 

16.7 

20.0 

6.7 

6.6 

..      . 

37 

34.4 

27.6 
19.2 
23.2 

9.7 

31.1 
18.4 
2.9 
33.9 

22.6 

2.5 
1.1 
1.3 
6.3 

4 

1 

100.0 

3S 

5 

64 

191 

IS 

1 

8 

21 

2 

100.0 
50.0 

1 

39 

' 

25.0 
4.7 

2a6' 

25.0 

'9."s' 

27' 

■--:-■ 

mi' 

33.'3' 

iai' 

33.'3' 

40 

14.3 

28.6 
100.0 

14.3 

41 

4? 

"1 

1 

'Includes  District  of  Colimibia,  1;  Florida,  1:  Indian  Territory,  1;  South  Dakota.  2. 


758 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    71.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS— TWEXTY-FIVE    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES,    BY    STATES,    TERRITO- 
CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS  OF  EARNINGS;  TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND    NUMBER 


STATE  OB  TEERITORY. 

Num- 
ber of 
estal)- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16 

TEARS  AND 

OVER 

.^1 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  ofnumlier 

by  earnings. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
S4. 

$4  to 

$5. 

S5to 
$6. 

$6  to 
S7. 

$7  to 
S8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 

$12. 

1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division. . 

Massachusetts 

New  York 

171 

$12.82 

$14.10 

$5.08 

$4.22 

$466,343 

36,368 

$444,361 

31,510 

1.8 

2.5 

4.7 

5.3 

5.4 

5.8 

6.2 

10.6 

12.8 

2 

79 

13.14 

14.42 

5.88 

4.26 

255,799 

19,467 

243,384 

16,875 

0.7 

1.4 

4.3 

3.3 

5.4 

6.6 

5.3 

11.4 

15.2 

3 

4 

3 
12 

5 
59 

22 

10.55 
12.41 
13.19 
13.43 

13.59 

11.38 
13.22 
14.63 
14.81 

15.66 

5.44 
5.26 
4.09 
6.15 

3.89 

3.69 
3.89 
3.96 
4.34 

3.16 

10,316 
29,148 
21,827 
194,508 

37,179 

978 

2.348 

1.B55 

14, 486 

2,735 

9.660 
28. ISO 
20,935 
184,609 

'        35,571 

849 

2,132 

1,431 

12,463 

2,272 

2.4 
1.5 
0.4 
0.5 

3.3 

•  3.2 
2.0 
5.9 
0.7 

12.2 

10.2 
9.7 
7.5 
2.6 

5.3 

5.4 
7.2 
3.6 
2.5 

3.5 

6.5 
9.9 
13.3 
3.6 

2.3 

4.7 
6.2 
7.6 
5.4 

4.3 

7.8 
4.3 
2.4 
5.6 

2.0 

7.4 
7.6 
10.8 
12.4 

9.6 

13.7 
8.5 
6.5 

17.4 

9.1 

S 

6 
7 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division. . 

Marvland 

f) 

3 
19 

66 

13.12 
13.74 

12.23 

14.93 
15.88 

13.35 

3.58 
3.91 

4.29 

2.61 
3.41 

4.47 

8,319 
28,860 

167,559 

634 
2,101 

13,700 

8,062 
27,509 

160,020 

540 
1,732 

11,989 

1.9 
3.8 

2.8 

28.9 
6.9 

2.0 

9.4 
4.0 

5.0 

1.5 
4.2 

8.2 

0.6 
2.9 

6.0 

a7 

2.9 
6.3 

0.7 
2.4 

8.5 

4.5 
11.2 

9.9 

3.7 
10.7 

10.2 

9 
10 

West  Virginia 

North  Central  division. . . 
Ohio 

11 

12 

42 

3 

3 

6 

12.93 

11.4!) 
14.30 
11.15 
14.84 

12.46 

15.11 
12.24 
17.13 
11.45 
15.63 

14.40 

4.97 
3.72 
3.86 
4.20 
3.86 

7.00 

4.15 
4.68 
4.70 
4.61 
4.00 

3.27- 

43,875 
86,509 
12,670 
10,995 
13,510 

5,806 

3,393 

7,5-il 
880 
986 
904 

466 

40,753 
83,407 
11,754 
10,801 
13,305 

5,386 

2,697 

6,812 

686 

943 

851 

374 

0.5 
4.3 

0.8 
3.1 

9.7 
4.7 

5.9 
10.9 
9.2 

2.3 
8.1 
3.9 
0.4 
9.5 

4.3 

11.5 
5.6 
1.9 
2.3 
4.1 

4.0 

11.2 
6.1 
13.4 
20.1 
2.5 

1.6 

7.1 
8.4 
15.3 
18.1 
16.9 

8.8 

6.2 
9.1 
11.5 
27.6 
11.1 

9.4 

I' 

1? 

Illinois 

11 

It 

Kansas         .        ... 

4.0 
8.3 

0.7 
5.3 

1.9 
7.5 

1.7 
10.2 

16 

All  other  states 

HOSIERY  AND  KNIT  UOODS. 


1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division.. 
New  Hampshire 

416 

$6.48 

S8.90 

$6.01 

$3.19 

$293,843 

45,347 

$102,843 

11,558 

2.8 

3.6 

5.9 

6.8 

12.6 

13.9 

12.3 

11.1 

13.3 

2 

295 

6.98 

9.29 

6.42 

3.52 

237,727 

34,053 

86,214 

9,285 

1.7 

2.5 

4.2 

5.7 

12.0 

15.0 

13.2 

11.9 

14.7 

3 
4 

12 
3 

45 
11 
8 
87 
12 
117 

39 

7.18 
7.70 
6.98 
6.96 
8.22 
7.70 
6.38 
5.91 

4.16 

8.88 
9.26 
9.40 
10.17 
10.65 
9.06 
8.89 
9.35 

'    6.04 

6.60 
7.01 
6.35 
6.22 
6.99 
7.12 
5.33 
5.71 

3.96 

2.36 
3.10 
3.98 
3.41 
3.81 
4.14 
3.22 
3.28 

2.62 

10.659 
4,191 

55,427 
8,602 

11,175 

85,725 
9,176 

52,772 

15,910 

1,485 
544 
7.937 
1.230 
1,360 
11.129 
1,438 
8,924 

3,821 

3,800 
1,714 

19,345 
2,858 
5,100 

34,798 
4,178 

14,421 

0,087 

428 

185 
2.057 

281 

479 
3,842 

470 
1,543 

1,008 

3.3 

0.5 
0,8 

"i.'4' 

2.8 
3.8 

7.8- 

2.3 
0.5 

1.1 
3.6 
0.4 
1.7 
6.8 
6.2 

8.8 

3.0 
2.2 
4.4 
3.2 
1.5 
3.3 
7.0 
6.8 

18.2 

4.0 
3.8 
8.8 
8.2 
4.4 
3.2 
11.1 
6.9 

16.6 

9.3 
11.9 
16.  4 

7.8 
14.2 
12.1 

8.3 

7.6 

21.7 

18.7 
23.2 
13.4 
13.9 
10.4 
IS.  3 
10.0 
10.2 

9.2 

14.3 
11.4 
12.8 
9.2 
8.3 
15.4 
13.6 
10.4 

6.7 

13.1 
15.7 
9.5 
8.5 
15.9 
14.3 
10.2 
8.2 

3.9 

15.7 
12.4 
11.4 
10.0 
14.8 
15.0 
14.5 
1G.7 

3.2 

S 
6 

7 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

H 

^ 

10 
11 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division. . 

1? 

8 
18 
8 
5 

62 

4.62 
3.78 
3.91 
4.52 

5.70 

7.19 
5.99 
4.79 
6.27 

9.38 

4.08 
3.53 
3.90 
4.66 

5.21 

2.56 
2.56 
2.78 
2.69 

3.05 

5.240 
4,8.39 
3.373 
2,458 

32,957 

1,133 

1.281 

863 

544 

5,781 

2.122 

l.TliO 

1,.3,59 

846 

8,373 

295 
294 
284 
135 

893 

2.0 
11.2 
13.0 

2.2 

2.1 

,■!.  1 
11.2 
14.4 

4.4 

2.8 

8.1 
14.0 
32.4 
19.3 

7.1 

2.5.1 
12.3 
10.6 
20.0 

5.4 

21.0 
25.5 
20.1 
18.5 

9.0 

13.2 
6.1 
3.5 

19.3 

10.4 

10.5 
5.8 
2.1 

10.4 

10.1 

4.4 
6.1 
1.4 
3.0 

14.4 

5.4 
4.1 

I.O 
0.8 

14.3 

13 
14 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia                  

16 

North  Central  division.. . 
Ohio                        

17 

13 

7 

27 

12 

3 

6 

5.47 
7.02 
5.36 
5.22 
7.13 

4.01 

8.82 
10.29 
8.95 
9.94 
9.44 

S.55 

5.10 
5.87 
4.85 
4.89 
7.02 

4.10 

3.05 
2.72 
.3.17 
3.08 
1.33 

2.35 

7,077 
5,108 
13,286 
4,4.54 
3,032 

3,812 

1,293 
728 

2.481 
8.54 
425 

950 

1,553 
2, 161 
3,294 
1,044 
321 

1,1,59 

176 
210 
368 
105 
34 

209 

2.9 

6.8 
3.8 
1.1 
1.0 

9.1 
5.2 
6.2 
5.7 
20.0 

17.2 

5.1 
4.8 
5.7 
7.6 

10.5 

11.9 
1.4 

12.5 
6.7 
8.8 

9.0 

9.1 
8.1 
12.0 
11.4 
11.8 

9.1 

10,2 
8.1 

13.0 
,3.8 
8.8 

9.6 

19.9 
10.5 
12.5 
18.1 
20.6 

4.8 

13.1 
21.9 
10.6 
16.2 
8.8 

2.9 

18 

Illinois 

19 

Michigan          

20 
?1 

Wisconsin 

22 

South  Central  division. . . 
Tennessee 

14.8 

18.2 

'>1 

6 
•14 

4.01 
4.03 

5.55 
&20 

4.10 
4.44 

2.35 
2.35 

3,812 
3,437 

950 
742 

1,159 
1,010 

209 
163 

14.8 
25.2 

18.2 
14.7 

17.2 
6.7 

10.5 
8.0 

9.6 
10.4 

9.1 
4.3 

9.0 
6.1 

4.8 
4.9 

2.9 
8.0 

?4 

All  other  states 

IRON  AND  STEEL,  BLAST  FURNACES. 


1 

United  StatCD 

North  Atlantic  division.. 
New  York 

82 

$11.70 

$11.71  !  $5.00     $5.33 

$278,981 

23,839 

$278,752 

23,796 

1.6 

0.7 

1.1 

1.1 

2.3 

6.0 

4.9 

10.7 

31.0 

2 

35 

12. 03 

12.05    1    5.08 

140,228 

11,0.57 

140,0,35 

11,023 

0.2 

0.2 

0.3 

0.8 

1.7 

3.8 

3.6 

12.7 

32.8 

1 

6 
29 

S 

13.50 
11.87 

7.47 

13.50 
11.89 

7.40 

15, 102 
125,120 

6,691 

1,114 
10,643 

748 

16,102 
124,833 

6,679 

1,114 
10,509 

746 

1 

0.3 
0.9 

2.4 

1.5 
1.7 

13.8 

3.0 
3.9 

28.3 

3.4 
3.6 

18.4 

12.0 
12.7 

8.1 

16.7 
34.6 

9.3 

4 

5 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  dUisloD.. 
Virginia 

5.68 
4.00 

0.2 
8.6 

0.2 
2.3 

0.4 
3.6 

A 

2fi 

7.47 
12.87 

7.i»    

12.87      6.00 

4.00 

6,691 
77,406 

748 
0,013 

6,  ,579 
77,400 

746 
0,012 

8.0 
1.2 

2.3 
0.6 

3.0 
0.8 

2.4 

0.6 

13.8 
0.6 

28.3 
1.0 

18.4 
1.7 

8.1 
7.3 

0.3 
29.6 

7 

North  Central  division .. 
Ohio 

H 

17 
6 
8 

7 

1.3.01 
12.02 

n.ta 
a  78 

13.01        5.00 

64,836 
0,412 
0,168 

18,481 

4,084 
608 
621 

2,104 

64,8:10 
0,412 
0,168 

18,402 

4,083 
608 
521 

2,009 

1.4 

0.4 

0.8 

0.0 

0.6 

1.0 
1.0 
1.7 

18.0 

1.0 

"i'.s 

10.1 

0.8 
12.0 
0.7 

14.0 

27.7 
33.  6 
43.4 

11.8 

u 

.Michigan 

12.02 
11.82 

880 

in 

0.4 
0.3 

2.3 
2.0 

1.1 
5.0 

0.4 
4.2 

i.6 

8.0 

11 

South  Central  division... 

3.80 

1? 

3 
4 

•10 

,    7.17 
B.27 

11.24 

7.20 
.0.27 

11.24 

3.80 

3,612 
14,000 

37,278 

400 
1,014 

3,317 

3,403 
14,000 

37,278 

486 
1,614 

3,317 

11.6 
4.8 

2.1 

3.1 
2.4 

1.1 

0.6 
4.8 

0.7 

3.1 
4.6 

0.S 

18.2 
4.0 

1.5 

16.3 
20.0 

2.6 

.5,1 
19.4 

6.7 

12.0 
14.4 

8.6 

16.7 
10.7 

44. « 

II 

14 

I  InclitfU'fl  (!alirorniit,  I:  MfchlK'iri,  I:  'IVnnrNMK%  1;  Virginia,  1. 

>  ]ncliir)i*i4  f'alffornin,  1;  Dclftwurf,  1';  lOiiho,  1;  Jndlnim,  1;  Kentucky,];  Mnlrif,  1;  Maryland. 'J;  NobraHka,  1;  Oregon.  1;  riiili.  !•;  Went  Virginia,  1. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


759 


RIES,     AND    GEOGRAPHIC     DIVISIONS— PER    CENT    DISTRIBUTION    OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,     WOMEN,     AND 
OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OI'^  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  190.5— Continued. 


ciiAss. 


HEN  16  YEARS  AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  1«  YEARS. 

Per  cent  distribution 
of  nuniljor  by  earn- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  iiural>er  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

1 
Per 

cent  distribution  of  numtwr  by 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 

to 
$4. 

S4 

to 

ss. 

$5 
to 
S6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 

$s. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

89 
to 
$10. 

$10  1  $12 
to       to 
$12.    $15. 

1.7  1  1.4 

$15 
and 
over 

0.8 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

$5       $6       $7   1    $8 
to      to      to     and 
$«.     $7.  1  $».   over 

1 

11.5 

10.9 

7.5 

15.0 

$8,738 

1,721 

9.9 

21.7 

25.0 

14.7 

11.7 

6.7 

3.5 

2.9 

$13,244 

3.1,37 

13.0 

30.4 

30.1 

14.8     9.0 

1.2 

1.5 

1 

13.5 

12.1 

7.9   13.9 

1      4,975 

846 

3.0 

13.1 

20.9 

18.6 

18.7 

10.0 

5.4 

4.5 

2.3  1  2.2 

1.3 

7,440 

1,746 

8.9 

32.1 

33.8   17.0  1  6.9 

0.6 

0.7 

2 

10.8 
11.6 
3.8 
14.8 

8.1 

13.5 
8.3 
7.7 

13.1 

12.7 

4.0  ':  4.4 
10.7    12.5 
3.7    ''6.8 

'          .ViO 

494 

I          139 

1      3,782 

774 

103 
94 
34 

615 

199 

7.8 
1.1 

23.1 

15.5 

'38.'2' 
13.3 

35.7 

25.2 
43.6 
61.8 
14.5 

26.7 

18.4 
31.9 

11.7 
7.4 

12.6 
12.8 

4.9 
3.2 

2.9 

1.0 

96 

474 

753 

6,117 

834 

20  '  46.2 

122  1    4.9 

190  1     1.6 

1,408       9.6 

264  ;  39.8 

11.5 
46.7 
66.8 
26.5 

30.3 

26.9   15.4 
35.3    13.1 

3 

29.5 
34.4 

22.7 

1.6 
19.4 

5.7 

0.5 

8.4 

1.5 

5 

8.1 
8.3 

13.3 
19.3 

17.6 
5.5 

22.6 
1.5 

9.7 
2.5 

6.2 
1.5 

5.7 
1.0 

3.1 
2.0 

2.9 
0.5 

1.8 

0.8 

0.9 

6 
7 

3.3 
9.6 

9.5 

8.9 
13.9 

9.2 

2.2 
10.2 

7.1 

25.7 
17.3 

15.3 

43 
731 

2,765 

12 
187 

644 

16.7 
23.5 

14.9 

33.3 
35.8 

29.7 

41.7 
25.7 

29.5 

8.3 
5.4 

13.0 

214 
620 

4,774 

82     6.5.9 
182     28.0 

1,067     11.7 

34.1 
28.6 

26.5 

.t.   .. 

ft 

1.6 

S.8 

2.7 
3.7 

1.6 

1.7 

1.1 
1.2 

2.1 
0.3 

0.5 
0.2 

33.0    8.2  1  2.2 
27.3  13.9   15.0 

2.4 

3.2 

9 
10 

6.1 
10.9 

5.5 
16.8 

4.8 

5.9 

11.2 
9.1 
3.7 

11.5 
5.5 

5.1 

6.3   21.2 
9.0   10.7 
0.6  135.0 
2.0  ;  1.2 
4.9  ;32.  4 

1,406 
1,012 

108 
42 

197 

224 

1 

283 

272 

28 

10 

51 

32 

2.5 
29.0 
25.0 

22.6 
34.5 
28.6 

38.9 
18.0 

m.o 

45.1 
34.4 

13.1 
11.8 
46.4 
20.0 

8.8 
4.4 

7.1 
1.5 

3.5 
0.4 

2,5 
0.4 

0.7 

0.3 



1,716 

2,090 

808 

152 

8 

196 

413 
447 
172 
33 
2 

60 

6.3 

21.5 

1.8 

49.6 
15.4 
2.9 
12.1 

14.5  12.6 

20.6  10.7 
67.4   27.9 
63.6 

16.2 
19.5 

0.5  ',  0.3 
4.9  1  7.4 

11 
12 
11 

18.2 

6.1 

5.9 
12.5 

49.0 

100.0 
5.0 

}^ 

2.9 

26.7 

3.1 

12.5 

6.3 

3.1 

12.5     9.4 

6.2 

35.0 

51,6 

6.7 

1.7 

16 

HOSIERY    AND  KNIT  GOODS. 


9.3 

5.8 

1.8 

0.9 

$177,317 

29,502 

7.3 

10.2 

15.0 

16.2 

17.3 

14.1 

8.7 

6.1 

3.6 

1.3 

0.2 

$13,683 

4,287 

43.0 

34.4 

las 

5.9 

2.5 

0.8  1  0.1 

1 

10.1 

6.0 

1.9 

1.1 

142,297 

22,151 

4.7 

7.6 

12.9 

15.4 

18.7 

16.7 

10.6 

7.5 

4.2     1.5 

0.2 

9,216 

2,617 

34.5 

34.1 

17. 7     8. 3 

4.0 

1.2 

0.2 

2 

11.9 
12.4 
11.3 
12.5 
1.10 
8.2 
8.5 
11.1 

1.7 

3.0 
3.3 

7.1 
12.8 
9.0 
4.8 
4.0 
6.8 

1.4 

0.9 
1.6 
1.5 
3.9 
4.4 
1.1 
1.7 
3.5 

0.7 

0.5 
1.1 
1.5 
0.4 
1.7 
0.6 
1.5 
1.8 

0.1 

6,793 
2,446 

33,986 
5,502 
5,972 

49,584 
4,747 

33,267 

7,265 

1,029 
349 

5,353 
884 
854 

6,963 
890 

5,829 

1,835 

6.8 
1.2 
2.2 
2.9 
2.1 
2.8 
12.7 
8.6 

27.5 

5.2 
1.4 
5.2 
10.0 
4.6 
5.1 
10.7 
13.2 

21.5 

8.2 
6.9 
16.7 
10.1 
8.8 
9.0 
17.4 
15.4 

20.7 

19.0 
5.7 
16.5 
13.8 
17.9 
13.4 
16.6 
16.5 

15.4 

18.1 
38.4 
20.6 
33.4 
20.4 
16.0 
24.9 
15.5 

11.2 

12.8 
19.2 
20.1 
14.6 
14.2 
18.3 
7.8 
14.3 

2.0 

11.7 
12.0 
11.2 
8.8 
10.6 
13.5 
4.7 
7.6 

0.7 

10.5 
6.6 
4.5 
.3.7 
9.7 

11.6 
3.9 
5.8 

0.4 

6.3 
6.3 
2.4 
2.4 
9.9 
6.5 
1.1 
2.7 

0.4 

1.4 
2.3 
0.5 
0.3 
1.8 
3.4 
0.2 
0.3 

'6.'i' 

'6."4' 

o.i' 

0.2 

66 

31 

2,096 

242 

103 

1,343 

251 

5,084 

2,558 

28 
10 

527 
71 
27 

324 

78 

1,552 

978 

67.9 
30.0 

8.9 
36.6 

7.4 
10.5 
50.0 
47.3 

56.0 

17.8 
20.0 
59.0 
43.7 
40.7 
34.2 
25.6 
25.8 

36.4 

10.7 
40.0 
19.6 
18.3 
48.2 
32.1 
24.4 

ia2 

4.7 

3.6 

■8.'2' 
1.4 
3.7 

16.4 

io.'o" 

3.0 
'6.'5' 

'i.'i' 
as" 

■a2' 

3 

4 

5 
8 
7 

a 
9 

7.5 
2.3 

4.3 
0.4 

i.6  '  6.3 

1 
0.2  , 

10 

11 

3.1 
2.0 
0.4 
0.7 

10.9 

2.4 
1.4 
0.7 
0.7 

10.9 

L4 
0.3 
0.4 
0.7 

2.2 

0.3 
0.4 

2,608 
2,008 
1,405 
1,244 

23,356 

639 
569 
360 
267. 

4,486 

25.8 
33.9 
29.7 
14.6 

8.6 

17.5 
33.0 
17.2 
12.4 

15.2 

27.8 
12.5 
15.8 
27.3 

21.3 

16.9 

7.9 

20.0 

21.7 

20.6 

7.2 
11.8 
14.2 
15.7 

14.8 

2.2 
0.5 
1.9 
4.9 

8.6 

1.3 

"6.6' 

1.1 

4.4 

0.6 
0.2 

0.5 
0.2 

0.2 
0.6 

0.1 

510 

1,071 

609 

368 

1,228 

199 
418 
219 
142 

402 

61.8 
56.5 
51.1 
54.2 

35.8 

27.2 
38.3 
42.0 
35.2 

49.5 

6.0     3.5 

3.6  1.4 

3.7  ,  2.7 

7.8  j  2.1 

11.7     2.7 

0.5 
0.2 
0.5 
0.7 

0.3 

1.0 

12 
13 
14 

0.8 
2.8 

1.5 
2.6 

1.0 

15 
16 

4.0 
18.6 
11.4 
7.6 
2.9 

3.3 

6.8 
16.2 

9.0 
l.'i.S 
11.8 

2.9 
0.9 
1.4 

5.7 
5.9 

1.1 
0.5 
0.3 

5,274 
2,868 
9,526 
2,985 
2,703 

2  134 

1,035 
489 

1,966 
611 
385 

520 

5.9 
0.6 
13.5 
9.0 
1.0 

25.9 

22.9 
10.8 
14.5 
16.4 
2.1 

25.6 

27  2 
16^2 
20.1 
19.5 
20.5 

25.2 

18.7 
20.0 
22.7 
23.3 
11.7 

13.1 

9.1 
21.9 
14.3 
21.4 
13.2 

8.1 

6.5 
12.7 
7.4 
8.5 
15.1 

1.3 

3.5 
8.0 
3.4 
1.6 
12.0 

0.8 

3.0 
,5.1 
1.9 
0.3 
7.3 

2.4 
3.5 

1.5 

0.8 
0.8 
0.6 

0.4' 
0.1 

250 

79 

466 

425 

8 

519 

82 
29 
147 
138 
6 

221 

24  4 
37.9 
44.9 
29.7 
100.0 

82.3 

63.4 
51.7 
29.9 
63.8 

6. 1     6. 1 

10.4    

20.4     4.1 

6.7' 

17 
18 
19 

6.5 

?n 

11.4 

5.2 

0.5 

?1 

11.8 

5.0 

0  9 

7? 

3.3 

7.4 

2,134 
2,265 

520 
510 

25.9 
16.5 

25.6 
23.3 

25.2 
21.6 

13.1 
17.6 

8.1 
11.5 

1.3 

6.5 

0.8 

1.2 

519 
162 

221 
69 

82.3 
92.8 

11.8 
5.8 

5  0     0  Q 

"n 

2.5 

1.8 

1.4 

0.4 

1.4 

?4 

IRON  AND  STEEL.,  BIjAST  FURNACES. 


26.8 

11.6 

2.6 

0.7 

$5 

1 

100.0 

$224 

42 

2.4 

719 

14  3 

m  n 

'2.4 

1 

28.6 

11.7 

2.8     0.9 

193 

34 

11.8 

85.3 

2.9 

7 



38.6 
27.5 

4.0 

13.9 
11.4 

1.1 

5  5 

4.5 

1     _     . 

1    . 

1 

2.5 
0.1 

0.6 

1 

193 
12 

34 
3 

11.8 

85.3 

9  q 

4 

33.3  ! 

66.7 

, 

t 

4.0 
34.5 

1.1 
18.2 

0.1 
3.7 

12 

3 

33.3 

66.7 

f, 

0.4 

5 

1 

100.0 

7 



33.9 
38.4 
35.9 

7.1 

20.0 
13.6 
5.8 

3.0 

4.5 
0.2 

0.4 
0.6 

5 

1 

100.0 

H 

1 

q 

in 

1.4 

0.7 

19 

5 

inn  n 

! 

11 

2.9 
8.4 

24.5 

1.6 
3.4 

7.1 

0.2  [  0.2 
1.7  1  0.9 

1.0     0.1 

19 

5 

100.0 

1? 

n 

_____.L.     ! '___'___ 

14 



i 1 i 

'  Includes  Connecticut,  1;  Illinois,  2 ;  Maryland,  2 ;  Missouri,  1;  New  Jersey,  1;  West  Virginia.  3. 
45254— MFG  1905— IT  4— 0.S— 50 


760 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    71.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    SELECTED     INDUSTRIES,   BY    STATES.   TERRITO- 
CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS  OF  EARNINGS;  TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER 

IRON  AND  STEEI.,  STEEL.   WORKS  AND   ROLLINfi  ^TIIL.L.S. 


STATE  OR  TERRITOKT. 

Num- 
ber ot 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16  TEARS   AND  OVER. 

All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

liars'  !°A« 

Chil- 
dren 1 

under ' 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

and 
over. 

and 
over. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 

$7. 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division. . 
Massachusetts 

rnnnpft.icnt 

192 

$12.45 

$12.56 

$5.95 

$4.58 

$1,482,872 

119,069 

$1,473,717 

117,374 

1.1 

1.2 

L4 

2.1 

3.8 

7.9 

12.5 

ia3 

17.9 

a 

88 

11.68 

11.78 

6.32 

4.69 

672,520 

57,561 

667. 810 

56,710 

0  7 

1.2 

1.4 

2.5 

4.8 

1L4 

15.0 

14.1 

15.4 

3 
4 

3 
3 
11 
10 
61 

14 

11.69 
10  29 
11.39 
10.92 
11.83 

n.80 

1L85 
10.60 
11.49 
10.99 
11.91 

11.92 

6.99 
5.15 
6.60 
5.47 
6.68 

4.60 
4.09 

"i'n' 
a  00 

59,330 
17,5.59 
37,210 
44,449 
513,972 

52,164 

5,077 
1,706 
3,266 
4,072 
43,440 

4,420 

5S.  279 
17, 0.*! 
36, V94 
44.148 
511,508 

51,984 

4,91S 
1,011 
3,203 
4.017 
42,961 

4.360 

(■) 
1.9 
1.0 
2.5 
0.6 

5.2 

(■) 
1.8 
0.9 
2.3 
1.2 

4.5 

0.2 
6.0 
1.0 
2.4 
1.3 

3.9 

1.6 
3.0 
2.0 
3.2 
2.5 

5.3 

4.1 
3.9 
4.3 
46 
5.0 

6.6 

10.7 
6,9 
9.2 
9.7 

12.0 

6.1 

12.9 
1&  1 
15.4 
14.0 
15.1 

9.9 

12,0 
11.5 
20.9 
14.1 

ia9 

n.5 

19.6 
15.3 
17.8 
15.1 
14  8 

lao 

fi 

New  York 

fi 

New  Jersey 

7 
8 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division. . 
Delaware 

q 

5 
9 

71 

7.87 
14.24 

13.45 

8  05 
14.24 

13.55 

3.00 

13,294 
38,870 

686,876 

1,690 
2,730 

51,076 

13,114 
38,870 

683,205 

i.iao 

2,730 
50,418 

5.9 
4.8 

0.8 

7.8 
2.5 

0.6 

7.6 
1.7 

1.1 

12.5 
1.0 

1.2 

12.6 

ai 

1.8 

9.1 
4.2 

43 

11.0 
9.3 

10  5 

7.1 
14  2 

lao 

14  5 
12.0 

21.7 

West  %'irginia 

North  Central  division. . . 
Ohio 

U 

5.64 

5.28 

1? 

35 
15 
13 
3 
5 

4 

13.71 
13.32 
13.29 
11.  r,7 
13.01 

14.16 

13,81 
13.38 
13.43 
11.57 
13.02 

14.16 

5.62 
4.60 
5.84 

5.40 
4.00 
4.64 

344.603 

105,868 

204,190 

15,029 

17,186 

20,575 

25,139 
7,949 

15,368 
1,299 
1,321 

1,453 

342.887 

105,626 

202, 400 

15.029 

17, 173 

20,575 

24. 8.30 
7, 896 

15,074 
1.299 
1,319 

1,453 

0.3 
L3 

1.1 
.5.7 

3.4 

0  3 
1.0 
0.7 
1.6 
0.4 

2.2 

0.7 
2.4 
0.9 
1.8 
0  2 

L6 

1.0 
LI 
L4 

2  2 

a  9 

3.8 

L4 
3.0 
L7 
3.1 
L5 

4.4 

3.9 

ai 

ZS 
7.2 
2.5 

7.7 

11.4 

ia2 

6.0 
30.8 
10  2 

5.4 

12.4 
12.7 
13.2 
11.2 
24  5 

17.8 

19.6 
11.2 
31.6 
12.3 
20.3 

9.S 

It 

Indiana 

14 

1>i 

1R 

Wisconsin 

6.50 

17 

South  Central  division .. . 

18 

4 
3 

14.16 
1.3.93 

14.16 
13.93 

20,575 
6,046 

1,453 
434 

20,575 
6,046 

1,453 
434 

3.4 

2.7 

2.2 
1.6 

1.6 
3.7 

3.8 
2.5 

4.4 
3.7 

7.7 
2.1 

5.4 

2.1 

17.8 
a  7 

9.5 
12.0 

Western  division 

Ci^lifomifl. 

*fO 

3 
112 

13.93 
10.83 

13.93 
1L03 

6,046 
44,691 

434 
4,125 

6,046 
44,097 

434 
3,999 

2.7 
3.7 

1.6 
4.4 

3.7 
4.3 

2.5 
5.3 

3.7 

n.o 

2.1 
6.4 

2.1 
7.9 

a? 
as 

12.0 

14  5 

71 

6.62 

4.33 

LEATHER,  TANNED,  CURRIED,  AND  FINISHED. 


1 

United  states 

North  Atlantic  division.. 
Maine. 

621 

$9.67 

$9.90 

$5.68 

$4.08 

$389, 187 

40,259 

$379,076 

38,293 

1.4 

1.2 

2.7 

3.5 

6.8 

10.0 

11.8 

17.9 

21.7 

2 

356 

9.75 

9.95 

5.54 

3.94 

252,155 

25,851 

247,535 

24,869 

1.3 

1.2 

2.4 

3.3 

6.3 

9.7 

12.4 

18.7 

22.0 

3 

11 

6 

119 

4 

3 

61 

31 

121 

100  1 

9.27 
9.78 
9.84  [ 
10.61  1 
10.56  1 
9.57  1 
12.65 
9.14 

8.00 

9.34 
9.78 
9.91 
10.61 
10.56 
9.67 
12.83 
9.51 

8.66 

8.00 

3.00 

2,096 

3,677 

99,078 

606 

169 

34,743 

24,775 

87,012 

34,030 

226 

376 

10,064 

57 

16 

3,631  ' 

1,959 

9,522 

4,256 

2,082 
3,677 
98,306 
605 
169 
34,390 
24,  .552 
83,754 

28,855 

223 

376 

9,921 

57 

16 

3,557 

1,913 

8,806 

3,332 

1.2 

1.4 
0.5 
1.2 

1.4 
■  '¥.8 

2.2 
2.7 
4.4 
3.5 

40 
8.0 
7.0 
3.5 
12.5 
4.4 
1.4 
7.2 

12.1 

17.0 

14.6 
9.8 
7.0 

12.5 
8.1 
7.0 

10.6 

15.3 

4.5 
19.4 
11.3 

8.8 

6.3 
11.8 

6.6 
14.9 

12.1 

.38.1 
21.5 
17.8 
17.5 
25.0 
25.1 
14.4 
17.5 

10.0 

17.0 
13.6 
22.1 
31.6 
6.3 
20.1 
21.1 
23.2 

20.6 

4 

New  Hampshire 

Massachusetts 

Rho<le  Island 

5 

6.23 

3.34 

7 

R 

New  York 

4.77 
5.62 
5.48 

5.75 

"i.'a 
3.97 

4.61 

1.2 
0.1 
1.9 

3.2 

1.3 
0.4 
1.5 

2.5 

3.4 
Q.2 
2.2 

3.6 

2.9 
2.1 
2.6 

6.8 

0 

New  Jersey 

10 

11 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division.. 

17 

16 
9 
24 
13 
20 
3 
15 

88 

8.46 
9.39 
0.79 
8.97 
5.20 
5.69 
6.12 

10.09 

9.79 
9.39 

o.ai 

8.97 
5.30 
5.69 
6.17 

10.12 

5.75 

5.03 

23,810 

291 

4,464 

.%679 

1,492 

74 

220 

83,689 

2,815 
31 
657 
410 
287 
13 
43 

8,298 

18,606 

291 

4,445 

3,679 

1,483 

74 

217 

a3,422 

1,907 
31 
649 
410 
280 
13 
42 

8,247 

1.6 

0.9 

0.9 

4.5 
3.2 
9.1 
2.0 
21.1 

■28i6' 

3.0 

7.5 

'ii'.Y 

8.6 
13.6 
23.1 

7.1 

4.8 

10.7 
9.7 
28.3 
19.0 
12.2 
7.7 
14.3 

8.0 

11.5 
6.5 
14.0 
18.0 
6.1 

11.4 

11.9 
41.9 
6.5 
15.4 
2.1 
7.7 
4.8 

20.4 

31.7 
35.5 

1.4 
14.9 

0.4 

24.8 

n 

14 

2.38 

2.3 
3.9 
16.4 
7.7 
2.4 

0.6 

6.7 

1.4 

46 

15.4 

21.4 

0.5 

3.8 
J. 7 
20.7 
30.7 
19.0 

3.0 

15 

West  Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Qeor^a  

16 
17 

1.29 

1R 

6.24 

3.00 
4.27 

U 

North  Central  division... 
Ohio 

70 

25 
0 
11 
14 
15 
6 
0 

34 

11.08 
9.84 
9.. 19 

10.4(1 
9.75 
fl.69 

11.67 

7.1(7 

11.13 
9.S4 
O.fiO 

10.54 
9.79 
9..59 

11.67 

7.97 

5.0O 

4.67 

16,583 

974 

22,914 

10,214 

30,086 

163 

2,7,55 

6,413 

1,496 

99 

2,389 

974 

3,087 

17 

230 

679 

16,631 

974 

22,901 

10,116 

29,982 

163 

2,755 

6,413 

1,485 

99 

2,386 

960 

3,064 

17 

236 

679 

1.2 

0.9 

1.3 
I.O 
4.5 
2.0 
3.3 

1.8 
4.1 
5.8 
l.I 
2.3 

2.4 
3.0 
9.6 
0.7 
3.7 
5.9 
2.1 

23.7 

4.2 
1.0 
10.9 
5.6 
9.1 
6.9 
1.3 

28.4 

9.4 

23.2 
12.7 
12.9 
11.1 
29.4 
3.4 

11.7 

19.6 
29.3 
17.0 
25.4 
22.9 
11.8 
3.8 

12.2 

28.9 
21.2 
19.2 
24.8 
26.8 
29.4 
32.0 

6.6 

71 

77 

Illinois     

"7!(l6' 
6.33 

4.33 
"k'M 

0.2 

"o.i' 

0.4 
0.1 
0.5 

n 

74 

Wisconsin 

Of, 

70 

0.9 
1.3 

0.9 

i.g 

0.4 
4.1 

0.4 
2.6 

77 

South  Central  division... 

78 

10 

21 

3 

34 

g.21 
7.37 
8.58 

13.61 

9.21 
7.37 
8.58 

13.01 

1,971 

3,a39 

103 

12,072 

214 

4.'>3 

12 

887 

1,071 

3,3,39 

103 

12,072 

214 

4.53 

12 

887 

0.0 
1.0 

1.4 
2.2 

1.4 
6.1 
16.7 

0.4 

0.9 
3.3 

1.0 

4.2 

ai.3 

8.3 
1.0 

27.6 
29.1 
16.7 

1.7 

22.4 
6.8 

1.0 

14.5 

in.o 
.■):!.  3 

6.3 

12.2 

3.8 
16.7 

6.8 

7ft 

Tenneaseo 

Tin 

Tl\ 

Western  division. 

0.0 

0.6 

T* 

3 

r, 

20 

14.50 
14.20 
13.50 

6.  as 

14.60 
14.20 
13.69 

6.38 

116 

243 

11,713 

1,828 

8 

17 

802 

288 

110 

243 

11,713 

1,779 

8 

17 

802 

270 

12.6 
17.7 
6.6 

4.7 

Tt 

6.9 

6.9 
0.9 

6.7 

29.4 
4.9 

6.7 

M 

CullYnrnln 

O.fl 
6.1 

0.0 
0.6 

0.6 
6.8 

1.0 
10.0 

1.0 
30.9 

1.6 
10.4 

as 

All  other  stnt<    . 

6.71 

4.S0 

>  Includes  Alabama,  2;  Kansas,  1;  Maine,  1:  Morylond,2;  Mlssmirl,  2:  Khntlo  Islnml.  1;  TonnrHseo.  1;  VIrKlnin.  1:  WiisblnKlon.  1. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS.  761 

RIES,     AND    GEOGRAPHIC     DIVISIONS— PER    CENT     DISTKII5UTI0N     OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,     WOMEN,     AND 
OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMBER  OF  ESTAHLISHMENTS:  1905— Continued. 


IKON  AND  MTIilCL.,  .vnCKL.   \VOUK!<>  ANU  KOL.L,l>4i   iTIlLit.!!«. 


UEK  16  YEARS  AND 

ovER-continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

Per  cent  di.stribution 
of  number  by  earn- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per' cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  nnmlwr  by 
earnings. 

J12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

$5 
to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 

to 
$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

$0 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 

$8. 

$8 

and 
over 

15.9 

12.7 

4.6 

5.6 

$6,032 

1,013 

8.3 

7.3 

19.8 

19.1 

17.3 

14  4 

7.4 

2.9 

2.6 

0.8 

0.1 

$3,123 

682 

144 

19.9 

28.5 

16.1 

145 

48 

1.8 

1 

14.0 

11.8 

3.9 

3.8 

2.787 

441 

2.9 

7.0 

22.5 

19.5 

17.0 

141 

8.8 

3.6 

3.6 

0.5 

0.5 

1,923 

410 

12.4 

16.3 

35.6 

19.3 

8.3 

5.9 

2.2 

2 

21.2 
15.5 
12.7 
117 
13.2 

10.1 

14.6 
12.  4 
6.9 
12.1 
11.8 

8.3 

3.8 
10.9 

14.4 

2.6 
2.6 
4.2 
3.2 
4.1 

5.6 

0.5 
1.1 
3.7 
2.1 
45 

10.0 

0.5 
15.8 

6.7 

936 
433 
416 
301 
701 

134  '  0.8 
84    10.7 

3.0 
22.6 
11.1 

13.4 
20.2 
6.4 
72.7 
19.0 

23.9 
15.5 
9.5 
20.0 
22.8 

13.4 

8.3 

27.0 

'si.' 4" 

15.7 
13.1 
20.6 
7.3 
12.4 

16.4 
7.2 
7.9 

44 
2.4 
6.4 

8.2 

0.8 

115 
45 

25 
11 

16.0 
1&2 

640 
81.8 

ao 

8.0 

40 

3 

63 
55 
105 

3.2 

7  <1 

5 

Q 

1.0 

1.0 

5.7 

3.8 

1.0 

1.9 

1,763 
180 

374 
60 

13.6 
.30.0 

16.3 

.'il.7 

32.4 
18.3 

20.6 

&6 

6.4 

2.1 

7 

6.3 
12.3 

18.5 

1.3 
8.2 

5.4 

180 

60 

30.0 

5L7 

18.3 

n 

in 

3,106 

1,241 

230 

1,635 

551    12.1 

7.8 

17.8 

19.0 

17.8 

15.1 

6.2 

2.0 

1.1 

1.1 

565 

107 

16.8 

23.4 

12.2 

43.9 

3.7 

11 

21.2 
13.5 
18.1 
8.7 
15.0 

13.4 

15.1 
14.6 

5.5 

s  q 

7.2 
9.0 
5.1 
6.2 
43 

25.4 

221 

50 

280 

6.8 
60.0 
7.9 

5.9 
10.0 
8.9 

25.3 
12.0 
12.8 

19.0 
14  0 
20.0 

14  0 

19.4 

7.7 

0.9 
40 
2.5 

0.5 

0.5 

475 
12 
65 

88 
3 
14 

13.6 
100.0 
21.4 

21.6 

9.1 

52.3 

3.4 

12 

13.8     3.6 

23.9 

143 

6.1 

1.8 

1.8 

42.9 

28.6 

7.1 

14 

5.7 
15.9 

3.3 

3.5 
43 

2.1 

1^ 

13 

2 

SO.O 

50.0 

. 

16 

17 

13.4 
26.3 

3.3 
21.0 

2.1 
14  5 

25.4 
41 

IS 

14 



26.3 
15.4 

21.0 
11.0 

14  5 
3.3 

41 
43 

1 

?0 

139 

21 

19.1 

19.1 

9.5 

9.5 

47 

9.S 

9.5 

19.1 

455 

105     27.6     19.1 

IL4 

17.1 

17.1 

48 

2.9 

21 

LKATHER,  TANNED,  CCIRRIED,  .\ND  FINISHED. 


14  4 


6.9     1.2     0.5 


$7, 421 


1,306 


3.2 


5.8 


9.1  t  35.0 


37.2 


0.1     0.2     0.2 


0.2 


$2,690 


660  i  13.8 


22. 6   36. : 


20.4       6.5 


13.9 


6.9 


1.3     0.6 


2,594 


468 


10.1 


16.9 


23.9 


3L4 


2,026 


514     14  0     27.4 


35.2    15.4       &0 


8.5 
12.0 
12.9 
19.3 
37.4 
15.6 
19.8 
13.2 

7.5 


5.4 

5.8 
7.4 
7.0 


635 


1 
'162 


2.0 


2.9 


9.8 


34.3 


100.0 

"s.'g 


6 
'i37' 


2 
'«'    41.5 


100.0 


29.3 


19.5 


9.7 


5.3 

17.7 
48 


353 

90 

1,508 

4631 


74 

16 

275 

806 


31.1 

'7.' 6 
3.6 


47.3 
12.' 4' 
4  2 


41 
43.8 
30.6 


1.3 
50.0 
37.4 

41.2 


L3 
6.2 

6.2 


2.7 
'6.' 7 
0.6 


1.3 


41 


133 
1,750 


30 

441 


118 


12.5 
13.5 


28.8 


56.7 
35.4 


44.1 


43.3 
140 


40.7  i 


9.3 

L7 


9.8 
3.2 
0.8 
11.7 
2.1 
7.7 
2.4 

15.6 


806 


2.5 


3.6 


4  2 


0.1 


513 
"19' 


102 

"'s 

■--j- 
..... 

26 


J. 


5L0 


47.0  I    2.0 


0.2 
2.5 
0.7 


0.7 


9 
..... 

Ill 


100.0 

ioo.'o' 
i66.'6' 
11.5 


16.9 
10.1 
12.7 
20.3 
14  3 
5.9 
36.4 

4  9 


6.4 


1.2 


0.3 


156 


4  0 


30.! 


26.9 


30.8 


10.6 
3.0 
5.7 
5.7 
4  6 
11.7 
14  8 

2.1 


0.7 


10 


50.0 


48 


21.4 
66.7 


57.2 


44.4   445  I 


100.0 
'28.'6 


28.6 


10.8 
2.2 


2.8 
1.6 
8.3 

23.9 


0.9  I 
0.4  I 


53.7 


3.0  I  1.0 


87.5 
11.8 
23.6 


23.5 

54  8 


43 


1.0 
0.4 


14  3 


loao 


'Includes  Alabama,  2;  Colorado,  1;  Iowa,  1;  Mississippi,  2;  North  Dakota,  1;  South  Dakota,  1;  Utah,  1. 


762  MANUFACTURES. 

Table    71.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES,    BY    STATES,    TERRITO- 
CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS   OF   EARNINGS;  TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER 

lAjmiBER  AND  XimBER  PKODt'CTS. 


STATE  OR  TERBITORY. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16 

YEARS   AND  OVER 

All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent  distrilnltion  ol  iuinll)er 

l>y  earnings 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
S4. 

S4to 

S5. 

55  to 
$6. 

S6to 

$7. 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

SlOto 
$12. 

1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division.. 

8,394 

S9.21 

$9.25 

$5.22 

$3.59 

$1,630,913 

177,022 

$1,625,738 

175,718 

4  6 

2.9 

4  8 

4  4 

ia9 

11.3 

7.3 

19.  Q 

12.8 

2 

2,160 

9.58 

9.60 

5.93 

3.71 

268,493 

28,026 

267,812 

27,888 

0.7 

a  6 

a  9 

1.1 

a  6 

ia9 

lao 

340 

lae 

3 

388 

141 

164 

257 

16 

62 

463 

63 

606 

1,819 

9.30 
9.83 
8.86 
10.13 
10.00 
10.24 
9.59 
8.51 
9.83 

6.46 

9.31 
9.84 
8.90 
10.16 
10.00 
10.24 
9.61 
8.51 
9.87 

6.49 

6.1)0 
6.50 
5.89 
7.16 

4.27 

"2.' 83' 
460 

82,230 

11,954 

15,673 

29,259 

2,101 

4,834 

46,372 

3,615 

72,455 

207,194 

8,842 

1,216 

1,768 

2.887 

210 

472 

4,836 

425 

7,370 

32,060 

82,130 
11.941 
15,603 
29,100 
2.101 
4,834 
46,284 
3,609 
72,210 

206,227 

8,821 

1,214 

1.753 

2,863 

210 

472 

4,817 

424 

7,314 

31,759 

a  7 

0.2 

a  3 

a  6 
ai 
a  4 
ai 

a  7 
1.1 

a  4 
(') 

1.1 
a  9 
a  4 
a  2 
1.4 
1.3 
1.0 
2.1 
1.7 

12.1 

8.4 

42 

a  3 
2.4 
1.0 
1.6 
7.7 
12.6 
ai 

21.4 

9.8 
9.1 
lai 
as 
2.9 
2.5 

141 

2a  4 
ia9 

13.3 

las 
7.9 
11.6 

7.6 

1.4 
1.1 

8.2 

4  6 
12.2 

48 

sas 
4a  2 
4a  4 

341 
59.6 
33. 9 
36.1 
29.0 
26.3 

7.6 

17.3 

2a  2 
las 

241 

lao 
37.1 
ia4 
11.  s 
12.9 

45 

4 

New  Hampshire 

6 

7 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

1.0 

a  6 
1.4 
1.3 

8.6 

f) 

New  York 

5.46 

'"5.'26" 

5.00 

2.83 
a  00 
3.55 

3.12 

a  7 
a  6 
a  9 

7.5 

1.2 
1.4 
1.3 

14  5 

10 

New  Jersey 

11 
12 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division.. 

n 

25 
102 
291 
321 
523 
190 
330 

37 

1,873 

5.56 
6.35 
6.66 
9.16 
5.37 
4  72 
6.02 
7.53 

9.79 

5.56 
'    6.38 
6.74 
918 
5.40 
4.74 
6.05 
7.55 

9.84 

1,145 
4,063 
28,503 
47,414 
43,507 
14,298 
47,270 
20,994 

458,406 

206 
640 
4,278 
5,174 
8,097 
3,028 
7,848 
2,789 

40,825 

1,145 
4,034 
28,150 
47,310 
43,330 
14,235 
47, 107 
20,910 

456,756 

206 
632 
4,179 
5,153 
8,030 
3,002 
7,788 
2,769 

46,440 

7.3 
3.0 
4  3 
4  2 
12.8 
18.9 
7.1 
6.1 

1.3 

44 
44 
49 
2.2 
11.3 

18.7 

as 
2.2 

1.2 

15.5 
12.0 
a  9 
2.5 
23.6 
28.3 

ia5 

2.1 
1.5 

16.0 
21.8 

ia6 

4  1 
13.0 

las 
ia8 
3.9 

1.8 

45.6 

27.7 
31.4 
9.2 
21.5 

la  5 

27.6 
19.7 

5.7 

1.5 
12.0 
17.6 
a  9 
7.9 
3.9 
11.7 
45.0 

ia2 

as 

2.9 
2.6 
a  4 
3.3 
2.8 
6.1 

ai 

9.9 

8.2 

lao 
a  9 

2a  1 
2.7 
3.3 

3.5 
46 

29.2 

1.6 
2.2 
3.3 

15.9 
1.6 

a  9 
2.1 

48 
20.5 

14 

2.50 

'  '5.06' 

4.53 

3.62 
3.57 
4  67 
2.65 
2.42 
2.72 
2.80 

417 

l"; 

Virginia 

16 
17 
18 
14 

West  Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia ... 

?0 

Florida 

21 

North  Central  division... 
Ohio 

?? 

506 

501 

149 

318 

145 

69 

23 

155 

4 

3 

1,850 

8.91 
8.62 
8.09 
10.26 
10.13 
11.34 
9.93 
8.13 
15.54 
8.76 

7.78 

8.93 
8.65 
8.12 

10.30 

10.17 
i  11.34 

10.24 
8.24 

15.54 
8.76 

7.82 

4.17 
5.93 
7.50 
5.07 
3.86 
3.00 

'  '3.06" 

2.17 
3.89 
3.55 
4  33 
4  22 

"435' 
4  26 

41,763 

44,119 

19,126 

18li,064 

80, 231 

50,741 

10,390 

23,958 

1,865 

149 

354,151 

4,686 

5,119 

2,363 

18,128 

7,924 

4,475 

1,046 

2,947 

120 

17 

45,502 

41,700 
43.927 
19,072 
185,459 
80,010 
50,738 
10, 1.51 
23,685 
1,865 
149 

353,005 

4,tW8 
5,077 
2.350 
17.998 
7,871 
4,474 

991 
2,874 

120 
17 

45, 151 

3.4 
2.2 
3.6 

ai 
ai 

2.6 

ai 

3.3 

1.4 
1.9 
3.1 
a  5 
1.1 
a  9 
as 
3.1 

2.1 
2.4 
5.2 
a  6 
1.1 
1.2 
a  2 
3.5 

2.5 
3.3 

3.8 
a  6 
2.3 
as 
as 
44 

7.7 

11.9 

14  7 

3.4 

2.8 

1.8 

4  0 

12.6 

13.9 
22.1 
22.6 

ao 

8.9 
2.1 

as 

18.1 

7.6 

lai 

17.2 
9.4 

11.6 
S.S 
9.7 

las 

S5.6 
25.7 
15.0 

sas 

26.6 
15.8 
33.7 
21.9 

12.4 

7.5 

6.5 

23. 9 

2a  4 

35.1 

2a  3 

8.1 

*>^ 

Indiana 

?4 

'■i 

Michigan 

?fi 

■>7 

Minnesota 

?R 

?<) 

Missouri     

30 
^1 

South  Dakota 

11.7 

ia7 

5.9 

ia9 

a7 

7a  5 
141 

8.0 

32 

South  Central  division. . . 
Kentucky 

3.17 

3.28 

9.2 

42 

ai 

6.7 

T? 

424 

480 

221 

198 

64 

335 

31 

97 

686 

6.84 
6.88 
6.55 
8.28 
9.63 
7.63 
9.53 
8.02 

13.92 

6.91 
6. 94 
6.  ,58 
8.32 
9.07 
7.0(i 
9.53 
8.02 

13.97 

3.40 
2.72 

■■3.' 60' 

'a  66' 

2.85 
2.76 
2.62 
3.98 
5.14 
2.81 

31,876 
43,838 
23,308 
45,592 
57,448 
83,6ta 
2,515 
65,911 

339,901 

4,660 
a  371 
3,558 
5,503 
5,964 
10,961 
264 
8,221 

24,429 

31.648 
43,(i00 
23,232 
45,407 
57,227 
83,465 
2,615 
05,911 

339,2.30 

4,581 
6,284 
3,629 
5,456 
5,921 
10, 895 
264 
8,221 

24,300 

4  6 
5.2 
6.4 
2.0 

3.8 
13.8 

4  6 
4  9 
3.4 
3.0 
3.4 
4  9 

9.6 
9.0 

ia3 

2.2 
3.3 
a  6 

a  4 

42 

as 

8.3 
6.S 
13.4 
3.1 
2.5 
a  6 
as 

4  0 

as 

28.6 

33.0 

31.1 

19  8 

a  7 

11.0 

1.1 

4  8 

1.6 

20  8 

2a  4 

21.7 
28.7 
13.8 
12.5 
35.6 
9.3 

1.2 

a  6 
3.7 

7.9 
7.6 

3.0 
3.7 
2.3 
5.9 
14  2 
S.S 

as 
12.3 

13.6 

34 

1"i 

Alabama    

3. 4     4. 1 
3. 1  !  21. 4 

3A 

T7 

Louisiana 

11.6 
as 

4  2 

ao 
3.4 

2a  0 
14  9 
33.7 

ia4 

5.9 

38 

Arkansas 

10 

Indian  Territory 

Texas 

40 

19.1 
1.4 

45 
a  6 

41 

Western  division 

8.29 

4  40 

4' 

7 

?? 

34 

6 

4 

18 

.344 

116 

124 

16 

14.58 
14.10 
21.44 
13.78 
9.32 
14.  .12 
14.06 
1.3.  64 
12.30 
15.04 

15.04 

14.  .58 
14. 16 
21.48 
1.3.82 
9.(» 
14.53 
14.43 
13.  65 
12.  .33 
15.09 

15.04 

15,383 
9,419 
8,706 
9,026 
8,431 
8,158 
1,097 

1.37,177 
38,005 

lOJ,  ,W9 

2, 7as 

1,055 

668 

406 

055 

905 

502 

78 

10,065 

3,091 

6,964 

180 

15,383 
9,402 
8,700 
8,9.56 
8.320 
8,149 
1,0.S2 

137, 135 
.37,  S73 

104,230 

2,708 

1,055 

664 

405 

648 

867 

561 

75 

10,048 

3,071 

(i,906 

180 

a  8 

a  4 

as 

a  7 

a  7 

1.2 

"i.'i' 

a  4 
a  9 

a  2 

2.7 

as 

12.8 

18.9 

1.8 

a7 
ai 

7.9 
4  2 

2.8 

1.1 

3.6 

'16.' 4' 

12.5 

13.2 

1.3 

lai 

2a  7 

lae 
1.7 

4? 

Idaho 

4.25 
a  00 
9.67 

"3.66' 

"a  66' 
ias8 

'ii'oo' 

2.92 
9.00 
9.00 

a  00 

7.20 
4  41 

44 

4f> 

Colorado 

a  3 
a6 

"as' 

1.2 
2.7 

"s-'s' 

as 
las 

a  9 

S.9 

a  6 
ia4 
1.8 

40 

New  Mexico 

47 

48 

Utah 

40 

1.9 

1.8 

a  2 

3.3 

a  8 
a  8 
ai 

1.1 

a  7 
a  5 
a  2 

1.1 

1.8 
1.8 
a  2 

a  6 

1.1 

2.8 
1.0 

a  6 

1.8 

a  4 
as 

5.0 

5.6 
1.7 
1.3 

1.1 

FiO 

Oregon         .   . 

f>l 

PfllirnrnlO 

B? 

All  other  states 

LVRIBKR,  PLANINO  miLL.  PKOnUCTS,  INCL.l'l>IIV4i  SASII,  HOOKS,  AND  H1.INDS. 


1" 

United  Sta tea 

North  Atlantic  divlsloa . 
Mainn 

2,800 

111.05 

til. IS 

$.5. 18 

$3.65 

$561,392 

50,787 

$558,392 

60,007 

1.8 

2.1 

3.7 

40 

7.1 

7.1 

6.8 

13.7 

12.1 

2 

1,046 

44 

28 

32 

181 

16 

3r> 

30H 

K) 

33U 

357 

12.09 

12.10 

6.95 

3.  S3 

217,167 

17,907 

216,231 

17,782 

0.7 

1.2 

2.1 

2.4 

4  4 

6.2 

B.5 

140 

13.8 

3 

ia79 
9.  .50 
8.03 
12.77 
11.70 
12.82 
12.37 
12.23 
;  12.33 

7.21 

ia79 
0.58 
8.26 
12.81 
11.70 
12.82 
12.40 
12.26 
12.  43 

7.30 

4,112 
4,713 
7,714 

45,871 
3,9.30 
6,024 
85,  WIN 
13.393 
46,312 

46,949 

381 

496 

961 

3,  .591 

MO 

470 

6,880 

1,005 

3,767 

6,614 

4,112 

4,646 

7,322 

4.5.791 

3,930 

6,024 

84,907 

1.3,  .171 

46, 128 

46,692 

381 

4S.5 

886 

3,  .575 

xm 

470 
6,846 
1,091 
3,712 

6,385 

1.1 
a  4 

2.4 

as 

2.1 

a  2 
as 

■■o.'7' 
6.9 

as 

1.5 
2.5 
a  3 
3.0 

li 

1.7 
1.2 

a  9 

1.1 
as 
43 
1.0 
2.7 
1.5 
2.6 
1.8 
2.4 

13.4 

"6.0' 

ao 

1.6 

1.5 

a  9 

2.8 
2.6 
2.3 

12.8 

4  7 
4.1 
11.7 
3.2 
4.7 
1.9 
4  5 
2.0 
4  4 

18.5 

8.4 

las 

27.9 
2.7 
42 
6.5 
5.8 
2.8 
6.8 

8.2 

.5.2 
13.4 
7.S 
3.6 
.5.0 
8.5 

a  4 
2.7 
49 

48 

24.4 
.36. 1 
17.6 
9. 9 

7.7 

ia7 

13.0 
16. 1 
16.4 

9.0 

9.2 
1,5.6 

8.2 
18.1 
14.9 
11.3 
12.9 
12.6 
13.3 

5.8 

4 
5 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

6.09 
5.60 
7.00 

'3.' 46' 
3.80 

6 
7 

MiifiHachiiNetta 

Khmlfi  iHJurid 

Conriectifrut 

Now  Yorlc 

8 

9 

a  90 

laoo 

.5.  41 
4.60 

3.70 
4.00 
3.20 

2.02 

in 

New  .lerftcy 

11 
12 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division.. 

Kelnwaro 

Miirvlfind ., 

1.1 

7 
30 
S3 
84 
67 
30 
66 
U 

6.01 

8.67 
7.22 
9.64 
f..H7 

a  01 

1    7.01 
1    7.20 

6.01 
8.74 
7.40 
9.72 
5.97 
a  03 
7.10 
7.20 

1,012 
7,  446 
0, 120 
6,864 
7,130 
4,790 
11,5.58 
2,029 

1,53 
8.59 
848 
712 

1,215 
797 

1,648 
282 

1,012 

7,406 
6,026 
6,815 
7,0.59 
4,772 
11,491 
2,011 

153 
847 
814 
701 

i,is:i 

-VI 

1,619 

270 

7.9 

as 
6.5 
2.1 

5.8 

14  3 
7.7 
2.2 

as 

4  8 

6.7 
3.3 
as 

15.8 

7.2 
2.2 

.5.2 

5.6 
11.2 

2.1 
26.0 
13.5 
15.8 

9.8 

17.7 
13.2 
10.9 
2,3 
15.6 
11.0 
15.1 
2a  3 

29.4 
12.0 
24  3 
8.7 
17.9 
19.8 
19.0 
31.  S 

9.8 

as 
las 
0.3 
11.6 

40 

as 
as 

3.9 

a  6 

S.3 
9.7 
4  6 
2.5 
3.2 
8.0 

as 
12.0 
7.8 

26.  7 
.5.8 
.5.7 
4.9 
6.1 

4.6 
11.1 
7.0 

ao 

2.7 
3.6 
4.S 
S.4 

14 

■'iso' 

.3.33 
2.04 
4  45 
2.22 
3.60 
2.31 
3.00 

15 

Vlr|.-lrila 

16 
17 
18 
1« 
20 

VVeHl  VlrRlnlft 

North  CurnllnB 

Boulh  f'liriillntt 

<}tii>Ti:ih 

Florida 

>  1^88  than  onc-ti-nth  of  1  {ht  cent. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARN KIIS. 


763 


RIES,     AND    GEOr.HAPHlC     DIVISIONS— PER     CENT     DISTRIBUTION    OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,     WOMEN,     AND 
OF  ALL  \\A(;E-EARNERS  and  of  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  XUMJiER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Continued. 


L.II.nUi!:K  AN»  Tl.TIBICK  PKODt'irrs. 


HEN  16  YEARS  AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMEN  16   YEARS   AND  OVKR. 

(^HII.hKi 

Per  cent  distriliiition 
of  number  liy  ejirn- 
ings— Continued. 

Earn- 
ings, 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distn 

bution  of  number 

»y  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings, 

Num- 
ber, 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by' 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$.5 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5, 

$5 
to 
$6. 

14,2 

$6 
to 

$7, 

$7 
to 

$8. 

$8 

to 
$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10     $12 

to      to 
$12,    $15. 

and 
over 

Less      $3 

than      to 

$3,       $4, 

$4 

to 
$5, 

$5 
to 
$6. 

$« 
to 
$7, 

$7 
to 
$8, 

$s 

and 
over 

12.1 

7.0 

1.9 

1,0 

$1,577 

302 

16.2 

18.9 

13,2 

10,6 

9.3 

1.0 

4.3     1  r     :;  1.     1.0 

$3,598 

1,002 

33,0 

32,4 

21,1 

5.1 

5,0 

2,0 

1.4 

1 

lao 

4.4 

0.9 

0,3 

451 

76 

6.6 

13.2 

14,5 

13.2 

15,8 

19.7 

2.6 

13.1 



1,3 

230 

62 

35,5 

35,5 

9,7 

4.8 

14.5 

? 

9.8 
9.9 
5.9 
16.9 
19.5 
15.5 
7.1 
9.9 
21.5 

3.3 

3.6 
4.9 
1.7 
6.2 
4.3 
5.5 
5.6 
1.0 
4.6 

1.6 

0.4 
1.2 
0.2 
1,0 

0,1 
0.1 

i.'o' 

36 

13 

53 

136 

6 
2 
9 
19 

16,7 

"56,'6' 
11,1 

66,7 
"88,'9' 

16.6 
50.0 

64 

15 

20,0 

20,0 

ia3 

20.0 

26.7 

•? 

4 

17 
23 

6 
5 

313 

66,7 
20,0 

■i 

15,8 

21,0 

5.3 

5,3 

52.6 

60,0 

20.0 

A 

7 

0.6 
1.9 

8 

0.4 

n 

13 

7.6 

38.5 

15,4 

38.5 



17 

6 

103 

892 

6 

1 
29 

286 

50,0 

50,0 

4 

100,0 
10,3 

0,7 

in 

0.9 
0.5 

0.4 
0.3 

142 
75 

27 
15 

14.8 
6.7 

26,0 

3.7 
6.7 

22,2 
66.6 

6.7 

25.9 

las 

3,7 

3,7 

48,3 
42,7 

37,9 
40,9 

3,5 
12,6 

2.1 

1,0 

11 

T? 

0.S 
3.0 
3.2 
11.0 
1.1 
0.9 
1.6 
3.2 

11.9 

13 

1.0 
1.4 
4.3 
0.7 
0.9 
0.8 
2.0 

' 

29 
353 

84 
172 

63 
163 

28 

1,093 

8 
99 
18 
65 
26 
60 
10 

262 

25.6     25.6 
15.2     60.6 

44.4 

69. 2      X).  8 

25.0 
23.2 
16.7 

25.0 
1.0 
11.1 

14 

0.6 
0.8 
0.3 
0.2 
0.4 

n  s 

0.4 
0.4 
0.2 
0.2 
0.3 
0.8 

0.8 

i 



I") 

20 
5 

3 
2 

33.3 

66.7 

11,1 

16,7 

16 

50.0 

50.0 

17 

84.6 
60.0 
20.0 

11.4 

1,5.4 
25.0 
80.0 

34.0 

18 

13.3 

1.7 

19 

50 
557 

10 
123 

100.0 
17.1 

■'0 

4.9     1.1 

17.9 

21,1 

14.6 

22.0 

3.3 

0,8 

1.6 

0,8 

0,8 

30.2 

10.3 

9,9 

2,3 

1.9 

21 

9.3 

7.4 

4.8 

11.9 

13.7 

24.9 

10.8 

4.4 

51.7 

5.9 

6.9 

3,2 
4.1 
3  3 
5.0 
4.6 
8.6 
5.4 
2.7 
45.0 

0.6 

1.1 

0.9 
1.5 
0.8 
0.8 
).2 
0.5 
2.5 

0.4 
0.3 
0.3 
0.6 
1.0 
2.1 
1.0 
0.6 
0.8 

50 
83 
15 
289 
27 
3 

12 
14 
2 
57 
7 
1 

41,7 

33.3 
7.2 

25.0 

13 
109 

39 
316 
194 

6 
28 
11 
73 
46 

100.0 
14.3 
27.3 
9.6 

?? 

85.7 

7.i 

100.0 

1.8 

35.7 

46  4 

3,6 

?3 

27.  3  '4.^.  4 

?4 

17.5 

42,9' 
100.0 

.22.8 

24.6 
57.1 

26.3 

l.« 

1.8 

1,7 

1,7 

24.7 
43.5 

39.8 
34,8 

9,6 
13,0 

6,8 
8,7 

6,8 

2.7 

25 
?6 

n 

239 
183 

55 
43 

1.8 
21.0 

43.7 
32.5 

18,2 
13.9 

25,5  !i6,8 

?S 

90 

30 

40.0 

56.7 

3.3 



2.3 

7.0 

■xi 

30 

... 

31 

3.7 

0.9 

0.9 

146 

46 

45.6 

34,8 

8.7 

10.9 

1,000 

305 

4a  3 

23.9 

24,9 

4,3 

0,3 

2.6 

0.7 

3? 

3.4 
3.6 
2.8 
5.9 
11.6 
6.5 
10.6 
11.0 

32.6 

1.5 
2.1 
1.4 
3.4 

0.7 
0.6 
0.5 
n  7 

0.5 
0.4 
0.2 
0.8 
1.1 
0.8 

17 

87 

5 
32 

40.0 
50.0 

20.0 
46.9 

40.0 
.^1 

211 
151 

76 
167 
221 
174 

74 
55 
29 
42 
43 
62 

48.6 
56.4 

3L1 
21   R 

18.9 
20.0 

3.4 
59.5 
48.8 

6.4 

1:1      ■      :::: 

T1 

34 

......... 

89.7  1     6.9 
19.1  :  21.4 

;  ia3 

50. 0     Xf  3 

35 

18 

5 

60.0 

;  20.0 

20,0 

36 

7.0     1.3 

11,6     2,3    16.3  1  4.7 

37 

.3.4 
5,7 
5.6 

27.0 

0.7 
1.1 
1.2 

8.3 

24 

4 

100,0 

:: ::: 

9.7    

1.6 

;« 

39 

1.6 
3,3 

40 

348 

42 

11.9  1  14.3 

4,8 

11,9     16.7 

2.4 

9.5 

21.4 

7.1 

383 

87 

28.7 

27,6 

16.1 

2.3  las 

as 

8.0 

41 

64.7 
53.9 

8.2 
32.6 

9.3 
29.2 
33.3 
27.9 
38.6 
34,5 

22.2 

19.9 
29.5 

0.2 
36.4 

7.0 
43  7 
48.0 
25.7 
18.5 
35.3 

49.4 

7.1 
5.0 

91.1 
2.8 
2.1 
6.2 

10.7 
8.5 
3.2 
7.3 

7.8 

3.7 
2.1 

"I'.Y 
3.5 
4.1 

3.6" 
1.3 

4.8 

3.3 

L._... 

1 

1 

_____]_....!.._.. 

4?. 

17 
6 

58 

4 

1 
6 

100,0 

1 

i 

1 

43 

100.0 
16.7 

1 

44 

16,6 

1 

16.7 

50.0 

12 
111 
9 
9 
42 
72 
128 

1 
38 

1 
1 
7 
10 
29 

. .  100.  0  45 

47.4 

42,1 

10.5 

46 

,1 .   ., 

1 

100.  Oi  47 
100. 0  48 
14. 3    49 

6 

2 

100.0 

j 

:::::l::::: 



14.3 
'26,'7 

57,1    14.3 

60 
201 

10 
19 

1  20.6 

5.3 

20,0  1  10,0 

10.0 
10.5 

36.6 
21.0 

10.0 

i5.8 

si'fi" 

15.8' 

■27,'6 

10.0 
31.0 

'6,9 

40,0  20,0   30,0  150 
13,8    ' 51 

1 

.W 

!         1         1         1    "     !    "  ■ 

1 

I 

LI^^IUER,  FLATVING  .HILL.  PROMITCTS,  rNCLUDINO  S.\SH,  DOORS,  .\>'I>  BL.INDS. 


18.5 

18,9 

4.6 

0.6 

81,254 

242 

12.4 

12.0 

24.4 

10.7     28.9 

5.4 

2.9 

1.2 

1,7 

0,4  ' $1,746 

478 

23,0 

3a  1  ,29.1 

1 

10.9 

2.7  !  0.8     0.4 

1 

17.9 

25.1 

6.0 

0.7 

696 

117 

6,8 

a5 

23.1 

la?  1  26.5 

10.3 

5.1 

2.6  1  2.6 

as 

240 

68 

2as 

44.1 

2a5 

7.4 

!•«  1 

2 

29.9 

ia4 

7.2 
20.3 
289 
17.0 
18.0 
12.6 
17.8 

7.8 

14.4 

a" 

4.8 

34.3 

2a5 

38.9 
23.5 
42.7 
21.1 

5.2 

0.8 
0.2 
0.1 
4.5 
1.2 
2.8 
7.1 
1.6 
9.9 

0.6 

. 

1 

1            1 

.____L.     !     _  _ 

3 

'a's' 

67 
347 
42 

11 
62 
6 

90.9 
19  4 

9.1 
9.7 

' 

i 

4 

11,3 

16.1 

16.1 

19.3 

ai 

45 
38 

13 
10 

46.1 
10.0 

1.5.4 
20.0 

2a  1    15.4 
50.0   20-0 

s 

33. 3     .nO.  n 

16,7 

R 

? 

0.6 
1.1 
0.2 
0.8 

0.1 

":"\ 1 1":" 

8 

138 
10 
92 

45 

20 

1 
17 

10 

25.0 

10.0 

25.0 

20.0 

5.0 

10.0 

5  n 

•  53 
12 
92 

312 

14 

3 

28 

119 



14.3 

50.0 

28.6 

7. 1 

<) 

10a  0 

100.0 

ao 

11  8     n.  .*i 

in 

5.9    

70,6 
100.0 

5.9 

5.9 

5.9 

5,8 

2S.0 

60,5 

67.8 
24.4 

n 

2  5 

1' 

,  . 

1.3 
11.6 
S.4 
12.6 
2.4 
6,6 
9,3 
4.3 

a9 

8.9 
5.0 
12.4 
1.0 
2.9 
5.1 
2.9 

1 

i 

13 

14 
IS 
16 
17 
18 
19 
SO 

0.8 
0.1 
1.1 
0.1 
0.4 
0.7 
1.8 

0.4 

"6.'i" 
0.2 

. 
40 
49 
49 
71 
18 
67 
18 

12 
24 
11 
32 

5 
29 

6 

25,0 
91,6 

'7a'i' 

20.0 
65.5 
33.3 

3a3 
4.2 
27.3 
21.9 
20.0 
31.0 
66.7 

3a3 

4.2 
45.4 

^"i 

45 

10 

100.0 

9.1 

18,2  j 

60.0 

as 

r 

0.1 

'Includes  Alaska,  1;  Nebraska,  2;  Nevada,  2;  Oklahoma,  1. 


764 


MANUFACTURES. 


T.UiLE    71.— CLASSIFIED    WTIEKLY    EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES,    BY    STATES,   TERRITO- 
CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS  OF  EARNINGS;  TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER 

L.l7injBER,  PLANING  MI1.L.  PKODUCTS,  INCtiCDING  SASH,  DOORS,  AND  BliINDS— Continued. 


STATE  OR  TEKEITORY. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
Ush- 
ments. 

ATEEAGE  WEEKLY  EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16 

TEARS   AND 

OVER. 

AU 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Memo 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

S3  to 

$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

S5to 
SG. 

$6  to 
$7. 

$7  to 

$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

21 

North  Central  division. . . 

937 

$11.12 

$11.23 

$4.39 

$4.25 

$189,523 

17,048 

$188,318 

16,768 

0.7 

1.2 

2.1 

2.5 

4.4 

6.2 

7.7 

17.5 

14.8 

?? 

273 
131 
133 
154 
64 
47 
43 
51 
7 
14 
20 

269 

10.78 
11.33 
12.90 
9.77 
10.99 
10.45 
10.23 
12.14 
13.92 
12.77 
11.48 

9.20 

10.91 
11.36 
12.96 
9.90 
11.14 
10.64 
10.37 
12.22 
13.92 
13.01 
11.49 

9.26 

3.37 
2.00 
7.00 
4.15 
3.50 
6.04 
6.00 

4.57 
4.00 
4.50 
4.40 
4.38 
3.88 
3.20 
4.14 

43,003 

16,855 

38,959 

30,269 

12,878 

13,203 

11,192 

16,558 

334 

1,200 

6,072 

42,224 

3,989 

1,487 

3,021 

3,098 

1,172 

1,263 

1,094 

1,364 

24 

94 

442 

4,592 

42,705 

16,843 

38,841 

29,972 

12.772 

12, 978 

11, 122 

16.500 

334 

1,184 

5,067 

42,028 

3,913 

1,483 

2.997 

3, 029 

1,147 

1.220 

1,073 

1,350 

24 

91 

441 

4,536 

1.1 
1.6 
0.5 
0.1 
0.3 
0.5 
0,4 
1.0 

1.6 
1.0 
0.5 
0.6 
0.9 
1.1 
3.8 
1.6 

2.8 
1.4 
1.2 
1.6 
1.6 
2.4 
4.2 
2.1 

3.6 

1.4 
1.8 
2.4 
2.7 
2.9 
2.2 
2.0 

4.2 
3.6 
2.5 
6.6 
3.3 
4.6 
6.9 
3.8 
4.2 
5.5 
3.2 

15.5 

6.6 
6.1 
3.9 
6.0 
6.8 
5.1 
10.0 
6.2 

8.9 
7.5 
3.0 

10.6 
7.1 
7,9 

14.8 
5.3 

16.6 
16.7 
9.8 
35.1 
16.3 
17.5 
11.3 
10.9 

13.4 
12.8 
14.3 
14.3 
19.8 
22.7 
12.6 
15.1 

n 

Indiana  

?4 

?5 

?S 

n 

Minnp.*sntn 

■fi 

I.  wa 

f9 

Missouri 

30 

South  Dakota 

Nebraska 

Kansas 

South  Central  division. . . 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Arkansas 

Indian  Territorj' 

Oklahoma '. 

Texas 

Western  division 

Idaho 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

31 

' "s.  66' 
3.50 

5.33 
3.50 

1.1 
1.8 

5.8 

5.5 
12.9 

15.8 

'■3.'2' 
5.8 

6.6 
9.1 

11.5 

13.2 
10.7 

7.2 

32 
33 

3.4 
3.6 

1.8 
2.8 

2.7 
4.2 

34 
35 

36 
37 

64 

40 

33 

20 

9 

45 

7 

7 

44 

248 

8.91 
8.72 
7.70 
8.58 

10.74 
8.95 

14.92 

8.97 
8.84 
7.82 
8.58 

10.74 
8.95 

14.92 

3.75 
3.31 
3.00 

11,989 
6,312 
2,463 

2,926 
2,277 
9,554 
537 
721 
5,445 

62,798 

1,346 
724 
320 
341 

212 

1,068 

36 

49 

4% 

4,451 

11,929 
6,259 
2,439 
2,926 
2,277 
9,545 
537 
721 
5,395 

62,50) 

1,330 

70S 

312 

341 

212 

1,066 

36 

49 

482 

4,384 

3.5 
4.9 
0.6 
2.0 
4.3 
4.4 

2.6 
5.1 
2.2 
0.9 
1.9 
2.2 

4.6 
4.9 
6.1 
4.7 
4.2 
2.2 

6.8 
7.1 
6.1 
8.8 
0.5 
4.8 

16.4 
21.9 
35.9 
17.3 

3.8 
11.4 

2.8 

12.3 
10.9 
14.7 
30.8 
12.7 
24.2 
2.8 

5.8 
3.7 
4.5 
1.5 
3.8 
10.0 

10.7 
8.8 
10.3 
8.2 
16.5 
15.4 
11.1 
10.2 
10.2 

7.8 

9.8 
7.6 
7.4 
2.6 
3.3 
7.0 

"6.'i' 
5.6 

9.6 

.18 

39 
40 

4.50 

41 

14.71    .   14.71 

42 
43 

10.98 
14.11 

11.19 
14.26 

3.50 
6.00 

3.58 
4.21 

3.5 
1.2 

3.5 

0.6 

5.6 
1.4 

4.6 
1.4 

6.0 
3.2 

7.9 
3.6 

4.2 
1.7 

44 

5 

3 

10 

7 

41 

37 

145 

«9 

15.50 
18.50 
15.49 
16.71 
12.72 
13.50 
14.70  1 

12.70 

15.91 
18.50 
15.49 
16.71 
12.73 
13.51 
14.96 

12.82 

6.00 

372 

185 

1,239 

568 

13,761 

7,627 

39,046 

2,731 

24 
10 
80 
34 

1,082 
565 

2,666 

215 

366 

185 

1,239 

568 

13,758 

7,621 

38,768 

2,718 

23 
10 
80 
34 

1,081 
564 

2,592 

212 

4.4 

45 

46 

5.0 
2.9 
3.3 
3.9 
3.6 

10.8 

2.5 

'■3.'6' 

3.0 
0.9 

2.4 

7.5 
5.9 
8.5 
8.5 
7.5 

0.1 

6.2 

12.' 3' 
6.4 
9.5 

3.8 

47 

New  Mexico 

5.9 
2.9 
4.6 
3.0 

4.2 

48 
49 
SO 

Washington 

Oregon 

California 

AU  other  states. 

"6. '66' 

6.00 

3.00 

■■4.'26' 

4.33 

0.7 
1.2 

1.5 

2.4 

0.5 
1.4 
0.6 

0.9 

2.2 

1.6 
1.1 

1.9 

1.3 
1.3 
1.6 

1.9 

1 

PAPER  AND  WOOD  PIJI^P. 


1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division.. 

Maine 

New  Hampshire 

381 

$9.81 

$10.64 

$5.85 

$4.86 

$375,759 

38,294 

$337,546 

31,735 

2.1 

1.2 

1.6 

1.8 

3.7 

7.0 

9.5 

24.0 

19.9 

2 

280 

9.86 

10.73 

5.95 

4.89 

281,700 

28,580 

251,034 

23,401 

2.3 

1.1 

1.4 

1.6 

3.5 

6.7 

9.7 

24.6 

19.6 

4 

16 

83 
28 
81 
19 
35 

10 

11.24 
10.03 
10.08 
9.43 
9.95 
10.11 
10.25 
9.33 

9.02 

11.38 
10.31 
10.30 
11.24 
10.85 
10.28 
10.  5(1 
10.04 

9.72 

6.11 
5.83 
5.84 
6.13 
5.42 
5.12 
5.21 
5.03 

4.97 

5.00 

'8.06" 
5.14 
5.00 
3.32 

'4.' 26' 

4.00 

32,954 

953 

9,511 

109,151 

11,348 

80,967 

7,044 

29,772 

S,883 

2,931 

95 

944 

11,581 

1,141 

8,009 

687 

3,192 

G52 

32,504 
918 

9,192 
84,103 
10,. 320 
79,666 

6,820 
27,511 

5,407 

2,857 
89 

892 
7,48C 

951 
7,748 

044 
2,740 

656 

2.6 

1.1 

1.6 

1.6 
3.4 
0.9 
1.1 
2  0 
1.9 
3.3 
1.8 

0.4 

2  2 
4.5 
4.3 
3.0 
•    5.4 
4.1 
5.9 
2  8 

1.8 

3.3 

12.4 
4.6 
4.8 
9.4 
7.6 
9.1 

11.8 

31.5 

6.4 
19.1 

8.8 
9.9 
12.2 
8.0 
16.5 
15.3 

20.1 

19.5 
19.1 
22.9' 
28.1 
17.7 
2.1. 6 
21.7 
21.0 

9.7 

20.6 
14.6 
20.3 
19.4 
1.5.0 
20.0 
14.0 
20.5 

9.0 

A 

5.3 
0.7 
1.9 
3.5 
0.9 
2.9 

0.4 

3.2 
0.5 
0.2 
1.7 
1.1 
0.7 

0.4 

1.8 
0.8 
1.3 
2.0 
1.9 
1.1 

0.2 

6 

7 

Massachusetts 

R 

New  York 

9 

New  Jersey 

10 
11 

I>cnn.sylvania 

South  Atlantic  division.. 

Delaware 

Maryland 

12 
13 

3 
7 

78 

9.08 
8.93 

9.37 

10.34 
8.99 

10.12 

4.98 
4.50 

5.56 

4.06 
4. 52 

3,587 
2,290 

67,637 

395 
257 

7,216 

3,124 
2,283 

61,139 

302 
254 

0,044 

0.7 

0.7 

0.? 

0.7 

2.3 

1.2 

6.3 

6.3 
01.4 

5.8 

28.5 
10.3 

9.7 

14.9 
3.5 

29.0 

16.2 
0.4 

19.9 

14 

North  Central  division... 
Ohio 

I.l 

1.4 

21 

2  5 

IFi 

27 
17 

7 
IS 

9 

3 

D.43 
9.24 
10.2s 
9.37 
9.01 

14.02 

10.  .34 
9.79 
10.37 
10.12 
9.83 

14.35 

5.47 
4.65 
.^.50 
6.23 
5.42 

fl.83 

'3.'2S' 

'4.' so' 

5.  SO 

25,483 
9,868 
5,885 
13,808 
12,593 

3,870 

2,703 
1,068 
574 
1,474 
1,397 

276 

22,721 
9,354 
5,808 
12,062 
11,194 

3,788 

2, 198 

955 

560 

1 ,  192 

1,139 

264 

0.9 
3.0 
3.6 
0.1 

1.4 
1.7 
2.1 
0.8 
1.6 

2  4 
2  6 
0.7 
2.1 
1.4 

0.8 

3.3 
2  5 
2  0 
2  5 
1.5 

0.4 

3.4 
0.9 
2  7 
0.8 
7.3 

0.8 

6.1 
9.2 
2  0 
0.3 
3.8 

0.8 

8.2 
I0.5 

s.o 

12.  1 

7.8 

4.2 

28.1 
23.6 
20.9 
33. 0 
35.1 

15.1 

21.2 
13.9 

:o.4 

12  0 
23.4 

18.9 

1ft 

17 

Illinois 

18 

in 

Wisconsin 

70 

Western  division.. 

CaUfomia •... 

71 

3 
»13 

14.02 
10.62 

14.35 
11.01 

6.83 
4.88 

5.00 

3,870 
18,869 

276 
1,870 

3,788 
16,178 

284 
1,470 

0.8 
29 

0.4 

3.6 

0.8 
2  1 

0.8 
9.4 

4.2 

1.8 

15.1 

14.8 

18.0 
30.2 

n 

All  other  states 

3.3 

1.6 

United  Stotes 

North  Atlantic  division . 

Mnssnchiisettn. . . 
Connectlcnl.. 

Now  York 

Now  .lersey . . , 
Pcnnsylvnnln. . 


••♦►TTnifV,  TEKKA  «OTTA,  AND  I'lKIC  <'I..%V    IMCOItl^CTS. 


-  -'I 
•■  111 
,J  07 
'.1.(10 


i&.m    $4.02 


I  I      Hi 


fi.40       4.20 


10,72 
(1,51 
10, 7S 
I2,5ri 
10,09 


6,6C 
4,28  I 
6,67 
5,07  I 
0,02 


2.94 

4.00 

4.31 


$250,177  {  24,242 
116,709  10,022 


0,878 
961 
12,750 
60,105 
46,016 


68«  I 
117  I 
t,:t24 
4,151 
4,044 


$237,287  21,8.38  I  I.O 
110,814   U,(I04 


0,4.16  I 

8:17 
11,01111 
48,796 
43,. 148 


(100 

88 
1 ,0.10 
3,8X9 
4,297 


*  I,.eflH  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 

'  Inrludeft  Arl7.unu,  2;  Dl-iriil  ..f  Columblii. 


1.0 

1.2 
0.8 

2.2 
2.2 

3.2 
3.7 

4.6 
4.7 

8.6 
8.2 

10.5 

21.4 

17.2 

1.4 

11.0 

19.1      17.0 

0.2 

0.3 

2.8 

1.0 
1.1 
3.2 
3.4 
4.6 

3.8 
11.4 
4.6 
4.2 
8.2 

6.8 
10.2 

9.6 
8.4 
8.0 

17.8 
29.6 
l.'i.O 
11.2 
10.3 

19.2      15.2 
15.9      13.0 
10.2      18.7 
IS, 2      16.0 
20,7      18.6 

0.8 
1.3 
1.9 

0.7 
0.0 
1,1 

2.8 

2.1 
2.3 

2:  Monliinii.2:  Ni'VaMn,  1:  Utiili.  2. 


EARNIN(;S  OF  WACJE-EARNERS. 


765 


RIES,     AND    GEOGRAPHIC     DIVISIONS— PER    CENT     DI.STKIHUTION     OK    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,     WOMEN,     AND 
OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS:  WITH  NUMBER  (JF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1!)05— Continued. 


JLU^flUUll,  PLANINU  .UILI.  I'UUULt/rti,  l>(JL.i;UlNt;  SASH,  J>OOU»i,  AM>  ULiINUS-CoDtinuerl 


MEN   10  YEARS   AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMKN   16   YKAK.S   AND   OVKR. 

CniLDRKN    L'NUEU   If 

YEARS. 

Per  cent  distribution 
ol  number  by  earn- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  o(  number  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

$5 
to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

$5 

to 

$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 

to 
$8. 

and 
over 

22.8 

17.7 

■?,  1 

0.3 

$470 

107 

19.6 

17.8 

19.6 

9.3 

30.9 

0.9 

0.9 

1.0 



$735 

173 

8.1 

27.2 

34  1 

?fi  n 

4  n 

71 

22.3 

29.5 
27.0 
H.8 
20.7 
21.1 
20.4 
20.8 
54.2 
25.3 
18.8 

13.4 

17.9 
16.1 
31.8 
7.4 
12.6 
11.7 
11.5 
19.8 
33.3 
39.5 
29.2 

12.4 

1.9 
2.0 
3.3 
0.5 
1.2 
2.3 
1.5 
4.4 
8.3 
3.3 
3.2 

1.7 

0.1 
0.3 
0.4 

(') 
0.7 
0.2 
0.4 
1.0 

138 
4 
28 
112 
14 
163 
6 

41 
2 
4 

27 
4 

27 
1 

31.7 
100.0 

■22.'2' 

29.3 

29.3 

4.9 

2.4 

2.4 

160 

8 

90 

185 
92 
62 
64 
58 

35 
2 
20 
42 
21 
16 
20 
14 

8.6 

'ss.o' 

11.4 
.50.0 
20.0 
19.1 
28.6 
68.8 
25.0 
57.1 

80.0 

.50.0 

55.0  15.  0 
71.4  1  9.5 
47.0  il4..^ 

?7 

S, 

25.6 
14.8 
50.0 

'26.' 6' 

50.0 

25.0 
18.5 

ii's' 

25.0 

25.0 

10.0 

'4 

'■i 

9.5 

?6 

3.7 

96.3 
100.0 

31.2 

'>7 

5.0 
14.3 

10.0 
14.3 

5.0 
14.3 

■•s 

9fl 

'W 

16 

3 

66.7 

33.3 

V 

0.3 

5 

.  7 

1 
2 

100.0 

17 

50.0 

50.0 

1 

189 

54 

13.0 

44.4 

40.7 



1.9 

■^■^ 

20.5 

9.6 

7.7 

9.1 

20.4 

6.5 

25.0 

18.4 

14.1 

25.1 

43.5 
30.0 
20.0 
17.7 
36.9 
25.5 
20.2 

29.7 

6.7 
11.6 

4.5 
13.2 
21.7 

8.3 
50.0 
65.3 
31.3 

24.2 

0.2 
3.8 

0.1 
0.1 

1 

60 
53 
24 

16 
16 
8 

6.2 

6.2 

50.0 

12.5 
62.5 
50.0 

81.3 
31.3 

'M 

1 

15 

1 

% 

0.9 
0.9 
2.3 
8.3 

................. 

V 

W 

0.7 

9 

2 

100.0 

VI 

> 

40 

i            1 

41 

3.1 

17.3 

0.4 
2.9 

7 
36 

2 

50.0 

50.0 

43 

257 

12 

01 

8.3 
1.0 

66.7 
42.6 

16.7 
45.9 

1.6 

:  s..'? 

.!•> 

100.0 

1.7 

3.3 

1 
3.3  143 

...   . 

44 

39.1    13.0 
20.0    40.0 
30  3    22.  5 

6 

1 

100.0 

10.0 

i'                        '                         1 

4f> 

.   ...1  .   .     i  .. 

.  ^.    .- 

4fi 

23.  5   38.  2 

.'1.9 

1            1 

47 

23.  2  !  4.  4  1  0.  8 
26.  4   12.  8     X.  4 

3 

1 

100.0 

48 

6 
30 

1 

5 

ioo.o 

100.0 

1 

4<) 

23.6  23.2 
26  9  I  8.  5 

3.7 
0.5 

248 
13 

59 
3 

44.1 
66.7 

47. 4     1. 7 

3.4 
33.3 

3.4 

50 

j 

51 

1 

PAPER  AND  WOOD  PU1.P. 


15.5 

9.8 

2.5 

0.8 

$37,329 

0,377 

2.5 

5.4 

17.9 

17.4 

38.0 

11.3 

4.6 

2.0 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

3884 

182 

11.5 

12.6 

28.0  |l7.0 

26.4 

1.7  1  2.8 

1 

16.0 

10.1 

12.8 
6.7 
7.8 

12.9 

11.4 
7.8 

10.2 
6.7 

6.8 

2.6 

0.8 

30,030 

5,049 

2.2 

4.3 

16.2 

16.8 

41.0 

11.2 

6.1 

2.3 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

636 

130 

7.7 

14.6 

33.8   10.8 

1 

29.2 

0.8 

3.1 

2 

24.0 
14.6 
16.9 
15.4 
19.4 
14.3 
12.7 
13.6 

17.8 

3.5 
5.6 
2.6 
2.7 
3.4 
2.6 
2.2 
1.2 

14 

0.8 

0.6" 

0.7 
0.7 
0.9 
0.5 
0.6 

0.5 

440 

35 

263 

24,642 

1,008 

1,238 

224 

2,180 

472 

72 

6 

45 

4,022 

186 

242 

43 

433 

95 

18.0 
50.0 
20.0 
16.3 
26.9 
20.3 
39.5 
11.6 

14.7 

73.6 
60.0 
04.5 
44.8 
28.5 
22.7 
10.3 
15.3 

32.6 

42 

4.2 

10 

2 

100.0 

3 

4 

■  2.0' 
3.2 
6.2 

■3.' 6' 

6.3 

8.9 
3.0 
4.8 
4.6 
14.0 
15.5 

3.2 

2.2 
12.0 
22.6 
41.3 
27.9 
42.7 

43.2 

2.2 
12.7 
11.3 

2.9 

2.2 
5.5 

1.1 
0.4 

66 
406 
20 
63 

7 
79 

4 
19 

'  '5. 0' 

'2i.o' 

ii.'V 

25.0 

47.4 

26.' 6' 

M.'e' 

28.6 
11.4 
25.0 

45.'6' 
50.0 

14.3 

67.1 

S 

2.7 
1.6 
0.4 
2.3 
0.2 

0.5 

0.3 

0.2 

6 
7 

0.4 

0.8 

ft 

q 

4.6 

6.9 



0.2 

81 
4 

19 

1 

10.5 

89.5 
100.0 

10 
11 

13.6 
22.8 

12.4 

12.2 
0.4 

8.4 

2.6 

1.0 

463 
9 

6,394 

93 
2 

1,149 

6.S 

3.2 

41.9 

100.  0 

23.9 

15.1 

3.3.3 

1 

12 

4 
104 

1 
23 

100.0 
21.  S 

13 

2.0 

0.4 

2.7 

9.1 

21.1 

25.2 

12.4 

3.4 

1.1 

0.4 

0.4 

aa 

26.1 

13.0 

17.4 

17.4 

4.3 

14 

14.3 
9.9 
13.0 
13.3 
9.5 

24.2 

a2 
11.2 
8.0 
8.1 
6.7 

22.3 

2.0 
1.8 
3.2 
1.9 
1.6 

8.0 

0.5 
0.2 
0.4 
0.4 
0.3 

4.5 

2,702 

488 

77 

1,712 

1,355 

82 

505 
105 
14 
275 
250 

12 

0.6 
4.8 

"i.s' 

7.2 

.5.7 
27.6 
14.3 
9.5 
7.6 

28.7 
29.5 
28.6 
10.2 
26.4 

29.9 
20.9 

'ii'o" 

14.4 

22.2 
14.3 
50.0 
34.5 
24.0 

41.7 

8.1 
2.9 
7.1 
24.4 
12.4 

50.0 

4.0 

0.4 

0.4 

1..... 

1 

15 

26 

8 

75.0 

25.0 

1 

16 

..     J 

17 

2.5 
4.8 

1.5 
2.8 

8.3 

0.7 
0.4 

1.8 

1.1 

34 
44 

7 
8 

28.6 
12.5 

2a6  

37.5  25.0 

42.8 
12.5 

ii's' 

18 
19 

20 

24.2 
17.5 

22.3 
9.3 

8.0 
2.2 

4.5 
14 

82 
351 

12 
72 

41.7 
43.1 

50.0 
5.5 

8.3 
L4 

1 

21 

16.7 

22.2 

5.6 

5.5 



140 

28 

17.9 

as 

3.6  46.4  21.4 

1 

3.6 

3.6 

22 

POTTERY,  TERR.V  <OTTA,  AND  FIRE  Cl,A\  PRODI'CTS. 

—. >- 


13.6 


9.7 


3.5 


2.5 


S10.975 


1.928       5.6 


23.3 


20.9     11.4 


2.  6     2.  3  >  3. 6     0. 8 


$1,915 


15.5  1  27.3   23. 


20.6   11.6     1.1     0.2 


13.5 


9.9 


4.5 


3.1 


3,982 


729 


5.8 


14.7 


29.2 


18.0 


13.0 


10.0 


2.  5     0. 9     1.  4 


289 


as  I  28.0  126.3  24.2   11.1  ;  1.7 


0.4 


16.8 
11.4 
13.6 
8.8 
17.3 


12.9 
6.8 
a  3 

12.2 
7.9 


2.7 


1.5 


2.9 

6.2 
0.6  [ 


396 

124 
1,623 
1,237 

602 


244 

100 


5.6 
10.7 


27.1 
44.8 
9.1 
13.1 
17.0 


20.0 

44.8 
29.7 
.10.7 
20.0 


1.5.7 
10.4 
20.6 
16.4 
18.0 


17.1 


a  6 


5.7 


16 


13.3 
13.9 
11.0 


10.9 
11.1 
9.0 


ao 

1.2 

2.0 


1.4 
2.1 
9.0 


0.  7  I  0. 7 

0.4  I 

2.0  ,  6.0 


28 
73 

1,065 


8 
18 

247 


16.7 

a5 


3L3  131.2 


las  :ia7  L 


87.5    

27.8  22.2 

25.9  27.2 


12.5 

11. 1    22.  2 
26.  3     9.  7 


2.0  I  0.4 


'Includes  District  of  Columbia.  1:  Georgia,  1;  Iowa,  1;  Kansas.!:  Minnesota,  2:  Missouri,!:  Oregon,  2:  South  Carolina.  1:  Washington,!;  West  Virginia.  2. 


766 

Table    71. 


lAIAXUFACTURES. 

-CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EAR^'I^■GS— TWENTY-FIVE     SELECTED     INDUSTRIES.  BY    STATES.    TERRITO- 
CHILDREX— BY  GROUPS  OF  EARNINGS;  TOTAL   AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND    NUMBER 

POTTERY,  TEKK.\  fOTTA,  ANB  FIRE  CL,AV  PKODIICTS— Continued. 


ST.ITE  OE  TERHITORV. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY   EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

.Ml 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 

1 

ChU- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  ntinibt'r  l)y  oarnings. 

Less 

than 

S3. 

$3  to 
84. 

84  to 
$5. 

85  to 
$6. 

86  to 
87. 

$7  to 
88. 

88  to 
89. 

89  to 
810. 

810  to 

812. 

g 

South  Atlantic  division. . 

1 
45 

S9.20 

J9.93 

87.26 

83.30 

818,616 

2,027 

816,363 

1,648 

3.3 

2.6 

3.0 

5.4 

6.1 

13.5 

15.2 

14.1 

9.7 

14 

4 
10 

4  ' 

4 

«i 
134  ! 

8.89 
8.03 
11.05 
4.56 
4.31 
7.48 

10.16 

9.88 
8.03 
12.08 
5.14 
4.62 
7.48 

10.72 

6.30 

3.32 

9,408 
899 

7,081 

73 

422 

763 

91,568 

1,058 
112 

641 
16  [ 
9S 

102 

9,013 

8,377 
899 

5,846 
72 
407 
763 

86,354 

848 
112 
484 
14 
88 
102 

8,055 

1.2 
■  8.9 

"28!4" 
9.8 

2.3 

1.5 
.  4.5 

0.2 
21.4 
15.9 

5.9 

1.4 

2.8 
8.0 
0.2 
14,3 
6,8 
7,8 

1.7 

5.6 

4.5 
2.9 
21.4 
14.8 
5.9 

2.2 

4,0 
11,6 

5,2 
28,6 
14.8 
10.8 

3.1 

17.6 
14.3 
5.2 
7.1 
1.1 
29.4 

6,9 

17,8 
18.8 
10,9 
7,2 
10.2 
15.7 

8,7 

12.7 
9,8 
22.1 

10.7 
7.1 
10.9 

10 

11 

District  of  Columbia. 

West  Virginia 

North  Carolina 

Soutti  Carolina 

7.97 

6.00 
0.50 
1.50 

13 
14 

IS 

3.4 
2.9 

28.1 

2.3 
5.9 

20.4 

North  Central  division. . . 
Ohio 

5.48 

4.66 

1A 

70  ■ 
27  ! 
20 
3  1 
14 

39 

9.82 
10.42 
10.79 
10.13 
10.58 

8.69 

10.39 
11.66 
10.86 
10.13 
10.71 

8.82 

6.08 
3.87 
5.72 

3.00 
4.81 

49,120 
17,074 
14,804 
790 
9,780 

7,335 

5,000 

1,639 

1,372 

78 

924 

844 

45,142 
16,040 
14,701 
790 
9,681 

7,230 

4,343 

1,376 

1,354 

78 

904 

820 

3.3 
1.0 
1.7 

1.5 
1.7 
1,5 

1.7 
2.4 
1.7 

2.2 
3.3 
1.9 

3.2 
3.8 
3.8 

7.8- 
3.3 
6.3 

11.9 
5.6 
5.4 

30.8 
25.6 
19.1 

67,9 
29,0 

12,0 

13.7 
22.7 
31.7 

15.4 
32.1 

11.7 

T7 

Indiana 

Illinois 

19 

on 



4.95 
4.38 

0.4 
1.3 

0.4 
2.2 

0.7 
4.9 

1.0 
5.7 

1,4 
12,7 

9.7  {     3.9 

21 

South  Central  dirision. . . 

Kentucky 

Tennessee. -i 

.\labama 

Texas 

Western  division 

Colorado 

Utah 

Washington 

California 

\11  other  states 

23.4 

11.5 

22 
23 
24 
25 

26 

13 
3 
6 

17 

27 

8.27 
10.61 
5.50 
9.62 

12.97 

8.40 
10.70 
5.50 
9.75 

13.03 

4.50 
3.00 

5,069 

902 

55 

1,309 

9,456 

613 
85 
10 

136 

729 

4,979 

899 

55 

1,297 

9,434 

593 
84 
10 

133 

724 

1,2 
2.4 

1.9 

4.8 

5.1 

2.4 

60.0 

1.5 

1.8 

7.1 

'solo' 

1,5 
1.0 

13.0 

2.4 

26.8 
1,1 

10.1 
36.9 

11.6 
11.9 

15.0 
1.2 

6.00 

4.00 
3.33 

1,5 
1.0 

2.2 
0.3 

18.8 
1.1 

24.1 
2.3 

2.2 
1.9 

14.3 
3.2 

4.5 
12.1 

27 
28 
29 
30 

?1 

7 
4 
4 
12 

■19 

12.40 
12.96 
13.69 
13.14  1 

10.56 

12.45 
13.50 
13.69 
13.21 

10.76 

6.00 

"i.oo' 

3,547 

298 

2,313 

3,298 

7,463 

286 
23 
169 
251 

707 

3,535 

297 

2,313 

3,289 

7,392 

2S4 
22 
169 
249 

687 

0.3 
9.1 

0.7 

1.8 

4.6 
4.5 
0.6 
0.8 

7.0 

2.1 
9.1 

"2!4" 

8.0 

"gli' 

4.1 
5.6 

25.2 

25.0 
4.6 
1.2 
5.6 

12.7 

5.3 

1.6 

1.7 

0.6 
1.6 

4.4 

"i!2' 
9.3 

3.37 

4.50 
7.00 

1.6 

4.1 

0.8 
1.0 

1 

PI 

I  INT] 

NCAl 

«B  PlIBL, 

ISHIN 

G,  BOOK 

.  AND 

JOB. 

1 

United  States 

North  .\tlantic  division. . 

Maine 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York 

4,802 

811.21 

812.94 

86.54 

83.54 

$593,204 

52,916 

8.509,174 

39,345 

2.3 

3.7 

4.5 

4.2  1    5.0 

5.0 

4,9 

6.1  1    9.5 

2 

2,179 

11.40 

12.90 

7.16 

3.62 

275,337 

24,160 

234,315 

18, 157 

2.9 

3.8 

4.6 

4.4  i    5.0 

4.4 

4.7 

5.6  1    9.3 

3 
4 
S 
6 
7 
S 
9 

52 
32 

26 
428 
59 
99 

m> 

HG 

472 

362 

9.35  : 
9.86  ! 
9.10  ' 
11.22 
10.18 
10.  .56 
12.14 
10.80 
10.21 

9.15 

10.89 
10.45 
10.27 
12.86 
12.46 
11.  ai 
13.38 
12.84 
11.94 

10.61 

6.30 
8.32 
5.42 

7.8.J 
5.70 
6.28 
7.30 
6.80 
5.94 

5.20 

3.00 

"s.'fii 
3.05 
3.  .50 
3.78 
3.82 
3.52 

2.93 

2,759 
1,656 
719 
66,920 
5.060 
4,S77 

las.ws 

1-1,262 
39. 651 

29,895 

295 

168 

79 

5,964 

556 

462 

11.433 

1,321 

3,882 

3,266 

2,177 

1,265 

616 

.52.766 

4,  696 

4,2.12 

123,012 

11, ,571 

33,980 

26,042 

687 
10,803 
4,441 
2,038 
1,417 
1,1.57 

565 
3,3(1.5 

669 

181,081 

'        22, 464 

11,703 

87.286 

10,  .187 

5,4,53 

9,  ,500 

3.  .501 

24,228 

269 

■  172 

4,08.5 

1,973 

29,171 

200 
121 
60 

4. 103 
377 
354 

9,196 
901 

2,845 

2,454 

2.0 
1.6 

"l.'2' 
0.8 
1.4 
4  3 
1.6 
1.7 

3.7 

8.0 
5.0 
3.3 
3.1 
3.7 
4.0 
3,8 
3.8 
4.5 

6.8 

4.0 
6.6 
1.7 
4.1 
3.4 
4.5 
4,7 
4.1 
5.1 

5.3 

2.6 
3.3 
3,3 
3.4 
6  9 
5.7 
4.5 
3.5 
5.2 

5.6 

7.0 
8.3 
16.7 
4.6 
4.5 
4.8 
4.7 
8.2 
5.2 

7.0 

4,5 
4.1 
5.0 
3.5 
3,4 
3,1 
4,6 

4.0 

4.4 
4.5 
4.2 
5.1 

6.0 
5.0 
10.0 
4.9 
2.4 
6.5 
6.1 
4.1 
5.9 

0.8 

16.5 
14.0 
31.6 
8.2 
13.3 
9.6 
8.5 
9.8 
11.7 

9.9 

10 

6.1  4.9 

5.2  4.3 

7.7  1    6.8 

11 
12 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division.. 
Delaware 

1(? 

9 
107 
43 
54 
26 
38 
20 
46 
19 

1,573 

9.80 
9.19 
10. 13 
8.2.'-, 
9.84 
8.20 
0.93 
9.10 
9.42 

11.02 

9.56 

;  10.00 

12.21 

9.12 

8.91 

11.46 

9..W 

.  11.00 

12. 15 

11.24 

11.09 

;     9.02 

10.61 

12.49 
10.48 

11.. '•,7 
10.20 
12. 22 
9.41 
7.74 
10.32 
11.. 53 

13.00 

5.24 

5.40 

0.21 

4.36' 

5.  4ti 

3.40 

4.  .10 

4.51 

6.00 

6.07 

4.17 
2.75 
2.89 
2.88 
4.33 
2.33 
2.00 
2.91 
3.27 

3.46 

843 

12, 184 
5,237 
3,514 
1,731 
1,246 

617 
3,722 

801 

211,839 

86 

1,326 

517 

426 

176 
1.52 

89 
409 

85 

19,228 

.55 
1,0.11 
384 
288 
116 
123 

73 
326 

58 

13,924 

3.6 
4.2 
2.3 
2.4 
0.8 
4.9 
11.0 
4.3 

1.6 

1.8 
8.2 
4.7 
8.3 
3.4 
8,1 
11.0 
4.6 
3.5 

3.4 

5.4 
5.4 

5.7 
5,9 
2,6 
4,9 

8,2 
6.2 

4.4 

5.5 
6.0 

6.2 
5.2 
5.2 
4.9 
4.1 
7.7 
6,9 

4.1 

3.6 
7.4 

7.3 
10,8 
2,6 
6,5 
12.3 
4.3 
3.5 

4.7 

9.1 
7.2 

7.6 
5.9 
19.0 
13.0 
2.7 
5.8 
6.9 

6.2 

7.2 
4.4 

7.6 
0,9 
9,0 
9,6 
8.0 
17.2 

5.0 

5.5 

1.8 

14 

Mar>'land 

6.4  1    8.8  1 

15 

in 

District  of  Columbia. 

7.6 
5.6 
4.3 

8.1 

16.4 

7.4 

1.7 

6.7 

12.5 
7.3 
8.6 

12.2 
9.0 

14.1 

12.1 

9.8 

17 
18 
19 

West  Virglnlii 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Florida 

22 

North  Central  division... 
Ohio 

7^ 

296 

109 

497 

132 

66 

02 

75 

207 

« 

3 

43 

47 

290 

11.15 
11.91 
14.35 
11.31 
11.60 
13.16 
11.06 
12.94 
13.  45 
11.47 
12. 65 
10.78 

12.52^ 

6.57 
5.16 
6. 58 
4.62 
4.32 
7.77 
5.  14 
(i.  IS 
7.83 
9.50 
5.98 
6.40 

5. 13 

3.34 
3.06 

3,66 
3.17 
3.09 
3.00 
3.80 
3.  ,58 

"s.iV 

2.38 
3.10 

26,512 

13,440 

101,210 

12,387 

1             0,488 

11,908 

4, 1.59 

28.245 

316 

191 

4,624 

2,290 

32,964 

2,773 
1,332 
8,288 
1,358 

728 
1,044 

438 

2,608 

26 

17 

417 

239 

3,136 

2, 015 
9,S3 

6,(181 
Ills 
470 
722 
322 

1.872 

20 

15 

,123 

183 

2,330 

2.1 
1.3 
1.6 
2.2 
1.3 
1.2 
1.5 
1.1 

6.8 
4.9 
1.8 
5,5 
5.9 
0.0 
6.0 
2.3 

4.7 
6.4 
4.4 
4.8 
6.1 
6.4 
5,0 
2,2 

5.6 
5.7 
2.7 
6.0 
5.1 
6.2 
7.8 
2.9 
10.0 

7.5 
6.6 
3.4 
5.7 
6.1 
5.6 
7.1 
4.2 
5.0 

6.8 
5.5 
3.6 
7.3 
5.3 
6.1 
7.1 
6.4 
10.0 
0.7 
7.1 
6.0 

0.6 

6.7 
6.4 
4.4 
7,4 
5.1 
4,4 
3,1 
4.9 

7.7  1  11.8 

?4 

7.9  '        " 

7.4 

7.4 

4.5 

4.2 

5.6 

4.3 

8.6 
9.0 
10.5 
16.4 
7.5 
11.2 
9.4 
10.0 
33.4 
9.0 
9.8 

10.8 

7'i 

Illinois 

7(1 

V 

Wl.sconsln 

7S 

W 

Iowa 

W) 

31 
32 
33 
^4 

.North  Dakota 

South  Dakota 

Xf'bra!»ka 

Kansas 

o.'e 
1.1 

3.3 

0.7 
2.8 
3.3 

3.6 

13.3 
4.0 

7.1 

4.9 

6.0 
3.8 

4.6 

5.6 
3.8 

5.7 

4.9 
7.1 

4.8 

6.3 
11.6 

7.5 

36 

South  Cratral  divialon... 
Kentucky 

W 

5S 

1.1 
.'{_* 
II 
4 
12 
,           HO 

2;  Kan 

n.sr, 

10.61 
10,  (K) 
10.  (XI 
10.03 

1    11.41 
12.00 
10.64 

1    11.4(1 

laa. 2;  I 

11.20 
13.  .36 
12.67 
11.44 
10.96 
13.57 
13.00 
11.87 
13.51 

^oulslar 

6.41 
4.70 
6.08 
8.17 
5..W 
6.20 

"o.HO' 
4  71 

a,  2;  M 

2.82 
3.32 
4,11 
3,67 
2.41 
1     4.60 
i     7.00 
.3.20 
3.08 

alnc,2: 

8.462 

1            7, 164 

1,918 

460 

2.257 

1,073 

72 

696 

10,972 

Minnesota, 

004 
674 
176 

46 
225 

94 
6 

56 
955 

;  Missis 

7.143 
6.237 

1,698 
389 

2.149 
909 

a5 

646 
10.035 

sippl,l;  Mn 

638 
407 
134 

34 
196 

67 

46 
74:) 

nlana.l 

6.7 
1.3 
6.2 

6.1 
1.6 
1.6 

6.0 
2.6 
3.7 
5.9 
4.1 
1.5 

6.2 
3.0 
1.5 
2.9 
1.5 
1.5 

8.6 
4.6 
0.7 
5.0 
7.7 
3.0 

8.3 
4.9 
4.5 
5.9 
4.6 
8.9 

6.4 
3.4 
.1.7 
6,9 
8.2 
1.6 

3.9 
8,6 
8.2 

•i'i'.h' 

8,9 

20.0 

13.0 

6.1 

11.4 
11.3 
17.2 

8.8 
11.2 

6.0 

"h.Y 

9.3 

37 
3M 
39 
40 
41 
42 
i1 

Tennessee 

Alntininn 

Mississippi.. 

Ix)Ulsiana 

Arkansas 

Indian  Terrltoj 
Oklahoma 

2.6 

2.0 
3.0 

4.4 

6.5 

4.4 
3.8 

4.3 
6.9 

0,6 
3.0 

,     3.1       3,5  i    6.9 
:  New  Hampshire, 

•1 

Deludes  Arknnsaf,  1;  Iowa 

1;  Oregon,  2 

Virginia,  2:  Wlsctmsln,  2. 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


767 


RIES.     AND    GEOGRAPrilO     DIVISIONS— PER    CENT     DISTRIBUTION     OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,     WOMEN,     AND 
OF  ALL  WA(iE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Continued. 

••OTTUKV,  TERR.i  iOTT.!,  ;\NI»  t'lUti  WW  PUontCTS— Continued. 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

LllILUREN  UNDER  16  YEARS.  ' 

Per  cent  flistriliiition 
of  numljcr  l)y  earn- 
ings— Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent  di.stribution  of  numl>er 

l>y  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by- 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15   '  $20 
to    ,   to 
$20.     $25. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

S3. 

$3 
to 

84. 

$4 
to 

$5. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 

$8. 

$8 
to 

$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10 

to 
$12. 

$12 

to 
$15. 

$15 

and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 

to 
$4. 

$4       $5 
to      to 
$5.       $6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
and 
over 

12.1 

8.7 

3.4 

2.9 

$1,894 

261 

3.1 

6.1 

8.4 

13.4 

23.7 

14.9 

6.9 

6.4 

7.7 

7.3 

3.1 

$389 

118 

3S.1 

32.2 

13.6 

6.8 

8 

14.3 
8.0 
14.1 

1.8 
1.8 
6.0 

706 

112 

7.1 

14.3 

16.1 

10.7 

23.2 

8.9 

7.1 

4.5 

2.7 

2.7 

2.7 

325 

98 

33.7 

38.8 

16.3 

8.2 

3.0 

9 

2.7 
16.1 

'6.2 

in 

1,188 

149 

2.7 

15.4 

24.2 

19.5 

•6.7 

6.0 

11.4 

10.7 

3.4 

48 

1 
15 

8 
2 
10 

100.0 

11 

100.0 
100.0 

1? 

1.1 
1.0 

11.9 

1.2 
1.0 

9.1 

13 

2.0 
2.3 

1.9 
1.9 

14 

5,023 

917 

4.6 

19.6 

23.2 

25.7 

6.4 

8.4 

2.9 

2.1 

1.9 

4.5 

0.7 

191 

41 

9.8 

12.2 

24.4 

29.2 

24.4 

15 

11.6  1     8.6     2.0 
10.  6  1   12.  9      3.  2 
13  7       7  3     **  "^ 

1.7 
3.9 
2.1 

3,963 
957 
103 

652 

247 

18 

3.8 
6.9 

13.2 
38.1 

15.7 
44.9 

32.5 

0.9 

38.9 

6.5 

2.8 

55.6 

11.5 
0.4 
5.5 

4.1 

2.9 

2.6 

6.3 

0.9 

IS 

77 

5 

16 

• 

40.0 
12.5 

40.0  '  20.0 
6.3 

1A 

56.2 



25.0  1 

17 

1ft 

14  1       "^  *^ 

' 

1 

19 

12.1 
6.0 

8.8 
7.4 

0.5 
1.0 

99 
105 

20 
24 

15.0     40.0   15.0 

30.0 

?0 

0.2 

20.8     45.8 

.33  4 

?1 

3.  7  !    3.  2 
11  9  1  9.f;  0 

1.0 

0.3 

90 
3 

20 
1 

20.0     40.0 

40.0 

??. 

100.0 



?3 

24 

12  1 

It;  a 

1.5 
5.1 



12 

10 

3 
3 

100.0 

?5 

46. 8     21. 3 

2.1 

12 

2 

100.0 

33.3 

33.4 

33.3 

?« 

3.2 

22.7 
6.5 
4.8 

4.7 

1.8 

12 

2 

100.0 

' 

rr 

22.7 
47.4 
55.5 

11.9 

18.2 
33.7 
14.9 

8.0 

1 

1 

100.0 

J 

28 

0.6 
3.6 

2.0 

?9 

-, 

9 

7 

2 

1 

.50.0 

50.0 
100.0 

30 

64 

19 

84.2 

5.3 

10.5 

31 

' 

1 r 

I»UIiNTIINb  AND  PlIBL,ISHIIVO,  BOOK  ANI>  JOB. 


1,5.3 

25.1 

9.7 

4.7, 

S78,  4.-)3 

11,988 

7.2 

10.9 

13.4 

15.1 

15.4 

12.6 

8.3 

4.6 

5.9  i  3.8 

2.8 

S5. 597 

1.5S3 

24,0 

41,8 

20.7     8.0 

3.0 

1.4 

1,1 

1 
2 

17.3 

24.0 

9.1 

4.9 

39,037 

5,454 

7.3 

8.2 

10.6 

14.4 

14.5 

12.9 

9.4 

5.5 

8.5     4.7 

4.0 

1,985 

549 

18,0 

43,9 

24.2 

9.9 

2.9 

0.7 

0.4 

21.0 
31.4 
16,7 
21.1 
17.0 
20.1 
15.1 
15.8 
17.8 

13.9 

20.0 
17.4 
6.7 
31.7 
35.5 
30.8 
20.1 
19.6 
25.4 

20.7 

3.5 

1.7 
5.0 
6.6 
2.7 
4.2 
11.1 
15.8 
6.5 

4.4 

1.0 

'3.2 
1.9 
1.1 
7.4 
2.7 
1.5 

1.4 

567 

391 

103 

13,  761 

900 

603 

15,276 

2,477 

4,959 

3,376 

90 

47 

19 

1,752 

158 

96 

2,093 

364 

835 

649 

2.2 

"sis' 

3.7 
1.9 
7.3 
12.0 
9.6 
4.3 

13.2 

3.3 

2.1 
21.0 
7.4 
3.2 
7.3 
9.3 
3.6 
11.0 

19.3 

14.5 
6.4 
10.5 
6.7 
21.5 
6.3 
10.8 
10.4 
16.9 

16.5 

20.0 
10.6 
10.5 
12.5 
23.4 
22.9 
13,6 
21,4 
14,4 

15,1 

15.6 
10.6 
26.3 
12.7 
36.1 
19.8 
12.9 
14.6 
17.6 

15.6 

23.3 
14.9 

5.3 
15.4 

1.9 
14.6 
10.0 
11.5 
16.2 

8.6 

11.1 

10.6 
5.3 

10.6 
5,7 
6.2 
7.2 
9.3 

13.3 

5.5 

6.7 

23.4 

15.8 

6.3 

2,5 

10,4 

6,5 

4,7 

2,6 

1,4 

3.3    

12.8  t  4.3 

iis" 

15 

5 

40,0 

40.0 

20.0 

3 

4 

1 

.■i 

12.. 5  i  7.8 
1.9     1.9 

4.2    

8.5     4.5 
8.8     1.4 
1.8  j  1.5 

2.8     1.5 

4.4 

'i'o' 
5.7 
4.7 
0.4 

0.5 

393 

64 

42 

545 

214 

712 

477 

109 
21 
12 

144 
56 

202 

163 

18,3 
28,6 
8.3 
19.4 
12.5 
17.3 

50.9 

41,3 
47,6 
66,7 
35,4 
39,3 
51,0 

33,1 

26.6 
23.8 
25.0 
25.0 
23.2 
22.8 

9.2 

9.2 

3.7 

0.9 

a 

7 

8 

13.2 
21.4 
6.4 

3.7 

4.9 
3.6 
1.5 

0.6 

1.4 

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1.9 

0,7 
b'.'s 
0.6 

9 
10 

u 

12 

29.1 
13.1 
12.8 
13.5 
12.1 
8.1 
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19.0 
19.0 

13.8 

27.3 
21.5 

5.5 
4.2 

1.8 
1.6 
2.1 
1.4 
2.6 

131 

1,161 

770 

527 

262 

68 

36 

325 

96 

28,837 

25 

215 

124 

121 

48 

20 

8 

72 

16 

4,748 

8.0 
14.9 

9.7 
14.9 

2.1 
10.0 

26!  4' 
6.7 

16.0 
14,0 
7.3 
33.9 
18.8 
70.0 
25.0 
19.4 
12.5 

12.0 

20.0 
16.7 
14.5 
20.6 
10.4 
10.0 
25.0 
16.7 
12.5 

15.8 

12,0 
20.5 

7.3 
14.9 
22.9 

5.0 
50.0 

6.9 
18.8 

15.6 

16.0 
8.8 

29.0 
6.6 

31.2 
5.0 

16.0 
12.1 
10.5 
6.6 
6.2 

8.0 
6.0 
7.3 
2.5 
2.1 

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4.0 

4.0    

3.3  1.4 

6.4  4.0 

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25 
220 
26 
49 
52 
21 
16 
32 
36 

1,921 

6 
80 

9 
17 
12 

9 

8 
11 
11 

556 

16.7 
62.5 
11.1 
58.8 
25.0 
55.6 
62.5 
36.4 
36.3 

19.1 

16,7 
28,8 
88,9 
11.8 
33.4 
33.3 

66.6 

13 

7.5 

1.2 

14 

I.*) 

24  0     ■?  1 

i7.6 

11.8 

'  'k'\' 

16 

31.9 
18.7 
9.6 
14.4 
24.1 

27.8 

6.0 
1.6 

4.2  1  2.1 

:  S  .1 

'ii.i 

Hi, 7  1  S.3 

17 

IS 

25.0  :  12.. i 

19 

4.9 
3.4 

9.4 

0.3 
1.7 

4.1 

18.0 
31.2 

16.5 

2.8 
13.8 

5.6 
25.0 

7.6 

2.8 
3.6 

3.4 

1,4 
3.4 

1.0 

63.6 
36.4 

50.5 

■'0 

21.6 

27.3 
6.3 

1.8 

0.4 

0.3 

21 
22 

11.3 
13.0 
12.7 
11.5 
13.4 

24.3 
28.4 
29.5 
24.5 
24.7 

5.4 
5.9 
13.5 
4.0 
6.4 
8.2 
4.3 
7.7 
15.0 
13.3 
9.6 
3.3 

10.6 

1.3 
1.5 
6.0 
3.2 
1.7 
7.1 
0.6 
3.4 

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4.4 

3,784 

1,642 

13. 1S5 

1.924 

834 

2,447 

517 

3.023 

47 

19 

508 

307 

3.220 

679 

318 

2.005 

416 

193 

315 

95 

586 

6 

2 

85 

48 

628 

5.7 
6.0 
5.4 
16.6 
28.0 
4.1 
6.3 
1.4 

14.9 
20.1 

9.9 
17.3 
16.6 

6.7 
12.6 

8.5 

18.9 
19.8 
13.1 
29.6 
26.4 
7.3 
16.8 
10.4 

19.9 
18.6 
14.5 
11.8 
12.4 
14.6 
23.2 
15.5 
16.7 

18.4 
16.4 
13.9 
13.2 
8.8 
12.4 
22.1 
29.2 
33.3 

13.8 
9.1 
14.5 
5.3 
2.6 
13.7 
10.5 
23.7 

3.7 
4.1 

10.6 
3.8 
1.6 

16.5 
2.1 
5.0 

16.7 

2.2 
1.6 
0.4 
1.4 
0.5 
6.0 

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0,7 
3,1 
4,6 
0,5 
2,1 
9,2 
3,2 

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0,6 
0,6 
6,1 
0.5 
0.5 
4.4 
3.2 
1.0 

16.6 

1.2 
0.6 
2.0 

0.5' 
5.1 

i.'s' 

264 
95 

7.39 
76 

201 
21 
81 

394 

79 
31 

202 
24 
65 
7 
21 

110 

11.4 
35.5 
16.3 
25.0 
44.6 
14.3 
33.3 
2,7 

70.9 
41.9 
41,6 
66,7 
44,6 
85,7 
33.3 
60,0 

11.4 

16.1 

32.7 

4.2 

7.7 

6.3 
6.5 
7.4 

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'1.6 

"ii" 

i.s 

23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
?S 

16.2      25.5 
20.G     30.6 
15.0      35.0 

9.5 
25.5 

9.5 
8.2 

4.8 
3.6 

4.8 

4.8 

29 
3U 

31 

32 

16.7 
15.9 

12.7 

26.0 
27.3 

20.  S 

2.4 
4.1 

8.0 

18.8 
2.1 

24.1 

17.6 
16.7 

19.3 

11.8 
22.9 

13.9 

15.3 
22.9 

15.6 

17.6 
10.4 

8.4 

4.7 
6.2 

3.8 

4,7 
4,2 

3.3 

3,5 
4.2 

1.9 

2.4 
4.2 

1.1 

1.2 
2,1 

0,6 

31 
19 

563 

9 

8 

178 

22,2 

62,5 

45,5 

22.2 
25.0 

30.3 

44.5 
10.7 

11.1 
12.5 

7.3 

4.5 

1.1 

0.6 

33 
34 

35 

9.9     14.7 
18.0     31.5 
12.0  1  22.4 

38.3  ,  23.5 
13.2     15.8 

25.4  20.9 

9.1 

s.e 

9.7 
2.9 
2.0 
16.4 

4.1 
3.8 
3.7 

"2.0 
3.0 

1,168 
781 
146 
49 
67 
155 

216 
166 
24 
6 
12 
25 

13.0 
0.6 

22.2 
32.5 
29.2 

18.0 
18.7 
16.7 

10.2 
16,9 
16,7 
16,7 
8,3 
24,0 

10.6 
14.4 
16.7 
16.7 
16.7 
4.0 

7.9 
14.5 

'w'.Y 

'\6.b' 

6.9 
2.4 
12.5 

■'s.'s' 

5.6 

4,2 

1.4 

141 

136 

74 

22 

41 

9 

7 

16 

117 

50 
41 
18 
6 
17 
2 
1 
5 
38 

70,0 
12.2 
27,8 
66,7 
70.6 

14.0 
70.7 
16.6 

8.0 

7.3 

22.2 

8.0 

2.5 

22.2 

"7.3' 
5.6 

16.7 

36 
.37 

ssis' 

4,1 

ie.'e' 

4.1 



8.3 
4.0 

ieie' 

5.6 



38 
.39 

16.7 
8.0 

16.7 
4.0 

25.0 
20.0 

23.5 
50.0 

5.9 

40 

8.0 

4,0 

8.0 

50.0 

...... 

..'  .  1 

100,0  i 

41 

42 

28.3 
8.3 

23.9 
19.9 

6.5 
17.6 

'8.'2' 

34 

820 

5 
174 

40.0 
21.2 

20.0 
13.8 

20.0 
2.3 

0.6 

20.0 

o.'e' 

20.0 
50.0 

60.0 
18.4 

20.0 
15.8 

43 

9.8 

22.4 

24.7 

4.6 

0.6 

7.9 

7.9 

44 

768 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    71.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES,    BY    STATES,    TERRITO- 
CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS  OF  EARNINGS;  TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER 

PRINTING  AND  PCTBI^ISHING,  BOOK  AND  JOB— Continued. 


STATE  OR  TERRITORY. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE   WEEKLY   EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16 

VEAKS  AND 

OVER. 

AU 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

$13.81 

»r„„  lA  Worn-    Chll- 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  ea 

mings. 

and 
over. 

"and 
over. 

16 
years. 

Less 

than 

13. 

$3  to 

$4. 

$4  to 

$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 

$7. 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

45 

Western  division. 

395 

S15.55 

S7.79 

J4.75 

$43,014 

3,115 

$38,400 

2,469 

0.2 

2.1 

3.0 

2.5 

3.5 

2.9 

3.5 

4.7 

7.9 

4fi 

1 

3 

57 
17 
58 
32 
217 

13 

18.02 
16.33 
13.62 
13.69 
11.71 
14.79 
14.54 
13.55 

15.00 

20.42 
18.40 
16.55 
15.59 
14.07 
15.65 
15.36 
15.46 

11.00 
6.00 
7.20 
7.28 

7.00 
'  k'ia 

937 
196 
218 

7,640 
1,276 
5,456 
3,038 
24,253 

165 

52 
12 
16 

558 
109 
369 
209 
1,790 

11 

817 

184 

182 

6.874 

1.140 

5.181 

2,872 

21,150 

105 

40 
10 
11 

441 

81 

331 

187 

1,368 

11 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

15.0 
10.0 

"k'.'s 

12.4 
13.9 
4.8 
7.6 

9.1 

47 

TiiAhn 



10.0 

4ft 

Wyoming 

9.1 
0.4 
1.2 
0.3 

o.'i' 

is.  2 

4.8 
11.1 
3.3 
7.5 
4.3 

18.2 

49 

Colorado            .  . 

3.9 
3.7 
0.3 
3.2 
1.8 

2.5 
2.5 
5.1 
2.2 
2.8 

2.3 

"3.3 
4.3 
2.3 

2.7 
1.2 
2.7 
6.4 
3.9 

2.9 
3.7 
2.1 
2.7 
3.1 

4.3 
3.7 
4.2 
2.1 
3.4 

flO 

5.61  i     3.50 
7.75  ;     4.50 

A1 

Washington 

5? 

58 

California 

7.97 

4.71 

A4 

All  other  states 

15.00 

1 

PRINTING  AND  Pi:BL,I$HING,  NEIVSPAPERS  AND  PERIODICALS. 


UnitcdStates i  10,860    $11.39    S13.13 


2  '  Nortli -Atlantic division..     1 


3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
S 
9 
10 
11 

12 

13 
.  14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 


23  I 

24  ' 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 


Maine 

New  Hampshire. 

\'erniont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connncticut 

New  York 

New  .Jersey 

Pennsylvania 


South  .\tlantic  division. 


Delaware 

Maryland 

District  of  Columbia, 

Virginia 

West  \'irginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 


22  '  North  Central  division. 


Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

.Mii.'iuf^an 

Wisconsin 

.Minnesota 

Iowa 

.Missouri 

Ni.rih  Dakota. 
.South  Dakota. 

Nebraska 

Kansas 


35     South  Central  division.. 


Kentucky 

Tennr'.ssec 

.Miihiima 

.MiH-^issippI 

I.oiiisiana 

.\rkiinsas 

In'liun  Territory 

Oklahoma 

Tcxaji 


Wentern  division'. 


Montana 

Idaho 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

.New  Mexico 

Arizona 

t'tah 

Nevada 

Washington'.... 

Oregon 

Coliiomla 


239 
26 
50 
666 
197 
657 

862 


25 
95 
20 
110 
133 
137 
98 
168 
76 


12.89 


8.04 
9.60 
9.08 
14.29 
13.59 
14.22 
14.35 
11.48 
10.62 

9.16 


556 
429 
767 
415 
385 
446 
678 
552 
151 
176 
326 
460 

1,679 


7.41 
10.72 
14.65 
8.51 
8.40 
6.89 
7.43 
8.84 
8.51 

9.90 


10.91 
9.08 

11.74 
9.54 
7.79 

11.46 
8.24 
9.37 

11.74 
9.66 
8.52 
7.95 

9.72 


193 
149 
104 
117 
97 
197 
108 
168 
446 


H3 
54 
35 

179 
37 
34 
35 
25 

165 
OR 

403 


10.09 
9.06 
8.08 
9.02 

11.32 
8.62 
9.29 
8.79 

10.25 

15.63 


22.00 
13.10 
13.  46 
14.69 
11.89 
16.23 
12.64 
18.75 
1.^  13 
15.45 
16.70 


14.86 


11.22 
11.48 
10.30 
16.17 
15  08 
15.16 
16.22 
12.36 
12.60 

10.33 


8.01 
11.93 
16.86 
9.25 
10.43 
7.79 
8.09 
9.70 
9.65 

11.67 


12.77 
11.08 
13.37 
11.29 

9.16 
12.63 

9.86 
11.21 
12.99 
11.09 
10.28 

9.67 

10.71 


11.28 
10,01 
8.92 
10.44 
12.36 
10.12 
10.46 
10.28 
11.16 

16.96 


23.19 
15.12 
15.60 
16.62 
12.32 
17.48 
14.08 
20.10 
16.98 
17.63 
17.16 


$5. 95  S2. 87 


6. 82   3.  05 


5.84 
6.36 
6.86 
7.86 
6.86 
9.08 
7.25 
6.19 
5.75 

4.B5 


5.04 
4.15 
5  00 
4.39 
4.72 
3.91 
4.85 
4.20 
5.44 

5.21 


4.22 
2.33 
3.75 
3.25 
4.43 
3.30 
3.12 
2.87 
2.84 

2.46 


5.14 
4.69 
5.63 
5.00 
4.92 
6.60 
5.12 
4.52 
7.57 
6.86 
5.60 
4.89 

4.92 


3.95 
4.92 
4.28 
4.70 
5,00 
4.70 
5.  .TO 
5.90 
6.01 

8.39 


11.77 
8.19 
7.12 
7.96 
8..3;i 
7.68 
7.33 
8.00 
S.OO 
7.06 
8.88 


2.25 
2.13 
3.14 
2.80 
2.42 
2.49 
2.33 
2.43 
2.87 

2.73 


2.52 

2.43 

2.85 

2.57 

2.38 

3.08 

2.78 

2.63 

3.29 

3.38 

3.21  1 

2. 70  : 

2.81 


2.45 
2.68 
2.61 
3.23 

2.;i6 

2.98 
3.27 
3.42 
2.76 

3.80 


6.00 
3.64 
4.00 
4. 15 
4.17 
4.00 
2.00 
4.67 
2.6H 
4.46 
3.84 


$735,079  ;  64,551  I  8652,017  i  49,642   3.4 


295,095  22,891 


6,718 
2,132 
3,587 
75,  412 
5,014 
5,829 
122,676 
15,881 
57,846 

40,238 


1,238 
7,770 
6,401 
3,666 
4,529 
4,169 
3,174 
6,627 
2,664 

256,702 


47, 510 

22,822 

60,783 

22,089 

9,760 

25,321 

21,980 

24,100 

4,263 

4,048 

9,060 

14,966 

53,186 


10,292 
5,609 
2,820 
3,346 
3,55-5 
6,097 
2,888 
4,343 

14,236 


836 

222 

395 

5,279 

369 

410 

8,550 

1,383 

5,447 

4,394 


167 
725 
437 
431 
539 
605 
427 
750 
313 

25,942 


4,355 
2,514 
4, 326 
2,316 
1,253 
2,210 
2,666 
2,573 
363 
419 
1,064 
1,883 

5,674 


8,712 
2,149 
1,654 

12,747 
1,689 
2,240 
2,044 
1,481 

12.213 
7.738 

37,191 


1,020 
619 
349 
371 
314 
707 
311 
494 

1,389 

5,760 


390 
164 
123 
8(iS 
142 
138 
163 
79 
807 
601 
2,369 


259,748  :  17,485       2.8 


3,860 

1,642 

2,667 

66,549 

4,616 

5,337 

110,297 

14,966 

49,814 

37,076 


1,098 
7,395 
6,014 
3,451 
3,756 
3,816 
2,944 
6,306 
2,296 

222,528 


42,298 
19,382 
46,046 
19, 105 
7,947 
22,768 

I7,s;t,s 

21.225 
3.  ,H(«i 
3. 194 
6,991 

11,928 

48,880 


9,766 
6,1(15 
2,623 
2.995 
3.  441', 
5, 334 
2,  .'574 
3, 494 
13,483 

83,786 


8,317 
1.890 
1,457 
12,0.W 

i.rao 

2, 133 
1.872 
1 ,  427 

11,630 
7,(»« 

34,278 


344 

143 

259 

4,116 

306 

352 

6,801 

1,211 

3,953 

3,589 


137 
620 
357 
373 
360 
490 
364 
650 
238 

19,065 


3,311 

1,749 

3,444 

1.692 

K(i8 

1,.S02 

1,810 

1,894 

293 

288 

680 

1,234 

4,564 


866 
516 
294 
287 
279 
527 

■2m 

340 
1,209 

4,939 


369 
125 

94 
772 
133 
122 
IIM 

71 
728 
404 
,998 


1,4 
0.7 
5.8 
1.3 
3.6 
0.6 
2.8 
6.7 
3.0 

6.0 


15.4 
4.4 
2.2 
3.8 
1.7 
10.2 
10.2 
6.5 
4.6 

3.9 


3.3 
4.4 
3.4 
4.6 
5.0 
2.8 
4.0 
6.6 
0.3 
1.0 
3.4 
3.7 

3.2 


0.3 
3.7 
7.2 
1.4 
1.4 
3.8 
1.2 
0.3 
1.0 


2.2 
1.4 
1.1 
0.7 
1.4 


3.5 


3.1 


3.2 
6.3 
2.7 
2.2 
0.7 
2.6 
2.6 
5.0 
4.4 

6.2 


16.1 
6.9 
2.0 
8.1 
2.8 
6.1 

10.4 
4.9 
6.0 

3.7 


3.5 


4.1 
2.8 
3.4 
3.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.9 
4.0 
4.3 

6.8 


3.7 
3.4 
3.7 
4.1 
6.0 
3.5 
3.7 
4.6 
2.1 
1.0 
1.5 
3.5 

3.6 


6.1 
6.2 
7.8 
2.1 
1.8 
2.6 
1.6 
1.2 
2.6 


0.8 


1.1 
2.1 
2.3 


2.2 
1.4 
8.4 
1.2 
1.2 


12.4 
5.2 
3.6 
5.9 
5.0 
8.6 
9.9 
7.6 
7.1 

3.9 


4.3 
3.5 
3.0 
4.1 
6.7 
3.4 
4.0 
5.0 
2.7 
0.7 
5.0 
3.7 


5.3 
4.3 
6.1 
2.4 
3.6 
4.6 
1.2 
1.2 
4.3 

1.6 


0.3 
0.8 


1.8 
2.3 
1.0 
9.0 


7.0 
1.4 
5.0 
3.2 
3.9 
2.8 
3.4 
4.9 
4.1 

7.4 


3.6 
6.S 
4.8 
8.6 
4.7 
9.6 
8.0 
8.9 
7.6 


3.8 
3.9 
3.7 
.'i.4 
5.6 
5.0 
5.0 
.1. 9 
3.4 
4.9 
6.6 
4.7 


4.9 
7.7 
8.5 
7.3 
5.0 
6.1 
3.3 
3.8 
6.4 

2.3 


1.7 
0.8 
4.2 
2.6 
4.6 


4.6 


1.1  ! 
2.0  I 
1.6  I 


2.2 
4.0 
1.9 


4.9 


4.6 


10.2 
3.5 
8.1 
3.5 
5.2 
6.0 
4.2 
4.8 
5.6 

10.9 


4.4 
9.2 
5.0 
13.9 
7.8 
13.7 
15.7 
13.9 
6.3 

6.7 


6.3 
8.2 
4.6 
5.1 
7.5 
4.8 
9.2 
8.6 
3.1 
4.6 
6.3 
11.0 

9.7 


9.6 
16.7 
9.5 
12.5 
7.9 
9.9 
7.3 
9.1 
7.3 

2.7 


0.6 
3.2 
4.2 
3.0 
8.3 
2.6 
3.8 
1.4 
2.2 
1.7 
2.8 


6.4 
2.1 
2.7 
2.6 
3.6 
4.5 
3.8 
3.1 
4.6 


1.5 
7.3 
3.4 
8.8 
6.4 
11.6 
7.7 
9.2 
8.4 

6.6 


4.9 
6.0 
3.8 
5.3 
8.4 
5.0 
6.9 
0.9 
2.1 
3.5 
6.5 
6.4 

7.4 


8.4 
6.6 
11.1 
8.4 
8.3 
7.4 
5.3 
0.2 
6.9 

2.1 


1.4 
1.6 
1.1 
3.2 
6.0 
1.6 
3.8 
2.8 
2.1 
1.5 
1.6 


4.8 


3.9 


6.1 
4.9 
5.4 
2.3 
4.6 
3.1 
3.7 
4.6 
5.5 

5.9 


6.4 
3.1 
5.9 
8.3 
7.5 
4.7 
6.0 
4.2 

5.6 


6.8     12.0 


6.5     10.0 


10.5 
10.4 
3.2 
2.9 
3.4 
6.1 
6.3 
6.4 

7.7 


5.1 
6.2 
4.6 
5.1 
5.5 
6.0 
7.3 
6.9 
2.7 
3.1 
6.5 
6.0 

7.0 


10.0 
5.6 
8.8 
8.4 
4.3 
7.8 
4.1 
4.4 
6.4 

1.8 


0.8 
1.6 
4.3 
2.2 
1.6 


3.8 
2.8 
2.3 
2.0 
1.4 


2.9 

6.6 
4.5 
8.0 
10.6 
8.2 
9.3 
7.8 
8.8 

8.3 


6.8 
9.7 
6.7 
10.0 
10.5 
6.3 
10.0 
,8.9 
2.4 
8.0 
10.3 
11.0 

9.3 


8.8 
5.0 
9.6 
6.6 
9.3 
8.3 
13.0 
12.6 
10.7 

2.9 


2.2 
6.6 


3.4 
7.6 
6.7 
6.3 
2.8 
2.9 
5.7 
1.6 


9.9 
18.9 
11.6 

7.6 
11.4 

8.2 
10.2 
10.6 
11.7 

9.8 


7.3 

9.8 

8.7 

11.5 

11.9 

9.4 

6.8 

8.6 

16.0 

14.6 


11.7 
12.9 
13.8 
14.1 
17.2 
14.7 
17.7 
13.3 
10.9 
26.4 
19.2 
18.2 

16.2 


11.2 
11.4 
8.2 
12.2 
14.7 
19.3 
23.2 
26.3 
19.8 


3.6 
4.0 
6.4 
6.9 
0.0 
0.0 
6.8 
6.6 
4.9 
6.4 
7.3 


I  Include!!  Arizona,  2;  Nevada,  1 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


769 


RIES,     AND    GEOGRAPHIC     DIVISIONS— PER    CENT     DISTRIIUITION    OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,     WOMEN,     AND 
OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NCMISER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  rjO.>— Contiuued. 

PICINTINU  AND  Pl'BLINIIIN<;,  HOOK  ANII  JOR— Coiitinileil. 


HEN  16   TEARS  AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEABS  AND  OVER. 

CHILDBEN  DNDEB  16  TEAB8. 

Per  cpnt  (lis1,riI>ution 
of  nuiiil.iT  by  earn- 
ings- I'ontin'ned. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  di.itriliution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
tjer. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
tl5. 

SIS 
to 
$20. 

t20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

^0 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

$5 
to 
$6. 

$6 

to 

$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 

$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 

$15. 

and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3      $4 
to      to 
$4.     $5. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 

and 
over 

14.0 

26.9 

20.4 

9.4 

$3,963 

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10.0 

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9.5 
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14.9 

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18.8 
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12.5 
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40.9 
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27 

38 
10 
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7.9 
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PRINTINO  AND  PUBLISHING,  NKWSPAPERS   AND  PERIODICALS^. 


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16.6 

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3.0  1    0.7     0.7 

1 
2 

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1,674 

127 

1,302 

540 

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984 
700 
800 
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363 
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696 

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22.3 
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18.0 

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271         103 

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28 
29 
30 
31 
32 

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391 
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36 
37 
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182 

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30 
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39 
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9.8 

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3.1 
4  4 

10.5 

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46 

13.7 

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41 
42 
43 
44 

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10.6  :  8.5 

L9 

2.5 

45 

6.1 
19.2 

9.6 
14.4 
21.8 
10.7 
20.3 

7.1 

8.8 
17.1 
12.1 

19.5 
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43.6 
24.3 

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11.2  1  5.6 
20.2  '  5.3 
12.9    18.  n 

365  i          31 

9.7 
15.4 
19.2 

9.2 

25.8 
11.5 
15.4 
19.7 
33.3 
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23.8 
40.0 
11.4 
36.1 
12.5 

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30.8 
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7.7 
7.7 
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25.8             30 

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7.7    !          12 

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6 
13 

3 
20 

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33.3  16.fi 

16.7 

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213 
185 
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25 
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154 
40 
660 
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26 
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3 
12 
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295 

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6.6 

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48 
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27.6 
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3.5 

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8.6 
4  6 
5.1 

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16.3 
7.1 

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9.3 
12.5 

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5.8 
8.8 

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146.4 

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U.8 

54 
55 

56 

'  Includes  Alaska. 


70 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    71.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES.    BY    STATES,   TERRITO- 
CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS  OF  EARNINGS;  TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER 


SHIRTS. 


STATE  OR  TEEEITOBY. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARN- 
INGS. 

li 

TOTAL.                  1                                                            MEN  16  YEARS  AND   OVER. 

II                                                                                                                                                                                    1 

AU 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Menl6«„°^- 
years    ^„„'„ 

ChU- 
dien 

under 
16 

years. 

Eamuags. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

and 
over. 

and 
over. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
«4. 

S4to 
$5. 

85  to 
(6. 

$6  to 
$7. 

$7  to 
(8. 

tSto 
19. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 

$12. 

1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division. . 
Massachusetts 

242 

$6.33 

S10.20 

S5.69 

$2.31 

J106,088     16,765 

S29, 344 

2,876 

1.4 

4.9 

6.0 

7.4 

9.8 

10.4 

8  7 

8  0 

13.6 

2 

153 

6.76 

10.75 

5.93 

2.49 

56,414 

8,344 

17, 131 

1,593 

1.6 

4.6 

5.8 

6.0 

9.9 

8  2 

6.2 

7.4 

15.4 

3 
4 

15 
83 
14 

41 

16 

7.74 
7.29 
6.17 
5.69 

5.29 

11.98 
10.08 
10.  B4 
12.89 

8.80 

7.21 
6.29 
5.48 
4.96 

4.66 

a  44 
4.00 
2.46 
2.44 

2.20 

7,868 
28,722 

7,070 
12,754 

26,116 

1,017 
3, 9:iS 
1,146 
2,243 

4,939 

1,438 
10, 526 
1.713 
3,454 

8.596 

120 

1,044 

161 

268 

977 

"i.'s' 

3.1 
1.5 

1.3 

4.2 
5.4 
2.5 
3.0 

6.2 

4.2 
7  0 
3.7 
3.0 

7.0 

6.6 
6.7 
5.0 
3.4 

10.3 

9.2 
10.1 

81 
10.4 

10.5 

3.3 
9.4 
9.3 
4.9 

14.1 

6.7 
5.1 
7  4 
9.7 

13.9 

12.5 

7.7 
5.6 
5.2 

9.3 

17  5 

16.5 

21.1 

71 

11.1 

,S 

New  Jersey 

6 
7 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division.. 
Delaware 

8 

3 
13 

36 

4.03 
5.33 

8.29 

8.00 
8.80 

14.07 

3.98 
4.70 

7.76 

2.50 
2.20 

3.08 

718 
25,398 

12,328 

178 
4,761 

1,487 

32 
8,564 

1,886 

4 
973 

134 

50.0 
10.3 

7.5 

"i4.'2' 
4.5 

25.0 

9 

Maryland 

1.3 

6.2 

7.0 
0.7 

10.4 
2.2 

13.9 
6.2 

9.3 
6  0 

11.1 
5.2 

10 

North  Central  division. . . 
Ohio 

11 

8 
18 
3 
4 
3 

13 

5.99 
8.50 
7.11 
6.5S 
8.69  • 

8  32 

14.14 
13.39 
10.  67 
15.67 
14.81 

14.00 

5.53 
7  74 
6.14 
5.29 
8.39 

7.47 

3.00 
3.50 

"'3.06' 
4.00 

749 

4,734 

462 

158 

6,225 

1,605 

125 

557 

65 

24 

716 

193 

99 

1,018 

100 

47 

622 

364 

7 

TO 

6 

3 

42 

26 

14.3 

14.3 
2.6 

12 

3.9 

10.6 

3.9 

6.3 

6.6 

l.S 

Michigan 

14 

Wisconsin 

l.i 

Missouri 

4.8 

7.1 
30.8 

9.5 


9.5 
3.9 

4.8 
11.5 

16 

Western  division 

California 

17 

13 
124 

8  32 
0.34 

14.00 
9.36 

7.47 
5.09 

4.00 
2.12 

1,605 
9,625 

193 
1,802 

364 
1,367 

26 
146 

30.8 

11.7 

4.8 

3.9 

8.2 

11.5 
18.5 

IS 

AU  other  states 

2.1 

4.8 

7.5 

9.6 

8  2 

SIIiK  AND  SILK  GOODS. 


1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division. . 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut . 

205 

$7.28 

1810.57 

86.11 

83.13 

8221,980 

30,486 

$104,502 

9,888 

2.2 

4.0 

5.7 

5.5 

5.7 

5.6 

6.6 

11.6 

14.1 

2 

194 

!    7.36 

10.64 

6.17 

3.15 

214,268 

29,114 

101,305 

9,526 

2.2 

3.9 

5.7 

5.4 

5.6 

5.4 

6.5 

11.6 

14.0 

3 
4 
•■i 

18 
4 
6 
43 
55 
68 

ni 

7.62 
6.51 
9.22 
7  68 
8.70 
5.80 

5.62 

10.  37 
9.40 
11.34 
12.26 
10.92 
8.98 

8.67 

6.56 
5.90 
7  37 
5.68 
7.30 
5.44 

4.88 

4.29 
3.00 
4.64 
3.49 
3.23 
2.87 

2.80 

26, 593 
905 
33,135 
37,504 
52,351 
63,780 

7,712 

3,492 
139 
3,592 
4,884 
6,015 
10,992 

1,372 

11,396 
235 
20, 170 
18,936 
28,  l.i2 
22,476 

3,137 

1,099 
25 
1,778 
1,545 
2,  ,577 
2,502 

362 

0.4 

■  'b'.i' 

1.2 
2.3 
4.6 

4.1 

1.3 
4.0 
0.5 
3.2 
3.9 
7.7 

8.3 

2  3 
4.0 
1.0 
4.8 
4.8 
11.9 

7.2 

5.3 
12  0 
0.8 
5.2 
5.4 
8.7 

9.4 

6.6 
16.0 
2  5 
5.0 
5.8 
7.4 

7.5 

4.7 
12.0 
4.8 
4.3 
6.2 
6.1 

9.9 

9.7 
4.0 
2.1 
5.1 
7.0 
8.5 

9.1 

11.3 

'25.'7" 

7  2 

8  2 
7.9 

10.5 

22  3 
20.0 
16.0 
10.4 
14.5 
10.7 

IS.S 

fi 

New  York 

7 

New  Jersey 

8 
9 

Pennsylvania 

All  other  states 

TOBACCO,  CIGARS  AND  CIGARETTES. 


United  States. 


North  Atlanticdivision.. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire. 

Vermont 

Massachusetts. .. 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 


South  Atlanticdivision. 


Delaware 

Maryland 

District  of  Columbia, 

Virginia 

West  Virginia 

North  ('Hrolinu  and 
South  Carolina.' 

Georgia 

Florida 


1,033      $8.72   .811.14 


North  Central  division . 


Ohio 

Indiana 

IlllllOlfl 

Mhhignn 

Wiwronsln 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

.Vllsaourl 

North  Dakota  . 
South  Dakota  . 

Nobrunkn 

Kaniuifl 


4,014 

35 

29 

16 

2.50 

24 

137 

1,709 

276 

1,538 

461 


14 
207 
11 
53 
48 
14 

23 
91 

3,868 


8.31 


11.05 
10.87 
11.96 
13.43 


10.64 


12.21 
11.25 
12.33 
IB.  01 


j  12.23  i    14.12 


732 
317 
1,001 
304  I 
418 
210  ; 
258 

.too 

13  I 
28 
82  I 
100  ' 


11.56 
8.96 
6.53 
6.60 

9.20 


7.74 
7.87 
9.15 
5.04 
11.22 
4.38 

6.67 
12.08 

0.17 


7.60 
8.32 
10.74 
n..1S 
ft.  1.5 
10.  56 
9.14 
11.20 
11.15 
10.63 
0.44 
8.12 


12.83 
10.5(i 
9.71 
8.61 

11.95 


9.63 
9.03 
9.32 
6.88 
14.01 
6.98 

10.80 
13.66 

11.24 


10.2.'; 
10.77 
11.97 

1 1 .  51 
10. 53 
11.58 
10.67 
12.00 

12.  H2 
11.8(1 
II.  in 

O.KO 


$5.97  1  $3.00 


6.18  { 


5.87 
4.33 
0.50 
0.97 
6.71 
5.95 
7.36 
6.38 
5.05 

5.36 


6.70 
6.23 


4.35 
6.76 
4.06 

4.30 
6.70 

6.00 


S.80 
6.12 
7.43 
6. 73 
5.06 
7.03 
0.02 

n.io 

3.00 
4.26 
5.41 
5.88 


2.73 


3.00 
5.00 
3.44 
3.00 
3.67 
3.36 
2.64 
2.54 

3.45 


2.20 
2.01 
1.00 
3.95 
2.80 
3.10 

2.77 
2.66 

2.80 


2.88 
2.8A 
3.00 
2.81 
2.56 
2.78 
2.66 
3.30 
1.67 
3.83 
2.80 
2.76 


$734,971  .  84,292   ;    $520,028  ]  4fi,(VS0 


364,579  I  43,860 


1,824 

837 

622 

52,207 

2,373 

7.200 

164,527 

30,673 

104,316 

120, 404 


1,818 
13,456 
439 
12,647 
0,009 
5,271 

2,062 
75,702 

208,297 


.50,907 

15, 490 

51,443 

27,  .501 

15,422 

11,0.53 

10,«i2 

10, '.290 

200 

1,096 

3,203 

4,761 


165 

77 

52 

3,886 

104 

623 

18,309 

4,li95 

15,799 

13,088 


235 

1,709 

48 

2,510 

803 
1,204 

314 
6,265 

22,717 

0,714 
1,861 
4,790 
2,033 
1,686 
1,047 


167 
4.V) 
2(1 
103 
340 
586 


232, 904 


1,648 

821 

(504 

44,631 

2,048 

0, 567 

99,419 

13,730 

63, 436 

93,236 


876 
9,  .546 

4:i8 
4.993 
7,637 
1,818 

1,210 
66,818 

161,786 


21,899 


135 

73 

49 

2,787 

145 

512 

9,414 

1,414 

7,370 

7,801 


28,402 

12,012 

44,30(1 

21,8.53 

13,899 

9, 590 

8,929 

14,973 

282 

1,032 

2,807 

3,566 


91 
1,0.57 
47 
726 
.5.1S 
304 

112 
4. 926 

14,397 


2.7 


2.7 


4.1 

'i!6' 


1.0 

1.7 
1.8 
5.1 

3.0 


2,778 

1,115 

3,701 

I.NIIO 

1,320 

828 

837 

1,188 

22 

87 

259 

3(13 


4.0 
10.6 
12.4 
0.9 
1.3 

0.0 

1.7 

2.3 


1.7 
3.5 
1.8 
1.8 
4.3 
3.0 
2.6 
1.2 


6.4 
6.6 


3.7 


4.2 


3.7 


2.1 
1.6 


2.7 
4.1 
6.9 
4.8 

2.5 


5.5 
4.1 
6.4 
10. 1 
1.7 
4.6 

1.8 
1.0 

3.0 


2.6 
4.0 
3.9 
3.3 
5.3 
6.8 
4.2 
2.4 


1.2 
4.2 
8  0 


4.1 


4.9 


0.8 
2.7 


1.4 
0.7 
2.9 
4.8 
6.8 
6.5 

4.1 


5.0 


6.3 


0.6 
4.5 
2.1 

14.6 
0.6 

15.8 

6.3 
2.1 

2.9 


2.2 
3.2 
2.7 
.1.5 
2.3 
2.8 
5.0 
2.9 


1.2 
3.9 
3,3 


3.7 
11.0 
6.1 
1.8 
1.4 
2.7 
5.7 
8.1 
8.7 

6.0 


5.5 
0.1 
2.1 
10.5 
1.5 


7.2 


7.4 
6.9 
4.1 
2.1 
2.1 
1.8 
7.0 
9.2 
9.3 

4.6 


9.9 
6.0 
4.3 
10.6 
2.4 


46.4  i  11.9 


7.1 
2.4 


2.9 


3.4 
2.4 
2.5 
3.0 
2.8 
3.3 
3.7 
3.3 
4.5 
2.3 
1.5 
2.2 


10.7 
2.0 


7.8 
3.0 
2.7 
2.9 
3.9 
3.9 
3.5 
2.0 
4.6 
4.6 
2.3 
6.1 


5.3 


6.7 


3.7 
4.1 
4.1 
2.2 
3.4 
2.3 
5.8 
7.4 
10.0 

4.7 


9.0 
11.2 
6.4 
.5.0 
1.3 
7.9 

6.3 
3.1 

3.7 


6.1 
3.6 
2.7 
3.0 
4.4 
1.0 
3.6 
4.6 


1.1 
.1.1 


6.3 


7.4 


7.4 
2.7 
2.0 
2.0 
7.6 
3.5 
7.9 
6.9 
9.2 

5.8 


10.9 
12.2 
14.9 

.5.0 
13.9 

1.6 

7.1 
3.7 

5.3 


7.4 
6.3 
3.9 
4.1 
6.7 
5.3 
6.5 
4.5 


13.8 
3.1 
2.6 


2.2 
2.7 
2.0 
2.9 
3.4 
1.2 
8.7 
6.7 
9.3 

7.0 


9.9 
13.1 
4.3 

4.7 
2.8 
6.3 

8.0 
6.6 

7.5 


12.0 
5.0 
4.0 

6.9 
9.0 
8.4 
6.7 
6.5 


4.6 
6.0 
8.8 


16.1 


14.9 


23.7 
8.2 
10.2 
7.8 
11.7 
14.7 
15.9 
14.1 
16.4 

15.5 


17  6 
10.8 
17.0 

7.6 
11.5 

3.6 

17.0 
17.5 

19.2 


21.6 
22.0 
17.0 
18.1 
21.7 
14.5 
19.8 
16.3 
9.1 
17.2 
17.4 
24.0 


(Inrliideii  Colorado,  I:  Connecticut,!;  Indloim,2;  Kannan,  2;  Kentucky,  2;  Malnc.I;  Minnesota, 2:  Nebraska. 2;  North  Carolina,!;  Oregon,!;  Khodo  Island,  1; 
Tennnfiiiwi.  2;  Vermont,  2;  Virginia,  2;  WanhltiKton,  2. 

'  Includes  California,  2;  Delaware,  !;  Illinois,  1;  Maine,  I;  Maryland,  1;  New  IloinpBhIro,  1;  North  Curnlliui,  2;  Ohio,  1;  Virginia,  1. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


771 


RIES,     AND    GEOGRAPHIC     DIVISIONS— PER    CENT     DISTKIliUTION    OF    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,    WOMEN,     AND 
or  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NL'MJiER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Continued. 

SHIUTS. 


HEK  16  YEARS  AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

Per  cent  distrilmtion 
or  number  by  earn- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

tlaan 

$3. 

$3 

to 
S4. 

$4 
to 
$6. 

$5 
to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 

$8. 

$8        $9 
to        to 
$9.       $10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

to 
$6. 

«6 
to 

$7. 

$7 
to 

and 
over 

13.1 

12.0 

3.1 

1.6 

$76,166 

13,206 

12.5 

13.6 

14.6 

16.2 

13.1 

10.7 

8.0       5.2 

3.8 

1.8 

0.5 

$1,578 

683 

86.5 

11.7 

0.9 

0.6 

0.1 

U.J 

1 

15.9 

12.4 

4.3 

2.3 

38,732 

6,530 

12.5 

13.0 

13.0 

15.6 

12.0 

11.4 

9.2 

5.6 

4.8 

2.2 

0.7 

551 

221 

76.0 

19.9 

1.8     1.4 

0.4 

0.5 

2 

17.5 
14.8 
14.9 
19.8 

9.8 

11.6 
11.6 
16.8 
13.4 

5.8 

2.5 
2.6 
1.9 
13.4 

0.7 

4.2 
1.6 
0.6 
5.2 

6,399 
18, 192 
5,325 
8,816 

16,664 

888 
2,893 

972 
1,777 

3,573 

2.9 
12.7 
12.6 
16.9 

14.7 

5.7 

9.6 

11.9 

22.6 

19.0 

7.2 
12.0 
14.8 
16.3 

20.7 

6.1 
14.1 
26.0 
17.2 

19.6 

9.6 
14.6 
11.4 

9.5 

12.9 

22.6 
11.6 
9.2 
6.9 

7.1 

22.3 
8.2 
6.6 
5.8 

3.5 

11.5 
6.0 
4.4 
2.5 

1.8 

8.1 
6.5 
2.4 
1.9 

0.4 

2.6 
3.6 
0.6 
0.3 

0.3 

1.5 
1.1 
0.1 
0.1 

31 

4 
32 
484 

856 

9 
1 

13 
198 

389 

33.3 

'84.'6' 
77.8 

94.6 

22.2 
100.0 
15.4 
19.7 

5.1 

11.1 



0.3 

ois" 

o's' 

3 
4 

5 
G 

7 

25.0 
9.8 

9.0 

676 
15,988 

10,402 

170 
3,403 

1,340 

22.3 
14.3 

1.2 

18.8 
19.0 

2.5 

20.6 
20.7 

9.3 

19.4 
19.6 

11.7 

11.8 
13.0 

15.1 

6.5 
7.1 

16.9 

16.9 

"i.'g" 

12.5 

0.6 
0.4 

8.9 

'b'.i' 

3.7 

1.3 

10 

846 

40 

4 
385 

13 

50.0 
95.1 

50.0 

4.7 

100.0 

1..     . 

8 

5.8 
47.0 

0.7 

7.5 

5.2 

;  0.2 

1 
1 

9 
10 

14.3 

14.5 

42.8 
44.8 
100.0 
100.0 
40.5 

34.6 

'sis' 

14.3 
2.6 

647 

3,709 

362 

111 

5,573 

1,233 

117 
479 
59 
21 
664 

16S 

6.0 
0.6 
6.8 
9.5 

9.4 
3.4 
6.8 
9.5 

15.4 
10.0 
15.2 
19.0 
6.8 

6.1 

24.8 
12.7 
10.2 
23.8 
8.4 

9.7 

27.3 
12.5 
30.5 
14.3 
13.4 

14.5 

10.3 
10.7 
13.5 
19.1 
18.6 

17.6 

6.0 

16.3 

8.5 

4.8 

20.3 

6.1 

0.8 
10.9 
5.1 

3 

7 

1 
2 

100.0 
100.0 

11 

10.2 
1.7 

6.1 

1.7 

0.6 

12 
13 

14 

14.3 
11.5 

9.5 

7.7 

16.9 
13.3 

10.4 
10.3 

3.0 
6.6 

2.3 
1.2 

30 
8 

10 
2 

100.0 

IS 

8.5 

6.1 

100.0 



16 

34.6 

11.6     12.3 

11. 5 
0.7 

7.7 

1,233 
8,135 

165 

1,598 

8.5 
17.6 

6.1 
13.9 

6.1 
12.8 

9.7 
15.6 

14.5 
15.6 

17.6 
9.8 

6.1 
5.9 

13.3 

4.7 

10.3 
2.2 

6.6 
1.9 

1.2 
0.1 

8 
123 

2 

58 

94.8 

5.2 

100.0 

:::!::: 

17 
18 

SILK  AND  SILK  GOODS. 


19.5 

15.4 

3.1     1.0 

$108, 59f; 

17,763 

7.3  i  11.8 

17.0 

16.0 

15.0 

11.1 

7.9       5.9 

4.4 

2.7 

0.9 

$8,882 

2,835     42-.6 

.33.7 

15.1 

5.6 

2.6 

0.3     0.1      1 

20.0 

15.6 

3.1 

1.0 

104,499 

16,924 

7.4 

11.6 

16.5 

15.6 

14.9 

11.4 

8.2 

6.2 

4.5 

2.8 

0.9 

8,404 

2,664 

41.0  :  35.2  |15.1 

5.5     2.7 

0.3  •  0.2      2 

23.3 
20.0 
28.9 
17.3 
20.0 
14.0 

6.6 

10.6 
4.0 
16.0 
29.0 
15.1 
10.8 

9.1 

1.6 
4.0 
1.2 
4.8 
5.8 
1.3 

2.2 

0.6 

2.5 
1.0 
0.4 

0.6 

1    14,261 
667 
12,283 
17.944 
23,478 
35,866 

4,097 

2,176 
113 
1,667 
3,160 
3,215 
6,594 

839 

'3.0 

"2^3' 

8.2 
6.6 
10.2 

6.3 

4.6 
4.4 
2.8 

13.6 
9.2 

16.3 

17.6 

13.6 
8.0 
3.3 
19.8 
10.4 
22.3 

26.6 

19.9 
48. 7 
7.5 
19.5 
10.3 
16.3 

25.6 

20.8 
17.7 
18.3 
15.0 
13.7 
12.7 

15.5 

12.6 
3.5 

26.3 
7.7 

12.3 
8.8 

4.9 

10.5 
2.7 

21.8 
5.6 
8.7 
5.1 

1.7 

6.7 
15.0 
16.2 
3.5 
8.6 
3.5 

0.3 

6.9 

2.2 

0.2 

936 

3 

682 

'624 

721 

5,438 

478 

218 
1 
147 
179 
223 
1,896 

171 

7.3  1  31.2 
.  1(10  n 

33.5    21.1     6.9 

3 

.  ...     4 

0.7 
4.0 
8.2 
3.6 

1.1 

0.6 
2.3 
8.5 
1.0 

0.5 

0.2 
0.8 
3.5 
0.2 

14.3 
24.6 
40.4 
48.6 

66.7 

13.6 
50.8 
39.0 
35.4 

9.9 

31.3    i5.6 
19.0     2.8 
13.9     5.4 
11.5     3.1 

15.2     8.2 

20.4 
1.1 
0.9 
1.3 

4.8 

o^i" 

S 

1.7  6 
0.4     7 

::: ! 

TOBACCO,  CIOARS  AND  CIQARETTES. 


22.0 

16.7 

3.6 

L4 

$205,2.32 

34,374" 

11.0 

12.7 

16.2 

16.1 

14  0 

11.1 

6.3 

43 

46 

2.7 

LO 

$9,711 

3,238 

50.9 

2a2 

12.0  1  5.7  ;  2.2  i  0.6     0.4 

1 

19.4 

14.0 

3.3 

1.3 

128,475 

20,789 

9.3 

11.5 

16.1 

16.4 

14  9 

12.6 

6.8 

47 

5.3 

2.8 

0.6 

3,200 

1.172 

62.4 

24  1 

7. 9  1  4  2  '  1. 1 

0.1  1  0.2 

2 

18.5 
11.0 
34.7 
20.6 
26.9 
32.2 
22.0 
17.6 
14.8 

19.9 

18.5 
28.8 
34.7 
35.3 
33.8 
29.9 
13.3 
12.7 
5.3 

19.4 

6.7 
6.8 

3.7 
1.4 

176 

13 

13 

7,490 

322 

589 

64, 463 

16,267 

39,142 

25,021 

30 
3 

2 
1,074 
48 
99 
8,763 
3,025 
7,745 

4,665 

'33.3' 

10.0 
33.3 

33.4 

10.0 

30.0 

13.3 
33.4 

3.3 

.  .  J 

3 

3 

5 

86 

3 

44 

646 

676 

1,738 

2,147 

1 

1 

25 

1 

12 
192 
256 
684 

622 

loao 

4 

50.0 
18.9 
16.7 
141 
12.7 
15.3 
17.9 

15.3 

50.0 
44 
S.3 
5.0 

10.2 
5.3 
3.8 

47 

100.0 

ie.'? 

7.3 
2.7 
3.7 

1L6 

s 

14.3 
8.3 
6.1 
2.3 
1.8 
0.5 

4.4 

7.0 
0.7 

b'.s 
o.'i" 

3.1 

3.i 
8.3 
2.0 
3.3 
16.9 
14.3 

16.2 

6.4 
2.1 
.5.2 
6.2 
16.1 
16.4 

14  3 

12.9 
14  6 
15.2 
10.6 
17.9 
22.1 

20.2 

25.3 
22.9 
2.5.3 
16.3 
13.1 
12.4 

14  0 

14  2 
10.4 
15.2 
17.3 
11.3 
7.6 

7.2 

2.8 
6.2 
3.0 
8.4 
1.6 
2.0 

2.4 

2.8 
42 
2.0 
9.6 
1.6 
2.2 

1.3 

6.0 
42 
3.0 
47 
0.9 
LI 

2.7 

42 
2.1 

'o.'s" 

ffl 
0.2 

L7 

12.0 

'  s.i' 

50.5 
55.1 
71.5 

41.8 

68.0 
100.0 
68.4 

26.6 
33.6 
17.6 

2L2 

12.0 

8.' 3' 
13.6 
S.6 
6.0 

20.3 

8.0 

as' 

L6 

6 

7 

8 



0.5 

9 

in 

LO 
3.3 

0.1 
L4 

0.1 
0.2 

11 
12 

14.3 

14.9 
25.5 

47 
19.7 

1.0 

10.7 
24.7 

27.5 

8.8 
6.8 
2.1 
6.8 
33.8 
1.3 

14.3 
23.9 

17.6 

1.1 
0.3 
4.3 
0.4 

8.4 
0.3 

8.9 
5.6 

2.7 

931 
3,779 

139 
607 

4.3 

6.4 

11.5 
6.9 

17.3 
24  9 

13.7 
13.7 

26.6 
13.0 

11.5 
1L2 

3.6 
9.1 

43 
8.7 

5.0 
40 

2.2 
2.6 

b'h' 

11 

131 

1 

1,093 

55 

734 

61 
61 

3,170 

6 

45 

1 

277 

19 

230 

22 
23 

1,095 

100.0 
60.0 

100.0 
29.2 
57.9 
45.2 

63.6 

7a  9 

48.8 

13 

28.9 

8.9 

2.2 

14 
15 

0.1 
1.6 

i's' 

0.4 

6,561 
1,417 
2.719 

791 
8,823 

43,342 

i,.W7 
246 
670 

180 
1,316 

7,225 

25.3 

9.8 

21.2 

33.3 
7.9 

10.6 

20.7 
7.3 
19.4 

13.3 
10.0 

14  4 

15.9 
16.7 
29.1 

16.7 
19.8 

14  0 

15.3 

14  6 
21.2 

16.6 
13.4 

18.3 

11.3 

22.4 

6.1 

5.5 
19.7 

10.9 

7.4 
12.2 
2.6 

7.8 
5.9 

10.0 

3.0 
8.9 
0.2 

5.0 
6.2 

6.5 

6.9 

49 
0.2 

2.8 
L7 

5.1 

0.2 
0.8 

i'i" 

24  2 
15.8 
19.6 

9.1 
&7 

349 

18.4 
21.0 
26.1 

27.3 
44 

ILO 

17.3 
5.3 
9.1 

■&7' 
2.5 

7.6 

as 

iT 

16 

17 
18 

.   ... 

14 

1.8 
5.4 

7.8 
3.0 

6.8 
1.8 

?n 

2.3 

0.5 

21 

26.8 
2S.7 
27.9 
32.3 
24.8 
24.6 
25.1 
27.2 
45.5 
29.9 
28.2 
19.5 

8.4 
15.1 
25.2 
17.1 
11.9 
18.4 
18.6 
23.2 
36.4 
21.8 
24.3 
13.5 

1.0 
1.1 
3.5 
.12 
2.2 
7.1 
0.8 
5.3 

0.1 
0.3 
0.4 
0.8 
0.7 
LO 

"6."8" 

21,922 

3,049 

6,505 

5,381 

1,188 

1,413 

1,634 

927 

3 

17 

292 

1,111 

3.723 
596 
876 
939 
235 
201 
255 
162 
1 
4 
64 
189 

11.9 
13.9 
8.0 
7.5 
6.4 
3.5 
9.0 
5.3 

'25.6" 
38.9 
10.6 

12.5 
16.1 

8.3 
21.2 
31.5 

7.5 

23.5 

15.1 

100.0 

14  6 
16.8 
11.4 
14  2 
13.6 
14  4 
12.2 
14  5 

21.1 
14  8 
12.4 
16.5 
18.3 
20.9 
15.3 
15.8 

9.9 
16.1 
13.5 

9.1 
10.6 
16.9 

7.4 
21.0 

8.9 
12.3 
13.4 
10.4 
6.4 
8.9 
7.1 
12.5 

6.7 
6.2 
5.9 
8.3 
6.1 
6.5 
6.9 
3.3 

5.6 
2.2 
4  5 
7.0 
2.1 
3.5 
5.1 
46 

5.6 
1.3 
7.2 
3.5 
47 
6.0 
9.0 
2.6 

2.3 
0.5 
8.0 
1.9 
1.3 
7.9 

a9 

3.3 

LO 
0.8 
7.4 
0.4 

■5.0" 
L6 
2.0 

613 
429 
638 
267 
335 

50 

199 

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5 

46 
104 

94 

213 

150 

213 

95 

131 

18 

75 

115 

3 

12 

36 

34 

42.2 
5L4 
40.8 
52.6 
63.4 
6L1 
640 
33.9 
100.0 
25  0 

34  3 
39.3 
42.2 
32.6 
32.8 
38.9 
22.6 
33.0 

20.2 
7.3 
9.9 
9.5 
3.0 

0.5 
1.3 
3.8 
5.3 

2.8 
0.7 
L9 

b's 

i.'i' 

22 

23 
24 
25 
26 
77 

8.0 

18.3 

2.7 

6.1 

2.7 
7.8 

?8 

0.9 

29 
30 

2.3 

75.6 
3.7 

17.5 

.*«  i 

25.0     8.3 

8.3    

2.9 

as 

2.8 

31 

13.0 
13.7 

11.1 
13.2 

"■4  8" 

3.7 
15.3 

11.1 
2.1 

"6.9' 

9.3 
14  3 

L8 
LI 

7.4 
0.5 

6L1  1  25.0 
61. 8  !  32.  4 

2.8 
2.9 

V 

0.8 

0.3 

33 

sLess  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 

*  Combined  to  prevent  disclosure  of  figures  of  individual  establishments:  includes  North  Carolina,  S;  South  Carolina,  6. 


772 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    71.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES,    BY    STATES,    TERRITO- 
CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS  OF  EARNINGS;   TOTAL  AND  AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER 

TOB.lCfO,  CIG.4.R$  AND     CIGAKETTES— Continued. 


TATE   OE  TEEEITORT. 

1 

Num- 
terof 
fstah- 
Ush- 
ments. 

A\'EEAGE  TfEEKLY   EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 

years 

and 

over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
"and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

S4to 
S5. 

S5to 
S6. 

$6  to 
$7. 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

34 

South  Central  division. . . 

244 

$6.59 

S10.21 

$4.69 

$3.31 

$18,345 

2,782 

sio,,™ 

1,026 

6.3 

4.1 

4.5 

4.7 

5.3 

5.5 

7.9 

9.6 

15.4 

^T 

102 
23 

22 
11 

16 
3 
18 
49 

446 

32 
12 

7 
61 

4 

7 
16 

S 

65 

24 

213 

6.29 
10.06 
9.00 
4.97 

11.62 
11.30 
9.04 
10.69 

12.65 

9.41 

11.64 
9.90 
7.87 

13.80 
14.71 
9.89 
12.42 

13.87 

4.91 
8.00 
3.00 
4.52 

12.00 
4.00 
7.50 
5.18 

6.70 

2.86 
2.89 
2.38 
3.84 

3.00 
2.00 
2.50 
2.92 

3.94 

5,731 
1,197 
1,224 
6,141 

755 

113 

416 

2,768 

23,346 

911 

119 

136 

1,236 

65 

10 

46 

259 

1,845 

3,039 
1,094 
1,178 
1,518 

704 

103 

376 

2,497 

21,594 

323 
94 
119 
193 

61 

7 

38 

201 

1,557 

5.6 
4.2 
5.0 
14.0 

2.0 
14.3 
5.3 
3.0 

0.7 

2.5 
3,2 
5.0 
5.7 

3.4 
3.2 
3.4 
9.8 

3.1 
1.1 
7.6 
9.3 

2.0 

6.5 
2.1 
5.9 
6.2 

5.9 

7.7 

1.1 

4.2 

11.9 

13.0 
3.2 
7.6 
9.8 

6.9 

11.5 
5,3 
15,1 
11.4 

3.9 

22.0 
21.3 
13.5 
11.4 

3.9 

^T 

38 

39 
40 
41 

Louisiana  and  Mis- 
sissippi.' 

Indian  Territory 

7.9 
5.5 

1.5 

5.3 
3.5 

3,7 

2.6 
4.0 

3.1 

5.3 
3.5 

7.2 

"i.o' 

4.2 

7.9 
1.0 

2.3 

5.3 
6.4 

3.3 

18.4 
9.9 

6.5 

42 

Texas             

43 

Western  division  2 

Montana 

44 

45 
46 

15.98 
16.60 
12.52 
14.31 
11.85 
12.50 
13.81 
17.26 
14.26 
13.79 
10.57 

17.15 
19.26 
14.11 
15.85 
12.58 
14.41 
16.20 
17.86 
14.62 
15.32 
11.55 

3.00 
5.83 
7.50 
7.98 

■5.06' 
6.50 

6.00 
6.27 

4.22 
4.75 
2.50 
4.13 
3.00 
4.50 
4.00 
4.00 

3.61 

1,790 
863 
288 

5,695 
154 
875 
718 
397 

2,696 
924 

8,946 

112 
52 
23 

398 
13 
70 
52 
23 

189 
67 

846 

1,749 
809 
268 

5,135 
151 
807 
664 
393 

2,647 
873 

8,098 

102 
42 
19 

324 
12 
56 
41 
22 

181 
57 

701 

2.0 

1,0 

2.0 

2.0 

7.8 

"i'.i 
5.3 

1.6 
8.3 
3.6 

1.9 

1.0 



5.2 
1.2 

10,5 
1.2 

"i.'2' 

5.3 
1.6 

""i;2' 

"i.b' 

8.3 
3.6 
7.3 

5.3 

4.0 

50,0 

23.2 

2.4 

48 
49 
50 
51 
52 

New  Mexico 

1.8 
4.9 
4.6 

3.6 
2.4 

Utah 

4.9 
4.5 
2.8 

■'4.'9' 

2.4 

9.1 

Washington! 

3.3 
8.8 
13.1 

0.6 

1.7 
7.0 

0.6 
5.3 
3.0 

1.1 
1.7 
5.0 

7.2 
1.8 
7.4 

1.7 
1.4 

"i'i' 

1.7 
6.4 

54 

California 

WOOIiEN  GOODS. 


1 

United  States 

North  Atlantic  division . 
Maine 

366  1 

$8.23 

$9.29 

$6.91 

$3.83 

$361,169 

43,881 

$252,597 

27,202 

1.6 

1.4 

2.9 

4.4 

10.7 

16.4 

12.6 

15.1 

16.7 

2 

259  j 

8.53 

9.42 

7.23 

4.32 

326,260 

38,253 

232,337 

24,660 

1.3 

1.0 

2.4 

4.2 

9.9 

16.6 

13.3 

15.1 

17.4 

1 

29 
15 
U 
105 
21 
14 
14 
5 
45 

20 

8.39 
8.96 
8.49 
8.50 
9.09 
8.56 
8.32 
7.35 
7.98 

5.99 

9,13 
9.93 
9,11 
9,40 
9.88 
9.  66 
9.35 
8.25 
9.43 

6.97 

7.00 
7.24 
7.32 
7.36 
7.80 
7.05 
6.77 
6.78 
6.65 

5.30 

4.19 
4.70 
4.02 
4.59 
3.96 
4.06 
4.76 
3.60 
4.00 

2.75 

21,608 
18,486 
18,597 
176, 139. 
26,446 
15,622 
14,369 
5,935 
29,058 

6,906 

2,576 
2,004 
2,191 
20,514 
2,908 
1,826 
1,726 
807 
3,641 

1,153 

15,639 
13.346 
13.870 
125,202 
19,115 
11,215 
10,243 
3.686 
20,021 

4,793 

1,713 
1,344 
1,522 
13,318 
1,935 
1.161 
1.096 
447 
2,124 

688 

3.6 
1.0 
1.3 
1.5 
0.1 
1.9 
0.5 

"6.9' 

3.3 

1.2 
1.0 
1.3 
1.0 
0.2 
1.3 
0.5 
2.2 
1.1 

4.4 

3.0 
2,4 
2,2 
2,3 
2,4 
3,0 
3,3 
4,5 
1.4 

9.0 

3.7 
3.4 
4.1 
4.6 
4.4 
4.3 
2.6 
4.9 
3.0 

4.1 

8.2 
7.0 

10.4 
9.8 
7.2 

12.1 
3.0 

40.3 

12.6 

28.1 

14,6 
15,0 
17,5 
17,7 
13,6 
17,9 
25,8 
7,1 
11.6 

25.0 

12.8 
10,3 
14,4 
14,5 
10,5 
12,5 
9,3 
9.2 
12.5 

8.4 

19.8 
17.9 
15,4 
12,7 
18.6 
10,9 
23,9 
7,8 
20,4 

9.7 

17,6 
21,6 
17,3 
15,9 
25,4 
19,3 
12.8 
8.3 
20.1 

4.7 

4 

New  Hampshire 

6 
7 

ft 

Massachusetts 

lihofle  Island 

9 

10 

11 
12 

Pennsylvania 

South  Atlantic  division.. 
Marvlitnd     

11 

4 
3 
4 
6 
3 

52 

6.30 
4.71 
6.16 
5.11 
4.04 

6.75 

7.47 
5,83 
,  8,21 
5,56 
4.49 

8.48 

5,80 
4,33 
3,94 
3,45 
2,75 

5,39 

2.75 
2.50 
1.50 
4.50 

3.26 

5,683 
66 
271 
506 
380 

14,334 

902 
14 
44 
99 
94 

2,122 

3,819 
35 
197 
428 
314 

8,231 

511 
6 
24 
77 
70 

971 

'i'e' 

30.0 

3.6 

1.6 

16.7 

4.2 

3.9 

24.3 

6.5 

5.1 

1.4 

31,9 
66,7 
16,7 
15,6 
14,3 

10.2 

29.9 
16.6 
16.7 
14.3 
4.3 

13.7 

8.0 

11.0 

6.1 

14 
IS 
16 

17 

Wist  Virginia 

North  Carolina 

8.3 
36.3 

8.6 

7.5 

4.2 

16,9 
10.0 

7.6 

4.2 
2.6 

8.0 

20.8 
5.2 
2.8 

13.9 

4.1 
2.6 
4.3 

11.2 

18 

North  Central  division. . . 
Ohio 

19 

13 
8 
7 
8 
7 
5 
4 

23 

6.76 
6.38 
7.25 
7.50 
0.61 
B.S8 
7.54 

4.48 

8.71 
8.07 
8.77 
».  64 
8,20 
7,70 
9.17 

6.62 

5,11 
.1,29 
5.69 
fi,03 
5,20 
4,78 
5.78 

4.37 

3.25 
4.09 
2.75 
2.80 
3.05 

'  '3.' 66' 

2.53 

2,095 

5,540 

3,239 

893 

1,691 

220 

666 

6,987 

310 
871 
447 
119 
256 
32 
87 

1,338 

1,254 
2,744 
2,016 
611 
1.107 

'^ 

2,501 

144 

340 
230 
.■B 
135 
23 
46 

378 

1.4 
4.1 
5.2 

"5.'2' 
12.7 

2.1 
8.2 
2.2 
7.5 
7.4 
8.7 
2,2 

12.7 

7.6 
8.2 
3,9 
5,7 
12.6 

'io.'g' 

14.6 

4.1 
9.7 
5.7 
3.8 
8.9 
21.7 
6.5 

8.2 

9,0 
11.5 
15.2 

3,8 

3,7 
17.4 

2.2 

13.2 

18.1 
13,5 
12,2 
20,8 
11,1 
8,7 
10,9 

4.0 

14.6 
8.0 
5,2 
7,5 
8,2 
4,4 
4.3 

2.9 

16.7 
10  6 
13,9 
9,4 
\r,A\ 
13,1 
30,  4 

12.2 

10.4 
7.9 
10.5 
18.9 
8.1 
13.0 
10,9 

8.9 

•'0 

?t 

Illinois 

?7 

Michigan  

■n 

?4 

■"i 

lOWtt 

26 

South  Central  division. . . 
Kentucky 

77 

10 
13 

3 

5.98 
4.30 

10.38 

6.77 
6.60 

12.72 

6.58 
4.06 

8.34 

2.88 
2.50 

4.60 

867 
6,120 

2,968 

146 
1,191 

286 

318 
2,183 

1,78) 

47 
331 

140 

'i4."5' 
2.9 

10,6 
13.0 

1.4 

14,9 
14,5 

21.3 
6.3 

2.1 

21.3 
12.1 

4.3 

6.4 
3.6 

5.0 

4.3 

2.7 

0.7 

14.9 
11.8 

40.7 

16.3" 
6.7 

W 

29 

Western  division 

CttlUomla 

30 

3 
•0 

10.38 
6.44 

12.72 
8.09 

8.34 
6.33 

4.  GO 
2.70 

2,968 
4,704 

286 
731 

1,781 
2,954 

140 
365 

2.9 

1.4 
1.6 

2.2 

2.1 
7.1 

4.3 
.32.1 

5.0 
8.2 

0.7 
8,0 

40.7 
22.2 

6.7 
13.4 

t] 

WOHSTED  UOODN. 


1  United  State* 

2  North  Atlantic  division. 


Miiln" 

.\lll<AHIlChM,1<-ttll 

KIkkIi'  Inland 

New  Yttrk 

New  ^l•Tlu•y 

Pennsylvania 


All  other  «tatcs. 


108  !'■  $7,91  I]  $9.83     $6.78     $3.82 
101         ,    M        9.82  ;    6.78  I    3.82 


4 

7.H;i  j 

m 

7.fl4 

31 

8.48 

4 

7.52 

6 

6,46 

21 

7,17 

<4 

7,68 

9, 25 
»,  68 
10.48 
K,00 
K,ft8 
9,91 

10.67 


7.30 
8.08 
7.38 
8.21 
4.90  I 
8.43  I 


3.47 
4.38 
3.69 
3.70 
2.82 
3.70 


6.m      3.10 


$382,122  I  46,803 


$208,778 


300,001  I  46,627    207,446 


12,193 
171. .106 
111,795 

14,  1,13 
6,418 

44,156 

2,121 


1.658 
21,676 
13,180 
1,880 
1,178 
0,166 

276 


7,318 
101,060 

68,  .'i77 
8,869 
2,924 

20,700 

1,332 


21,243 
21,117 


791 
10,5,12 

6,362 
9IH1 
.137 

2, 0N9 

128 


1.7 


1.1 
2.2 
1.2 

2.7 


1.0 


1.4 


2.4 

1.7 
0.7 
1,2 
8,3 
1.0 

0,8 


4.6 
4.0 


4.0 
4.8 
4.0 
6.0 
14,8 
4.1 

4.0 


7.7 


7.1 
8,2 
8,7 
7.1 
9.8 
8.2 

6.6 


O.S     12.4     10.3      8.6 


0. 5     12. 6     10, 3 


10,5  I   17,8 
7,6  1  12.9 


12,1 
11,6 
11,6 
10.3 

0.6 


11.4 
17.8 
8.8 
10.0 

4.0 


7,6 
11,4 

9.0 
10.1 

4.8 
11.0 

8.7 


8.4 


8.9 
9,3 
6,3 
9,2 
7.1 
10.7 

5.6 


14.6 
14.0 


13.4 

1.1.8 
13.8 
1,1,8 
5,9 
12,9 

28.0 


Uncludo  .MlMlmlppl.  1.        •Include  Alo«kB,  1.        'Include*  Arkon«M,  1;  Delaware,  1;  MlwlMlppI,  1;  Missouri,  2;  North  Ilakota,  1;  Oregon,  2;  Utah,  1. 


EARNIN(JS  OF  WACIK-EARXEHS. 


773 


RIES,    AND    GBOGR.MMIIO     DIVISIONS— PER    CKNT     DISTRIBUTION     OF     W.VGK-K.VRNERS— MEN,    WOMEN,    AND 
OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND  OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMBER  OF  ESTAIiLISilMENTS;  1905— Continued. 


'l'4>KA<:CO,  C'IGAIIS  AKD  <'l<;Alfl<:-i"ri':s— Continued  . 


MEK  16  YEABS  AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEABS  AND  OVEB. 

CIULDEEN  UNDER  10  YEARS. 

Per  cent  di.stribution 
of  number  by  eiirn- 
ings— Continued, 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent  distri 

jiition  of  nuinljcr 

^y  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by 
eaminns. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 

to 

$20. 

14,6 

$20 
to 
$25, 

$25 
and 
over. 

1.0 

Less 

tiian 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

$5 
to 
$0. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

S'.i 
to 
$10. 

SHI 
to 
S12, 

S12 
to 
$15. 

$1.5 
and 
over. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
»5. 

$5 
to 
$6. 

$B 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

and 
over. 

19.0 

2,1 

$6,894 

1,471 

21.3 

16.9 

17,1 

16.7 

14.1 

7.5 

3.2 

1.6 

0.8 

0.6 

0.2 

$942 

285 

39.6 

31.6 

14.0 

8.8 

3.2 

2.S 

34 

18.6 

28.7 

1,5, 1 

7,3 

31.4 
14.3 
28.9 
23.9 

19.7 

4,9 
26.6 
13,4 

39.2 
28.6 
13.1 
32.8 

34.1 

1,2 

2,420 
48 
27 

4,116 

12 

8 

30 

233 

1,500 

493 
6 
9 

911 

1 

2 

4 

45 

224 

19.5 

'ii'i' 
22.9 

15.0 

'si's' 

16.6 

17,0 
16,7 
22,2 
17.7 

17.0 

ii.'i' 

17,4 

14.0 
33.3 

8.1 
16.7 

4.1 

3.1 
16.7 

1.4 

0,6 

0.2 
16.6 

272 
55 
19 

507 

39 
2 
10 
38 

252 

95 

19 

8 

132 

13 
1 
4 

13 

64 

51.6 
47.4 
62.5 
28.8 

15.4 
100.0 
50.0 
53.8 

17.2 

30.5 
31.6 
37.5 
28.0 

76.9 

11.6 
10.5 

3.2 
10.5 

3.1 

35 

36 

37 

4,2 
1,6 

1.9 
42.8 

•i,T 

3.9 

is.  8 

7.4 

3.0 

6.8 

0.3 

0,1 
100.0 

18.2 
7.7 

15.1 

as 

6.1 

38 

39 

50.0 

50.0 

25.0 

2.2 

21.9 



40 

50.0 
20.0 

23.2 

25.0 

'2.'2' 
2.2 

25.0 
30.8 

42.2 

25.0 
7.7 

12.5 

41 

3.0 

10.9 

2.5 

2.8 

13.3 
0.5 

42.2 
5.8 

6.7 
11.2 

4.5 
7.6 

2.2 
8.9 

6.7 
2.7 

17.2 

7.7 
6.2 

3.1 

1.6 

4? 

12.9 

3.1 

43 

7.8 

9.5 
10.5 
28.1 

8.4 
14.3 

4.9 
13.6 
33.7 
12.3 
17.1 

50.0 
33.3 
31,6 
46.9 
25.0 
42.9 
24.4 
9.1 
43.6 

15.7 
47.6 
15.8 

8.8 
7.2 
10.5 

3 

35 

15 

527 

1 

6 

2 

66 

100.0 

38 
19 

5 
33 

3 
18 
28 

4 

9 
4 

I 

1 
4 
7 
1 

44.5 
25.0 
100.0 

ii's' 

11.1 

22.2 

56.6" 

11.1 
25.0 

11.1 

44 

16.7 

33.3 

33.3 
50,0 
13.6 

16.7 

4.= 

50.6 
3.0 

46 
47 
48 
49 

9. 6     1.  5 

3.0 

1.5 

1&2 

4.6 

28.8 

18.2 

6.1 

3.0 



37.5 
100.0 
50.0 
42.8 

25.0 

37.5 

3.5 
34.2 
36.4 

5.5 

3.5 

12.2 

22.7 

1.6 

1.8 

50 
26 

10 
4 

100.0 

ii's' 

100.0 

2.5.0 
14.3 

25.0 

25.0 

25,0 

25.0 

25.0 

14.3 

50 

51 

49 
30 
765 

8 

5 

122 

12.5 

'26.0' 
18.0 

62.5 
40.0 
14.8 

12.5 
20.0 
30.3 

12.5 
1.6 

,1?! 

38.6   24.  B 

"9.8' 

"'8.'2" 

"i's' 

20.0 
5.7 

i'ir' 

21 
83 

5 
23 

'i3.'6' 

20.0 
69.6 

40.0 

40.0 

8.7 

m 

24.0 

7.4 

1.2 

0.8       6.6 

4.4 

4.3 

64 

TVOOIiEN  GOODS. 


11.8 

4.9 

1.0 

0.5 

$100,282 

14,515 

3.4 

6.0 

12.5 

16.0 

16.5 

13.7 

9.7 

9.5 

9.1 

3.1 

0.5 

$8,280 

2,164 

21.5 

35.1   24.7 

12.4  [46     1.3     0.4 

1 

12.3 

5.0 

1.0 

0.5 

87,374 

12,077 

2.1 

S.5 

10.7 

15.8 

16.9 

15.2 

11.0 

10.7 

10.1 

3.5 

0.5 

i    6,549 

1,516 

6.6 

34.8   32.3   17.4  |  6.5 

1.8     0.6 

2 

11.4 
141 
13.2 
13.4 
9.5 
10.3 
10.5 
7.6 
9.5 

3.3 

3.4 

5.6 
2.5 
5.0 
7.1 
5.0 
5.3 
3.8 
5.7 

1.5 

0.7 
0.7 
0.3 
0.9 
0.7 
1.1 
2.2 
2.5 
1.0 

0.4 

0.1 

b'.'i 

0.7 
0.3 
0.4 
0.3 
1.8 
0.4 

0.1 

5,856 
4,999 
4,518 
47,630 
7,062 
4,025 
3,793 
2,033 
7,458 

1,733 

836 
690 
617 

6,476 
905 
571 
560 
300 

1,122 

327 

4.1 
2.7 
1.3 
1.9 

3.7 
2.7 
5.8 
3.5 

12.7 
12.5 
11.5 

9.4 
11.1 
14.2 
14.4 
20.  4 

7.6 

15.6 

15.8 
15.4 
16.2 
15.fi 
13.2 
10.7 
16.8 
13.3 
21.1 

18.4 

19.7 
16.9 
16.7 
15.5 
15.8 
20.3 
17.7 
14.  S 
22.5 

32.7 

12.3 
15.8 
10.7 
14.5 
16.2 
15.2 
21.1 
17.0 
19.6 

9.8 

85 

8.3 
12.6 
12.0 
11.5 
10.2 

6.8 
11.3 

6.4 

1.8 

8.4 
9.0 
10.1 
11.3 
13.0 
10.2 
5.4 
.5.3 
12.8 

10.0 
10.0 
11.7 
10.7 
18.8 
8.6 
0.2 
3.7 
3.0 

4.2 
4.2 
3.2 
4.5 
0.3 
2.6 
3.4 
1.7 
0.9 

0.6 
1.9 
0.2 
0.5 
0.1 
0.7 

'6.'?' 

113 
141 
209 

3,307 
269 
S82 
333 
216 

1,579 

380 

27 
30 
52 

720 
08 
94 
70 
60 

395 

138 

3.7 
3.4 
1.9 
0.1 
7.4 
9.6 
1.4 

"9.6 

48.6 

37.0   48.2 
23.3   30.0 
55.8   26.9 
25.8  ,33.3 
42.  6  '4H.  5 

7.4 
23. 3 

7.7 
22.2 

1.5 

8.5 
21.4 
11.7 
15.2 

1.4 

S.7 
IS.S 
5.8 
9.5 

'6.'7' 
1.9 
2.0 



■i.-i' 

3 

4 
5 
6 
7 

2.8 
1.8 

"3.'2" 

7.3 

4.5 
6.4 
6.S 
2.9 

14.4 

29.8 
25.7 
88.3 
42.6 

37.7 

43.6 
31.4 

29.' 6' 

11.6 

7.4 
7.2 

'2.'5' 

0.7 

i2.'9' 

o.'s' 

1.1 

8 
9 
10 
11 

1-' 



3.5 

1.9 

0.4 

0.2 

1,501 
26 
71 
69 
66 

5,953 

259 

6 

18 

20 

24 

1,105 

'si's' 
11.1 
35.0 
54.1 

8.8 

7.7 
16.7 
66.6 
35.0 
29.2 

18.4 

17.8 

22.0 

38.6 

11.6 

2.3 

363 
5 
3 
9 

132 
2 
2 
2 

47. 7     39. 4 

10.6 

l.S 

0.8 

13 

50.0 

100.0 
100.0 

14 

20.8 

'i6.'6' 

12.5 
23.6 

5.6 
5.0 
4.2 

16.9 

16.7 
5.0 

15 

10.0 

100.0 

16 

1.4 
1.3 

0.7 

17 

10.1 

6.7 

12.2 

5.9 

4.8 

3.8 

4.5 

LO 

0.1 

150 

46 

8.7 

80.4 

6.5 

44 

18 

1 

9.0 

9.7 
11.3 
13.2 

9.6 
13.0 

6.5 

8.7 

5.6 
6.2 
6.1 
7.5 
8.1 

1.4 
1.8 
1.3 
1.9 

o.'e' 
1.3 

i.'s" 

828 
2,751 
1,212 

368 

520 
43 

231 

2,526 

162 

520 

■  213 

61 

100 

6.2 
12.5 
7.5 
3.3 
5  n 

24.7 
20.4 
9.9 
13.1 
17.0 
44.5 
17.5 

31.5 

22.8 
19.4 
2.5.4 
29.5 
42.0 

IS.  6  i  14.8 
16.5  !  13.5 
21  6  1  1-'^  I 

7.4       1.8 
6.0       5  0 

2.  5     6.  2 
3. 6     2. 0 

. 
0.2 
1.4 
3.3 
5.0 

'i'e" 

13 
45 

11 
14 
64 

4 
11 

75.0 

727 

25.0 
9.1 

ii"2' 

19 
?0 

4.7 

3.3 

5.0 

22.2 

4.2 
4.9 
4.0 

3.8 
9.8 
3.0 

8.4 
4.9 
3.0 

4  50.0     50.0 

5  40.0     60.0 
21    95.2 

?I 

11.5 
18.0 

14.8 

'22.'2' 
5.0 

6.2 

?? 

4.8 

'3 

9  !  11  1 

'4 

15.2 
1.6 

40 
578 

18.7 

22.5 
25.1 

20.0 
0.6 

7.5 

20  n 

5.0 
4.6 

2.5 
4.8 

S 
960 

1  1 100. 0 



5.0 



'S 

0.3 

0.9  1    0.9 

0.7 

380 

69.2 

25.8 

''fi 

2.1 
9.7 

10.7 

2.1 
1.5 

8.6 

2.1 

474 
2,052 

1,151 

72 
506 

138 

2.8 
20.9 

7.3 

18.1 
3S.4 

1.5 

12.5 
26.9 

0.7 

9.7 
6.1 



8.3 
S.9 

31.2 

7.0 

6.9 

9.7 
4.0 

14.  S 

25.0 
2.0 

13.0 

75 
885 

36 

26 
354 

S 

19.2 
72.9 

80.8 
21.7 

•n 

0.8 
6.5 

5.1 

5.4 
100.0 

?S 

10.0 

7.9 

13.0 

7.2 

29 

10.7 
2.7 

8.6 
2.2 

10.0 
0.3 

7.9 

1,151 
1,545 

138 
290 

7.3 
0.4 

1.5 
4.1 

0.7 
23.5 

46.2 

31.2 
13.1 

13.0 
11.7 

7.2 
0,3 

14.5 
0.7 

13.0 

6.5 

5.1 

36 
205 

8 
76 

40.  S 

59.2 

100.0 

30 
^1 

WORSXED  GOODS. 


17.9 

9.6 

1.2 

0.6 

$136,451 

20,138 

2.6 

3.2 

13.8  1  22.6 

23.1 

9.5 

7,7 

6.5 

6.8 

3.3     0.9 

$16,893 

4422  1  20.9     S8.3 

29.2     7.7 

3.3 1 0.5 

0.1 

1 

17.9 

9.6 

1.2 

0.6 

135,745 

20,014 

2.6 

3.1 

13.7 

22.7  1  23.2 

9.5 

7.7 

6.5 

6.8 

3.3  1  0.9 

16,810 

4396     20.9 

38.2 

29.2  1  7.7  1  3.3  1  0.6 

0.1 

2 

20.6 
16.5 
21.0 
13.2 
16.0 
16.8 

19.0 

6.7 
8.4 
11.2 

0.1 
1.1 

'6.' 4' 

in 

4,221 
63,837 
40,304 

4935 

I      2,649 

19,799 

706 

578 

9,502 

5,401 

795 

541 

3,077 

124 

2.8 
3.9 
0.8 
4  3 

"i.'e' 

7.3 

1.5 
2.8 
1.6 
4  2 
10.9 
5.0 

16.1 

9.5 
11.9 
10.8 
23.3 
35. 9 
19.1 

33.1 

19.9     I.';  4 

14  2 
10.4 
9.7 
10.4 
0.4 
7.0 

5.6 

9.2 
8.3 
7.9 
8.6 

9.3 
7.5 
6.3 
3.1 

U.8 
6.3 
7.8 
8.0 

5.2     19 

656 

6,409 

4,914 

329 

845 

3,657 

83 

189  ;  19.6 
1,462       9.6 
1,367     28.1 

47.6  28.6     4  2 

S 

21.9 
20.4 
25.4 
49.3 
24  6 

2.4 

24  8 
26.1 
11.3 
3.5 
21.3 

8.1 

1.9 
6.4 
1.3 

0.3 
2.2 
0.1 

18.5  |50.6   140 
.50.0    IS.  2  1  2.2 

5.4 
1.5 

1.5 

0.4 

4 
5 

5.9  1  0.4    

14. 0     0  ^     n  fi 

89     21.4      49.4  ,29.2    

300      42. 0     50.0     7.3     0.7 

6 

7 

12.9 
143 

0. 9     0. 2 

6.2 

a9 

5.1     6.9 
145    4.  n 

2.6 

0.6 

989     21.2     44  5   19.8 
26     30.8  !  .5.3-8  'is.  4 

9.6 

4.7 

0.2 

8 
4 

1 

r  ' 

*  Includes  Connecticut,  2;  West  Vii^nia,  I;  Wisconsin,  1. 


774 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  72.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY    EARXINGS— TWEXTi'-FIVE    STATES.    BY    SELECTED    INDUSTRIES— PER    CENT 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS 


AL.AB.4MA. 


IKDCSTKT. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

.AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND   OVER. 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

0^^^-  ;  o1°er. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings.    \''^- 

\ 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distriljutlon  of  number  by  earnings. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 
$7. 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$Sto 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

1 

AU  industries... 

Seven   selected   in- 
dustries. 

786 

$7.05 

S8.30 

$4.46 

$2.85 

$200,255     26,191 

$186,433 

22,459 

4.4 

4.6 

9.4 

10.1 

19.3 

14.8 

6.9 

6.5 

7.4 

2 

307 

7.58 

8.34 

4.42 

2.84 

156,344     20,637 

143,974 

17,258 

4.2 

4.5 

9.5 

9.6 

18.2 

16.2 

7.3 

6.6 

7.7 

3 

4 
5 
6 

7 

Cars   and   general    shop 
construction    and     re- 
pairs by  steam  railroad 
companies. 

Coke 

Cotton  goods 

Foimdry    and    machine 
shop  products. 

11 

12 
19 
20 

10.92 

7.72 
4.61 
9.42 

9.27 

6.55 

6.41 

10.93 

7.77 
5.77 
9.44 

9.27 

6. 58 

6.41 

3.29 
'  -4.' 43" 

r  - 

6.75 

3.40 
2.83 
2.33 

55,921 

15,930 
27,638 
12,293 

14,969 

23,308 

6,285 

5,121 

2,064 
5,995 
1,305 

1,614 

3,558 

980 

55,871 

15,845 
15,486 
12,286 

14,909 

23,232 

6,286 

5,110 

2,039 
2,684 
1,302 

1,014 

3,529 

980 

0.6 

3.9 

8.2 
7.2 

4.8 

5.4 

4.1 

0.7 

7.7 

10.9 

4.5 

2.4 

3.4 

7.1 

1.6 

9.0 
24.9 
5.2 

4.8 

10.3 

19.5 

3.8 

13.1 
15.0 
6.7 

4.5 

13.4 

16.6 

13.6 

15.1 
14.4 
23.0 

4.6 

31.1 

28.2 

19.5 

12.1 
10.2 
7.8 

20.0 

21.7 

8.7 

6.8 

10.8 
5.5 
4.7 

19.4 

3.4 

5.4 

6.6 

7.8 
5.3 
6.5 

14.4 

4.1 

3.9 

13.8 

9.5 
2.3 
6.3 

10.7 

2.3 

2.5 

8 
0 

naces. 
Lumber  and  timber  prod-         221 
ucts. 

2.62 

CALIFORNIA. 


1 

All  industries.. 
Eleven  selected  in- 

4.348 

$13.24 

$14.59 

$7.24 

$4.12 

$992,995 

75,024 

$901,474 

61.766 

1.1 

0.9 

1.3 

1.7 

2.5 

2.6 

2.3 

5.7 

11.3 

2 

2,096 

13.03 

14.64 

7.42 

3.95 

559,029 

42,903 

495,598 

33,850 

1.3 

0.8 

1.2 

1.3 

2.6 

2.3 

2.3 

5.1 

11.4 

dustries. 

Bread  and  other  bakery 

products. 
Canning  and  preserving, 

• 

3 

489 

14.07  ' 

15.47 

7.49 

6.70 

30,504 

2,168 

27,704 

1,791 

0.1 

0.3 

0.6 

0.9 

3.1 

3.1 

3.0 

3.6 

10.5 

4 

51 

8.54 

11.46 

7.33 

3.59 

98,308 

11,509 

46,021 

4,015 

6.1 

2.3 

2.2 

2.3 

4.2 

4.5 

6.9 

9.8 

14.9 

fruits  and  vegetables. 

5 

Cars   and   general   shop 
construction    and    re- 
pairs Ijy  steam  railroad 
companies. 

Foundry    and    machine 

16 

15.48 

15.49 

6.40 

107,325 

6,932 

107,293 

6,927 

1.0 

0.4 

0.6 

1.2 

1.3 

1.0 

1.8 

2.9 

10.8 

A 

238 

15.36 

15.48 

8.56 

5.52 

81,548 

5,309 

81,162 

5,244 

0.3 

0.8 

1.6 

1.9 

3.2 

2.7 

1.4 

2.4 

6.7 

shop  products. 

y 

Leather,  tanned,  curried, 
and  finished. 

26 

13.59 

13.59 

11,713 

862 

11,713 

862 

0.6 

0.6 

0.5 

1.0 

1.0 

1.6 

0.9 

4.9 

6.5 

8 

174 
124 

10.37 
15.04 

10.50 
15.09 

7.36 
10.58 

6.00 
4.41 

15,636 
104,559 

1,.508 
6,954 

15,181 
104,230 

1,446 
6,906 

0.5 
0.2 

1.0 
0.1 

0.3 
0.2 

0.2 
0.2 

1.9 
1.0 

4.3 
0.3 

3.7 
1.3 

19.1 
4.2 

44.5 
10.6 

9 

Lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts. 
Lumber,     planing     mill 

10 

145 

14.70 

14.96 

6.00 

4.20 

.39.046 

2,656 

38,768 

2,592 

1.5 

0.6 

1.1 

1.6 

3.1 

3.6 

0.8 

7.5 

9.5 

products,  including 

sash,  doors,  and  blinds. 

11     Printing  and  publishing, 
bonk  and  job. 

217 

13.55 

15.46 

7.97 

4.71 

24,253 

1,790 

21,150 

1,368 

0.1 

1.8 

2.8 

2.3 

3.9 

3.1 

3.4 

4.3 

7.6 

12  j  Printing  and  pul>lishing, 

403 

15.70 

17.16 

8.88 

3.84 

37,191 

2,369 

34,278 

1,998 

1.4 

1.2 

1.5 

1.9 

2.8 

1.6 

1.4 

1.6 

7.3 

1      newspapers    and    peri- 

odicals. 

ls 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  cig- 
arettes. 

213 

10.67 

11.55 

6.27 

3.61 

8,946 

846 

8,098 

701 

1.4 

2.1 

6.4 

4.9 

13.1 

7.0 

3.0 

6.0 

7.4 

CONNECTICUT. 


1 

All  industries . . 

Fifteen  selected  in- 
dustries. 

Brass  and  copper,  rolled. 

Bru.H.iWare 

Boots  and  shoos,  rubber. 
Clocks 

1,970 

$10.34 

$11.67 

$6.81 

$4.14 

$1,050,057 

101,589 

$886,287 

76,579 

1.2 

1.3 

2.6 

3.4 

5.2- 

7.1 

8.1 

13.9 

16.9 

2 

303 

10.12 

U.44 

7.01 

4.26 

618,904 

61,167 

502,534 

43,912 

1.2 

1.3 

2.3 

3.6 

5.8 

7.6 

8.2 

16.2 

16.9 

3 
4 

6 

n 

U 
14 
6 
6 
6 
20 
16 
120 

34 
22 
8 
10 
14 

e 

14 

11.73 
10.78 
10.59 
11.31 
7.31 
7.3« 
11.05 
11.28 

9.61 
11.69 
8.22 
13.48 
9.  .10 
11.22 
8.60 

11.99 
12.33 
12.48 
13.65 
13.88 
8.26 
11.84 
11.45 

10.  .W 
13.74 
10.05 
14.63 
11.02 
11.34 
0.66 

6.24 
B.83 
8.42 
7.73 
6.85 
0.71 
6.01 
6.96 

6.13 
7.65 
0.99 
0.20 
0.82 
7.37 
7.05 

5.16 
3.84 
5.13 
4.27 
3.00 
4.02 
6.02 
4.15 

4.36 

"s.'si' 

4.20 
4.74 
4.64 
4.00 

97,702 
54,169 
56,036 
40,034 
11,082 
55,201 
21,476 
80,983 

83.612 
16,442 
11,175 
17,870 
24,360 
33,135 
16,622 

8,331 
5,024 
6,292 
3,540 
1,516 
7,499 
1,944 
7,181 

8,697 
1,419 
1,360 
1,326 
2,020 
3,692 
1,820 

95,415 
45,345 
36,712 
30,804 
1,804 
33.233 
19,978 
79,841 

76,117 
12,712 
5,100 
16,  W)2 

I7,lim 
20, 170 
11,216 

7,959 
3,678 
2.942 
2,2.57 
130 
4,023 
1,687 
0,973 

7,205 
1125 
479 

1,1. W 

i,.')(in 

1 ,  778 
1,161 

1.3 
1.3 
0.0 
0.2 

■i.'o' 

1.6 

1.7 

1.0 

0.1 

"o.'i 

0.0 
0.4 
1.9 

0.7 
1.0 
0.6 
0.4 
0.7 
2.4 
0.0 
1.6 

2.0 
1.4 
0.4 
0.6 
1.6 
0.6 
1.3 

1.5 
1.9 
1.1 
0.6 

■"4.'7' 
2.2 
2.7 

3.4 
2.2 
1.5 
1.6 
2.6 
1.0 
3.0 

1.4 
1.7 
2.3 
11.6 
4.8 
3.7 

3.9 
2.3 
4.4 
1.6 
4.2 
0.8 
4.3 

2.8 
4.7 
2.7 
3.6 
0.8 
14.3 
3.9 
4.7 

8.0 
6.0 

14.2 
3.6 
6.2 
2.6 

12.1 

4.6 
.5.3 
4.1 
4.7 
3.1 
13.8 
6.6 
6.6 

11.4 
9.2 

10.4 
2.5 
7.3 
4.8 

17.9 

6.7 
6.9 
6.7 
5.8 
.5.4 
12.6 
10.0 
8.3 

10.1 
8.1 
8.3 
5. 5 

10.5 
2.1 

12.5 

2.5.3 
16.0 
16.8 

8.9 
13.8 
12.4 

7.4 
12.3 

12.2 
7.8 
1.5.9 
5.8 
13.4 
25.7 
10.9 

21.1 
16.7 
19.6 
13.5 
16.9 
14.7 
16.7 
14.6 

17.1 
11.1 
14.8 
12.7 
18.8 
16.0 
19.3 

7 

H 

f 'otton  goo<ls 

9 
10 

11 

Cutlery  anil  edge  tools. . . 
Kouri'lry    jmd    machine 

shop  prodiictn. 
ifurdware 

12 

lints,  fell 

13 
14 
16 
IS 
17 

Hosiery  unri  knit  goods.. 

Plated  ware 

Uuliber  and  elasllc  goods. 
Hllk  iind  silk  goods 

'  Less  than  ono-tentli  of  1  per  cent. 


EARNINdS  OF  WACE-KAKNERS. 


775 


DISTRIBUTION   OF   WAGE-KARNEKS— MEN,    WOMEN,    AND    CHILDREN— BY    GROUPS    OF    EARNINGS;   TOTAL   AND 
AND  OF  EACH    CLASS;    WITH   NUMBER    OF   ESTABLISHMENTS:  I'JOo. 


ALABAjnA. 


HEN  16  YEARS  AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

CHILUKEN   UNDER   iti  YKAB8. 

Por  cent  distribution 
of  numlKT  Iiy4'tirn- 
ings— Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distriljutiori  of  nuniijcr 

)y  caniings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent  distribution  of  number  by 

oaming*!. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

6.9 

$15 

to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over 

Less 

tlian 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 

$5. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

$6  ' 
to 

$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

$0 
to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 

to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 

to 
$4. 

S-1 
to 
$5. 

5.^         i6 

to      to 

$6. ;  $7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 

and 
over 

7.1 

1.9 

0.7 

$8,809 

1,973 

13.2 

32.6 

24.6 

15.3 

8.8 

3.8 

0.9 

0.4 

0.4 

l>; 

$5,013 

1,759 

65.6 

23.9 

7.8 

2.3 

0.3 

0.1 

1 

6.9 

6.9 

1.7 

0.7 

7,730 

1,747 

12.5 

34.2 

25.4 

14.9 

8.4 

3.7 

0.4 

0.4 

0.1 



4,640 

1,632 

66.3 

23.8 

7.6 

2.1 

0.2 

2 

13.0 

5.8 
1.6 
8.7 

8.4 

2.8 

2.3 

16.0 

3.4 
0.9 
13.2 

3.4 

1.4 

0.9 

2.9 

1.7 
0.4 
4.3 

1.7 

0.5 

0.8 

1.1 

0.3 
0.4 
1.9 

0.9 

0.2 

23 

7 

■ 

100.0 

27 

85 
4,445 

4 

25 

1,571 

3 

7.-,  n 

25.0 

3 

16.0 
66.8 
66.7 

64.0 
23.6 

20.0 
7.4 
33.3 

4 

7,707 

1,740 

12.6 

34.0 

25.5 

14.9 

8.5 

3.7 

0.4 

0.3 

0.1 

2.0 

0.2 

5 
6 

7 

76 

29 

89.7 

6.9  '  :i.  4    . 

n 

1 

1 

CAL,iKOKNIA. 


24.5 

27.6 

14.0 

4.5 

$85,551 

11,809 

6.9 

7.3 

9.1 

10.7 

14.0 

15.4 

7.6 

9.2 

10.3 

6.0 

3.5 

1  $5,970 

1,449 

30.8 

17.8 

18.1   10.1 

13.5 

3.6 

6.1 

1 

25.7 

27.2 

14.2 

4.6 

59,211 

7,985 

8.4 

7.5 

8.7 

8.5 

U.7 

15.6 

7.3 

9.6 

11.1- 

7.2 

4.4 

4,220 

1,068 

36.8 

16.5 

15.3 

9.1 

12.6 

3.4 

6.3 

2 

15.6 

37.7 

18.1 

3.4 

2,599 

347 

0.9 

1.1 

3.4 

8.3 

3L7 

20.8 

5.8  '14.4 

9.8 

3.2 

0.6 

201 

30 

13.3 

6.7 

3.3 

16.7  I2O.O 

6.7 

33.3 

3 

28.6 

15.0 

2.3 

0.9 

49,743 

6,785 

9.7 

7.9 

8.8 

7.8 

10.3 

15.8 

7.3 

9.7 

il.3 

.7.1 

4.3 

1    2,544 

709 

49.5 

ILl 

11.0 

7.6 

12.7 

3.0 

5.1 

4 

27  4 

28.8 

18.2 

4.6 

32 

5 

100.0 

5 

21.4 

29.2 

24.3 

4,1 

77 

9 

22.2 

11.1 

22.2 

11.1 

2?.  3 

11  1 

309 

56 

3.6 

17.9 

21.4 

17  9 

1 
14.3  1  7.1 

17  8 

A 

54.8 

20.4 
34.5 

23.6 

3.7 
35.3 

3.0 

0.3 
7.3 

1.0 

0.1 
4.8 

« 

7 

449 

201 

61 
19 

6.6 

18.0 
5.3 

4.9 

11.5 

8.2 
10.5 

9.8 
21.0 

9.8 

8.2 

8.2 
15.8 

14.8 
31.6 

15.8' 

6 
128 

1 
29 

'26."7' 

"27.'6' 

3i.'6''6."9" 

100.0 
13.8 

8 
9 

20.2 
14.9 

23.6 
28.9 

23.2 
19.2 

3.7 

7.7 

30 
2,726 

5 
342 

100.0 
12.3 

248 
377 

59 
80 

44  1    I47  4      17 

11.2 

3.4 
S.0 

3.4 
7.5 

10 

0.6 

3.8 

12.0 

19.9 

10.2 

8.2 

8.0 

9.3 

7.6 

7.6 

8.8 

18.8  13L2  17.5 

11 

12.1 

27.1 

20.9 

19.2 

2,621 

295 

3.1 

7.1 

5.1 

7.1 

12.5 

12.5 

8.8 

7.8 

12.6 

13.2 

10.2 

292 

76 

26.3 

26.3  il4.5  'u.8 

14.5 

2.6 

4.0 

12 

17.1 

24.0 

7.4 

1.2 

765 

122 

0.8 

6.6 

18.0 

14.8 

30.3 

9.8 

8.2 

2.5 

5.7 

1.7 

1.6 

) 

83 

23 

13.0 

69.6 8.7 

i 

4.4 

4.3 

13 

rONNECTlCDT. 


19.1 

16.4 

3.5 

1.4 

$153,683 

22,575 

3.9 

6.3 

10.6 

14.8 

18.9 

16.6 

11.8 

8.5 

6.2 

2.1 

0.3 

$10,087 

2,435 

14.5 

31.2 

29.4 

14.1 

7.3  1  2.7 

0.8 

1 

18.3 

15.2 

3.0 

1.4 

109,174 

15,565 

3.6 

6.1 

9.1 

13.7 

17.6 

17.8 

13.0 

9.3 

7.2 

2.3 

0.3 

7,196 

1,690 

12.4 

29.9 

31.1 

15.2 

7.8 

2.8 

0.8 

2 

17.3 
18.7 
22.5 
23.3 
18.5 
8.1 
22.0 
20.8 

18.0 
15.4 
15.0 
20.5 
16.0 
28.9 
10.3 

10.9 
17.9 
19.7 
32.9 
20.8 
3.0 
19.8 
20.1 

10.6 
16.9 

9.0 
33.7 
17.8 
15.0 

5.0 

3.9 

4.5 
3.4 
3.7 
14.6 
0.4 
4.0 
2.4 

1.9 
11.1 
4.4 
9.8 
2.0 
1.2 
1.1 

2.5 
3.4 
1.0 
0.7 
3.1 
0.1 
0.5 
0.7 

0.4 
8.4 
1.7 
1.9 
0.2 
1.1 
0.4 

2,127 
8,344 

18,590 
8,385 
9,110 

19,957 

1,262 

918 

6,623 
3,730 
5,972 
806 
7,042 
12,283 
4,025 

341 
1,221 
2,207 
1,085 
1,330 
2,976 
210 
154 

1,292 
494 
854 
130 
1,033 
1,667 
571 

5.9 
5.3 
2.1 
0.1 
9.4 
3.1 
7.1 
4.5 

4.6 
3.2 
2.1 
2.3 
4.0 
2.3 
2.8 

6.1 
5.6 
1.9 
0.1 
7.4 
4.4 
9.1 
5.2 

24.0 
10.7 
4.6 
10.8 
6.6 
2.8 
4.5 

9.1 
8.3 
7.0 
2.9 
9.3 
8.9 
9.5 
7.8 

24.0 
4.7 
8.8 

13.1 

10.6 
3.3 

14.2 

16.1 
14.2 
10.0 
12.0 
12.0 
16.1 
24.8 
22.7 

19.6 
11.9 
17.9 
19.2 
14.6 
7.5 
10.7 

29.9 
20.9 
9.9 
13.9 
14.8 
21.7 
19.5 
39.0 

12.8 
16.8 
20.4 
33.8 
17.5 
18.3 
20.3 

15.5 
19.3 
15.9 
24.4 
11.5 
22.4 
17.6 
7.2 

8.8 
13.0 
14.2 

6.2 
16.0 
26.3 
15.2 

10.6 
14.1 
11.6 
29.2 
9.6 
12.2 
8.6 
3.9 

3.8 
10.1 
10.6 

5.4 
11.2 
21.8 
10.2 

4.7 
7.9 
12.6 
12.6 
11.0 
6.4 
1.9 
4.5 

1.5 
10.3 
9.7 
2.3 
9.6 
16.2 
10.2 

1.5 
3.9 
20.6 
4.4 
9.3 
4.4 
0.5 
5.2 

0.4 
12.0 
9.9 
5.4 
8.2 
0.7 
8.6 

0.6 
0.4 
7.7 
0.3 
5.2 
0.4 
1.4 

0.5 
5.9 

1.8 

i'.'i 
0.6 
2.6 

"o.'i' 
0.7 
0.1 
0.5 

'i.'i' 

i.'s' 
0.3 
0.2 
0.7 

160 
480 
733 
845 
168 
2,011 
236 
224 

872 

31 
125 
143 
198 

56 
500 

47 

54 

200 

3.2 
13.6 
11.9 

6.6 
23.2 
17.2 

8.5 

5.6 

10.0 

6.5 
38.4 
11.2 
37.9 
66.1 
30.0 
29.8 
42.6 

30.0 

54.8 
39.2 
32.1 
40.4 
10.7 
26.2 
8.5 
25.9 

29.5 

12.9 
7.2 
16.1 
11.6 

i7.'4' 
25.5 
22.2 

19.5 

12.9 
L6 

11.9 
3.5 

'7.'2' 
12.8 
1.8 

8.0 

6.5 

3.2 

3 
4 

15.4 

1.4 

5 

A 

'i.'s" 

4.3 

1.9 

2.0 

'0.'2' 
10.6 

1.0 

7 
8 
9 
10 

11 
I? 

103 
172 
128 
682 
382 

27 

41 
27 
147 
94 

7.4 
4.9 
7.4 
14.3 
9.6 

40.7 
31.7 
29.7 
13.6 
29.8 

48.2 
36.6 
18.5 
31.3 
43.6 

3.7 
24.4 
18.5 
15.6 

8.5 

1 

■2:4"!::::: 

18.5     3.7 

20.4     4.8 

7.4   

'3.7' 

"i.'i' 

13 
14 
15 
16 
17 

45254— MFC,  1905— PT  4—08- 


-51 


776 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  72.— CLASSIFIED   WEEKLY 


EARXINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    STATES,    BY    SELECTED   INDUSTRIES— PER   CENT 
AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS   AND 


G£OR(iIA. 


Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

IXDUSTRV. 

All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 

years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 
under 

16 
years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

'  Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

' 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
S4. 

S4to 

$5. 

15  to  $6  to 
SO.       57. 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

1 

Ail  industries.. 

Ten  selected  indus- 
tries. 

Cars    and   general  shop 
construction    and    re- 
pairs by  steam  railroad 
companies. 

Cotton  goods 

1,520 

$6.10 

$6.70  1  $4.24     $2.59 

$286,187 

48,932 

5254,571  '•  37.995 

8.3 

7.5 

15.1 

19.1  1  IS.  3 

8.6 

5.1 

4.2 

3.9 

2 

719 

5.85 

6.43 

4.18 

2.62 

209,235 

35,795 

184,899 

28,748 

7.9 

7.5 

15.3 

21.6 

19.2 

8.6 

4.8 

4.0 

3.1 

3 
4 

13 

20 
42 

15 

5 

330 

66 

49 
136 

10.36 

4.56 
5.75 
9.55 

6.44 
4.52 
6.02 

7.01 

5.29 
5.39 

10.39 

5.82 
5.75 
9.62 

7.14 
6.27 
6.05 

7.10 

5.29 
5.40 

3.80 
4.17 

2.62 

23,006 

54,354 
18,357 
14,357 

5,213 
2,458 
47,270 

11,558 

10,663 
21,999 

2,221 

11,932 
3,193 
1,504 

809 

544 

7,848 

1,648 

2,014 
4,082 

22,968 

32,244 
18,357 
14,306 

4,947 

846 

47, 107 

11,491 

10.663 
21,970 

2,211 

5,537 
3,193 
1,487 

693 

135 

7,788 

1,619 

2,014 
4,071 

1.5 

13.1 
11.6 
5.0 

9.7 
2.2 
7.1 

7.7 

13.0 
1.1 

1.0 

10.4 
5.2 
7.7 

8.6 
4.4 
6.5 

7.2 

14.8 
7.4 

6.8 

19.0 
7.6 
7.1 

11.8 
19.3 
16.5 

15.8 

25.8 
16.5 

3.7 

16.7 
29.6 
8.5 

11.1 

20.8 

14.1 
26.8 
13.0 

lS.fi 

9.5 

8.2 
7.9 
12.1 

8.4 
19.3 
11.7 

6.8 

7.8 
2.6 

8.9 

4.7 
4.0 
4.1 

5.8 
10.4 
5.1 

3.2 

2.5 
4.7 

7.6 

5.5 
2.4 
5.7 

8.2 
3.0 
3.5 

4.9 

2.5 
1.0 

6.6 

3.0 
2.4 
6.7 

7.4 
0.8 
2.1 

4.5 

1.2 
2.2 

s 

Fertilizers 

6 

7 

Foundry    and    machine 

shop  products. 
Furniture 

1.30 
4.66 

3.00 

2.64 
2.59 
2.72 

2.31 

8 
9 

10 

11 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods . . 

Lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts. 

Lumber,     planing    mill 
products,  including 
sash. doors. and  blinds. 

Oil  cottonseed  and  cake 

20.0  is.  5 
16.8  1  27.6 

15.1  '  19.6 
17.  S  j  11.4 

12 

Turpentine  and  rosin 

3.00 

2.60 

51.9 

10.1 

IIiIilNOIS. 


18 


20 


21 


.\11  industries . . 

Twenty  selected  in- 
dustries. 

Agricultural  implements. 

Bread  and  other  bakery 
products. 

Brick  and  tile 

Cars  and  general  shop 
construction  and  re- 
pairs by  steam  railroad 
companies. 

Cars,  steam  railroad,  not 
including  operations  of 
railroad  companies. 

Clothing,  men's 

Clothing,  women's 

Electrical  machinery,  ap- 
paratus, and  supplies. 

Foundry  and  machine 
shop  products. 

Furniture 

Glass 

Iron  and  steel,  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills. 

Liquors,  malt 

Lumberand  tlmlierprod- 

UCtfl. 

Lumber,  planing  mill 
products,  including 
sash,  doors,  and  blinds. 

Musical  instruments, 
pianos. 

Printing  and  publishing, 
book  and  job. 

Printing  and  publlNhing, 
newspapers  and  peri- 
odicals. 

Slaughtering  and  meat 
packing,  wholesale. 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  dg- 
nrettCH. 


8,382    $11.55   l$12.37 


4,843   I  12. 14      12.  72 


44 
1,039 


209 
70 


177 
59 
48 


93 
3 
13 

62 
149 

133 


12 
497 
767 

34 
1,001 


U.82 
10.46 


12.13 
12.79 


13.13 


9.27 
10.40 
10.80 

12.56 

12.  .35 
14.30 
13.29 

14.14 
8.09 

12.90 


11.85 
12,21 
11.74 

10.69 
10.74 


11.86 
12.36 


12.26 
12.80 


1,3.  ,33 
17.90 
11.69 


12.46 
17.13 
13.43 

14.  .37 
8.12 

12. 06 


12.41 
14.35 
13.  37 

11.00 
11.97 


$6.54 


i.59 


5.20 
6.42 


4.00 
7.83 


6.73 
7.  .33 
6.80 


5.00 
3.86 
5.84 

6.  .39 
7.50 

7.00 


5.92 
6.58 
5.63 

6.14 
7.43 


$3.58 


$2,595,822 


3.79 


4.50 
4.43 


4.51 
4.67 


3.  ,34 
3.41 
3.67 


4.16 

4.70 
4.64 

5.40 
3.55 

4.50 


4.01 
3.66 
2.85 

.3.77 
3.00 


224,664 


1,659,468 


97,784 
62,247 

51,323 
205,878 


163,964 


43,914 
14,417 
16,004 

302,898 

64,979 

12,670 

204,190 

33,803 
19,126 

38,959 


136,671 


60,783 

82,597 
51,443 


8,276 
5,952 

4,231 
16,097 


12,483 

4,739 
1,386 
1,482 

24,122 

6,262 

886 

15,368 

2,390 
2,363 

3,021 


$2,408,866 


41,279   3,483 
101,210 


4,326 

7,726 
4,790 


1,582,999 


97,485 
50,423 


51,003 
205,568 


16:i,:i86 


25,447 
7,320 
14,214 

300,372 

64,646 

11,754 

202,490 

33,396 
19,072 

38,841 


39/044 
87,286 


194,782 


124,465 


8,218 
4,081 


4,160 
16,055 


12,407 


1,909 

40(1 

1,216 

23,672 

5,187 

6S6 

15,074 

2,324 
2,.350 

2,997 


3,218 

6,0S1 


46,046       3,444 

80,006       7,276 
44,:i00        :i,701 


1.5 


1.4 


1.3 
1.1 


2.0 
0.6 


0.1 
0.5 
0.7 

0.9 

0.6 

i.'i 


0.1 
3.6 


(>) 

i.n 

3.4 

2.7 
1.8 


1.2 


0.8 
1.5 


1.3 
0.4 


0.5 
1.0 
1.8 

0.8 

0.7 

0.7 


0.2 
3.1 


0.5 

1.8 
3.7 

1.4 
3.9 


L9 


1.5 
1.7 


1.4 
0.9 


1.5 
1.2 
1.3 

1.5 

1.7 

0.9 


0.9 
5.2 


1.6 
4.4 
3.0 

1.6 
2.7 


2.5 


2.1 


2.1 
3.3 


1.9 
1.1 


2.7 
0.7 
3.3 


2.3 
9.2 
1.4 

1.2 
3.8 

1.8 


4.0 
2.7 
3.7 

2.0 
2.5  I 


3.6 


3.2 


3.2 
4.1 


4.0 
1.2 


5.1 
3.2 
4.8 


3.4 
3.9 

1.7 

2.2 
14.7 


3.4 
3.4 
4.6 

4.8 
2.7 


4.7 


4.3 


4.5 
3.7 


6.1 
3.9 


4.0 


4.8 
2.4 
5.4 

3.9 

3.4 
1.9 

2.8 

3.9 
22.6 


4.6 
3.6 
3.8 

,5.8 
2.7 


6.3 


4.9 


6.5 
6.7 


4.9 


5.4 
3.7 

7.2 


4.7 
13.4 
6.0 

1.6 
17.2 


7.1 
4.4 
4.6 

8.6 
3.9 


12.1 


18.4 
8.0 


17.6 
12.0 


5.3 
2.9 
11.8 


12.5 
15.3 
13.2 

5.3 
15.0 


9.5 
7.4 

6.7 

13.0 
4.9 


19.0 


19.3 


15.1 
12.6 


19.2 
26.2 


14.3 


14.1 
7.3 
18.5 


14.1 
11.5 
31.6 

9.3 
5.5 

14.3 


12.9 
9.0 

13.8 

21.9 
17.9 


I  Less  than  one-tenth  o(  1  per  cent. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


777 


niSTRIHUTION   OF   WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS    OF    EARNINGS;    TOTAL    AND 
OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMLiEH  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  IHOo-Conlimicd. 


<;i':oKGiA. 


MEN  16  YEARS  A!n> 

OVER— continued. 

•WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

1  illl.l.IlKN   UNDER   16  YEARS. 

Per  cent  distribution 
of  nuinltor  l)y  earn- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  <listritiuti(ni  of  nunilier  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 

Per cent  distribution  of  number  by- 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
tl5. 

$15 

to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$26. 

$25 
and 
over. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

$5 
to 

$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15! 

and 

over. 

0.1 

ber. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

S5 

to 

$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 

and 
over. 

4.4 

3.7 

1.2 

0.6 

$21,741 

5,129 

21.9 

23.1 

24.2 

16.8 

8.5 

3.0 

1.1 

0.6 

0.5 

0.2 

$9,875 

3,808 

59.5 

27.9 

10.3 

1.9 

0.3 

0.1 

(•) 

1 

3.8 

2.9 

1.0 

0.3 

15,714 

3,757 

22.0 

21.3 

26.9 

17.4 

8.6 

2.4 

0.8 

0.3 

0.3 

8,622 

3,290 

57.8 

29.2 

10.8 

1.9  1  0.2     0.1 

2 

11.8 

2.8 
1.4 
10.4 

11.0 
0.7 
1.6 

9.3 

1.7 
2.4 

15.2 

1.9 
0.7 
13.7 

1.6 
0.7 
0.8 

5.1 

0.9 
0.1 

5.8 

0.3 
0.3 
4.4 

0.4 
0.7 
0.4 

0.7 
0.4 

•0.8 

0.3 
0.2 
1.6 

0.4 

o.'s' 

0.1 
0.2 

38 
14,390 

10 
3,449 

22.0 

100.0 
21.9 

3 

27.2 

17.2 

8.2 

2.3 

0.8 

0.2 

0.2 

7,720 

2,946 

57.7 

29.0 

11.0 

2.0 

0.2 

0.1 

4 

51 

227 
368 
163 

67 

17 

86 
142 
60 

29 

70.6 

58.2 
54.2 
60.0 

65.5 

5.9 

33.7 
3.5.2 
25.0 

31.0 

23.5 

8.1 
7.8 
13.3 

3.5 

6 

39 

1,244 

30 

267 

90.0 
14.6 

10.0 
12.4 

7 

27.3 

21.7 

15.7 

4.9 

1.1 

0.8 

1.5 

2.1 

1.7 

0.7 

8 
9 

in 

11 

3 

i  ' 

100.0 

26 

10 

100.0 

n 

■     i     ■ 

1 

ILliINOIS. 


20.3 


21.3 
25.4 


18.4 
20.5 


20.2 
17.6 
24.7 

19.2 

30.8 
5.5 
18.1 

29.3 

4.8 


12.7 
16.6 


18.3 
31.4 


12.9 
18.1 


24. 2     8. 7 


24.2 
24!  5 
15.4 

24.3 

23.9 
3.7 
13.8 

.35.2 
3.3 


27. 0     31. 8 


23.8 
29.5 
17.6 


22. 0     12.  4 
27.9     25.2 


13,5 
16,4 
4.2 


3.7 
13.5 


2.6 
IS,  6 
0,9 

1,3 

0,4 

35,0 

5,1 

1,6 
0,3 

0,4 


8176,645     27,001 


8,2   10.3 

2.1     0.8 
3.5     0.4 


71,047     10,776 


281 
11,412 

4 
282 


578 

17,909 
7.019 
1,768 

2,,1S2 

125 

108 

1,635 

326 
15 

28 

846 

13, 185 

4,503 

2,316 
6,505 


54 

1,778 

1 
36 


:,663 
960 
260 

357 

25 
28 
280 

51 
2 


143 

2,005 

800 


22,2 
3,8 


4,8 
4,4 
1,5 

3,6 

8,0 

25.0 

7,9 


5,4 
11,4 


8.1 


14  8 
5.1 


14.2 


12,3 


11,1 
16,0 


100.0 


6.7 
5.7 
10.4 

9.8 

24.0 
28.6 
8,9 

1.9 


25,0 

4,2 
9,9 
16.4 


377        42  !     3.4 
876       8.  0  I     8. 3 


1.3 

8,9 
8,8 
8,1 

6.4 

.32.0 

ii's 


18.9 
13.1 

17.8 

25.2 
11.4 


7.4 
15.3 


15,1 
14  8 
16,9 

26,6 

24,0 
46,4 
20,0 

5,9 


18,1 


14.8 
20.6 


15.9 
18.6 
14.6 

26,3 

40 

23.' 9 

31.4 


27.2  1  18.9 
14  5     13. 9 


11,7 


.36.6     1.3.0 
12.4  j  13.5 


13.0 
145 


7.4 
17.0 


72.2 


23.7 

15.5 
13.2 
17.7 

14,3 

40 

'ii's' 

41.2 
100.0 


16.8 
14.5 
6.0 

7.7 
13.4 


8.5 


7.7 


11.1 


10.6 
9,3 


6,1 
19,6 


25,0 

4,9 
10,6 
5.2 

3.2 

5.9 


148 
5.9 


5.6 


15.8 


9.1 
7,6 
13,1 


6,5 


6,4 


5.6 


8.7 
9,5 
7,3 

1,7 


i25,fl 

3,  5  i  4  2 
5,4  4,6 
4. 1     4. 1 

1,3     0.8 

4.  5     7. 2 


3,9 
5.8 
1.2 

0,6 


1.8 


m 


40 


2.0 
1.4 


810,311     2,881 


2.7 

8.0  i  7.4 


5, 422     1, 430 


18 
412 


316 

28 


558 
58 
22 

344 


65 


489 
739 
234 

275 
638 


22. 7  :  38. 9  |24  3   10. 1 


18.3     35.7  27.9  13.4 


12.9 


50.0 
22.6 


11.4     14.3 
16.7 


3.0     0.8     0.2 


3.2     1.0     0.5 


25.0  25,0 

31.1  ;17,2     5.4     &4 


22.9   51,4 
50.0  33.3 


167 
17 
6 

93 


22.8 
29.4 
33,3 


46,7    25,1 
23,5  35,3 


11.8     7.5 


1.2  

5.9  

16.7 

5.  4  3. 2     1. 1 


50 

172 
14 

2.0 
1.8 

15 
11 

"27.'3' 

20 

122 

1.7 

202 

16.3 

82 

46.3 

73 

8.2 

213 

40.8 

50,0  124  0   14  0   10.0  |. 


2.9 


67,4  27.9 


21.4 

42.9 

.33.3 
45.4 

55.0 

21.3 
3?  7 

?8  fi 

7  1 

20.0 
27.3 

20.0 

26.7 

20.0 

15.0 

2L3 
7.4 
&5 

4.1 
3.8 

10.0 

4.9 
?  0 

50.8 

41.6 

31.7 

9.8 

3  7 

61.6 
«.2 

19.2 
9.9 

5.5 
1.9 

1.4 

1.4 

778 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  72.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY 


EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    STATES,    BY   SELECTED   INDUSTRIES— PER   CENT 
AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND 


INDIANA. 


AVERAGE  "WEEKLY  EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16  TEARS  AND  OVER. 

INDUSTRY. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 

years 

and 

over. 

Wom- 
en 16 

years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  nimiber  by  earnings. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 

$7. 

$7  to 

$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

1 

All  industries . . 

4,678 

$10. 10 

$10.88 

$4.83 

$3.75 

$1,257,958 

124,607 

$1,184,102 

108,854 

2.3 

1.9 

2.8 

3.5 

5.4 

8.5 

10.2 

17.0 

14.9 

2 

Ten  selected  indus- 
tries. 

Agricultural  implements. 
Brick  and  tile 

1,734 

10.80 

11.09 

4.47 

4.10 

676,280 

62,603 

664,616 

59,920 

2.0 

1.6 

2.7 

3.6 

5.5 

9.3 

10.9 

16.4 

14.4 

3 
4 

25 
243 

11.04 
9.40 
9.59 

12.34 

10.60 

8.96 
11.49 
13.32 

8.62 

9.08 

11.07 
9.50 
9.80 

12.34 

10.76 

9.39 
12.24 
13.38 

8.65 

11.08 

3.33 

's.'m' 

7.33 

4.24 

.158 
3.72 
4.60 

5.93 

4.69 

2.80 
3.59 
4.34 

3.21 

.3.44 

4.68 
4.00 

3.89 

2.43 

24,384 
31,984 
70, 3U 
134,432 

101,316 

54,635 
86,509 
105,868 

44, 119 

22,822 

2,200 
3,403 
7,334 
10,897 

9,561 

6,095 
7,531 
7,949 

5,119 

2,514 

24,260 
31,765 
68,510 
134,322 

100,338 

f,3  07() 

2,192 
3,342 
0,994 
10,882 

9,321 

0.7 
1.1 
3.8 
0.3 

2.0 

1.1 
4.3 
1.3 

2.2 

4.4 

1.3 
1.1 
1.0 
0.5 

2.1 

2.7 
3.1 
1.0 

1.9 

3.4 

3.5 

1.1 
2.2 

1.2 

3.4 

3.8 
4.7 
2.4 

2.4 

3.6 

3.9 
1.7 

2.1 
1.5 

3.8 

4.9 

10.9 

1.1 

3.3 

3.9 

5.2 
4.8 
4.8 
2.5 

4.5 

8.0 
8.1 
3.0 

11.9 

8.2 

10.3 
13.4 
7.8 
5.8 

8.3 

13.1 
5.6 
8.1 

22,1 

6.0 

15.0 
14.5 
7.6 
13.0 

D.7 

13.7 
6.1 
13.2 

10.1 

0.2 

12.1 
27.8 
29.4 
12.7 

14.8 

13.9 

8.4 
12.7 

25.7 

9.7 

14.2 
17.6 
17.2 
18.3 

15.6 

16.6 
9.1 
11.2 

7.5 

12.9 

5 
6 

7 

8 

Carriages  and  wagons 

Cars    and  general  shop 
construction    and    re- 
pairs by  steam  railroad 
companies. 

Foundry    and    machine 
shop  products. 

Furniture  . 

139 
36 

206 

98 

q 

Glass 

42 

10 
11 
12 

Iron     and     steel,    steel 
works  and  rolling  mills. 

Lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts. 

Printing  and  publishing, 
newspapers  and  peri- 
odicals. 

15 
501 
429 

105,626 
43,927 
19,382 

7,896 
5,077 
1,749 

KENTVCKV. 


1 

All  industries.. 

Ten  selected  indus- 
tries. 

Carriages  and  wagons 

Cars  and   general   shoj) 
construction    and    re- 
pairs by  steam  railroad 
companies. 
Clothing,  men's 

2,2.51 

$8.38 
8.36 

$9.20 

$4.94 

$2.81 

$298,109 

35,590 

$269,836 

29,333 

3.9. 

4.1 

5.5 

6.0 

14.0 

13.6 

7.6 

10.5 

11.0 

2 

1,133 

8.96 

5.13 

2.56 

164,488 

19,674 

151,195 

16,874 

3.5 

3.8 

5.6 

5.7 

17.4 

15.2 

6.8 

11.1 

9.3 

3 

4 

5 

70 
15 

54 
301 

41 

121 
424 

64 
39 

9.11 
10.64 

6.06 
7.03 

10.23 

14.16 

9.12 
6.84 

8.91 
6.01 

9.31 
10.64 

9.92 
7.06 

10.31 

14.16 

9.32 
6.91 

8.97 
6.82 

4.62 
7.67 

5.14 
3.00 

4.00 

3.53 

2.55 
2.14 

3.50 

13,211 
28,255 

13,627 
7,609 

10,589 

20,575 

12,479 
31,876 

11,989 
14,278 

1,450 
2,656 

2,248 
1,083 

1,035 

1,453 

1,369 
4,660 

1,346 
2,374 

13,010 
28,209 

4,661 
7,591 

10,544 

20,575 

12,259 
31,648 

11,929 
10,789 

1,398 
2,650 

470 
1,075 

1,023 

1,453 

1,316 

4,581 

!,;«) 

1,578 

1.6 

0.8 

3.0 
2.5 

4.5 

3.4 

1.4 
4.6 

3.5 

8.4 

2.4 

0.8 

5.3 
5.4 

3.1 

2.2 

2.0 
4.6 

2.6 
10.  S 

4.8 
1.7 

4.4 
9.7 

4.1 

1.6 

2.7 
9.6 

4.6 

7.2 

6.5 
0.9 

6.6 
8.4 

3.3 

3.8 

3.2 
8.3 

6.8 
8.0 

8.7 

4.7 

11.1 
36.5 

6.5 

4.4 

21.8 
28.0 

16.4 
18.3 

23.6 

8.4 

10.0 
11.9 

11.4 

7.7 

15.7 
20.8 

12.3 

17.7 

10.6 
7.3 

11.1 
4.0 

8.1 

5.4 

4.8 
6.5 

5.8 
7.5 

8.4 
14.5 

9.1 
7.9 

12.6 

17.8 

17.5 
7.9 

10.7 

7.4 

11.2 
21.5 

10.4 
3.4 

11.3 

9.5 

7.2 
3.0 

9.8 
8.6 

6 

7 

^ 

Flour    and    grist    mill 
products. 

Foundry    and    machine 
shop  products. 

Iron     and     steel,     steel 
works  and  rolling  mills. 

Liquors,  distilled 

Lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts. 

Lumber,    planing     mill 
products,  including 
sash,  doors,  and  blinds. 

Tobacco,    chewing    and 
smoking,  and  snufl. 

9 
ID 

11 
12 

4.20 
3.40 

5.19 



3.33 
2.85 

3.75 
2.17 

LOUISIANA. 


1 

All  Industries.. 

Five  selected  indus- 
tries. 

748 

19.16 

$9.93 

$4.52 

13.23 

$156,038 

17,043 

$146,193 

14,723 

4.0 

3.4 

3.4 

3.4 

7.1 

11.8 

10.0 

15.6 

14.8 

2 

105 

9.34 

9.86 

4.52 

4.14 

108,227 

11,372 

101,351 

10,279 

4.5 

2.9 

3.2 

2.8 

6.6 

12.9 

11.3 

15.9 

16.9 

3 
4 

Cars    and   general   iihop 
construction    an<l    re- 
pulr.s  iiy  steam  railroad 
companies. 

Luml»eranfltlml»or  prod- 
ucts. 

Oil.  cottonseed  and  cake. 

Sugar  and  molasses,  rc- 
nnlng. 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  cig- 
arettes. 

7 

10.78 

9.63 

7.14 
11.23 

1.96 

.10.78 

9.67 

7.14 
11.27 

7.82 

20,650 

57,448 

.5,861 
16,167 

6,101 

1,918 

5,964 

821 
1,439 

1,2:12 

20,650 

1.916 

,5.1 

3.8 
1.1.5 

2.5 

3.4 

4.4 
0.6 

,'i.S 

3.1 

.3.0 

,3.8 
2.8 

10.1 

3.1 

2.5 

4.1 
1.7 

9.6 

3.2 

6.7 

22.2 
1.3 

6.3 

8.9 

13.8 
20.7 

14.3 

11.6 
6.8 

10.3 

20.0 

9.8 
10.7 

11.6 

18.2 

14.2 

4.3 
27.2 

9.6 

04 

8 
16 

10 

5.14 

i 

67,227  '    5,921 
5,801           821 

B 

7 

8.76 
4.62 

3.00 
3.84 

16,135 

1, 47s 

1,432 

1S9 

0.3 

14.3 

9.8 
12.2 

8.9 
10.1 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


779 


DISTRIBUTION   OF   WAGE-EAKXEUS     MEN,  WOMEN,    AND   rillLDREN— BY   GROUPS    OF   EARNINGS;    TOTAL   AND 
OF  EACH  CLASS;    WITH    NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905-Conlinued. 


INDIANA. 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMEN  16  TEARS  AND  OVER. 

CHILDREN  tniDEE  16  YEARS. 

I'ercont  distrilnitlon 
of  iiumbrT  by  piini- 
ings  -  Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

I'cr  cent  distribution 

of  nunibpr  i)y  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
Iwr. 

Per  cent  distribution  oj  number  by- 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
»15. 

$15 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

$6 
to 

$6. 

$6 
to 

$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9.. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10 

to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over. 

I.*€8S 

than 
$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
and 
over. 

15.7 

12.1 

3.6 

2.1 

$65,966 

13,650 

14.9 

19.8 

21.0 

15.5 

14.2 

7.2 

3.7 

1.6 

1.3 

0.5 
0.3 

0.3 
0.6 

$7,890 
3,600 

2,103 
878 

31.0 
25.6 

28.4 
22.8 

20.5 
23.9 

9.6 
10.6 

6.7 

10.5 

1.8 
2.6 

2.1 
4.0 

1 

14.8 

11.7 

4.1 

3.0 

8,064 

1,805 

18.8 

24.6 

22.5 

14.8 

10.2 

3.7 

2.3 

1.0 

1.2 

2 

17.2 
12.9 
15.6 
18.0 

17.2 

15.8 
10.9 
13.5 

7.4 

17.2 

12.8  1  2.6 
3.  3  '  0.6 

1.2 

0.1 
0.2 
1.8 

0.6 

0.3 
10.7 
0.0 

0.3 

1.3 

10 

3 

66.7 

33.3 

14 
219 
395 

5 
61 
91 

100.0 
23.0 
6.6 

J 

44.3  '22.9 
20.9  ,'36.2 
1 

a2 

30.8 

1.6 
1.1 

4 
5 

ft 

7.0 
19.7 

15.8 

5.5 
9.1 
14.6 

4.1 

13.2 

1.3 
4.7 

2.3 

0.6 
9.0 
8.9 

1.1 

10.1 

1,406 

no 

856 

1,075 

1,012 

230 

83 

3,282 

249 
15 

202 

300 

272 

50 

14 

700 

7.2 

15.7 

14.1 

17.7 

18.5 
80.0 

4.0 

9.7 
4.4 

14.0 

2.0 

1.0 
1.5 

8.0 
13.3 

0.7 
0.4 

2.0 
6.7 

0.5 

6.' 4' 
4.0 

2.4 

0.4 

3.3 

i:i' 

5.4 

28.7 
29.0 
60.0 

38.6 

24.3 
34.5 
10. 0 

.U7 

11.3 
18.0 
12.0 

7.2 

30.4 

14.8 

14.0 
11.8 
14.0 

15.9 

1.0 
0.3 

122 

481 

2,090 

12 

109 

158 

38 

140 

447 

3 

28 

66 

39.5 

34.3 
21.5 

14.3 
56.9 

34.2 

?«3 

7 



30.7 
15.4 
100.0 

35.7 

24.6 

27.9 
20.6 

7.1 
10.7 

i9.'5' 



4.9 

i'.i' 

8 
9 

in 

85.7 
9.3 

7.1 

2.7 

46.4 
1.3.9 

3.1 

3.6 
1.6 

ji 

12.0 

22.3 

2.3 

1.3 

1.7 

0.7 

1.4 

12 

KENTlirKY, 


11.3 

8.3 

2.2 

2.0 

$24,780 

5,015 

14.3 

20.5 

18.5 

15.1 

13.3 

7.7 

4.0 

3.4 

2.4 

0.6 

0.2 

$3,493 

1,242 

55.6 

30.3 

10.1 

2.6 

1.0 

0.2 

0.2 

1 

9.5 

7.3 

2.1 

2.7 

12,229 

2,384 

14.9 

16.4 

■ 

18.3 

17.4 

12.1 

8.5 

4.2 

4.3 

2.6 

1.0 

0.3 

1,064 

416 

70.2 

16.6 

11.3 

1.9 

2 

13.7 
12.3 

13.0 
5.9 

13.5 

13.4 

10.9 
3.4 

20.5 
4.2 

6.9 
19.6 

7.9 
3.8 

16.8 

3.3 

10.1 
1.5 

6.7 
1.8 

0.8 
7.0 

5.1 
0.5 

4.7 

2.1 

1.4 
0.7 

0.2 
0.1 

0.8 
0.5 

3.0 
0.1 

0.1 

25.4 

1.3 
0.5 

0.1 
0.3 

74 
46 

8,790 
3 

24 

16 
6 

1,709 
1 

6 

18.8 

31.2 

■50.0 

127 

36 

38.9 

8.3 

38.9 

13.9 

^ 

66.7 
10.0 

16.7 
4.2 

16.6 
4.7 

4 

13.4 
100.0 

13.9 

19.7 

19.2 

13.0 

1.2 

0.3 

0.4 

176 
16 

21 

69 
7 

6 

66.7 
85.7 

16.7 

31.9 
14.3 

50.0 

1.4 

5 

33.4 

33.3 

33.3 

16.7 

16.6 

7 

R 

210 

17 

50 
5 

■46.0' 

28.0 
20.0 

48.0 
40.0 

18.0 

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

10 
211 

60 
444 

3 
74 

16 
205 

'48.'6' 
6.2 

91.7 

66.7 
31.1 

12.5 

33.3 
18.9 

81.3 

q 

1.4 

10 

11 

3,065 

591 

20.6 

22.7 

11.3 

11.7 

11.2 

4.4 

4.2 

3.4 

7.3 

3.2 

6.3 

2.0 

12 

l^OCISIANA. 


13.  7       9. 6 

2.0 

1.2 

$8,244 

1,824 

19.4 

19.1 

19.9 

19.3 

12.2 

7.0 

2.1 

0.5 

0.2 

0.2 

0.1 

$1,601 

496 

47.0 

24.0   14.7 

7.3     2.4 

1.4 

3.2 

1 

13.0      8.0 

2.0 

1.1 

4,139 

915 

22.9 

16.6 

17.7 

17.2 

14.1 

7.3 

3.0 

0.8 

0.3 

0.1 

737 

178 

21.4 

26.4  25.3 

1 

14.0     3.4 

1 

3.9 

6.6 

2 

15.1 

11.6 
5.0 

10.5 

7.0 
5.R 

3.8 
1.3 

1.9 
1.1 

S 

221 

43 

16.3 

48  8 

11.6 

2.3 

16.3 

4.7 

4 

s 

21.3     11.4 

3.3 
1.6 

1.0 
1.6 

23 
4,116 

4 
911 

25.0 

17.7 



17.3 

75.0 
13.8 

9 
507 

3 
132 

28.8 

loao 

28.0 

a 

7.4 

22.9 

16.7 

7.4 

3.0 

0.8 

0.3 

0.1 

18.2 

l&l 

as 



6.1 

7 

780 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  72.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY 


EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    STATES,  BY    SELECTED   INDUSTRIES— PER   CENT 
AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS.  AND  NUMBER  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS,  AND 

JWAINE. 


Ds-DCSTRY. 

1 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLT 
■     ISGS. 

EARN- 

TOTAL. 

UEH  16 

YEARS  AND 

OVER 

AU 

wage- 
!  earn- 
ers. 

Uenl6 

years 

and 

1  over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
"and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

■"er  cent  dist 

riliution  of  n 

umber 

by  earnings 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 

$4. 

$4  to 

$5. 

$5  to 

$G. 

S6to 

$7. 

17  to 

$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 

$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

1 

All  industries... 

Ten  selected  indui*- 
tries. 

Boots  and  shoes 

1,711 

$9.39 

S10.23 

$6.84 

$4.20 

$406,637 

43,277 

$342,291 

33,448 

1.5 

1.4 

1.9 

2.6 

6.9 

9.1 

8.9 

22.6 

16.9 

2 

695 

9.32 

10.15 

7.21 

4.19 

292,320 

31,363 

238,191 

23,463 

1.4 

1.5 

2.0 

2.7 

7.6 

9.3 

9.2 

23.2 

16.6 

•? 

22 
95 

7 
46 

388 

23 
16 
65 

29 
4 

10.25 
9.99 

6.88 
10.21 

9.30 

13.93 
11.24 
8.04 

8.39 
7.83 

11.24 
11.83 

8.16 
10.21 

9.31 

13.95 
11.38 
11.22 

9.13 
9.25 

7.85 
8.80 

6.15 

2.00 
5.07 

2.49 

•      19, 590 
51,345 

32,080 
18,825 

82,230 

14,777 

32,954 

6,718 

21,608 
12, 193 

1,911 
5,139 

4,666 
1,843 

8,842 

1,061 

2,931 

836 

2,576 
1,558 

15.246 
31,305 

16,644 
18,826 

82, 130 

14,762 
32,604 
3,860 

15,639 
7,316 

1,366 
2,652 

2,028 
1,843 

8,821 

1,058 

2,857 

344 

1,713 
791 

2.1 
.2.0 

2.3 
0.1 

0.7 

0.2 
2.6 
1.4 

3.5 

1.1 

1.4 
1.1 

5.7 
2.8 

0.5 

0.1 
1.1 
3.2 

1.2 
2.4 

1.6 
2.7 

5.0 
3.3 

0.7 

"i'e 

4.1 

3.0 
4.0 

3.8 
3.0 

6.7 
4.1 

1.1 

0.2 
1.6 
7.0 

3.7 
7.1 

6.3 
6.2 

14.8 
8.4 

8.4 

0.9 
2.2 
10.2 

8.2 
10.5 

6.7 
6.2 

13.0 
14.2 

9.8 

2.8 
3.3 
6.4 

14.6 
17.6 

9.0 

7.4 

11.0 
9.3 

10.8 

2.2 
6.4 
6.1 

12.8 
7.6 

9.1 
16.0 

12.0 
12.8 

36.8 

15.9 
19.5 

7.8 

19.8 
8.9 

19.6 
13.6 

17.4 
13.3 

17.3 

10.6 

20.6 

9.9 

17.6 
13.4 

i 

Canning  and  preserving, 
fish. 

fi 

Foundry    and    machine 
shop  products. 

Lumijerand  timberprod- 
ucts. 

Marble  and  stone  work. . 

Paper  a  nd  wood  pulp 

Printing  and  publishing, 
newspapers  and  peri- 
odicals. 

Woolen  goods 

7 

8 
9 
10 

1 

6.00 

"'e.'ii' 

5.84 

7.00 
7.30 

4.27 

5.00 
5.00 
4.22 

4.19 
3.47 

? 

mARVLANO. 


1 

All  industries. . 

Eleven  selected  in- 
dustries. 

Canning  and  pre8er\ing, 

fruits  and  vegetables. 

Cars  and  general   shop 
construction    and    re- 
pairs by  steamrailroad 
companies. 

Clothing,  men's 

2,283 

$8.60  '$10.27  '  $4.99     $2.87    1    $564,123  '  65,601 

$473,295  '  46,082       3.9 

4.3 

5.1 

4.8 

7.0 

10.2 

9.1 

10.6 

13.4 

2 

505 

8.35 

10.72  1     4.99 

2.78 

267,553 

32,036 

209,087 

19,496 

4.0 

3.8 

4.7 

3.8 

6.9 

8.9 

9.4 

9.7 

14.3 

3 

4 

29 

17 

68 

31 

4 

78 

30 
3 

13 
25 

207 

5.37 
12.47 

8.69 
6.67 
5.44 
12.61 

9.46 
10.08 

5.33 
7.36  1 
7.87 

7.84 
12.48 

12.15 
13.45 
7.86 
12.62 

9.84 
10.11 

8.80 
7.70 
9.03 

4.63 
7.14 

5.71 

5.11 

6.07 



6.80 

4.70 
4.25 
6.23 

3.08 

3.19 
2.50 
2.62 
3.17 

3.06 
5.53 

2.20 
3.00 
2.91 

24,796 
57,232 

24,447 
9,847 
15,235 
47,386 

12,339 
23,845 

25,398 
13,, 572 
13,456 

4,615 
4,588 

2,812 
1,477 
2,799 
3,759 

1,305 
2,366 

4,761 
1,845 
1,709 

10,971 
57,182 

16,094 
3,739 
6,968 

47,,%7 

12,088 
23,740 

8,564 
12,828 
9,546 

1,400 

4,581 

1,325 
278 
886 

3,753 

1,229 
2,347 

973 
1,667 
!,057 

8.6 
0.3 

0.3 
0.7 
2.4 
3.4 

5.5 
5.1 

1.3 
14.8 
4.0 

8.3 

0.3 

2.0 
0.7 
7.9 
2.7 

3.3 

4.2 

6.2 
10.0 
4.1 

5.6 

1.3 

3.8 
0.7 
13.7 
2.8 

6.6 
8.0 

7.0 
7.1 
4.5 

3.6 
1.1 

3.2 
2.2 
3.6 
1.9 

7.1 
6.2 

10.4 
5.1 
6.1 

12.8 
3.9 

3.6 
3.3 
14.2 
3.8 

9.6 
9.7 

10.3 
8.6 
6.0 

14.9 
3.6 

5.4 
6.5 
17.1 
11.1 

9.1 
8.4 

14.2 
8.9 
11.2 

9.3 

11.1 

6.6 
5.4 
5.2 
8.6 

7.8 
7.8 

13.9 
10.2 
12.2 

13.4 
10.2 

7.9 
10.4 
11.9 

9.0 

9.6 
6.6 

9.3 
9.3 
13.1 

10.6 
20.7 

18.6 
11.9 
12.0 
10.9 

12.2 
■11.0 

11.1 
12.5 
16.8 

6 

7 

Clothing,  women's 

Cotton  goods 

8 
9 

Foundry    and    machine 
shop  products. 

10 
11 

Shipbuilding,    iron   and 

steel. 
Shirts 

1? 

Tinware 

13 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  cig- 
arettes. 

MA  SSACHITSETTS. 


IK 
19 

ao 


All  Industries. .     8,724 


Eighteen    selected 
industries. 


Boots  and  shoos 

Boots  and  shoes,  rubber. 

Bread  ond  other  bakery 
pr(KhJct.H. 

Carpets  and  rugs,  other 
than  ru«. 

Cottfin  gowls 

UyiinK  and  finishing  tex- 1 
tills. 

EN'ftrieal  mnchiner>'.  ap- 
paratus, and  Ntipp'lieH. 

Foundry    nnd    machine 


shoi)  products. 
Furniture. 


lIoslcTy  and  knit  goods.. 

.lewelry 

1.4'alhfT,  tanncfl,  curriefl, 
and  fliiiNhi'rI. 

rurwT  and  wfiod  pulp 

Printing  and  publlnhlng, 
iKiok  and  jol». 

Printing  arirl  ptibllHhintr, 
newspapfTM  and  peri- 
od irals. 

TtublMTand  elastic  gor»ds. 

WfKdcii  K'hxIa 

Worsted  goods 


401 

7 

900 


109 
40 

05 

599 

110 
45 
114 
119 

83 
428 

2,30 


43 

106 
30 


11.18 
9.78 
10.98 


7.47 
8.41 

10.79 

11.62 

10.48 
n.08 

10.62 
0.84 

0.43 
11.22 

14.20 

I).  10 
8.  SO 
7.04 


til. IS 

$6.91 

1 
$4.20 

10.87 

7.14 

4.32 

12.79 
11.06 
12.21 

8.20 
8.48 
0.20 

4.01  ' 

3.96 

3.01 

10.24 

7.10 

4.38  , 

8.53 
9.14 

0.79 
0.30 

4.42  1 
4.23  1 

11.76 

6.98 

4.07 

11.73 

6.43 

4.24 

11.04 
0.40 

12.94 
9.91 

0.88 
6.3.5 
7.10 
0.23 

4.66 
3.98 

3.34 

11.24 
12.86 

0.13 
7.88 

6.14 
3.01 

10.17 

7.86 

3. 28 

10. 3S 
0.40 
O.IW 

7.50 
7.35 
0.08 

3.87 
4.69 
4.38 

$4, 713, 422 


2,955,058 


021.169 
81,. ISO 
58, 770 

40.923 

037.975 
63,ft58 

111,703 

402,5.30 

72,209 
55, 427 
04,060 
09,078 

109,151 
00,920 

76,412 


40,800 
170, 139 
171.300 


487,048 


55,573 
1, 318 
5,352 

4,856 

85.353 
7,604 

10,357 

34,655 

0,899 
7,937 
6,  ail 
10,004 

11, .581 
5,904 

5,279 


5, 1.53 
20.514 
21,670 


$3,652,719 


327,717 


2, 193, 038 


201,834 


409,201  30.690 
.50.0-i8  4,524 
52,  .592   4,306 


24,050 

a'>2. 647 
.53,  4(18 

98,913 

398,962 

00, 784 
19.345 
47,870 
98.. 'too 

84,  irei 

52,  700 


31.780 
125,202 
101,000 


2,349 

41,320 
5,8.52 

8,418 

34,012 

0, 045 
2,a57 
3,  701 
9,921 

7.480 
4, 103 


3.070 
13.318 
10,  .552 


1.0 


1.1 


1.1 
0.9 
0.0 


1.4 
1.0 

1.2 

0.7 

0.5 
0.8 
0.0 


0.7 
1.2 


0.1 
1.5 
2.2 


1.3 


1.4 


1.4 
1.4 
1.0 

1.3 

1.8 
2.2 

1.3 

1.0 

1.1 
1.1 
0.8 
1.2 

0.5 
3.1 


0.2 
1.0 
1.7 


2.7 


2.9 


2.4 
2.7 
1.2 


4.4 
2.9 

2.2 

2.1 

1.0 
4.4 
3.7 

2.8 

0.8 
4.1 


2.2 
2.3 
4.8 


4.2 


4.9 


3.2 
2.2 
2.1 


9.5 
0.2 

3.6 

2.6 

2.5 
8.8 
4.5 
4.4 

1.1 
3.4 


2.8 
4.6 
8.2 


6.7       8.S 


7.9     10.0 


5.1 
4.3 
4.3 

10.3 

10.0 
13.0 

4.1 

4.0 

3.7 
10.4 
4.7 
7.0 

3.0 
4.0 


5.2 
9.8 
7.8 


5.6 
6.3 
4.8 

11.1 

16.6 
26.5 

5.9 

6.0 

8.4 
13.4 
0.5 
9.8 

4.8 
3.5 


6.1 
17.7 
12.0 


8.7     12.2     15.8 


9.4     12.1     15.1 


6.2 
3.4 
6.1 

13.4 

12.3 
12.6 

8.6 

7.0 


9.9 
4.4 


8.5 
14.5 
11.4 


8.8 
20.7 
8.1 

10.3 

10.0 
11.1 

9.1 

14.2 


12.0  14.6 

12.8  I  9.5 

7. 8  0. 5 

11.3  17.8 


28.1 
4.9 


24.3 
12.7 
0.3 


14.6 
16.8 
15.4 

14.4 

13.1 
10.0 

16.3 

16.4 

18.0 
11.4 
13.9 
'22. 1 

19.4 
8.2 


22.1 
15.9 
15.6 


'  I*osH  thon  one-tf'hth  nf  1  per  rent. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


781 


DISTRIBUTION   OF   WAGE-EARNERS—MEN,    WOMEN.    AND  CHILDREN— BY    GROUPS   OF  EARNINGS;   TOTAL    AND 
OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  IDO.'J— Continued. 


ITIAINE. 


MEN   16   YEARS   AND 

OVER — Continued. 

WOMEN   16  YEARS   AND  OVER. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEAB8. 

Percent  distribution 
of  number  i)y  carti- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

IVrcent  distriliution  of  number  \ty  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 

Less 

than 
$3. 

cent  distribution  of  numi^er  hy 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
«15. 

SI5 
to 
J20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 

$5. 

$6 
to 
$0. 

$6 
to 

$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

SIO 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

$6 
to 

$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
and 
over. 

15.7 

10.2 

1.7 

0.6 

$59,440 

8,684 

3.6 

6.6 

14.5 

16.8 

16.5 

12.1 

9.2 

7.6 

7.S 

3.8 

1.8 

$4,806 

1,145 

21.2     27.2 

21.5 

10.7 

10.8 

5.4 

3.2 

1 

13.9 

10.2 

1.9 

0.5 

50,167 

6,955 

3.3 

5.8 

10.7 

16.6 

15.6 

12.6 

10.5 

8.9 

9.1     4.7 

2.2 

3,962 

945 

20.8     28.6 

19.8 

12.1 

9.8 

5.1 

3.8 

2 

22.  .5 
14.8 

9.8 
14.5 

9.8 

11.6 
24.0 
18.6 

11.4 
20.6 

13.1 
17.6 

1.8 
16.0 

3.6 

,'i4.2 
12.8 
18.3 

3.4 
6.7 

3.1 

7.6 

0.3 
0.9 

0.4 

1.2 
3.5 
3.5 

0.7 
0.1 

1.7 
1.8 

0.2 
0.3 

0.1 

0.1 
0.8 
3.5 

0.1 

4,340 
17,379 

15,075 

553 

1,974 

2,453 

2.7 

4.7 

2.1 

5.4 
5.5 

7.8 

9.9 
5.4 

13.9 

9.8 
6.4 

20.8 

15.6 
10.8 

17.0 

11.0 
10.0 

16.4 

11.8 
12.6 

11.2 

10.3 
13.8 

6.2 

1.5.6 
13.9 

4.2 

6.3 
10.8 

0.4 

1.6 
6.1 

4 
2,601 

461 

2 
513 

185 

100.0 
15.0 

41.1 

1 

3 

13.6 
50.3 

20.7 
4.9 

18.1 
2.7 

16.6 
0.5 

9.0 
0.5 

7.0 

4 

5 
6 

36 

6 

16.7 

66.7 

16.6 

64 

15 
10 
38 

113 
656 

15 

3 
2 
9 

27 
189 

20.0 

20.0 

13.3 
66.7 

20.0- 

ioo.o' 

11.1 

7.4 
4.2 

28.7 
33.3 

7 

8 

440 
2.820 

5.856 
4,221 

72 
483 

836 
578 

18.0 
42.1 

15.8 
19.9 

73.6 
12.4 

19.7 
15.4 

4.2 
6.4 

12.3 
14.2 

4.2 
2.5 

8.5 
9.2 

9 

3.3 

4.1 
2.8 

6.4 

3.7 
1.5 

16.8 

12.7 
9.5 

3.5 

8.4 
9.3 

3.3 

10.0 
11.8 

0.8 

4.2 
5.2 

2.5 

0.6 
1.2 

11.1 

3.7 
19.6 

44.5 

37.0 
47.6 

11.1 

48.2 
28.6 

11.1 
3.7 

11.1 

10 

11 
12 

MARYLAIVD. 


13.9 

11.3 

3.5 

2.0 

$81,950 

16,425 

14.8 

17.1 

20.5 

14.7 

14.3  1    9.3 

4.5 

2.6 

1.4 

0.6 

0.2 

$8,878 

3,094 

60.0 

27.0 

7.0 

4.4     1.2 

0.3 

0.1 

1 

15.9  j  12.4 

1 

4.2 

2.0 

53,291 

10,676 

14.2 

16.5 

22.1 

13.5 

14.6 

9.8 

4.4 

2.8 

1.4 

0.6 

0.1 

5,176 

1,864 

67.1 

21.7 

5.9 

4.9 

0.3 

0.1 

2 

6.1 
22.8 

20.5 

27.7 

7.2 

17.5 

13.0 
15.9 

9.8 
6.6 
14.9 

5.6 
14.0 

23.3 
15.1 
4.6 
17.2 

12.7 
13.6 

5.8 
4.0 
6.8 

0.7 
9.3 

3.7 
8.6 
0.2 
4.5 

2.4 
2.9 

0.7 
1.5 
0.3 

0.5 
1.4 

1.1 
6.8 

ae' 

1.1 
0.6 

'6.1" 

11,713 
50 

8,187 
6,093 
6,733 

2,530 

7 

1,435 
1, 193 
1.328 

18.9 

14.3 

19.8 
2.2 

19.9 
14.3 

12.5 
16.5 
9.2 

17.7 

3.9 

18.9 
14.3 

16.7 
11.5 
13.5 

17.3 
42.8 

7.7 
7.4 
7.0 

1.3 

28.6 

9.4 
5.3 
3.5 

0.7 

0.8 

0.5 

0.1 

2,112 

685 

55.5 

22.0 

U.5 

10.4 

0.4 

0.2 

3 
A 

14.8 
14.7 
49.1 

14.5 
16.2 
12.8 

6.6 
3.5 
2.0 

2.8 
2.9 
0.7 

0.6 
1.6 

0.1 
0.6 

166 

15 

1,534 

19 

217 

105 

846 
30 
131 

52 

6 

585 

6 

71 

19 

385 
10 
45 

48.1 
66.6 
68.9 
50.0 

53.5 

44.2 
16.7 
28.2 
50.0 

36.6 

5.8 
16.7 
2.7 

"6'.2 

1.9 

5 

? 
8 

34 

5 

20.0 

20.0 

40.0 

20.0 

9.9 

9 

100.0 
0.2 

in 

15,988 

714 

3,779 

3,403 
168 
607 

14.3 

20.8 
6.4 

19.0 
42.8 
5.9 

20.7 
12.5 
24.9 

19.6 
8.9 
13.7 

13.0 
3.6 
13.0 

7.1 
3.0 
11.2 

3.7 
2.4 
9.1 

1.9 
3.0 

8.7 

0.4 
3.0 
4.0 

0.3 

b'h' 

95.1 
50.0 
60.0 

4.7 
50.0 
28.9 

11 

1? 

8.9 

2.2 

13 

MASSACHUSETTS. 


18.1 

15.8 

3.5 

1.5 

$997,840 

144,380 

3.0 

5.4 

10.8 

16.3 

19.6 

14  6 

11.2 

8.4 

6.7 

3.0 

1.0 

$62,863 

14,951 

13.7 

31.6   32.1 

14.6     5.8  1  1.4 '0.8 

1 

16.7 

13.9 

3.2 

1.4 

711,  486 

99,671 

2.5 

3.9 

9.6 

15.8 

20.0 

15.4 

11.9 

9.4 

7.4 

3.1 

LO 

49,934 

11,561 

12.1 

30.1   34.7 

14.7 

6.1      1.4 

1 

0.9 

2 

21.3 
18.4 
28.3 

21.7 
19.5 
24.9 

6.2 
3.1 
3.0 

2.4 
0.3 
0.2 

148,219 

30,533 

5,769 

17,948 

3,600 

931 

3.1 
1.0 
5.9 

3.8 
1.9 
6.3 

6.7 
6.9 
10.3 

9.8 
6.6 
15.5 

11.8 
10.1 
21.4 

12.8 
12.4 

17.6 

11.3 
15.2 
11.1 

11.8 
29.9 
6.2 

14.4 
13.6 

5.1 

10.3 
2.4 
0.5 

4.2 

ai" 

3,749 
769 
415 

935 
194 
115 

18.1 
30.4 

27.8 

30.6   29.1 
34.0  |18.1 
30.4  '22.6 

13.2  ,  7.2     1.2 

12.9  1  4.6   

12.2 '6.1     0.9 

0.6 

3 

4 
S 

14.4 

9.9 

1.4  1  0.7 

15,172 

2,119 

4.5 

3.9 

11.4 

18.8 

17.2 

10.0 

12.2 

8.2 

10.8 

3.0 

1,701 

388 

17.3 

30.9  I35.O 

15.2  ,  0.8 

0.3 

0.5 

6 

9.6 
6.8 

3.5 

3.8 

0.8 
1.0 

0.4 
2.9 

260, 139 
9,209 

38,334 
1,449 

2.0 
1.5 

4.0 
2.1 

9.2 
17.0 

17.5 
23.7 

21.8 
37.6 

18.2 
6.9 

13.5 
7.0 

8.7 
2.5 

4.7 
1.5 

0.4 
0.1 

0.1 

25,189 
1,281 

5,699 
303 

10.7 
4.3 

30.9 
33.0 

34.9 
44.2 

14.5 
17.5 

6.3 
1.0 

1.5 

L2 

7 
8 

25.9 

19.0 

3.2 

0.6 

11,752 

1,684 

3.2 

5.0 

9.6 

15.9 

16.3 

19.7 

20.1 

5.0 

4.0 

1.2 

1,038 

255 

18.8 

22.7 

3L4 

14.5 

6.7 

3.5 

2.4 

9 

20.1 

20.5 

3.3 

0.9 

2,493 

388 

1.8 

6.4 

18.6 

20.6 

22.9 

12.9 

5.2 

3.9 

3.6 

2.6 

1.5 

1,081 

255 

19.6 

29.0 

35.7 

10.2 

3.5 

0.8 

1.2 

10 

19.3 
11.3 
20.0 
12.9 

15.6 
7.1 

19.7 
7.4 

1.7 
1.5 
7.6 
1.4 

0.5 
1.5 
3.7 
0.7 

4,765 

33,986 

15,716 

635 

693 
5.353 
2,214 

102 

0.7 
2.2 
4.9 
2.0 

5.1 
5.2 
3.1 
2.9 

6.2 
16.7 
10.2 

9.8 

21.2 
16.5 
16.5 
17.6 

18.5 
20.6 
16.0 
34.3 

19.6 
20.1 
15.3 
27.5 

13.0 

11.2 
12.  2 
3!  9 

6.9 
4.5 
8.0 

5.2 
2.4 
6.9 
1  0 

3.3 

0.5 
5.5 
1  0 

0.3 
0.1 
1.4 


750 

2,096 

468 

137 

161 

527 

116 

41 

11.2 

8.9 

20.7 

41.5 

14.9 
59.0 
33.6 
29.3 

13.7 

19.0 
19.0 
19.5 

47.2 
8.2 

17.2 
9.7 

11.2 
3.0 
7.8 

1.2 
l.l 
1.7 

.  . 

0.6 
0.2 

11 
12 
13 
14 

15.4 
21.1 

12.9 
31.7 

2.7 
6.6 

0.7 
3.2 

24,642 
13,761 

4,022 
1,752 

2.0 
3.7 

3.0 

7.4 

12.0 
6.7 

16.3 
12.5 

44.8 
12.7 

12.7 
15.4 

5.5 
10.6 

2.7 
6.3 

0.5 
12.5 

0.3 
7.8 

0.2 
4.4 

406 
393 

79 
109 

5.0 
18.3 

11.4 
41.3 

26.6 
26.6 

11.4 
9.2 

45.6 
3.7 

1<i 

0.9 

16 

14.2 

24.2 

10.2 

15.9 

8,668 

1,103 

2.1 

4.1 

9.0 

10.4 

13.9 

13.7 

10.8 

9.6 

11.0 

8.8 

6.6 

195 

60 

11.7 

55.0 

23.3 

6.6 

1.7 



L7 

17 

15.2 
13.4 
16.5 

10.6 
5.0 
8.4 

2.2 
0.9 
1.1 

0.5 
0.7 
0.4 

14,560 
47,630 
63,837 

1,941 
6,476 
9,562 

1.5 
1.9 
3.9 

3.8 
3.5 
2.8 

1L3 
9.4 
11.9 

14.2 
15.6 
21.9 

22.1 
15.5 
24.8 

15.9 
14.5 
10.4 

10.1 
12.6 
8.3 

10.3 
1L3 
7.5 

7.7 
10.7 
6.3 

2.1 
4.5 
1.9 

1.0 
0.5 
0.3 

550 
3,307 
6,409 

142 

720 

1,462 

20.4 
6.1 
9.6 

38.8 
25.8 
18.5 

30.3 
33.3 
50.6 

4.9 
22.2 
14.0 

2.8 
9.5 
5.4 

2.1 
2.0 
1.5 

0.7 
LI 
0.4 

18 
19 
20 

782 


MANUFACTURES. 


T.^BLE  72.— CLASSIFIED    ^VEEKLY 


EARNINGS— TW'EXTY-FIVE     STATES,  BY  SELECTED    INDUSTRIES— PER  CENT 
AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS  AND 

JTUCHIGAN. 


ISDUSTBT. 

Num- 
ber of 

estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY   EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN    16  YEARS   AND   OVER. 

All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

$6  to 
$7. 

$7  to 
$8. 

$8  to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

1 

All  industries.. 

Thirteen     selected 
industries. 

Agricultural  implements. 

Carriages  and  wagons 

Cars  and   general   shop 
construction    and    re- 
pairs by  steam  railroad 
companies. 
Chemicals 

4,303 

J9.92 

$10.  78 

So.17 

S3.  66 

$1,200,496 

120,978 

$1,109,686 

102,936 

0.6 

1.1 

1.7 

1.9 

3.9 

5.8 

8.6 

25.4 

19.7 

2 

1,847 

10.25 

10.70 

5.20 

3.78 

624,781 

60,977 

600,526 

56, 119 

0.5 

1.0 

1.7 

1.7 

4.0 

6.3 

9.6     25.3 

20.2 

3 
4 
5 

28 
136 
24 

8 
260 

i 

318 
154 

15 
415 

12 

394 

11.09 
10.25 
11.80 

10.35 
11.24 

9.56 
6.36 
10.26 

9.77 

9.37 
9.54 

12.07 

9.38 

11.14 
10.35 
11.81 

10.65 
11.29 

9.78 
8.95 
10.30 

9.90 

10.12 
11.29 

12.22 

11.51 

6.00 
6.64 
5.75 

3.60 
5.29 

6.76 
4.SS 
5.07 

4.15 

6.23 
5.00 

5.73 

3.53 
3.00 

4.94 
4.05 

4.23 
3.17 
4.33 

4.40 

4.86 
2.57 

5.27 

2.81 

30,531 
&5,263 
50,303 

23,324 
104,621 

58,1.54 

13,286 

186,064 

30,269 

13,808 
22,089 

29,568 

27,501 

2,752 
3,439 
4,261 

2.2i4 
9,309 

6.082 
2.481 
18,128 

3,098 

1,474 
2,316 

2,450 

2,933 

30,465 
34.702 
S0,2S0 

22.045 
104.312 

56.799 

3,294 

185. 459 

29,972 

12.062 
19,105 

29,278 

21,853 

2,734 
3,354 
4,257 

2.155 
9,237 

5,809 

368 

17,998 

3,029 

1,192 
1,692 

2,395 

1,899 

0.2 
0.8 

0.7 
0.5 

0.4 
4.3 
0.1 

0.1 

0.1 
4.5 

1.8 

0.3 
1.6 
0.8 

0.3 
2.1 

0.8 
1.1 
0.5 

0.6 

0.8 
4.1 

0.3 

3.3 

1.4 
1.9 
1.6 

0.5 
2.6 

3.1 
6.2 
0.6 

1.6 

2.1 
4.1 

0.4 

3.5 

2.0 
1.9 
1.2 

0.5 
2.4 

2.5 
5.7 
0.6 

2.4 

2.5 
5.4 

1.3 

3.0 

2.4 
4.9 
4.9 

1.2 
3.7 

5.8 
12.5 
3.4 

0.6 

6.8 
5.1 

0.7 

2.9 

6.5 
9.3 
3.4 

1.7 
6.7 

10.8 
12.0 
6.0 

6.0 

6.3 
5.3 

3.9 

3.0 

6.8 
9.3 
12.9 

16.8 
6.5 

13.1 
13.0 
9.4 

10.6 

12.1 
5.1 

9.6 

4.1 

15.8 
20.5 
20.9 

25.2 
16.2 

22.1 
IS.  5 
36.5 

35.1 

33.0 
10.0 

19.8 

6.9 

27.7 
19.3 
17.7 

23.5 
17.5 

19.7 
10.6 
23.9 

14.3 

12.6 
14.1 

17.5 

18.1 

7 

8 

Foundry    and  'machine 

shop  products. 
Furniture 

9 
10 

11 

12 
13 

14 

15 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods.. 

Lumberand  timberprod- 
ucts. 

Lumber,     planing    mill 
products,  including 
sash,  doors,  and  blinds. 

Paper  and  wood  pulp 

Printing  and  publishing, 
newspapers  and  peri- 
odicals. 

Stoves  and  furnaces,  not 
including  gas  and  oil 
stoves. 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  cig- 
arettes. 

mNNESOTA. 


1 

All  industries.. 

Ten  selected  indus- 
tries. 

Boots  and  shoes 

2,779 

$11.01 

$11. 75 

$6.27 

$3.39 

$355,647 

32,314 

$329,437 

28,049 

1.3 

1.8 

2.1 

2.5 

3.5 

4.1 

5.2 

11.6 

23.  S 

2 

1,253 

11.45 

11.79 

7.07 

3.14 

233, 561 

20,390 

224,313 

19,028 

1.4       1.8 

I 

2.1 

2.2 

2.I9 

3.6 

5.7 

11.9 

24.2 

H 

7 
16 

259 

89 

18 
(HI 

47 

92 
446 

210 

9.67 
11.90 

12.34 

12.18 

8.88 
11.34 

10.45 

11.46 
11.46 

10.  S6 

11.07 
11.90 

12.37 

12.19 

8.97 
11.34 

10.64 

13.16 
12.63 

11.58 

7.13 

3.00 

9,576 
52, 125 

39,991 

15,222 

4,361 
50,741 

13,203 

11,968 
25,321 

11,053 

990 
4,380 

3,240 

1,250 

491 
4,475 

1,263 

1,044 
2,210 

1,047 

7.209 
52, 125 

39,907 

15,182 

4,316 
50,738 

12,978 

9,500 
22,768 

9,590 

1 

651 
4,380 

3,225 

1,245 

481 
4,474 

1,220 

722 
1,802 

828 

0.1 
1.0 

0.2 

0.5 

2.1 
2.6 

0.5 

1.2 
2.8 

3.0 

6.6 
1.2 

0.3 

0.6 

4.8 
0.9 

1.1 

6.0 
3.6 

5.8 

6.1 
1.8 

0.4 

3.1 

2.5 
1.2 

2.4 

6.4 
3.4 

2.8 

7.1 
1.1 

1.2 

2.1 

6.4 
0.8 

2.9 

6.2 
6.0 

3.3 

7.8 

1.8 

1.7 

2.7 

8.1 
1.8 

4.6 

5.5 
4.8 

3.9 

6.0 
3.1 

2.3 

4.0 

15.8 
2.1 

5.1 

6.1 
5.0 

1.9 

4.0 
5.1 

7.9 

6.5 

13.1 
3.3 

7.9 

4.4 
6.0 

5.3 

9.1 
12.9 

9.1 
12.5 

13.3 

15.8 

17.5 

4.2 
0.3 

8.4 

11.7 
27,8 

24.5 

14.1 

12.3 
35.1 

22.7 

7.6 
14.7 

14.  S 

4 

Cars  and   general   shop 
construction    and    re- 
pairs by  steam  railroad 
companies. 

Flour    and    grist     mill 
products. 

Foundry    and    machine 
shop  products. 

Furniture 

Luml)erand  timber  prod- 
ucts. 

Luml>cr,    planing     mill 
products,  including 
sash, doors. and  blinds. 

Printing  ami  publishing, 
book  and  job. 

Printing  and  publishing, 
newspapers  and  peri- 
odicals. 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  cig- 
arettes. 

5 

6 

7 
8 

9 

10 
U 

12 

6.45 

8.00 

4.50 
3.00 

6.04 

7.77 
6.60 

7.03 

3.25 

3.88 

3.00 
3.08 

2.78 

imssouRi. 


1 

AH  Industries.. 

Ten  selected  Indus- 
tries. 

3,836 

$10.39 

$11.38 

$6.02 

$3.55 

$778,709 

74,944 

$706,966 

62,128 

3.3 

2.2 

2.8 

3.4 

6.2 

6.6 

6.4 

11.8 

16.9 

2 

1,647 

10.58 

ll.SS 

6.19 

3.67 

325,000 

30,719 

298,689 

26,699 

3.9 

2.7 

2.8 

3.6 

8.2 

0.4 

0.9 

11.2 

14.7 

R 

12 

429 

9.^7 
10.82 

12.04 
12.26 

7.66 
6.16 

3.09 
3.08 

35,;«7 
22,937 

3,(m2 

.2,180 

24,608 
20,336 

2,044 
1,669 

2.0 
0.1 

3.2 
1.1 

2.0 
3.6 

4.8 
4.0 

7.2 
6.4 

7.0 
6.6 

9.3 
6.4 

8.1 
6.8 

9.7 
12.8 

4 

Broad  and  other  bakery 

products. 

6 

Curs   an<l   ffeneml   shop 
condlnirtlon    and    ro- 

20 

12.40 

12.46 

8.00 

63,728 

4,313 

.'i3,  IHI6 

4,  .109 

1.8 

1.4 

1.3 

1.6 

2.8 

4.6 

6.2 

16.0 

18.8 

piilrn  bv  Hteiim  railroad 

conipaiileti. 

0 

Cars,  wlrurii  ruilrond.  not 
Ineliidln^  riiieratlnnn  of 
rnllroHd  eompanles. 

4 

10.40 

10.47 

7.04 

47,780 

4,607 

47,696 

4,856 

11.1 

4.2 

3.0 

3.7 

4.2 

4.4 

6.8 

10.2 

16.7 

7 

Clothing,  iiii'ii's. . 

21 
118 

7.13 
12.43 

13.77 
12.48 

O.OS 
6.43 

2.67 
3.06 

11,329 
80,688 

1,SS8 
4,070 

3,183 
60.663 

229 
4,060 

0.4 
0.7 

O.ll 
0.8 

0.9 
1.4 

1.8 
2.6 

.1.1 
2.8 

3.9 
4.0 

2.6 
3.9 

7.0 
12.9 

10.0 
20.0 

R 

Foundry    and   innchlne 

shop  products. 

« 

20 

12.10 
8.13 

12.60 
8.24 

6.68 
3.00 

4.05 
4.26 

26,1104 
23,958 

2,212 
2,947 

26,309 
23,088 

2,112 
2,874 

4.8 
3.3 

8.1 
3.1 

2.9 
3.6 

4.8 
4.4 

2.8 
12.6 

2.0 
18.1 

2.3 
10.8 

4.4 
21.9 

13.0 
8.1 

10 

Linnlierandtlinlierprod- 

iirlK. 
i'rlntlngfinrl  publishing, 

11 

207 

11.00 

12.04 

6.18 

3.68 

28,246 

2,668 

24,228 

1,872 

1.1 

2.3 

2.2 

2.9 

4.2 

0.4 

4.9 

4.3 

9.4 

book  and  Job. 

12 

Print  lUK  and  publishing, 
n*'W«isiIK'rH  an'l  iktI- 
o<llcals. 

r.52 

9.37 

11.21 

4.62 

2.03 

24,100 

2,873 

21.226 

1,804 

6.0 

4.0 

8.0 

8.9 

8.6 

6.9 

0.0 

8.9 

13.3 

'  !.<'»«  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


783 


DISTRIBUTION   OF   WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,  WOMEN,    AND    CHILDREN-BY  GROUPS    OF    EARNINGS;  TOTAL   AND 
OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH    NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  l!)Or>— Continued. 

miCHIGAN. 


MEN   18  TEARS  AND 

OVER — continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

CBILDBEN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

Per  cent  distribution 
of  number  i)y  earn- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

] 

'ercent  distriljution  ol  n 

amber  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 

Per cent  distribution  of  number  by 
earnings. 

tl2 
to 
$15. 

1          1 
»15       $20      $25 
to       to    and 
r-H).    $25.  over. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over. 

ber. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3        $4 

to       to 
$4.      $5. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

$6       $7 
to       to 

$7.      $8. 

1 

$8 

and 
over. 

17.9 

10.8 

1.8 

0.8 
0.7 

$84,812 

10,405 

8.7 

17.2 

20.4 

16.9 

18.1 

8.0 

5.3 

2.5 

2.0 
2.0 

0.6 

0.3 

$5,998 

1,637 

28.1 

31.5 

26.0 

8.4 

42 

1.4     0.4 

1 

10.5 

10.6 

1.9 

21,571 

4,148 

10.0 

17.7 

17.4 

19.2 

15.6 

9.2 

4.5 

3.0 

1.1 

0.3 

2,684 

710 

23.7 

29.4  31.3 

1 

8.2 

5.2 

1.7     0.5 

i 

2 

26.4 
20.1 
19.3 

18.7 
19.0 

13.7 
11.4 
11.9 

14.8 

13.3 
18.3 

15.0 

32.3 

0 
558 
23 

295 
74 

755 

9,526 

289 

112 

1,712 
2,840 

1 

84 

4 

82 
14 

100.0 
13.1 
50.0 

60 
3 

17 

1 

ioo'o' 

70.6 

23.5 

5.9 

3 

8.7     1.5 
13.8     2.8 

0.2 
0.7 

4.8 

9.5 
25.0 

100.0 

22.6 

13.1 
25.0 

5.9 

48 

3.6 

4 

3.1/ 

::::;:::::; 



a 

84 
235 

600 
466 
316 

185 

34 
144 

290 

267 

17 
58 

142 
147 
73 

42 

7 
56 

55 

95 

11.7 

49 
44.9 
9.6 

52. 6 

5.9 

47.1 

5.9 
1.7 

141 
41 
9.6 

9.5 

"h'.3 
18.2 
5.3 

11.7 
8.6 

7.0 
0.7 
6.8 

11.8     5.9 
1.7 

6 

20  1     *>  "^  '  0  d 

57.2 

18.3 
20.1 
22.8 

26.0 

10.2 
18.3 

14.3 

22.1 
22.7 
24.6 

ia5 

12.0 
18.0 

14.3 

22.9 
14.3 
26.3 

18.5 

34.5 
21.1 

7.1 

8.4 
7.4 
1.8 

7.i 

3.8 
3.4 
1.8 

51.8  36.2 

30.3   40.9 

29.9  20.4 
24  7   39.8 

19.1  71.4 

1 

28.6  |28.6 
17.9   10.7 

18.2  45.4 
32.6  1  95 

7 

6.9 

0.8  '  0.3 

131 

1,960 

57 

27 

275 
508 

is.'s" 

17.5 
22.2 

1.8 
9.7 

17.5 
14.5 

14.8 

9.5 
18.5 

0.8 
1.9 
1.8 

3.1 

2.3 

0.8 

n  1 

2.8 

8 

5.0  1.5 
7.4  j  0.5 

8.1  i  1.9 
14.1  :  5.0 

24.5  1  4.1 

0.6 
(>) 

0.4 
49 

2.3 

0.8 

1.7      1,7    

6.8 

... 

2.7 

10 
11 

24.4 
6.9 

2.5 
3.3 

1.5 
1.6 

0.7 
1.6 

1.8 
0.7 

1.1 

0.3 

42.8 
1.8 

18.2 

i'k' 

::::: 

12 
13 

14 

5,381 

939 

7.5 

21.2 

14.2 

1 

16.5 

9.1 

10.4 

3.5 

1.9 

0.4 

IS 

1 

MINNESOTA. 


22.8 

15.6  1  4  5 

1.5 

$25,679 

4,079 

6.7 

13.5 

14  7 

14  7 

15.3 

10.2       8.4 

4. 9  ;  6.  8  ,  3.  4 

1.4 

$631         186     31.2     37.6   22.1 

3.2 

5.4 

1 

0.5 

1 

23.0 

147  1  48 

1.7 

8,943       1,265 

3.9 

10.5 

11.2 

15.0 

16.0 

11.0 

9.6 

5.3 

8.5 

5.1 

3.9] 

305 

97     37.1 

42.3  :15.5 

3.1 

1.0 

1.0 

2 

19.7 
22.9 

29.2 

21.0 

12.9 
24  9 

21.1 

12.7 
17.3 

24  6 

19.5     2.3 
13  3     "^  ' 

as' 

1.9 
0.2 

'2.'i' 
0.2 

7.1 
5.3 

1.0 

2,331           327 

3.7 

14  7 

11.9 

10.4 

10.1 

8.9 

ao 

7.3 

2.4 

36 

12 

58.3 

41.7 

3 

4 

16.6 

27.4 

8.3 
8.6 

11.7 

24  5 
17.0 

18.4 

47 

5.3 

0.4 
0.8 

2.3 

8.2 
8.9 

7.1 

20.0 

9.1 



72.7 

9.1 
20.0 

40.0 

9.1 
20.0 

13 

4 

50.0 

25.0 

25.0 

.■> 

40 

45 
3 

163 

2,447 
2,430 

1,413 

5 

10 
1 

27 

315 
368 

201 

6 

100.0 

7 

100.0 

H 

3.7 

14  6 
16.0 

20.9 

96.3 

12.4 
19.0 

16.9 

62 

21 
123 

50 

16 

7 
40 

18 

14  3 
37.5 

61.1 

68.8 

85.7 
27.5 

38.9 

31.2 

9 

41 
4  4 

3.5 

6.7 
12.8 

7.5 

7.3 
11.1 

14  4 

13.7 
13.3 

8.9 

16.5 
7.6 

6.5 

6.0 
3.8 

3.5 

•9.2 
5.4 

5.0 

44 

2.5 

7.9 

5.1 
41 

5.0 

in 

22.5 

7.5 

2.5 

2.5 

11 

1? 

missocTRi. 


18.9 


18.2 
24  7 


20.3 


25.3 
17.7 


18.8 
4  4 


20.6 
11.5 


17.0  '  3.7 


1.9 


18.9     42 


22.9 
25.2 


20.0 


10. 8     2. 8 


341 
25.7 


31.0 
2.7 


30.0 
7.1 


2.9 


0.0 


$63,937 


10,617  I     6.3 


26,318 


8,975 
2,478 

32 


8,140 
38 

254 
90 

3,623 

2,604 


4,251 


1,173 
481 


1,345 
7 


586 
576 


5.4 


4  0 
0.4 


5.1 
143 


5.3 
40.0 


1.4 
15.6 


10.4 


12.3 


7.3 
29.7 


16.3 


13.1 


8.0 
16.2 


56.7 
8.5 
28.3 


14  8 
14  3 

2.6 

10.4 
20.1 


16.9 


11.6 
18.3 


23.2 
42.8 

15.8 
»■ 

15.5 

13.4 


10.6 
26.0 


25.0 
14  3 

23.7 

29.2 
10.3 


12.0 


12.4 


14  2 
4  0 

75.0 

81.8 

11.5 
14  3 

23.7 

23.7 
4  7 


7.0 
6.5 


11.5 
3.3 


25.0 


1&2 


18.4 

5.0 
2.1 


141 
0.4 


3.9 


10.5 
3.3 


4  3 


6.0 


5.0 


2. 1  I  0. 7 
3.1  I  1.0 


9.0  I  2.4 
0.2 


1.1 


$7,806 


3,099 


1,754 
123 


251 
183 


394 
271 


2,199  !  24  5 


31.0  i31.6 


22.  7     30. 8 


35.2 


475     15.8 
40     60.0 


85.7 


19.4 
43     2L0 


110       2. 7 
103  I  60.2 


28.8 
17.5 


47.0 
10.0 


143 
31.8 


32.5  13.9 

60.0  '25.5 

I 
18.4    12  fi 


'.7     42     0.6     0.4      1 


&4 
10.0 


9.1 
19.4 


1.6 
i23.3 


&2     3.6 


0. 5     0. 6      2 


3 

2.5  I  4 


3.2   

2.3  7.0 


1.0    in    1.0    12 


784 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  72.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    STATES,   BY    SELECTED   INDUSTRIES— PER  CENT 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS.  AND 

NEW  HAmPSHIRE. 


rSDDSTRy. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARN- 
INGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

All 
wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

^0^.5    1  years 
o-!o^,^i 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent  distribution  of  nuiulnT  by  earnings. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

S3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

S5to 
SO. 

$6  to 

$7. 

$7  to   $8  to 
tS.   1    $9. 

! 

$9  to 
SIO. 

SlOto 
$12. 

1 

All  industries . . 

Six  selected  indus- 
tries. 

Boots  and  shoes          .  .. 

810 

$9.04 

WO.  03 

S6.99 

$4.04 

$270,034 

29,874 

$205,379 

20,473 

1.5 

1.7 

2.6 

4.5 

8.1 

11.6 

9.8 

16.9 

17.2 

2 

237 

8.55 

9.65 

7.06  1    4.09 

182,471 

21,330 

122,317 

12, 673 

1.8 

1.7 

3.3 

5.0 

9.5 

13.1 

10.2 

15.4 

17.7 

T 

24 
5 
40 

12 
141 

15 

9.23 
7.80 
11.22 

7.18 
9.83 

8.96 

10.35 

8.67 
11.25 

8.88 
9.84 

9.93 

7.31 
7.05 
6.00 

6.60 
6.50 

7.24 

4.30 
4.18 
3.40 

2.36 
4.70 

45,742 
78,894 
16,736 

10,059 
11,954 

18,486 

4,956 
10.117 
1.492 

1,485 
1,216 

2,064 

33.221 
43.302 
10.707 

3,800 
11,941 

13,346 

3,209 
4,993 
1,485 

428 
1,214 

1,344 

3.1 
1.7 
0.4 

3.3 
0.2 

1.0 

2.2 
1.8 
1.7 

2.3 

0.1 

1.0 

4.0 
3.8 
3.0 

3.0 

1.1 

2.4 

5.6 
6.8 
2.6 

4.0 
0.9 

3.4 

5.9 

14.8 
5.9 

9.3 
4.2 

7.0 

8.7 
17.5 
7.4 

18.7 
9.1 

15.0 

8.0 
13.3 
5.4 

14.3 
7.9 

10.3 

11.6 
11.9 
13.7 

13.1 

40.2 

17.9 

18.3 
16.1 
16.6 

15.7 
20.2 

21.6 

4 
S 

6 

7 

Cotton  goods 

Foundry  and    machine 
shop  products. 

Hosierj-  and  knit  goods.. 

Lumberandtimber  prod- 
ucts. 

NEW  JERSEY. 


1 

Alt  industries. .. 

Eighteen  selected  in- 
dustries. 

Boots  and  shoes           

4,153 

$10  41 

$11.75 

$6.03 

S3.  .55 

$1,456,513 

139,862 

$1,276,999 

108,669 

1.6 

2.1 

2.9 

3.4 

4.8 

6.7 

8.4 

12.4 

15.6 

2 

1,617 

10.46 

11.84 

6.36 

3.47 

712.258 

68,084 

615, 152 

51.969 

1.4 

2.0 

2.6 

3.2 

4.3 

6.0 

9.0 

12.7 

16.5 

^ 

21 

822 

14 

26 
25 
10 
20 

15 

207 

5 
37 
10 

31 

4 
34 

55 
276 

5 

8.61 
11.96 

12.29 

10.18 
6.28 
7.94 
9.82 

8.37 

1L45 

13.19 
13.39 
10.92 

12.65 

11.96 
12.07 

8.70 
6.53 

5.45 

10.40 
12.37 

12.32 

10.95 
11.19 
11.01 
10.18 

10.84 

11.64 

14.63 
15.14 
10.519 

12.83 

12.28 
12.55 

10.92 
9.71 

8.68 

6.47 
5.70 

7.26 

5.55 
5.93 
6.69 
5.95 

6.60 

5.61 

4.09 

7.72 
5.47 

5.62 

7.00 
5.07 

7.30 
5.38 

4.90 

3.26 
3.73 

■ '3.26' 
3.76 
3.74 

3.12 

4.26 

3.96 
3.50 

4.43 

4.45 
4.06 

3.23 
2.64 

2.82 

8,001 
38,449 

57,565 

23,  .537 

0.843 

25,052 

31,241 

35,407 

161,998 

21,827 
44, 894 
44,  449 

24,775 

48,673 
50,105 

52,351 
30,673 

6,418 

929 
3,215 

4,682 

2.312 
1.090 
3.154 
3,181 

4,230 

14,144 

1,655 
3,352 
4.072 

1,959 

4,070 
4,161 

6,015 
4,695 

1,178 

5,604 
37,534 

57,398 

21,701 

1.074 

12,296 

29.746 

19.912 

159,911 

20,935 
38,812 
44.148 

24,  ,552 

47,928 
48,795 

28,152 
13,730 

2,924 

539 
3,034 

4,659 

1,981 

96 

1,117 

2,921 

1,837 

13.741 

1.431 
2.563 
4,017 

1,913 

3,903 
3,889 

2,  ,577 
1,414 

337 

1.9 
0.5 

0.5 

0.8 
2.1 
0.5 
0.4 

4.6 

1.7 

0.4 

0.3 
2.5 

0.1 

.1.4 
1.3 

2.3 
1.8 

1.9 
0.9 

0.6 
0.9 

5.2 
1.4 

0.8 

1.1 

5.9 
1.7 

1.3 

2.7 
1.0 
5.2 
2.9 

5.8 

3.2 

3.6 
3.2 
3.2 

2.1 

1.5 
3.4 

5.4 
8.1 

9.8 

5.6 
2.7 

2.7 

3.5 
4.2 
8.9 
4.0 

0.5 

3.6 

13.3 
2.2 

4.6 

1.4 

3.2 
4.2 

5.8 
9.2 

11.6 

8.5 
2.8 

2.7 

4.8 
1.0 
11.7 
12.6 

8.9 

6.5 

7.6 
4.8 
9.7 

7.0 

4.3 

8.4 

6.2 
7.4 

6.8 

7.0 
5.3 

17.9 

0.5 
34.4 

5.4 
12.2 

7.7 

8.2 

2.4 
4.3 
14.0 

6.6 

6.3 
11.2 

7.0 
6  9 

4.8 

10.8 
6.2 

15.0 

23.9 
4.2 
9.6 

10.5 

6.7 

12.  6 

10.  S 
6.1 
11.1 

14.4 

IS.l 
18.2 

8.2 
6.7 

7.1 

12.8 

15.7 

11.6 

19.4 
27.1 
13.1 
36.0 

14.3 

14.3 

0.5 
10.3 
15. 1 

21.1 

14.9 
15.0 

14.5 
14.1 

5.9 

4 
5 

Bread  and  other  bakery 

producls. 
Car.s   and    general  shop 

construction    and    r(»- 

pairs  by  steam  railroad 

companies. 

7 

Clothing,  women's 

0.8 
0.7 

3.2 

2.7 

5.9 
0.2 
2.3 

0.4 

0.9 
0.6 

3.9 
6.9 

8.3 

2.8 
2.3 

5.0 

2.9 

7.5 
1.4 
2.4 

0.2 

1.5 
2.1 

4.8 
6.8 

14.8 

9 
10 
11 
1' 

Dyeing     and     finishing 
textiles. 

Electrical  machinery .  ap- 
paratus, and  supplies. 

Foundry    and    machine 
shop  products. 

13 

Hats  (elt                  

14 

15 

16 
17 

18 
19 

Of) 

Iron     and     steel,    steel 
works  and  rolling  mills. 

Leather,  tanned ,  curried , 
and  finished. 

Petroleum,  refining 

Pottery,  terra  cotta,  and 
flrc  clay  products. 

Silk  and  silk  goods 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  cig- 
arettes. 

NEW  YORK. 


4 

S 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 


.Ml  industries... 

Twenty-nine  select- 
ed Industries. 

Bookbinding  and  lilank 

book  making. 

Boots  and  shoes 

IJoxes,  fancy  and  paper. . 
Bread  and  other  bakery 

products. 

Brick  and  tile 

Cunning  and  prc!servlng, 

fruits  and  vegetables. 
Carriages  and  wagons — 
Cars  and    general    shop 

construrtion    and    n-- 

palrs  by  sU'ura  railroad 

cofiipahle.H. 

Clothing,  men's 

Clot  libit'   women's 

(■olhiriiindcullfl 

Cfinfi-cti'MM-ry 

Foundry    and    mncbino 

shoo  products. 

Furniture 

0ns,    llliiiMlnatlng    and 

he.'iting. 
Hosiery  and  knit  goods. 
Iron     iind     »t<i'l.     st"'! 

worksand  rolling  mills. 


19,030 


$10.40 


10,583 


141 

71 

119 

2,394 

74 
257 

396 
33 


667 
S&l 
7 
104 
710 

267 
47 

87 
II 


10.34 


$11.79  ,  $6.64 


9.08 

9.35 
7.32 
11.30 

10.36 
6.36 

11.88 
11.31 


10.31 
8.04 
7.12 

12.04 

10.39 
11.02 

7.70 
11.30 


11.04      6.80 


10.64 
10.13 
12.52 

10.38 
8.50 

11.97 
11.31 


12.30 
13.07 
10.24 
10.73 
12.13 

10.64 
11.02 

9,00 
11.40 


C.  13 


7.03 
6.65 


6.30 

"'4.'7i' 

6.90 
960 

6.47 
7.68 
7.08 
6.09 
6.90 

6.62 
4.60 

7.12 
6.00 

$3.64 


3.63 

3.02 
2.71 
3.46 

4.60 
3.32 

3.00 


3.36 
3.44 
3.49 
3.36 
3.74 

3.48 


4.16 


$4,476,464 


430,475 


2,472,260 


239,210 


38,665 

66,017 
38,549 
139,916 

43,001 
46,6.54 

65,284 
80,384 


168,798 

222,133 

62,230 

27,606 

301,088 


4,246 

7,064 
5,204 
12,316 

4,100 
7,360 

4,052 
7,906 


16,162 

21,666 

6,498 

3,877 

29,986 


90,309   8,702 
18,021   1,030 


86,726 
37,210 


11,120 
3,266 


25,912 

40,857 

20,862 
121), S-W 

42,962 
26,897 

54,950 
89.305 


116,189 

130,276 

10,944 

16,0.56 

368,8.'ll 

89, 1 19 
18,012 

34,798' 
.36,794 


2,143 

4,686 
2,060 
10,374 

4,138 
3,130 

4,689 
7,903 


9,362 
9,6.12 
1,069 
1,4113 
29,688 

8,468 
1,634 

3,842 

3,203 


0.9 

2.2 
1.8 
0.6 

0.9 
6.6 

1.2 
0.8 


1.1 

0.6 
3.  3 
0.3 
1.4 

1.3 
2.7 

1.4 

1.0 


3.1 

2.7 
3.7 
1.2 

0.8 
2.4 

1.2 
1.0 


2.8 

1.2 
5.0 
1.8 
2.6 

1.9 
1.6 

1.7 

O.II 


3.0      3.6 


2.S 


5.5 

4.6 
6.2 
1.5 

1.6 
2.6 

1.4 
0.8 


3.9 
1.4 
7.6 
3.2 
2.8 

,3.1 
4.0 

3.3 
1.0 


3.2 


6.0 

6.2 
6.1 
2.1 

1.8 
3.0 

1.7 
1.2 


4.8 
2.7 
8.0 
6.1 
2.7 

3.8 
2.7 

.1.2 

2.0 


4.9  I    6.8  i    7.4 


4.8 


7.4 

7.8 
8.2 
2.9 

3.4 
9.0 

3.2 
L9 


6.2 
.1.8 
9.1 
12.6 
3.5 

6.9 
4.6 

12.1 
4.3 


6.6      7.0 


5.7       7.3 


9.5 
6.8  I 
3.0 

6.6 
15.4 

3.9 
7.0 


6.4 
5.0 


9.3 
6.4 


9.9 
3.0 


18.3 
9.2 


9.3 
7.1 
4.3 

0.4 
4.6 

4.8 
10.0 


0.4 
6.8 
6.0 
6.7 
6.6 

10.0 
7.1 

16.4 
15.4 


12.6 


12.5 


9.9 
9.0 
6.1 

24.1 
2i).5 

10.4 
20.8 


6.8 
8.9 
.S.  0 
9.  5 
12.  6 

1,1.0 
10.0 

14.3 
20.9 


16.6 
15.3 


12.9 

10.1 
18.8 
16.8 

28.4 
12.8 

21.0 
18.7 


14.4 
16.0 
1,1.6 
16.0 
14.6 

16.0 
18.0 

16.6 
17,8 


1  I^ess  than  ono-tcnth  of  1  ikt leui 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


785 


DISTRIBUTION    OF   WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN-BY   GROUPS    OF    EARNINGS;   TOTAL   AND 
OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Coin iinied. 

NEW  HAmPSHIRK;. 


MEN   16   YEARS   AND 

ovER—conliiiiicd. 

WOMEN   18   YEARS   ANII   OVER. 

CHILDKEN  VNBEK  16  YEABS. 

Per  cent  distribution 
of  number  by  earn- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent  distribution  of  number  by 
earnings. 

S12 
to 
$15. 

115 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over. 

Loss 

than 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

$5 
to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

89 
to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12  \  JI5 
to    and 
$15.  over. 

Less 

tlian 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 
to 
$5. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

$G 
to 
$7. 

$7 

to 
$8. 

$S 

and 
over. 

14.9 

9.5 
7.3 

1.5 

0.3 
0.2 

$63,178 
58,799 

9,035 
8,326 

3.2 
3.1 

4.6 
4.3 

8.B 
8.6 

14.7 
14.1 

21.5 
21.4 

14.3 
14.4 

10.9 
11.4 

9.8 
9.9 

9.3 

2.4 

0.5 

SI,  477 

366 

11.5 

38.5 

31.1 

11.2 

6.3 

1.4 

1 

13.4 

19.4 
8.4 
19.9 

11.9 
9.9 

14.1 

1.4 

2.8 
0.8 
1.4 

0.9 
1.2 

0.7 

9.8 

2.5 

0.5 

1,355 

331 

10.3 

37.2 

32.6 

12.1 

6.3 

1.5 

2 

10.0 

2.9 

21.8 

3.0 
4.9 

5.6 

0.4 
0.2 
0.2 

0.5 
0.1 

12,164 

34,818 

12 

6,793 
13 

4,999 

1,664 

4,939 

2 

1,029 
2 

690 

5.9 

1.4 

6.8 

5.8 
3.9 
50.0 

5.2 

9.8 
7.7 

11.9 
13.6 

12.7 
25.7 

13.6 

14.7 
50.0 

12.8 
50.0 

15.8 

11.2 
11.8 

10.7 
9.8 

10.9 
10.1 

5.9 
1.3 

1.6 

357 

774 
17 

66 

83 
185 

5 

28 

1.2 
6.5 
20.0 

67.9 

35.0 
42.2 
80.0 

17.8 

44.6 
31.9 

10.8 
12.4 

6.0 
6.5 

2.4 
0.5 

3 
4 

5 

8.2 

19.0 
50.0 

15.4 

18.1 
16.9 

11.7 

10.5 

6.3 

1.4 

10.7 

3.6 

6 

7 

2.7 

2.7 

12.5 

8.3 

9.0 

10.6 

4.2 

1.9 

141 

30 

3.4 

23.3 

30.0 

23.3 

13.3 

6.7 

8 

NEW  JERSEY. 


16.9 

18.0 

4.8 

2.4 

$167,088 

27,690 

8.0 

11.5 

16.1 

17.4 

15.2     12.0 

8.2 

4.8 
5.4 

3.9  1  2.1 

0.8 

$12,426 

3,503 

25.7 

38.1 

25.0 

7.1 

3.1  '  0.5 

0.5 

1 

16.6 

18.8 

4.7 

2.6 

90,666 

14,257 

7.0 

9.0 

14.1 

16.3 

15.2 

14.9 

10.0 

4.3 

2.8 

1.0 

6,440 

1,858 

26.0 

38.2 

25.9 

6.2 

3.3     0.3 

0.1 

2 

22.3 
32.4 

17.7 

18.1 
3.1 

15.6 
10.5 

13.8 

17.7 

3.8 
18.3 
14.7 

19.8 

12.8 
8.8 

20.0 
17.6 

16.0 

14.6 
27.7 

21.9 

14.6 
15.6 
15.3 
5.2 

18.0 

22.0 

7.7 
27.1 
12.1 

17.7 

29.6 
12.2 

15.1 
12.7 

14.0 

.3.1 
2.2 

4.7 

2.9 
7.3 
9.7 

1.5 

4.3 

3.7 

3.7 
15.2 
3.2 

6.4 

4.2 

8.4 

5.8 
1.8 

0.3 

0.4 
0.5 

2.6 

0.8 

"i.'4 
1.2 

1.2 

0.9 

26.8 
6.6 
2.1 

2.8 

1.3 
6.2 

1.0 
0.6 

2,270 
695 

167 

1,836 

6,625 

11,647 

1,409 

15,236 

1,538 

139 

6,075 

301 

90 

7 
1,237 

23,478 
16,267 

2,649 

351 
122 

23 

331 
949 

1,742. 
237 

2,310 

274 

34 

787 

55 

16 

1 
244 

3,215 
3,025 

541 

1.1 

9.1 
13.1 

19.4 
21.3 

18.5 
24.6 

12.0 
13.1 

91.3 

13.6 
19.8 
19.7 
31.6 

17.7 

15.7 

9.1 
10.7 

9.1 
9.0 

10.0 
4.9 

4.3 

3.3 
4.7 
4.2 
1.3 

6.7 

1.5 

5.7 
0.8 

4.4 

1.8 
3.3 
2.0 
0.8 

4.4 

1.5 

6.0 

1.7 

o.'s' 

127 
220 

39 
59 

12.8 
23.7 

71.8 
33.9 

10.2 
25.4 

2.6 
3.4 

2.6 
6.8 

e's' 

3 
4 

S 

2.7 
9.1 
0.6 
0.4 

5.7 

0.7 

'i.o' 

10.6 
9.9 
3.3 
4.6 

5.1 

3.3 

38.2 
3.6 

21.4 
12.3 
7.0 
22.4 

11.6 

12.4 

61.8 

5.8 

72.7 

21.2 
16.3 
10.5 
20.3 

17.1 

56.9 

13.9 
13.2 
31.3 
13.1 

17.2 

5.1 

10.3 
8.6 

21.2 
1.3 

14.0 

0.7 

0.9 
1.9 
0.2 
2.1 

0.4 

0.7 

0.3 
0.9 

i'.i' 

0.1 
1.5 

ft 

144 

1,109 

.       86 

259 

549 

753 

7 

45 

295 

23 

83 

129 

190 
2 

66.7 
9.2 
17.4 

38.6 
6.2 
1.6 



4.4 
30.8 
39.1 

47.0 

31.8 

66.8 
100.0 

49.'8' 
34.8 

8.4 

44.2 

29.5 

28.9 
4.1 
4.3 

4.8 

9.3 

L6 

h'l 

4.4 
1.2 
8.5 

n.s 

'6.'7' 

as' 

7 
8 

in 

u 

12 
13 
14 

12.4 
20.0 

43.8 

10.8 

50.0 

100.0 
13.9 

13.7 
13.1 

18.3 
7.3 

6.2 

15.1 

14.4 

11.9 

5.1 

1.6 

133 

738 
73 

721 
676 

845 

30 

166 
18 

223 
256 

300 

56.7 

54.2 
22.2 

13.9 
8.6 

7.3 

43.3 

18.7 
11.1 

5.4 

2.7 

0.7 

15 

ie.'t" 

40.4 
55.1 

42.0 

13.9 
27.8 

39.0 
33.6 

50.0 

13.2 

22.2 

0.9 

16 

17 

10.7 

6.6 
16.9 

13.1 

9.2 
16.1 

10.9 

30.7 

10.4 
17.9 

16.4 

10.3 
15.3 

11.1 

12.3 
11.3 

0.4 

1.2 

8.7 
5.3 

2.1 

8.6 

1.6 

0.4 

8.2 
1.6 

8.5 
0.9 

0.4 

3.5 

(') 

0.4 

18 
19 

20 

1 

NEW  YORK. 


18.0 

16.2 

5.2 

2.9 

$706,850 

108,083 

6.5 

10.1 

15.0 

15.5 

14.7 

11.4 

8.5 

6.4 

6.4 

3.7 

1.8 

$14,554 

4,002 

21.9 

42.9 

22.9 

8.5 

2.6 

0.8 

0.4 

1 

18.1 

18.0 

5.2 

2.8 

485,066 

71,313 

5.9 

9.2 

13.8 

14.3 

14.6 

12.2 

9.1 

7.2 

7.3 

4.3 

2.1 

7,179 

2,054 

28.9 

39.3 

20.2 

i.6 

3.1 

0.5 

0.4 

2 

15.0 

16.3 
16.2 
31.5 

19.3 
10.6 

26.6 
21.7 

16.5 

19.0 

9.7 
12.3 

27.7 

5.1 
2.7 

20.6 
14  0 

17.7 

7.5 

4.1 
2.4 

2.9 

1.1 
0.7 

3.1 
1.4 

10.6 
10.2 
3.1 
2.3 
4.5 

2.8 
2.2 

1.1 
4.2 

2.1 

1.6 
0.8 
0.4 

0  5 

12,319 

15.746 
17,291 
9,667 

2,010 

2,241 
3,058 
1,823 

3.5 

4.3 

6.6 
8.3 

16.1 

7.7 
15.5 
12.7 

17.8 

12.5 
19.7 
16.9 

16.3 

12.8 
18.3 
23.7 

14.4 

15.0 
15.7 
18.6 

10.5 

13.1 
9.6 
7.7 

8.0 

12.4 
6.1 
5.3 

5.8 

6.7 
4.4 
3.0 

4.8 

8.9 
2.9 
2.8 

2.1 

5.2 
0.9 
0.9 

0.7 

1.4 
0.3 
0.1 

334 

414 
396 
412 

99 
292 

39 

92 

137 
146 
119 

22 
88 

13 

19.6 

46.0 
56.8 
45.4 

13.6 
34.1 

53.8 

45.6 

38. 0 

27.4 
21.8 

27.3 
40.9 

23.1 

27.2 

10.9 
12.3 
11.8 

13.6 

4.3 

4  4 
1.4 
9.2 

.■SI.  8 

33 

0.7 
2.1 
5.9 

9.1 
3.* 

7.7 

1 

4.6 

a  4' 

4 
5 
6 

7 

0.1 

0.9 
0.1 

3.4 
6.7 
3.4 
1.8 
1.4 

0.5 
1.1 

0.6 
3.7 

19,465 

295 
19 

43,226 
91.489 
40,949 
12,446 
2,111 

1,165 
9 

49,584 
416 

4,132 

50 
2 

6,686 

11,916 

5,:S30 

2,443 

358 

211 
2 

6,963 
63 

12.1 
4.0 

8.9 
4.0 

40.3 
8.0 

18.8 
40.0 

11.0 
20.0 

5.6 

8.0 
50.0 

12.9 

1.6 
12.0 

1.4 
2.0 

0.3 

so.'o' 

5.8 
10.8 
12.1 
2.1 
0.8 

4.2 

2.0 

15.9     a-7 

K 

7.7 

7.7 



9 

in 

6.2 
4.0 

5.7 
7.1 
1.4 

13.7 

9.2 
6.5 
9.6 
26.8 
7.5 

16.6 

12.5 

16.0 

17.3 

9.2 

7.0 
9.6 
8.9 
2.8 
3.6 

2.4 

2.7 

1.2 

s-^a 

114 
107 

33.3 

20.6 

6.1 

9.7 

17.9 

12.1 

4a  0 
50.4 
64.7 
74.2 
43.6 

60.6 

15.8 
24.3 
24.2 
16.1 
■20.5 

21.2 

as 

47 
4.0 

i'.i' 

6.1 

1.8 

2.6 

11 
1? 

R  7  '     CO 

10  8'^"^^^*' 

9  1  1  4  1           .ui;         99 

1.0 
i6.'3" 

n 

18.7 
17.9 

19.7 
18.8 

8.2 
12.7 

12.7 
24.2 

11.2 
17.8 

4.8 
6.9 

20.5 
24.9 

22.3 
50.0 

9.0 
6.4 

19!  3 
21.0 

12.8 
50.0 

13.4 
9.5 

10.2 
19.8 

13.3 

6.4 
15.9 

6.2 

as 

3.9 
2.4 

0.8 
0.6 

4.2 

0.2 
0.6 

1.9 

104 
146 

115 

31 
39 

33 

14 
IS 

1A 

17 

2.8 
3.2 

5.1 
11.1 

16.0 
27.0 

18.3 
20.6 

las 

7.9 

11.6 
6.4 

6.5 
7.9 

a4 

0.4 

1,343 

324 

10.5 

34.2 

32.1 

16.4 

6.5 

0.3 

18 
1<) 

786 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  72.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    STATES,  BY    SELECTED   INDUSTRIES— PER   CENT 

AVERAGE  \\'EEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS,  AND 


NEW   VORK.— Continued. 


njPCSTEY. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

AVERAGE  -WEEKLY   EARN- 

raGS. 

TOTAL. 

MEN   16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

AU 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

S3  to 
$4. 

$4  to 

$5. 

$5  to 

$6. 

$6  to 

$7. 

$7  to 

$8. 

$8to 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

OO 

105 
463 

308 

195 

44  ! 

81 : 

865 
666 

83 
43 

105 
1,709 

$15.80 
9.59 

12.37 

8.47 
12.96 

10.11 
12.14 

14.35 

7.29 

7.68 
12.98 
8.96 

$15.82 
9.61 

12.40 

13.23 
13.01 

10.28 
13.38 

16.22 

10.08 
12.26 
12.98 
10.56 

$.5. 17 
5.46 

6.90 

7.63 

5.12 
7.30 

7.26 

6.29 
5.68 
5.50 
7.36 

$4.00 
2.83 

3.79 

3.43 
3.17 

3.32 
3.78 

3.12 

4.00 
3.49 

■  '3."  36' 

$56,297 
46,372 

85,098 

52,218 
32,829 

80,967 
138,833 

122,676 

28,722 
37,504 
55,568 
164,527 

3,564 
4,836 

6,880 

6,166 
2,533 

8,009 
11,433 

8,550 

3,938 

4,884 

4,282 

18,369 

$56,262 
46,284 

84,907 

12,697 
32,791 

79,666 
123,012 

110,297 

10,526 
18,936 
55,557 
99,  419 

3,557 

4,817 

6,846 

960 
2,521 

7,748 
9,196 

6,801 

1,044 
1,545 
4,280 
9,414 

0.3 
0.6 

0.8 

1.9 
1.4 

3.5 
4.3 

2.8 

L5 
1.2 
0.9 
1.7 

0.1 
0.7 

1.5 

2.4 
1.6 

1.7 
3.8 

2.6 

5.4 
3.2 
0.8 
4.1 

0.3 
1.2 

2.6 

3.1 
3.1 

2.0 
4.7 

2.9 

7.0 
4.8 
1.4 
4.8 

0.7 
1.0 

2.8 

4.7 
4.4 

1.9 
45 

3.4 

6.7 
5.2 
1.9 

5.7 

0.7 

7.7 

4.5 

5.7 
5.2 

4.1 
4.7 

4.2 

10.1 
5.0 
4.0 
7.0 

1.0 

14.1 

5.8 

7.0 
4.5 

7.6 
4.6 

3.8 

9.4 
4.3 
8.2 
5.8 

0.9 
8.2 

6.4 

6.7 
5.0 

8.0 
5.1 

3.7 

5.1 
5.1 
6.8 
7.9 

2.8 
35.1 

13.0 

5.5 
6.5 

25.6 
6.1 

6.1 

7.7 
7.2 
9.3 
8.7 

5.4 
16.4 

12.9 

13.1 
13.1 

20.0 
8.5 

10.2 

16.5 
10.4 
18.8 
15.9 

21 
22 

23 
24 

25 
26 

27 

Lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts. 

Lumber,    planing    mill 
products,  including 
sash,  doors. and  blinds. 

Millinery  and  lace  goods.. 

Musical    instruments, 
pianos. 

Paper  and  wood  pulp  — 

Printing  and  publishing, 
book  and  job. 

Printing  and  publishing, 
newspapers  and  peri- 
odicals. 

29 
30 
31 

Silk  and  silk  goods 

Structural  ironwork 

Tol>acco,  cigars  and  cig- 
arettes. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

1 

All  industries.. 

Seven  selected  in- 
dustries. 

Cars  and    general  shop 
construction    and    re- 
pairs by  steam  railroad 
companies. 

Cotton  goods 

1,698 

$4.96 

$5.92 

$3.60 

$2.58 

$254,059 

51,240 

$197,094 

33,283 

8.8 

10.7 

21.1 

15.7 

18.8 

8.9 

4.3 

4.0 

2.8 

2 

775 

4.76 

5.76 

3.59 

2.58 

197,219 

41,412 

147,426 

25,614 

8.9 

11.4 

22.4 

16.0 

19.1 

8.5 

3.9 

3.6 

2.5 

3 
4 

S 

106 
41 
18 

523 

67 
IS 

10.13 

4.19 
5.66 
3.78 
5.37 

!     5.87 
3.98 

10.15 

5.33 

5.88 
5.99 
5.40 

5.97 
5.20 

3.82 

"3.' 5.3' 
2.50 

2.64 

3.25 

2.64 
2.67 
2.56 
2.65 

2.22 
2.33 

18,468 

87,220 
12,091 
4,839 
43,507 

7,130 
23,964 

1,823 

20,830 
2,138 
1,281 
8,097 

1,215 
6,028 

18,455 

48,087 

11,698 

1,760 

43,330 

7,059 

1 

17,037 

1,819 

9,023 

1,991 

294 

8,030 

1,183 
3,274 

1.9 

8.3 
7.2 
11.2 
12.8 

5.8 
6.6 

1.7 

12.8 
7.8 
11.2 
11.3 

6.3 
17.5 

7.7 

25.9 
15.1 
14.0 
23.6 

26.0 
22.3 

7.6 

17.5 
19.3 
12.3 
13.0 

15.6 
21.9 

14.6 

18.3 
23.2 
25.5 
21.5 

17.9 
14.9 

1L4 

7.0 
14.6 
6.1 
7.9 

11.6 

7.8 

10.2 

3.7 
3.2 
5.8 
3.3 

4.6 
2.6 

7.5 

3.6 
4.8 
6.1 
2.7 

5.8 
2.1 

15.1 

L3 
2.5 
4.1 
1.6 

2.7 
L3 

5 

e 

7 
8 

9 

noslery  and  knit  goods. . 

Luml)er  and  timber  prod- 
ucts. 

Lumber,    planing  mill 
products,  including 
sash,  doors,  and  blinds. 

Tobacco,    chewing    and 
smoking,  and  snufT. 

OHIO. 


1  AU  industries. . 

2  Twenty  -  one     se- 

lected industries. 

3  Agricultural  implements. 

4  Boots  and  shoes 

5  Bread  and  other  bakery 

products. 

6  Brick  and  tile 

7  Carriages  and  wagons  — 

8  Cars  and    jjcneral  shop 

construction    and    re- 
I  pairs  by  Ht<'ant  railroad 

companies. 

9  Clothing,  men's 

10     Clothing,  women's 

1!     Kli-ctrieal  machinery',  ap- 

paratiis,  and  supplies. 

12  Foundry    and    machine 

shop  products. 

13  riirnlture 

14  filnss 

15  Iron  and  steel,  blast  fur- 

naces. 
IB     Iron    and     steel,     nttvl 
I      works  anrl  rolling  mills. 

17  '  Liimlrf-rand  tirnlMT  prod- 

ucts. 

18  Lumber,    planing    mill 

products,  including 
Sfinh,  do'ir.t.  and  lillnds. 

19  Pott'TV.  t'Tracoltji.  (tnfl 

flre  fliiy  proflucts. 

20  I  Prlntlngari'l  piibllHhlng, 

iKK'k  and  job, 

21  Printing  and  publishing, 

ncw.Hfmi)*TS  and   |i»tI- 
odlraln. 
32     Htoves  and  furnaces.  n'»t 
I      Including  gas  nn<l  oil 

I      stoves. 
ToliBcco.  clgnrn  and  clg- 
■fettea. 


8,328 


5,049 


336 

224 

43 


223 
69 
64 

616 

97 
12 
17 

36 

sno 

273 

70 
290 
6M 

33 

732 


$10.63 


11.01 


10.92 
8.26 
9.87 

9.67 
10.62 
12.  .32 


7.77 
7.34 
9.62 

11.31 

9.22 
12.93 
13.01 

13.71 

8.91 

10.78 

9.82 
9.60 
10.91 

11.83 

7.00 


$U.49 


11.75 


10.96 
10.13 
11.07 

9.76 
10.77 
12.33 


11.96 
11.27 
10.31 

n.35 

9.58 
15.11 
1.3.  01 

13.81 

8.03 

10.91 

10.39 
11.16 

12.77 

II. HH 
10. 2.'. 


S5.43  $3.61 


5.74   3.69 


6.92 
6.16 
4.  .38 

.1.00 

r>.  89 

8.40 


5.65 
5.70 
6.00 

6.79 

4.(12 
4  97 
5.00 

6.62 

4.17 

3.  .37 

6.08 
6.67 
6.14 


3.00 
3.26 
4.13 

3.93 
3.67 


3.00 
2.25 
3.00 

3.40 

.3.60 
4.16 


6.40 
2.17 
4.67 

3.00 
3.34 
2.62 

3.07 

■•  m 


$2,614,720 


245,944 


1,622,027 


147,217 


66,267 
74,707 
37,203 

42,973 
43,597 
172, 459 


30,  .301 
14.084 
29,284 

334,890 

39,035 
43.876 
64,835 

344,603 

41,763 
43,00.3 

49,120 
20,612 
47,510 

35,009 

50.997 


6,152 
9,046 
3,771 

4,446 
4,105 
13,994 


3,901 
1.918 
3,043 

29,617 

4,232 
3,393 

4,984 

26, 139 
4,686 
3,989 

5,000 
2,773 
4,366 

2,969 

0,714 


$2,  4)6. 737 


1, 526, 859 


129,988   1.5 


55,918 
51,931 
34,243 

42.701 
42,891 
172, 291 


15.978 
0,392 
26,48(i 

334, 180 

.-(7.604 
40, 7.W 
64,830 

342, 887 

41,700 

42,706 

46,142 
22,404 
42,298 

34,943 

28,402 


11,989       1.6 


5,101 
5,127 
.3,092 

4.377 
3,984 
13,974 


1,336 
2.568 


3, 932 
2, 697 
4,983 

24,830 

4,068 

3,913 

4.343 
2,015 
3,311 

2,941 

2,778 


0.7 
2.8 
0.9 

1.9 
0.8 
1.0 


1.4 
0.4 
1.4 

2.0 

2.0 
0.6 
1.4 

0.3 

.3.4 

1.1 

3.3 
2.1 
3.3 

2.0 


1.9 


1.7 


2.6 


2.5 


1.2 
6.3 
1.3 

1.4 
2.1 
0.5 


l.B 
0.7 
2.0 

2.2 

3.7 
0.8 
0.4 

0.3 

1.4 

1.6 

l..'! 

6.8 
3.7 


1.7       2.6 


2.1 
7.2 

2.4 

1.7 
3.1 
1.0 


2.3 

6.0 
4  1 


4  8 
9.7 
0.8 

n.  7 
2.1 
2.8 

1.7 

4.7 
4  3 

3.4 

2.2 


2.9 


2.3 
7.3 
3.5 

1.6 
3.2 
2.4 


3.9 

7.4 
4  0 


6.7 
5.9 
0.6 

1.0 

2.6 

3.6 


.5.6 
.3.8 

4  4 

3.4 


3.6 
7.8 
5.6 

.5.4 
5.3 
2.6 


5.7 
10.6 
4  6 

41 

8.0 
2.3 
O.B 


:(.  2 
7.6 
0.3 

3.8 

7.8 


6.2 


7.6 
7.4 
5.5 

8.3 
7.9 
5.3 


.'i.S 
10.4 


5.6 

11.2 

11.6 

1.0 

3.9 

13.9 
6.6 

7.8 
6.8 
4  9 

7.7 

6.1 


8.6 


15.1 
7.4 
5.6 

13.6 
9.3 

7.7 


5.8 
11.2 

8.0 

9.1 

11.2 

1.9 

11.4 

7.6 
8.9 

11.9 
5.7 
B.  1 

13.8 

7.4 


i,';.2 


14  8 


15.4 
9.4 
8.5 

31.7 
15.5 
14  0 


8.7 
9.0 
17.5 

14  8 

13.8 
7.1 


12.4 
36.  6 
l.^.O 

30.8 
7.7 
B.8 


16.5 


18.0 
11.3 
19.4 

14  2 
16.  0 
19.  4 


14.0 
12.5 
13.2 

15.5 

14  5 
6.2 
27.7 

19.0 

12.4 

13.  4 

13.7 
11.8 
11.7 


10.0  I  12.5 
12.0     21.6 


'  Less  than  one-lenib  of  1  jut  cent. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


787 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    WAGE-EARNERS-MEN,  WOMEN.  AND  CHILDREN— HY   GROUPS    OF   EARNINGS;    TOTAL   AND 
OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS:  190.5— Continued. 

NEW    YORK— Continued. 


MEN  16  TEAE3  AND 

OVER— continued. 

WOMEN  16  YEAB3  AND  OVER. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 

Per  cent  distrilmtion 
of  nunil>er  by  earn- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by 
earnings. 

tl2 
to 
$15. 

$15 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over. 

Leas 

tlian 

$3. 

$3 

to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

$6 
to 

$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

$9 
to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$15 
and 
over. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

$3 

to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

S5 

to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 

and 
over. 

21.8 
7.1 

18.0 

16.4 
18.7 

14i3 
15.1 

12.5 

14.8 
17.3 
16.3 
22.0 

55.9 
5.6 

23.5 

14.9 
23.9 

7.8 
20.1 

15.9 

11.6 
29.0 
21.2 
13.3 

8.2 
1.9 

7.1 

10.9 
8.3 

2.6 

11.1 

10.6 

2.6 
4.8 
8.6 
2.3 

1.9 
0.4 

1.1 

7.7 
4.3 

0.9 

7.4 

21.3 

1.6 
2.5 
1.8 
0.8 

$31 

71 

138 
39,360 

6 
13 

20 
5,159 

16.6 
7.6 

16.6 

■38."6' 
25.0 

10.0 

16.7 
15.4 

10.0 
12.2 

16.7 
26.0 
13.3 

16.7 
38.5 

20.0 
10.7 

16.7 

S4 

17 

53 

1«1 
38 

63 
545 

234 

4 
624 

1 
6 

14 

47 
12 

19 
144 

75 

1 
179 

100.0 

?n 

50.0 
14.3 

2.3.4 
8.3 

21.0 
19.4 

41.4 
'24."6' 

50.6 
50.0 

49.0 
83.3 

47.4 
35.4 

25.3 

100.0 
50.8 

?i 

5.0 
10.2 

10.0 
8.0 

5.0 
9.7 

28.6 

23.4 
8.4 

31.6 
25.0 

20.0 
i9.'6' 

7.1 

2.1 

n 

5.7 

7.4 

7.9 

4.9 

2.1 



23 

1,238 
15,276 

12,145 

18,192 

17,944 

11 

64,463 

242 
2,093 

1,674 

2,893 

3,160 

2 

8,763 

6.2 
12.0 

4.9 

12.7 
8.2 

4.6 
9.3 

9.5 

9.6 
)3.6 

41.3 
10.8 

13.4 

12.0 
19.8 

20.3 
13.6 

13.9 

14.1 
19.5 
50.0 
12.7 

22.7 
12.9 

18.9 

14.6 
15.0 
50.0 
16.3 

2.9 
10.0 

10.5 

11.6 
7.7 

0.4 
7.2 

7.9 

8.2 
5.6 

0.4 
5.5 

3.9 

6.0 
3.5 

0.4 
8.5 

5.9 

6.5 
4.0 

0.8 
4.-5 

4.1 

3.6 
2.3 

Ki' 

7.1 

1.1 
0.8 

?5 

13.2 
12.0 

i'.k' 

4.9 
1.3 

i.'i' 

1.4 

0.7 

i'.i' 

20 
27 

28 
29 
30 

3.3 

e.2 

10.5 

17.3 

10.2 

8.4 

9.6     4.7 

0.8 

645 

192 

50.5 

26.6 

13.5 

7.3 

1.6 



0.5 

31 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

2.3 

2.0 

0.4 

0.2 

$37,452 

10,397 

28.  2  ,  32.  4 

23.5 

10.0 

4.4 

1.1 

0.2 

0.1 

0.1 



$19,513 

7,560 

64.5 

28.1 

6.0  1  1.2 

0.2 

(') 

(■) 

1 

1.5 

1.6 

0.4 

0.2 

32,095 

8,943 

28.9 

32.3 

23.5 

9.7 

4.3 

0.9 

0.2 

0.1 

0.1 



17,698 

6,855 

64.0 

29.5 

5.2 

1.1 

0.2 

(') 

(•) 

2 

7.2 

0.9 
1.6 
2.0 
1.1 

2.4 
0.9 

11.3 

0.6 
0.6 
1.4 
0.7 

1.0 
1.9 

2.7 

0.1 
0.1 
0.3 
0.3 

0.1 
0.2 

1.1 

13 

13,342 

393 

1,071 

172 

71 
2,636 

4 

5,060 
147 
418 
65 

32 
1,129 

60.5 
65.3 
56.5 
69.2 

78.1 
81.7 

100.0 

33.7 
25.9 
38.3 
30.8 

21.9 
8.1 

3 

25,791 

6,747 

18.3 

35.2 

29.3 

11.6 

42 

1.0 

0.2 

0.1 

0.1 

4.7 
8.8 
3.6 

1.0 

0.1 

4 
5 

'6."2' 
0.2 

■■"2;668" 

5 

569 
2 

33.9 
50.0 

33.0 

12.5 
50.0 

7.9 

11.8 

0.5 

0.2 

0.2 

1.4 

0.2 

ft 

7 

8 

4,291 

1,625 

71.0 

19.8 

3.3 

2.5 

2.2 

0.7 

0.5 

7.6 

1.5 

0.7 

0.3 

0.1 

9 

OHIO. 


19.1     14.9 

3.4 

2.1 

$168,284     30,989 

9.6 

16.2     20.0 

18.6 

13.5 

9.0 

5.2 

3.4 

4.4 

2.8 
3.6 

1.3 

0.4 

$10,699 

2,966 

29.9     34.1  |17.1 

10.2  ,  7.6     0.8 

0.3 

1 

19.3 

15.0 

3.9 

2.7 

89,000 

15,513 

9.2 

14.2 

17.1 

19.4 

13.2 

10.0 

6.4 

1.9 

0.6 

6,168 

1,716 

31.1 

35.3 

15.7 

7.7 

9.2     0.6 

1 

0.4 

2 

17.7 
14.5 

31.7 

13.5 
21.7 
21.3 

22.5 
17.6 
17.3 

19.8 

17.2 
6.1 
33.9 

21.2 

9.3 

22.3 

11.6 
11.3 
14.7 

11.0 

26.8 

12.4 
14.4 
12.8 

5.0 
12.5 
18.4 

18.3 
13.9 
13.2 

18.5 

7.2 
11.2 
20.0 

15.1 

3.2 

17.9 

8.6 
24.3 
17.6 

14.5 

8.4 

3.5 
3.3 

1.7 

1.2 
1.8 
4.9 

8.5 
2.5 
2.2 

2.8 

1.0 
6.3 
4.5 

5.5 

0.6 

1.9 

2.0 
5.4 
11.6 

8.7 

1.0 

0.4 
0.9 

1.1 

0.5 
0.8 
1.5 

2.2 
4.2 
0.6 

0.7 

0.8 
21.2 
0.4 

7.2 

0.4 

0.1 

1.7 
1.3 
6.2 

5.4 

0.1 

346 

21,240 

2,745 

5 
695 
168 

14, 143 
7,683 
2,747 

336 

1,322 

1,406 

5 

1,241 

50 

138 

3,963 
3,784 
5,061 

50 
3,447 

627 

1 
118 
20 

2,505 

1,347 

458 

58 

286 
283 

1 

221 

•       12 

41 

652 
679 

984 

""8.'2' 
15.3 

6.0 
14.5 
23.1 

20.0 
14.4 
22.6 

14.0 
17.6 
17.5 

100.0 
15.3 

28.0 
12.4 
11.2 

10.0 
11.2 
5.3 

16.0 
8.0 
2.6 

4.0 
6.2 
1.4 

'4.5' 
0.5 

2.0 
2.5 
0.3 

'o.'s' 

0.2 

3 

1,536 

215 

267 
11 

180 
9 
51 

374 

49 
1,716 

1 
472 
52 

68 
3 

60 
4 

17 

108 

14 
413 

'57.'6' 
17.3 

22.1 

48.3 
100.0 
82.3 

14.8 

21.4 
6.3 

100.0 
22.5 
36.5 

27.9 
66.7 

36.7 

io.'o' 

21.2 

26.5 




11.6 

3.4' 

11.5 

14.7 
33.3 

1.7 

"b'.'b 
3.8 

8.8 
1.7 

o.'i' 
3.9 

0.6 
5.8 

3 

4 
5 

6 

3.4 

6.9 
10.3 
2.0 

16.4 
2.5 

12.7 
10.0 

12.1 
13.7 
10.7 

10.3 

21.7 
22.6 

16.1 

18.6 
5.0 

18.8 
12.6 
20.3 

17.3 

9.8 
8.8 

21.2 
40.0 

11.1 
10.0 
11.6 

2.8 
7.1 

■6.8 

6.8 
8.5 
7.6 

5.2 

"'is' 

4.2 

3.6 
4.9 
5.0 

1.7 

1.0 
2.5 

0.9 
45.0 

2.1 
4.2 
1.1 

10.3 

0.4 
0.7 

1.1 
2.1 
0.9 

0.7 
0.3 

0.8 

0.1 
1.1 

'.'.'.'.'. 

7 
8 

16.0 
IS. 9 
24.2 

27.6 

23.4 
38.9 

21.4 
13.7 
16.6 

27.6 

23.8 
13.1 
100.0 

19.0 

25.0 

4.9 

32.5 
19.9 
17.9 

9 

in 

5.9 

45.4 

50.0 
49.6 

11.8 
38.9 
14.3 

0.9 

14.3 
12.6 



11 

12 
13 

16.2 

°.± 

0.3 

14 
15 

6.8 

31.7 

3.8 
5.7 
13.3 

5.9 
41.7 
29.3 

13.2 
14.9 

18.2 

25.3 
33.3 
29.3 

15.7 
18.9 
17.9 

14.0 

19.4 

7.7 

0.9 

0.5 

0.5 

475 
13 
160 

15 
264 
151 

66 

613 

88 
6 
35 

5 
79 
60 

18 

100.0 
8.6 

40.0 
11.4 
55.0 

11.1 

13.6 

21.6 

9.1 

52.3 

3.4 

16 
17 

2.4 

6.5 
18.4 
14.9 

2.4 

11.5 
13.8 
5.4 

1 

11.4 

40.0 
70.9 
31.6 

50.0 

34.3 

20.0 
11.4 
6.7 

22.2 

20.2 

80.0 

6.3 
3.3 

1.7 
16.7 

1.7 

18 

4.1 
3.7 
3.4 

2.9 
2.2 
2.8 

2.6 
0.7 
3.7 

6.3 
0.6 
1.4 

0.9 
1.2 
1.1 

19 
20 
21 

28 

21,922 

3,723 

11.9 

12.6 

14.6 

21.1 

9.9 

8.9 

6.7 

5.5 

5.6 

2.3 

1.0 

213 

42.2 

0.5 

2.8 

23 

788 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  72.— CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY 


EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE    STATES,  BY   SELECTED   INDUSTRIES— PER   CENT 
AVERAGE  WEEKLY'  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS,  AND 
PENNSV1,VANIA. 


INDUSTRY. 


Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
mentp. 


1  AU  industries... 

2  Twenty-seven 
selected  indus- 
tries. 

3  Boots  and  shoes 

4  Bread  and  other  baljery 
products. 

5  Brick  and  tile 

6  Carpets  and  rugs,  other 
than  rag. 

Cars  and  general  shop 
construction  and  re- 
pairs by  steam  railroad 
companies. 

8  Clothing,  men's 

9  Clothing,  women's 

10  Coke 

11  Cotton  goods 

12  Electrical  machinery,  ap- 

paratus, and  supplies, 

13  Foundry    and    machine 

shop  products, 

14  Furniture 

15  Glass 

16  Hosiery  and  knit  goods.. 

17  Iron  and  steel,  blast  fur- 

naces. 

18  ;  Iron     and     steel,     steel 

works  and  rolhng  mills. 

19  1  Leather,  tanned,  curried, 

and  finished. 

20  Lumber  and  timber  prod- 

ucts. 

21  Lumber,     planing     mill 

products,  including 
sash,  doors,  and  t>linds. 

22  Pottery,  terra  cotta,  and 

fire  clay  products. 

23  I  Printing  and  publishing, 
I      book  and  job. 

24  Printing  and  publishing, 

newspapers  and  pen- 
odicals. 

25  I  Silk  and  silk  goods 

2fi     Structural  ironwork 

27  '  Tobacco,  cigars  and  cig- 

arettes. 

28  p  Woolen  goods 

29  I  Worstea  goods 


13,205 


7,660 


AVERAGE  WEEKLY  E.UIN- 
INGS. 


All      Men  16 

wage-     years 
earn-  i    and 
ers.       over. 


$10.51  i«1.53 


51 
2,022 


125 
19 


90 


128 
77 
44 
60 
44 

616 

116 
59 

117 
29 


121 
606 
339 

74 
472 
657 


61 
1,S38 


10.60      11.72 


7.14 
9.58 


9.36 
9.53 


13.44 


9.35 

8.69 
10  83 
8.64 
9.96 

11.88 

10.02 

13.43 

I    5.91 

!  11.87 

11.83 

i    9.14 

9.83 

12.33 

9.69 
10  21 

10  62 


5.80 
10  82 
6.60 

7.98 
7.17 


10  43 


9.45 
10  78 


12.01 
14.93 
10  84 
11.94 
10  39 

11.93 

10  26 
14.81 
9.35 
11.89 

11.91 
9.51 
9.87 

12.43 

10.09 
11.94 
12.60 


8.98 
10  82 
8.61 

9.43 
9.91 


Worn-    Chil- 
en  16    dren 
Tears    imder 
"and        16 
over,    years. 


$5.68  i  $3.46 


5.75 


5.06 
4.78 


7.63 
7.71 


5.95 
6.47 


6.52 
5.52 

5.73 

5.50 
6.15 
5.71 


6.68 
5.48 
5.26 
5.41 

6.02 
5.94 
5.75 

5.44 


5.05 


6.65 
6,43 


3.53 


3.04 
3.28 


3.84 
3.94 


2.95 
2.23 
5.05 
3.58 
3.00 

4.35 

3.46 
4.34 
3,28 
5.68 

4.71 

3.97 

3.55 

3.29 

4.31 
3.52 
2.84 


2.87 
4.33 
2.54 

4.00 
3.70 


Earnings. 


$4,269,847 


406,311 


2, 891, 701 


272,862 


24,  724 
67,601 


28,262 
23, 141 


502,070 


22,882 
17,873 
94,338 
(13,'815 
88,448 

413, 025 

35, 789 
194,508 

52, 772 
125, 126 

513,972 

87,012 

72, 455 

40,312 

45,015 
39,651 

57,846 


63,780 
33,754 
104,316 

29,058 
44,156 


Num- 
ber. 


3,465 
7,054 

3.020 
2,428 

37,365 


2,446 
2,056 
8,710 
7,388 
8,877 

34, 760 

3,570 
14,486 

8,924 
10,543 

43,440 

9,522 

7,370 

3,757 

4,644 
3,882 
5,447 


10,992 
3,121 
15,799 

3,641 
6,155 


$3,926,970   340,507 


MEN   16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 


Earnings. 


Num- 
ber. 


2,641,364    225,391 


18,  403 
63,151 


28,070 
17,048 


500,296 


94, 
38, 

84, 


411,908 


36, 
184 

14, 
124, 

511, 

83. 


40; 


43, 348 
33,980 
49,814 


22, 470 
33,741 
03, 430 

20,021 
20,700 


2,120 
0,052 

2,970 
1,582 

37,117 


Percent  distribution  of  numl>er  by  earnings. 


Less 

than 

$3. 


1.5 


4.2 
1.3 


3.1 
0  3 


0  3 


4,297 
2,845 
3,953 


2,502 
3,118 
7,370 

2,124 
2,089 


0  7 
1.1 
6.0 

1.9 

1.8 
0  5 
3.8 
0  2 

0  6 

1.9 

1.3 

0  7 

1.9 
1.7 
3.0 


4.6 
0.7 
5.1 

0.9 
1.0 


$3  to 
$4. 


1.8 


7.0 
1.9 


L6 
0.1 


0  5 


1.3 
0  4 
0  5 
1.4 
2.0 

2.3 

2.3 
0  7 
6.2 
0.2 

1.2 

1.5 

0  9 

1.2 

1.1 
4.5 

4.4 


7.7 
0  6 
4.8 

1.1 
1.0 


$4  to 
$5. 


$5  to 
$6. 


$6  to  !  $7  to 

$7.    I    $8. 


2.3       2.9 


2.2       2.8 


9.2 
2.7 


2.9 


5.0 
3.6 


1.0       3.0 
0  7       1. 1 


1.4 
1.6 
0.7 
3.1 
2.4 


3.0 
2.6 
6.8 
0  4 

1.3 

2.2 

1.3 

2.4 

2.3 
5.1 

4.3 


11.9 
0  7 
6.5 

1.4 
4.1 


3.5 
3.8 
1.0 
3.5 
3.3 


3.4 
2.5 
6.9 
0  9 

2.5 

2.6 

1.7 

2.3 

4.5 
5.2 
4.1 


8.7 
1.3 
8.7 


3.0 

8.2 


4.  7       7.  2 


4. 5       7. 2 


101 
5.8 


6.7 
6.0 


1.9 


4.2 
4.5 
2  8 
0.0 
4.4 

3.8 

8.9 
3.6 
7.6 
L7 

5.0 

7.2 

6.1 

4.4 

5.2 
5.2 

5.6 


7.4 
4.5 
9.3 

12.5 
10  3 


10  0 
7.1 


8.2 
5.3 


5  0 
6.3 
3.0 
7.2 
6.7 

6.2 

11.3 
5.4 

10  2 
3.9 

12.0 

10.6 

10  9 

5.8 

8.0 
5.2 

4.6 


6.1 
3.3 
10  0 

11.5 
10  0 


$8  to 


$9  to 
$10. 


9.5  ,  13.6 


9.9  I  13.1 


8.9 
8.0 


8.9 
13.0 


8.3 
11.2 
9.3 
9.8 
7.8 

9.0 

10  1 
5.6 

10  4 
3.5 

15.1 

14.9 

12.2 

4.9 

10.3 
4.3 

5.5 


8.5 
14.8 
9.2 


6.9 
9.0 


26.5 
8.9 


11.8 


8.1 
13.0 
11.4 

9.2 

11.8 

13.3 
12.4 
8.2 
12.7 

13.9 

17.5 

26.3 

15.4 

20  7 
5.9 
6.4 


7.9 
25.5 
9.3 


$10  to 
$12 


12. 5     20  4 
11.0     10  7 


15.3 
20  4 


19.5 
22.6 


1C.6 


18.8 
18.9 
41.2 
13.8 
17.1 

13.2 

15.4 
17.4 
16.7 
34.5 

14.8 

23.2 

12.9 

13.3 

18.6 
11.7 
1L7 


10  7 
11.3 
16.4 

20.1 
12.9 


HHOnn:  ISLAND. 


1 

All  Industries... 

Ten  selected  Indus- 
tries. 

1.092 

$9.19 

$10  73 

$6.66 

$3.65 

$626, 215 

68,140 

$482,791 

44,978 

1.0 

1.6 

3.1 

4.7 

7.9 

11.5 

9.9 

10  2 

15.1 

2 

357 

8.78 

10.39 

6.74 

3.66 

1 

452,516 

51,539 

328,  .368 

31,596 

0  8 

1.6 

3.5 

5.2 

8.9 

13.3 

10  9 

10.0 

14.4 

3 

42 
14 
28 

9 

87 

11 

112 

4 

21 
31 

7.19 
7.69 
8.41 

7.11 

11.81 

1062 
12.68 

9.09 
8.48 

8.  42       6.  44 

3.61 
3.22 
4.34 

3.38 

3.27 

3.41 
3.  .'lO 
3.00 

3.96 
3.59  , 

99,572 
10,6.TO 
44,6.34 

11,185 

73,802 

8,602 
41. .190 
24,371 

26,446 
111,796 

13,854 
1,406 
6,307 

1,674 

6,264 

1,216 
3,899 
1,922 

2,908 
13, 180 

58,778 

5,066 

37, 105 

8. 793 

7;i.2(l2 

2.858 
Xi,  475 
a'i,  409 

19,115 
06,577 

6,978 

4S2 

3,906 

1,133 

0,  KHl 

■J81 
2.616 
1,744 

1,9.15 
0,362 

0  5 
0  4 
0  9 

1.0 

a  9 
"i.'s' 

Ol 

01 
1.2 

2.4 
2.3 
0.5 

1.8 

1.4 

3.6 
3.B 
3.0 

■   02 
0.7 

6.8 
1.7 
1.9 

1.7 

2.1 

3.2 
4.1 
3.2 

2.4 
4.0 

7.6 
3.1 
3.9 

9.0 

2.4 

8.2 
3.9 
2.2 

4.4 

6.7 

14.4 
11.2 
7.6 

7.0 

3.9 

7.8 
5.3 
3.4 

7.2 
12.1 

18.2 
12.2 
26.4 

9.1 

8.3 

13.9 
5.0 
•2.6 

13.6 
11.4 

1.1.2 
11.6 
16.8 

27.2 

9.0 

9.2 
5.3 
1.2 

10  5 
9.0 

10  9 
12.2 
14.0 

12.2 

a9 

8.5 
ii.O 
10.1 

18.  B 
0.3 

14.5 
16,0 
13.0 

1.3.3 

14.3 

16.0 
11.1 
13.4 

26.4 
13.8 

4 
S 

6 

7 

8 
« 
10 

11 

Cotton  small  wares 

Dyeing  and  finishing  tex- 
tiles. 

Electrical  machinery,  ap- 
paratus, and  Hiipplies. 

Foundry    and     machine 
shop  products. 

Hosier,-  and  knit  goods... 

.lewelry 

Silvirsmlthlng  and  silver- 
ware. 

Woolen  goods 

10  49 
9.36 

7.76 

11.98 

10.17 
12.80 
13.42 

9.88 
10.48 

6.37 
.  5.98 

S.49 

6.89 

6.22 
6.31 
S.fl0 

7.80 
7.  .38 

\? 

noi;th  c'auoiiIna. 


1 

.MIInduHriea... 

Six  selected  Indug- 
trlca. 

Cars   and    general    shop 
const  ruciUiri    and     re- 
pairs by  !»^■am  railroad 
coinfmnien. 

C'otton  good.t 

791 

U68 

16.47 

$3.84 

$2.79 

$161,687 

32,424 

$111,309 

20,  .163 

12,8 

14.8 

22.2 

15.8 

1.1.6 

6.2 

4.6 

4.1 

2.0 

2 

321 

4.61 

S.33 

3.83 

2.80 

126,296 

27,978 

87,829 

18,470 

12,1 

16.2 

2.3.3 

16.7 

13.2 

8.3 

4.7 

3.8 

1.4 

3 
4 

S 

62 
10 

H 
190 

48 

10.  U 

4.21 
£.13 
3.91 
4.72 

1    4.02 

10.82 

S.I6 
fi.13 
4.79 
4.74 

4.92 

3.38 
3.83 

2.80 

8, 9X1 

88,048 
7, 18.1 
3,373 

14.298 

4,460 

847 

20,933 

1,401 

863 

3,028 

006 

8,906 

61.686 
7.18.'; 
1,369 

14,2;i6 

4,460 

Kig 

10,018 

1,401 

284 

3,002 

900 

1.2 

12  4 
3.8 
13,0 
18.9 

&7 

0  4 

14.2 
21.9 
14.4 
18.7 

18.1 

7.3 

22  6 
20.8 
32.4 
28.3 

30.7 

13.4 

18,9 
18,0 
10  6 
10  6 

14.7 

9.6 

13.2 
19.1 
20.1 
10  6 

14.9 

7.4 

7.8 
3.8 
3.6 
3.0 

4.8 

9.2 

4.4 
9.3 
2.1 
2.8 

2.3 

9.7 

.1.8 
1.8 
1.4 
3.3 

3.9 

9.3 

1.1 
0  6 
1.0 
0  9 

0.9 

5 

Kerttli7^>rs 

6 

7 

8 

Hosiery  nnri  knit  goorlH  .  . 
Lumlterund  tiinUT  prod- 
ucts. 
Oil, cottonseed  and  cake . . 

3.90 

2.78 
2.42 

I  Less  than  one-tenth  ol  1  percent. 


EARNIN(;S  OF  WACIE-EARNERS. 


789 


DISTRIBUTION   OF   WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,  WOMEN,    ANO   CHILDREN— BY  GROUPS   OF   EARNINGS;   TOTAL    AND 
OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH  NUMBER  OK  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1905— Coiilinued. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 


MEN   16  YEARS   AND 

0V£K — continued. 


Per  cent  distribution 
of  numlKT  by  earn- 
ings— Continued. 


tl2 
to 
$15. 


18.0 


17.8 


11.6 
25.4 


12.4 
25.6 


20.3 
14.3 
21.3 
19.4 
19.8 

18.2 

15.9 
14.8 
11.1 
27.5 

13.2 

13.2 

21.5 

17.8 

17.3 
17.8 
17.9 


14.0 
17.1 
14.8 

9.5 
16.8 


S15 
to 
$20. 


15.2 


6.3 
12.3 


5.4 
10.9 


26.9 


21.8 
13.0 
5.6 
13.0 
17.0 

20.8 

12.1 
13.1 
6.8 
11.4 

11.8 
4.8 
4.6 

21.1 

7.9 
25.4 
18.0 


10.8 
17.6 
5.3 

5.7 
12.9 


$20  '  $25 
to  and 
$25.  over 


3.9     2.2 


4.2     2.6 


6.7 


1.3 
2.5 
0.5 

1.0 
0.9 


1.5 


1.2 
13.0 
0.1 
3.0 

1.4 

2.0 

0.5 

13.3 

1.8 

0.6 

4.'5 

0.1 

0.4 

0.8 

0.6 
1.5 

7.8 


WOMEN  16  YEAHS  AND  OVER. 


Earn- 
ings. 


$294,761 


5,592 
3,712 


5,707 
1,573 


5,885 
9,546 


23,083 
4,159 

252 

143 

3,782 

33,267 


701 

1,508 

142 

92 

602 
4,959 
7,487 

35,866 


39,142 

7,458 
19,799 


Num- 
ber. 


51,919      8.1 


Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 


Less 

ttian 

$3. 


37,308      8.1 


1,105 
777 


748 
204 


1,476 


3,543 
753 

44 

26 

615 

5,829 


105 

275 

27 

17 

100 

835 

1,302 

6,594 


7,745 

1,122 
3,077 


14.8 
8.9 


$3 
to 
$4. 


13.3 


12.5 


16.4 
25.2 


0.8 


1     13.1 
1       9.0 


18.2 


7.5 
7.8 


26.9 
13.3 
13.2 


4.3 
4.6 

10.2 


3.2 
1.6 


1.0 

7.6 

26.0 

17.0 
11.0 
13.3 

16.3 
i6.'4 


2.9 
5.0 


$4 

to 
$5. 


18.5 
23.8 


5.6 
2.9 


13.7 
13.2 


11.9- 
10.2 

15.9 

7.7 
14.5 
15.4 


19.0 

12.4 

3.7 

70.6 

26.0 
16.9 
10.0 

22.3 


22.1 


7.6 
19.1 


$5 
to 
$6. 


$6 
to 

$7. 


18.4     17.0 


18.0 


17.5 
19.0 


9.4 
2.4 


20.6 
17.0 


15.5 
18.9 

13.6 

3.9 
17.6 
16.5 


22.8 
30.6 
22.2 

18.0 
14.4 
29.9 

16.3 
i7."9' 


21.1 
24.6 


16.7 


19.6 
40.2 


16.1 
20.0 


25.2 
26.0 

6.8 

23.1 
22.6 
15.5 


31.4 
37.4 


5.9 

11.0 
17.6 
14.0 

12.7 
12.' i' 


22.5 
21.3 


$7 
to 
$8. 


10.4 


10.6 


9.3 
5.7 


22.2 
9.8 


13.1 
10.8 


11.7 
23.5 

13.6 

19.2 
9.7 
14.3 


12.4 
6.2 

25.9 
5.9 

9.0 
16.2 
5.9 

8.8 


19.6 
7.0 


6.6 


7.0 


4.5 
3.6 


15.1 
16.7 


7.3 
8.3 


10.7 
21.1 


13.4 
3.2 

13.6 

3.8 
6.2 
7.6 


5.7 
0.7 

3.7 


2.0 
13.3 
14.8 

5.1 

i's' 


6.4 
6.2 


4.0 


15.0 
6.9 


4.6 


3.8 


5.9 

9.0 
2.6 
3.1 

3.5 
2.'6" 


12.8 
5.1 


$10 

to 
$12. 


3.1 


3.6 


$12  $15 
to  I  and 
$15.  o^er. 

1.1     0.3 


$48, 110 


1.3     0.4 


0.6 
0.8 


1.6 


3.5     1.0 
5.4     2.8 


6.8 


1.0 


3.7 


0.8 


1.9 


0.2 
0.6 


CHILDBEN  UNDER  16  YEARS. 


Earn- 
ings. 


35,880 


729 
738 


192 
386 


201 


162 
58 

106 

2,219 

72 

805 

363 
6,117 
5,084 

193 

1,763 

1,750 

103 

92 

1,065 
712 
545 


5,438 

13 

1,738 

1,579 
3,657 


Num- 
ber. 


13,885 


10,163 


240 
225 


50 


55 
26 
21 
620 
20 

185 

105 

1,408 

1,552 

34 

374 

441 

29 

28 

247 
202 
192 


Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by 
earnings. 


Less 

than 

$3. 


$3 

to 
$4. 


32.7     34.3 


53.8 
33.4 


20.0 
11.2 


52.7 
88.5 


19.0 
40.0 

17.3 

29.5 
9.6 
47.3 


13.6 
12.5 
48.3 

25.0 

8.5 
17.3 
43.8 


1,896     48.6 
3 
684     71.5 


9.6 
21.2 


30.0 
43.1 


42.0 
35.7 


56.8 


30.9 
11.5 


53.5 
10.0 

30.3 

32.4 
26.5 
25.8 


16.3 
28.8 
37.9 
67.8 

25.9 
51.0 

41.7 

35.4 

17.' 6 

42.6 
44.5 


$4  '  $5  I  $6 
to  to  to 
$5.      $6.  ,  $7. 


19.4  8.9 


19.7  9.9 


11.7 
8.5 


22.0 
32.7 


4.S 


14.6 


36.4 


1.8 


61.9 
18.9 
35.0 

27.6 

26.7 
34.4 
13.2 
11.8 

32.4 

35.4 

3.5 


19.1 
6.0 
15.0 

9.2 

8.6 
19.4 

7.5 
85.3 

20.6 

14.0 


27.2:26.3 
22.8'  6.4 
10.9  3.1 


11.5  3.1 

100.0 

6.0  3.7 


29.615.2 
19.8  9.6 


$7  ,  $8 
to  land 
$8.   over. 

0.9  I  0.4 


8.6 
9.3 
10.3 
3.6 

9.7 
1.5 

1.3 


1.0 


0.9     0.5 

i 


0.9 


2.7 


6.4 


0.1 


0.1 


7.5 


0.1 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


17.4 

13.4  '  2.8 

1.4 

$130,195 

19,537 

1.8 

4.4 

12.8 

20.1 

23.8 

13.3 

8.9 

6.6  ;  5.3 

2.3 

0.7 

$13,229  ,  3,625 

26.6 

39.8 

25.6 

5.2 

2.6 

0.1 

0.1 

1 

16.2 

11.4 

2.5 

1.3 

112,134 

16,648 

1.5 

4.0 

12.5 

20.0 

24.0 

13.6 

9.2 

6.3 

5.6 

2.5 

0.8 

12,014 

3,295 

27.1 

40.2 

25  0 

5.2 

2.5 

(>) 

2 

9.6 
13.1 

8.6 

12.0 

23.8 

12.5 
22.6 
18.1 

9.5 
21.0 

2.1 
8.3 
3.7 

4.2 

20.5 

12.8 
19.3 
32.7 

7.1 
11.2 

0.4 
4.6 

0.8 

1.2 
3.5 

3.9 

8.7 
7.6 

0.7 
1.6 

0.4 
3.3 
1.9 

0.3 

1.0 

0.4 
4.3 

2.5 

0.3 
1.0 

36,332 
5,316 
6,250 

2,348 

418 

5,502 

7,691 

911 

7,062 
40,304 

5,639 

834 

1,046 

428 

71 

884 

1,219 

161 

905 
5,461 

1.3 
2.1 
3.2 

1.4 

5.6 

2.9 
4.3 

3.6 
4.3 

7.4 

12.6 

9.9 

10.0 
8.3 
3.1 

13.1 
14.9 
15.1 

14.0 

11.3 

10.1 
14.5 
31.7 

11.1 
10.8 

21.8 
18.2 
18.8 

31.1 

8.5 

13.8 
18.5 
24.9 

13.2 
20.4 

21.6 
20.6 
36.2 

17.3 

22.5 

33.4 
19.6 
18.6 

15.8 
26.1 

16.6 
19.3 
9.6 

14.7 

32.4 

14.6 
12.1 
11.8 

16.2 
9.7 

10.8 
11.0 
3.6 

7.0 

4.2 

8.8 
10.6 
6.8 

11.5 
7.9 

7.0 
5.9 
4.7 

1.2 

2.8 

3.7 
4.2 
1.9 

13  0 

3.6 
3.0 
1.1 

0.5 

1.4 

2.4 
5.7 

IS  8 

0.6 
0.7 
0.2 

0.2 

1.4 

0.3 
1.7 
1.2 

0.3 
6.4 

o.'i' 
'o.'s' 

0.1 

2.2 

4,462 

287 

1,279 

44 

242 

242 
224 
51 

269 
4,914 

1,237 

89 

295 

13 

74 

71 
64 
17 

68 
1,367 

32.2 
6.7 
6.1 

23.1 

46.0 

36.6 
28.1 

7.4 
28.1 

31.0 
83.2 
18.3 

30.8 

32.4 

43.7 
40.6 
100.0 

42.6 
50.0 

25.4 
9.0 
59.0 

46.1 

18.9 

18.3 
20.3 

48.5 
18.2 

6.7 
1.1 
15.6 

2.7 

1.4 
9.4 

1.5 
2.2 

4.7 

'i.'o' 

3 

4 
f) 

"i.«' 

« 

7 

8 

'i'h' 

10 
11 

0.8 

1.6 

6.3 

7.8 

12 

SOUTH 

CAROLINA. 

1.9 

1.6 

0.6 

0.1 

$24,591 

6,406 

27.0 

24.8 

24.1 

16.3 

5.5 

1.6 

0.6 

0.1 

(■) 

(■) 

$15,787 

5,665     61.6     24.3 

11.5 

2.5 

0.1  1  (>) 

JIL 

1 

1.3 

1.4 

0.5 

0.1 

23,283 

6,080 

26.8 

25.0 

24.2 

16.5 

5.4 

1.5 

0.6 

(') 

(■) 

15,184 

5,428     61.4  1  24.6 

1 

11.6 

2.3 

0.1 

(') 

2 

10.2 

0,8 
0.4 
0.4 
0.9 

1.2 

17.6 
0.6 

■'6.'7' 

0.9 

4.6 

0.3 
0.1 
0.4 
0.2 

0.2 
0.1 

27 
21,851 

8 
5,712 

12.5 
28.6 

87.5 
25  4 

3 

24.7 

16.3 

4.9 

1.5 

0.6 

0) 

0) 

14,512 

5,183 

61.7 

23.9 

12.0 

2.3 

0.1 

(') 

4 
S 

'6.'2' 

1,405 

360 

29.7 

17.2 

15.8 

20.0 

14.2 

1.9 

0.6 

0.6 

809 
63 

219 

.■il.l 

42.0 
15.4 

a7     2.7 

0.5 

A 

26     84.6 


7 

i 

8 

1 

1 

790 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table    72.— CLASSIFIED   WEEKLY  EARNINGS— TWENTY-FIVE   STATES,   BY   SELECTED   INDUSTRIES-PER    CENT 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  AND  NUMBER  OF  ALL  WAGE-EARNERS,  AND 

TEIVNESSEB. 


nronsTBT. 

Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

ATEKAGE  WEEKLY  E*RK- 
INGS. 

TOT.VL. 

[                                                           MEN   in  YE.IHS   AND    OVER. 

All 

wage- 
earn- 
ers. 

i 
1 

'Men  16 
years 
and 
over. 

Wom- 
en 16 
years 
and 
over. 

Chil- 
dren 

under 
16 

years. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Earnings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by  earnings. 

Less 

than 

$3. 

S3  to 

$4. 

$4  to 
$5. 

$5  to 
$6. 

S6to 
$7. 

S7  to 
S8. 

SSto 
$9. 

$9  to 
$10. 

$10  to 
$12. 

1 

All  industries . . 

Ten  selected  indus- 
tries. 

Cars  and  general   shop 
construction    and    re- 
pairs bv  steam  railroad 
companies. 

Clothing,  men's  . 

1,742 

$7.51 

$8.17 

$4.37 

$2.73 

$248,431 

33,092 

$228,925 

28,004 

4.9 

4.8 

7.4 

6.3 

23.1 

15.6 

5.6 

8.7 

7.0 

2 

624 

7.25 

8.10 

4.31 

2.69 

124,768 

17,203 

112, 330 

13,869 

4.5 

4.3 

8.2 

5.4 

24.5 

16.0 

5.7 

8.9 

6.3 

3 
4 

6 

S 
6 
47 

15 

3 

480 

40 

13 

10.76 

4.50 
4.99 
9.32 

8.43 
4.01 
7.17 

6.88 

8.72 

4.30 

10.79 

8.11 
6.17 
9.36 

8.76 
5.55 
7.20 

6.94 

8.84 

6.60 

3.75 

4.28 
4.89 

"iio' 

2.72 
4.06 

2.31 
3.03 
3.00 

3.04 
2.35 
3.80 

2.75 

3.31 

2.50 

28,275 

3,291 
7,772 
13,045 

9,791 
3,812 
3,512 

43,838 

6,312 

5,120 

2,628 

731 
1,557 
1,399 

1,162 
950 
490 

6,371 

724 

1,191 

28,230 

714 

4,081 

13,024 

9.5S7 
1.159 
3.493 

43,600 

6,259 

2,183 

2,616 

88 

661 

1,392 

1,095 
209 
485 

6,284 

708 

331 

8.0 
4.9 
2.3 

5.2 
14.8 
11.5 

5.2 

4.9 

14.5 

0.1 

10.2 
8.3 
3.1 

4.0 
18.2 
3.1 

4.9 

5.1 

13.0 

1.5 

14.8 

26.0 

5.1 

9.7 
17.2 
9.5 

9.0 

4.9 

14.5 

0.6 

9.1 
16.7 
3.7 

8.6 
10.5 
3.1 

5.8 

7.1 

6.3 

14.5 

12.5 
15.7 
28.5 

12.1 
9.6 
19.2 

33.0 

21.9 

12.1 

15.4 

6.8 
12.3 
8.2 

13.4 
9.1 
15.3 

20.4 

10.9 

3.6 

10.7 

6.8 
3.3 
7.2 

6.5 
9.6 
5.1 

3.7 

3.7 

2.7 

13.7 

5.7 
4.2 
9.2 

6.0 

4.8 

12.6 

7.6 

8.8 

11.8 

11.0 

4.5 
4.5 
3.8 

9.4 
2.9 
15.7 

3.7 

7.6 

10.3 

f, 

6 

7 

Foundrj-    and    machine 

shop  products. 
Furniture. . 

8 
9 

10 

11 

1? 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods.. 

Iron  and  steel,  blast  fur- 
naces. 

Lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts. 

Lumber,     planing    mill 
products,  including 
sash,  doors,  and  blinds. 

VIRGINIA. 


1 

.\11  industries.. 

Nine    selected    in- 
dustries. 

Brick  and  tile. 

1,481      $7.69 

$8.47 

$3.95 

$3.05        $263,262 

34,233 

$241,781 

28,544 

5.8 

4.3 

6.3 

9.0 

18.8 

14.7 

8.1 

8.0 

7.2 

2 

508 

7.83 

8.66 

4.20 

3.25 

141,973 

18,135 

129,033 

14,901 

4.7 

3.5 

6.0 

10.4 

17.7 

15.3 

7.5 

8.2 

6.9 

•? 

21 
20 

14 
34 

8 
291 

53 

14 
S3 

7.31 
11.03 

7.36 
9.97 

4.62 
6.66 

7.22 

6.09 
5.04 

7.58 
11.04 

7.36 
10.04 

7.19 
6.74 

7.40 

5.97 
6.88 

"ii'.'m 

2.57 
5.00 

4, 710 
63,305 

7,684 
7,968 

5.240 
28,503 

6,120 

5,790 
12,647 

645 
5,740 

1,044 
799 

1,133 
4,278 

848 

1,138 
2,510 

4, 626 
03,235 

7,(iS4 
7,949 

2  1''2 
28!  150 

6,026 

4,248 
4,993 

610 
5,729 

1,044 
792 

295 
4,179 

814 

712 
720 

4.1 

2.9 

3.9 

0.7 

2.0 
4.3 

5.5 

19.7 
12.4 

5.1 
0.9 

0.8 
3.8 

3.1 
4.9 

5.7 

9.7 
10.1 

5.4 
2.4 

5.3 
3.3 

8.1 
6.9 

11.2 

17.7 
14.6 

10.6 
5.4 

8.7 
3.7 

25.1 
16.5 

10.9 

10.8 
10.5 

21.8 
9.6 

9.4 
16.9 

21.0 
31.4 

24.3 

9.8 
10.0 

19.2 
10.5 

41.4 
20.3 

13.2 
17.6 

10.8 

9.0 
5.9 

7.9 
10.3 

16.2 
6.2 

10.5 
2.6 

3.3 

7.5 
5.0 

13.4 
10.2 

6,9 
8.1 

4.4 
6.9 

7.8 

4.4 

4.7 

5.2 
10.5 

3.6 

6.8 

5.4 
3.3 

7.0 

5.1 

7.6 

4 

Cars  and  general   shop 
construction    and    re- 
pairs by  steam  railroad 
companies. 

Fertilizers 

6 

7 
8 

9 

10 
11 

Foundry    and    machine 
shop  products. 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods.. 

Lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts. 

Lumber,     planing     mill 
products,  including 
sash,  doors,  and  blinds. 

Tobacco,    chewing    and 
smoking,  and  snufl. 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  cig- 
anates. 

4.08 

4.50 

3.74 
4.35 

2.71 

2.56 
3.57 

2.04 

2.26 
3.95 

WISCONSIN. 


1 

All  Industries.. 

Eleven  selected  In- 
dustries. 

Agricultural  Implements. 

4,789 

1 
!$10.12 

$10. 75 

$6.12 

$3.61 

$697,1.37 

68,865 

$662,940 

61,677 

0.9 

1.3 

2.5 

2.6 

4.6 

7.2 

9.7 

18.7 

20.2 

2 

602 

10.62 

10.81 

5.19 

3.79 

409,721 

38,960 

400,666 

37,071 

0.-5 

1.0 

2.1 

2.0 

4.1 

7.8 

10.8 

19.5 

20.8 

3 
4 

32 

17 
21 

158 

47 
12 
15 

82 
146 

04 
9 

11.27 
9.13 
11.60 

i  11.62 

8.30 
6.22 
9.75 

'  11.09 
:  10.13 

10.99 
j    9.01 

11.35 
10.8V 
11.60 

11.70 

8.B1 
9.94 
9.79 

11.86 
10.16 

11.14 
9.83 

6.20 
6.36 
8.33 

5.18 

4.61 

4.RH 
6..« 

6.04 
3.86 

3.60 
6.42 

6.24 
3.97 

.3.79 
.1.66 

:).  OS 

4.00 

3.89 
4.22 

4.38 
6.50 

40,740 

4,995 

60,635 

105,887 

29,740 

4,454 

30,086 

27,082 
80,231 

12,878 
12,693 

3,816 

647 

6,226 

9,098 

3,644 

854 

3,087 

2,4(16 
7,924 

1,172 
1,397 

40,479 

3,860 

60,610 

105,243 

29,128 

1,044 

29,982 

26,  .144 
80,010 

12,772 
11,194 

3,667 

355 

6,223 

8,99.1 

3,as5 

105 
3,064 

2,222 

7,871 

1,147 
1,139 

0.4 
2.8 
0.1 

0.7 

1.5 

2.9 
0.7 

(') 
0.1 

0.3 

0.7 
2.8 
0.3 

1.8 

0.9 
1.0 
0.5 

0.1 
1.1 

0.9 
1.6 

0.9 
3.4 
0.8 

2.4 

5.1 
5.7 
3.3 

3.3 
l.l 

1.6 
1.4 

1.8 
7.3 
0.5 

1.6 

■    2.2 
7.6 
2.3 

3.9 
2.3 

2.7 
1.6 

5.7 

7.3 
1.8 

3.1 

11.6 
6.7 
3.7 

3.1 
2.8 

3.3 
7.3 

8,9 
9.9 
3.3 

3.9 

21.9 
11.4 
9.1 

10.9 
8.9 

6.8 
3.8 

12.6 
8.2 
4.9 

14.3 

15.1 
3.8 
11.1 

1.6 
11.6 

7.1 
7.8 

19.0 
11.0 
22.4 

16.4 

16.3 
18.1 
22.9 

4.6 
26.8 

10.3 
36.1 

18.8 
13.6 
26.4 

13.8 

12.1 
16.2 
26.8 

17.1 
26.4 

19.8 
23.4 

5 

« 
7 

Cars  and   gonernl   shop 
construction   and   re- 
pairs liy  steam  railroad 
comiianlcs. 

Foundry    and    machine 
shop  products. 

8 
9 

in 

Hosiery  anil  knit  goods.. 
Leather,  tanned, curried, 

and  fliilsheil. 
Liquors,  malt 

11 
12 

13 

Lumberand  timber  prod- 
ucts. 

Lumber,  planing  mill 
products.  Including 
sash,  doors,  and  blinds. 

Paper  and  wood  pulp 

>  Lees  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


791 


DISTRIBUTION    OK    WAGE-EARNERS— MEN,   WOMEN,   AND   CHILDREN— BY   GROUPS   OF    EARNINGS;  TOTAL   AND 
OF  EACH  CLASS;  WITH   NITMBFJl  OF   ESTABLISHMENTS;  1905     Cmtinued. 


MEN  10  YEARS  AND 

ovEK — continued. 

WOMEN    16 

■i-EARa  AND    OVEB. 

CHILDREN    UNDEB  16    YEARS. 

Per  cent  distribution 
of  numlK-r  by  earn- 
ings—Continued. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  l»y  <'jirninKs. 

Earn- 
ings. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  number  by 
earnings. 

$12 
to 
$15. 

$1.'-. 
to 
$20. 

$20 
to 
$25. 

$25 
and 
over. 

T>css 
than 
S3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
$5. 

$5 
to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
$7. 

87 
to 
$8. 

$8 
to 
$9. 

S!) 
to 
$10. 

$10 
to 
$12. 

S12 
to 
$15, 

$15 
and 
over. 

Less 

tlian 

$3. 

$3 
to 
$4. 

$4 

to 
S5. 

$5 

to 
$6. 

$6 
to 
»7. 

$7 
to 
$8. 

$8 

and 
over. 

7.2 

7.3 

1.4     0.7 

$14,965 

3,425 

17.5 

27.5 

21.2 

15.4 

10.3 

3.6 

1.9 

1.5 

0.8 

0.2 

0.1 

$4,541 

1,663 

58.8 

30.5 

7.9 

1.6 

1.0 

0.2 

1 

7.0 

7.4 

1.5 

0.3 

9,255 

2,149 

18.2 

28.9 

22.9 

12.7 

11.2 

2.7 

1.1 

1.4 

0.7 

0.2 

3,183 

1,185 

66.1 

25.5 

6.5 

1.6 

0.3 

2 

13.2 

6.8 
2.1 
8.7 

12.1 
3.3 
2.9 

3.6 

9.6 

9.7 

16.4 

11.4 
1.4 

ie.9 

11.0 

2.5 

3.4 
0.6 
3.1 

1.6 

0.4 

■6.'2' 

0.4 

45 

2,374 
2,563 

12 

555 
524 

17.5 
7.3 

100.0 

30.3 
23.7 

H 

19.3 
22.3 

13.9 
18.5 

9.2 
22.3 

4.1 
5.5 

3.2 
0.4 

1.6 

0.7 

0.2 

203 

1,128 

21 

204 

519 

19 

151 

S3 

885 

88 
372 

7 

67 

221 

5 

55 

16 

354 

96.0 
54.3 

35.8 
82.3 

56.4 
6.2 

72.9 

3.4 
35.5 
100.0 

4 

5.1 

4.0 

1.1 

>; 

6 

44.8 
11.8 
100.0 

21.8 

62.5 

17.9 
5.0 

1.5 
0.9 

7 

2,134 

520 

25.9 

25.6 

25.2 

13.1 

8.1 

1.3 

0.8 

8 

1.0 
2.1 
11.6 

l.S 

0.2 
0.6 
3.8 

0.2 
0.4 
0.1 

9 

87 

32 

50.0 

46.9 

3.1 

20.0 
11  1 

1.8 

10 

11 

2,052 

506 

20.9 

33.4 

26.9 

6.1 

5.9 

4.0 

2.0 

0.8 

21l7     Hi 

1? 

VIRGINIA. 


8.1 

7.0 

1.5 

1.2 

$18,073 

4,573 

35.2 

19.2 

16.6 

11.9 

8.2 

4.3 

2.2 

0.8 

0.8 

0.7 

0.1 

$3,408 

1,116 

49.5 

30.7    10.3 

6.4 

2.1 

1.0  I 

1 

8.6 

8.7 

1.6 

0.9 

10,744 

2,558 

27.5 

20.8 

18.6 

15.1 

8.9 

5.2 

2.4 

0.7 

0.4 

0.3 

0.1 

2,196 

676 

43.5 

30.3 

12.9 

8.4 

3.3 

1.6 

2 

3.8 
15.0 

2.6 
13.5 

3.1 
3.2 

8.4 

3.7 
4.7 

1.5 
17.7 

1.0 
12.4 

2.4 

1.4 

5.0 

2.1 
6.8 

0.5 
3.1 

0.2 
2.9 

1.4 
0.6 

0.1 

0.4 
0.4 

1  5 

90 
5 

35 
1 

51.4 

48.6 

T 

1.5 

65 

10 

10.0 

20.0 





70.0 

100.0 

4 

5 

1.4 

0.3 

0.4 

0.1 
0.1 

19 

510 
353 

49 

77 
1,093 

7 

199 
99 

24 

34 

277 

42.9 

61.8 
15.2 

91.6 

94.1 
29.2 

57.1 

27.2 
60.6 

4.2 

5.9 
24.2 

5 

2,008 

639 

25.8 

17.5 

27.8 

16.9 

7.2 

2.2 

1.3 

0.6 

0.5 

0.2 

6.0 
23.2 

4.2 

3.5 

1.0 

0.5 

1.0 

7 
8 

45 

1,465 
6,561 

10 

392 

1,507 

100.0 

12.8 
15.9 

q 

39.8 
25.3 

26.8 
20.7 

12.0 
15.3 

2.8 
11.3 

1.8 

7.4 

0.2 
3.0 

0.5 
0.9 

1.0 
0.2 

2.0 

0.3 

in 

18.4 

17.3 

7.6 

3.3 

11 

WISCONSIN. 


17.5 

11.5 

2.5 

0.8 

$28,553 

5,581 

8.0 

l.S.  4 

22.9 

19.4 

14.3 

6.9 

5.9 

1          ' 
1.9  I  1.5     0.7  1  0.1 

$5,644 

1,607 

30.2 

41.2 

19.5 

5.0 

2.6 
3.0 

1.1 

0.4 

1 

16.9 

11.3 

2.6 

0.8 

7,031 

1,355 

0.3 

15.3 

17.6 

29.9 

17.  S 

7.5 

3.0 

1.3 

0.2 

0.4 

,    2,024 

534 

14.0 

47.9 

26.6 

7.5 

0.8  ,  0.2 

2 

16.2 
17.7 
18.5 

19.2 

9.7 
7.6 
14.3 

32.4 
13.7 

26.7 
9.5 

16.4 
9.9 
9.0 

19.5 

3.0 
13.3 
4.6 

22.0 
4.6 

12.6 
6.7 

3.0 
3.1 

7.5 

3.4 

0.5 
5.7 
0.6 

0.9 
0.8 

1.2 
1.6 

0.7 
3.1 
1.5 

0.9 
0.1 

o.'i' 

0.1 
1.0 

0.7 
0.3 

62 

992 

25 

171 

158 

2,985 

48 

1,194 
27 

14 
1,355 

10 

156 

3 

33 

35 

611 

9 

237 
7 

4 
250 

80.0 
14.8 

20.0 
9.0 

199 
143 

38 
36 

2.6 
19.4 

7.9 
38.9 

47.4 
30.6 

15.8 
5.6 

15.8 
5.5 

7.9 

2.6 

3 

4.5 

iit 

8.3 

25.6 

12.8 
100.0 

12.1 

5.8 

1.3 

3.2 

4 
A 

15.1 
■  9. 6" 

15.2 

28.6 
10.4 

24.2 

22.8 
19.5 
33.3 

8.4 
50.0 
26.4 

48.6 
23.3 
66.7 

67.5 
57.1 

27.3 

6.1 

_ 

273 

454 

425 
56 

144 
194 

92 

72 

124 

138 
14 

37 
46 

21 
8 

2.8 

16.9 
29.7 
21.4 

62.5 

46.0 
63.8 
28.6 

48.6 
43.5 

28.6 
12.5 

27.8 

26.6 
6.5 
21.4 

51.4 
348 

47.6 
37.5 

5.5 
10.5 
28.'6' 

1.4 



6 

7 

21.4 

8.5 

1.6 

0.3 

8 

7.2 

19.4 
42.9 

50.0 
7.6 

4.7 

10 

13.0 
14.3 

25.0 

8.7 
9.5 

12.5 

11 

1? 

14.4 

24.0 

12.4 

4.8 

2.8 

0.4 



44 

12.5 

13 

45254— MPG  1905— PT  4—08- 


-52 


APPENDIX. 


CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  \90\  AND  WAGE  STATISTICS  OF  PRIOR  CENSUSES. 


STATISTICS  FOR  1904  NOT  STRICTLY  COMPARABLE  \v  ITH  STATISTICS  OK 
PRIOR    CENSUSES. 

At  the  Tenth  Census  (1880)  there  was  a  special  report  on  wages 
which  contained  statistics  for  tlie  important  occupations  of  627 
establisliments.  The  report  made  a  speciahy  of  rates  of  wages,  the 
most  numerous  quotations  being  for  day  rates;  tlie  statistics  were  not 
summarized,  and  no  attempt  was  made  to  obtain  a  total  for  a  large 
number  of  establishments  or  for  a  number  of  industries.  WTiile  the 
report  contains  a  great  amount  of  valuable  data,  they  are  of  such  a 
character  that  they  are  not  comparable  with  the  classified  earnings 
reported  at  the  census  of  1905.  nor  with  the  statistics  of  employees 
and  wages  as  reported  at  any  other  census. 

The  inquiry  used  at  the  census  of  1890  concerning  specified 
weekly  rates  of  wages  was  aimed  at  distributing  the  average  number 
employed  during  the  entire  year  as  the  average  number  employed 
during  the  week.  The  reports  were  based  on  rates  of  pay  other  than 
earnings,  and  the  statistics  include  salaried  officials,  firm  members, 
and  clerks,  but  do  not  include  pieceworkers;  they  are  not,  therefore, 
comparable  with  the  statistics  of  the  censuses  of  1900  and  190.5.  The 
census  of  1890,  however,  was  the  first  in  which  an  attempt  was  made 
to  summarize  a  large  number  of  employees  by  the  use  of  the  classi- 
fied weekly  scale. 

The  special  report  on  employees  and  wages  at  the  census  of  1900 
presents  statistics  of  classified  rates  of  pay,  and  in  some  cases  weekly 
earnings,  for  720  establishments  in  34  of  the  most  important  indus- 
tries for  both  1890  and  1900.  The  main  object  of  the  special  report 
of  1900  was  to  obtain  rates  of  wages.  Earnings  were  only  incidental. 
The  census  of  1905  places  the  emphasis  on  earnings.  Comparisons 
between  the  two  are  difficult  and  must  be  made  with  care. 

The  report  of  1900  is  composetl  largely  of  the  statistics  of  classified 
"actual  rates  of  wages  "  per  hour  and  per  week.  Earnings  in  a  week, 
although  deemed  of  secondary  importance,  are  also  shown  for  a  few 
occupations  in  some  of  the  principal  industries  and  likewise,  in  the 
"establishment  comparison,"  for  certain  occupations  and  for  all 
wage-earners  in  a  limited  number  of  establishments;  while  weekly- 
earnings  are  compared  with  weekly  rates  of  the  same  employees  in 
9  industries,-  It  was  the  endeavor  in  each  instance  to  make  com- 
parison of  rates  regulated  by  the  same  or  similar  conditions.  Rates 
for  the  hour  and  week  were  given  for  the  principal  occupations  and 
the  results  presented  in  much  greater  detail  than  is  possible  in 
the  inquiry  of  1905.  The  report  gives  separate  tables  for  a 
number  of  representative  establishments  and  summaries  for  the 
various  industries.  The  conditions  in  different  industries  are  so 
dissimilar  that  it  was  believed  that  a  combination  of  the  totals  for  all 
occupations,  or  for  two  or  more  of  them,  even  though  for  industries 
that  might  be  termed  in  some  measure  alike,  would  have  little  signifi- 
cance, and  that  the  same  woukl  lie  true  of  a  comparison  of  the  total 
for  the  two  censuses.  Therefore  the  special  report  contained  no 
general  summary,  and  it  has  been  necessary  to  prepare  one  in  the 
endeavor  to  compare  the  .special  statistics  for  1900  with  the  selected 
totals  for  1905. 

The  inclusion  of  a  much  larger  number  of  employees  in  the  sta- 
tistics of  classified  weekly  earnings  for  1905  than  were  considered 
in  the  reports  for  1890  or  1900,  and  the  differences  in  methods,  make 


it  impossible  to  preparer  tables  liy  which  similar  conditions  can  be 
compared  or  changes  in  rates  of  pay  or  earnings  indicated  with 
exactness.  The  detailed  infonnation  and  the  limited  number  of 
reports  secured  for  1890  and  1900  enabled  the  Census  Office  to  sub- 
ject the  separate  returns  to  a  careful  analysis  and  to  eliminate  all 
questionable  data.  Under  these  circumstances  a  compari.sfin  of  the 
data  presented  in  the  special  reports  bearing  on  the  question  of 
earnings  for  each  of  the  three  censuses  should  not  be  accepted  as 
conclusively  showing  the  trend  of  earnings.  The  comparisons  are 
of  value  liecause  they  present  all  of  the  available  census  data  on 
the  subject  and  indicate  in  a  general  way  the  prevailing  rates  and 
earnings. 

Comparison  ff  rates  and  earnings. — The  statistics  of  earnings  in  the 
report  for  1900  are  too  meager  to  be  used  in  the  construction  of  a 
table  that  would  be  representative  of  the  earnings  of  a  number  of 
industries,  and  the  comparison  of  representative  totals  is  therefore 
necessarily  between  weekly  rates  reported  for  1900  and  weekly 
earnings  as  shown  for  1905,  The  number  of  wage-earners  repre- 
sented for  1905  is  much  larger  and  differently  distributed  than  in 
1900,  and  as  comparatively  few  women  and  children  were  reported 
in  1900,  they  must  be  excluded  from  both  censuses  and  the  com- 
parison made  of  the  classified  earnings  for  men.  Such  a  compari.s<jn 
is  necessarily  verj-  unsatisfactory-,  and  to  understand  its  true  signifi- 
cance reference  should  be  made  to  the  method  of  ascertaining  the 
rates,  and  to  the  description  of  the  conditions  affecting  rates  and 
earnings  as  described  in  the  report  for  1900.' 

The  limitation  in  the  number  of  establishments  at  the  census  of 
1900  tended  to  restrict  the  inquiry  to  comparisons  of  similar  con- 
ditions, and  to  keep  the  figures  from  becoming  affected  by  earn- 
ings prevailing  in  new  estaldishments  or  in  establishments  engaged 
in  different  branches  of  the  same  industry.  The  data  for  the  spe- 
cial report  of  1900  were  for  50-cent  groups  of  wages;  those  in  1905 
were  for  $1,  $2,  $3,  and  $5  groups  of  earnings.  For  the  comparative 
tables,  therefore,  the  different  groups  for  1890  and  1900  were  com- 
bined to  conform  to  the  broader  grouping  of  the  last  census. 

The  statistics  for  1900  were  collected  apart  from  the  general  cen- 
sus and  upon  a  special  schedule  by  field  agents  selected  for  their 
experience  and  skill  in  this  particular  class  of  work;  but  the  in- 
quiry of  1905  was  made  with  the  regular  schedule  for  manufactures, 
which  was  submitted  to  all  establishments. 

No  attempt  was  made  to  cover  the  same  week  of  the  year  for  any 
establishment  at  the  two  censuses,  and  therefore  the  data  are  a  com- 
bination of  the  earnings  or  rates  reported  at  different  seasons  of  the 
respective  years.  The  period  between  the  two  reports  for  the  same 
establishment  may  have  ranged  from  three  and  one-half  to  five  and 
one-half  years.  For  example,  if  an  establishment  reported  the  first 
week  in  July.  1899.  for  the  census  of  1900  and  the  last  week  of  De- 
cember. 1904.  for  the  census  of  1905.  the  interval  would  be  about 
five  and  one-half  years. 

There  are  34  industries  for  which  statistics  of  rates  were  shown 
for  men  in  1900,  and  these  are  compared  in  the  following  tables  with 
the  classified  earnings  for  men  in  the  same  or  allied  industries,  as 
reported  at  the  census  of  1905: 

'  Twelfth  Census.  Employees  and  Wages,  pages  xxix  and  xxx. 

(793) 


794 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table   1 . — Summary  of  statistics  for  classified  weekly  earnings,  1905, 
and  weekly  rates,  1900,  for  men  in  thirty-four  industries. 


NUMBER. 

1 

ABSOLUTE 
PERCENTAGE. 

CUMULATIVE 
PERCENTAGE. 

RATES. 

1905  earn- 
ings. 

1900 

rates. 

1905 
earn- 
ings. 

1900 
rates. 

1905 
earn- 
ings. 

1900 

rates. 

1,943,238 

182,206 

10O.O 

100.0 

Less  than  S3 

S3  to   S4 

40,173 
41.060 
63.555 

73S 
3,177 
S.  110 

2.1 
2.1 

aa 
as 

6.2 
7.7 

ai 
ia2 

15.7 
17.0 
14.7 
4.0 
2.1 

0.4 

1.8 

■     2.8 

2.5 

&0 

9.9 

8.1 

14.6 

15.7 

19.7 

14.5 

2.8 

2.2 

100.0 
97.9 
95.8 
9Z5 
8a7 
82.5 
74.8 
66.7 
5a  5 
37.8 
20.8 

ai 

2.1 

100.0 
99.6 

$4  to   $5 

97.8 

S5to   $6 

74,271            4.587 

95.0 

$6  to   $7 

121.286 
14<1.118 
158,441 
257.080 
304,458 
330,558 
286.095 
77.159 
39,984 

9,190 
18,061 
14,749 
26,548 
28,531 
35,932 
26,466 
5,171 
3,949 

92.5 

$7  to  J8     .... 

87.5 

J8to  t9 

77.6 

{9  to  SIO     

69.5 

tlO  to  J12 

54.9 

$12  to  $15 

39.2 

$15  to  $20 

19.5 

$20  to  $25 

5.0 

$25  and  over 

2.2 

If  the  rates  of  pay  were  the  same,  the  differences  between  the 
rates  and  earnings  would  be  due  entirely  to  departure  from  normal 
working  time.  'When  a  considerable  number  of  persons  are  con- 
sidered, working  under  normal  conditions — the  conditions  repre- 
sented by  the  pay  roll  returns — their  rates  will  be  somewhat  higher 
than  their  earnings,  but  the  difference  will  not  be  marked."  '     A 

'Twelfth  Census,  Employees  and  Wages,  page  xxx. 


comparison  of  lioth  rates  and  earnings  for  a  number  of  persona  for 
whom  exact  working  time  was  reported  at  the  Twelfth  Census  de- 
veloped very  little  difference  in  the  numbers  at  the  respective 
wage  groups,  but  such  a  degree  of  harmony  could  not  be  expected 
from  a  comparison  of  the  statistics  of  rates  for  the  182,206  employees 
represented  in  the  special  report  of  the  Twelfth  Census  with  those 
for  earnings  in  the  much  larger  number  of  employees  and  greater 
diversity  of  industry  reported  at  the  census  of  1905. 

The  slightly  larger  proportions  in  the  higher  groups  indicated 
by  the  cumulative  percentages  for  1900  is  due  not  only  to  the  fact 
that  they  are  based  on  rates,  but  also  to  the  fact  that  they  represent 
.  a  comparatively  few  carefuUj'  selected  high-class  establishments 
in  permanently  established  industries  chosen  for  the  purpose  of 
making  effective  comparisons  between  1890  and  1900,  rather  than 
as  representing  absolute  conditions  in  1900.  ]S!o  conclusions  should 
be  drawn  from  the  figures  unless  proper  allowance  is  made  for 
the  conditions  surrounding  the  two  reports.  The  absolute  per- 
centages for  earnings  and  rates  are  the  same  in  two  of  the  thiiteen 
groups  shown  in  the  above  table,  and  there  is  a  variation  of  less 
than  1  per  cent  in  four  groups.  The  widest  variation.  2.7  per  cent, 
is  shown  for  the  group  of  $12  to  $15;  the  number  in  this  group  for 
the  rates  of  1900  formed  19.7  per  cent  of  the  total,  as  compared 
with  17  per  cent  of  the  total  earnings  for  1905.  The  median  was 
in  the  group  l?10  to  ,'512  at  both  censuses,  but  the  cumulative  per- 
centages show  slightly  larger  proportions  in  the  higher  groups  for 
the  rates  of  1900  than  for  the  earnings  of  1905.  On  the  whole, 
there  is  a  striking  agreement  in  the  percentages. 

Table  2  shows  the  totals  for  each  industry  summarized  in  Table  1. 


T.\BLE   2.— CLASSIFIED    WEEKLY    EARNINGS,    1905,    AND    WEEKLY     RATES,    1900     TOTAL.    FOR 

NUMBER  IN  EACH  GROUP  BY  INDUSTRIES:  1905  AND  1900. 


MEN— ABSOLUTE 


Year. 


Total 

Agricultural  implements 

Bakeries 

Breweries 

Brickyards 

Candy 

Car  and  railroad  shops 

Carpet  mill.i 

Cereal  mills 

Chemicals 

CIgaro 

Clothing 

Collars  and  ciHIn 

Cotton  mills. . . 

Distilleries 

Dyi'lng  and  Hnlshing  textiles. . 

Flour  mills 

Found rie.i  and  metal  working. 


1905 
1900 


1905 
lUOO 


19a5 
1900 


1905 
1900 


190.5 
1900 


1905 


1900 


1905 
I'.IOO 


HITM 
1900 


1905 
1900 


I9a5 
IflOO 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1(100 


1900 


100.^ 
19U0 


ifiao 

KlOO 


IIWA 
11)00 


IdOfi 
1000 


MEN   16  YEARS   AND   OVER. 


82.5  and 


7.1.'i7  t 
480  I 


920 

42 


5, 484 
437 


n.  069 
0,059 


584 
174 


5,079 
038 


BS, 497 
8,389 


924 
35 

265 
7 

42,778 
2,532 

13,101 
175 

462 
71 

81 
14 

344 
34 

74 

0 

2,579 
389 

,528 
90 

7,799 
225 

l,ft'i4 
,')9 

fi,097 
273 

2,988 
B7 

127 
23 

33 
8 

2,947 
148 

903 

48 

617 
13 

110 
3 

082 

58 

175 
33 

2,877 
38! 

559 
46 

72.755 
7,, 192 

17,215 
1,486 

322 
19 


126 
9 


3,727 
52 


44 

11 


28 
3 


304 
21 


644 
26 


1,.150 
37 


36 
11 


.■)87 
26 


a> 

7 


319 
87 


248 
34 


6,8.12 
494 


EARNINGS  OF  WAr.E-EARNERS. 


795 


Taumo  )i.     ('!,ASSII'Il':i)   WIOICKLY  EARNINGS,   1905,  AND  WEEKLY  RATES,  lOOO  TOTAL,  FOR  MEN— ABSOLUTE 
NUMBER  IN  EACH  GROUP  BY  INDUSTRIES:  1905  AND  1900— Continued. 


Filrnililrc 

i;iass 

Trim  and  sircl  mills 

Knitting  inills 

T^innlu'r  mid  i>liuiiiij;  mills 

I'apcr  mills _ 

Pianos 


Year. 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
lUOO 


1!K)5 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
HlOO 


19a5 

1900 
I 

I'ottcriPS 1905 

1900 

Prin  tins I     1906 

I     1900 


Riibl)cT 

Shipyards. . . . 

Shoes 

Slaughtering. 
Tanneries. . . . 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


1905 
1900 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 


Total 
number. 


1905 

1900 

Tobacco i    1905    ' 

:    1900 

Wagons  and  crarriages 1905 

1900 

Woolen  mills I    1905 

1900 


.53,715 
4,316 

31,510 
4,479 

141,170 
20,183 

11,538 
458 

225, 785 
2,798 

31,735 
1,935 

17, 679 
1,781 

21,838 
034 

88,987 
3.828 

22,092 
1.386 

30,990 
10, 873 

59.142 
3.026 

33.639 
8,701 

38, 293 
6,010 

8,703 
1,4.55 

40.981 
3,240 

58,889 
5,023 


Less 
than  S3. 


t3to$4.  $4to$S.$StoSG. 


924 
41 


S62 
2 


1,638 
15 


326 


8,935 


666 


160 
100 

426 
1 

2,1)79 
8 

173 
3 

797 
50 

1,004 
41 

606 


664 
76 


641 
3 


1,030 
7 


1,207 
153 


772 
310 


1,547 
97 


414 

17 


6,185 
1 

376 


285 
94 

262 
6 

3,210 
88 

224 
59 

674 
233 

1,446 
180 

394 
20 

465 
60 

978 
222 

691 
52 

1,090 
92 


tCto$7.S7Io$8. 


2,103 
172 

1,469 
202 

1,970 
243 

683 
20 

10, 204 
46 

499 
23 

505 
62 

473 
10 

3,640 
72 

531 
57 

983 
123 

2,094 
142 

515 
264 

1,024 
132 


338 


118 


2,334 
303 


2,414 
180 

1,657 
337 

2,754 
356 

782 
30 

9, 765 
17 

579 
32 

700 
51 

713 
13 

3,816 


659 
35 


1,298 


2,594 
141 

736 
33 

1.350 
208 

1,160 
202 

1,224 
89 

3,377 
316 


$8  to  $9. 


3,083 
306 

1,696 
2,56 

4,983 


1,447 
79 

22,742 
178 

1,173 
90 

828 
56 

997 
41 

5,009 
142 

1,006 
58 

1,363 
423 

3,557 
207 

1,205 
233 

2.623 
342 

1.140 
215 

2,300 
228 

5,511 
652 


5,614 
568 

1,828 
361 

10, 470 
3,382 


70 


23,497 
239 


2,232 
227 


1,849 
71 

4,358 
137 

1,410 
170 

1,937 
1,039 

3.900 
161 

1,648 
299 

3,826 
677 

877 
113 

3,116 
409 

7,663 
1,000 


5,279 
414 

1,968 
223 

15,802 
2,437 

1,417 
42 

15,694 
528 

3,018 
317 

1,104 
116 

2,291 
18 

4,301 
139 

1,802 
112 

1,758 
573 

4,077 
142 

2.378 
11 

4,524 
1,368 

626 
64 

2,756 
243 

6,310 
439 


$9  to 
(10. 


7,378 
531 

3,357 
436 

18,180 
2,381 

1,288 
58 

40,173 
600 

7,811 
645 

l,.i63 
144 

4,082 
81 

5.810 
145 

3,785 
400 

2.881 


5,319 

221 

4,473 
2,059 

6,840 
1,238 

632 
81 

6,325 
416 

7,183 
504 


$10  to 
$12. 


$12  to 
$15. 


$15  to 
$20. 


$20  to  ! $25  and 
$2o.   orer. 


8,145  I 
630 


9,362  I 
811 


5,959 
393 


4,026 

3,630 

3,448 

.526 

596 

471 

28,398 

25,057 

17,630 

5,223 

5,633 

3,131 

1,544 

1,072 

609 

27 

50 

38| 

28,511 

30,586 

21,786  1 

452 

391 

244 

6,328 

4,914 

3,103  , 

204 

205 

161 

2,493 

3,839 

3,675 

249 

448 

297 

3,751 

2.963 

2,126 

47 

89 

154 

9,685 

13,480 

18,040 

319 

511 

927 

4,127 

4,217 

3,465 

210 

166 

97  ■ 

4,722 

5,753 

6,944 

1,474 

3,313 

2,. 524 

8,609 

11,565 

10.811 

388 

647 

642 

8,750 

7,454 

4,390 

3,165 

1,579 

866 

8,317 

5,510 

2,644 

853 

807 

257 

632 

481 

270 

66 

26 

35 

6,687 

8,839 

6,206 

455 

587 

493 

9,111 

9,081 

5,005 

563 

729 

299 

1,003 
104 

2,378 
369 

6,015 
904 

205 
18 

5,598 
64 

796 
22 

1,080 
42 

765 
71 

8,392 
544 

561 
13 

1,413 
270 

3,046 
68 

752 
105 

468 

47 

58 
12 


103 


284 


4,71!/ 
390 


6,72( 
1,480 


1(K 
9 


2,04! 

a. 


240 
9 


556 
31 


540 

32 


6,667 
710 


830 
70 


132 
i 


467 

68 


1,120 
46 


338 
67 


183 
21 


21S 
44 


364 
49. 


According  to  the  special  report.  720  pay  rolls  were  utilized  iu 
compiling  the  .statistics  for  the  census  of  1900.  C'lassified  accord- 
ing to  the  number  of  employees  in  the  establishments  reporting, 
260  of  these  pay  rolls  represented  establishments  that  employed 
less  than  100  wage-earners;  336  that  employed  100  to  499;  74  that 
employed  500  to  999;  and  50  that  employed  1,000  and  over. 
The  establishments  were  distributed  among  34  industries.'  \Miile 
some  information  was  obtained  from  nearly  all  the  720  pay  rolls, 
it  is  evident  that  because  of  defective  data  or  for  other  reasons  a 
few  were  excluded  from  the  report.  In  some  instances  the  pay 
rolls  of  different  departments  of  the  same  establishment  were 
considered  as  pay  rolls  of  separate  establishments.  After  making 
the  eliminations  and  consolidations  necessary  for  comparison  with 
the  reports  for  the  census  of  1905,  it  is  found  that  there  are  697 
establishments  to  be  considered.  The  reguhtr  Census  classifica- 
tion of  industries  was  not  followed  in  distributing  these  establish- 
ments among  the  34  industries  shown  in  the  special  report  of 
1900.  and  in  order  to  present  statistics  for  similar  industries  at 
the  two  censuses  it  is  necessary  to  combine  the  data  for  a  number 
of  the  classes  shown  separately  in  the  reports  for  1905.  These 
combinations  are  given  in  the  following  statement,  the  classifi- 
cation used  in  the  special  ro|)ort  of  1900  being  accepted  as  the 
standard : 

'  Twelfth  Census,  Employees  and  Wages,  page  xv. 


Industry  classifications  arijnstcil:  1900  and  lHVo. 


REGULAR    CENSUS    CLASSIFICATION    OF 

INDUSTRY  AND  NUMBER  OF   ESTABLISH- 

INDUSTRY   AND    NUMBER    OF 

ESTAB- 

MENTS  AS  GIVEN  IN  SPECIAL 

REPORT 

LISHMENTS      FOR     1905.      CONSOLIDA- 

OF  1900. 

TIONS    AND    ADJUSTMENTS     TC 
PARE  WITH  INDUSTRY  OF  1900. 

COM- 

Industry. 

Number. 

Industry. 

Number. 

Agricultural  implements 

15 

Agricultural  Implements 

362 

Agricultural  implements... 

14 

(Total  for  1900  includes  1 

Foundry  and  machine  shop 

establishment  classed  as 

products 

1 

'•foundry  and  machine 
shop    products,"      the 
corresponding      figures 
for  which  are  included 
in  the  total  for  "found- 
ries and  metal  working" 
for  1905  in  Table  2.) 

29 

Bread    and    other   bakery 

13,493 
918 

33 

3 

2,053 

Brick  and  tile 

?. 

(Total  for  1900  includes  1 

rottcrv.  terra  cotta,  and 

establishment     classed 

flreciuy  products 

1 

as  "pottery,  terracotta, 
and  fireclay  products," 
the  corresponding   fig- 
ures for  which  are  in- 
cluded in  the  total  for 
"potteries"  for  1905  in 
Table  2.) 

796 


MANUFACTURES. 


Industry  classifications  adjusted:  1900  and  1905 — Continued. 


REGULAR    CENSUS    CLASSIFICATION     OF 
INPUSTRT  AXDXUMBER  OF  ESTABLISH-  INDUSTRY  AND    NUMBER    OF     ESTAB- 

MENTS  AS  GIVEN  IN  SPECIAL  REPORT  LISIIMENTS     FOR     190.^.       CONSOLIDA- 

OF   1900.  TIONS    AND    ADJUSTMENTS     TO     COM- 

PARE "WITH  INDUSTRY  OF  1900. 


Industry. 


Candy 

Car  and  railroad  shops 

Cars  and  general  shop  con- 
struction and  repairs  by 
steam  railroadcompanies. 

Cars,  steam  railroad,  not 
including  operations  of 
railroad  companies 

Cars,  street  railroad,  not 
including  operations  of 
railroad  companies 

Locomotives 


Carpet  mills. 
Cereal  mills.. 


Chemicals 

Chemicals 

Druggists'  preparations.. 

Explosives 

Fertilizers 

Paints 

Varnishes 


Cigars 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  ciga- 
rettes  

Tobacco,     chewing      and 
smoking,  and  snufE 


Collars  and  cuffs 

Cotton  mills 

Cotton  goods 

Cotton  small  wares 

Dyeing  and  finishing  tex- 
tiles  


Distilleries 

Dyeing  and  finishing  textiles. 
Dyeing  and  finishing  tex- 
tiles  

Cotton  goods , 


Flour  mills. 


Foundries  nn(I  mctiil  work- 
ing  

Foundry  find  nmchlneshop 
prodtidH 

Agricultiinil  inipleninnts... 

HIeyclcM  and  tricycles 

Mrldgift 

Cttfji  and  K'*'"'''hI  whoncon- 
slniftlnn  and  rtipairtt  hy 
sU-nm  niilrnad  compa- 
nies   

('utliT>'  and  fdg"  tools 

Rn-anns 

Ifnrrlwarp 

Iron  and  nUt'\,  biniii  fur- 
na'-f» 

Iron  and  ntii-l.  (il<'«|  worki 
and  rolling  nillh 

fV-n-W!*,  wofKl 

8<'WlriK   tiiaf'hlnfs  and   at- 

taf'hnicntN 

Bteam  fitltngs  and  lu'atliiK 

Appftratus 


12 


13 


27 


26 


Clothing 27 

Clothmg,  men's 22 

Clothing,  women's ]       5 


16 
1 


18 


77 


112 


Industry. 


Number. 


Confectionery 

Cars  and  general  shop  con- 
struction and  repairs  by 
steam  railroad  compa- 
nies  

Cars,  steam  railroad,  not 
including    operations    of 

railroad  companies 

Cars,    street    railroad,    not 
including  operations  of  ; 

railroad  companies 

(Total  for  1900  includes  1 
establishment  classed 
as  ''locomotives,"  the 
corresponding  figures 
for  which  are  included 
in  the  total  for  ■'found- 
ries and  metal  working" 
for  1905  in  Table  2.) 

Carpets  and  rugs,  other 
than  rag 

Food  preparations 

Chemicals 

Druggists'  preparations 

Explosives 

Fertilizers 

Paints 

Varnishes 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  ciga- 

(Total  for  1966  includes  i 
establishment  classed  as 
"tobacco,  chewing  and 
smoking,  and  snuff," 
the  corresponding  fig- 
ures for  w-hich  are  in- 
chided  in  the  total  for 
"tnl)acco"  for  1905  in 
Tables.) 

Clothing,  men  s 

Clothing,  women's 

Collars  and  cuffs 

Cotton  goods 

Cotton  small  wares 

(Total  for  VM)()  inoliKles  1 
estaltlishment  classed  as 
"dying  and  finishing 
textiles."  the  corre- 
sponciing  figures  for 
which  an*  included  in  the 
total  for  "dyeing  and 
finishing  textiles^'  for 
1905  in  Table  2.) 

Liquors,  distilled 

Dveingnnd  finishing  textiles 
(Total  for  VM)  includes  2 
estahlishments  classed 
as  "cotton  goods,'"  the 
corn'spoinliiif,'fi^'uri's(or 
which  an-  inclmlcd  in  the 
total  for  "(M)t Ion  goods" 
forl905ln  Tulile  2.) 

Flour  and  grist  mill  prod- 
ucts  

Foundry  and  machine  shop 

products 

IJfcyclf's  and  tricycles.  .^ 

Cutlery  and  edge  tools 

Fln-aniiH 

Ilardwurc 

LoconiotI  ves 

Screws,  wood 

S4-wlng   machines   and   at- 

taclunentt* 

Hleam  fittings  and  heating 

apparatus 

Stoves  and  furnaces,  not  In- 

ehidlng  gas  and  oil  stoves. 
Htruelural   Ironwork    Cn'p- 

D'Hentlng    "lirldges"    for 

IlHMh. .  .'. 

Watehes 

Win-work,    Incliidlnfc   wira 
rope  and  cable 

(Total  for  I1KH)  Innludes  1 
cstalillHlnnent  claHHcd  ait 
"agricultural  Implc- 
montt."     2    eatabllih- 


Industry  classifications  adjusted:  1900  and  1905 — Continued. 


713 
46 
8 


155 
124 
28 
200 
304 
129 


9,033 


1,697 
1,072 


525 
40 


575 
179 


7,382 

5,3.19 
09 
129 
20 
237 
11 


27 
124 
20(1 


41K 
7 


.374 


INDUSTRY  .\ND  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISH- 
MENTS AS  GIVEN  IN  SPECIAL  REPORT 
OF  1900. 


Industry. 


Foundries  and  metal  work- 
ing—Continued. 

Stoves  and  furnaces,  not 
including  gas  and  oil 
stoves 

Watches 

Wirework.  including  wire 
rope  and  cable 


Furniture. 
Glass 


Iron  and  steel 

Iron  and  steel,  blast  fur- 
naces   , 

Iron  and  steel,  steel  works 
and  rolling  mills 


Knitting  mills , 

Lumber  and  planing  mills  .  ., 
Lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts  

Lumber,  planing  mill  prod- 
ucts, including  sash, 
doors,  and  blinds 


Number. 


Paner  mills 
(Statistics  for'l9o6  did  not 
include  the  manufacture 
of  wood  pulp.) 

Pianos , 

Musical    instrmnents,    or- 
gans  , 

Musical    instrmnentSj 
anos 

Musical  in.struments,  piano 
and  organ  materials 


pi- 


Printing 

Printing  and  publishing, 
book  and  job 

Printing  and  publishing. 
ne\vspai>ers  and  jwriodi- 
cals 


Hubl)er 

Bnltingand  ho.se.  rubVter  .  . 
lioots  and  shoes,  rubber. . 
Rubber  and  elastic  goods  . 


Shipbuilding 

Sliipbuilriing.  iron  and  steel, 

Shiiibuilding.   wooden,  in- 

i-ludin^'  boat  building 


Shoes 

Slaughtering 

Slaiiphtenng  ami  meat 
packiTig.  vvholeHule 

Slaughtering.  wliolenale, 
not  Including  meal  pack- 
ing  

Tanneries 

Tobacco 

WagonM  and  earrlnges 

Wot.len  niilh 

Silk  and  nllk  goods 

Woiil  Mcourlng. . .- , 

Woolen  gnodH , 

Worsteti  goods , 


7 
17 


15 
30 


n 

9 


1 
2 
14 
10 


20 


37 


27 


REGULAR  CENSUS  CLASSIFICATION  OF 
INDUSTRY  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTAB- 
LISHMENTS FOR  190.5.  CONSOLID.\- 
TIONS  AND  ADJUSTMENTS  TO  COM- 
PARE  WITH  INDUSTRY  OF  1900. 


Industry. 


ments  classed  as  "cars 
and  general  shop  con- 
struction and  repairs  by 
steam  railroad  compa- 
nies," 1  establishment 
classed  as  "iron  and 
steel,  blast  furnaces," 
and  3  establishments 
classed  as  "iron  and 
steel,  steel  works  and 
rolling  mills."  the  cor- 
responding figures  for 
which  in  1905  are  in- 
cluded in  the  totals  for 
these  industries  in  Table 
2.) 

Furniture 

Glass 

Iron  and  steel.blast  furnaces, 

Iron  and  steel,  steel  works 

and  rolling  mills 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods 

Lumber  and  timber  prod- 
ucts  

Limiber,  planing  mill  prod- 
ucts, including  sash, 
doors,  and  blinds 

Paper  and  wood  pulp , 


Musical  instruments,  organs 

Musical  instrimients,  pianos 

Musical  instruments,  piano 

and  organ  materials 


Pottery,  terra  cotta,  and 
fire  clay  products 

Printing  and  publishing, 
book  and  job 

Printing  and  publishing, 
newspapers  and  periodi- 
cals  


Beltingandhose,  rubber. . 
Itoot.s  and  shoes,  rubber.. 
Kubber  and  elastic  goods. 


Shi|iliiiildliif:.  iron  and  steel 

ShuibiiiMm}^,     w  oodcTi.    in- 

t-ludnig  l)ont  building  .  . .. 


Hoots  and  shoes. 


Nuniber. 


Slaugbleringand  meat  pai-k- 
U\\l.  \\\\tiWsi\\iy 

Slau^'hliTMig.  wholesale,  not 
ini-ludutg  meat  packing. . 


Ijoalher.    tanned,    curried, 
and  IWiished 

Tobacco,  chewlngand  smok- 
ing, and  smUl. 

Carriages  and  wagons 

Silk  and  silk  goods 

Wnnl  Mi-ouring 

WiKtlen  uocids 

Worstod  goods 


1,257 
171 

82 
192 

416 

8,394 
2,866 

381 


57 
125 


420 

4,802 

10,860 


19 
133 


28 
518 


348 
269 


220 
3.433 

2a*. 

11 
366 
108 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


797 


Comparison   nf  caminrj!<   by  industries. — The   dassiflcd   wockly    |   and  it  is  possible  to  compare  the  datu  for  11  of  them  vrith  correspond- 
earnings  are  shown  in  the  report  for  1900  for  each  of  15  industries,    [    ing  totals  for  the  census  of  1905. 

Table  3.— AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS— NUMBER  OE  MEN  BY  CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  WITH  CUMU- 
LATIVE PERCENTAGES,  AND  ESTIMATED  DISTRIBUTION  OF  AVERAGE  NUMBER  IN  ALL  ESTABLISHMENTS: 
1S90  TO  1905.' 

[Eachcumulative  poreentage  shows  tho  proportion  of  total  nuralMr  of  persons  receiving  earaings  an  great  as,  or  greater  than,  the  lowest  earnings  of  the  given  group.] 


WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 


Total. . 

Less  than   S3 

tSto   $4 

$4  to   S5 

$5  to   JO 

$6  to   $7 

$7  to   $8..... 

$8  to   $9 

$9  to  JIO 

JIO  to812 

$12  tolls 

J15  to  $20 

$20  to  $25 

$25  and  over.. 


MEN  IG  YEAB8  AND  OVEB. 


Number. 


1905 


30,679 

419 
459 
757 
909 
1,596 

2,312 
3,414 
4,887 
4,982 

5,638 

4,197 

907 

202 


1900 


1S90 


9,633  I 

331 

178 
291 
3.35 
4U8 

604 

704 

1,171 

1,980 

2,399 

1,089 

62 

21 


138 
92 
120 
129 
203 

256 
265 
506 
60a 

721 

533 

102 

45 


Ciiinuiativc  percentage. 


1905 


97.1 
94.7 
91.7 

86.5 
79.0 
67.9 
52.0 

35.8 
17.4 
3.7 
0.7 


1900  1890 


100.0 
96.6 
94.8 
91.8 
88.3 

83.4 

77.1 
69.8 
57.6 

37.0 
12.1 
0.8 
0.2 


100.0 
96.3 
93.8 
90.6 
87.1 

81.6 
74.7 
67.6 
54.0 

37.6 
18.2 
3.9 
1.2 


Estimated  distribution  of 
avcrag'!  number  in  all  es- 
tablishments. 


1905 


46,631 

653 

70O 

1,119 

1,399 

2,425 

3,497 
5,176 
7,414 
7,564 

8,580 

6,389 

1,399 

326 


1900 


46,174 

1,570 
a31 

i,:«5 

1,616 
2,263 

2,909 
3,371 
5,633 
9,512 

11,497 

5,217 

277 


1890 


38,327 

1,418 
958 
1,226 
1,.341 
2,108 

2,645 
2,721 
5,213 


7,435 
5,481 

i,oa5 

460 


1  For  the  calendar  year  1904. 

Table  -t.— CARPET    MILLS— NUMBER    OF   MEN    AND  WOMEN    BY   CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  WITH    CUMU- 
LATIVE PERCENTAGES,  AND  ESTIMATED  DISTRIBUTION  OF  AVERAGE  NUMBER  IN  ALL   ESTABLISHMENTS: 

1890  TO  1905.' 

[Middle  states  only.] 


MEN  16  YEARS   AND   OVER. 

WOMEN   16  YEARS   AND   OVER. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Niunber. 

Cumulative  percent- 
age. 

Estimated      distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
ber in  all  estabUsh- 
meuts. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percent- 
age. 

Estimated       distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
lier  in  all  establish- 
ments. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total 

3,025 

768 

616 

13,545 

11,278 

10,546 

2,112 

672 

788 

11,040 

9,899 

9,616 

20 
15 
61 
186 
193 

517 
365 
393 
506 

515 
197 
39 
18 

9 

7 

7 

31 

24 

37 

89 

96 

258 

152 
47 

1 

7 

g 

21 
33 
35 

50 
61 
90 
174 

104 
24 

7 

1 

100.0 
99.3 
98.8 
96.8 
90.7 

84.3 
67.2 
55.1 
42.1 

25.4 
8.4 
1.9 
0.6 

100.0 
98.8 
97.9 
97.0 
92.9 

89.7 
84.8 
73.1 
60.4 

26.4 
6.3 
0.1 

100.0 
98.9 
97.4 
94.0 
88.6 

82.9 
74.8 
64.9 
50.3 

22.1 
5.2 
1.3 
0.2 

95 

08 
271 
826 
867 

2,316 
1,639 
1,761 
2,262 

2,303 
880 
176 
81 

135 
102 
102 
462 
361 

553 
1,320 
1,432 
3,834 

2,267 

699 

11 

116 
158 
359 

570 
601 

854 
1,044 
1,640 
2,974 

1,782 
411 
116 
21 

13 
23 

164 
386 
197 

379 
293 
341 
278 

37 
«1 

2 
6 

8 
45 

70 

132 

176 
104 

no 

19 

7 
21 
32 
89 
143 

97 
105 

85 
139 

70 

100. 0 
^.4 
98.3 
90.5 
72.2 

62.9 
45.0 
31.1 
15.0 

1.8 

100.0 
99.7 
98.8 
97.6 
90.9 

80.5 
60.9 
34.7 
19.2 

2.8 

100.0 
99.1 
96.4 
92.3 
81.0 

62.9 
50.6 
37.3 
26.5 

8.9 

66 

122 

861 

2,020 

1,027 

1,976 
1,535 
1,777 
1,457 

199 

30 

89 

119 

663 

1,030 

1,940 
2,594 
1,534 
1,623 

277 

87 

280 

394 

1,087 

1,740 

1,183 
1,279 
1,038 
1,692 

856 

$3  to   S4.. 

$4  to   $5 

$5  to   16. . . 

$6t0    $7 

$7to   $8 

$8  to   $9.. 

$9to$10 

$10  to  $12 

$12  to  $15 

$15  to  $20 

$30  to  $25 

$25  and  over 

iFor  the  calendar  vear  1904. 


•S15  and  over. 


•  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


798 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  5.— CARS  AND  RAILROAD  SHOPS— NUJIBER  OF  MEN  BY  CLASSIFIED  ^\^EKLY  EARNINGS,  WITH  CUMU- 
LATIM3  PERCENTAGES,  AND  ESTIMATED  DISTRIBUTION  OF  AVERAGE  NUMBER  IN  ALL  ESTABLISHMENTS: 
1890  TO  1905.' 

[Cars  and  general  shop  constniction  and  repairs  by  steam  railroad  companies:  cars,  steam  railroad,  not  including  operations  of  railroad  companies:  cars,  street 

railroad,  not  including  operations  of  railroad  companies — Middle  states  only.  ] 


MEN   16  TEAKS  AND  OVER. 

WEEKLY 
EARNINGS. 

MEN   16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

•WEEKLY 
EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative 
percentage. 

Estimated       distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
ber in  all  establish- 
ments. 

Number. 

Cumulative 
percentage. 

Estimated       distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
ber in  all  establish- 
ments. 

• 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905       1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900       1890 

Total              fi9  428 

710 

493 

79.157     62,531  j    49,569 

$8to   $9 

$9  to  $10 

$10  to  $12 

$12  to  $15 

$15  to  $20 

$20  to  $25 

$25  and  over 

6,841 
9.285 
12,564 
13.469 
14.815 
3,615 
902 

6 
32 

79 
241 
272 

53 
1 

15 
36 
62 
156 
202 
16 

88.5 
78.7 
65  3 
47.2 

27.8 
6.5 
1.3 

96.2 
95  4 

98.8 
95  8 

7,757 
10,607 
14,327 
15,357 
16,860 
4,116 
1,029 

500 

2,814 

6,941 

21,198- 

23,949 

4,690 

62 

1,487 

Less  than  $3 

$3to   $4 

$4  to   $5 

$oto   $6 

$6  to   $7 

$7to   $8 

' 



3,618 

6,246 

15, 664 

20,323 

1,636 

841 
666 
784 
985 
1,705 
2,956 

4 
6 
I 
4 
6 
5 

"'"2 
...... 

100.0 
98.8 
97.8 
96.7 
95.3 
92.8 

100.0 
99.4 
98.5 
98.4 
97.8 
96.9 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
99.6 
99.6 

950 

792 

871 

1,108 

1,979 

3,404 

375  1 

563  1 

63  1 

375  1          198 

563    

438            397 

90.9 
79.8 
45.9 
7.6 
0.1" 

88.  5 
75  9 
44.3 
3.3 

I  For  the  calendar  year  1904. 

T.^Bi.E  6.— CIGARS— NUMBER  OF  MEN  AND  WOMEN  BY  CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  WITH  CUMULATIVE  PER- 
CENTAGES, AND  ESTIMATED  DISTRIBUTION  OF  AVERAGE  NUMBER  IN  ALL  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1890  TO  1905.' 


WEEKLY  EAK.NISGS. 


Total. 

Less  than  $3 
$3  to  $4... 
$4  to  $5... 
$5  to  $6... 
$6  to    $7... 

$7  to    $8... 

$8  to    $9... 

$9  to  $10... 

$10  to  $12... 

$12  to  $15... 
$15  to  $20... 
$20  to  $25... 
$25  and  over 


MEN  16  TEARS  AND  OVER. 


Number. 


1905      1900     1890 


46  680 

1,762 

1,244 

28 

1,735 

33 

1,925 

44 

2,353 

34 

2,671 

65 

2,493 

101 

2,951 

111 

3,470 

135 

7,493 

214 

10,248 

335 

7,799 

437 

1,654 

151 

644 

74 

1,130 


Cumulative 
percentage. 


1905 


1900 


1890 


Estimated  distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
ber in  all  establish- 
ments. 


72, 970 


f& 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

37 

97.3 

98.4 

95.  3 

44 

93.6 

90.5 

92.0 

60 

89.5 

94.0 

88.1 

82 

84.5 

92.1 

82.8 

86 

78.8 

88.4 

75.5 

84 

73.5 

82.7 

67.9 

87 

67.2 

76.4 

60.5 

136 

59.8 

68.7 

52.8 

204 

43.7 

56.6 

40.8 

185 

21.7 

37.6 

22.7 

48 

5.0 

12.8 

6.3 

24 

1.4 

4.2 

2.1 

1,970 
2.700 
2,992 
3,649 
4,159 

3,807 
4,597 
5,400 
11,748 

16,053 

12, 186 

2,627 

1,022 


1900       1890 


62,094     59,452 


994 
1,180 
1,552 
1,180 
2,298 

3,539 
3,912 
4,781 
7,513 

11,798 
15,399 
5,340 
2,608 


2,794 
1,962 
2,319 
3,151 
4,340 

4,518 
4,399 
4,578 
7,134 

10, 761 
9,750 
2,497 
1,249 


WOMEN   16  Y-EARS  AND  OVER. 


Number. 


1905 


34,374 


3,779 
4,358 
5,576 
5,528 
4,801 

3,799 
2,178 
1,490 
1,575 

941 
»349 


1900 


1,490 


87 
150 
254 
302 
226 

152 
112 
73 
91 

38 
5 


1890 


890 


96 
116 
155 
157 
111 

93 
49 
44 
41 

23 
5 


Cumulative 
percentage. 


1905 


100.0 
89.0 
76.3 
60.1 
44.0 

30.0 
18.9 
12.6 
8.3 

3.7 
1.0 


1900      1890       1905 


Estimated  distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
ber in  all  establish- 
ments. 


100.0 
94  2 
84.1 
67.1 
46.8 

31.6 
21.4 
13.9 
9.0 

2.9 
0.3 


lOO.O 
89.2 
70.  2 
58.8 
41.2 

28.7 
18.2 
12.7 


3.2 
0.6 


57, 174 


0,289 
7, 201 
9,202 
9,205 
8,004 

0, 346 
3,002 
2,459 
2,630 

1,544 
a  672 


1900 


37, 740 


2,189 
3,812 
6, 416 
7,661 
5,737 

3,8'i9 
2,831 
1,849 
2,302 

981 
113 


1890 


24,214 


2,016 
3,148 
4,213 
4,262 
3,027 

2.542 
1,332 
1,186 
1,114 

630 
145 


I  For  the  calendar  year  1904. 


•  $15  and  over. 


T.\m.i;  7.     C1.0TIlI.\(i— NU.MBER  OF  WOMEN  BY  CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  WITH  CUMUL.VriVE  PERCENT- 
AGES, .\ND   ESTIMATED  DISTRIBUTION  OF  AVERAGE  NUMBER  IN  ALL  ESTABLISHMENTS:    1890  TO  1905.' 

{Clothing,  men's;  clothing,  women's.] 


WOMEN  16  TEARS  AND  OVER. 

WKKKLY 
EARNINGS. 

WOMEN  10  TEARS  AND  OVER. 

WEEKLY 
EARNINOg. 

Number. 

Cumulative 
percentage. 

Estimated   distribution 
of  average  number  in 
all  cstabTlshraonts. 

Number. 

Cumulative 
percentage. 

Estimated    distribution 
of  average  numlwr  la 
all  establishments. 

1906  'l900 

1890  !  1905 

1 

1900    1890 

1905 

I90II           IH90 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1906 

1900 

1890 

1006 

1900 

1890 

Total .  . . 

54,220   1,240 

986 

147.710 

IM  712 

101,534 

$7  to    $8 

$8  to    to 

$9  to  $10 

Sill  to  $12 

%\2  to  $15 

$15 and  over... 

6,514 
5,030 
3,691 
8,368 
1,671 
771 

143 
91 
67 
49 
11 
1 

93 
68 
33 
36 
16 
2 

38.6 
26.6 
17.3 
10.7 
4.5 
1.4 

28.3 
10.8 
9.5 
4.0 
0.9 

25. 2 
1.5. 8 
8.9 
5.  5 
1.8 
0.2 

17,725 
13,737 
9,749 
ll,1.^8 
4.. '.79 
2,008 

14,572 
9,2.',ll 
5.829 
5.  Ill  19 
1,140 

9,-544 

\A'tL*  than  $3  .  . 

$3  to   $4 

Mlo    $.'. 

1.1  to   $•> 

lOto    17 

3,894        93 
5,082       147 
6.793       200 
8,4.34       239 
9,072       209 

121  !  100.0 
138     92.8 
l.U     83. 4 
172     70.9 
155     55.3 

100.0 
9.5.5 
80.6 
64.6 
45.2 

100.0 
87.7 
7,1.7 
68.3 
40.9 

10,6.35 
13,885 
18, 4M 
23,043 
24,067 

9,503 
15,079 
20,401 
24,455 
21,414 

12.489 
14,215 
15,lBlr 
17,067 
15,941 

3,452 

3,7.57 

1,624 

20» 

'  For  tbo  calendar  year  1904. 


*L088  tlllin  Otii'  Irlllh  of  ]   piTCi-iit. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


799 


Table  8.— COLLARS  AND  CUFFS— NUMBER  OF  MEN,  WOMEN,  AND  CHILDREN  BY  CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS, 
WITH  CUMULATIVE  PERCENTAGES,  AND  ESTIMATED  DISTRIBUTION  OF  AVERAGE  NUMBER  IN  ALL  ESTAB- 
LISHMENTS: 1890  TO  1905.' 

INuw  York  state  only.] 


WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 


Total. 

L<',.sa  than  S;J 
$3  to  $4... 
$4  to  K... 
$5  to  $(i... 
J6to   17... 

17  to   J8... 

J8to   $9... 

$9  to  $10... 

$10  toSI2... 

J12  to$15 

$15  to  $20... 

$20  to  $25 

$25  aad  over. 


MEN   111  YEARS   AND  OVER. 


Number. 


1905 


35 
54 

80 
8(i 
97 

92 
64 
86 
145 

134 
127 
33 
36 


1900 


400 


1890 


60 


Cumulative  percent- 
age. 


190& 


1900 


100.0 
96.7 
91.7 
84.2 
76.2 

67.1 
58.5 
52.5 
44.5 

30.9 
18.4 
6.5 
3.4 


100.0 
99.5 
99.0 
96.8 
90.8 

84.6 
79.8 
75.6 
69.3 

47.5 

29.5 

16.5 

5.5 


1890 


Estimated  distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
Ijer  in  uU  establish- 
ments. 


WOMEN  1«  YEAE8  AND 
OVER. 


Number. 


1905 <     1900 >     1890 > 


1,449 


100.0 

48 

100. 0 

72 

98.3 

109 

95.0 

116 

85.0 

132 

76.7 

125 

63.4 

87 

61.7 

116 

60.0 

197 

55.0 

181 

45.0 

172 

30.0 

45 

13.3 

49 

303 
511 
4G0 
476 
577 

580 
597 
476 
646 

486 
>218 


1900   !    1890 


3,090  I      2,215 


119 
228 
319 
379 
433 

436 
419 
380 
506 

350 
»121 


55 

117 
227 
354 
294 

304 
215 
175 
271 

151 
>62 


Total. 


Less  than  $3. 

$3  to   $4 

$4  to    $.5 

$5  to    $6 

$6  to    $7 


$8. 


$7  to 

$8  to    $9. 

$9  to  $10. 

$10  to  $12. 

$12  to  $15. 
$15  to  $20. 


WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 


WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  ovEB— Continued. 


Estimated '    distribu- 
Cumulative  per-     !      tion  of  average  num- 
centage.  ber  in  all  establish- 

ments. 


1905 


100.0 
94.3 
84.7 
76.0 
67.1 

56.3 
45.4 
34.2 
25.3 

13.2 
4.1 


1900     1890 


100.0 
96.  8 
90.6 
82.0 
71.7 

60.0 
48.2 
36.8 
26.5 

12.8 
3.3 


190S 


8,843 


100.0 
97.5 
92.2 
81.9 
65.9 

52.6 
38.9 
29.2 
21.3 

9.1 
2.3 


769 

787 

•  955 

964 

990 

787 

1,070 


'363 


19002     18902 


CHILDREN  tmDEB  16  YEAB8. 


Number. 


1905    1900 


1890 


Estimated       distribu- 
Cumulative  per-  tion  of  average  oum- 

centage.  ber   in  all  establish- 

ments. 


1905 


100.0 

93.9 

29.2 

5.0 

1.0 


1900 


100.0 
20.0 


1890 


100.0 
12.5 


1905      19002     1890> 


1  For  the  calendar  year  1904. 


8  No  separate  general  census  classification  for  1900  and  18S0. 


3  $15  and  over. 


Table  9.— COTTON  MILLS— NUMBER  OF  MEN  AND  WOMEN  BY^  CLASSIFIED  W'EEKLY  EARNINGS,  WITH  CVMV- 
LATIVE  PERCENTAGES,  AND  ESTIMATED  DISTRIBUTION  OF  AVERAGE  NUMBER  IN  ALL  ESTABLISHMENTS: 
1890  TO  1905.1 


WEEKLY   E.^RNINGS. 


MEN   16  Y'EARS  AND   OVER. 


Number. 


Total. 

Less  than  S3 
$3  to  S4... 
$4  to  $5... 
$5  to  $6. . . 
$6  to   $7... 

$7  to  $S... 
$8  to  $9... 
$9  to  $10... 
$10  to  $12... 

$12  to  $15... 
$15  to  $20... 
$20  to  $25... 
$25  and  over 


1905 


95,025 


3,927 
5,118 
9,794 
10, 840 
14,232 

12,833 
9,192 
8,444 
9,547 

6,991 

2,867 

873 

367 


1900 


2,774 


121 
140 
302 
278 
332 

304 
250 
320 
407 

232 
69 
11 
8 


1890 


5,129 


116 
217 
207 
193 
262 

207 
287 
211 
288 

90 
37 

7 
7 


Estimated      distribu- 
Cmnulative  per-  tion  of  average  num- 

centage.  ber  in  all  establish- 

ments. 


1905 


100.0 
95.9 
90.5 
80.2 
68.8 

53.8 
40.3 
30.6 
21.7 

11.7 
4.3 
1.3 
0.4 


1900 


100.0 
95.6 
90.6 
79.7 
69.7 

57.7 
46.8 
37.8 
26.3 

11.6 
3.2 
0.7 
0.3 


1890      1905 


.1145,718   134,354 


1900 


100.0 

94.5 

84.3 

74.6 

65.5 

53.2 

43.5 

30.0 

20.1 

G.6 

2.4 

0.6 

0.3  1 

5,974 
7,869 
15,009 
16,612 
21,858 

19,672 
14,  IS) 
12,969 
14,572 

10,783 
4,371 
1,311 
583  I 


5.911 
6,718 
14,645 
13,435 
16, 122 

14,645 
12,092 
15,451 
19,750 

11,286 

3.359 

537 

403 


1890 


88,837 


4.886 
9,061 
8.617 
8.084 
10,927 

8,617 
11,903 

8,795 
11,993 

3,731 

1,599 

267 

267 


WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVEB. 


Number. 


1905 


81,937 


1900 


4,643 


1890 


Cumulative  per- 
centage. 


Estimated  distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
ber in  all  establish- 
ments. 


1905  I  1900 


4,87!) 


1890      1905 


124,711    123,709 


1900 


5.109 
S.S97 
11.948 
13,705 
14,861 

11,354 
8,100 
4,912 
2,992 

343 
«  16 


242 
387 
675 
897 


641 
441  , 
269 

185  I 


332 

545 

1.016 

1.104 

1,008 

495 
237 


100.0 
93.8 
83.3 
68.7 
52.0 

33.9 

20.0 

10.1 

4.1 

0.4 

(") 


100. 0 
94.8 
86.5 
71.9 
52.6 

33.4 

19.6 

10.1 

4.3 

0.3 


100.0 
93.2 
82.0 
61.2 
38.6 

17.9 
7.8 
2.9 
1.5 

0.2 
(•) 


7,732 
13.094 
18.208 
20.827 
22,573 


6,433 
10.268 
18,062 
23.876 
23,752 


17,335  ,  17.072 

12,346  i  11.752 

7,483  7,175 

4,614  4,948 

371 


1890 


106,607 


7.249 
11.940 
22.174 
24.093 
22,068 

10,767 
5,224 
1,493 
1,386 

2U 


'  For  calendar  year  1904. 


'  $15  and  over. 


'  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


800 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table  10.— KXITTIXG  MILLS— NUMBER  OF  MEX,  WOMEX,  AND  CHILDREN  BY  CLAS.SIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS, 
■WITH  CUMULATIVE  PERCENTAGES,  AND  ESTIMATED  DISTRIBUTION  OF  AVERAGE  NUMBER  IN  ALL  ESTAB- 
LISHMENTS: 1890  TO  1905.' 


MEN   16  TEARS  AND  OVER. 

■WOMEN  16  YEARS 
AND  OVER. 

WEEKLY   EABXINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative 
centage. 

Der- 

Estimated      distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
ber in  all  establish- 
ments. 

Number. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total 

11,558 

561 

393 

25,167 

21, 154 

14,846 

29,602 

1,677 

1,242 

326 
414 
683 
782 
1,447 

1,608 
1,417 
1,288 

1 
18 
25 
28 
86 

77 
76 
56 
47 

86 
34 
19 
8 

14 
9 
27 
11 
51 

52 
59 
59 
38 

26 
27 
15 
5 

100.0  i     100.0 
97.2          99.8 

100.0 
96.5 
94.2 
87.3 
84.5 

71.5 
68.3 
43.3 
28.3 

18.6 

12.0 

5.1 

1.3 

705 

906 

1,485 

1,711 

3, 140 

3,498 
3,096 
2,794 
3,347 

2,340 

1,460 

453 

226 

42 

677 

952 

1,058 

3,237 

2,898 
2,866 
2,115 
1,777 

3,237 

1,290 

719 

296 

520 
341 

1,024 
416 

1,930 

1,960 
2,227 
2,227 
1,440 

980 

1,024 

664 

193 

2,160 
3,016 
4,421 

4,779 
6,104 

4,157 
2,576 
1.807 
1,064 

370 
3  48 

56 
187 
244 
252 
265 

220 
177 
131 
100 

39 
»  6 

77 

13  to    $4                                                                       

157 

$4to    S5 

93.6 
87.7 
80.9 

68.4 
64.5 
42.2 
31.1 

17.8 
8.5 
2.7 
0.9 

96.6 
92.1 
S7.1 

71.8 
58.1 
44.6 
34.6 

26.2 

10.9 

4.8 

1.4 

219 

$5  to    J6                                                                                

187 

J6to    J7 ^ 

161 

t7to    t8.            .                             

165 

J8  to    $9                                                                                             

117 

I9tojl0.               .                         

18 

$10  to  S12 

1,544 
1,072 

69 

J12  to  $15 , 

«13 

$15  to  $20                                                               .             

669 
205 
103 

6 

$20  to  $25 

$^Ji  ftn^  Ovt»r 

1 

1 

WOMEN  16  YEAK8 

AND  OVER — continued. 

CmLDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS.' 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

Estimated      distribu- 
tion of  average  niun- 
ber  in  all  establish- 
ments. 

Number. 

Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

Estimated       distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
ber in  all  establish- 
ments. 

1905 

1900 

1S90 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1906 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

68,867 

53,565 

40,826 

1 
4,287 

275 

86 

9,681 

8,668 

3,916 

100.0 
92.7 
82.5 
B7.5 
51.3 

34.0 
19.9 
11.2 
5.1 

1.5 
0.2 

100.0 
96.  7 
85.5 
71.0 
5(1.0 

40.2 
27.1 
IB.  5 
8.7 

2.7 
0.4 

100.0 
93.8 
81.2 
63.6 
48.5 

.35.5 

23.0 

1.3.6 

7.1 

1.5 
0.5 

5.027 
7,025 
10,330 
11,157 
11,914 

9,710 
6,991 
4,201 
2,479 

896 
M38 

1,768 
5,999 

2,531 
6. 1 44 

1,842 

1,477 

569 

251 

109 

34 
«5 

184 

81 

7 

2 

1 

60 
24 
2 

100.0 

57.0 

22.6 

9.3 

3.4 

0.9 
0.1 

100.0 

33.1 

3.6 

1.1 

0.4 

100.0 

30.2 

2.3 

4,163 

3,330 

1,288 

571 

242 

77 
<10 

5,799 

2,667 

217 

61 

34 

2,733 

$3  to     $4 

1,093 

$4  to    $5 

7,767  :     7;i8.5 
8,035  '     (1.166 

90 

$5to    $«j 

8,463 

7,017 
5,678 
4,178 
3,214 

1,232 
"214 

5,308 

5,103 
3,838 
2,  6.54 
2,286 

408 
»204 

$7  to    $8 

$8  to    $9 ... 

$10to$12 

1             I 



$l2to$l5 

j 

$15  to  $20 

'  For  the  calendar  year  1904. 


'  $15  and  over. 


'  No  boys  under  16  included  for  1890  or  1900. 


<  $8  and  over. 


Table  H.— SHOES— NUMBER   OF  MEN  AND  WOMEN  BY  CLASSIFIED  WEEKLY  EARNINGS,  WITH  CUMULATIVE  PER- 
CENTAGES, AND  ESTIMATED  DISTRIBUTION  OF  AVERAGE  NUMBER  IN  ALL  ESTABLISHMENTS:  1890  TO  1905.' 


MEN  16 

YEARS 

AND  OVER. 

-WOMEN  16  YEARS 

AND  OVER. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

Numl)er. 

Cum 

ilallve 
fentage 

per- 

Estimated      distribu- 
tion of  average  nuin- 
Iter  in  all  establish- 
ments. 

Number. 

Cumulative 
centage 

per- 

Estimated       distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
ber in    all  nstat>lisb- 
ments. 

1906 

1900 

1890 

1005 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1906 

1000 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

10(l,"> 

1000 

1890 

Total 

S9,142 

2,092 

1,424 

06,257 

90,416 

91,406 

30,108 

1,334 

031 

40,636 

46,804 

39,849 

Ijf.HH  than  $.3 

1,004 
1,446 
2,094 
2,604 
3,867 

3,000 
4.077 
6,310 
8,600 

11,666 
10,811 
3,046 
1,120 

3 
14 
18 
43 
64 

80 

79 

146 

290 

660 
607 
188 
120 

2 
18 
20 
42 
76 

72 
68 
82 
100 

:«9 

.3(B 

01 

44 

100.0 
08.3 
06.9 
02.4 
88.0 

82.0 
76.4 
(18.8 
60.6 

44.9 

2,6.3 

7.0 

1.9 

100.0 
00. 0 
09.2 
98.3 
06.3 

03.7 
80.0 
8(>.  1 
70.1 

(16.  2 
38.0 
14.7 
fi.7 

100.0 
00.0 
08.6 
06.6 
03.7 

88.4 
83.4 
78.6 
72.8 

68.8 

35.0 

0.6 

3.1 

1,610 
2,28(1 
3,  .3.34 
4, 191 
6,716 

6,287 
0,673 
8,673 
13,008 

18,070 
17,432 
4,868 
1,810 

90 
633 

814 
1,808 
2,361 

3,430 
3,436 
0,320 
12,6(.8 

23,770 
21.880 
8. 137 
6,164 

91 
1,188 
1,828 
2,  (161 
4,844 

4,670 
4,387 
6,302 
12,707 

21,766 
23,. -too 
6,8.60 
2,834 

1,370 
2,062 
2,814 
3,610 
3,601 

3,746 
3, 1(14 
2,006 
:t.672 

2,394 

•888 

14 
63 

78 
116 
1.36 

141 
166 
1(10 
261 

16(1 
»60 

10 
38 
85 
116 
130 

111 
10(1 
01 
110 

70 
•41 

100.0 
06.4 
88.6 
79.3 
07.7 

66.6 
43.1 
32.0 
22.7 

10.0 
3.0 

100.0 
08.0 
04.  9 
89.  1 
80.4 

70.3 
59.7 
48.1 
36.4 

16.6 
4.2 

100.0 
98.0 
93. 9 
84.8 
72.4 

67.8 
46.9 
34.6 
24.7 

12.0 
4.4 

2,270 
3,3(10 
4,607 
6, 746 
(1,043 

6,  142 
6,201 
4,904 
6,846 

3,913 
M,486 

616 
1,876 
2,720 
4,080 
4,736 

4,071 
6,440 
5,9.'i5 
8,816 

6,816 
> 1,960 

797 

t'Un   $4 

1,634 

$4  to    $5 

3, 626 

$5to    $l> 

4,041 

tn  to   $7 .     . 

6,818 

4,742 
4,  .643 
3,',K)5 
4,702 

3,387 

$7to   $«.. 
$ltto    $«.. 
»!»to$10... 
$101o$12.. 

$12  to  $16 

116  to  $20 

■1,754 

$2(1  to  $25 

$26 and  over 

'  For  the  calendar  year  1004. 


'lUmn'i  over. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


801 


Table  12. — Tanneries — number  of 
ings,  with  cuinidalivc  percentages, 
average  number  in  all  establishment 


men  by  classified  weekly  earn- 
and   estimated    distribution   "/ 
s:  ISHO  to  I'JUo.'' 


MEN  16  TEARS  AMD  OVER. 

WEEKLY 
EARNINGS. 

Vunilier               Cumulative  per- 
.\umi)er.                     eentage. 

Estimated      distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
ber in  all  establish- 
ments. 

1905 

1900 

1890    1905    1900    1890 

I 

1905 

1900 

1890 

38,293 

1,276 

667 

! 

54, 517 

50,402 

41,733 

Less  than  $3 

»3to   $4 

»4to  $5 

JSto   $5 

$6  to   $7 

$7  to   $8 

$8to   $9 

$9  to  $10 

$10  to  $12 

$12  to  $15 

$15  to  $20 

$20  to  $25 

$25  and  over 

519 

406 

1,024 

1,350 

2,623 

3;826 
4,524 
6,840 
8,317 

5,510 

2,644 

468 

183 

5 
32 
19 
24 
87 

43 

73 
153 
398 

282 

143 

10 

7 

3 
5 
1 

16 
18 

3 

28 
38 
134 

178 

186 

38 

19 

100.0 
98.6 
97.4 
94.7 
91.2 

84.4 
74.4 
62.6 
44.7 

23.0 
8.6 
1.7 
0.5 

100.0 
99.6 
97.1 
95.6 
93.7 

80.9 
83.5 
77.8 
65.8 

34.6 

12.5 

1.3 

0.5 

100.0 
99.6 
98.8 
98.6 
96.2 

93.5 
93.1 
88.9 
83.2 

63.1 

36.4 

8.5 

2.8 

763 

654 

1,472 

1,908 

3,707 

5,452 
6,433 
9,759 
11,830 

7,850 

3,762 

654 

273 

202 

1,260 

756 

958 

3,427 

1,714 
2,873 
6,048 
15,725 

11,139 

5,645 

403 

252 

167 
334 

1,002 
1,127 

ir,7 
1,753 
2,379 
8,388 

11,143 

11,643 

2,379 

1,168 

'  For  the  calendar  year  1904. 

Table  l.'J. — Wagons — number  of  men  by  classified  weekly  earnings, 
with  cumulative  percentages,  and  estimated  distribution  of  average 
number  in  all  establishmaits:  1S90  to  1905} 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER. 

■WEEKLY 

EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cimiulative  per- 
centage. 

Estimated      distribu- 
tion of  average  num- 
ber in  all  establish- 
ments. 

1905    1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total. 

40,981    1,332 

1,220 

59  411 

.17  «W 

55,403 

Less  than $3... 

$3  to   $4 

$4to    $5 

$5to    $6 

$6to    S7 

$7  to   $8 

$8to   $9 

$9  to  $10 

$10  to  $12 

$12  to  $15 

$15  to  $20 

$20  to  $25 

$25  and  over. . . 

641 

691 

1,080 

1,224 

2,300 

3,116 
2,756 
6.325 
6.687 

8,839 

6,206 

898 

218 

1 
6 

15 
8 

43 

49 
37 
105 
215 

373 

341 

87 

52 

3 
14 
17 
13 
23 

29 

45 

131 

223 

329 

262 

66 

65 

100.0 
98.4 
96.7 
94.1 
91.1 

85.5 
77.9 
71.2 
55.8 

39.5 
17.9 
2.7 
0.5 

100.0 
99.9 
99.4 
98.3 
97.7 

94.5 
90.8 
88.0 
80.1 

64.0 
36.0 
10.4 
3.9 

100.0 
99.8 
98.7 
97.3 
96.2 

94.3 
91.9 
88.2 
77.5 

59.2 

32.2 

10.7 

5.3 

951 
1,010 
1,545 
1,782 
3,327 

4,515 
3,981 
9,149 
9,684 

12,833 

9,030 

1.307 

297 

57 
286 
629 
343 

1,831 

2,117 
1,602 
4,519 
9,211 

16,019 
14,045 
3,719 
2,231 

111 
609 
775 
609 
1,053 

1,330 

2,050 

5.928 

10. 139 

14,959 
11.912 
2.992 
2,930 

'  For  the  calendar  year  1904. 

These  tables  give  not  only  the  actual  numbers  and  the  cumulative 
percentages  based  on  them,  as  shown  in  the  special  reports  for  the 
respective  censuses,  but  also  the  distribution  of  the  average  number 
of  wage-earners  employed  in  all  establishments  in  each  of  the 
industries,  in  order  to  show  the  probable  maximum  classification 
at  each  amount  and  the  degree  to  which  the  statistics  of  classified 
earnings  are  representative.  The  numbers  shown  in  the  special 
report  for  1890  and  1900  are  for  wage-earners  in  establishments  which 
were  most  carefully  selected  as  representing  prevailing  conditions 
in  different  sections  of  the  country.  In  some  instances  the  small 
numbers  considered  may  have  had  the  tendency  to  secure  a  some- 
what larger  proportion  of  higher  paid  employees  than  were  reported 
at  the  census  of  1905.  In  other  words,  the  larger  numbers  included 
at  the  last  census,  reported  by  establishments  in  all  sections  of  the 
country  and  engaged  in  all  branches  of  the  different  industries, 
tend  more  nearly  to  equalize  wage  conditions  between  skilled  and 
unskilled  labor,  and  to  cause  a  larger  proportion  of  the  total  num- 
ber to  be  shown  at  the  lower  amounts. 


The  agreement  in  the  location  of  the  median  for  the  three  census 
years  is  the  most  striking  feature  of  the  percentages  in  several  of  the 
industries  shown.  In  agricultural  implements  the  group$10  to  $12, 
in  cotton  mills  the  group  $7  to  .$8,  and  in  knitting  mills  the  group 
$8  to  $9  contained  the  median  for  men  at  all  three  censuses.  For 
agricultural  inii)lemeiits  and  knitting  mills  the  percentage  at  the 
median  group  wa.s  smaller  in  190.5  than  at  either  of  tlie  preceding 
censusas.  For  cotton  mills  it  wa,s  smaller  than  in  1900,  but  slightly 
largerthanin  1890.  In  theother  industries  there  is  a  slight  change, 
indicating  a  slightly  smaller  proportion  of  men  at  the  higher  earn- 
ings for  1905  than  for  1900.  For  shoes,  carpet  mill,«,  wagons,  cars 
and  railroad  shops,  and  tanneries  the  median  in  1905  occurs  in  a 
lower  group  than  in  1890:  for  cigars  it  is  in  the  same  group.  For 
collars  and  cuffs  the  statistics,  which  arc  oidy  f(jr  New  York  state, 
disclose  lower  earnings  than  in  1900.  These  variations  may  be  due 
in  part,  at  least,  to  the  larger  numbers  shown  and  greater  diversity 
of  establLshraentw  represented  by  the  figures  of  the  last  census. 

In  cigars  the  median  for  women  appears  in  the  same  group  for 
each  of  the  three  years,  with  a  slight  increase  in  the  percentage 
over  1890  and  a  considerable  decrease  from  1900;  in  cotton  mills 
the  median  group  Ls  the  .same  in  1900  and  1905  but  with  a  slightly 
decreased  percentage  in  1905,  while  the  1890  median  Ls  in  a  lower 
group.  In  knitting  mills  the  median  group  for  both  1900  and  1905 
is  the  same,  and  higher  than  that  in  1890,  although  the  percentage 
at  the  last  census  is  less  than  it  was  in  1900.  In  shoes  the  median 
occurs  in  the  same  group  in  1890  and  1905,  but  with  a  smaller  per- 
centage for  the  latter  census;  a  higher  group  contains  the  median 
for  1900.  In  the  clothing  industry  the  earnings  of  women  appear  to 
have  increased,  the  group  containing  the  median  being  greater  by  .$1 
than  in  either  1890  or  1900.  In  carpet  mills  the  median  for  1905  is 
found  one  group  lower  than  at  either  of  the  preceding  censu.ses. 
In  the  manufacture  of  collars  and  cuffs  in  the  state  of  Xew  York 
the  median  group  has  remained  the  same  at  all  three  censuses,  but 
contains  a  slightly  larger  percentage  of  the  wage-earners  in  1900. 
The  two  industries  in  which  children  are  compared  reveal  higher 
earnings  in  1905. 

Comparison  of  earnings  in  suTne  establishments. — The  report  of  the 
Twelfth  Census  made  comparison  of  the  data  for  weekly  earnings 
in  20  separate  establishments  in  1890  and  1900.  One  of  these  estab- 
lishments had  gone  out  of  business  before  the  census  of  1905,  but 
fairly  satisfactory  reports  were  received  for  the  remaining  25.  and 
the  comparison  of  the  data  for  them  is  of  interest  as  showing  the 
changes  in  earnings  due  to  various  factors,  such  as  the  substitution 
of  !^w-priced  for  high-priced  labor,  shorter  or  longer  hours  of  work, 
the  introduction  or  abandonment  of  machinery,  change  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  materials  or  products,  and  other  conditions  that  are 
equalized  or  can  not  be  detected  in  the  comparisons  for  an  industry 
which  includes  different  establishments  at  each  succeeding  census. 
The  object  of  the  establishment  comparison  is  to  disclose  the  char- 
acter, rather  than  to  furnish  an  exact  measure,  of  the  changes  which 
have  taken  place.  Any  deductions  as  to  the  course  of  wages  drawn 
from  such  a  comparison  must  be  made  with  caution.'  Changes  in 
the  product  or  in  the  nature  of  the  work,  amount  of  lost  time,  and 
the  completeness  of  the  pay  rolls  copied  at  the  different  censuses 
are  the  principal  factors  affecting  a  comparison  of  the  earnings  in 
the  same  establishment. 

There  are  comparatively  few  establishments  that  do  not  make 
changes  from  year  to  year  in  some  manner  affecting  the  rates 
of  pay  or  earnings  for  all  or  a  portion  of  the  employees.  To 
be  complete  the  statistics  should  be  accompanied  with  a  full  de- 
scription of  the  establishment,  its  surroundings,  methods  of  busi- 
ness, machinery,  character  of  materials  used  and  products  manu- 
factured, number  of  men.  women,  and  children  employed,  character 
of  the  occupation  performed  by  each  class  of  employees,  hours  of 
employment,  and  changes  in  these  and  other  conditions.  Mani- 
festly it  is  impracticable  to  give  all  this  information  for  everj-  estab- 
lishment compared,  but  a  short  descriptive  statement  accompanies 
each.  The  classifications  and  establishment  numbers  are  those 
used  in  the  report  of  1900.  Unless  otherwise  stated,  comments 
upon  changes  in  earnings  are  based  on  the  position  of  the  median 
group  and  the  percentage  accumulated  thereat. 

'  Twelfth  Census.  Employees  and  Wages,  page  cvii. 


802 


JVL4XUFACTURES. 


Cotton  milU:  Establishment  No.  5. 

Locatiok:  Middle  states. 

Prodicts;  Cotton  yams  and  waste. 

XoRM.^L  WOKKISG  TIME  PER  WEEK:  Each  period,  60  hours. 

Special  featities:  Week  covered  Jor  ;905  ended  December  31. 1904;  for  19flO,'March3;  forlSSO,  July  12.  There  has  been  an  increase  in  the  number  of  men  and  a  decrease 
in  the  number  of  women  and  children.  The  number  of  producing  spindles  increased  from  48,424  in  1900  to  57,472  in  1905.  Annual  quantity  of  cotton  consumed 
increased  from  8,940,381  pounds  for  1900  to  8,994,865  pounds  for  1905.  The  percentage  of  men  at  the  higher  earnings  has  decreased  at  each  census,  and  the  percentage 
of  women  at  such  earnings  has  increased.  So  few  children  were  reported  at  the  census  of  1905  that  the  percentages  have  no  significance.  The  establishment  ran 
some  of  its  spindles  at  night  in  1890  and  1900.  The  niunlier  operated  nights  as  well  as  days  for  the  whole  of  1900  was  13,408;  for  6  months,  10,382.  There  has  been  an 
enlargement  of  the  plant  since  then  and  it  is  probable  that  the  new  addition  was  in  operation  during  the  time  covered  by  the  report  of  1905,  thus  avoiding  the  neces- 
sity of  night  work.  As  the  night  and  day  forces  were  separate,  the  night  work  could  have  had  no  extraordinary  effect  on  the  classified  weekly  ea  mings.  The  women 
were  almost  exclusively  paid  by  the  piece;  those  working  at  night  might  naturally  accomplish  Irss  than  those  working  in  the  daytime.  This  would  explain  the 
higher  earnings  of  women  for  1905— all  daytime  work— than  for  U«M,;when  part  of  the  force  worked  nights.  The  men  were  almost  exclusively  paid  by  the  day.  Their 
earnings  were  a  little  less  for  1905  than  in  1900.  Doubtless  some  of  these  day  men  worked  overtime  when  the  spindles  were  operated  at  night,  receiving  extra  pay 
which  disappeared  when  the  occasion  for  it  no  longer  existed. 

[Each  cumulative  pereentage  shows  the  proportion  of  total  number  of  persons  receiving  earnings  as  great  as,  or  greater  than,  the  lowest  earnings  of  the  given  group.  J 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

■WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECI- 
FIED  EARNINGS  IN   A  WEEK. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  YEARS  AT  SPECI- 
FIED  EARNINGS  IN   A  WEEK. 

weekly  earnixgs. 

Number. 

Cumulative 
centage 

per- 

Number. 

Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total 

350 

342 

165 

139 

164 

140 

4 

70 

12 

Leas  than  S.3 



8 
27 
40 
39 
26 

41 
27 
14 
24 

83 
7 
2 
4 

"i9" 

14 

4 

15 

42 
6 
9 

43 

7 
3 
3 

100.0 
100.0 
85.7 
68.6 
50.9 

40.6 
33.4 
30.0 
26.6 

22.9 
2.9 
1.5 
1.2 

100.0 

97.7 
89.8 
78.1 
67.7 

59.1 
47.1 
39.2 
35.1 

28.1 
3.8 
1.8 
1.2 

100.0 
100.0 
88.5 
80.0 
77.6 

68.5 
43.0 
39.4 
33.9 

7.8 
3.6 
1.8 

7 
11 
26 
32 
60 

4 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
84.2 
54.0 

44.6 

25.2 

7.2 

2.9 

100.0 

100.0 

88.4 

71.3 

46.9 

26.8 
11.6 
4.3 

100.0 
95.0 
87.2 
68.6 
45.7 

2.8 


"3 

1 

7 
63 

7 
5 

100.0 
100.0 

25.0 

100.0  !   100.0 

$3  to    S4 

50 
60 
62 
36 

25 
12 
12 
13 

70 
5 
1 
4 

'"■a 

412 
13 

27 

25 

6 

4 

19 
28 
40 
33 

25 

12 
7 

90.0          41.7 

S6  to    S7 

j 

$7  to    $8 

i 

S9  to  SlO 

1 

SI  <!  tn  fr20 

1 

Dyeing  and  finishing  textiles:  Estahlishment  No.  13. 


Location:  New  England  states. 

Products;  Hleaching,  dyeing,  finishing,  mercerizing,  and  printing  piece  cotton  goods. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  Each  period,  60  hours. 

Special  features:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  Decemlwr  10,  1904;  for  1900,  March  17;  for  1890,  March  15.  No  children  were  reported  at  any  of  tlie  censuses.  There 
was  a  large  increase  in  total  numtjer  of  wage-earners  lietween  18U0  and  1900,  but  no  material  change  between  1900  and  1905.  The  cumulative  p(<rcentages  indicate 
a  slightly  larger  proportion  at  the  higher  earnings  for  1890  and  1905  than  for  1900.  In  1900  the  cstablisliment  was  an  independent  corporation;  it  is  now  one  branch 
of  a  corporation  that  has  a  numl>er  of  other  branches,  with  the  same  or  similar  products. 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED  EARN- 
INGS IN  A  WEEK. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED  EARN- 
INGS IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY    EARmNGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1906 

1900 

1890 

Total 

649 

685 

280 

85 

44 

16 

■ 

16 
9 
20 
34 
44 

110 
152 
71 
70 

66 
33 
2 
32 

14 
24 

37 
70 
120 

117 
86 
89 
63 

40 

30 

7 

18 

4 

2 
15 
16 
19 

42 
66 
24 
47 

28 
16 
6 
6 

100.0 
97.5 
96.1 
93.0 
87.8 

81.0 
64.0 
40.6 
29.7 

18.9 
10.3 
6.2 
4.9 

100.0 
97.  9 
94.4 
89.0 
78.8 

61.3 
44.2 
31.6 
23.0 

13.8 
8.0 
3.6 
2.6 

100.0 
98.6 
97.9 
92.5 
86.8 

80.0 

tw.o 

46.3 

:«i.7 

19.9 
9.9 
4.2 
2.1 

2 
3 
8 
46 
15 

2 
9 

7 
16 

8 
11 

3 

""•'4' 
2 
10 

100.0 
97.6 
94.1 
84.7 
30.6 

13.0 
10.6 

100.0 
84.1 
iiO.  0 
31.8 
6.8 

1(H).  0 

$.'1  to    $4 

100.  0 

$4  to    $5 

100.  0 

JA  to    $H 

75. 0 

|*ito    $7 

17  to    $8               

SlO  to  $12 .*... 

tl2  to  S1.5                                                                                 .   . 

SI5  to  I'M   

rjn  to  $25 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


803 


Knitting  mills:  Establishment  No.  15. 


Location;  New  Kngland  statp.s. 

I'RODUcTs:  Knit  gooci.s,  wonlpn  and  cotton  .shirts,  clruwcrH,  and  hoHiery. 

Normal  workinii  time  per  week:  HMW.  .14  hours  In  winter  and  r>h  hours  in  summer;  1900  and  1890,  00  houra. 

Special  features;  Wei'l<  covered  for  1905  ended  December  24,  1904;  for  1900,  .\pril  21 ;  for  IH90,  April  19.  The  number  of  men  employed  has  increased  at  each  census, 
while  the  number  of  women  and  children  has  decreased.  The  smaller  proportion  of  men  and  women  at  the  higher  earnings  for  1905  than  for  1900  may  l>e 
explained  in  part  by  the  fact  that  a  large  proportion  were  pieceworker.s,  whose  eaming.s  were  apparently  reduced  by  the  fewer  hours  worked  jwr  week  at  the  later 
census.  The  week  covc^red  by  the  inquiry  of  1900  ended  April  21,  when  the  factory  was  in  operation  10  hours  a  day  and  iiO  hours  for  the  we<!k,  while  the  statistics 
for  190.1  covered  the  week  ending  December  24,  1904,  when  the  factory  was  operated  only  9  hours  a  day  and  54  hours  for  tlu;  week.  For  the  .100  pieceworkers  there 
is  therefore  a  reduction  of  1,800  hours'  earnings,  and  yet  the  median  for  men  narrowly  escapes  location  in  the  same  group  as  in  1900.  The  establishment  reported 
that  more  yarn  was  purchased  and  used  during  the  yoarcovered  by  the  report  for  lOO.l.than  in  1900  and  there  was  a  slight  reduction  in  the  number  of  spinners. 
Some  allowance  should  lie  made  for  dillerences  in  methods,  but  the  figures  as  reported  indicate  a  slight  increase  in  the  earnings  for  1900  and  1905  as  compared 
with  1890. 


MEN 

6  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS   IN  A  WEEK. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECI- 
FIED  EARNINGS   IN   A   WEEK. 

CHILDREN   UNDER   16  YEAR.S   AT 
FIED   EARNINGS  IN  A   WEEK 

SPECI- 

WEEKLY    EAKNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative 
centage 

per- 

Number. 

Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

.... 

190J 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

190S 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900    1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total 

116 

115 

110 



278 

311 

339 



13 

'25 

»33 

3 
2 
1 

2 
9 

15 
21 

11 
10 

14 
15 

7 

100.0 
92.7 
95.4 
94.5 

92.7 

84.5 
70.9 
51.8 
41.8 

32.7 

20.0 

6.4 

10 
26 
56 
60 

49 

30 
26 
14 

7 

S 
21 
55 
S3 
69 

55 

36 

12 

6 

13 
36 
70 
77 
68 

50 

29 

6 

100.0 
96.4 
87.0 
66.9 
45.3 

27.7 
16.9 
7.5 
2.5 

100.0 
98.4 
91.7 
74.0 
57.0 

34.8 

17.1 

6.5 

1.6 

100.0 
96.2 
85.6 
64.9 
42.2 

25.1 

10.4 

1.8 

2 
7 
4 

4 

11 

14 

17 

100.0 
84.6 
30.8 

100.0 

84.0 

40.0 

12.0 

4.0 

100.0 

S.'lto    $4                                

1 
3 
4 
10 

14 
16 

11 
15 

25 

10 
6 

1 

1 
2 
2 
9 

9 
22 
10 

12 

21 

18 

8 

1 

ioo.o 

99.1 
96.5 
93.1 

84.5 
72.4 
58.6 
49.1 

32.2 
14.7 
6.1 
0.9 

100.0 
99.1 
97.4 
95.7 

87.9 
80.1 
61.0 
52.3 

41.9 

23.6 

7.9 

0.9 

57.6 

$4  to    85 '. 

7          2 

6.1 

2 

1 

$8  to    S9 

SIO  to  ?!'' 

sr>  to  81.') 

S'^n  to  S'^.'i 



1 

1 

1 

>  Eleven  males  in  1900  and  2  in  1890  under  16  years  excluded  because  of  numerical  unimportance. 


Knitting  mills:  Establishment  No.  16. 


Location;  Middle  states. 

Products:  Men's,  women's,  and  children's  knit  underwear,  merino  or  mixed,  and  all  wool. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  Each  period,  60  hours. 

Special  features:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  October  15,  1904;  for  1900,  October  6;  tor  1890,  October  4.    The  men  were  almost  exclusively  timeworkers  in  1900 

and  1890,  their  earnings  have  increased  steadily.    There  were  many  more  pieceworkers  in  1900  than  in  1890  among  the  women  and  their  earnings  increased. 

Three  children  were  reported  for  1905,  4  in  1900,  and  8  in  1890,  but  no  comparison  is  practicable,  as  the  returns  lor  the  previous  censuses  were  not  tabulated. 

The  establishment  has  largely  increased  its  machinery  and  output. 


MEN  16  YEARS   AND   OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 

EARNINGS  IN  A   WEEK. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  O^-EE  AT  SPECI- 
FIED  EARNLVGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Number.         <  Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

1 
1905    1900 

1890 

1905 

1900  !    1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

133 

140 

159 

302 

272 

247 





100.0 
100. 0 

100.0  1    100.0 

100.0     100.0 

100.0         98.8 
94.3         96.3 
92.9         94.4 

76.5  1      75.5 

1 

16 
24 
41 
24 

28 
40 
59 
29 

29 
111 

3 
10 

7 
17 
27 

40 
43 
29 
56 

35 
'5 

1 
15 
32 
12 
26 

52 
41 
20 
38 

7 
»3 

100.0       100.0 
99.7         98.9 

94.4  95.2 

86.5  9^2. 6 

100.0 

S3  to    .?4 

I 
11 
6 

7 
11 
34 
14 

24 
12 
3 
2 



8 
2 
23 

8 
35 

2 

99.6 

84  to     $,5 

4  ,       97.7 
3  '       93.2 
30  1       84.9 

27         80.4 

93.5 

$0  to   SO       . 

80.6 

$6to    S7 

72.9 

65.0 

55.7 
42.5 
22.9 

13.3 
3.7 

86. 4 

76.5 
61.8 
46.0 
35.3 

14.7 
l.S 

75.7 

?7  to    $8 

65.2 

S8  to    $9 

27 

75.1 
66.8 
41.3 

30.8 
12.8 
3.8 
1.5 

70.8 
45.8 
38.6 

32.9 
12.9 
7.9 
3.6 

5S.5 
41.5 
19.5 

13.8 
9.4 
4.4 
3.1 

44.1 

$9  to  SIO 

10  1      35 
8  1        9 

27.5 

SIO  to  S12 

19.4 

SI"*  to  $15 

28 
7 
6 
5 

8 
2 
5 

4.0 

S15  to  S20 

1.2 

$"20  to  $25 

1 

1  $15  and  over. 


804 


MANUFACTURES. 


Knitting  mills:  Establishment  No.  18. 


LocATio.v:  Central  states. 

Products:  Kiiit  gloves  and  mittens,  woolen  hose  and  half  hose,  lumbermen's  stockings. 

XoRM.\L  WORKING  TIME  PER  WEEK:  1905,  59  hours;  1900  and   1890,  60  hours. 

SPECi.iL  FEATiniEs:  Week  Covered  for  1905  ended  May2S,1904:  for  190O,  May  12;  for  1890,  May  10.  There  wasagreat  increaseeach  yearin  the  nmnber  of  women,  prin- 
cipally spinners,  very  many  additional  plain  flat  knitting  machines  having  been  installed;  and  a  great  decrease  in  children  from  1900  to  1905.  The  numl)er  of  men 
increased  from  1890  to  1900,  but  slightly  decreased  from  1900  to  1905.  All  the  men  were  timeworkers  from  1890  to  1900,  while  practically  all  the  women  and  more 
than  five-si.\ths  of  the  children  were  pieceworkers.  Men's  earnings  decreased  from  1890  to  1900,  but  increased  from  1900  to  1905;  women's  increased  steadily  from 
1890  to  1905,  and  children's  likewise.  Although  the  median  group  for  children  was  "  less  than  S3"  in  each  year,  the  percentage  aliove  that  group  has  steadily 
increased,  the  increase  being  very  large  between  1900  and  1905. 


MEN  16  TEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WOMEN  16  TEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECI- 
FIED EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

CHILDREN  UNDER  16  TEARS  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

VEEKJLY  EARNINGS. 

Number.        \     ^umul^^a^tive 

per- 

Niunber. 

Cumulative  per-     1 
centage.            \ 

Number.              Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

1903 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900  ;  1890 

1 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905    1900    1890    1905 

1           1 

1900 

1890 

Total 

51 

54 

27 

281 

1 
157  1      80 

146 

202 

S3  '     . 

1 
8 
2 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
2 

2 
5 
2 

100.0     100.0 

100.0 
96.3 
66.6 
59.2 
55.5 

51.8 
48.1 
44.4 
40.7 

33.3 

25.9 

7.4 

"iog' 

90 
57 

11 

10 

1 

2 

1 

4 
82 
47 
17 

5 

1 
1 

7 
41 
19 
11 

1 
...... 

100.0 
100.0 
61.2 
29.2 
8.9 

5.0 
1.5 
1.1 
0.4 

100.0 

97.4 

45.2 

15.2 

4.4 

1.2 
0.6 

100.0 

91.2 

40.0 

16.2 

2.4 

2.4 
1.2 
1.2 

89 
52 
5 

186 
16 

52  1  100.0 

1  '     39.0 

■      3.4 

100.0 
7.9 

100.0 

S3  to    84 

16 
4 
5 
5 

2 
...... 

4 

4 
7 
1 
2 

100.0 
100.0 
70.6 
58.8 

54.9 
49.1 
47.1 
43.2 

33.4 
13.8 
2.0 

100.0 
70.4 
63.0 
53.7 

44.4 
40.7 
40.7 
33.3 

25.9 
18.5 
5.5 
3.7 

2.0 

15 
6 
2 

3 
1 
2 
5 

10 

6 

1 

$5  to    S6 

S7  to    98 

I 

$8  to    $9       .   .              

S9  to  SIO 

Si  5  toS20 

1 

1 

1 

...     .  ^.         . 

! 

i 

Woolen  mills:   EstahlisJiment  No.  21^. 

Location:  New  England  states. 

Products:  Cussimeres  and  cloaldngs;  union  or  cotton  mixed  woven  goods. 

KoRMAL  WORKING  TIME  PER  WEEK:  1905.  03  hours;  1900  and  ISOO,  60  hours. 

Special  feati-res:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  February  IS:  for  1900,  May  19;  for  1890,  May  17.  The  increase  in  normal  working  time  per  week  between  1900  and  1905 
was  3  hours,  the  working  day  being  extended  from  10  to  lOJ  hours.  There  were  also  300  extra  hours'  time  worked  during  the  year  as  returned  in  the  report  for 
1905.  Distributed  equally  throughout  the  50  working  weeks  these  amount  to  6  hours  a  week,  and  are  therefore  a  material  cause  of  the  greater  earnings  shown. 
Almost  nil  the  women  in  1900  and  a  little  more  than  one-third  of  the  men  were  pieceworkers.  The  number  of  male  weavers  and  of  women  mainly  in  all  other  occu- 
pations was  considerably  increased  for  1905.  No  children  were  returned  for  1905;  5  were  reported  for  1900  and  1S90.  but  not  tabulated.  The  manufacture  of 
cloakings  seems  to  have  been  abandoned  since  1900. 


MEN  16  TEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS   IN  A  "WEEK. 

WOMEN  16 
FIED 

TEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECI- 
EARNINGS   IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLT  EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

1905  '  1900 

1890 

1905   1    1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890     1905 

1900 

1890 

Total 

101 

73 

C3 

89 

32 

58 

3 

11 
12 
9 
12 

8 
7 
2 
6 

1 
3 

4 

"io' 

5 
10 

10 
3 
9 

2 
3 
1 

100.0  ,     100.0 
100.0  1      95.9 
100.0         80.8 
100.  0         64.  4 
100.  0  1      52. 1 

42.6  i      35  7 

42.6  j      24.7 

36.7  15.1 

30.7  1       12.4 

24.8  1        5.5 

14.9  '        4.1 
5.0  [ 

100.0 
93.7 
93.7 
68.3 
00.4 

44.5 

28.6 

23.8 

9.5 

9.6 
6.4 
1.6 

!         3 

1       10 

20           7 

5  I        0 

6  4 

30           1 
20           1 

5  1 

2        100.0 
13        100.0 

9        100.0 
10  ;       77.5 
12         71.9 

100.0 
90.6 
59.4 
37.5 
18.7 

6.2 
3.1 

100.0 

J3to    t4 

96.5 

$4  to    Vi 

74.1 

15  to   V> 

58.6 

Iflto    17 



58 

41.4 

S7  to    18 

3 

6 
2 

1 

IW.2 

31.5 

9.0 

3.4 

20.7 

SA(  to    $9 

6 

15.  S 

fOtoSlO -    .         .            

5.2 

JIO  loll2 

12 

10 
10 
S 

3 

1.7 

»12  to$15 

$1 5  to  J20   

120  to  $25        ,    ... 

""'    ""     1 1 

1 

•      1 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


805 


Woolen  milL^:  Establishment  No.  27. 

Location:  Middle  states. 

Products:  Wor.stnd  and  woolen  goods.    Yam  is  manufactured  for  consuiDjitHm  in  tin'  inill. 

Normal  workinu  time  per  week:  EiK-li  period,  60  hours. 

Special  FEATURr:.s:  Week  oovcn-d  for  I'.io.'i  fiided  Dcccmbt'r  ;i,  1904;  for  1890  and  1900  it  ended  in  .January.  The  number  of  wage-earners  covered  l>y  the  inquiry  of 
1900  Wii.s  iess  ilian  tlie  nunil)er  reported  in  1890,  l»ut  there  was  an  increase  in  the  numljer  of  men  and  women  for  1905.  The  number  of  children  decreased  at  each 
census.    The  curnulativo  percentages  indicate  an  increase  in  the  weekly  earnings  at  each  census,  a  larger  proportion  being  shown  for  the  higher  groups. 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNIN08  IN  A  WEEK. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECI- 
FIED EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

CHILDREN  imOEB  16  YEABS  AT  SPECI- 
FIED EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative 
centage. 

per- 

Number. 

Cumulative 
centage 

per- 

Number.              Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

1906 

1900 

1890 

iuor>    1900 

1890 

1905 

1900    1890 

1905      1900 

1890 

1905    liHIO    IK90     1905 

1900 

1890 

430 

329 

364 

331 

226       352 

45 

50 

72 

15 
3 
28 
43 
46 

89 
21 
IS 
75 

59 

1 

17 
17 
30 
10 
50 

46 
14 
20 
60 

42 
22 

1 

17 
39 
19 
29 
83 

68 
27 
30 
30 

19 
10 
3 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 
95.3 
84.6 
79.4 
71.4 

48.6 
32.7 
25.3 
17.0 

8.7 
.3.5 
0.8 

21 

15 

70 

118 

16 

23 
28 
10 
21 

8 

1 

11 
27 
99 
5 
13 

38 
3 

4 
15 

11 

46 
117 
92 
23 
17 

14 
18 
17 
7 

1 

100  0  1  100.  0 
93.  7  :    95.  1 
89.  2       83. 2 
68.0       39.4 
32.3       37.2 

27.  5       31.  4 
20.5       14.6 
12.0  1     1,3.3 
9.0  1     11.5 

2.7  i      4.9 

100.0 
86.9 
53.7 
27.5 
21.0 

16.2 
12.2 
7.1 
2.3 

0.3 

7 
17 
21 

8 
42 

62 
10 

100.0 
84.5 
46.7 

100.0 
84.0 

IflO.O 

5;i  to    S4                                          

96.5  1    94.8 
95.  8       89. 6 

13.9 

S5  to   ?f)                                       

89.3 
79.3 

68.6 
47.9 
43.0 
38.8 

21.4 
7.7 
0.9 

80.5 
77.5 

62.3 
48.3 
44.1 
38.0 

19.8 
7.0 
0.3 

$6  to    $7 

S7  to    $8                         

i 

5)^  to   $9                                                  - 

810  to  S12                                                     .   ... 

SP  to  S15 

0.3 

S'^n  to  £•'5 

1 

1              1 

1 

"          1             1 

Pianos:  Establishment  No.  62, 

Location:  Middle  states. 

Products:  Pianos. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  1905.  54  hours;  ItKX)  and  1S50,  59  hours. 

Special  features;  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  October  29,  1904;  for  1000,  June  10;  for  1890,  June  14.  A  larger  proportion  of  partially  manufactured  materials,  such 
as  actions,  keys,  cases,  etc.,  were  reported  at  the  census  of  1905  than  at  prior  censuses.  The  establishment  is  apparently  changing  its  practice  of  manufacturing 
from  crude  material  to  the  assembling  of  parts  manufactured  in  other  factories.  The  numl>er  of  wage-earners  has  decreased  at  each  census:  the  percentage  at  the 
higher  rates  was  slightly  less  for  1900  and  1905  than  for  1890,  but  greater  for  1905  than  for  1900.  Six  males  under  16  years  of  age  were  reported  for  1900  and  15  for 
1890,  although  not  tabulated  because  of  '  "numerical  unimportance."    None  was  returned  for  1905.    No  females  were  reported  in  any  year. 


MEN   16  YEARS  AND   OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY    EARNINGS. 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

Numljer. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number.          Cumulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900    1890 

1905 

1900       1890 

1905    1900    1890 

1 

1905       1900 

1890 

Total 

45 

136 

169 

1 

I8t0    $9 

$9  to  $10 

1       3 

5  ;        9 
7  I      25 
12        35 
14        33 

2  12 

3  6 

3 

11 
16 
61 
45 
10 
8 

95.6        9a4 
95.6        88.2 
84.5        81.6 
68. 9        63. 2 
42.2        37.5 
11.1         13.2 
6.7          4.4 

91.1 

89.3 

Less  than  $3 

100.0       100.0       100.0 

100.  n     100.0     100.0 

$10  to  $12 

82.8 

$3  to    S4 

1 

1 

2 

$12  to  $15 

$15  to  $20 

73.3 

$4  to    $5 

5         97. 8  1       99  3         9S.  S 

37.2 

85  to    $6 

4 
2 
6 

4         97.8 

97.8 

4         9.5.  fi 

99.  3          95.  9 
96.3         93.5 
94.8         93.5 

$20  to  $25 

10.6 

$6  to    S7   . 

1 

$25  and  over 

4.7 

$7  to   S8 

Wagons:  Establishment  No.  64. 

Location:  Middle  stjites. 

Products:  Wagons,  trucks,  carts,  and  wheelbarrows. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  1905,  58  hours;  1900  and  1890.  60  hours. 

Special  features:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  September  17,  1904;  for  1900,  May  25;  for  1890,  May  2.3.  The  reduction  in  the  hours  per  week  from  1900  to  1905  is 
reUected  in  the  decreased  earnings  shown  for  a  slightly  increased  force.  It  is  probable  also  that  fuller  time  was  worked  during  the  spring  weeks,  which  ara 
shown  for  the  previous  censuses,  than  in  the  September  week  shown  for  1905.  The  character  of  the  output  has  apparently  remained  the  same  from  census  to 
census. 


MEN   16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

MEN  16   YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
E.IRNINGS  Di  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Number.         [  Cumulative  percentage. 

Number.         'Cnmulativeperoentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890      1905       1900       1890 

1905 

1900    1890     1905       1900       1890 

Total                      

26 

21 

28 

»8to   $9 

$9  to  $10 

1 
8 
1 
8 
7 

2 

3          4 

1  5 
13         15 

2  1 

96.2 
92.4 
61.6 
57.7 
26.9 

90.5 
90.5 
76.2 

96.4 





S9.3 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

96.2 
96.2 
96.2 

100.0 

ion  0 

$10  to  $12  .. 

7.vn 

S3  to    $4 

100.0  '     100.0 
100.0  1     100.0 
100.0  1     100.0 
100.0  1     100.0 
90.5  1    TOO.  n 

$12  to  $15 

71. 4          57. 2 

$4  to    $5    

1 

$15  to  $20        . 

9.5 

3.6 

$5  to    $1) 

$20  to  $25 

SO  to    $7         ' 

2 

...... 

$25  and  over 

1 

S7  to   $8 

1 

' 

806 


MANUFACTURES. 


Wagons:  Establishment  No.  67. 

IiOCATiox:  Middle  states. 

Pboducts:  Coaches  and  fine  carriages. 

Normal  working  time  per  vteek:  1905,  51  hours;  1900  and  1890.  54  hours. 

Special  features:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  October  G,  1904;  for  1900,  June  22;  for  1890.  June  21.  About  one-third  of  the  men  were  pieceworkers.  Three 
children  were  reported  in  1S90,  but  none  in  1900  or  1905.  The  percentage  of  men  at  the  higher  earnings  increased  from  1890  to  1900  and  then  slightly  decreased. 
A  considerable  reduction  in  the  force  from  1900  to  1905  had  a  substantially  uniform  effect  throughout  the  scale.  Extra  time  was  worked  during  the  year,  and 
therefore  presumablj*  during  the  week  selected,  and  this,  it  is  probable,  neutralized  the  effect  of  a  reduction  of  ,3  hours  a  week  due  to  the  introduction  of  an 
8J-hour  in  place  of  a  9-hour  day.  In  1900  the  week  during  which  the  largest  number  of  wage-earners  was  employed  appears  to  have  been  in  the  month  of  April; 
in  the  year  coveied  by  the  report  for  1905  it  was  in  October. 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARSLNGS   IX  A   WEEK. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

MEN  16  YEARS  AND   OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN   A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cimiulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total 

91 

115 

89 

$8  to   S9 

2 

4 

10 

30 

28 
4 
4 

2 
6 
12 
34 
29 
19 
6 

1 

12 
10 
22 
21 

9 
11 

90.1 
87.9 
83.5 
72.5 
39.5 
8.8 
4.4 

93.9 
92.1 
86.9 
76.5 
46.9 
21.7 
5.2 

96  7 

'95.6 
82  1 

Less  than  S.3                                  ... 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
97.  S 
95.6 
92.3 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
94.8 

100.0 
100.0 
98.9 
97.8 
96.7 
96.7 

$10  to  $12    

S3  to   S4 

i 

1 

S12  to  $15                                      ... 

70.8 

S4to   $5                               .        .      .. 

2 
2 
3 
2 

e 

1 

$15  to  $20 

SSto   $6 

$20  to  $25 

22.  S 

sato  $7                       

J7  to    $S. 

Wagons:  Establishment  So.  68. 

Location:  Middle  states. 

Products:  Hacks,  undertakers'  wagons,  hearses,  and  casket  wagons. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  1905,  54  hours;  1900  and  1890,  60  hours. 

Special  featches:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  December  15,  1904;  for  1900,  May  17;  for  1S90,  May  16.  Practically  all  the  wage-earners  wore  timeworkers.  The 
enlargement  of  the  force  by  nearly  one-third  was  apparently  with  men  who  were  paid  at  the  higher  rates,  for,  notwithstanding  the  stated  reduction  in  hours 
per  week,  the  earnings  of  at  least  one-half  the  force  were_  greater  for  the  we«k  covered  liy  the  report  for  1905  than  they  were  in  1900.  The  output  of  the 
establishment  increased  substantially  between  1900  and  1905,  but  no  overtime  was  reported. 


men   16  1-EARS  and  OVER   AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN   A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

MEN   16  YEARS  AND   OVER   AT   SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS   IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

Number.           Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total                                    

548 

422 

431 

$8  to   $9 

11 
45 
65 
127 
98 
17 
8 

18 
63 
95 
113 
83 
12 
7 

92.5 
92.5 
85.4 
69.8 
31.7 
2.0 
0.2 

87.9 
85.3 
74.6 
69.2 
29.1 
5.9 
1.9 

90  7 

\ 

$9  to  $10 

39 
85 
209 
163 
10 
1 

86.5 
71  9 

Tass  than  $3 

100.0       100.0 
100.  0       100. 0 
99  8  1     100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
99.3 
98.4 
96.8 
94.2 

$10  to  $12 

$3  to    $4  

i 

3 

4 

13 

20 

■■■■j- 

■■'23' 
21 

3 

4 
7 
11 
16 

$12  to  $15 

14  to    $5 

$15  to  $20 

23  7 

$5  to    $li 

99.3 

98.6 
96.2 

98.3 
98.3 
92.9 

$20  to  $25 

4.4 

$ti  to    $7 

$25  and  over 

1  6 

$7  to    $8 ■- 

Foundries  and  metal  working:  Kstahlishment  No,  103, 


Location:  Middle  statos. 

I'RODUCTs:  Stoves,  ranges,  and  heating  furnaces. 

Normal  workisg  time  per  week:  1905,  60  hours;  lOOO.  f)'.)  liours;  isito.  r.O  hours. 

Special  keatl'RES:  Nono  hut  men  wero  i-iiiployi-d.  ami  iiiori'  than  MiTvc-fifths  in  1900  worn  pieceworkers,  which  was  a  considerable  incroaso  over  1800.  The  oaminga 
incrr'awd  to  a  slight  extent  in  1900,  and  in  a  much  larger  degree  during  the  year  accounted  for  in  the  report  of  inofi.  Then.'  was  a  large  addition  to  the  force,  but  not 
large  enough  to  restore  the  numbers  n^ported  in  1890.  Owing  to  a  variety  of  reasons,  one  of  which  is  given  as  the  locution  of  braiicli  foundries  nearer  fields  of 
consumption,  the  numbers  for  1900  were  much  less  than  those  returned  at  the  earlier  census.  The  output,  however,  has  increased  from  yenr  to  year.  Many 
of  the  molderfl.  mounters,  pattern  makers,  polishers,  and  tinners  are  higlily  skilled  workmen.  This  statement  explnins  in  pjirt  the  liirj,'*'  pcreenliiges  at  the 
high<T  earnings.  v 


men   10  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

HEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

Number.          Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

I90.'i     1900 

IN9II       IIMI.'i         1900         INUO 

1906 

6 
21 
28 
47 
77 
34 
48 

1900 

26 
14 
33 
46 
34 
17 
6 

1890 

1906 

1900 

1800 

Total 

310      216 

380 

1          .     1 

18  to    $9 

21 
61 
64 

41! 
78 
26 
12 

83.9 
82.3 
76.6 
66.  6 
61.3 
26. 5 
16,6 

80.6 
68.6 
62.0 
46.7 
25.9 
10.2 
2.3 

76.8 

to  tn  110 

71  2 

t^.<ifi  than  $3 

« 

4 

2 

""a 
II 

18 
26 

100  0        100,0        100.0 
10<l  11         97  2        100. 0 
IfX).  0         95.  3         97. 9 
95.6         H4.4         95.1 
93. 6  1      90. 7        90  5 

tio  to  $12 ; 

68.1 

$3  to    $4 

$12  to  $15 

41.6 

$•1  to    $.1 

ii 

$15  to  $20 

29.8 

»ft  to     $)', 

1)  1        8 
12         12 

$20  to  $26 

9.8 

$«  tn    $7 

$25  and  over 

3.1 

rrto  vi 

18 

10 

28 

89.7         86.1         83.8 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


807 


Cigars:  Establishment  No.  202. 


Location;  Middle  states. 

Products:  Cigurs. 

Normal  woiiKiNii  time  per  'week:  1905,  54  hours;  1900  and  1890,  69  hours. 

Si'ECiAi,  FEATUiiKs;  Wock  covered  for  1905  ended  November  .1,  1004;  for  HKX),  August  12;  for  IKOO,  June  .5.  No  eliildren  were  reported  at  any  of  the  censuses.  The 
increaw'  in  llie  number  of  men  and  thedeen  use  m  llie  iminhcrof  woiiirn  since  1890  have  rewulli'cl  in  a  ni't  inerejisc'of  24  wage-earnerH.  'V\wTt'  v:i\Ti'A*i  more  women  than 
men  returned  for  loo.i.  The  iK'reentace  of  women  a  I  tlic  Ijitzhrr  frroiijis  of  earnings  increasrd  from  l.yto  lo  I'.KKj,  l.ut  very  slightly  decreased  from  lUOOto  1905;  while 
the  percentages  of  men  at  these  groups  decreased  in  lliiHi  as  eonipan'd  with  IH'JO  and  increased  in  the  report  for  1905.  The  earnings  for  both  men  and  women  have 
therefore  apparently  increased  since  1890;  but  tliosr  of  nun  only  sinci'  I'.ioi).    Almost  all  wage-earners  were  pieceworkers. 


MEN  IG  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  .SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WOMEN   10  YEARS  AND  OXtV.  AT  8PECI- 
riED  EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total                                                                

123 

82 

62 

■ 

172 

254 

209 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0  1     100.0 

100.0  1    100.0 
100.0  1    100.0 
92.4  ;      97.7 
76.1  1      83.5 

67.4  73.3 

57.5  59.5 
46.5         44.9 
39.5  1      37.0 
26. 1         2.1.  B 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
100. 0 
100.0 

90.3 
77.4 
66.1 
56.4 

40.3 
22.6 
8.1 

13 
28 
15 
17 

19 
12 
23 
25 

15 
5 

6 
36 
26 
35 

37 
20 
29 
44 

20 

1 

10 
28 
41 
31 

28 
15 
23 
28 

4 

1 

100.0 

1 
4 
5 

9 
8 
11 
15 

.  13 
11 
5 

...... 

8 

I 
10 

11 
9 
S 

lUO.O        100.0 
100.  0          1)8.  8 

95.2 

5 

8 

11 
8 
12 
20 

25 

30 

4 

81.8 

Hi  to    S7                                          

95.9 

89.4 
80.5 
74.0 
04.2 

47.9 
27.6 
3.2 

93.9 

87.8 
70.8 
67.0 
53.6 

35.3 
19.5 
6.1 

62.2 

$7  to   $8, 

47.4 

$8  to   89                     

34.0 

$9  to  810. 

26.8 

810  to  812  .                     

15.8 

11.6 
2.9 

8.3 
0.4 

2.4 

815  to  820 

0.5 

820  to  825                             

i 

1 1 

Cigars:  Establishment  No.  204- 

Location:  Middle  states. 

I'RODUCTa:  Cigars.  ' 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  1905,  56  hours;  litOO  and  1890,  55  hours. 

Special  features:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  January  Ifi,  1904;  for  1900  and  1890  it  was  the  second  week  in  June,  One  woman  was  returned  in  1905,  but  none  for 
1900  or  1890,  and  no  comparison  can  l)e  made.  All  men  were  pieceworkers  in  1900  and  1S90,  and  presumably  in  the  1905  return.  The  number  has  been  constantly 
reduced,  but  the  earnings  have  shown  a  continuous  increase  at  the  higher  amounts  paid,  although  the  level  is  low,  which  indicates  the  presence  of  the  so-called 
machine  process.    From  1900  to  1905  the  hours  of  labor  jrer  week  seem  to  have  been  increased  by  1. 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND   OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY  EABNINGS. 

MEN   16  YE.4ES   AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS   IN   A   WEEK. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number.        .  Cumulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

189i) 

1905 

1900        1890 

Total 

6 

15 

22 

$8  to    $9 

2 
2 

3 

3 

66.6 
33.3 

33.3  ;       13.6 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
80.4 
08.2 
45.4 

S9  to  SIO 

13.3 

100.  0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
83.3 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
73.3 
73.3 
66.6 

S10to$12 

$3  to   S4 

$12  to  S15 

1 

$4  to    $5 

4 

3 
4 
5 

7 

$15  to  $20 

1 

$5to    $t) 

$20  to  S25 

i 

$6  to    *7 

1 

1 

1 
5 

$25  and  over 

1 

t7to   $8 

[ 

Cigars:  Establishment  No.  205. 

Location:  Middle  states. 

Products:  Cigars. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  1905,  45  hours;  1900,  50  hours;  1890,  52  hours. 

Special  features:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  December  10.  1904;  for  1900.  July  28;  for  1890.  July  30.  Between  1S90  and  1900  most  of  the  hand  cigarmakers  in  this 
estabhshment  disappeared  and  more  women  than  previously  were  employed  as  "rollers  "  and  more  men  as  "  bunchmakers,"  in  the  machine  process.  All  these 
were  pieceworkers,  and  the  number  of  hours  they  worked  per  week  was  reduced  by  two.  In  consequence  the  earnings  of  men  and  women  from  1890  to  1900  were 
reduced.  Between  HKX)  and  1905  more  men  pieceworkers  were  displaced  by  women  pieceworkers,  leaving  for  the  most  part  the  higher  priced  indispensable  men 
wage-earners  whose  compensation  was  by  the  day.  The  hours  of  labor  per  week  were  still  further  reduced  by  5.  As  results  of  these  changes  the  proportion 
of  men  at  the  higher  amounts  increased,  and  the  proportion  of  women  decreased.  It  is  noticeable  that  except  for  1905  the  earnings  of  women  at  the  higher 
amounts  were  larger  than  those  of  men. 


MEN   16  YEARS  AND   OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WOMEN  16  TElVIi.S  AND  OVER  AT  SPECI- 
FIED EABNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY   EARN-ING3. 

Numter. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

j         Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

1905 

14 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

19051 1900 

1890 

1903  1    1900  1   1890 

Total 

25 

32 

43         27 

21 

Less  than  S3 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

100.0       100.0 
100.0       100.0 
ion.  0      100.0 

100.0  1     100.0         100.0 

$3  to    $4 

1 

100.0  1    100.0  1      100.0 

$4  to    $5 

2 
5 
8 

4 
...... 

2 
1 
2 

""'i' 

5 

7 
1 
1 
5 

9 
2 

1 

4 
2 

1 

2 
14 
9 
7 

3 

1 

1 
6 

4 
3 

100.0       100.0          95.2 

Soto    $0 

100. 0         92. 0       100. 0 
100.0  1       72.0         96.9 

90.7         96.3  !        76.2 

S6  to    $7 

86. 1         74. 1  ,        61. 9 

$7  to    $8 

1 
6 
3 
1 

1 
2 

100. 0         40. 0 
92.9         24.0 
50.0        24.0 

81.3 
59.4 
56.3 
53.2 

37.6 
9.4 

83.8        74.1 
79.2        74.1 
46.5        66.7 

61.9 

SSto    $9 

2 

1 
7 

10 

•  1 
...... 

10 

1 

61.9 

19  to  $10 

57.1 

$10to$12 .               

28.5 

21.4 
14.3 

20.0 

20.0 
12.0 

25.6 

9.3 
2.3 

63.0 

37.1 



57.1 

$12  to  $15 

52.4 

$15to$20 

4.8 

$20  '  o  $25 

8.0  :       3.1 

1 1          ! "'"1          , 

45254— MFi;  190.5— it  -1— O.S- 


-53 


808 


MANUFACTURES. 


Cigars:  Establishment  No.  206. 

Location:  Middle  states. 

Products:  Cigars  of  medimn  grade. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  1905,  44  hours;  1900  and  1890,  59  hours. 

Special  fzatcees:  Week  covered  lor  1905  ended  December  17, 1904;  for  1900,  September  19;  for  1890,  September  22.  In  1900  and  1S90  practically  all  the  men  in  this 
factory  were  pieceworkers  and  in  1900  more  than  one-half  of  the  women  were  returned  as  timeworkers.  The  normal  working  time  appears  to  have  been  mate- 
rially reduced:  nevertheless  the  earnings  of  the  men  seem  to  have  suffered  only  slightly.  From  the  distribution  at  the  higher  amounts  there  was  probably  consid- 
erable overtime.  The  earnings  of  the  women  were  higher  in  the  report  for  1905  than  in  1900,  due  perhaps  in  some  degree  not  only  to  probable  overtime  but  to  the 
very  large  increase  in  the  force,  many  of  the  newcomers  receiving  the  higher  amount. 


MEN  16  TEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIPIED 
EARNINGS   IN   A   WEEK. 

WOMEN   16  TEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECI- 
FIED EARNINGS  IN  A   WEEK. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

64 

55 

69 

96 

65 

49 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
84.4 
68.8 

53.2 

37.6 

6.3 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
90.9 
80.0 

60.0 
20.0 

100.0 
100.0 
94.2 
91.3 
88.4 

73.9 

■    66.7 

65.2 

60.8 

47.8 
15.9 

'"'26' 
10 
10 

"io' 

10 
10 

12 
14 

15 

13 

2 
23 
5 
1 
3 

2 
2 

5 
2 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
79.1 
68.7 

58.3 
58.3 
47.9 
37.5 

27.1 
14.6 

100.0 
98.5 
75.4 
66.2 
60.0 

53.8 
44.6 
33.8 
32.3 

12.3 
1.5 

100.0 

$3  to   $4 

t 
2 
10 

5 
1 
3 
9 

22 
11 

95.9 

t4  to    S.i. 

49.0 

$5  to   J6 

38.8 

}6  to   S7                              

36.8 

$7  to    $8                              

30.7 

J8  to    $9     

10 
10 
10 

10 

20 

4 

5 
6 
11 

22 
11 

26.6 

19  to  $10                               

22.  S 

JIO  to  $12  

22.5 

$12  to  $15 

14.3 

$15  to  $20 

4.1 

$20  to  $25                                                    ....                                    ... 



1 

Cigars:  Establishment  No.  207 . 


Location:  Middle  states. 

Prodvcts:  Cigars  and  tobies. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  1905,  45  hours;  1900  and  1890,  54  hours. 

Special  featuees:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  August  27, 1904:  for  1000  and  1890,  some  time  in  .Tanuary,  date  not  mentioned.  .\  decrease  in  earnings  is  shown  from 
1900  to  1905,  due  perhaps  to  a  reduction  of  9  hours  a  week  in  the  working  time  of  the  establishincnt.  The  wagc-eamers  were  all  pieceworkers  in  1890  and  1900, 
and  presumably  also  during  the  week  covered  by  the  report  for  1905.  Three  women  were  reported  in  1000  and  5  in  1890,  but  not  included  in  the  tabulation.  There- 
fore, the  2  women  and  the  2  children  reported  for  1905  are  not  given  in  this  table. 


, 

men  16  TEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 

earnings  in  a  week. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

MEN  16  TEARS  AND  OVER   AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS   IN   A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total 

IS 

22 

51 

$8  to    $9 

10 

""■i 

7 

4 

12 
11 
7 

100.0 
33.3 
33.3 

100.0 
100.0 
90.9 
.59.1 
31.8 

100.0 

$9  to  $10 

92  1 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
inn  n 

100.0 
100.0 

inn  n 

$10  to  $12 

5 

58.8 

812  to  $15 ;. 

35.3 

$4  to    $5 

$15  to  $20 

13.7 

15  to    $6 

100. 0  '    ioo.  6  '     ioo.  6 

100.  0  ,     100.  0  ,       100.  0 
100.0        100.0  !       100.0 

$20  to  825 

$6  to    $7 

$7  to    $8 

1 

1 

EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


809 


Cigars:   Kstablishment  No.  212. 


LorATinN:  Southern  states. 

Products;  Cigars. 

Normal  WORKING  TIME  I'ER  WEEK-  190.5.  GO  hours:  1900,  OS  hours:  lS9n.i»  and  02  hours. 

Special  features:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  .lanuary  2:i.  1SKI4;  for  lUOO,  .January  l.i;  tor  1X90,  January  IS.  There  was  a  very  great  decrease  in  earnings  of  men 
from  1900  to  1905.  following  almost  as  great  a  one  from  ISiifl  to  HKKl.  hut  earnings  of  women  increased.  This  may  l«accounled  for  by  a  possiijle  greater  loss  of  time 
by  the  men,  or  on  the  sujiposition  tliat  the  men  were  just  aliove  the  age  of  HI,  i)elow  wtiicti  they  woul<l  have  l)een  claSHed  as  children,  and  were  still  doing  chil- 
dren's work:  or  that  they  were  apprentices.  While  the  force  of  women  was  increased  l>etween  1H90  and  1900,  that  of  men  was  considerably  diminished:  the 
earnings  of  botli  decreased.  In  lioth  thc^c  years  the  lc\pl  of  tiie  earnings  of  incn  was  liigiier  than  that  of  women,  i»ut  the  reverse  was  true  of 'I90.'»,  the  median 
in  that  year  lor  women  l)eing  in  tlie  same  group  as  that  for  men  in  1900.  1 1  inigiit  \>t'-  suggested,  therefore,  that  the  better  paid  men  have  given  place  to  women; 
but  as  the  men  since  1900  have  been  reduced  in  numi^er  hy  2  only,  while  the  women  are  less  by  8,  a  more  probable  reason  for  the  change  in  earnings  may  \» 
found  either  in  the  substitution  of  less  skillful  men,  or  in  the  increase  of  time  lost  l)y  the  old  force  of  men.  Loss  of  time  might  i)e  taken  to  lie  indicative  of  a 
further  change  in  the  force  by  which  it  will  become  more  exclusively  one  of  women.    The  part  ma,chine  process  is  apparently  used  in  the  estahlisbment. 


HEN   16  YEARS   AND   OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WOMEN   16  YEARS   AND  OVER  AT  SPECI- 
FIED EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cmnulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total                                                                            ....                                            

16 

18 

26 

22 

30 

24 

10 
4 

100.0       100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
84.6 
76.9 
76.9 

67.6 
30.7 
23.0 
11.5 

11.5 
11.5 

1 
2 
6 
4 
4 

5 

2          2 
8          5 
6          8 

100.0 
95.5 
86.4 

5«.l 
40.9 

22.7 

lOO.O         100.0 

$3  to    $4                                 .          

5 
i 
2 
3 

1 

4 

XI  ', 

100.0 
72.2 
50.0 
3S.9 

22.3 
16.7 
16.7 
5.6 

5.6 
5.6 

93.3 
66.6 
46.6 
33.3 

13.3 
10.0 
10.0 
10.0 

81.7 

$4  to    $5     

2          12.5 

70.9 

Sfl  to    ?6                                                       

1 

■■5' 

7 

12.5 
6.3 

6  3 

4 
6 

1 

7 
1 

37.6 

8.4 

$7  to    $8 ^ 

4.2 

$8  to    S9  

2  6.3 

3  6.3 

4.2 

S9toSlO                                                 

2 

4.2 

i 

6.3 

4.2 

10.0             4.2 

$1 5  to  S20 .• 

1 

3    

3 

1 

10.0             4.2 

Cigars:  EstahlisJiment  No.  215. 

Location:  Central  states. 

Products:  Cigars. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  Each  period.  44  hours. 

Special  feature.s:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  November  28.  1904:    for  1900,  .\pril  2S:    for  IS'.Kl,  .\pril  26. 

greater  from  1900  to  1905  than  from  1S90  to  1900,  and  the  number  of  wage-came r?  continually  increased. 

for  1903,  but  no  comparison  can  be  made,  as  the  earnings  of  the  2  reported  for  1900  were  not  shown. 


There  was  a  substantial  increase  in  the  earnings,  much 
.Ml  were  pieceworkers  in  1900.    Six  women  were  reported 


weekly   EARNINGS. 


Total. 


Less  than  $3. 

13  to  $4 

t4tO$5 

»5tO|6 

16  to  $7 

$7  to  $8 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A   WEEK. 


Number. 


1905    1900    1890 


32 


Cumulative  percentage. 


1905       1900       1890 


100.0 

100  0 

100.0 

100.0 

100,0 

100  0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

88.3 

100.0 

94.7 

88.3 

100.0 

84.2 

76.6 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 


$8  to    $9.... 

$9  to  $10 

$10  to  $12 

$12  to  $15 

$15  to  $20 

$20  to  $25 

$25  and  over  . 


MEN  16  YEARS   AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
E.IRNINGS  IS   A  WEEK. 


Number. 


1905  11900   1890 


Cumulative  percentage. 


1905       1900       1890 


100  0 
100.0 
84.4 
65.6 
46.9 
12.5 


78.9 
78.9 
78.9 
52.6 
5.3 


76.6 
7a7 

sao 

47.1 
11.8 
5.9 


810 


MANUFACTURES. 


Clothing:  Establishment  No,  217, 

Location:  Middle  states. 

pBODUCTs:  Men's  clothing. 

Normal  "WORKIXG  time  per  week:  Each  period.  55  hours 

Special  features;  ^Veek  covered  for  1905  ended  February  10,  1904;  for  1900,  November  17;  for  1S90.  November  10.  Earnings  for  men  decreased  at  every  census  since 
1890,  but  the  actual  numbers  increased,  especially  from  1900  to  1905.  Apparently  the  increase  was  chiefly  among  the  medium-priced  wage-earners,  for  a  greater 
proportion  of  the  men  were  in  much  higher  groups  in  1900  and  1890  than  was  the  fact  in  the  larger  numl>er  shown  for  1905.  Earnings  for  women  decreased  con- 
siderably from  1890  to  1900,  although  the  median  was  in  the  same  group.  This  was  accompanied  liy  a  very  large  increase  in  numl>ers,  the  increase  l>eing  greatest 
proportionately  to  the  total  in  the  earnings  group  So  to  SO.  From  1900  to  1905  the  earnings  increased,  so  that  they  were  slightly  higher  than  for  1890  The  num- 
ber of  pieceworkers,  both  men  and  women,  increased  at  a  much  higher  rate  from  1S90  to  1900  than  did  the  day  workers.  The  establishment  shows  a  very  large 
increase  in  products  since  1900.  Five  children  were  returned  for  1905,  but  as  the  7  returned  for  1900  and  the  1  returned  for  1S90  were  not  tabulated,  a  comparison 
is  impracticable. 


MEN   16  TEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WOMEN   Ifi   YEARS    AND   OVER    AT    SPECI- 
FIED   EARNINGS   IN  A  WEEK. 

TVEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

190S 

1900 

1890 

Total 

160 

77 

48 

193 

59 

28 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
98.1 
96.2 

95.0 
91.2 
75.0 
55.0 

43.1 
24.3 
15.  (i 
7.  5 

100.0 
100.0 
96.1 
94.8 
88.3 

81.8 
72.7 
70.1 
62.3 

49.3 
29.  8 
6.5 
3.9 

100.0 
100.0 
91.7 
91.7 
83.4 

79.2 
73.0 
70.9 
68.8 

58.4 

39.6 

25.0 

8.3 

2 

6 

13 

26 

75 

25 
16 
14 
9 

7 

100.0 
99.0 
95.9 
89.2 
75.7 

36.  S 

15.5 
8.3 

3.6 

100.0 
100.0 
89.8 
74.6 

100.0 

j3  to    $4 

3 

1 
5 
5 

7 
2 
6 
10 

15 
18 
2 
3 

4 
""'i 

2 

3 
1 

1 
5 

9 
7 
8 
4 

6 
9 
12 

7 

13 
4 
2 
.3 

3 

2 
3 
3 

8 

6 
2 
1 
3 

1 

100.0 

$4  to    $5               -                         

3 
3 
2 

6 

25 
33 
19 

30 
14 
13 
12 

92. 9 

15  to    $6                                                                            

82.2 

54.3           71.5 

42.4 
20.  4 
13.6 
10.2 

5.1 

42.9 

^  to    S9                                                .           .   .           .           

25.0 

17.9 

tlO  to  S12                                                                  

14.3 

SI2  to  S15                                                                     

3.6 

SIt  to  S'^O                                                                                                                ..           .        .    . 

Clothing:  .Establishment   No.  221. 


Location:  Middle  states. 

Products:  .Shirt  waists,  aprons,  shirts,  collars,  and  cuffs. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  Each  period.  59  hours. 

Special  features:  Week  covered  tor  1905  ended  March  16, 1904;  for  1900  and  1890,  November  8.  The  report  for  1905  shows  8  children;  the  report  for  1900,  3;  and  that 
for  1S90.  2;  but  these  were  not  tabulated  because  of  numerical  unimportance.  Earnings  have  increased  at  every  census  since  1890  for  both  men  and  women. 
All  the  men  and  children  were  timeworkers  in  1900,  and  nearly  five-sixths  of  the  women  pieceworkers.  It  is  probable  that  the  5  men,  added  to  tlie  force  since 
1900,  were  among  the  more  highly  paid  wage-earners,  and  that  their  earnings  were  responsible  for  the  increase  shown.  Also  among  the  31  additional  women 
were,  apparently,  some  of  the  most  efficient  workers,  for  numbers  nearly  equal  to  this  increase  are  shown  at  the  higher  earnings. 


MEN    16    YEARS    AND    OVER    AT    SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WOMEN    16    YEARS   AND    OVER    AT    SPECI- 
FIED EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total .• 

28 

23 

20 

257 

226 

171 

100.0 
100.0 
92.9 
78.6 
78.6 

71.5 
71.5 
71.5 
67.9 

50.0 
.32.1 

10.7 
7.1 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100. 0 
69.6 

65.2 
65.2 
65.2 
60.8 

39.1 

\\ 

100.0 
100.0 
95.0 
95.0 
8(1. 0 

65.0 
65.0 
65.0 
60.0 

4.5.0 
25.0 

10 
30 
;i6 
.50 
40 

34 
20 
14 
13 

10 

9 
45 
60 
54 
30 

16 
7 
5 

35 
46 
37 
32 
12 

100.0 
96.1 
84.4 
70.4 
51.0 

3.5.4 

22.2 

14.4 

5.1 

3.9 

100.0 
96.0 
76.1 
49.6 
25.7 

12.4 
5.3 
2.2 

100.0 

13  to   t4                  

2 
4 

1 

79  6 

S4  to   (~>                                                                

62.6 

ti  to   »ti            

7 
1 

3 
3 

31.0 

$«  to    J7 

2 

12.3 

17  to    $8 

5.3 

$8  to   K 

2.4 

$0  to  $10                   

5 
5 

i 

5 
5 

1 
3 

4 

5 

1.2 

$10  to  »12 

$12  to  $15 

$].'>  to  $20                

6  1        3 
1           1 

$2()  1 0  $2.1 

$25  and  over 

2 

EAHNINCJS  OF  WAdlvI^ARNKRS. 


811 


Printing:  Estahlinhiaent  No.  266. 


Location:  New  England  states. 

PRfdiucTs:  Ni'WspapiT.s. 

Normal  working  timi.;  i'KR  wfkk:  Viiricd  widi-ly  at  ciu.-h  pi-riod  for  dillcrfnt  occupations,  from  70  to  42  hours.  During  1004  thft  establishment  was  in  operation  361 
day.s  and  :KiO  nigiits;  the  number  ot  hours  per  day,  cxcc-pt  .Sundays,  was  21,  and  (or  the  wcx'k,  including  Sunday,  i:i7. 

Special  features:  \\\vV.  covered  for  I'.Hi.^i  eniled  Noveinlier  12,  l!i04;  tor  litOO,  Maridi  10;  for  J8!K),  March  8.  The  number  o(  men  reported  does  not  cover  the  entire  num- 
ber employed  in  the  estalilishment  at  any  of  thc'  censuses.  It  is  probalilc  a  si'leetion  was  made  at  each  census.  Typesetting  machines  were  used  during  each 
period;  15  machine  operators  were  reported  for  KKK)  and  44  for  1905.  Ten  hand  compositors  were  reported  for  1900  and  29  for  1S05.  These  are  reasons  sufficient 
for  the  marked  increase  in  earnings.  No  women  or  children  were  shown  for  1905;  for  I'.KKI,  :i,  anrl  for  1890,  8,  children  were  reported,  but  they  were  not  included 
in  the  comparisons. 


MEN   16  YEARS   ANU   OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS   IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

HEN   16  YEARS   AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A   WEEK. 

WKEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Numljer. 

Cumulative  peicentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

69 

100 

87 

i 

88  to   89 

2 

1 
1 
1 

11 
26 
20 
13 

""'i' 

7 

6 

25 

19 

15 

94.2 
91.3 
91.3 

73.0 
72.0 
71.0 

83.9 

' 

83.9 

1 

2 
2 

\ 

17 

...... 

100.0 
100.0 
97.1 
95.7 
94.2 
94.2 

100.0  1     100.0 
99.0       lOO.O 
97.0  )     100.0 
95.0  i     100.0 
91.0  ;       98.8 
90.0  '      98.8 

810  to  812 

82.7 

$;)  to  $4 

84  to    $5 .' 

«5  to    SO 

2 

1 

812  to  815 

2 
8 
25 
28 

91.3  70.0 

88.4  1       59.0 

74.6 

815  to  820     

67.7 

820  to  825 

76.8 
40.6 

33.0 
13.0 

39.0 

825  and  over 

17.2 

87  to   88 

Printing:  Establishment  No.  262. 


Location:  Middle  states. 

PR0DUCT.S:  Newspapers,  job  printing,  bookbinding,  and  engraving. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  1905  and  1900,  54  hours;  1890,  60  hours. 

Special  features:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  December  2.'i,  1904:  for  1900  November  16;  for  1890,  November  22.  Typesetting  machines  were  reported  at  the  cen- 
suses of  1900  and  1905,  but  not  at  the  census  of  1S90.  Most  of  the  women  in  1S90  and  1900  were  employed  in  the  bindery  on  piecework.  There  was  an  apparent 
increase  in  the  earnings  of  men  for  1900  as  compared  with  1890.  but  only  a  slight  change,  if  any,  at  thecensus  of  1905.  The  earnings  of  women  were  practically  the 
same  in  1890  and  1900,  but  larger  tor  liKI.'i.  One  boy  under  16  was  reported  in  1900,  but  he  was  not  included  in  the  table.  No  children  were  reported  for  either  1890 
or  1905.    An  additional  product  reported  for  1905  was  "engraving." 


MEN    16   YEARS   AND  OVER   AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN   A  WEEK. 

WOMEN    16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS    IN   A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  percentage. 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900    1890 

1905       1900       1890 

i 

Total 

91 

64 

67 

20 

17 

13 

L... 

100.0 
100.0 
96.7 
92.3 
89.0 

83.5 
80.2 
75.  S 
70.3 

63.7 
49.4 
9.9 
3.3 

100. 0       100. 0 

1 
4 
1 

100.0       100.0         100.0 

$3  to    $4                                                                                      

3 
4 
3 

5 

3 
4 

6 

6 

13 

38 

6 

3 

2 
2 
3 
2 

5 
2 
3 
3 

20 
19 
3 

2 
5 
8 
4 

5 
2 
2 
6 

18 

12 

2 

1 

100.0 
9(i.9 
93.8 
89.1 

86.0 
78.2 
75.1 
70.4 

65.7 

34  4 

4.7 

100.0 
97.0 
89.6 
77.7 

71.7 
64.3 
61.3 
58.3 

49.3 

22.4 

4.5 

1.5 

...... 

7 
7 

1 
1 

5 
3 

100.0       100. 0          92.3 

$4  to    $5                                                             

100. 0         70. 6          61. 6 

$5  to    SH                                                                                         - 

3          1 

5  1        1 

95.0        53.0  i        53.9 

$ti  to    $7                                                      .            

60.0  ,      35.3 

25.0  ;        5  9 
20.0  ,        5.9 

46.2 

38.5 

$8  to   $9 

1    

38.5 

£Q  to  SIO 

15.0    38.5 

SIO  to  £12                                                                                                                    

1 
2 

2 

1        1 

15.0 

38.5 

$r>to$15 

10.0 

23.1 

SIS  to  S20 

'' 

15.4 

t**fl  in  S'^S 

825  and  over 

"   ■■      

1 

• 

812 


MANUFACTURES. 


Shoes:  Establishment  No.  274. 

Location:  Middle  states. 

PROnucTS:  Women's,  misses',  and  children's  shoes  and  slippers.     Apparently  a  greater  variety  of  shoes  were  manufactured  during  1900  than  during  the  year 

covered  by  the  report  for  1905. 
Normal  •wokkisg  time  per  week:  Each  period,  60  hours. 
Special  features:  A  week  during  the  month  of  January  is  covered  by  the  statistics  for  each  census.    There  has  been  a  decrease  in  the  number  of  wage-earners. 

No  children  were  reported  for  1905.    Pieceworkers  formed  a  large  proportion  of  the  force  for  1890  and  1900;  they  were  not  reported  separately  for  1905.    The 

cnange  in  the  character  of  the  products  and  a  considerable  decrease  in  the  output  have  evidently  caused  some  readjustment  of  wages,  which  may  account  in  part 

for  the  decrease  in  the  numbers  at  the  higher  groups  of  earnings  indicated  by  the  cumulative  percentages. 


MEN  16  tears  and  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS   IN   A  WEEK. 

WOMEN   16  YEARS   AND   OVER  AT 
FIED   EARNINGS   IN   A  WEEK 

SPECI- 

CHILDREN   UNDER  16  YEARS   AT  SPECI- 
FIED  EARNINGS   IN   A   WEEK. 

•WTEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Number. 

Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

Number. 

Cumulative 
centage 

per- 

Number. 

Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

1905    1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

Total 

126  1     140 

155    

65 

72!      98    ! 

67  ;      90 

19 
13 
4 
9 
17 

10 
14 
16 
14 

8 
2 

4 
7 
12 
16 

13 
11 
24 
26 

1 
8 
12 
16 
18 

6 
11 
9 

9A 

100.0 
84.9 
74.6 
71.4 
64.3 

50.8 
42.9 
31.8 
19.1 

ao 

1.6 

100.0 

100.0 

97.1 

92.1 

83.5 

72.1 
62.8 
54.9 
37.8 

19.2 
7.1 
2.8 
1.4 

100.0 
99.4 
94.2 
86.4 
76.1 

64.5 
60.6 
53.5 
47.7 

34.1 
10.9 
1.9 
1.3 

5 
13 
13 
16 

5 

\ 

;      6 

100. 0     100. 0 
92. 3     100. 0 
72.  3       91.  7 
52.3       75.0 
27.7       55.6 

20.0       41.7 

6.2  1    32.0 

13.9 

1      1-* 

! 

100.0 
93.9 
88.8 
81.7 
61.3 

36.8 

24.5 

14.3 

5.1 

1.0 
1.0 

46 
11 

72 

IS 

100.0 
19.3 

100.0 

j3  to  $4                               

6 
12 
14 
10 

7 

13 

9 

1 

5 

7 

20 

24 

12 
10 

9 
4 

20.0 

i 

, 

17        36 
6         14 
2           1 
2  1        2 

1 

1 

j 

*on  tn  V)=, 

1 

[             1 

1 

Shoes:  Establishment  No.  275. 

Location:  Middle  states. 

Products;  Ladies',  misses',  and  children's  boots  and  shoes.    The  establishment  has  apparently  abandoned  the  manufacture  of  slippers  since  1900. 

Normal  working  time  per  week:  Each  period,  59  hours. 

Special  features:  Week  covered  for  1905  ended  July  27,  1904;  for  1900,  February  16;  tor  1890.  February  14.  The  number  of  men  and  women  has  increased,  while 
the  number  of  children  has  decreased  since  1900.  The  increase  in  the  number  of  men  and  women  has  apparently  been  principally  among  those  at  lower  weekly 
earnings,  as  the  proportions  at  the  higher  earnings  were  slightly  less  for  1905  than  for  lilOO.    The  use  of  machinery  has  been  constantly  increasing. 


MEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECIFIED 
EARNINGS  IN  A   WEEK. 

WOMEN  16  YEARS  AND  OVER  AT  SPECI- 
FIED  EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

children  trapER   16  YEARS  AT  SPECI- 
FIED EARNINGS  IN  A  WEEK. 

WEEKLY   EARNINGS. 

Niunlx-r. 

Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

Number. 

Cumulative  per- 
centage. 

Number. 

Cumulative    per- 
cent age. 

1905 

1 
1900    1890 

1905 

1900 

1 
1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1911,-,      1900 

1890 

1905 

1900 

1890 

1905 

1900  j  1890 

Total 

351 

212 

92 

233 

128 

50 

39 

64 

25 



12 
14 
25 
22 
19 

17 
14 
18. 
00 

92 
41 
12 
6 

8 
8 
16 

7 
8 
12 
25 

S4 
43 
12 
3 

1 

""ii 
8 
8 

8 
4 
9 
10 

9 

24 

5 

100.0 
9C>.6 
9'i6 
85.5 
79.2 

7a  8 

6a9 
049 
59.8 

42.7 

16.5 

48 

1.4 

100. 0     100. 0 
100.  0       9a  9 
9'2.5  ■    9&9 

3          3 

100.0 

100.0 
97.7 
92.2 
87.5 
72.7 

61.8 
49.3 
35  2 

ia3 

2.4 

as 

100.0 
100.0 

9a  0 

74  0 

4ao 

30  8 
16  0 
8.0 
6.0 

4  0 
2.0 

15 
24 

25 
39 

14 
9 

100.0 
61.5 

100.0     100.0 

$3  lo    %\ 

16 
23 
18 
40 

25 
38 
29 
32 

9 

7 
6 
19 
14 

16 
18 
28 
14 

2 

1 

1 

12 
14 
8 

7 
4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

9a  7 

91.8 
81.9 
74  2 

57.0 
4a  3 
30.0 
17.0 

a9 

l'fl.9 

39.1 

S4  to    S5 

84  9 

77.4 
741 
70.3 
04  6 

8a7 

75.0 
66.3 
62.0 
52.2 

$8  to    $9 

to  tn  SIA 

Sl2to  JI5 ^ 

• 

27  4  1     :*'  -'> 

7.1 
1.4 

8.4 



Thfi  cstabli.shnicul  i-onipiiri.ioii.s  iiwiii-iilo  tli;il  iIuti'  w;ih  :i  iiiiu'li 
larger  f)rii[><)rti(in  of  men  in  the  2")  oHl;il)ll,sliiii(;iil.s  in  V\w  hif^licr 
groiip.H  i)f  I'lirning.H  at  tiioconHus  of  l!H).")thaii  in  11)01).  ami  alioul  tlii! 
BuiiH'  piTi'entago  in  rli(!  higliiT  ktii»\>»'\\\  \Un\:v\  in  IHOO,  Tlio  earn- 
ings of  the  I'liildron  incroiLsed  from  IH!)0  lo  l!)l)()  evon  more  largely 
than  from  1!K)0  to  1!K).5.  There  waH  a  greater  percentage  of  woraon  at 
the  higher  ainoiint.s  in  l!)0.')  than  at  the  cenHUH  of  1000. 

The  following  Htatemctit  gives  the  nuinlierof  nn'ii,  wnnicn.  an<l 


chililri'ii  rcpnrlccl  for  llic  2h  cslalilishiiicnls  ;il  Ihc  ccnsiisos  of  1905, 
l!)()0.  ami  IS!)I).  anil  (he  pcrcenlani-  in  eslalili.ihnieiil.s  showing 
iiurea.sod  earnings  in  1!)0.')  ami  1!)()0.  respectively.  It  is  not  nec- 
e.s.sarily  true  that  every  wage-earner  in  each  e.slalili.'^hment  par- 
ticipated in  the  inircaHc.  Unt  only  that  the  median  for  men,  ■)r 
women,  or  chihlren  wa.s  in  a  higher  group,  or  that  the  cnmulativo . 
percentage  waH  greater  in  the  same  group  than  at  the  previous 
cenHUfl. 


EARNINGS  OF  WAGE-EARNERS. 


813 


Wage-earners  in  25  establishments,  VMS,  1900,  and  1890;  with  per- 
centage in  establishvienls  showing  increased  earnings:  1H0.5  and 
1900. 


WAGE- 
EARNERS. 


-    Total.... 

Men  IG  years 
and  over 

Women  16 
years  and 
over 

Children  under 
16  years 


1905 


In  all 

estab- 
lish- 
ments, 

num- 
ber. 


6,798 


3,045 

2.606 
247 


Tn  estab- 
lishments 
showing 
increased 
earnings. 


Num- 
ber. 


4,299 


2,539 


1.S13 
247 


Per 
cent. 


63.4 


58.1 
100.0 


1900 


InaU 
estab- 
lish- 
ments, 
num- 
ber. 


6,052 


3,.')00 

2,084 
468 


In  estab- 
lishments 
showing 
increased 
earnings. 


Num- 
ber. 


4,122 


1,803 
411 


Per 
cent. 


86.5 
87.8 


1890 


InaU 
estab- 
lish- 
ments, 
num- 
ber. 


5,200 


3,022 

1,895 
283 


In  estab- 
lishments 
showing 
increased 
earnings. 


Num- 
ber 


Per 
cent. 


It  is  not  a  correct  inference  from  the  figures  found  in  the  estab- 
lishment comparison  that  earnings  for  men  in  all  industries  increased 
during  the  decade  ended  with  1000  and  increased  still  more  after 
that  date,  or,  from  the  industry  comparison,  that  earnings  for 
all  wage-earners  decreased  from  1900  to  1905.  Different  methods 
were  followed  in  collecting  and  compiling  the  statistics  at  the  two 
censuses,  and  in  the  industry  comparison  the  larger  numbers  con- 


sidered at  the  census  of  1905  have  probably  tended  to  increase  the 
proportions  at  the  lower  amount.s.  Instructions  to  special  agents 
in  190.T  provided  that  "foremen,  when  performing  work  similar  to 
other  wage-earners,  but  given  charge  of  a  few  workmen  with  little 
additional  responsibility,  and  receiving  slight,  if  any,  increa.se  in 
wages,  are  not  to  l)e  included  as  salaried  employees,  even  if  carried 
on  the  pay  rolls  as  foremen.''  Such  foremen  were  U)  be  included 
as  wage-earners.  The  instructions  to  the  special  agents  collecting 
wage  rates  in  1900  stated  specifically  that  "officials  and  office  force 
may  be  omitted,  but  all  foremen  should  be  included."  It  may  be, 
therefore,  that  the  returns  for  1900  and  1890  included  a  number  of 
highly  paid  foremen  that  were  not  included  in  the  returns  lor  1905. 
Another  explanatory  factor  is  the  po.ssil>le  presence  of  a  further 
tendency  toward  the  increase  of  low-priced  labor  which  was  dis- 
covered in  some  of  the  statistics  of  actual  rates  of  wages  from  1890 
to  1900.' 

WTiile  it  is  po.-isible  that  a  careful  selection  of  establLshments,  in 
a  limited  number  of  industries,  such  as  that  made  at  the  census  of 
1900,  may  be  representative  of  the  entire  field  of  etnployment  in 
the  industries  covered,  it  is  certainly  true  that,  when  such  data  are 
placed  in  comparison  with  the  results  of  a  broader  inquiry,  such  as 
that  of  1905.  even  if  conducted  after  the  manner  of  the  more  limited 
investigation,  there  will  always  be  more  or  less  doubt  of  the  accu- 
racy of  the  results.  .\nd  this  doubt  will  be  increased  when  the  ■ 
two  inquiries  are  found  to  have  been  made  under  conditions  and 
methods  differing  in  important  details. 

'Twelfth  Census,  Employees  and  Wages,  page  xxv. 


INDEX. 


Acetiltt'  (if  lead,  pr(>duro<l,  480;  imported, 
488. 

Acetate  of  lime,  produced,  401,  4:55,  512; 
exported,  4S7;  used  as  material,  484,  507. 

Acetic  acid,  produced,  401,  418,  507;  estab- 
lishments and  uses,  418,  419. 

Acetone,  produced,  402,  482,  507;  used  as 
material,  476,  482,  484. 

Acetylene,  compression  of,  480. 

Acid,  sludge,  produced,  575,  579,  580. 

Acid  furnaces.     Sec  Open-hearth  steel. 

Acid  phosphate,  used  as  material,  400,  403, 
509. 

Acids,  produced,  401;  classification,  417; 
imported,  419;  used  as  material,  451. 

Acids,  C.  P.,  produced,  482;  defined,  484. 

Acker  Process  Co.,  plant,  445. 

Aconite,  bark,  leaf,  and  root,  imported,  485. 

Adamite.     See  Corundum. 

Africa,  exports  to,  276,  307,  367. 

Agitators,  use  in  oil  relining.  579. 

Agricidtural  imjjlement  industry,  statistics 
of  production,  129-153;  summaries,  129, 
131,  132-134,  136,  142-153;  number,  kind, 
and  value,  by  states,  135,  142-153;  estab- 
lishments, 137,  138;  patents  granted,  139; 
exports,  139,  140;  power  used,  139,  621- 
624;  wage-earners  and  earnings,  651,652, 
716,  724,  732,  748,  77G,  778,  782,  786,  790. 

Air,  compressed,  use  in  metal  working  ma- 
chinery, 234,  235,  638. 

Air,  liquid,  482. 

Alabama,  rank  in  iron  and  steel  products, 
6,  7,  8,  34,  54,  67,  68. 

Alaska,  submarine  cable  system,  206;  discus- 
sion relative  to  industries,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  707. 

Alcohol,  denatured,  use  in  automobile  mo- 
tors, 279;  grain  and  wood,  used  as  ma- 
terial, 400,  463,  507-510;  wood,  pro- 
duced, 401;    used  as  material,  484. 

Alcohol  varnish,  produced,  402,  461,  608, 
510. 

Alkaloids,  produced,  402,  482,  508. 

Allen,  James,  cable  fur  war  ]>urposes  laid 
by,  206. 

Alternating  current,  power  transmission, 
173,  174. 

Alternators,  for  power  transmission,  163. 

Alum,  statistics  relating  to,  428-430;  sum- 
maries, 428,  507;  establishments,  by 
states,  429. 

Alum   cake,   produced,   429. 

Alumina  and  bauxite,  used  as  material, 
445. 


Aluminum,  history,  uses,  and  distribution 
of  plants,  446,  448;  production,  imports, 
exports,  and  consumption,  446. 

Alums,  produced,  401,  429;    imported,  430. 

Alundum,  manufacture  and  u.ses,  444,  447. 

Ambulances,  312,  318,  .324. 

American  Bell  Telephone  system,  telephone 
cable  requirements,  205. 

American  Chemical  Society,  committee  on 
quality  of  reagents,  484. 

American  Iron  an<l  Steel  Association,  report, 
54. 

American  Railway  Association,  regulations 
for  transportation  of  explosives,  473. 

American  River  Electric  Co.,  plant,  634. 

American  Steel  Wire  Co.,  record  run  of  blast 
furnace,  40. 

American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Co., 
increase  in  number  of  stations,  192. 

Ammonia,  aqua,  used  as  material,  400,  423, 
470,  479,  480,  486,  487,  507,  509;  imports, 
488;  anhydrous,  produced,  402,  479,  508; 
use  in  artificial  refrigeration.  480;  C.  P., 
produced,  482;  carbonate,  muriatic  or  sal- 
ammoniac,  and  sulphate,  imports,  488; 
liquor,  used  as  material,  480,  486;  used  in 
coke  industry,  523;  method  of  production, 
540.     See  also  Nitrate  of  ammonia. 

Ammonia  alum,   produced,   429. 

Ammonia-soda  process,  description  and 
establishments  using,  422,  423. 

Ammoniated  fertilizers,  produced,  401. 

Ammoniated  super  phosphates,  produced, 
438,  509. 

Ammoniates,  used  as  material,  440,  509. 

Ammonium  nitrate,  used  as  material,  473, 
480;  produced,  486;  salts,  imports,  526; 
sulphate,  used  as  material,  400,  440,  480, 
507,  509;    production  and  uses,  523,  540. 

Ammunition  industrj*,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Anchors  and  chains,  iron  and  steel,  348; 
wooden,  350,  353. 

Anderson  Fertilizer  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant,  411. 

Aniline,  colors,  used  as  material,  451;  salts, 
imports,  457. 

Animas  Canal  Reduction  Water  Power  and 
Development  Co..  plant.  634. 

Annunciators  and  clock.*,  electric,  .statistics 
relating  to  production  and  uses,  207,  208. 

Anthracite  coal,  used  as  fuel  in  production  of 
pig  iron,  29,  44:  tin  and  terne  plate  dip- 
ping and  black  plate,  combined  industry, 
89;  tin  and  terne  dipping,  91. 


Anthracite  coal  and  culm,  used  as  fuel  in 
iron  and  steel  indu.^try,  12,  28,  43,  52,  71, 
74,  80. 

Anthracite  furnaces,  nundjer  and  capacity, 
by  states,  38.  39. 

Apatite,    imported,   441. 

Arc  lamp  carbons,  180,  183. 

Arc  lamps,  value  of  product,  161;  open  and 
inclosed,  compared,  180;  produced,  181; 
Bremer.  181.  182;  Blondel,  182;  magnetite, 
182. 

Arc  lamps  and  searchlights.  stati.*tics  relat- 
ing to  production  and  use.s,  180-183. 

Argentiferous  ores,  lead  smelting,  produced, 
115,  117,  119;  establi-shment^,  117;  by 
states,  118;  gross  and  net  values,  120;  sum- 
mary, 121. 

Argentina,  exports  to,  139,  307. 

Argols,  used  as  material,  400,  487,  507;  im- 
ports, 488. 

Armor  plate  and  gun  forgings,  produced,  53, 
56;  establi.<hments.  56. 

Armour  Fertilizer  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant,  411. 

Arsenic,  produced,  115,  119. 

Arsenic  compounds,  imports,  409. 

Artificial  feathers  and  flowers  industry, 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 716.  724,  732. 

Artificial  limbs  industn.-.  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  716,  724,  732. 

Artificial  stone  indu.«trj%  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  716,  724,  7.32. 

Artists'  materials  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Ash,  use  in  automobile  manufacture.  280. 

Asia,  exports  to,  automobiles  and  automobile 
parts,  276;  steam  railroad,  passenger,  and 
freight  cars  and  part.s.  367. 

Atlanta  Water  and  Electric  Power  Co., 
plant.  G34. 

Atlantic  Coast  and  Gulf  district,  shipbuild- 
ing operations.  338.  339. 

Atmospheric  Products  Co..  production  of 
nitric  acid  by  electricity.  414. 

Audion  receiver,  wireless  telegraphy.  203, 
204. 

Austin.  W.  W..  motor  bicycle  manufactured, 
291. 

Autocoherers  or  detectors,  wirele.«s  teleg- 
raphy. 203. 

Automatic  attachment',  metal  working  ma- 
chinery. 233-235. 

Automatic  multiple-spindle,  development 
and  description.  234. 

(815) 


816 


INDEX. 


Automobile  bodies  and  parts.  See  Auto- 
mobiles. 

Automobiles,  statistics  relating  to  manufac- 
ture, cla.sses,  and  power,  168,  268-285; 
comparative  sumjuary,  269;  by  states,  270; 
number  and  value,  by  class  and  power, 
272.  27.3:  rank  of  states  in  production.  273; 
power,  274;  siimmarj'  for  cities.  274;  bodies 
and  parts.  275; 'imports  and  exports,  275, 
277;  historical  and  descriptive.  277,  280; 
detailed  summary,  282-285;  built  by  car- 
riage and  wagon  manufacturers,  304,  314, 
320, 326;  establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Automobiles,  hydrocarbon,  magneto-igni- 
tion apparatus  used,  215,  216. 

Awnings,  tents,  and  sails  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
716,  724,  732. 

Axle  grease  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Axles  and  springs,  used  in  manufacture  of 
carriages  and  wagons,  304,  310. 

Babbitt  metal  and  solder  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  antl  earnings,  716, 
724,  732. 

Baekeland.  Dr.  L.  H.,  on  manufacture  of  al- 
kaline hydropides  and  chlorine,  449. 

Bag  indiistrj-,  establishments,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Baking  and  yeast  powder  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  716, 
724,  732. 

Barb  wire.     See  Wire  and  wire  products. 

Barges,  launclie<l  by  private  shipyards,  338, 
339;  statistics  relating  to,  340,  341;  iron 
and  steel,  and  wooden,  340;  number,  ton- 
nage, and  value.  l)y  states,  341. 

Barium  dioxide,  used  as  material,  442. 

Bark,  used  as  material,  511. 

Barker,  George  F".,  crude  petroleum,  frac- 
tional distillation,  578. 

Barks  and  extracts,  exports,  for  tanning,  4(>0; 
n)edi<inal.  imports,  485. 

Bars  and  rods,  produced,  53,  54. 

Bartlett,  E.  ().,  process  for  manufacturing 
Hulilimod  while  lead,  464. 

Barj'tes.  natural  and  artificial,  used  as  mate- 
rial, 463;  how  obtained,  465;  summary, 
508,  510. 

Base  bullion,  used  as  material,  lead  refining, 
115,  116,  119,  121;  h-ad  contents,  118. 

Basic  furnaces.     See  Open-hearth  steel. 

Basic  opeii-hfarlh  steel,  ust^l  as  material,  do- 
mestic black  plates,  89,  91;  tin  and  tcrne 
plate,  by  stales,  97. 

Basic  pig  iron,  establishments  ami  >iuaiitity, 
by  Htates,  32,  74;  blast  furnaces,  74. 

Basic  steel  ingots  and  castings,  quantity  and 
value,  by  states,  66,  67. 

Bann  and  Plateau  division,  <lisciiHsion  rela- 
tive to  iridustriis,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 703-705.  Sre  iiIho  (ier)grapliic  ili vi- 
sions. 

Baskets,  and  rutlun  and  willowware  induH- 
tr>',  establishmeiil.'i,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  716,  724,  732. 


Bath  Iron  Works,  steel  battle  ships  built  by, 
337. 

■Batteries,  storage  and  primary,  value  of 
product,  176;  discussion  relating  to  produc- 
tion and  use,  176-179. 

Bavixite,  imported  for  consumption,  430;  de- 
posits, 446;  uses,  447;  used  as  material,  507. 

Bean  pullers,  137,  144,  150. 

Bean  separators,  136,  144,  150. 

Beehive  ovens.     See  Ovens. 

Beet  sugar,  rank  of  Pacific  di\-ision  in  pro- 
duction, 705. 

Beet  sugar  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  649,  716,  724,  732. 

Beilby,  George,  report  on  the  cyanide  indus- 
try in  Europe,  434. 

Belgian  ovens.     See  Ovens. 

Bell  telephone  system,  exchange  service  fur- 
nished by,  192;  number  of  exchanges, 
miles  of  wire,  number  of  employees,  and 
daily  average  of  exchange  connections, 
193;  copper  wire  in  use  by,  204. 

Bells  industry,  establishments,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Belting  and  hose  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  716,  724,  732. 

Belton  Power  Company,  plant,  634. 

Benz,  Carl,  application  of  gas  engines  to  road 
vehicles,  277. 

Benzine,  distillation  from  coal  tar,  432;  used 
as  material,  463;  deodorized,  uses  of,  580. 

Bermuda,  exports  of  automobiles  and  auto- 
mobile parts  to,  276. 

Besseges,  France,  Siemens  or  Simon-Carv6s 
oven  operated,  534. 

Bessemer  cimverters,  number  and  capacity, 
by  states,  64;  summary,  82. 

Bessemer  pig  iron,  malleable,  deiiiiition,  ;U  ; 
establishments  and  production,  by  states, 
32,  74. 

Bessemer  steel,  rails  and  structural  shapes. 
52,  54;  black  plates,  53,  55,  56;  ingots,  63; 
castings,  64.     See  also  Black  plates. 

Bessemer  steel  converters,  establishments 
and  capacity,  14,  15,  61,  80;  ingots  and 
castings,  by  states,  63,  64;  discussion  rela- 
tive to  ]jroduction,  64,  65. 

Bes-senuT  steel  works,  number,  enui])m('Ti(, 
and  capacity  of  establisluncnls,  and  ([uaii- 
tity  and  value  of  ingots  and  castings,  liy 
stales,  (11. 

Betts,  Anson  G.,  electric  coniliiclor  con- 
structed by,  449,  450. 

Bi  borate  of  soda  (borax),  iiroduird.  1(11. 

!ii<-arbonate  of  soda,  iiroduccd,  101,  l.'l; 
summary,  507. 

liicliromalc  of  soda,  importcMl,  18H. 

Bicycle  an<l  tricycle  industry,  cslablish- 
mc-nts,  wage-earners,  and  earnings,  716, 
724,  732. 

Bicycles  and  tricycles,  section  by  Ilobcrt  II 
Merriam,  289-297;  growth  and  declini'  of 
indiislry,  289;  products,  289;  compaiiUi\  >■ 
summaries,    289,    291;    a<'tive    eslablisli- 
mcnls,  by  states,  290;  valiu'of  exports,  291. 

Bicycled,  motor,  first  >lsc  in  rnilcd  Slates, 
291;  Copi'lanil  steam,  di'scription,  292; 
Mumbi'iMiicI  N^diii',  'JS'.t,  290. 


Billiard  table  and  materials  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
716,  724,  732. 

Birkeland  and  Eyde,  process  for  nitric  acid 
extraction,  devised  by,  414. 

Bisulphites, produced  as  bleaching  materials, 
441. 

Bituminous  coal,  used  as  material,  89,  91. 

Bitiuninous  coal  and  slack,  used  as  fuel  in 
iron  and  steel  industry,  12,  28,  43,  52,  71, 
74,  80;  in  black  plate  industry,  95. 

Black  plate  industry,  comparative  summary 
and  statistics  of  establishments,  87,  88,  94, 
95;  products,  by  states,  95;  materials 
used,  95. 

Black  plates,  for  tinning,  produced,  .53,  55; 
establi.shments  reporting,  55,  56;  domestic 
and  foreign,  used  as  material,  89,  91;  pro- 
duction, 94;  by  states,  95,  96;  summary, 
97. 

Blacking  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Blanc  fixe,  how  obtained,  465. 

Blast  furnaces,  charcoal,  comparative  sum- 
mary, 46;  capital,  47;  materials  used, 
47;  pig  iron  produced,  48;  number  com- 
pleted, 48. 

Blast  furnaces,  mineral  fuel,  statistics,  41^5; 
pig  iron  produced,  44;  establishments  and 
value  per  ton,  45. 

Blast  furnaces,  products,  3,  14,  21,  29-36; 
capital,  8, 10,  28;  wage-earners,  11,  25;  fuel, 
12;  materials  used,  13,  28,  29;  establish- 
ments, 14,  26,  28,  37;  comparative  sum- 
mary, by  geographic  divisions,  16,  19; 
capital  and  products,  20;  statistics  con- 
ci'rning  production  of  ]>ig  iron,  24-48; 
earnings,  comparative  siunmaries,  25,  27; 
production  per  wage-earner,  25,  41;  prod- 
ucts, classified  according  to  kind  of  fuel 
used,  29;  equipment  and  production,  36- 
40;  according  to  kind  of  fuel  used,  by 
states,  38,  39;  average  daily  capacity,  39; 
power,  40,  41,  621-624,  628;  detailed  sum- 
mary, 72,  83;  earnings  of  wage-earners, 
651,  (i62,  666,  758,  774,  786,  788,  790. 

Blasting  powder,  produced,  468,  ,509. 

lUauvell,  on  designers  of  ovens,  534. 

Bleach,  high-grade,  producfion  by  Niagara 
[ilant,  449, 

Bleaching  materials,  produced,  102,  441,  442, 
507;  discussion  of  statistics,  441-443;  com- 
poiu'nts,  442;  establishments,  442, 

lUea<hing  ])owder,  llasenclever  on  world's 
pniduction,  442;  \isi'd  as  material,  442; 
produced  by  (iermany,  442.  443. 

Blister,  German,  and  miscellaimous  steel 
ftiriuu'CH,  establishments,  SO  ,S2, 

Blister  or  anodes  u.sed  as  material,  105,  107, 
108,  110;  establishments  reporting,  states 
and  terrilories,  106;  summary,  112. 

Illock  signals,  operation,  by  elect ro-pneii- 
malic  process,  481 , 

Blocks,  u.sed  as  material  in  iron  and  steel 
shipbuilding,  348;  wooilen  shi))  and  boat 
l.itildiiig,  3.50  35;t. 

Blooms,  billets,  etc.,  produced  i]i  forges  and 
bloomeries,  71. 


INDEX. 


817 


Blooms  and  bar  iron,  production,  71. 

Bluo  vitriol,  ([uanlity  of  copper  contents, 
103;  produced  in  copper  relining,  10.5,  107; 
used  ii8  material,  107,  110;  establishments, 
108,  111;  by  states  and  territories,  109; 
summary,  113;  produced  in  lead  smelting, 
115,  oOS;  imports,  489. 

Bluing  industry,  estalilishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  71U,  724,  732. 

Boats,  small,  under  .5  tons,  statistics  of,  333- 
335;  motor,  growth  of  industry,  333;  canal, 
launched  by  private  shipyards,  338,  339. 

Boiler  and  other  plates  and  sheets,  produ<'e<I, 
53,  55;  states  reporting,  55. 

Bolivia,  ores,  reexported  to,  122. 

Bolt,  nut  and  pipe  threading  and  tapping 
machines,  produced,  227,  229. 

Bolt  headers,  for  forging  hot  metal,  230. 

Bolts,  nuts,  forged  spikes,  washers,  etc., 
statistics  of,  59,  (iO;  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  718,  720,  736. 

Bone,  ivory,  and  lamp  black,  summary,  507; 
establishments,  wage -earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 710,  724,  732. 

Bone  and  boneblack,  used  as  material,  487. 

Bonedust,  imported  for  consumption,  441. 

Bones,  used  as  material,  507. 

Bones,  tankage,  and  offal,  used  as  material, 
400,  440,  .509. 

Bookbinding  and  blank  book  making  indus- 
try, establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  716,  724,  732,  784. 

Boosters,  dynamotors,  and  motor  generators, 
states  reporting,  166. 

Boot  and  shoe  cut  stock,  findings  and  up- 
pers, establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings.  716,  724,  732. 

Boot  and  shoe  industry,  power  employed, 
621-623;  change  in  process  of  manufacture, 
624,  625;  wage-earners  and  earnings,  651, 
716,  724,  732;  discussion  of  industry,  654- 
656;  establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  by  states,  territories,  and  geo- 
graphic divisions,  748,  749;  in  specified 
states,  774,  775,  780-791;  rubber,  774.  780. 

Boracic  acid,  imports  consumed,  419. 

Borates  of  lime  or  soda,  imported  for  con- 
sumption, 425. 

Borax  industry,  development  and  processes 
of  production,  424,  425;  imports,  425; 
production,  507. 

Boring  and  drilling  machinery,  products, 
227,  228;  rank  of  specified  states  in  manu- 
facture, 228. 

Boring  and  turning  mills,  or  vertical  lathes, 
produced,  227.  229. 

Bornite,  formula,  407;  as  a  sulphuric  acid 
producer,  408. 

Boston,  Mass.,  rank  in  piano  manufacture, 
243;  pipe  organs,  246;  navy  yard,  steel 
training  bark  built  at,  337. 

Bowker  Fertilizer  Co..  chamber  process 
plant,  411. 

Box  cars,  built  for  freight  service,  366. 

Box  industry,  cigar,  fancy  and  paper,  wooden 
packing,  establishments,  wage  -  earners, 
and  earnings,  710,  724,  732:  fancy  and  pa- 
per, in  specified  states,  784. 


Boxes  and  nails,  used  as  material,  89,  91,  97. 

Bradley,  aluminum  patent  granted,  446. 

Bradley  and  Lovejoy,  patents  granted,  414. 

Brakes,  four-wheeled,  312,  318,  324. 

Brantley,  A.  P.,  Sons  and  Co.,  chamber 
process  plant,  411. 

Brass,  castings,  and  finishing,  industries,  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
716,  724,  732. 

Brass  and  copper,  rolled,  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  716, 
724,  732;  in  specified  states,  774. 

Brasswarc,  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  716,  724,  732;  in 
specified  states,  774. 

Brayton  engine,  kerosene  first  employed  in, 
572. 

Bread  and  other  bakery  products,  industry, 
estaljlishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 710,  724,  732;  in  specified  states,  774- 
776,  780-788. 

Bremer,  Hugo,  description  of  arc  lamp  in- 
troduced by,  181. 

Brick  and  tile  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  710,  724,  732; 
in  specified  states,  770-778,  784-790. 

Brine,  used  as  material,  487. 

British  Australasia,  exports  to,  139. 

British  Columbia,  ores  'imported  for  con- 
sumption and  reexported  to,  122. 

Bromides,  produced,  482. 

Bromine,  imports  consumed,  485. 

Bronze  casting  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  710,  724,  732. 

Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  navy  yard,  battleship  built 
at,  3.37, 

Brooms  and  brushes  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  716, 
724,  732. 

Broughams,  312,  318,  324. 

Buckboards,  312,  318,  324. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  statistics  of  automobile  man- 
ufacture, 274. 

Buggies,  312,  318,  324. 

Bureau  of  Engra\'ing  and  Printing,  mercury 
vapor  lamps  in  use,  188. 

Bureau  of  Standards,  established  for  chem- 
ical tests,  and  instrument  standardization, 
485. 

Burnt  alum,  produced,  429. 

Bussey  and  Sons,  chamber  process  plant  ,411. 

Butter,  and  butter  reworking,  industries,  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
716.  724.  732. 

Button  industrj'.  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Cables,    underground,  for   electric   lighting 

and  power  work.  204;  insulation,  materials 

used,  205,  206. 
Cabooses,  steam  railroad,  366. 
Cabriolets,  312,  318,  324. 
Cabs,  312,  318.  324. 
Cahill,  Dr.  Thaddeus,  telephonic  tystem  of 

music  production,  198. 
Calcined  magnc-iia.  jiroduced,  479. 
Calcium    carbide,    production    and    uses, 

445-448. 


Calcium  chloride,  produced,  480,  487. 

Calcium  cyanide,  manufacture,  4.34. 

Calcium  light  industry,  establiahments, 
wagi'-earners,  and  earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

California  Gas  and  Electric  ('o.,  plant,  634. 

Calomel,  imported,  485. 

Cambridge,  Ma,ss.,  rank  in  manufacture  of 
piano  materials,  2.50.  251. 

Camphor,  produced,  476,  482, 484 ;  imported, 
488. 

Camwood,  imported,  4.57. 

Canada,  exports  to,  139,  276. 

Canadian  Commission,  report  on  electric 
smelting  of  iron  ore,  23,  24. 

Canadian  Niagara  Falls  Power  Co.,  plant, 
631,  034. 

Canal  boats,  statistics.  :M1. 

Candle  industry,  establishuK'nts,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  716,  724. 

Cane  mills,  137.  144.  150. 

Canning  and  preserving  industry,  oysters, 
649,  710,  724,  732;  fish,  716,  724,  732; 
fruit,  716,  724,  732,  774,  780,  784. 

Capital,  amount  invested  in  specified  in- 
dustries, iron  and  steel,  4-6,  8-10,  16, 
18-20;  blast  furnace,  25,  27,  28,  41^3, 
46,  47,  72,  76;  steel  works  and  rolling 
mills,  49-.50.  70,  82:  forges  and  bloomenes, 
70;  tin  and  terne  plate  indu.stry,  87-91, 
94-97;  copper,  lead,  and  zinc,  smelting 
and  refining,  101,  103,  105,  107,  110,  112- 
115,  119,  121-125;  agricultural  implements, 
129.  131-132,  142.  148;  electrical  machin- 
ery, 158,  159,  218;  musical  instruments, 
239  241,  252,  250,  258,  260,  264,  266; 
automobiles,  269,  270,  273.  275,  282; 
bicycles  and  tricycles,  289,  291,  294;  car- 
riages and  wagons,  301-.303,  307,  310,  316, 
322;  shipbuilding  industry,  .331,  332,  334, 
335,  348,  350,  352;  steam  and  street  rail- 
road car  indu,stry,  357,  358,  364.  365,  367, 
308,  370,  371,  374,  378,  382.  389,  390; 
chemicals  and  allied  products,  398,  399; 
acids,  404,  407.  504;  soda.",  421:  alums, 
42S:  coal  tar  ])roducts,  430;  cyanides,  432: 
wood  distillation.  435.  505:  fertilizers,  4,38, 
494;  bleaching  materials,  441;  elecfo- 
chemicals,  444;  dyestuffs,  450,  502;  tan- 
ning materials,  458;  paints  and  varnishes, 
401.  463,  492,  500;  explosives,  468,  470, 
498;  plastics,  475,  476;  essential  oils,  477, 
500;  gases,  compressed  and  liquefied,  479; 
chemicals,  482.  486,  490:  bone,  ivory,  and 
lampblack.  507:  coke,  515,  516,  522,  528; 
petroleum  refining.  567.  568,  .575. 

Car,  steam  and  street  railroad,  industry, 
statistics.  355-393,  716,  724,  732,  774,  790. 

Car  axles,  protluced,  53,  55. 

Caravans,  312.  318,  324. 

Carbon  dioxide,  produced,  402.  479,  480, 
481,  508. 

Carbon  tetrachloride,  properties  and  uses, 
448,  449. 

Carbonate  of  potassiiun,  lued  as  material, 
480. 

Carbons,  statistics  of  production,  classes  and 
uses,  161.  179.  180.  445. 

Carborundum,  statistics.  444-148. 


818 


INDEX. 


Carburuuduin  Co.,  current  supplied  to,  445. 

Card  cutting  and  designing  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
716,  724,  732. 

Carnegie  Steel  Co.,  dry -air  blast  furnaces, 
40,  45. 

Carpet  and  rug  industry  (other  than  rag), 
establishments,  -n-age-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 716,  724,  732,  780,  788. 

Carpets,  rag,  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Carriage  and  wagon  industry,  scope  of  report, 
301;  estalilishiuints,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  301,  310,  310,  322,  651,  716,  724, 
732,  750,  778,  782,  784-786;  materials  used, 
301,  303,  307.  310.  316,  322,  .327,  71G,  724, 
732;  exports  and  imports,  30";  production, 
304-307,  312,  314,  318,  324. 

Carriage  bodies,  used  as  material,  304. 

Carriage  hardware,  lamps,  and  mountings, 
304. 

Carriages  and  .-;Icds,  chiltlren's,  industry, 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 716,  724,  732. 

Cars,  two-wheeled,  pleasure,  312,  318,  324; 
steam  railroad,  establishments,  wage- 
camere,  and  earnings,  357,  358,  3G4,  365, 
371,  372,  716,  724,  732;  construction  and 
repairs,  359,  362,  367,  374-385,  774,  776, 
782,  790;  exported.  367;  street  raihoad, 
cla-ssification,  establi-^hmcnts,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  386.  716,  724,  732;  con- 
struction aiul  repairs.  387,  388,  .390-393. 

Carts,  agricidtural.  137,  144.  150;  pleasure, 
312,  318,  324. 

Ca-sein,  use  in  plastics.  477. 

Cash  register  and  calculating  machine  in- 
dustry, establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  716,  724.  732. 

Ca-sling  machines,  35. 

Castings.     Sec  Direct  castings. 

Cataract  Power  and  Conduit  ('<i.,  plant,  634. 

Caustic  potasli,  nn'llnnl  ni  inaniifacture  and 
uses,  427. 

Cau.stic  s<jda,  pro<luce<l,  401,  421,  .507, 
inipdrted.  425;  u.fed  as  material,  442, 
484. 

Celery  liillers,  136,  144,  150. 

Cellarius  jar,  u-ie,  418. 

Celluloid,  476. 

Cellulose,  u.ies,  184,  476,  477;  nitrate 
cent  in  dynamite,  472. 

Cement  imlustry,  (128;  establisliment-s,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  716,  724,  7.32. 

Central  .\inerica,  automobile  exports  to,  276. 

Central  station,  electric  measuring  instru- 
ments, 213,  214. 

Clialcocitc,  formula,  407,  408. 

fhalcopyrite,  formula,  407,  408. 

Chamber  ])rocess  for  utilizing  sulphur  gases, 
409;  plants,  411. 

CharcMii,  used  an  fuel,  12,  28,  47,  62,  71,  74, 
80,  89,  91,  95,  403;  usr-d  an  material,  401, 
435,  436,  470,  509;  imported,  437. 

Charcoal  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  ari<l  earnings,  716,  724,  7.32. 

Cliarroal  [.ig  iron,  4f>-48,  72-77. 

Che.  k  rowers,   I:i7     141    1.50. 


575; 
,  451, 


per 


Cheese  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Chemical  products.  401-406.  415-419,  421- 
423,  426,  428-433,  435-439,  441,  442,  444, 
446,  451,  458,  461,  462,  468,  469-171,  475, 
477-479,  482,  483,  486,  487,  490. 

Chemicals,  exported  and  imported,  407,  419, 
425,  428.  430,  434,  437.  441,  446,  450,  457, 
460,  468,  475,  477,  478,  485,  488. 

Chemicals  and  allied  products,  report,  397- 
512;  scope  of  census  and  classes,  397,  398; 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 398,  399,  404,  417,  421,  428,  430,  432, 
435,  438,  439,  441,  444,  450,  458,  461,  468, 
475,  477,  479,  482,  486,  490-507,  716,  724, 
732,  782-784;  by  industries,  397.  398;  used 
as  material,  411,  440,  442,  440,  451,  450, 
507,  508. 

Chicago,  111.,  rank  in  manufacture  of  musi- 
cal instruments,  243,  246.  automobiles, 
274. 

Children.  See  Wage-earners  and  wages  and 
Earnings  of  wage-earners. 

China  decorating  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  716,  724,  732. 

Chloral  liydrate.  imported,  485. 

Chlorate  of  potash,  used  as  material,  480. 

Chloride,  sulphur,  uses,  450. 

Chloride  of  lime,  imported,  433. 

Chloride  of  potassium,  used  as  material,  509. 

Chlorine,  used  as  material,  441. 

Chloroform,  produced,  402,  482,  484,  508; 
imported,  485. 

Chocolate  and  i-ocoa  products  industry,  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
716,  724,  732. 

Chrome  tannage  solution,  511. 

Chromic  and  lactic  acid,  imported,  419. 

Cinchona  bark  salts,  importeil,  485. 

Cinchonidia,  imported,  485. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  rank  in  manufacture  of 
metal  working  machinery,  226. 

Circuit  (ittings,  .statistics,  214,  215. 

Cities,  s[)eiifie(l,  .statistics  of  estalili.shments 
manufacturitig  agricultural  ini[)lements, 
131 ;  automobiles,  274;  rank  in  carri;ige  and 
wagon  industry,  304. 

Citric  acid,  imp<irted,  419. 

Cleansing  and  polishing  preparations  indus- 
try, establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Clevelanil,  Ohio,  rank  in  manufacture  of 
metal  working  machinery.  220;  automobile 
statistiis,  274. 

Clock  imlustry,  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  716.  724,  732,  774.  See 
also  Klcctric  cldcksand  time  mechanisms. 

Cloth  Hi)onging  and  retinishing  industry,  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
716,  724,  732. 

Clothing  industry,  men's,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  051,  7  Hi,  721, 
734,  7.50,  770,  790;  women's,  establish- 
nuMits,  wage-earners,  and  earnings,  651, 
716,  724,  7:t4,  752,  776,  "HO,  7S)-7KH;  horse, 
establishments,  w;i(;e-earnerH,  and  earn- 
ings, 7  Hi,  724,  731. 

Clover  hullers,  1.30.  I  1 1,  150. 


Coaches,  hotel,  312,  318,  324. 

Coal,  yield  in  coke,  518,  519,  521.  See  also 
Anthracite  coal,  Bituminous  coal,  arul 
Coke. 

Coal  and  coke,  used  as  material.  445. 

Coal  and  coke  cars,  built,  360, 

Coal  tar,  products,  401,  432,  451,  507-511, 
523-525,  530,  541;  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  wages,  430;  exports  and  im- 
ports, 432,  457,  525;  used  as  material,  451- 
455,  508,  510,  511;  colors,  foreign  use  of, 
452;  industry,  development  of,  in  Ger- 
many and  the  United  States,  453^55. 

Coal  wagons  and  carts,  312,  318,  324. 

Cochineal,  imported,  457. 

Coe,  E.  Frank,  and  Co,,  chamber  process 
plant,  411. 

Coffee  and  spice  roasting  and  grinding  in- 
dustry, establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  716,  724,  734, 

Coffins,  burial  cases,  antl  undertaker's  goods 
industry,  establishments,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  716,  724,  732. 

Coke,  industry,  discussion  relative  to,  513- 
541;  establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  515,  510,  528,  710,  724,  734,  774, 
788;  produced,  518,  519,  520,  521,  524,  540; 
by-products,  523-525,  534;  exports  and 
imports,  525,  540;  distribution,  532,  533; 
manufacture,  533-541;  uses,  539,  540; 
patents,  545-563. 

Coke  and  black  naphtha,  produced,  575. 

Coke  ovens.     See  Ovens. 

Collar  and  cuff  industry,  estaljlishments, 
wage-earners,  andtoarnings,  710,  724,  734, 
784. 

Collodium,  507,  508,  510. 

Columbia  Chemical  Co.,  ammonia-.soda  proc- 
ess, 422,  423. 

Columbia  Impn)vemcnt  Co.,  plant,  634. 

Comb  industry,  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  716,  724,  734. 

Cond<'nsed  milk  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  716.  724,  734. 

Condor  Water  and  Power  Co.,  plant,  634. 

Conduit,s,  electric,  value,  200;  uses.  206,  207. 

Confectionery  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  718.  720.  734, 
784. 

Connecticut,  rank  in  iron  and  steel  industry, 
7,  8;  manufacture  of  electric  clocks,  etc., 
208;  metal  working  ma<hin(>ry,  227;  num- 
ber marine  railways,  345. 

Contact  process,  use  in  manufacluri'  sul- 
phuric aiid,  409;  jilants,  410, 

Converters,  establishments  using,  (11,  (14,  65, 
80  82;  synchronous,  dcscrii)licin  and  uses, 
100. 

Cuoper-Ui'witt,  Peter,  development  of  mer- 
cury vapor  lamps,  188. 

Cooperage  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
ciirmrs.  and  earnings,  718.  720,  731. 

Copeland,  W,  K,,  stmim  motor  used  l>y,  277, 

Copehmd,  W,  K,  and  I,.  1),,  ''Copeland 
steam  bicycle"  invented  by,  292. 

C(i|)l)ee  oven.      Sec  Ovi'Iis. 

Copjicr,  li:id,  and  zincsmelting  and  refining, 
seel  ion    on.    by    Story    H.    I,a<ld,    99-120; 


INDEX. 


819 


comparative    Biimmary,     101;     products 
101-103. 

Copi)or,  sheets  ami  l>ip(',  us<vl  as  material 
348,  350-353;  sulphate,  48i>. 

Copper  oxide  battery,  178,  179. 

Co])i)er  snu'ltirif^  and  refining,  produfls,  (10 
101-113;      statisties,     101-113;    establish- 
ments,  wage -earners,   and  earnings,  103,  ' 
105-108,  110-113. 

Copperas,  produced,  486,  508;  imports,  488; 
uses,  488. 

Coppersmithing  and  sheet  iron  working  in- 
dustry, estaldishments,  wag(!-earners,  and 
earnings,  718,  72(),  734. 

Cordage,  wire,  Manila,  and  hemp,  used  as 
material,  ,348,  350-353. 

Cordage  and  twine  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718,  72G,  7.34. 

Cordial  and  sirup  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718,  72G,  734. 

Cork  cutting  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Corn  cleaners,  hooks,  buskers,  knives,  and 
shellers,  13G,  137,  144,  1.50. 

Corset  industry,  estalilishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, an<l  earnings,  049,  718,  726,  734,  774. 

Corundum,  forms,  444,  447. 

Cotton,  used  as  material,  470,  476,  507. 

Cotton  gins,  presses,  scrapers,  and  sweeps, 
136,  137,  144,  150. 

Cotton  goods  industry,  power  used,  620-624; 
establishments,  wage  -  earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 651,  656-059,  718,  726,  734,  752, 
774-780,  784-790. 

Cotton  small  wares  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734, 
788. 

Cotton  waste  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Cottonseed,  meal  and  oil,  used  as  material, 
400,  440,  508,  509,  510. 

Coupes,  312,  318,  324. 

Courtis,  William  M.,  discussion  of  potassium 
salt  deposits,  426,  427. 

Cramp,  William,  &  Sons,  cruisers  built, 
337. 

Cream  of  tartar.     See  Tartar,  cream. 

Crocker,  Prof.  F.  B.,  on  primary  batteries, 
179. 

Crucible,  steel  ingots  and  castings,  62;  in- 
gots, 63;  castings,  64. 

Crucibles  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Cryolite,  imported,  423,  430. 

Cudbear,  imported,  457. 

Cultivators,  135,  136,  142,  148. 

Cushman,  Dr.  .\llerton  S.,  patent  granted, 
427. 

Cut  nail  industry,  decline,  58,  59. 

Cut  nails.     See  Nails. 

Cutch,  used  as  material,  451. 

Cutlery  and  edge  tools  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718, 
726,  734,  774. 

Cyanides,  produced,  401,  432-434,  507;  im- 
ported, 434. 

Cypress,  use  in  automobile  manufacture, 
280. 


Dainder,  (iottlieb,  application  of  gas  engines 
to  road  vehicles,  277;  bicycles,  292. 

Dairymens',  poulterers',  and  apiarists'  sup- 
plies industry,  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Dayton  aixl  Northern  Traction  Co.,  use  of 
storage  battery  for  interurban  work,  177. 

Decker,  F.  A.,  primary  liattery,  179. 

De  I''orest,  Dr.  Lee,  wirele.'^s  telegraph  de- 
tector, 203. 

Delany,  rapid  telegraph  system,  201. 

De  Laval,  steam  turbine,  628. 

Delivery  wagons,  312,  318,  324. 

Dempwolf,  C.  H.  and  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant,  411. 

Denitrator,  use  of,  in  treatment  of  spent 
acids,  472. 

Dentists'  materials  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718, 
726,  734. 

Depew,  C.  M.,  quoted  as  to  growth  of  the 
dyestuff  industry,  452. 

de  Rochas,  M.  Beau,  internal-combustion 
engine,  278. 

Detroit,  Mich.,  statistics  of  automobile  man- 
ufacture, 274. 

Detroit  Chemical  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant,  411. 

Development  and  Funding  Co.,  electrolytic 
alkali  works,  449. 

Dewey  dry  dock,  capacity,  345. 

Dextrin,  burnt  starch,  gum  substitute  or 
British  gum,  imports,  457. 

Dining  and  buffet  cars,  built,  366. 

Dioxides,  development,  443. 

Direct  castings,  produced,  iron.  29,  35;  by 
states,  30,  33,  36,  74;  steel,  produced,  53, 
56;  by  states,  61-64,  66,  67,  69,  80. 

Direct  current  dynamos.     See  Dynamos. 

Disk  and  cylinder  records,  phonograph  and 
graphophone,  value,  264. 

Disston,  Henry,  and  Sons,  installation  of 
electric  induction  steel  furnace,  22. 

Di.stillery  products,  coal  tar.  value,  401. 

Docks,  dry.     See  Dry  docks. 

Doctor's  wagon  or  car,  automobile,  314,  ,320, 
326. 

Dominion  of  Canada,  carriage  and  wagon 
exports  to,  307. 

Door  and  shutter,  iron  and  steel,  industry, 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 718,  726,  736. 

Dore  bars  and  fine  bars,  lead  refining,  used 
as  material,  115,  117,  119,  121;  contents, 
118. 

Double  current  generators,  description  and 
uses,  167. 

Drays,  312,  318,  324. 

Drills,  agricultural,  136,  142,  148. 

Drinker,  Henry  S.,  member  of  committee 
on  transportation,  473. 

Driving  wagons,  312,  318,  324. 

Drug  grinding  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  718,  726,  734. 

Druggists'  preparations  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718, 
726,  734. 

Drugs,  crude,  used  as  material,  484. 


Dry-air  blast,  advantages,  45;  gas  analyses, 
46. 

Dry  color  pigments,  i)roduced,  402. 

Dry  colors,  used  as  materials,  400,  463;  pro- 
duced, 461,  508,  510;  definition  of  term 
and  uses,  466. 

Dry  docks,  numljer  and  kind,  by  states  and 
geographic  divisions,  .344;  by  naval  sta- 
tions, 345. 

Dryers,  japans  and  liquid,  preparation,  467. 

Drying  japans  and  dryers  consumed,  .508, 
510.  '  ' 

Dudley,  Stanton,  quoted  in  regard  to  pro- 
duction of  zinc  white,  465. 

Dump  dirt  wagons  and  carts,  312,  318,  324. 

Dunn,  Maj.  B:  W.,  chief  inspector  of  explo- 
sives, 475. 

Dunwoody,  H.  H.  C,  carborundum  de- 
tector, 448. 

Dupont  Powder  Co.,  contact  process  plant, 
410. 

Duryea,  Charles  E.  and  J.  F.,  gasoline  auto- 
mobile constructed  by,  278. 

Duryea  Motor  Wagon  Co.,  operations,  278. 

Dutch  process  of  white  lead  manufacturing, 
463. 

Dyeing  and  finishing  textiles  industry, 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 634,  718,  726;  classified  weekly  earn- 
ings, 780,  784,  788. 

Dyes,  alizarin,  imports,  4-57. 

Dyestuffs,  statistics  relating  to  classes,  pro- 
duction, and  consumption,  402,  450-457; 
comparative  summary.  450;  establish- 
ments and  products.  451;  materials  used, 
451;  imports,  457;  detailed  summary,  511. 

Dyestuffs  and  colors,  produced,  476. 

Dyestuffs  and  extracts,  comparative  sum- 
mary, 398;  detailed  summary,  511;  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718, 
726,  734. 

Dyewoods,  imports,  457.  <See  also  Dye- 
stuffs. 

Dynamite,  produced,  402.  468,  471;  compo- 
sition, 472.  509. 

Dynamo  and  motor  supplies,  216. 

Dynamo  art,  revolution  of,  162. 

Dynamos,  statistics  relating  to  production, 
161-166;  number,  horsepower,  and  value, 
specified  states,  161;  alternating  current, 
types  and  uses,  162-166;  direct  current, 
value  in  electro-chemical  processes,  162; 
modifications  in  manufacture,  163. 

Dynamotors.  See  Motor  generators,  dyna- 
motors,  and  boosters. 

Earnings  of  wage-earners,  all  industries, 
716-741;  states,  territories,  and  geographic 
divisions,  742-747,  774-791;  twenty-five 
selected  industries,  748-773. 

East  Indies,  carriage  and  wagon  exports  to, 
307. 

Eastern  North  Central  di'S'ision,  discussion 
relative  to  industries,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  690-693.  See  also  Geographic 
divisions. 

Eastern  South  Central  division,  discussion 
relative  to  industries,  wage-earners,  and 


820 


INDEX. 


earnings,  697-699.  See  also  Geographic 
divisions. 

Edison,  T.  A.,  storage  battery  invented  by, 
177,  178. 

Edison  Co.,  Chicago,  turbo-generator  built 
by,  165;  installation  of  double  current 
generators,  167;  New  York,  electrical  con- 
trol equipment  installed,  175,  176;  exten- 
sive use  of  storage  batteries,  177;  tan- 
talum lamps  in  use  by,  185. 

Edison  copper  oxide  battery,  178,  179. 

Edison  Electric  Co.,  plant,  634. 

Electric  annunciators.  See  Annunciators 
and  clocks,  electric. 

Electric  clocks  and  time  mechanisms, 
208. 

Electric  conduits,  excluded  from  report,  157; 
interior,  classes  described,  207.  See  also 
Conduits,  electric. 

Electric  cooking  apparatus,  adopted  by 
hotels,  210,  211. 

Electric  custom  work  and  repairing,  217; 
deterioration  of  industry,  217. 

Electric  Development  Co.,  plant,  634. 

Electric  furnaces,  future  use  in  iron  and 
steel  industry,  22;  tj-pes,  23,  24;  advan- 
tages, for  production  of  ferroalloys  and 
crucible  and  high-grade  steels.  24;  in- 
duction for  commercial  operation.  24; 
production  of  nitric  acid,  414. 

Electric  heating  apparatus,  statistics  relat- 
ing to  production,  cost  of  operation,  ad- 
vantages, and  use,  210,  211. 

Electric  horsepower.     See  Horsepower. 

Electric  light  fixtures,  statistics,  190,  191; 
value  of  product,  190;  improvements  in 
design  and  character.  191. 

Electric  measuring  instruments,  produced, 
213.  214. 

Electric  meters,  for  consumers'  circuits, 
213;  estalili.shmeiits,  213;  slates  jjroduc- 
ing,  214.     See  also  Watt-hour  meters. 

Electric  motors,  distribution  of  power,  167; 
in  industrial  establishments,  l)y  classes, 
1G9;  summary,  619,  620.  See  also  Motors, 
electric. 

Electric  railways,  statistics  relating  to  mo- 
t<irs  u.Kod,  167.  168;  development  of  mo- 
tor industry  in  connection,  170,  171;  use 
of  Htorjige  battery  equipment,  177. 

Electric  signs,  value  and  growth  of  indu.s- 
try,  217. 

Electric  smelting,  iron  ore,  report  of  Cana- 
dian commission,  23,  24. 

Electric  Smelting  and  Aluminum  0>.,  pro- 
duction of  ferroalloys,  22. 

Electric  street  cars,  built,  366. 

Electric  .street  signs,  effect  on  production  of 
incande.Mcent  lamps,  IM, 

Electric  switches,  signals,  and  iitlac  tiiocnts, 
value  and  functions,  215, 

Electric  leHling  ami  scientific  instrunienls, 
HtatisticH,  establishments,  pniduction.  and 
value,  213,  214;  growth  of  industry,  214. 

Electric  welding  aiii)aratuH,  development 
and  uw,  211. 

Electrical  Development  (!o.,  vertical  tur- 
bines ufMid,  631. 


Electrical  Lead  Reduction  Co..  manufac- 
ture of  electro-chemicals.  445. 

Electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  sup- 
plies, 157-221;  first  complete  record,  157; 
supplies,  not  including  porcelain,  157; 
growth  of  industries.  157,  158;  summaries, 
158,  159,  218;  household  goods,  miscella- 
neous, 210,  211;  novelties  and  toys,  216, 
217;  transmission  plants,  634;  wage-earn- 
ers and  earnings,  651.  718,  726,  734;  by 
states,  territories,  and  geographic  divi- 
sions, 754;  by  specified  states,  776,  7,'^0, 
7M-788. 

Electricity,  importance  in  medicine  and 
surgery,  216;  factor  in  development  of 
speed -changing  devices,  233;  distribution 
from  Niagara  Falls,  445. 

Electro  Metallurgical  Co.,  production  of  fer- 
roalloys. 23. 

Electro-chemicals,  products  included,  444; 
process  of  production  and  distribution  of 
establishments,  444,  450;   summary,  507. 

Electro-therapeutic  apparatus,  value,  215; 
establishments  and  states  producing,  210. 

Electrochemical  and  Metallurgical  Indus- 
try, extract  from,  24. 

Electrolytic  copper  refining  process,  devel- 
opment, 162. 

Electroplating,  use  of  direct  current  dyna- 
mos in,  162;  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Electrothermic  metallurgy  of  iron  and  steel, 
22-24. 

Elevators,  electric,  167,  168. 

Elkington,  James,  first  electrolytic  copper 
refining  by,  162. 

Emery-wheel  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Enamel,  rubber,  and  other  carriage  cloth, 
used  as  material,  1304. 

Enameling  and  CTianieled  goods  industry, 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 718,  726,  734. 

Engines,  gasandga.soline,  numburund  horse- 
power, 619,  620;  use,  and  development  of 
manufacture,  635-637;  gas  blast  furnace, 
utilization  of,  637;  steam,  number  and 
horsepower,  619,  620. 

Engines  and  boilers,  agricultural,  137,  144, 
150. 

Engravers'  materials,  industry,  estalilisli- 
ments,  wage-earners,  aiul  earnings,  718, 
726,  734. 

Engraving,  steel,  including  plate  i)rinting, 
industry,  establishments,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  718,  726,  734;  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  649, 
718,  726,734. 

Ensilage  cutters,  137,  144,  l.M). 

Envid<ipe  industry,  cstaMiHliments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Epsom  s;ilts,  produced,  402,  479,  486,  508; 
imports,  488. 

E<iualizers,  137.  144,  150. 

Eswnitial  oils,  summaries,  398,  477,  512;  pro- 
duced, 402,  477;  used  as  material,  478. 

Establishments,  number  in  Hpi'cilii'd  indus- 
trii'H,  iron  and  steel,  4-6,  8-10,  14,  16,  18, 


19;  blast  furnace,  25,  27,  28,  32-33,  35-37, 
41-43,  46,  47,  72,  76;  steel  works  and  roll- 
ing mills,  49-51,  58,  61,  64,  66-69,  76,  82; 
forges  and  bloomeries,  70;  tin  and  terne 
plate,  87-91,  93-97;  copper,  lead,  and 
zinc  smelting  and  refining,  101,  103, 105- 
108,  110-115,  117,  119-125;  agricultural 
implements,  129,  131-132,  137,  138,  142, 
148;  electrical  machinery,  158,  159,  218; 
musical  instruments,  239-241,  252,  256, 
258,  260,  264,  266;  automobiles,  269,  270, 
273,  275,  282;  bicycles  and  tricycles,  289- 
291,  294;  carriages  and  wagons,  301-303, 
307,310,  316,  322;  shipbuilding,  331,  ,332, 
334, 335,  347,  348, 3.50,  352;  steam  and  street 
railroad  car,  357-359,  364,  365,  367,  368, 
371,  374,  378,  382,  386-390;  chemicals  and 
allied  products,  398,  399;  acids,  404,  405, 
412,  415,  417-419,  504;  sodas,  421,  422; 
alums,  428,  429;  coal  tar  products,  430, 
431;  cyanides,  432,  433;  wood  distillation, 
435,  436,  505;  fertilizers,  438,  439,  494; 
bleaching  materials,  441,  442;  electro- 
chemicals,  444;  dyestuffs,  450,  451,  502; 
tanning  materials,  458;  paints  and  var- 
nishes, 461,  462,  492,  500;  explosives,  468, 

469,  498;  plastics,  475,  476;  essential  oils, 
477,  478,  506;  compressed  and  liquefied 
gases,  479;  chemicals,  482,  483,  486,  487, 
490;  bone,  ivory,  and  lamp  black,  507; 
coke,  515,  516,  522,  528;  petroleum  refin- 
ing, 567,  568,  574;  power  employed,  619, 
620. 

Esters,  produced,  482. 

Ether,  produced,  402,  482,  484,  508;  con- 
sumed in  establishments  where  manufac- 
tured, 403,  485,  508,  509;  used  as  material, 

470,  476;  patent  granted  P.  Fritzscho,  484; 
nitrous  spirits,  importsconsumed,  485;  pe- 
troleum, use,  580. 

Europe,  exports  to,  automobiles  and  auto- 
mobile parts,  276;  carriages  and  wagons, 
and  parts,  307;  steam  railroad,  passenger, 
and  freight  cars,  and  parts,  367. 

Expenses,  miscellaneous,  in  specified  indus- 
tries, iron  and  steel,  4-6,  16,  18,  19;  blast 
furnaces.  25,  27,  41,  42,  46,  72;  steel  works 
and  rolling  mills,  49-50,  78;  forges  and 
bloomeries,  70;  tin  and  terne  plate,  87,  90, 
91,94-96;  copper,  lead,  and  zinc  smelting 
and  refining,  101,  103,  105,  107,  108, 
110-115,  119,  121-124,  126;  agricultural  im- 
plemenUs,  129,131,  132,142,148;  electrical 
machinery,  158,  159,  218;  musical  in.stru- 
ments,  239-241,  252,  256,  258,  260,  264, 
266;  automobiles,  269,  270,  273,  275,  282; 
bicycles  ami  tricycles,  280,  291,  294;  car- 
riages and  wagons,  301-303,  307,  310,  316, 
322;  shii>l>uil(liMg,  331,  .332,  335,  :148,  350, 
352;  steam  and  street  railroad  cars,  357, 
358,  364,  365,  367-371,  37),  378,  382,  386, 
388-390;  chemicals  and  allied  products, 
398,  309;  acids,  404,  417,  504;  sodas,  421; 
alums,  428;  coal  tar  ])roduct.s,  430;  cya- 
nides, 432;  wood  distillation,  435,  505;  fer- 
tilizers, 438,  496;  bleaching  materials,  441; 
electro-chemicals,  444;  dyestuffs  and  ex- 
tracts, 4.50,   502;  tanning  materials,   458; 


INDEX. 


821 


paints  and  varnishes,  461,  463,  492-495, 
500;  explosives,  468,  470,  498;  plastics, 
475,  476;  essential  oils,  477,  506;  com- 
pressed and  liquefied  fiaf'e'^i  479;  chemi- 
cals, 482,  486,  190;  bone,  ivory,  and  lamp 
black,  507;  coke,  515,  528;  petroleum  re- 
fining, 567,  575. 

Explosives,  summaries,  398,  468,  470,  498, 
509;  increase,  399;  produced,  402.  468,  469; 
statistics  relatinf;  to  cla.sses,  production, 
and  uses,  468^75;  establishments,  469; 
used  ii-s  material,  470;  transportation  of, 
473-475;  imports  and  domestic  exports, 
475. 

Explosives  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings.  718,  726,  734. 

Exports,  tin  |)late,  terne  plate,  and  taggers 
tin,  92;  agricultural  implements,  130; 
metal  working  machinery,  226;  musical  in- 
struments, attachments,  etc.,  242;  care  ob- 
served in  .shipping,  242;  value,  compared 
with  value  of  domestic  production,  242; 
automobiles,  276;  bicycles,  291;  carriages 
and  wagons,  307;  steam  railroad  passenger 
and  freight  cars,  367;  wood  distillation 
products,  437;  aluminum,  446;  tanning 
materials,  460;  paints,  pigments,  colors, 
etc.,  468;  explosives,  475;  pyroxylin  pla.s- 
tics,  477;  oils,  478;  coke,  coal  tar,  crude 
and  pitch,  525;  petroleum,  573. 

Express  wagons.  312,  318,  324. 

Extracts,  tanning  material,  produced,  402. 

raiding.  F.  J.,  sulphuric  acid  plants  and 
processes,  410;  on  consumption  of  sul- 
phuric acid  in  iron  and  steel  industry,  411. 

Fancy  articles  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Fanning  mills.  136,  144,  150. 

Faraday,  ,  benzine  discovered  by,  481. 

Farm  trucks,  137,  144,  150. 

Farm  wagons,  312,  318,  324. 

Fats,  used  a.s  material,  451. 

Federal  building,  Chicago,  electric  lighting 
fLxtures,  191. 

Federal  Chemical  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant,  411. 

Feldspar,  426,  427. 

Felt  goods  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
eamere,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Fencing,  field,  59. 

Ferroalloys,  22,  23. 

Ferroeyanide,  401. 

Ferromanganese,  30,  33,  74. 

Ferrophosphorus,  30. 

FeiTOsilicon,  33,  34,  74. 

Ferrotitanium  works,  23. 

Ferro^anadiinn  works,  23. 

Fertilizers,  comparative  summaries,  398, 
438;  produced,  438,  439,  509;  discussion, 
437-441;  estal)lishments,  438,  718;  mate- 
rials used,  440;  imports,  441;  detailed 
summary,  509;  wage-earners  and  earnings, 
718,  726,  734,  776,  788,  790. 

Fessenden,  Prof.  R.  A.,  inventor  wireless 
telegraph  detector,  203. 

Fifth  International  Congress  of  Applied 
Chemistry,  report  on  cyanide  industry,434. 


Files  industry,  establishments,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  718,  72(i,  734. 

Fillers,  paint  and  varnish.  467,  508,  510. 

Fine  chemicals,  jjidduced,  402,  482,  508;  es- 
tablishments, 483;  used  as  material,  484; 
imports,  485. 

Fine  color  pigments,  produced,  402. 

Fine  colors,  produced,  461,  508. 

Firearms  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Fire  extinguishers  industry  (chemical),  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
718,  726,  734. 

Fire  patrol  wagons,  312.  318,  324. 

Fireworks  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings.  718,  726,  734. 

Fish,  used  as  material,  400,  440,  509. 

Flags  and  banners  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  718,  726,  734. 

Flaming,  or  luminous  arc  lamps.  See  Arc 
lamps. 

Flash  25oint,  minimum  for  United  States 
Army.  581. 

Flat  cars,  steam  and  street  railroad.  366. 

Flat  irons  and  curling  irons,  electric.  See 
Electric  heating  apparatus. 

Flavoring  extract  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners;  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Flax  and  hemp,  dressed,  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings.  649, 
718,  726,  734. 

Flour  and  grist  mill  industry,  power  used, 
(i20-623;  products,  value,  093;  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718, 
726,  734,  778,  782. 

Fluxes,  used  as  material,  13,  28,  43,  47,  72. 

Food  preparations,  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

Fore  River  Shipbuilding  Co..  steel  battle 
ships  built,  337. 

Forge  pig  iron,  establishments, 33;  produced. 
33,  74. 

Forges  and  bloomeries,  active  and  idle  es- 
tablishments, capital,  9,  70;  wage-earners, 
11;  fuel,  12;  materials  used,  13;  equip- 
ment and  products,  14;  discussion  relating 
to,  70,  71. 

Forging,  iron  and  steel  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earnei-s,  and  earnings,  718, 
726..  736. 

Forging  machines,  227,  230. 

Foundry,  pig  iron,  establishments,  32,  34,  74. 

Foundry  and  machine  shop  industry,  agri- 
cultural implements  manufactured,  138; 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 651,  718,  726.  734,  754,  774-790. 

Foundry  supplies  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 

France,  exports  of  agricultural  implements 
to,  139. 

Frank,  A.,  potassium  chloride  extraction, 
patents.  426. 

Frank  and  Caro,  calcium  cyanamid  manu- 
facture, 434.  448. 

Frasch,  Herman  and  Hans,  ammonia-soda 
process,  422. 

Freight,  cost  of,  in  specified  industries,  blast 
furnaces.  74;  steel  works  and  rolling  mills. 


80;  copper  smelting  and  refining,  112; 
lead  smelting  and  refining,  120,  121;  zinc 
smelting,  126;  agricultural  implements, 
148;  musical  instruments,  252,  256,  261, 
266;  carriages  and  wagons.  312,  318,  324; 
steam  and  street  railroad  car,  371 ,  374,  378, 
382,  389;  chemicals  and  allied  products, 
400,  507-512;  coke,  528;  petroleum  refin- 
ing, 575;  shipbuilding,  352. 

Fritzsche,  P.,  patent  for  ether  production, 
484. 

Fruit  cars,  steam  railroad,  built.  366. 

Fuel,  used  in  specified  industries,  iron  and 
steel,  12,  540;  blast  furnaces,  29,  35.  38,  .39, 
41^5,  74;  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  .52, 
80,  540;  tin  aii'l  terne  plate,  89,  91,  95,  97; 
copper  smelting  and  refining,  112;  lead 
smelting  and  refining.  12] ;  zinc  smelting, 
126;  agricultural  implements,  142,  148; 
electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  sup- 
plies, 218;  musical  instruments,  252,  256, 
258.  260,  266;  automobiles,  282;  bicycles 
and  tricycles,  294;  carriages  and  wagons, 
304,  312,  318,  .324;  shipbuilding,  348,  352; 
steam  and  street  railroad  car  industry, 
371,  374,  378,  382,  390;  chemicals  and 
allied  products,  400,  507-512;  coke,  528; 
petroleum  refining,  569,  575. 

Fuller,  Myron  L.,  on  source  of  carbon  diox- 
ide. 481. 

Fulton,  John,  beehive  ovens  designed  by, 
•533;  quoted  on  the  stnicture  of  coke,  539. 

Fur  goods  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings.  718.  726,  7.34. 

Furnaces.  See  Anthracite  furnaces.  Blast 
furnaces.  Electric  furnaces,  and  Open- 
hearth  steel. 

Furnishing  goods,  men's,  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
718.  726,  734. 

Furniture  cars,  steam  railroad,  liuilt,  366. 

Furniture  industrj-.  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  651.  718.  726,  734, 
756,  776,  790. 

Furniture  vans  and  wagons,  312.  318,  324. 

Fusel  oil,  refined,  482;  used  as  material,  484. 

Fuses,  electric,  212.  213. 

Fuses  and  lightning  arresters,  statistics.  211- 
213;  produced.  212. 

Fustic,  used  as  material.  451;  imports.  457. 

Fustic  extract,  used  as  material,  451. 

Galenite,  formula.  407:  value  as  a  sulphuric 
acid  mineral.  408. 

Galvanizing  industrj'.  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  649,  718,  726,  734. 

Gambler  or  terra  japonica.  imports  con- 
sumed, 457. 

Garbage  wagons  and  carts,  312,  318,  324. 

Gardening  implements.  144.  1.50. 

Garj'.  Ind.,  steel  works,  motors  in  use.  169, 
170. 

Gas,  illuminating,  produced,  479. 

Gas,  illuminating  and  heating,  industrj',  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
649,  718,  726,  734,  784.  See  also  Xatural 
gas. 

Gas.  surplus  in  coke  industr\",  523. 


822 


INDEX. 


Gas  and  lamp  fixture  industrj-,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings.  718, 
726.  734. 

Gas  Engine  and  Power  Co.,  and  Chas.  L.  Sea- 
burj-  Co.,  Consolidated,  gunboats  built, 
337. 

Gas  machines  and  meters  industry',  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718, 
726,  734. 

Gases,  compressed  and  liquefied,  produced, 
402,479, 508;  manufacture,  478. 482;  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  479. 

Giasoline.  uses,  580. 

Gayley  drj'-air  blast,  discussion  of,  45. 

Gayley.  James,  application  of  drj'-air  blast 
to  manufacture  of  iron,  480. 

Gears,  used  as  material  in  carriage  and  wagon 
manufacture,  304,  310,  316,  322. 

Geber,  on  nitric  acid  production,  first 
description  in  chemical  history,  412; 
muriatic  acid.  417;  acetic  acid,  418. 

General  Chemical  Co.,  contact  process 
plant,  410. 

General  chemicals,  produced,  402;  defini- 
tion, 485;  discussion,  485-489. 

Generators,  double  current,  167. 

Geographic  divisions,  industries  shown  by, 
iron  and  steel,  16,  20,  21;  agricultural 
implements,  131,  132;  carriages  and 
wagons,  .302,  .303;  shipbuilding,  337,  344, 
346;  steam  and  street  railroad  cars,  364, 
.367,  388;  chemicals  and  allied  products, 
406,  416,  418,  422,  439,  462,  469,  478,  479, 
483,  487;  power  employed  in  manufac- 
tures, 625;  earnings  of  wage-earners,  654, 
656,  660,  663,  666,  667,  670,  672,  678,  679, 
683,  684,  686-689.  691,  692,  694,  695,  697, 
698.  700-705,  710-715,  742-773. 

Georgia  Chemical  Works.  clianil)er  pr(ice.H.s 
plant,  411. 

Germany,  exports  to,  agricultural  imple- 
ments, 139;  coal  tar  products,  432;  bleach- 
ing powder  products,  442,  443;  coal  tar 
indu.<itry  in,  453. 

Gigs.  312,  318,  324. 

Glass  cutting,  staining,  and  ornamenting 
industry,  establishments,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  718,  726,  7.34. 

Gla.is  industry,  sodas  u.sed,  423,  424;  pota.sh 
cjrpearlii«h,427;  wage-earners  anil  earnings. 
651,  6.59-662,  718,  726,  734;  by  specified 
statcH,  7.58,  776,  778,  784,  786. 

Glauber's  salt,  produced,  486;   iinporUs,  489. 

Glove)  and  mittens,  leather,  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
718.  726.  734. 

GInco.He  itulii.Htry,  establishments,  wage- 
earnerH,  and  carningM,  718,  726,  7.'M. 

(ilue  indiiMlry,  establislimenti,  wage-earn- 
(•rw,  aiirl  eurningH,  718,  726,  734. 

Glycerin,  \w<\  .-is  maliTial,  400,  470,  487,  507. 
509;  produced,  402,  470,  486;  imiK)rtfl,  488, 

Goethe,  on  saving  volatili/.ed  matter,  5.34. 

Gold.  pTinUirt,  copper  and  lead,  Hinulting 
and  reliniiig  industry,  102;  copper,  Hmelt- 
ing  anrl  refining,  105,  107-110,  112,  113; 
leail,  Htiielting  an'l  refining,  115,  117-122; 
cfltabliahmcnts   rep<jrtiiig   gTomi  and    net 


values,    120;     imports   and   exports,    122; 
used  as  material,  in  fine  chemicals,  484. 
Gold  and  silver  leaf  and  foil  industry,  estab- 
lishments,    wage-earners,    and    earnings, 
718,  726,  734. 
Gold  and  silver  reducing  and  refining  (not 
from  ore)  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings.  718,  726,  734. 
Gold  salts,  produced,  402,  482.  508. 
Goldschmidt,  Hans,  production  of  alumina, 

447. 
Gondolas,  steam  railroad,  built,  366. 
Government  Printing  Office,  electric  motors 
used,     170;  direct    current    switchboard, 
175;  electric  heating  equipment,  211. 
Government     shipyards.       See     Shipyards, 

Go\ernment. 
Governmental    establishments.     See    Ship- 
building industry. 
Grain  cradles,  136,  144,  150. 
Grain  sowers,  136,  142,  148, 
Graphite,  and  graphite  refining,  industry.- 
establishments,   wage-earners,    and   earn- 
ings,   718,    726,    734.     See    also    Electro- 
chemicals. 
Graphopliones.     See  Phonograph  and  graph- 

oplKJne  industry. 
Graselli    Chemical    Co.,     chamber    process 

plant.  411. 
Gray.    Prof.    Elisha.    submarine    telephone 

signalling  system,  199. 
Grease,  from  petroleum,  method  of  manu- 
facture, 582. 
Grease  and  tallow  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 
Great  Lakes  district,  shipbuilding  in,  335, 

338,  339. 
Great    Northern    Power    Co..    transfornu'r.s 

built,  174;  plant,  634. 
Greely,  Gen.  A.  W.,   Chief  Signal  Otliccr. 

United  States  .Vrmy,  206. 
Greenville  Fertilizer  Co.,  chamber  process 

plant,  411. 
Greislu'iin  process,  nitric  acid  condensation, 

413. 
Griffith  and  Boyd,  chamber  proces-s  plant, 

411. 
Grinding  and  polishing  machines,  produced, 

227;  by  slates,  229. 
firindstone  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  an<l  earnings,  718,  726,  734. 
Ground  and  chipped  wood,  tanning  materi- 
als,   produced,    402,    4-58;  dyestuffs,    i)ro- 
duced,  451,  511. 
Ground  bark,  leaves,  roots,  and  wood,  dye- 
stuffs,  cijusumed  as  material,  511. 
Grubbing  macliines,  Ml.  l")fl. 
(iuano,  imports,  441. 
Guantanamo.  Cul)a,  war  calth-  laid.  206. 
Gums,  used  a.s  iiialiTiul.  4(H).  463,  .50S.  510. 
(iuins    and    drxlrin.     dyi'Stuffs,     prodiiieil, 

451,511. 
(iun  cotton,  or  ])yroxylin  (explosive),  pro- 
duced, 402,  46S;  per  cent  of  nitric  and 
Hiilphuric  acid  in,  116. 
GuiiiHiwder,  produ.ed,  402,  468,  470,  509; 
ceiiHUH  classification,  471 ;  imixirts  and  ex- 
jMjfts,  475, 


Gutta-percha,  for  suljmarine  caljles,  20(5. 

C.uttraann,  on  chamber  process  for  sulphu- 
ric acid  production,  409;  nitric  acid  con- 
denser, 413. 

Gypsum  wall  plaster  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings.  718, 
726,  7,34. 

Hacks.  312,  318,  324. 

Hairwork    industry,    estalilishments,    wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  718,  72('),  7:34.   . 
Hamilton   Cataract    Power  and   Light  Co., 
plant,  634. 

Hammered  scrap  blooms  and  imported 
Swedish  billets  and  bars,  used  as  materi- 
als, 13,  52,  78. 

Hammers,  steam,  power,  and  drop,  pro- 
duced, 227,  230. 

Hammock  industry,  estalilislunents,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  7:"4. 

Hand  carts,  agricultural,  137,  144.  150; 
l)usiness,  312.  318,  324. 

Hand  knit  goods  industrj-,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734, 

Hand  stamp  indv.strj-,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  734.  ' 

Hansoms,  puVdic.  312.  318.  324. 

Hard  or  antimonial  lead  production,  114, 
115,  117.  119;  establishments.  117;  by 
states.  118;  summary,  121. 

Hardware  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings.  718,  726,  736,  774. 

Hardware,  saddlery,  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718, 
726,  736. 

Harkins,  W.  D.,  on  industrial  value  of 
smelter  smoke,  408. 

Harrison  Bros.  Co.,  contact  process  plant, 
410. 

Harrows.  135,  136,  144,  150. 

Hart's  nitric  aciil  condenser,  construction, 
413. 

Harvesters,  headers,  aiul  liinders,  135,  136, 
144,  150. 

Harvesting  implements,  value,  by  states, 
135;  summaries,  136,  144,  150;  estalilish- 
ments reporting,  137,  138. 

Ila.'ienclever, ,  on  world's  lunduction  of 

l)leaching  powder,  442. 

Hat  and  ca])  industry,  straw  and  wool,  cstab- 
lislimcnts,  wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
718,  726,  736, 

Hat  and  cap  materials  imluslry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718, 
726,  736. 

Hals,  fcl(,  s(ra\v,  and  \vc«il  imlii.sd'y,  oslal>- 
lishnu'iits,  wage-earners,  and  eaniiiigs,  718. 
7'26,  736,  774,  784. 

llay  an<l  bale  ties,  59. 

May  carriers,  !:!(),  137,  144,  1.50. 

Hay  cutlen*.  137,  144,  150. 

Hayes,  S.  Dana,  method  of  i)n)ducing  bun, 
ing  oils,  572. 

Hayforks,  135,  136,  144,  150. 

Hay  loaders,  136,  137,  144,  150. 

Ibiy  pre.>^,ses.  137,  144,  150, 

Hayracks,  1.37,  144.  150. 

llavrakes.  136.  137.  144,  150, 


INDEX. 


823 


Haystackers,  13G,  137.  144,  150. 

Hay  ifdck-rs,  136,  137,  144,  150. 

Hoai-sus,  312,  318,  324. 

Hemlock  bark,  imported,  4()0;  used  as  mate- 
rial, 559. 

Hemlock  extract.  produce<l,  458.  511;  im- 
ported, 4G0. 

H<''roult  electric  furnace,  description  and 
product,  22,  23. 

Hick<irj-,  use  in  automobile  inuinifacture, 
280. 

High  speed  steel,  invention,  effect  on  metal- 
working  machinery  industry,  232. 

High  tension  cables,  development,  205. 

Hildreth,  Doctor  ,  filtration  of  petro- 
leum for  medicinal  use,  577. 

Hoes,  136,  137,  144,  150. 

Holcomb  Steel  Co.,  installation  of  Ileroult 
electric  furnace,  22. 

Holyi:>ke,  Mass.,  Water  Power  Co.,  switch- 
lioard  equipment,  175. 

Hones  and  whetstones  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  049, 
718,  726,  736. 

Hoops,  bands,  cotton  ties,  and  skelp,  iron 
and  steel,  produced,  states  reporting, 
53-55. 

Horizontal  turlio-generators.  See  Turbo- 
generatoi-s. 

Horse  cars.  366. 

Horse  haj-forks.  135-137. 

Horse  hayrakes,  135-137. 

Horse  nails.     See  Nails. 

Horsepower,  summary,  619;  idle  establish- 
ments reporting,  620;  by  industries,  622; 
623;  per  wage-earner,  624 ;  by  geographic 
divisions,  625.     See  also  Power. 

Horsepowers,  agricultural,  137.  144.  1.50. 

Horseshoe  industry',  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  736. 

Hose  wagons,  312,  318.  324. 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods  industry,  power  em- 
ployed, 621-624;  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  651.  718,  726,  736. 
758,  774,  776,  780,  790. 

Hotels,  adoption  of  electric  cooking  appa- 
ratus by,  210. 

House  furnishing  goods  industrj-,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings.  718, 
726. 

Hydraulic  energj-,  utilization  and  conver- 
sion, in  transmission  plants,  635. 

Hydriodate,  iodide,  and  iodate  of  potash, 
■produced,  485. 

Hydrogen,  liquid  and  compressed,  use  of, 
481,  482. 

Hydrogen  dioxide,  bleaching  material,  pro- 
duced, 441. 

Hypochlorites,  produced,  402.  441,  507. 

Ibbotson.  S.  E.,  report  on  Kjellin  furnace,  24. 

Ice,  manufactured,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  718,  726,  736. 

Ice  wagons,  312,  318,  324. 

Illinois,  rank  in  iron  and  steel  industrv-.  6-8, 
51,  54,  59,  62,  67,  68:  agricultural  imple- 
ments, 133,  136;  electrical  machinery  and 
appliances,  193,  207,  208,  214:  musical  in- 

45254— siFG  1905— FT  4—08 54 


struments,  242,  243;  steam  and  street  rail- 
road cars,  364. 

Imjileracnts.  cultivation.  See  Agricultural 
implements. 

Imports,  for  consumption,  in  tin  and  terne 
plate  industry,  92;  musical  instruments, 
attachments,  and  materials,  242;  carriages 
and  wagons,  307;  chemicals^  and  allied 
products,  407,  419,  425,  428,  430,  432,  434, 
437,  441,  446,  4.50,  4.57.  460,  468,  475,  477, 
478,  485,  488;  coke.  .525,  526:  petroleum 
refining,  574. 

Incandescent  lamp  signals,  used  in  tele- 
phony, 194. 

Incandescent  lamps,  statistics  of  produc- 
tion, 161,  183-190. 

Independent  telephone  system,  ser\-ice,  192, 
193. 

Indiana,  rank  in  production  of  bars  and  rods, 
54;  agricultural  im))lenients,  136;  elec- 
trical machinery  and  ai)pliances,  177,  193, 
214;  steam  railroad  cars,  364. 

Indianapolis,  Ind.,  statistics  of  automobile 
manufacture,  274. 

Indigo,  used  as  material,  451,  511;  imports, 
457. 

Induction  motors.     See  Motors,  electric. 

Industries,  analysis  of  earnings  in  selected, 
648-812. 

Ingots,  blooms,  billets,  etc.,  iron  or  steel, 
establishments,  14,  61,  69,  71,  77-79;  used 
as  material,  13,  52,  78,  89,  95;  produced, 
52,  53,  56,  61,  63,  64,  66,  67,  69.  71,  80. 

Ingots,  wire,  bars,  etc.,  copper,  establish- 
ments and  production,  105,  107-110,  113. 

Ink,  printing  and  writing,  industry-,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,718, 
726,  736. 

Instruments,  professional  and  scientific,  in- 
dustry, establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  718,  726,  736. 

Insulated  metal,  use  in  interior  electric  con- 
duits, 207;  wires  and  cables,  produced, 
159,  161,  204-206. 

Insulating,  materials,  217. 

Interborough  Railway  System,  New  York, 
push-button  control  system  used,  175. 

Interborough  Rapid  Transit  plant.  New 
York,  turbo-generators  used,  165. 

Interborough  Subway  System,  New  York, 
motive  power  equipment,  171. 

Interchangeable  tools,  235,  236. 

International  Acheson  Graphite  Co.,  445. 

International  Electrical  Congress,  section 
devoted  to  electro-therapeutics,  216. 

Inter-pole  motors,  170. 

Interurban  railway  systems,  equipment  and 
operation,  171-173. 

Iodides,  produced,  482. 

Iodine,  imports.  485. 

Iodoform,  imports.  485. 

Iron  and  steel  industry,  discussion.  3-71;  es- 
tablishments included,  3;  comparative 
summaries,  4-6;  product  by  states,  7;  es- 
tablishments. 8,  14,  15.  by  states,  9,  10; 
wage-earners,  by  branches.  11:  fuel  con- 
sumed. 12;  materials  used.  13;  production, 
discussion,  13-14;  by  geographic  di\-isions. 


1.5-22;  in  New  England  and  Middle  slates, 
21,22;  electrothermic  metallurgy.  22-24; 
power  used,  620-624;  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  718-720,  726- 
728,  730. 

Iron  liquor  dyestuffs,  produced,  451,  511. 

Iron  ore,  electric  smelting  of,  23,  450;  used 
as  material.  13,  28,  43,  47,  52,  71,  72,  80, 
89,  95. 

Iron  oxides,  and  other  earth  colors,  pro- 
duced, 402,  461,  460.  .508,  510;  used  as 
material,  463. 

Iron  sulphate,  imported,  488. 

Ivory  and  bone  work  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720, 
728,  736. 

Ivory  and  keys,  piano,  250;  organ,  251. 

Ivorj'ton,  Conn.,  rank  in  manufacture  piano 
materials,  250.  251. 

Jackson  Fertilizer  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant.  411. 

.Japan  lacq\iers,  and  liquid  dryers,  402. 

Japanning  industr\-.  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  736. 

Jarecki  Chemical  Co.,  chamber  process  plant, 
411. 

Jewelrj'  and  instrument  case  industrj-,  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
718,  728,  736. 

Jewelrj'  industrj-,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  736,  780, 
788. 

Juniata  Hydro-Electric  Co.,  plant,  634. 

Jute  and  jute  goods  industrj-.  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  720,  728,  736. 

Kainit,  used  as  material,  400,  440,  .509. 

Kalamazoo.  Mich.,  statistics  of  automobile 
manufacture.  274. 

Kalsomine.     See  Paints  and  varnLsh&s. 

Kaolin  and  ground- earth  industrj-.  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720, 
728,  736. 

Keller  furnace,  dascription,  22,  23. 

Kentucky,  rank  in  value  of  iron  and  steel 
products,  7,  8;  production  of  ferrosilicon, 
34. 

Kerosene,  572. 

Kieserite,  kj'anite,  or  cj-anite  and  kainite, 
imported  for  consumption,  441. 

Kjellin  furnace,  production,  22,  24;  descrip- 
tion, 23,  24. 

Knab-Car\'es  bj--product  oven,  534. 

Kneitsch  process,  sulphtiric  acid  extraction, 
409. 

Kochst  process,  sulphuric  acid  extraction, 
409. 

Krupp  Works,  electric  induction  furnace 
used,  24. 

Labels  and  tags  industrj-.  establLshments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  720.  728.  736. 

Labrador,  exports  to.  139. 

Lacquer.     See  Paints  and  varnishes. 

Ladd.  Storj'  B.,  section  on  iron  and  steel  in- 
du-stry.  3-71:  tin  and  teme  plate,  87-96; 
copper,  lead,  and  zinc,  smelting  and  re- 
fining, 101-125. 


824 


INDEX. 


Lake  and  river  traffic,  importance  to  ship- 
building industry.  337,  338. 

Lake  Shore  Electric  System,  power  equip- 
ment. 171. 

Lamp  and  other  blacks,  pigments,  produced, 

402,  508. 

Lamp  signal  annunciators,  electric,  con- 
struction and  advantages.  207,  208. 

Lampblack,  produced,  461;  process  of  ob- 
taining, 465. 

Lamps  and  reflectors  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720, 
728.  736. 

Lamps,  decorative  and  miniature,  X-ray 
bulbs,  vacuum  tubes,  etc.,  produced,  183; 
discussion,  187-190.  See  aho  Arc  lamps, 
Incandescent  lamps,  and  Mercur\-  vapor 
lamps. 

Landaus.  312,  318,  324. 

Lapidary  work  industry-,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  649,  720,  728, 
736. 

Lard,  refined,  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  736. 

Lasts  industry,  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  720,  728,  736. 

Lathes,  metal  working,  produced,  227;  im- 
provement, 232,  233. 

Laughing  ga-s.  produced,  479. 

Lawn  mowers,  137,  144.  150. 

Lazaretto  fjuano  Co..  chamber  process 
plant.  411. 

Lead,  bar,  pipe,  and  sheet,  indiistrj-,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720, 
728,  736. 

Lead,  smelting  and  refining,  statistics.  101, 
102,  113-122;  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  113-116.  119.  121.  122; 
products,  113-122:  u.xed  as  material.  400, 
507. 

Lead  oxides,  produced.  402;  used  as  material, 

403,  463,  508;   process  of  obtiiining,  465. 
Leather,  used   a.-*  material,  in  carriage  and 

wagon  industry,  304:  tanned,  curried,  and 
finished,  industrj',  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  651,  720,  728,  736; 
by  states,  territories,  and  geographic  divi- 
sions, 760;  by  specified  states,  774,  780,784, 
788,  790. 

Leather  gotjds  iii<lustry,  e.stabli.shments, 
wage-eaniers,  and  earnings.  720,  728,  736. 

I>ealher  substitutes,  ])roduced,  475. 

Le  lilanc  process  of  soda  jjroduction,  420- 
422. 

Leominster,  Mass.,  rank  in  manufacture  of 
j)iano  materials,  250. 

LewJH,  (ieorge  T.,  process  of  iiiainifacturing 
sulilitnr-d  white  lead,  464. 

Li|;liling  lurboiis,  179. 

Lighting  plants,  <'ensus,  1.58. 

LiKlitiiiiig  arresters,  prwlucod,  types  and 
(•unstrurtirm,  212,  213. 

Ligroln,  uses  of,  .580. 

Lime,  used  oh  material,  4(H),  440,  442,  445, 
480,  487,  607,  610,  612;  produced,  471); 
chloride  imported,  433. 

Lime  industry,  <-slubliHliinents,  wage-inirn- 
em,  mid  i-siriiiiigs,  720,  728,  7.36. 


Lime  spreaders.  136,  142,  148. 

Limestone,  used  as  material,  400,  440,  480, 
507-509. 

Lindenberg,  Richard,  steel  plant.  23. 

Linen  goods  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  736. 

Linseed  oil,  used  as  material,  400,  463,  508, 
510. 

Liquid  dryers,  japans,  and  lacquers,  pro- 
duced, 461,  508,  510. 

Liqiiid  fillers,  produced,  461,  508,  510. 

Liquors  industry,  distilled,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  736; 
by  specified  states,  778:  malt,  by  speci- 
fied states,  776,  782,  786,  790;  vinous,  rank 
of  Pacific  division  in  production,  705;  by 
specified  states,  774. 

Listers,  136,  142,  148. 

Litharge.  444,  465. 

Lithographing  and  engraving  indiistry,  es- 
tablisliments,  wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
720,  728,  736. 

Locomotives,  electric,  description  of,  in  use 
on  specified  railroads,  171,  172;  steam, 
built ,  by  states ,  362 ,  374 ,  378 ,  382 :  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720, 
728,  736. 

Logwood,  used  as  material,  451,  511 :  imports, 
457;  treatment,  by  compressed  carbon  di- 
oxide, 481. 

Logwood  extract,  used  as  material,  451; 
products,  511. 

Logwood  extracts,  imports,  457. 

Looking-glass  and  picture  frames  industry, 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 720,  728,  736. 

I^ouisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  exliibit  of 
process  of  liquefying  hydrogen,  481. 

Low-phosphorus  pig  iron,  establishments  re- 
porting, and  quantity  produced,  by  states, 
.32,  74. 

Lullius,  Kayinond,  production  of  nitric  acid, 
412. 

Lumber,  used  as  material  in  carriage  and 
wagon  industry,  304:  .shiiibuilding,  348, 
350-353. 

Lumber  and  planing  mills,  manufacturing 
agricultural  implements,  number  and 
value,  138;  estalilishments,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  651,  720,  728,  736;  by  states, 
territories,  and  geographic  divisions.  762; 
by  states,  774,  776,  778,  782,  786,  78S,  790. 

Lumber  and  timber  products  industry, 
liciw<T  cinployed,  620-624;  average  sine  of 
steam  engine  employed,  628;  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  651, 
720,  728,  736;  rank  of  Pacific  division  in 
production,  705;  earnings  by  states,  terri- 
tories, and  geographic  divisions,  762;  by 
specified  states,  774   790. 

Lutig<'.  (iecirge,  on  galeiiili',  40H;  proces-stw  of 
sulphuric  acid  extract  ion,  409;  uses  of  huI- 
|>liiirii'  ,11  id.  III. 

Maliery,  on  sulplnir  waste,  408;  pcln.lriiin, 

.576. 
Mc.\dam,  W.  A.,  :iliniiiiium  caHting,  patent 

for,  447. 


Machinen.'.  Sec  Electrical  machinery'  and 
Metal  working  machinery. 

McKenna,  Charles  F.,  report  on  transporta- 
tion of  explosives,  473^75. 

Madder,  imported  for  consumption,  457. 

Madison  River  Power  Co.,  electrical  trans- 
mission plant,  634. 

Magnesia,  calcined,  produced,  479. 

^lagnesia  sulphate.     See  Epsom  salts. 

Magnesite,  used  as  material,  480.  487. 

Magnetite  arc  lamp.     See  Arc  lamps. 

Magneto  ignition.  215,  216;  substations,  197. 

ilail  and  mail  carriers'  wagons  and  carts, 
312,  318,  324. 

Mail  cars,  built,  366. 

Maine,  rank  in  shipbuilding  industry,  341; 
water  power  used,  629. 

Malt  liquors  industry.    See  Liquors  industry. 

Manganese  dioxide,  used  as  material,  442. 

Manhattan  Railway  system,  push-button  con- 
trol installed.  175. 

Mannheim  process,  sulphuric  acid  extrac- 
tion, 409,  410. 

Mantels,  slate,  marble,  and  marbleized,  in- 
dustrj%  establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  720.  728.  736. 

Manure  spreaders,  136,  142,  148. 

Marble  and  stone  work  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720, 
728,  736.  780. 

Marcasite,  formula,  407. 

Marconi,  autoroherer  invented  by,  203. 

Mare  Island  na\')-  yard,  steel  training  l)ark 
built,  337. 

Marine  railways.     See  Railways,  marine. 

Markers  and  furrowers,  136,  144,  150. 

Martin,  Thomas  Commerford,  section  on 
Electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  svqj- 
plies,  157:  power  employed,  619. 

Maryland,  rank  in  iron  and  steel  industry, 
7,  8,  54. 

Massachusetts,  rank  in  specilii  d  industries, 
iron  and  .steel,  7,  8;  electrical  macliinery, 
193,  206-208,  210,  214;  metal  working 
machinery,  227.  345;  musical  in.struments, 
242,  243;  marine  railways,  345;  bleaching 
material,  442;  power  employed,  626,  629; 
boots  and  shoes,  655:  cotton  goods,  657; 
tobacco,  cigars,  and  cigarettes,  666;  women 
wage-earners,  680. 

Masts  and  siwrs.  348,  3.50-353. 

Match  industry,  establishments,  wago-oam- 
ers,  and  earnings,  720,  728.  738. 

Materials  used,  cost,  in  specified  industries, 
iron  and  Bl<'el,  4-6,  16,  18,  19;  blast  fur- 
naces, 25,  27,  28,  41-43,  46,  47,  71,  72,  74; 
steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  49,  50,  52, 
78-80,  52;  forges  and  blootueries,  70,  71 ;  tin 
an<I  terne  plale,  87,  89-91,  94,  95,  97:  cop- 
])er,  lead  and  zinc,  snu'lling  and  rclining, 
101,  103,  105  108,  no  111),  119-124,  126; 
agricidlural  inqilcnniits,  129,  131.  132,  142, 
148;  electrical  machinery,  158.  l.W,  218; 
musical  instrumi'Uts,  239  241,252,  256,  258, 
260,  264,  266;  auU)mol)ile8,  269,  270,  273, 
275,  282;  bicycles  and  tricycles,  289,  291, 
294;  <'arriages  and  wagons,  301-303,  304, 
.307,  310.  3li;.  322;   shipbuihling,  331-335, 


INDEX. 


825 


348, 350,  352;  steam  and  street  railroad  car, 
357,  368,  364,  3(i5,  3G7,  368-371,  374,  378, 
382,  380,  388-390;  ehemicals  and  allied 
products,  398,  3!)!),  400;  acids,  404,  417, 
504,  511;  soda,M,  421;  aluiiis,4  28;  coal  tar 
products,  430;  cyanides,  432;  wood  distilla- 
tion, 435,  505,  512;  fertilizers,  438,  440. 496, 
509;  lileaching  materials,  441,  442;  electro- 
chemicals,  444,  445;  dyestuffs,  450,  451, 
502, 511;  tanning  materials.  458, 459;  paints 
and  varni.shcs,  461,  463,  494,  500,  508,  610; 
explosives,  468,  470,  498,  509;  phistics,  475, 
476;  essential  oils,  477,  478,  50(),  512;  gases, 
compressed  and  liquefied,  479,  480;  chem- 
icals, 482,  484,  486.  490,  507;  bone,  ivory, 
and  lamp  lilack,  507;  coke,  515,  528;  pe- 
troleum refining.  567,  569,  575. 

Mathicsson  Alkali  Co.,  ammonia-soda  ])roc- 
ess,  422. 

Mathot,  R.  E.,  use  of  gas  engines  in  metal- 
lurgical works,  637,  638. 

Mats  and  matting  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  736. 

Matte.     See  Copper,  smelting  and  refining. 

Matthews,  on  sulphur  dyes,  455,  456. 

Mattress  and  spring  l)ed  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings.  720.728, 
73G. 

Mauve  dyestuff,  discovery  of,  452. 

Men.    See  Wage-earners  and  wages. 

Men's  clothing  industry.  See  Clothing, 
men's. 

Mercury  bull)  or  vacuum  tube,  utilization  of, 
188,  189. 

Mercury  vapor  lamps,  development  and  im- 
provement, 187,  188. 

Meriden,  Conn.,  rank  in  musical  instrument 
industry,  248. 

Meridian  Fertilizer  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant.  411. 

Merriam,  Robert  H.,  section  on  Bicycles  and 
Tricycles.  289-297. 

Merrimac  Chemical  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant,  411. 

Metal  wt)rking  machinery  products,  226,  227; 
discussion,  225-236;  exports  anil  imports, 
226;  development.  231-236. 

Metallic  filaments,  for  incandescent  lamps, 
185-187. 

Metallic  sodium,  used  as  material,  442. 

Meters,  prepayment.     See  Electric  meters. 

Mexican  Government,  use  of  rubber  subma- 
rine cable,  206. 

Mexican  Light  and  Power  Co.,  plant,  634. 

Mexico,  ores,  imported  from,  122;  automo- 
bile exports  to,  276. 

Meyer's  tangent  system,  sulphuric  acid  ex- 
traction, 409. 

Michigan,  rank  in  iron  and  steel  industry,  7, 
8;  electric  appliance's,  193,  207,  210. 

Michigan  Alkali  Co.,  ammonia-soda  process, 
422. 

Middle  states,  iron  and  steel  industry,  21,  22. 

Milk,  sugar  of,  imported,  488. 

Mill  cinder,  scrap,  etc.,  used  as  material,  13, 
28,  43,  47,  72. 

Miller,'  Fred  J.,  section  on  Metal  Working 
Machinery,  225-236. 


Millinery  and  lace  g<jods  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720,728, 
736,  786. 

Milling  machines.  See  Metal  working  ma- 
chinery. 

Mineral  and  soda  water  industry,  estaldish- 
ments,  wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720, 
728,  736, 

Minor,  John  ('.,  on  carbon  dio.\ide,  480,  481. 

Mirror  industry,  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  720,  728,  736. 

Missouri,  rank  in  production  of  lead,  114,  116, 
118. 

Missouri  Hiver  Power  (_'o.,  electrical  trans- 
mission plant,  634. 

Mixer,  or  receiver,  use,  35. 

Model  and  ijattern  industry,  other  than 
paper,  estaljlishinents,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  720,  728,  736. 

Monazite,  used  as  material,  484. 

Monument  and  tombstone  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720, 
■  728,  736. 

Moore  system,  vacuum  vapor  lamps,  188. 

Moran  Bros.,  battlesliip  built  ])y,  337. 

Mordants.     See  Dyestuffs. 

Morphia,  imports,  485. 

Motor.  ga.soline,  use  of,  278,  279. 

Motor  boat  building,  growth  of  industry,  340. 

Motor  car,  in  New  York  Central  suburban 
traffic,  173. 

Motor  cycle,  history.  291,  292. 

Motor  generators,  (hmamotors.  and  boosters, 
163-173. 

Motor  rheostats  apparatus.  209.  210. 

Motors,  electric,  classification,  production, 
and  use,  157-173,  279,  619,  620,  628,  633, 
6.34;  compound,  169;  steam,  277,  278;  pe- 
trol, 278,  279;  water,  619,  620,  631. 

Mountain  wagons,  312,  318,  324. 

Mowers,  135,  136,  139,  144,  150. 

Mucilage  and  paste  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  736. 

Muck,  or  scrap  bar.  used  as  material,  13.  51- 
53,  55,  78. 

Mundy,  Arthur,  telephonic  submarine  sig- 
nalling, 199. 

Munroe,  Prof.  Charles  E.,  section  on  Chem- 
icals and  allied  products,  397-512;  report 
on  transportation  of  explosives,  473-^75; 
section  on  Coke,  515-541;  Petroleum, 
567-583. 

Muriatic  acid,  production  and  use,  417,  418, 
484,  487. 

Musical  instruments,  attachments,  and  mate- 
rials, section  on,  by  William  F.  Wooster, 
239-266;  estal)li.shments,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  239-241,  252,  256-260,  720, 
728,  736,  776,  786;  products,  239-241,  243, 
245,  247,  248.  2,50,  254,  257,  259,  262; 
exports  and  imports,  242. 

Nail  and  tack  plate,  produced,  53,  55. 

Nails,  statistics  of  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  production,  kinds, 
and  states  reporting,  57-69,  718,  726,  736. 

Naphtha  and  gasoline,  produced,  570,  573, 
575;  kinds  and  uses,  580. 


National  Electric  Light  Association,  report 
on  electric  heating,  210. 

National  Electrolj-tic  Co.,  445. 

Natural  gas,  used  as  fuel,  iron  and  steel 
industry,  12;  steel  works  and  rolling  mills, 
62,  80;  blast  furnaces,  74;  tin  and  teme 
plate,  89,  91,  95. 

Natural  oils.     Sec  fjils,  essential. 

Naval  stations,  dry  docks  at,  345. 

Navy  yards.  Government,  shipbuilding  op- 
erations, 335. 

Needles,  pins,  and  hooks  and  eyes  industry, 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 720,  728,  736. 

Nemst  lamps,  description  and  advantages, 
189,  190;  for  .street  lighting,  190. 

Net  and  seine  industry,  estal)lishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  736. 

Nevada  Mining  and  Milling  Co.,  power, 
631. 

New  England  division,  discussion  relative 
to  industries,  wage-earners  and  earnings, 
680-683.     See  also  Geographic  divisions. 

New  England  states,  iron  and  steel  industry, 
21. 

Newfoundlanil,  exports  to,  139,  276;  pwites 
imported  from,  407. 

New  Hampshire,  women  wage-earners,  680. 

New  Jersey,  rank  in  production  of  iron 
and  steel,  6,  7,  8;  crucible  steel,  69;  in- 
candescent lamps,  159;  insulated  wires 
and  cables,  204;  electric  conduits,  206; 
electric  measuring  instruments,  214:  ma^ 
rine  railways,  numljer  and  capacity,  345; 
bleaching  materials,  442;  tanning  mate- 
rials, 458. 

New  Jersey  Zinc  Co.,  contact  process  plant, 
410. 

New  Mexico,  women  wage-earners,  680. 

Newport  News  Shipbuilding  Co.,  battle 
ships  built,  337. 

New  York,  rank  in  specified  industries, 
iron  and  steel,  6,  8.  51.  54,  56,  68,  69:  agri- 
cultural implements.  133;  telephone  man- 
ufacture, 193;  insulated  wire  and  cable 
industry,  204;  electric  conduits,  206:  elec- 
tric annunciators,  207;  electric  clocks, 
208;  electric  heating,  cooking,  and  welding 
appliances.  210;  musical  instruments,  242, 
243;  marine  railways,  number  and  ca- 
pacity. 345;  bleaching  materials.  442; 
electro-chemicals,  444;  horsepower,  626; 
waterpower,  629. 

New  York,  New  Haven  and  Hartford  Rail- 
road, single  phase  motor  equipment,  171, 
172. 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  rank  in  production  of 
piano  and  organ  materials,  250,  251:  auto- 
mobile manufacture.  274. 

New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  Rail- 
road, electric  storage  battery  equipment, 
172.  173:  copper  wire  and  cable,  length 
and  weight  of,  used  in  transmission  cir- 
cuits, 204. 

Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  rank  in  electro-chem- 
ical industrj-,  445. 

Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manu- 
facturing Co.,  445. 


826 


INDEX. 


Niagara  Falls  Power  Co.,  development  of 
power  and  description  of  apparatus,  164, 
445. 

Niagara,  Lockport  and  Ontario  Co.,  elec- 
trical transmission  plant.  634. 

Niagara  Research  Laboratory.  44.5. 

Niter,  for  djTiamites,  472. 

Niter  cake,  composition  and  uses.  415;  pro- 
duced, 486,  511:  imports.  489. 

Nitrate  of  ammonia,  used  as  material,  403, 
470,  509. 

Nitrate  of  potash.     See  Potash,  nitrate. 

Nitrate  of  soda,  used  as  material,  400,  404, 
406,  440,  487,  488.  509,  511. 

Nitric  acid,  used  as  material,  400,  403, 
412-415,  470,  476,  484.  487,  507-509;  pro- 
duced, 401,  404,  412-415,  511;  establish- 
ments, by  states,  412;  results  obtained 
with  Valentiner  vacuum  apparatus,  414. 

Nitrogen,  in  slaughterhouse  fertilizers,  440, 
441. 

Nitroglycerin,  produced,  402,  468,  471;  used 
as  material,  403,  509;  percentage  of  nitric 
and  sulphuric  acid  in,  416;  artificial  re- 
frigeration, 471,472. 

Noble  Electric  Steel  Co.,  reduction  works,  23. 

Nonargentiferous  ores,  produced,  115,  117, 
119:  establi.<!hments,  117;  by  states,  118; 
gross  and  net  values,  120;  summary,  121. 

Noosack  Falls  Power  Co..  jilant,  634. 

Northern  Aluminum  Co.,  plant,  446. 

Northern  California  Power  Co.,  plant,  634. 

Northern  Ohio  Traction  and  Light  Co.,  stor- 
age battery  equii)raenl,  177. 

Northern  South  Atlantic  division,  discu.s- 
sion  relative  to  industries,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  68-5-688.  See  also  Geo- 
graphir-  divisions. 

Norton  Kmery  Wheil  ('u.,  alundum  manu- 
facture, 445,  447. 

Nottoden,  Norway,  iliiirir  furnaces  for 
nitric  acid  distillation,  414. 

Nux  vomica,  import.s,  485. 

Oak  and  chestnut  extracts,  i)roduce(l,  458, 
511. 

Oakum  and  jiiuli,  usccl  a,s  material  in  ship- 
building, .348,  350-3-53. 

Oakum  industry,  eslabli.-ihmi^nt.s,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  649,  720,  728,  736. 

Oceania,  export.^  to,  automobiles  and  auto- 
mobile part.s,  276;  carriages  and  wagons, 
307;  steam  and  street  railroail  products, 
367. 

Ohio,  rank  in,  value  of  iron  and  sleel  |)r(jd- 
uci«,  6,  7;  pnxhKlion  of  iron  forsleel  niak- 
itig,  34,  35;  nteel  works  and  rolling  mills 
prriducl.s,  51,  5-1-56;  use  of  natural  ga«  as 
fuel,  52;  total  steel  production,  62;  opc^n- 
hearth  steel,  67,  68;  steel  riuilings,  68; 
agricultural  implements,  1.33;  metal  work- 
ing machinery,  225-228,  2.30;  steam  and 
street  railroad  cars,  etc.,  364;  horsepower 
employed,  626;  storage  lialteries  installed 
by  inlerurban  railway  systems,  177;  tele- 
phonic manufarluring  industry,  193. 

Ohio  Farmers  Fi-rtilizer  Co.,  chamber  pmc- 
PSH  plant.  III. 


Oil,  used  as  fuel  in  specified  industries,  iron 
and  steel,  12,  52,  80;  tin  and  terne  plate 
dipping  and  black  plate  combined,  89; 
tin  and  terne  dipping,  91;  black  plate, 
95;  used  as  material,  tin  and  terne  plate, 
97;  compressed  and  liquefied  gases,  480. 

Oil,  cottonseed  and  cake,  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
649,  690,  720,  728,  736;  by  specified  slates, 
774,  776,  778,  788. 

Oil,  essential,  linseed,  etc.,  statistics  of  pro- 
duction, establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  402,  477,  512,  720,  728,  736, 

OU  cake,  uses,  448. 

Oilcloth  and  linoleum  industries,  establish- 
ments, wage-eamers,  and  earnings,  720, 
728,  736. 

Oil  of  aniline,  imports,  457. 

Oils,  used  as  material  in  dyestuffs  industry, 
451:  paint,  476,  508;  volatile,  or  essential, 
and  distilled,  imports  and  exports,  478; 
varnish,  510;  petroleum,  produced,  570, 
575;  exports,  573;  cla-^-sifications,  580-582; 
methods  of  transportation,  -582,  583;  burn- 
ing, definition  of  term,  572;  mineral,  im 
ports,  574. 

Olds,  R.  E.,  experiments  with  steam  motors, 
277,  278. 

Oleomargarine  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  736. 

Oleum,  produced,  405,  511. 

OUer,  George  E.,  section  on  Autoniol)iles, 
269-280. * 

Omnibu.ses,  312,  318,  324. 

Ontario  Power  Co.,  plant,  631,  CVM. 

Open-hearth  steel,  furnaces  and  establish- 
ments, 14,  15,  61,  66:  products,  53,  66;  by 
states,  67;  number  and  capacity  cf  fur- 
naces, 68,  69;  summary,  80-83. 

Optical  goods  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  736. 

Orchil,  imported,  4.57. 

Ordnance,  produced,  60. 

Ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  industry,  es- 
tabli.shments,  wage-earners,  anil  earnings, 
720,  72S,  736. 

Ore  wagons,  312,  318,  324. 

Ores,  used  as  material,  lead  smelting  indus- 
try, 115,  116,  119,  121;  imported,  122;  zinc 
smelting,  123,  124,  126.     See  also  Iron  ore. 

Ores,  chrome  and  iron,  tised  in  inan\ifacture 
electro-chemicals,  445. 

Ores  and  concentrates,  u.-sed  as  niati'rial,  in 
copper  smelling  and  refining  industry, 
10-5- lOH,  110,  112. 

Organ  materials  and  i)arts,  2-50,  251;  s>nn- 
mary,  2.58,  2-59, 

Organs,  summaries,  240,  2.56,  257;  ju-oduccd, 
240,  245,  247;  reed,  245,  246;  pipe,  246, 
247;  street  and  self-playing,  248,  249, 

Oflium,  chemical  properties,  advantages,  186, 

Olio,  Dr.  N.  A.,  use  of  four-cycle  engine,  278. 

Olto  cycle-,  used  for  automobiles,  278. 

Otlo-lloffman,  by-pro<luil  oven.     iSVr  Ovens. 

Ovens,  <oke,  number  and  value,  51(!;  by- 
Iiroilud,  descri|)lion  and  inelho<ls  of  oper- 
ating, -521,  .534--539;  active  eslabjisbmeiils, 
621,522;  idle,  522;   iieli-iaii,  .5;!3:  beehiv.-, 


534;  Knab-Carv^s,  534;  Weeks,  534;  Cop- 

p^e,  534,  537;  Otto-Hoffman,  534,  537,  538; 

Semet-Solvay,  536,  537;  United-Otto,  538; 

Rothberg,  53S,  539. 
Oxalic  acid,  imported,  419. 
Oxide  of  zinc,  produced.  4(il,  463;  method 

of  production,  465, 
O.xides  of  lead,  produced,  461,  508,  510. 
Oxone,  production  and  uses,  443. 
Oxygen,  produced,  479. 

Pacific  coast  district,  shipbuilding,  338,  339. 

Pacific  division,  discussion  relative  to  in- 
dustries, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  705- 
707.     See  also  Geographic  divisions. 

Paints  and  varnishes,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  398,  399,  460-463, 
492.  494.  720.  728.  736:  produced,  398,  399, 
402,  461,  508-510;  used  as  material,  304, 
310,  316,  322.  508-510.     See  also  Varnishes. 

Palm  oil.  used  as  material,  89,  91,  97, 

Palmetto,  extract  and  root,  511, 

Panhard  and  Levassor,  motor  car  con- 
stnicted,  277, 

Paper,  use  in  cal)le  insulation,  205. 

Paper  and  wood  pulp  industry,  power,  620, 
624,  628;  establishments,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  651,  720.  728,  738,  764,  780, 
782,  786,  790. 

Paper  goods  industry,  not  elsewhere  speci- 
fied, establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  720,  728,  738. 

Paper  pattern  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  738. 

Paraffin,  oil  and  wax,  570-583. 

Park  wagcms,  312,  318,  324. 

Parsons,  stea:u  turliine  invented,  628, 

Paste  and  putty  fillers,  jjriMluced,  508-510. 
See  also  Paints  and  varni.shes. 

Patent  medicines  and  compounds  industry, 
estal)Iishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 720,  728.  7.38. 

Patterson,  G,W..  on  rebuilding  mixed  acids, 
416. 

Paving  nuilerial  induslry,  eslablishnu^nts, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  720,  728,  738, 

Peahullers,  137,  Ml,  1.50. 

Peabody,  George,  lirst  iiicandesceiil  light 
fixture  made  for,  191, 

Peanut  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  649,  720,  728,  738. 

Pearce,  William,  lirst  incandescent  light 
fixture  made  liy,  19). 

Pencils,  lead,  induslry.  esialilishnienis, 
wage-earners,  aiul  earnings,  720,  728,  738. 

Peniunuin.  Uu.ssell  S..  iirotecled  ammonium 
nil  rate  invented  by,  473. 

Pennington,  E,  .L.  motor  cycle  exi]erimeuta, 
292. 

Pennock.  on  suli)huric  acid  waste,  408, 

Penn.Hylvania.  rank  in  iron  and  steel  prod- 
ucts, 30,  31-:!6,  .50,  52,  54-56,  59,  60,  ()2, 
66-69;  black  jjlales.  96;  cleclrical  ma- 
c  liinery.  206,  207,  214;  metal  working  ma- 
cliinery,  230;  slea:n  and  sireel  railroad 
car  iniluslry,  364;  coke  industry,  520;  pe- 
troleum refining  industry,  568;  ])owcr 
used,  62(i,  636. 


INDEX. 


827 


Pennsylvania  Railroad  lerininal.  New  York 
city.  Xernst  lamp  used,  I'JO. 

Pennsylvania  Salt  Co.,  soda  iiroduction, 
422. 

Pens,  founlain  and  .-iiylograiihic,  industry, 
establi-slinients,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ing.s,  720,  728,  738;  gold.  estaljli.shnients, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  049,  720,  728, 
738. 

Pentane,  580. 

Peppermint  oil.  produced,  477,  .512.  Sec 
also  Oils,  essential. 

Pepsin,  482. 

Perkin,  William  Ileiuy,  discovery  of  mauve, 
452. 

Perfumery  and  cosmetic  iruhusiry.  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
720,  728,  738. 

Peroxides,  produced,  443. 

Petrolatum,  produced,  581. 

Petroleum  refining  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  5G7,  5(JS,  574, 
720,  728,  738,  784;  products,  567,  570,  571- 
575;  history,  576-583;  patents,  587-615. 

Peyton  Chemical  Co.,  contact  process  plant, 
410. 

Phaetons,  272,  273,  312,  314,  31S.  320.  324. 

Philippine  Islands,  .submarine  cable  system 
created  by  Signal  Corps  in.  200. 

Phoenix  mills,  compound  motors  installed, 
169. 

Phonograph  and  graphophone  industry, 
products,  264,  200;  establishments,  -wage- 
eaniers,  and  earnings,  204,720,  728,  738. 

Phosphate,  imported,  441. 

Phosphate  of  soda,  produced,  480,  508. 

Phosphate  rock,  400,  440,  445.  487.  .507. 

Phosphoric  acid,  used  in  manufacturing 
bleaching  materials.  442. 

Phosphorus,  manufacture,  450;  imported. 
485. 

Photographic  apparatus  and  materials  indus- 
trj-.  establishments,  wage  -  earners,  and 
earnings.  720.  728.  738. 

Photolithographing  and  photoengraving  in- 
dustry. estalilLshiuents.  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  649.  720.  728.  738. 

Piano  d'Orta.  Italy,  production  of  Hme  ni- 
trogen. 434. 

Piano  materials  and  parts.  250,  251 ;  detailed 
summary.  258.  259. 

Pianos,  summaries.  242,  243;  produced,  243; 
classes  discussed.  243,  244;  number  and 
value,  243,  252-255. 

Pickles,  preserves,  and  sauces,  industry,  es- 
taldishments.  wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
049.  720.  728.  738. 

Pig  lead,  89.  91.  97.  463.  487.  508. 

Pig  iron,  used  as  material,  13.  35.  51,  52,  71, 
74,  78.  89,.  95.  348.  350-353;  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  25,  26, 
28,  30,  32,  35,  36,  41^7,  72-76;  produc- 
tion, 25-^8, 74;  exported.  40;  chill  cast,  74. 

Pigments,  produced,  402,  406,  508,  510. 

Pig  tin  used  as  material,  89.  91.  97. 

Pikes  Peak  Hydro-Electric  Co.,  machinery 
used,  031. 

Pintsch  gas.  481. 


Pipe,    iron   and   steel,    industry,   establish- 
ments,  wage-earners,   and   earnings.   720. 
728,  736. 
Pipe  and  reed  organs.     Sec  Organs. 
Pipe,    or    tubes,    clinched,    brazed,     and 
wrought,  60, 

indu.stry.  estaVjlishments, 
and  earnings.  720.  728,  738. 
if  oljtaining.  582.     See  also 


tobacci 


Pipes 
wage-earnert^ 

Pitch,  method 
Petroleum. 

Pittsburg.  Pa.,  first  blast  furnace  ga.s  engine 
installed,  637. 

Pittsburg  Electric  Works,  compound  motor 
installed,  169. 

Pittsburg  Reduction  Co.,  bauxite  mines, 
plant,  445.  446. 

Planers.  227.  228. 

Planters,  bean,  corn,  cotton,  and  potato,  135, 
136.  142,  148. 

Plastics,  produced.  402,  475,  507;  exports 
and  imports,  477. 

Plate  towers,  for  acid  condensation,  413,  418. 

Plated  ware  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728.  738,  774. 

Plates,  beams,  etc..  used  as  material,  348, 
350-353. 

Platinum,  used  as  material.  484. 

Platinum  salts,  produced.  402.  482,  508. 

Plows,  135,  130,  139.  144,  150. 

Plumbago.  See  Electro-chemicals  and 
Graphite. 

Plumbers'  supplies  industrj',  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings.  720. 
728,  738. 

Pocketbook  industry,  estal^lishments.  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings.  720.  728.  738. 

Police,  fire,  district,  and  miscellaneous  tele- 
graph apparatus.  200,  204. 

Police  patrol  wagons.  312,  318.  324. 

Poplar,  use  in  automobile  manufacture,  280. 

Porcelain  electrical  supplies,  157,  158. 

Portable  tools,  development  and  uses,  233. 

Portland,  Oreg.,  magnetite  arc  lamps  in- 
stalled, 182,  183. 

Portugal.  pjTites  from,  407. 

Potash  nitrate,  used  as  material,  400,  440, 
470,  507,  509;  imported,  488. 

Potashes,  discussion  of  production  and  meth- 
ods of  manufacture,  425^28;  imports,  428, 
434,  488;  used  as  materials,  400,  442,  507. 

Potassium,  produced,  401,  420,  433,  434,  507; 
used  as  material,  445. 

Potassium  chloride,  extraction,  patents 
granted  A.  Frank,  426. 

Potato  coverers,  diggers,  hUlers,  and  hooks, 
136,  144,  150. 

Pottery,  terra  cotta,  and  fire  clay  industry, 
products,  157;  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  651,  720,  728,  738, 
764,  784-788. 

Poultry  netting,  59. 

Power  employed  in  specified  industries,  iron 
and  .steel.  76,  80.  82;  tin  and  terne  plate, 
97;  copper,  smelting  and  refining,  103,  113; 
lead,  smelting  and  refining,  113,  122:  zinc 
smelting,  122,  120;  agricultural  imple- 
ments, 139,  146,  152;  electrical  machinery, 
apparatus,  and  supplies,  161, 166,  167, 173, 


220;  musical  instruments.  254.  257.  2.59, 
202,  206;  auto::iobiles,  273,  274,  284;  bi- 
cycles and  tricycles,  296;  carriages  and 
wagons,  314,  320,  326;  shipbuilding,  347, 
348,  352;  steam  and  stieet  railroad  cars, 
372, 376, 380, 384,  392;  chemicals  and  allied 
products,  492,  494,  496,  499,  500,  -502,  .504, 
505,  506;  coke,  .530:  petroleum  refining, 
575;  in  manufactures,  619-025,  627,  030, 
632,  634.  636,  638. 

Pratt,  Joseph  Hyde,  on  production  of  sub- 
limed and  zinc  lead,  464. 

Presses,  570,  575. 

Printing  and  publishing  industry,  book  and 
job,  wage-earners,  and  earnings,  651,  720, 
728,  738,  766,  774,  776,  780,  782,  786;  mu- 
.sic,  establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  720,  728,  738;  newspapers  and 
periodicals,  651,  720,  728,  7.38,  768, 
774-780,  786,  788. 

Printing  materials  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  720,  728,  738. 

Printing  telegraph  systems.  See  Telegraph 
systems. 

Prison  vans,  312,  318,  324. 

Products,  value  of,  in  specified  industries, 
ironand  steel,4-6,10,18, 19:  blastfurnaces, 
25,  27.  29.  41 .  42.  44,  46,  48,  74;  .steel  works 
and  rolling  mills,  49-.50.  -52-53,  80;  forges 
and  bloomeries,  70,  71 :  tin  and  terne  plate, 
87,  90-92,  94,  95,  97;  copper,  lead,  and 
zinc,  smelting  and  refining.  101.  103,  105," 
107,  110-117,  119-126;  agricultural  imple- 
ments, 1.29,  131,  132,  135,  138,  142,  148; 
electrical  machinery.  158,  159,  161,  166, 
107.  173,  174,  170,  179,  180.  183,  190,  192, 
200.  204.  207.  208.  210.  212.  215,  217,  218; 
metal  working  machinery.  225,  227:  mu- 
sical in.struments.  239-241.  2.54.  257,  2-59, 
262,  204,  266;  automobiles,  209.  270,  272, 
273,  275,  282,  284;  bicycles  and  tricycles, 
289,  291,  294;  carriages  and  wagons, 
301-305,  307,  312,  318.  324;  shipbuilding, 
331-335. 348,  3.50, 3.52:  steam  and  street  rail- 
road cars,  357,  358,  362-365,  367-371,  374, 
378,  382,  386,  388-.390:  chemicals  and  al- 
lied products,  398,  399.  401,  402;  acids,  404, 
412,  415,  417-419,  .504,  511;  sodas,  421, 
422;  potashes,  426;  alums,  428, 429:  coal  tar 
products,  430,  431 ;  cyanides,  432,  433;  wood 
distillation,  435.436,  505,  512;  fertilizers, 
438,  439,  496,  509;  bleaching  materials,  441, 
442;  chemicals  produced  by  electricity, 
444,  445:  dyestuffs  and  extracts,  4-50,  451, 
502,  511;  tanning  materials,  458,  4.59; 
paints  and  varnishes,  461,  463,  494,  500, 

505,  510:  explosives.  468.  470.  499.  509; 
plastics,  475.  470:  es.>;ential  oils,  477,  478, 

506,  512;  gases,  compressed  and  liquefied, 
479,  480;  fine  chemicals,  482,  484;  general 
chemicals,  486,  487;  chemicals,  480.  507; 
bone,  ivorj-,  and  lampblack,  507;  coke, 
515,  528,  530:  petroleum  refining,  567,  570, 
575. 

Projectors.    See  Searchlights  and  projectors. 

Proprietors  and  firm  members,  of  establish- 
ments engaged  in  specified  industries, 
iron  and  steel,  72,  76;  tin  and  terne  plate, 


828 


INDEX. 


96;  copper,  lead,  and  zinc,  smelting  and 
refining.  112.  121,  125;  agricultural  imple- 
ments. 142,  148;  electrical  machinery,  218; 
musical  instruments,  252,  256.  258,  2fi0, 
266;  automobiles.  282:  bicycles  and  tricy- 
cles. 294;  carriages  and  wagons.  310.  316, 
322;  shipbuilding.  348.  350.  352:  steam  and 
street  railroad  cars,  371.  389;  chemicals 
and  allied  products,  490,  492,  494,  500,  502, 
504-507;  coke,  528;  petroleum  refining, 574. 

Puget  Sound  Power  Co.,  plant   634. 

Pulp  goods  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings.  720.  728,  738. 

Pumps,  137.  144,  1.50. 

Pupin.  Dr.  M.  I.,  locating  induction  coils, 
205. 

Push-button  control  system,  for  switch- 
boards, 175. 

Putty,  produced,  461,  467. 

PjTite  cinder,  produced,  407,  511. 

PjTites.  statistics.  404-409;  formula,  407; 
produced  and  imported,  407;  used  as  ma- 
terial, 400.  404,  406,  407,  409,  440,  507,  509, 
575. 

Pyrocellulose,  composition,  416. 

Pyroligneous  acid ,  produced,  436:  imported, 
437. 

PjToxylin,  for  smokeless  powder.  403,  416, 
510;  plastics,  416,  475,  507;  vami.sh,  402. 
461,  508,  510. 

Pyrrhotite.  formula,  407;  development,  408. 

Quincy  process,  for  purificati(m  of  service 

waters,  488. 
Quinia  sulphate,  imported.  485. 

Rabe  contact  process.  409. 

Kails,  iron  and  steel,  used  as  material,  13,  52, 
78;  prfjduced,  52,  53,  .54. 

Eailways,  marine,  345,  346.  See  also  Elec- 
tric railways  and  Shipbuilding. 

Rauh,  E.,  Sons  Fertilizer  Co.,  chamber 
pnjcesa  plant.  411. 

Reading.  Pa..  statLsticsof  automobile  manu- 
facture, 274. 

Reapers.  136.  137.  144.  1.50, 

Red  pnis,siate  of  potash,  imported,  434. 

Reese,  Dr.  Charles  L.,  manufacture  of  nitro- 
glycerin. 471,  472. 

Refineries,  petroleum,  567. 

Refrigerator  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
oarners.  and  earnings,  720,  728,  7.38. 

Regalia  ami  society  l)anner3  and  emblems 
indiistrj',  establi.shment'!,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  720,  728,  738. 

Repairs  and  repair  sliop.s,  statistics,  ship- 
building. 343.  344,  348,  350;  steam  rail- 
road, 362,  368,  370,  374,  378,  382;  street 
railroa<l,  386,  388,  390. 

Repauno  Chemical  Co.,  contact  ])ro<'e8a 
plant.  410. 

Re!.i<luiim,prf.diiced,  570-573,  575,  581,  582. 

Rcsistan' fs,  dimmer,  conslnir'tion,  and  use 
in  theaters,  209,  .SVc  also  Rheostats  and 
rt^sislances. 

Rheostats  and  resistances,  statistics,  208-210. 

Rhode  Island,  rank  in  production  of  elec- 
trical macliinerj'  and  aj>plianii's,  204; 
women  wago-camors,  080. 


Rice  cleaning  and  polishing  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
649.  720,  728,  738. 

Richmond  Guano  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant.  411. 

Rio  Tinto  mine.  .Spain,  pyrites  from,  407. 

Road  carts  and  wagons.  137.  144,  I.dO,  312. 
318.  324. 

Roberts  Chemical  Co.,  manufacture  of  caus- 
tic potash,  427. 

Rockaways.  312,  313,  324. 

Rocky  Mountain  division,  discussion  rela- 
tive to  industries,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 701-703.  See  also  Geographic  di- 
visions. 

Roechling  iron  and  steel  works,  electric  in- 
ductiim  furnace  used,  24. 

Rohrman  and  Lunge,  plate  towers  for  acid 
condensation.  413,  418. 

Rollers.  136,  137,  144,  150. 

Rolling  mills,  establishments  and  products, 
3.  59.  60,  80.  82. 

Roofing  materials  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  649.  722.  730, 
738. 

Rowland.  Prof.  11.  A.,  printing  telegraph 
system,  200,  201. 

Royster.  F.  S..  Guano  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant,  411. 

Rubber,  use  in  insulating  material,  205,  206. 

Rubber  and  elastic  goods  industry.  275.  722, 
7,30,  774,  780. 

Rubber  boot  and  shoe  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  716, 
724,  732. 

Rubber  substitutes,  produced.  475. 

Rubber  tires.     See  Tires,  ruliber. 

Rules,  ivorj'and  wood,  establishments. wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  649,  722,  7.30,  738. 

Runabouts.  272.  273.  312.  314,  318,  320,  324, 
326. 

Russia,  agricultural  implement  exports  to, 
139. 

Saddlery  and  harness  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722, 
730,  738. 

Safe  and  vault  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  722,  730,  738, 

Safety  explosives,  development  of  industry, 
47.3. 

Safllowcr  and  extract  of  saffnm  and  saffron 
cake,  impdrted,  457. 

Sail  vessels,  discussion.  341.  See  also  Ship- 
l)uil(liMg. 

Sal  soda,  [inidiiccd,  401,  421,  507;  iinimrlcd, 
425. 

Salarit^d  ollicials,  clerks,  etc,  number  and 
salaries  in  establishments  engaged  in  speci- 
fied industries,  ircm  and  steel,  4-C,  16,  18, 
19;  bliUHt  furnaces,  25,  27,  41,  42,  4G,  72; 
steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  49,  50.  76; 
forges  and  blnumcrirs,  70;  tin  ami  Icrne 
plate,  87,  89-91,  94  911;  coiiper,  lead,  and 
zinc,  snK^lting  and  refining,  101,  103,  105, 
107,  no,  112-115,  119,  121-125;  agricid- 
tural  implements,  129,  131,  132,  142,  148; 
electrical  machinery,  158,  159,  218;  mu- 


sical instruments,  239-241,  252,  256,  258, 
260,  264,  266;  automobiles,  269,  270, 
275,  282;  bicycles  and  tricycles,  289, 
291,  294;  carriages  and  wagons,  301-,303, 
310,  316,  322;  shipbuilding,  331,  332, 
334,  335,  348,  3.50,  352;  steam  and  street 
railroad  cars,  357,  358,  364,  365,  367, 
368-370,  371.  374,  378,  382,  386,  389,  390; 
chemicals  and  allied  products,  398,  399; 
acids,  404.  417,  .504;  sodas,  421;  alums, 
428;  coal  tar  products,  430;  cyanides,  432; 
wood  distillation  435,  505;  fertilizers,  438, 
494;  bleaching  materials,  441;  electro- 
chemicals,  444;  dyestuffs,  450.  502;  tan- 
ning materials,  458;  paints  and  varnishes, 
461,  463,  492,  .500;  explosives.  468,  470, 
498;  plastics,  475,  476;  essential  oils,  477, 
506;  gases,  compressed  and  liciuefied,  479; 
chemicals,  482,  486,  490:  bone,  ivory,  and 
lamp  black,  507;  coke,  515,  528;  petrole- 
um refining,  567,  574. 

Salicylic  acid,  imported,  419, 

Salt,  use  in  soda  industry,  420-423;  used  as 
material,  400.  440,  442,  451,  4,87,507;  proc- 
ess of  decomposing.  442. 

Salt  cake,  produced,  486;  imported,  489. 

Salt  industry,  establishments,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  722,  730,  738. 

Saltpeter,  produced,  486;  crude,  imports, 
488;  used  as  material,  509, 

San  Domingo,  Portugal,  source  of  pyrites 
supply,  407. 

Saratoga  Springs.  N.  Y..  carbon  dioxide 
production,  480,  481. 

Sassafras  oil.  produced,  477,  512.  See  also 
Oils,  essential.  ( 

Sausage  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  738. 

Saw  industry,  establishments,  wage-earners, 
and  earnings,  722,  730,  738. 

Sawing  machines,  produced,  227.  231. 

Sawmills,  portable.  137.  144.  150. 

Sayles  Hleacheries,  chandler  process  plant, 
■III. 

Scales  and  balances  indu.stry.  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings.  649, 
722,  730,  738. 

Schatterbeck,  on  arsenic  s\dphide  waste, 
409. 

Schoellkopf,  .(.  v.,  on  development  of  tlie 
coal  tar  indu.stry,  453—155, 

Schroeder  process,  sulphuric  acid  extrac- 
tion, 409,  410, 

Scott  Bros.  Fertilizer  Co.,  cliainbcr  process 
plant,  411, 

Sera])  bar.     See  Muck  and  scraj)  bur. 

Scrap  iron  and  steel,  used  us  nialcriul,  li!,  44, 
52,71.78,89,95, 

Screw  machines,  importance  of  magazine 
attachment,  2.34. 

Screws,  machine  and  \voo<l.  indu.stry.  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  cnruings, 
722.  730.  738. 

Scytlie  snaths,  136,  144,  1.50. 

Scythes,  135,  136,  144,  1.50. 

Sear<'hliglUs  and  ])rojectors,  i)ro(hiced.  183. 

Seattle-Tacoma  Power  Co.,  i)laut,  (>31,  6.34. 

Seed  separators,  135-138,  111.  150. 


INDEX. 


829 


Seed  sowers,  13fi,  142,  148. 

See(l<T.-s  and  plaiitiTs,  135-138,  142,  148. 

SoiiU't-.Solvay .  by-product  oven.    See  Ovens. 

Scrpollet,  Leon,  application  of  steam  to 
road  vehicles,  277,  278. 

Sewing  machine  cases  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722, 
730,  738. 

Sewing  machines  and  attachments  indus- 
try, establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  722,  730,  738. 

Shawinigan  Water  and  Power  Co..  plant.  03 1. 

Sheet  zinc,   produced.    125,    12(i. 

Shepard,  T.  P.,  &  Co.,  chamber  process  plant, 
411. 

Shipbuilding  industry,  discussion  relating 
to  branches,  production,  and  develop- 
ment, 331-353;  by  branches,  332,  333; 
materials  used,  333;  products,  333,  334; 
by  watershed  districts,  334;  Govern- 
mental establishments,  335;  private  ves- 
sels launched,  small  boats,  and  repair 
work,  335-339;  steam  and  other  power 
vessels,  340,  341;  sail  vessels,  341;  canal 
boats,  341,  342;  small  boats,  342;  repair 
work,  343;  equipment  of  shipyards,  343; 
dry  docks,  344;  marine  railways,  345,  340; 
power,  347;  detailed  summary,  347-3.53; 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 722,  730,  738;  by  specified  states, 
780. 

Ships,  changes  in  construction,  331. 

Shipyards,  Government,  335;  vessels 
launched  during  1904,  337;  value  of  repair 
work,  343;  dry  docks,  345. 

Shipyards,  private,  vessels  launched  during 
1904,  336-341;  value  of  repair  work,  343, 
344;  dry  docks,  344,  345. 

Shirt  industry,   establishments,   wa.ge-earn- 


ers,  and  earnings,  G51, 


730,  738;  bv 


states,  territories,  and  geographic  divi- 
sions. 770;  by  specified  states,  780,  786. 

Shoddy  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  649,  722,  730,  738. 

Shoe  tacks  and  shoe  nails.     See  Nails. 

Shoes,  horse  and  mule,  produced,  CO. 

Shovels,  spades,  and  scoops,  agricultural, 
137,  144,  150. 

Show  case  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  738. 

Sickles,  144,  150. 

Siemens  Bros.,  resistance  rods,  patent,  448. 

Siemens-Halske  Co.,  Germany,  tantalum 
lamps,  185. 

Signal  Corps,  United  States,  adoption  of 
telauto.graph,  202;  submarine  cables  cre- 
ated. 206. 

Signals,  telephone,  electromagnetic,  193, 
194;  incandescent  lamp,  194;  submarine, 
199. 

Silicon,  metallic,  production,  23. 

Silk,  artificial,  industry,  development,  476, 
477. 

Silk  and  silk  goods  industry,  power,  621-624; 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 651,  722.  730,  738;  by  states,  terri- 
tories, and  geographic  divisions.  770;  by 
specified  states,  774.  784.  780.  788. 


Silver,  product,  (■oi>|)cr  and  lead  smelting 
and  refining  industry.  102;  copper  smelt- 
ing and  refining.  105.  107-110,  112,  113; 
lead  smelting  and  relining,  115,  117-122; 
establishments  rci)orling  gross  and  net 
values,  120;  imports  and  exports,  122;  use 
as  material  in  line  chemicals,  484. 

Silver  salts,  produced,  402,  482,  508. 

Silversmithing  and  silverware  industry,  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
722,  730,  738;  by  si)ecilied  .states.  788. 
I  Single  phase  alternating  current  dynamos, 
'       uses,  162. 

Single  phase  motor  e(|uiprii('Mt.  <li'.scription, 
171. 

Single  phase  induction  niolors.  See  Elec- 
tric motors. 

Singletrees,  agricultural,  137,  144,  150. 

Sirup  evaporators,  137,  144,  150. 

Siskiyou  Electric  Power  Co.,  plant,  634. 

Sizes,  dyestuffs,  produced.  451,  511. 

Skelp,  iron  and  steel,  used  as  material,  13, 
78;  produced,  52,  .53,  55. 

Slack.     See  Bituminous  coal  and  slack. 

Slag  pits,  number  and  capacity,  40. 

Slaughterhouse  fertilizing  materials,  grades, 
441. 

Slaughtering  and  meat  packing  industry, 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 722,  730,  738;  by  specified  states,  776. 

Sleds.     See  Sleighs  and  sleds. 

Sleeping  cars,  built,  366. 

Sleighs  and  sleds,  304-306,  312,  314,  318, 
320,  324,  326. 

Slotters  and  shapers,  227,  230. 

Sludge  acid.     See  Acid,  sludge. 

Smelter  smoke,  industrial  value,  408. 

Smelting  and  refining  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722, 
730,  738.  See  also  Copper,  lead,  and  zinc, 
smelting  and  refining. 

Smelting  furnaces,  electric,  number  in 
United  States  and  Canada,  450. 

Smokeless  powder,  produced,  402,  468,  509; 
classes  and  process  of  mamifaeture,  472, 
473. 

Soap  industry,  quantity  of  sodas  used,  424; 
potash  or  pearlash.  427;  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722.  730.  738. 

Soda  alum,  produced,  429. 

Soda  ash,  produced,  401,  421,  507;  imported, 
425;  used  as  material,  442,  451,  487. 

Soda  water  apparatus  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings.  722, 
730,  738. 

Sodas,  produced,  401,  421,  507,  .509;  discus- 
sion relating  to  classes,  production,  and 
uses,  420-425;  summary,  421;  establish- 
ments, by  states.  422;  the  world's  produc- 
tion. 423;  imports,  425.  485,  489;  used  as 
material.  509,  512. 

Sodium,  value  as  copper  substitute  in  elec- 
tric conductors,  449,  450;  used  as  material, 
507. 

Sodium  cyanide,  produced,  436. 

Sodium  dioxide,  Harold  J.  Turner  on  utili- 
zation. 443. 

Sodium  phosphates,  produced,  402. 


Solvay,  Ernest,  process  of  soda  production, 
421,  422. 

Solvay  Process  Co.,  ammonia-soda  process  is 
u.se.  422. 

Sorghum  evaporators,  137,  144,  1.50. 

Sounding  boards  and  bridges,  piano,  used  as 
material.  250. 

South  America,  exports  to,  automobiles  and 
automobile  parts,  276;  carriages  and  wag- 
ons, 307;  steam  railroad  cars  and  parts, 
.367. 

Southern  North  Atlantic  division,  discussion 
relative  to  indu.stries,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  68.3-685.  See  also  Geographic 
divisions. 

Southern  South  Atlantic  division,  discussion 
relative  to  industries,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  688-690.  See  also  Geographic 
divisions. 

Southern  states,  iron  and  steel  industry  in, 
22;  development  of  power,  626. 

Southern  States  Fertilizer  Co.,  chamber  proc- 
ess plant,  411. 

Southwest  Chemical  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant,  411. 

Spain,  pyrites  imported  into  United  States 
from,  407. 

Speed  adjustment  devices  for  metal  working 
machinery,  232,  233. 

Spelter,  produced.  122.  124-126. 

Sphalerite,  formula.  407;  value  as  a  sul- 
phuric acid  producer,  408. 

Spiders,  four-wheeled,  312,  318,  324. 

Spiegeleisen,  produced.  30,  33,  35,  74.  See 
also  Pig  iron. 

Spikes.     See  Nails. 

Splice  bars,  produced,  53,  54. 

Sporting  goods  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722,  7.30,  738. 

Spring  River  Power  Co.,  plant.  634. 

Springs,  iron  and  steel,  produced,  and  states 
reporting.  60. 

Springs,  steel,  car,  and  carriage  industry, 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings, 722,  730,  738. 

Sprinklers,  street,  312,  318,  324. 

Stackers,  agricultural.  136.  144,  150. 

Stacks,  increase  in  number  and  capacity,  37, 
39,  40. 

Stalk  cutters,  136,  144,  150. 

Stamford.  Conn.,  rank  in  manufacture  of 
piano  materials,  250,  251. 

Stamped  ware  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730.  738. 

Stamping,  flanging,  and  forming  machines, 
produced,  227,  228. 

Standard  Chemical  and  Oil  Co.,  chamber 
process  plant,  411. 

Stanhopes,  automobiles,  272,  273;  carriages, 
312.  318,  324. 

Starch,  used  as  a  material,  451. 

Starch  industry,  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  722,  730.  738. 

Stassano  electric  furnace,  22.  23. 

Stassfurt.  Germany,  potash  salt  works,  426. 

Statuary  and  art  goods  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  649, 
722.  730.  738. 


830 


INDEX. 


Steam  and  street  railroad  cars.     See  Care. 

Steam  engines,  portable.  137,  144,  1.50. 

Steam  fitting  and  heating  apparatus  indus- 
try, establishments,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  722,  730,  738. 

Steam  packing  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  722,  730,  738. 

Steam  turbines.de.scription  and  uses,  lfi3,lf>4. 

Steampower,  statistics  of,  627.  See  also 
Power. 

Steel.  Bessemer.     See  Bessemer  steel. 

Steel,  open-hearth.     See  Open-hearth  steel. 

Steel  production,  stati-stics,  61-70,  76-83. 
See  also  Iron  and  steel  industry. 

Steel  vessels.  See  Vessels,  iron  and  steel, 
and  wooden. 

Steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  establish- 
ments, 8,  14,  49,  51:  wage-earners,  11,49; 
fuel  consumed,  12;  iron  ore  consumed,  13; 
products,  14,  49,  52-60;  discussion  of  sta- 
tistics, 48-70;  summaries,  49,  53,  76-83; 
materials  used,  51,  52;  equipment,  GO.  61; 
steel  production,  61-70. 

Steel  works  and  rolling  mills  and  forges  and 
bloomeries,  summary,  19;  by  geographic 
divisions,  20. 

Stencil  and  brand  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  738. 

Stereotyping  and  electrotyping  industry,  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
722,  730.  738. 

Sterling  White  Lead  Co.,  manufacturing 
process,  403. 

Stilb.  508.  575,  578. 

Stock  cars,  built,  .306. 

Stolberg.  Germany,  sulphuric  acid  furnace, 
408. 

Storage  batteries.  See  Batteries,  storage  and 
primary. 

Stove  and  furnace  industry;  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722,  I'iO,  738, 
782,  786. 

Stove  industry,  gas  and  oil,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  aind  earnings,  722,  730,  738. 

Stoves,  electric.  See  Electric  heating  appa- 
ratus. 

"Straightaway"  switchboard,  175. 

Straw  goods,  not  el.sewliere  .specified,  estab- 
ILshments,  wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
722,  730,  7.38. 

Straw  stackers,  137,  144,  1.50. 

Stnictural     ironwork     industrj-,     establish- 
ments,  wage-earners,  and  earnings,   722, 
7.30,  738,  780,  788. 
Strychnia,  imp<jrted,  485. 
Submarine  cables,   insulation,  205;  Philij)- 

j>ini'  I.Mlarirls  and  Alaska,  200. 
Sugar  and  niolames  refini[ig  inrlustry,  estab- 
liHliiiienl.M,    wage-earnerH,    and    earnings, 
722,  730,  7.38,  778. 
Sulkies,  312,  318.  .324. 

Sulphur,  prorlnction,  4(Hl-409;  imports,  407, 
489;  used  as  material,  440-442,  451,  470, 
487,  507,  511,  575. 
Sulplmric,  iiilrir,  and  mixed  acuh  industry, 
discuMsion,  403-117;  detaili'd  summary, 
51 1 ,  esiahlishmenis,  wage-earners,  and 
rarninga,  722,  730,  738. 


Sulphuric  acid,  used  as  materials,  89.  91,  97, 

400,  403,  411,  440,  451,  470,  480,  484,  487, 
507,  508,  .509,  511,  575;   production,  125, 

401,  403-410;  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings.  404.  405;  imports.  407, 
419;  plants,  410,411. 

Sumac,  imported,  460;  leaves,  used  as  mate- 
rial, 511;  extract  produced,  511. 

Superphosphates.     See  Fertilizers. 

Surgical  appliances  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722, 
730,  738. 

Surreys,  272,  273,  312,  314,  318,  320,  324,  326. 

Swank,  J.  M.,  on  fuel  for  iron  smelting.  540. 

Swedish  billets.  See  Iron  and  steel  in- 
dustry, materials  used. 

Sweepers,  street,  312,  318,  324. 

Switchboards,  for  light  and  power,  174-176. 
See  also  Telephone  switchboards. 

Synchnmous  alternating  current  motors. 
See  Motors,  electric. 

Tack  plates,  states  reporting.  55. 

Tacks  and  small  nails.     See  Nails. 

Taggers  tin,  production,  imports,  exports, 
and  consumption,  92. 

Tallow  and  fats,  used  as  material,  400,  507. 

Tallyhos,  312,  318,  324. 

Tandems.  312.  318,  324. 

Tanks,  storage,  used  in  petroleum  refining 
industry,  570,  575. 

Tannage,  chrome,  Frank  Hall  Thorp  on 
process,  459. 

Tannic  acid,  imports  consumed,  419;  pro- 
duced, 511. 

Tanning  materials,  natural  and  artilicial  ex- 
tracts produced,  402,  458;  discussion,  457- 
460;  establishments  manufai'turing,  458; 
imports  and  exports,  460. 

Tantalum,  u.^eand  chemical  j)roperties,  185. 

Tapley,  W.  II.,  on  advantages  of  electric 
motors  in  printing  press  work.  170. 

Tar,  produced,  436,  523;  description  and 
uses,  540,  541;  oil,  436.     See  also  Coal  tar. 

Tartar,  cream,  produced,  402,  486,  508;  im- 
ports, 488. 

Tartaric  acid,  jiroduccd.  401,  .507;  imports 
consumed,  1 1'.i. 

Telautograph,  desi-ription  aM<l  uses,  202. 

Tclcgrapli  ap|)aratus,  discussion  relative  to, 
200-204. 

Telegraph  swilchbnarcls,  ]>arl-<iiMd  .sup|ilics, 
200. 

Telegrai)h  systems,  printing,  description  of, 
200-202;  Rowland,  200;  Murray,  Buck- 
ingham, and  Barclay,  201;  Delany,  201, 
202;  writing,  development  of,  202;  wire- 
less, value  of  apparatus,  200;  uses  and  de- 
scriptions. 202-204. 

Telegr:i|)honc.  Pcjulsr^i,  description  -.irnl  u.ses, 
19H  200. 

Telephone  ;inil  lolcgraph  system,  c<'nsus  of, 
157. 

Telephone  apparatus,  development  of  in- 
dnstrj-,  1.59,  100;  statistics  of  production 
and  use,  191-200;  ])arts  -.ind  supplies, 
tRinsniilters,  receiverH,  ami  otlicr  instru- 
ments,  192,   190;  utilization  in  rural  dis- 


tricts, 193;  description,  196,  197;  induc- 
tion coils,  construction,  196,  197;  use  for 
transmission  of  music,  -sermons,  speeches, 
etc.,  198;  exchanges,  importance  of  light- 
ning arrester  equipment,  212. 

Telephone  switchboards,  192,  193,  194;  com- 
mon battery,  194;  automatic,  194,  195; 
costof  construction,  195;  private  exchanges, 
196. 

Telluride  Power  Transmission  Co.,  plant,  634. 

Tennessee,  ferrophosphorus.  jiroduction,  30; 
rank  in  value  of  tanning  materials  pro- 
duced. 458. 

Tennessee  Copper  Co.  plant.  408. 

Terne  plate,  imports,  exports,  and  consump- 
tion, 92;  produced,  92,  97. 

Terrenoire  Co.,  coke  ovens,  534, 

Tetrachloride,  carbon.  Sec  Carbon,  tetra- 
chloride. 

Textile  fabrics,  use  in  interior  electric  con- 
duits. 207. 

Tharsis  mine,  Spain,  source  of  pyrites  sup- 
ply, 407. 

Thomson,  Edgar,  works,  installation  of  com- 
pound motors  for  rolling  rails,  169. 

Thomson,  J.  M.  and  W.  T.,  process  of  manu- 
facture of  cellulose  nitrate,  472. 

Thorp,  description  of  cryolite  process  of  soda 
manufacture,  423. 

Thorp.  Frank  Hall,  on  chrome  tannage,  459. 

Thrasher  trucks.  137,  144,  150, 

Thrashers,  horsepower  and  steampower,  135, 
1.36,  144,  150. 

Tilt  Cove  mines,  Newfoundland,  source  of 
pyrites  supply,  407, 

Tin,  used  as  material,  487. 

Tin  and  terne  dipping  and  black  plate  com- 
bined industry,  discussion,  87,  88;  estab- 
lishments and  summaries,  87-90;  mate- 
rials used,  89;  products,  90;  idle  estab- 
lishments, 97;  eanungs  of  children  in,  649; 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  earn- 
ings,.722,  730,  7-10, 

Tin  and  terne  dipping  indu.stry,  establish- 
ments, materials  used,  90,  91;  products, 
92;  daily  capacity  of  establishments,  93, 

Tin  compovtnds,  products,  486,  487. 
Tin  plate,  imiiorts,  exports,  and  consump- 
tion of,  92;  i)roduction,  92,  97. 
Tin  plate,  terne  i)late,  and  taggers  tin,  im- 
portation and  consumption,  92, 
Tin  salts,  produced.  402,  .507. 
Tinfoil  industry,  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  722,  730,  740, 
Tinware    industry,    establishments,    wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  7 10,  780. 
Tires,  rubber,  304,  310,  316,  322, 
Tilaniuni  Manufacturing  Co,,  production  of 

fcrnililaniuin,  2:i. 
Tobacco,  chewing  and  smoking,  and  snuff, 
industry,  eslablishmenls,  wage-earners, 
and  eandngs,  649,  722,  730,  710;  by  sp6ci- 
lied  .slates,  778,  786,  790, 
Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes,  industry,  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
051,  606-069,  722,  730,  740;  by  slates,  terri- 
tories, and  geographic  divisions,  770;  by 
specif'ed  slates,  774-790, 


INDEX. 


831 


Tobacco  transplanters,  130,  142,  148. 

Tonnage,  nielhud  uf  oblaining,  335,  33(1. 

Tools,  not  elsewhere  specified,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722, 
7.34,  740. 

Touring  cars,  avitomobile,  272,  273. 

Townsend,  Clinton  P..  invention  <if  cell  for 
electrolysis  of  alkali  chlorides,  44i). 

Toy  and  game  industry,  cstablisluncnts, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  740. 

Traction  engines,  agricultural,  137,  144,  150. 

Transformers,  production  and  use,  173,  174. 

Traps,  four-wheeled,  312,  318.  324. 

Tricycles.     Sa:  Bicycles  and  tricycles. 

Tropenas  and  converters,  dlhcr  than  Besse- 
mer, fio. 

Trucks,  business,  312.  318,  324. 

Trunk  and  valise  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  740. 

Tungsten,  use,  properties,  fundamental  and 
commercial  value  and  jirocesses  fur  utiliza- 
tion, 18G,  187. 

Turbines,  steam,  description,  104.  ()28-G31. 

Turbo-generators,  economic  and  engineer- 
ing, 1()3;  types,  uses,  and  average  capac- 
ity, 164,  105. 

Turkey  red  oil.  products,  511. 

Turner,  Harold  J.,  on  utilization  of  sodium 
dioxide,  443. 

Turpentine,  used  as  material,  4(;3. 

Turpentine  and  rosin  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  049, 
690,  722.  730,740;  by  siiecified  states,  776. 

Turpentine  spirits,  produced,  436. 

TVo-wheeled  vehicles,  312,  318,  324. 

Type  founding  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  740. 

Typewriters  and  supplies  industry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
722,  730,  740. 

Umbrella  and  cane  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings.  722.  730,  740. 

Union  Carbide  Co.,  calcium  carbide  produc- 
tion, 445,  448. 

Union  Iron  Works,  steel  cruisers  Iniilt.  337. 

United  Kingdom,  exports  to,  139,  307. 

United  States,  Navy,  steel  vessels  launched, 
337;  Army,  adoption  of  nitrocellulose 
powder.  472. 

United  States  Geological  Survey,  inspection 
of  explosives  in  mines,  475. 

United  States  Naval  Smokeless  Powder  Fac- 
tory, rebuilding  mixed  acids,  416. 

United  States  Signal  Corps,  adoption  of  tel- 
autograph, 202;  submarine  cables  created, 
206. 

United  Zinc  and  Chemical  Co.,  contact  proc- 
ess plant,  410. 

Upholstering  material  industry,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722, 
730,  740. 

Utah  Sugar  Co.,  electrical  transmission 
plant,  634. 

Vacuum  tubes  and  lamps,  description, 
187-190. 


Valentiner  vacuum  process  fif  nitric  acid 
di.st^illation,  413;  results  obtained.  414. 

Valentinus,  Basilius,  sulphur  used  to  pro- 
duce sulphuric  acid,  407;  muriatic  acid 
preparation  described,  417. 

Vanadate  of  iron,  produced,  23. 

Vanadium  .\lloys  Co..  reduction  works,  23. 

Vanillin,  produced,  482,  .508, 

Varnish,  pyroxylin,  composition  and  uses, 
467;  industry,  estalilishinents,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings.  722,  730,  740. 

Varnished  cambric,  use  in  calile  insulation, 
205. 

Varnishes,  oil  and  tur|)Oiitinc,  produced, 
402,  461,  508,  510;  processes  of  inanufac- 
lure,  406,  407. 

Varnishes  and  japans,  produced  iuid  con- 
sumed, 508.  510. 

Vaseline,  method  i  f  ol)taining,  581. 

Vault  light  and  ventilators  industry,  estali- 
lishments,  wage  -  earners,  and  earnings, 
722,  730,  740. 

Veatch,  Dr.  John  .\.,  di.s-overy  of  borax  by, 
424. 

Vermilion,  process  of  production,  465. 

Vertical  turlw  -  generators.  Sec  Turbo- 
generators. 

Vessels,  iron  and  steel,  and  wooden,  sum- 
maries, 332,  334,  335;  products,  333; 
launched  by  private  shipyards,  336,  337, 
339,  340;  for  United  States  Navy,  337; 
steam  and  other  power,  340;  sail,  launched 
by  private  shipyards,  341.  See  also  Ship- 
liuilding  industry. 

Victoria  automobiles.  272,  273. 

Victorias,  pleasure  carriages,  312,  318,  324. 

Vinegar  and  cider  indu.stry.  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  740. 

Virginia,  progress  in  shipbuilding  industry, 
334;  rank  in  manufacture  of  tanning  ma- 
terials, 458. 

Virginia-Carolina  Chemical  Co.,  chamber 
process  plant,  411. 

Virginia  Electrolytic  Co.,  production  of  fer- 
roalloys, 23. 

Virginia  State  Fertilizer  Co.,  chamber  proc- 
ess plant,  411. 

Vis-a-vis,  plca,sure  carriages,  312,  318,  324. 

Viscose,  invention  of,  477. 

Vitriol,  blue.    See  Blue  vitriol. 

Vocalion,  description  of,  246. 

Wage-earners  and  wages,  in  specified  in- 
dustries, iron  and  steel,  4-6,  11,  16,  18, 
19;  blast  furnaces,  25,  27,  41,  42,  46,  72; 
steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  49-50,  76-78; 
forges  and  bloomeries,  70;  tin  and  terne 
plate,  87,  89-91,  94-96;  copper,  lead  and 
zinc,  smelting  and  refining.  101,  103,  105, 
107, 110-115, 119, 121-124, 126;  agricultural 
implements,  129,  131-132,  142,  148;  elec- 
trical machinery,  158,  159,  218;  musical 
instruments,  239-241,  252,  256.  258,  260, 
264,  260;  automobiles,  269.  270.  273.  275, 
282;  bicycles  and  tricycles,  289,  291.  294; 
carriages  and  wagons.  301-303,  307,  310, 
316,  322;  shipbuilding.  331.  332.  334.  .335. 
348,  350,  352;  steam  and   street   railroad 


cars,  357.  3.58,  364,  365,  367-371,  374,  378, 
382,  386,  388-390;  chemicals  and  allied 
products,  398,  399;  acids,  404,  417,  504; 
sodas,  421;  alums,  428;  cfjal  tar  products, 
430;  cyanides,  432;  wood  distillation,  435, 
505;  fertilizers,  438,  496;  bleaching  male- 
rials,  441 ;  electro-chemicals,  444;  dyesiuffs 
and  extracts,  4.50,  .502;  tanning  materials, 
4.58;  paintsand  varni.shes,  461 ,  463, 492-495, 
500;  explosives.  468,470,498;  plastics,475, 
476;  es,sential  oils,  477,  .506;  ga.ses,  comprei5s- 
ed  and  liquefied,  479;  chemicals,  482,  486, 
490;  bone,  ivory,  and  lampblack,  507; 
(  oke,  515,  528;  petroleum  refining,  .567, 574. 

Wagon  bodies,  used  as  material,  304, 

Wagons,  business,  farm,  government,  munic- 
ipal, etc.,  304-300,  312,  318.  .324. 

Wagons  and  wagon  trucks,  agricultural.  137, 
I  14.  1.50, 

A\'all  paper  industry,  estalilishnients.  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  740, 

Waltham  Abbey  Factory,  England,  process 
of  cellulose  nitrate  manufacture  used,  472. 

Wa.^ihing  machine  and  clothes  wringer  in- 
dustry, establishnients,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings,  722.  730.  740. 

Wa.shington  Water  Power  Co.,  plant.  634. 

Watch  and  clock  material  indu.stry,  estab- 
lishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
722,  730,  740. 

Watch  case  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  740. 

Watch  industry,  establishment.s.  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  649,  722.  730,  740. 

W'ater  motors,  number  and  horsepower, 
establishments,  620. 

Water  paints,  dry  or  in  paste,  produced.  508, 
641. 

Water  paints  and  kalsoraine,  produced,  508. 

Waterpower,  establishments  using,  40;  dis- 
cussion, 629-631;  industries  reporting, 
631;  utilization.  635. 

Water  trucks,  agricultural,  137,  144.  1.50. 

Water  wheels,  number  and  horsepower.  619, 
620, 

Watt  hour  meters,  construction.  214;  women 
employed  in  manufacture.  214. 

Wax.  paraffin,  average  value  per  barrel,  570; 
increase  in  quantity,  571. 

Webb,  Herbert  Laws,  on  the  advantages  of 
incandescent  lamp  signals  in  telephonic 
practice.  194. 

Weeders,  144,  150. 

Weeks  ovens.    See  Ovens. 

West  Indies,  e.xports  to,  of  automobiles  and 
automobile  parts,  276;  steam  railroad,  pas- 
senger, and  freight  cars,  and  parts  of  same, 
367. 

West  Virginia,  rank  in  value  of  iron  and 
steel  products.  6.  8;  use  of  natural  gas  as 
fuel,  52;  production  of  nail  plate,  55;  skelp, 
55;  iron  black  plates,  56. 

Western  Chemical  Co.,  chamber  process 
plant.  411. 

Western  division,  sulphuric  acid  produced. 
406. 

Western  North  Central  division,  discus-~ion 
relative  to  industries,  wage-earners,  and 


832 


INDEX. 


earnings,  693-697.  See  also  Geographic 
divisions. 

Western  South  Central  division,  discussion 
relative  to  industries,  wage-earners,  and 
earnings.  699-701.  See  also  Geographic 
divisions. 

Western  states,  iron  and  steel  industry,  22. 

Western  Union  Telegraph  system,  offices 
equipped  and  remodeled,  200. 

Wheatstone  automatic  transmitter,  use  in 
printing  telegraphy,  201. 

Wheelbarrow  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings.  G49,  722.  730,  740. 

Wheels,  used  as  material,  304. 

Whip  industrj'.  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  722,  730,  740. 

White  lead,  dry,  produced,  402,  461,  508, 
510;  consumed  in  establishments  where 
manufactured.  403;  in  oil,  produced,  461, 
508.510;  ancient  uses  of,  463;  used  as  ma- 
terial, 463,  508,  510;  English  process  of 
manufacturing,  464. 

Whiting,  used  as  material.  463. 

Whitney  Reduction  Co.,  plant,  634. 

Wilke,  on  Mannheim  process  sulphuric  acid 
extraction.  410. 

Willson  Aluminum  Co..  production  of  ferro- 
alloys, 22. 

Windmill  industrj",  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  740. 

Windmills,  137,  144,  1.50. 

Window  shades  and  fixtures,  industry',  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
722,  730,  740. 

Wine  lees,  imports,  488. 

Winnipeg  General  Power  Co.,  plant,  634. 

Wintergreenoil,  produced,  477.  512. 

Wire,  rods,  used  as  material,  13,  78;  prod- 
ucts, 52-54,  57-60;  cordage,  ship  and  boat 
building,  348,  350. 


Wire  and  wirework  industries,  establish- 
ments, wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722, 
730,  740. 

Wireless  telegraph,  apparatus,  value,  200. 
See  also  Telegraph  systems. 

Wisconsin,  rank  in  value  of  iron  and  steel 
products,  7,  8;  in  waterpower  used.  629. 

Witch  hazel,  produced,  402;  extract.  477, 
512. 

Wood,  used  as  material,  244,  400,  470,  509, 
511,  512;  fiber,  use  in  soda  manufacture, 
424;  preserving  industry,  establishments, 
wage-earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  740; 
turned  and  carved,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730,  740. 

Wood  alcohol,  refined,  produced,  401,  437, 
512;  crude,  435;  pine,  436;  exported,  437; 
used  as  material,  512. 

Wood  ashes,  used  as  material,  400,  440,  .507, 
509. 

Wood  carpet  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  649,  722,  7,30.  740. 

Wood  distillation,  discussion  relating  to 
classes,  production,  and  development  of 
industry.  4.34-437;  by  states,  505,  512; 
establishments,  wage-earners,  and  eiirn- 
ings,  722,  730,  740. 

Wooden  vessels.  See  Vessels,  irou  and  steel, 
and  wooden. 

Wooden  ware  (not  elsewhere  specified^,  es- 
tablishments, wage-earners,  and  earnings, 
722,  730,  740. 

Wool  pulling  industry,  establishments,  wage- 
earners,  and  earnings,  722,  730.  740. 

Wool  scouring  industry,  estalilishments, 
wago-earnere,  and  i-arnings,  722,  730,  740. 

Woolen  goods  industry,  power  used,  621,  622, 
623,  624,  628;  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  651,  722,  730,  740:  by 
states,   territiprie?.    and   geographic   divi- 


sions, 722;  by  specified  states.  774,  780, 
784,  788,  790. 

Women,  children,  and  negroes,  employed  in 
North  and  South  Carolina,  effect  on  earn- 
ings. 678. 

Worcester.  William  F.,  section  on  Mu.«ical 
instruments,  attachments,  and  materials, 
239. 

Worsted  goods  industry,  increase  in  con- 
sumption of  horsepower,  620;  power  used, 
621,  622,  623,  624;  size  of  steam  engines 
employed,  628;  establishments,  wage-earn- 
ers, and  earnings,  651.  722,  730,  740;  by 
states,  territories,  and  geographic  divi- 
sions, 772;  by  specified  states,  780,  784, 
788. 

Writing  telegraph  systems.  See  Telegraph 
systems. 

Wyoming,  children  employed  as  wage-earn- 
ers, 680. 

X-ray  bulbs,  use  in  surgical  operations,  187. 

Yellow  metal,  including  bolts  and  spikes, 
used  in  shipbuilding,  348,  350-353. 

Yellow  prussiate  of  potash,  imported,  434; 
produced ,  507 . 

Zinc  and  zinc  dross,  used  as  material,  487. 

Zinc  lead,  Joseph  H.  Pratt  quoted  in  regard 
to  production  and  value,  464. 

Zinc  oxide,  produced,  125;  used  as  material, 
476. 

Zinc  salts,  produced,  486. 

Zinc  smelting,  comparative  summaries,  101, 
123,  124;  idle  establishments.  122;  prod- 
ucts, 122-125;  detailed  summary.  125,  126. 

Zinc  white,  used  as  material,  463,  508,  510; 
methods  of  production,  465. 

Zirconium,  use  of.  186. 


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